Title: COCA-4K-6K (part 3)

Word: shocked
Front: shocked
[ʃɔkt] (托 5677/4274 -K)
Vocabulary: shocked
(once / 413 pages)
adj
Someone who's shocked is unpleasantly surprised. A shocked audience might gasp and cover their faces as the sword swallower begins to actually swallow a sword.
In its earliest use, shocked described people who were "shaken violently," like the shocked victims of a car crash or a shocked survivor of the Titanic. Today it's also used to mean "scandalized," like the shocked readers of a gossip column. Shocked can be traced back to the noun shock and its original sixteenth century meaning, "a violent encounter between warriors."
WORD FAMILY
shock: foreshock, shockable, shocked, shocker, shocking, shocks+/foreshock: foreshocks/shockable: unshockable/shocker: shockers/shocking: shockingest, shockingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Darnold, still calm as a librarian, said he was a little shocked.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
While enjoying reading cards and opening gifts, we were shocked to find 35 of our 140 guests did not leave a gift.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
He, too, offered a stay in his home … This level of generosity shocked me to my core.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 惊愕的，受震惊的
v. 使…震惊( shock的过去式和过去分词 ); 使受电击; 使…感到厌恶[恐惧]
分布：震惊的(90%)，动词shock的过去式和过去分词.(10%)
N-COUNT
震惊;惊愕;令人震惊的事
If you have a shock, something suddenly happens which is unpleasant, upsetting, or very surprising.
例：The extent of the violence came as a shock...暴力程度令人震惊。
例：He has never recovered from the shock of your brother's death...他从未从你哥哥去世的打击中恢复过来。
N-UNCOUNT
(身心受到的)打击，震惊
Shock is a person's emotional and physical condition when something very frightening or upsetting has happened to them.
例：The little boy was speechless with shock...那小男孩惊得说不出话来。
例：She's still in a state of shock.她仍惊魂未定。
N-UNCOUNT
休克
If someone is in shock, they are suffering from a serious physical condition in which their blood is not flowing round their body properly, for example because they have had a bad injury.
例：He was found beaten and in shock...发现他被打得休克了。
例：They escaped the blaze but were rushed to hospital suffering from shock.他们逃离了火海,却因休克而被迅速送往医院。
VERB
使震惊;使惊愕;打击
If something shocks you, it makes you feel very upset, because it involves death or suffering and because you had not expected it.
例：After forty years in the police force nothing much shocks me...在警队呆了 40 年后，我对什么都见怪不怪了。
例：Relief workers were shocked by what they saw.救援人员被眼前的景象惊呆了。
VERB
(因行为粗鲁或不道德而)使不快，使气愤，使厌恶，使反感
If someone or something shocks you, it upsets or offends you because you think it is rude or morally wrong.
例：You can't shock me...我不会被你激怒的。
例：They were easily shocked in those days...在那个年代，他们动不动就对一些事情看不顺眼。
ADJ
(通告、事件等)令人惊愕的，令人震惊的
A shock announcement or event is one which shocks people because it is unexpected.
例：...the shock announcement that she is to resign.她将要辞职的惊人声明
例：...a shock defeat.令人震惊的落败
N-COUNT
(对经济、传统、生活方式的)冲击，撞击
A shock is something sudden and unexpected that threatens the economy, traditions, or way of life of a group of people.
例：This is the latest in a series of shocks to the Scandinavian banking system.这是一系列对斯堪的纳维亚银行系统的冲击中最近的一次。
例：...the economic pain of two oil shocks.两次原油冲击下的经济萧条
N-VAR
冲击力
A shock is the force of something suddenly hitting or pulling something else.
例：Steel barriers can bend and absorb the shock.钢制栅栏可以弯曲并能吸收冲击力。
N-COUNT
触电;电击
A shock is the same as an electric shock .
N-COUNT
减震器
A shock is a shock absorber .
例：Do you think I need new shocks?你认为我需要换新的减震器吗？
N-COUNT
浓密的一堆(头发)
A shock of hair is a very thick mass of hair on a person's head.
例：...a very old priest with a shock of white hair.满头白发、年事已高的神父
PHRASE
从速严惩
A short, sharp shock is a punishment that is fairly harsh and severe but only lasts for a short time.

Word: tech
Front: tech
[tek] (4973/12141)
Back: n. 技术; <英>工学院; 技术员; 技术工作
adj. 技术的
分布：技术(94%)，技术人员(4%)，技术学校(2%)
adjective noun uncountable abbreviation for
■ technical or technology

Word: methodology
Front: methodology
[ˌmeθəˈdɒlədʒi] (托 5679/5499 -1)
Vocabulary: methodology
(once / 10314 pages)
n
A methodology is a plan-of-attack, especially when that plan-of-attack is used repeatedly.
This might be obvious, but the word methodology is related to the word method. In fact, a methodology is a system of methods followed consistently. Scientists, for example, use various methodologies as they perform experiments. It might seem like the world is nothing but chaos and disorder. But actually, sometimes there is a method to this madness. And sometimes there’s a methodology.
WORD FAMILY
methodology: methodological, methodologies+/ methodological: methodologically
USAGE EXAMPLES
Yes, these people are working against basic human biology, but the methodology they're being taught is setting them up to fail.
New York Times(May 02, 2016)
“Our methodology seemed to work well in traditional races but not this race,” he said.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Acknowledging her methodology as “a copy editor’s nightmare,” Ms. Faludi said she flubbed it only once.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. （从事某一活动的）一套方法; 方法学; 方法论
分布：方法学(86%)，一套方法(14%)
→来自method,方法，-logy,学说。引申词义原则。
US [-'dɑ:.lə-] noun countable or uncountable
■a system of ways of doing, teaching or studying something 一套方法；方法论；教学法
• The methodology and findings of the research team have been criticized. 这个研究小组的研究方法和研究结果受到了批评。

Word: simulation
Front: simulation
[ˌsɪmjuˈleɪʃn] (5678/7408 -1)
Vocabulary: simulation
(once / 6470 pages)
n
A simulation is a representation of something, not the real thing, like the simulation of life in New York City, seen in movies that were shot on Hollywood sound stages and on the streets of Toronto.
A simulation is something that represents something else — it isn't the real thing. At times you might perform a simulation as practice for real life, such as a flight simulation that’s used to train pilots. The word can also be used, often dismissively, to describe something that is a fake, like a simulation of excitement or the simulation of a perfect diamond.
WORD FAMILY
simulation: simulations+/ simulate: simulated, simulates, simulating, simulation, simulator/simulator: simulators
USAGE EXAMPLES
Those criteria helped LaClergue run a simulation: He allocated 5,000 units to the properties rated most likely to be developed.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
It is more of an interesting cartoon than an accurate simulation of the world.
Slate(Dec 26, 2016)
She participates in briefings that detail assignments, which usually involve live simulations as the enemy trying to keep pilots from their goal.
Washington Times(Dec 26, 2016)
Back: n. 模仿，模拟; [生]拟态，拟色; 假装; 装病
分布：仿真(64%)，模拟(35%)，赝品(1%)
→simulate,模拟，模仿，假装，冒充，-ion,名词后缀。
假装(wimulate+ion)[simil,simul,sembl=alike,same表示"相类似,一样"]
【记】simul像
【反】authentic article（真实的物品）
noun countable or uncountable
■a model of a set of problems or events that can be used to teach someone how to do something, or the process of making such a model 类比，模仿（一组问题或事件的模型，可用于教导某人如何做某事，或制作此类模型的过程）
• The manager prepared a computer simulation of likely sales performance for the rest of the year. 经理准备对该年度剩余时间内可能的销售业绩进行计算类比分析。
n. [计] 仿真；模拟；模仿；假装
 - acting, emulation, analog

Word: permanently
Front: permanently
['pɜ:mənəntlɪ] (四六 5676/4922 -K)
Back: adv. 永久地，长期不变地
分布：永久地(100%)
US ['pɝ:-] adverb
 IMPROVER
■always and forever 总是；持久地；永久地
• Smoking is likely to damage your health permanently. 吸烟可能会永久损害你的健康。
• Michael and his family have settled permanently in the States. 麦克和他的家人在美国永久定居下来。
• I seem to be permanently broke. 我似乎永远一贫如洗。
adv. 永久地，长期不变地
 - perennially, timelessly

Word: awaken
Front: awaken
[əˈweɪkən] (5681/10051 -1)
Vocabulary: awaken
(once / 178 pages)
v
To awaken someone is to wake them up. You might awaken your roommate accidentally by practicing your tap dance routine in the kitchen.
You can awaken another person, and a noise or the smell of pancakes or a scary dream can all awaken you from a deep sleep. You can also use the verb awaken to describe what happens when you wake from sleep: "I awaken every morning with my pillow on the floor." A more figurative way to awaken is to arouse a certain feeling or awareness. For example, a sad movie can awaken melancholy feelings in the most cheerful person.
WORD FAMILY
awaken: awakened, awakening, awakens, reawaken +/ awake: awaked, awaken, awakes, awaking, awoke, awoken/awakened: unawakened/ awakening: awakenings/ reawaken: reawakened, reawakening, reawakens
USAGE EXAMPLES
Two occupants in the first house who were sleeping at the time were awakened by the loud crash, but weren’t hurt.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It’s not only his awakening that baffles medical science; he is also in fine physical shape despite a dozen years of immobility.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Star Wars: The Force Awakens was a juggernaut that satisfied both diehard fans and casual observers of the saga.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 唤醒，（使）觉醒; （使）意识到
vt. 激起
时态：awakened, awakening, awakens
分布：醒(64%)，唤醒(29%)，意识到(4%)，激起(1%)，使意识到(1%)，使唤醒(1%)
[ə'weɪ.kən] literary
verb intransitive or transitive
■to stop sleeping or to make someone stop sleeping （使）醒来；唤醒
• They were awakened by the sound of gunfire. 他们被炮声惊醒。
• I awakened at dawn to find him beside me. 我在黎明醒来，发现他在我身边。
[ə'weɪ.kən] literary
verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  awaken (sth) in sb
■If a wish, interest or emotion awakens or is awakened in you, you notice it for the first time 唤起（或激起）某人的（欲望、兴趣、情绪等）
• My holiday in Paris awakened a passion for French food in me. 在巴黎渡假使我迷上了法国菜。
[ə'weɪ.kən] literary
verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  awaken sb to sth
■If you awaken someone to something, you make them notice it or make them remember it 使（某人）意识到；使（某人）认识到
• I awakened him to his responsibilities for his children. 我使他认识到，他应对他的孩子们承担起责任。
vt. 唤醒；唤起；使…意识到
 - arouse, wake sb. up
vi. 觉醒；醒来；意识到
 - waken up, be awake to

Word: jail
Front: jail
[dʒeɪl] (四六雅 2528/5079 -3)
Vocabulary: jail
(once / 232 pages)
nv
A jail is a place where people are confined while they're being punished for a crime. If you end up getting a mug shot and put behind bars, chances are you are In jail.
To arrest someone and put them in a jail cell is to jail them. Jail prisoners are often simply waiting for their trials — they've been charged with a crime, but they haven't yet been found to be guilty (or innocent). Jail was originally spelled gayhol, and in Britain it's also spelled gaol. This can be traced back to the Medieval Latin gabiola, from Late Latin caveola and the Latin cavea, "cage or enclosure."
WORD FAMILY
jail: jailed, jailer, jailing, jailor, jails+/jailer: jailers/jailor: jailors
USAGE EXAMPLES
Someone convicted of killing a turtle faces a maximum fine of about $240 and up to three months in jail.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
His deputy was also jailed for bribery two years ago.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Dahlin’s first project was a report denouncing the existence of an illegal nationwide network of secret detention facilities called “black jails”.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 监狱; 拘留所
vt. 监禁; 拘留
时态：jailed, jailing, jails
分布：监狱(74%)，监禁(16%)，监牢(5%)，拘留所(4%)，下狱(1%)
→来自拉丁语caveola,笼子，词源同cage,cave.引申词义监狱。拼写比较nail,rule.
(UK old-fashioned gaol) [dʒeɪl] noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■a place where criminals are kept to punish them for their crimes, or where people accused of crimes are kept while waiting for their trials 监狱；看守所
• the country's overcrowded jails 该国过于拥挤的监狱
• a 13-year jail sentence/term 被判13年监禁
• The financier was released from jail last week. 那个金融家上周获释了。
• They spent ten years in jail for fraud. 他们因欺诈罪入狱十年。
(UK old-fashioned gaol) [dʒeɪl] verb transitive often passive
 IMPROVER
■to put someone in a jail 监禁
• He was jailed for three years. 他被监禁了三年。
jail, imprison, confine
这组词都有“监禁”的意思，其区别是：
jail: (英国用gaol)多指审判之间的拘禁或对罪行较轻的罪犯的监禁。
imprison: 较正式用词，多指较长时间的监禁。
confine: 指监禁或幽禁；也指任何使行动受到限制的行为。
prison, cell, jail
这组词都有“牢房，监狱”的意思，其区别是：
prison: 指触犯刑律的人被关押的地方，通常指判决后的罪犯居留地。
cell: 指单人牢房或几个人合住的小牢房。
jail: (英国英语拼写为gaol)指收犯轻罪的人或未经判决的人的处所。
n. [法] 监狱；监牢；拘留所
 - prison, big house
vt. 监禁；下狱
 - prison, imprison

Word: passive
Front: passive
[ˈpæsɪv] (高研四六托雅宝 5680/4512 -2)
Vocabulary: passive
(once / 571 pages)
1adj 2adj 3adjn
Passive is the opposite of active. In English class, you might be advised to avoid the passive voice. In chemistry, a passive substance doesn't react. Passive resistance is a way to protest peacefully.
When you're passive, you don't participate much and you're not very emotional. In chemistry, passive means to be "unreactive except under special or extreme conditions; inert." Gandhi used the term passive resistance in the mid-twentieth century to describe the nonviolent approach Indians should use in their quest to become an independent nation.
WORD FAMILY
passive: passively, passiveness, passives, passivism, passivity +/ passivity: passivities
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Boston Globe called “Beginners” “the passive work of a man nervous to touch the third rail of his parents’ discontent.”
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Her mood, always indomitable in her apartment, was passive and resigned, and she was not sure exactly where she was.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
And with this passive resignation, the problem only gets worse, the risks get greater and the choices are narrower.
Time(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: adj. 被动的; 消极的; 不抵抗的; 冷漠的
n. 动词被动形式，被动语态
分布：被动的(65%)，消极的(29%)，被动性(6%)
→来自拉丁语pati,忍受，承受，词源同passion.即承受的，引申词义被动的，消极的。
消极的,被动的(pass+ive→感情用事→被动的)[pass=felling表示"感情"]
a.被动的,消极的In the past the compass could pass passion to the passive man having pastime on the pasture.在过去,指南针可以将激情传递给在牧场上消遣的被动之人
adjective
BEHAVIOUR 行为 often disapproving
■not acting to influence or change a situation; allowing other people to be in control 被动的，消极的；顺从的
• He's very passive in the relationship. 他在这段关系中非常被动。
• Men have always played an active part in leading worship while women have been confined to more passive roles. 男性在宗教崇拜方面一直起着主导作用，而女性则一直被局限于较被动的角色。
⇒ See also impassive
['pæs.ɪv] adjective
GRAMMAR 文法 specialized
■of the form of a verb used when the grammatical subject is the person or thing which experiences the effect of an action, rather than the person or thing which causes the effect 被动语态的
• 'He was released from prison' is a passive sentence. He was released from prison 是个被动句。
['pæs.ɪv] noun only singular specialized
the passive
 IMPROVER
■a way of structuring a sentence so that the grammatical subject is the person or thing which experiences the effect of an action, rather than the person or thing which causes the effect 被动语态
• When changed into the passive, 'The dog chased the cat' becomes 'The cat was chased by the dog'. The dog chased the cat 变成被动句后，为 The cat was chased by the dog.
Compare active
adj. 被动的，消极的；被动语态的
 - driven, negative

Word: monopoly
Front: monopoly
[məˈnɒpəli] (研六托雅宝 5686/3446 -2)
Vocabulary: monopoly
(once / 660 pages)
n
A monopoly is the exclusive ownership or control of something. If your sister claims a monopoly over the television during the Tom Cruise movie marathon, you would be wise not to touch that remote.
In economics, a monopoly specifically means the domination of a market by one owner or seller. Think of the board game Monopoly. You’re trying to own all the properties so that you have a monopoly over the board and the other players have to pay you basically anywhere they land. You might recognize the prefix mono, meaning “one." Add it to the Greek word polein which means “sell,” and there you have it — one seller.
WORD FAMILY
monopoly: antimonopoly, monopolies, monopolise, monopolist, monopolistic, monopolize +/monopolise: monopolisation, monopolised, monopoliser, monopolises, monopolising/monopoliser: monopolisers/monopolist: monopolists/monopolistic: monopolistically/ monopolize: monopolization, monopolized, monopolizer, monopolizes, monopolizing/monopolizer: monopolizers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Democratic centralism still prevails—exemplified by the party’s monopoly on power, Xi Jinping’s autocratic rule and the suppression of dissent.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
China’s array of challenges includes weaning the economy off debt-fueled stimulus spending, breaking up state monopolies and cleaning up the environment.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 26, 2016)
The company’s programs to help patients afford the drugs weren’t charities, but a way to increase profits on their monopolies.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 21, 2016)
Back: n. 垄断; 专卖; 垄断者; 专利品
分布：垄断(87%)，控制(5%)，独占(4%)，专利(4%)
→mono-,单个的，-poly,卖，词源同oligopoly,polypoly.即只有一家卖家，引申词义垄断，独占。
垄断(mono+poly→独家卖→垄断)[mono-表示"单个,一个"]
n.垄断,专卖,专利权,专利事业The monstrous monarch monopolied monarchy.可怕的君主垄断了君主国.
US [-'nɑ:.pəl-] noun countable or only singular
 ADVANCED
■(an organization or group which has) complete control of something, especially an area of business, so that others have no share 垄断（机构）；专卖；独占
• The government is determined to protect its tobacco monopoly. 政府决意保护其烟草专卖权。
• Is Microsoft a monopoly? 微软是垄断企业吗？
• The drafting of a new constitution cannot be a monopoly of the white minority regime (= other people should do it too). 新宪法的起草不能由占人口少数的白人政权垄断。
• He does not have a/the monopoly on (= He is not the only one who has) good looks. 长得好看的不止他一个。
n. [经] 垄断；垄断者； [贸易] 专卖权
 - cornerer

Word: loudly
Front: loudly
[laʊdlɪ] (高 5687/5440 -K)
Back: adv. 高声地; 吵闹地; 响亮地; 花哨地
分布：大声地(51%)，高声地(33%)，花俏地(16%)
adverb
■making a lot of noise 大声地，响亮地
• She spoke very loudly. 她说话的声音很大。
aloud, loud, loudly
这些副词均含有“高声地、大声地”之意。
aloud: 强调出声，能让人听见，无比较级。用于修饰cry, call, shout等动词时，有高声之意。
loud: 指声音响亮，高声说话，一般放在所修饰的动词后面。
loudly: 与loud含义相同，可放在动词之前或之后，用以说明声音的强度，含“喧闹”的意味。
adv. 大声地，响亮地
 - aloud, ringingly

Word: mess
Front: mess
[mes] (高研四六雅 3381/3437 -K3)
Vocabulary: mess
(once / 345 pages)
1nv 2nv 3n 4n
A mess is a generally dirty state, like your bedroom, your hair, or anything else that's untidy. If you make a huge mess when you cook, you probably try to get someone else to do the clean-up.
In addition to describing a jumble of stuff, mess can describe a confused or difficult situation, like the mess your finances are in if you have seven credit cards. When you mess something up, you cause disorder and maybe even wreck something, like a friendship you messed up by gossiping. And you might eat in a mess hall, a cafeteria for members of the armed forces — and it's probably very neat and orderly, not messy.
WORD FAMILY
mess: messed, messes, messing, messy +/ messy: messier, messiest, messily, messiness
USAGE EXAMPLES
“The court stuck with the basic framework of Virginia, so it’s still pretty messed up, especially in Northern Virginia,” Cannon said.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
“The streets were just a mess, and traffic was horrendous — it was like L.A.”
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Seconds later, he re-emerged, holding on to a chaotic mess of flapping flippers.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 混乱; 食堂; 肮脏; 困境
vt. 弄脏; 搞砸; 给…供膳
vi. 把事情弄糟; 制造脏乱
时态：messed, messing, messes
分布：混乱(61%)，弄乱(12%)，弄糟(8%)，脏乱(7%)，粪便(5%)，一份食品(3%)，妨碍(3%)，混杂(1%)
→来自古法语mes,一份食物，就餐，来自拉丁语mittere,放置，送出，词源同mission,emit.引申词义吃饭的地方，尤指部队餐厅。后用于指倒剩饭剩菜的地方，猪食等，并最终引申词义肮脏，杂乱等词义。
n.混乱,混杂,脏乱v.弄脏,弄乱,搞糟The late arrival of the train messed up all our plans.火车的误点把我们所有的计划都搞乱了.
noun
DIRT/UNTIDINESS 不整洁
 IMPROVER [S or U]
■Something or someone that is a mess or is in a mess, looks dirty or untidy 肮脏；杂乱；不整洁的人
• He makes a terrible mess when he's cooking. 他做饭时总是把周围弄得乱七八糟。
• Jem's house is always in a mess. 杰姆的房子总是又脏又乱。
• Go and clear up that mess in the kitchen. 去把厨房里乱七八糟的东西清理干净。
• Ian can't stand mess. 伊恩忍受不了凌乱。
• I look a mess - I can't go out like this! 我看上去衣衫不整的——我不能这样子出去！
• My hair's such a mess today! 我的头发今天乱蓬蓬的！
countable
■an animal's solid waste （动物的）粪便
• Fido left another mess on the carpet. 菲多又在地毯上拉屎了。
[mes] noun
PROBLEMS 问题
 IMPROVER only singular
■a situation that is full of problems 困境；混乱局面
• She said that her life was a mess. 她说她的生活一团糟。
• I got myself into a mess by telling a lie. 我因撒了一个谎而闯祸了。
• The company's finances are in a mess. 这家公司的财务状况一团糟。
only singular
■a person whose life is full of problems they cannot deal with 处于困境的人
• After the divorce he was a real mess and drinking too much. 离婚后他潦倒透顶，而且酗酒。
make a mess of sth ADVANCED (also mess sth up)
■to do something badly or spoil something 把…弄糟；搞砸
• I've made a real mess of my exams. 我考试彻底考砸了。
[mes] noun
ROOM 房间
countable (US also mess hall)
■a room or building in which members of the armed forces have their meals or spend their free time （军队的）食堂，交谊厅
• The group captain was having breakfast in the mess hall. 那名空军上校正在大餐厅里吃早餐。
• They spent their evenings in the officers' mess, drinking and playing cards. 他们在军官交谊厅里喝酒、玩纸牌，度过了许多个晚上。
[mes] verb
transitive mainly US (UK mess up) informal
■to make something untidy 把…弄乱
• Don't you dare mess my hair! 看你敢把我的头发弄乱！
intransitive
■to leave solid waste somewhere 排便
• Next door's dog has messed on our steps again! 隔壁家的狗又在我们的台阶上拉屎了！
[mes] verb
(and) no messing UK informal
■said to emphasize that you want something to be done 我说的是真话；不是开玩笑
• I want you both in bed by 9 o'clock, no messing! 我要你们两个九点钟都上床睡觉，不是开玩笑！
[mes] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  mess sb about/around UK
■to treat someone badly 不公正对待（某人），不把（某人）当回事
• I'm tired of being messed around by my bank. 我对银行怠慢的态度感到厌烦了。
• Don't mess me about! 别把我不当回事！
[mes] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  mess about UK
■ mess around
[mes] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  mess around (UK also mess about)
SPEND TIME
 ADVANCED informal
■to spend time doing various things that are not important, without any particular purpose or plan 浪费时间；磨蹭
• They spend their weekends messing around on their boat. 他们在船上消磨周末的时光。
• My brother likes messing around with computers. 我弟弟喜欢玩电脑打发时间。
• He spent the day with friends, just messing about. 他一整天都和朋友一起闲逛。
ACT STUPIDLY
 ADVANCED
■to behave in a stupid or annoying way 胡闹
• Stop messing about and listen to me!. 别胡闹了，听我说！
[mes] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  mess around with sth (UK also mess about with sth) informal
■to use or treat something in a careless or harmful way 瞎弄；摆弄，玩弄
• I don't want him coming in here and messing around with our computers. 我不想他到这里来乱搞我们的电脑。
• Never mess around with scissors. 绝对不能玩剪刀。
[mes] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  mess around with sb mainly US informal
■If a married man or woman messes around with someone, they have a sexual relationship with someone who is not their wife or husband. 勾搭（某人），与（某人）有不正当性关系
• She found out that her husband was messing around with his secretary. 她发现丈夫和他的秘书偷情。
[mes] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] mess sth up ADVANCED
■to make something untidy or dirty 把…弄乱；把…弄脏
• Who's messed up the bookshelf? 谁把书架搞乱了？
[mes] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] mess (sth) up informal ADVANCED
■to spoil or damage something, or to do something wrong or badly 搞砸，弄糟
• I feel I've messed up my chances of becoming a great singer. 我觉得自己已经把成为大歌星的机会毁掉了。
• He says that his divorce has really messed his life up. 他说离婚确实令他的生活变得一团糟。
• You've really messed up this time. 这次你的确把事情搞砸了。
[mes] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  mess sb up
CAUSE PROBLEMS
■to cause someone to suffer emotional and mental problems 使（某人）出现精神问题
• Drugs can really mess you up. 毒品真的会让你萎靡不振。
INJURE US slang
■to hit someone repeatedly so that they are badly injured 殴打（某人）
[mes] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  mess with sth/sb informal
■to use or become involved with something or someone dangerous 与（危险人物）有牵连；与（危险的人或事物）扯上关系
• You shouldn't mess with drugs. 你不该沾上毒品。
[mes] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  mess with sth mainly US
■to try to change or repair something, but not carefully and usually without success 瞎弄；摆弄
• He was messing with his bike and then he couldn't fit the parts back together. 他胡乱摆弄他的脚踏车，但后来就不能把零件装嵌回去了。
[mes] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  mess with sb informal
■to treat someone in a bad, rude or annoying way, or to start an argument with them 打扰（某人），招惹（某人）
• I've warned you already, don't mess with me! 我已警告过你，别来惹我！
chaos, disturbance, disordr, mess, confusion
这些名词均表示事物的混乱状态。
chaos: 着重指令人无能为力或感到绝望的混乱状态。突出没有很好的组织。
disturbance: 主要指社会中政治性的动乱、骚乱；也可指个人或少数人的闹事。
disordr: 正式用词，含义广泛。指事物因失去原有的秩序而造成混乱；也可指社会中的动乱或骚乱。
mess: 语气强，口语中较常用的非正式用词。指既混乱又肮脏，尤指人思想混乱或外表不整洁。
confusion: 指东西搅混在一起，凌乱得难以辨认；也可指思想混乱，以致无法进行正常的思维活动。
n. 混乱；食堂，伙食团；困境；脏乱的东西
 - difficulty, disorder, chaos, confusion, corner
vt. 弄乱，弄脏；毁坏；使就餐
 - destroy, soil, mud, spot, damage
vi. 把事情弄糟；制造脏乱；玩弄
 - play fast and loose, toy with

Word: nun
Front: nun
[nʌn] (六 5688/5745 -2)
Vocabulary: nun
(once / 455 pages)
1n 2n 3n
A nun is a woman who's dedicated her life to religious observance. Most nuns spend their time praying or meditating and doing service work in their communities.
You may picture a Catholic nun when you hear the word nun, but there are nuns of other faiths as well, including Hindus, Lutherans, Jains, and Buddhists. Nuns serve the poor and hungry, sometimes running schools or orphanages, and they have in common a strict dedication to religion. Nun comes from the Old English nunne, and the Late Latin nonna, "nun," originally a generic word for addressing an older person.
WORD FAMILY
nun: nunnery, nuns+/nunnery: nunneries
USAGE EXAMPLES
The five nuns — four of whom are white — range in age from 50 to 75.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
She played “The Singing Nun,” for heaven’s sake.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
The Vatican requires at least three nuns to train novices to become nuns, prompting the decision to shut the abbey down.
Seattle Times(Dec 26, 2016)
Back: n. 修女，尼姑
分布：修女(71%)，尼姑(29%)
→来自拉丁语nonna,修女，家庭老师，来自nanny,祖母，姥姥。原为对年长女性的尊称，后用于指献身宗教生活的女性，即尼姑，修女等。
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a member of a female religious group which lives in a convent 修女
• a convent school run by Catholic nuns 天主教修女开办的女修道院学校
n. 修女，尼姑
 - sister, religious

Word: outrage
Front: outrage
[ˈaʊtreɪdʒ] (研六托宝 5684/6948 -2)
Vocabulary: outrage
(once / 250 pages)
nv
If you consider how people are treated in airports an outrage, you get really angry over airport security or the price of airport food. Six dollars for a piece of pizza? What an outrage!
Something is an outrage when it is shocking and makes you angry. Stealing from an orphanage? That's an outrage. Sometimes outrage leads to action. Public outrage over the latest political scandal often makes the news.
WORD FAMILY
outrage: outraged, outrageous, outrages, outraging+/ outrageous: outrageousest, outrageously, outrageousness
USAGE EXAMPLES
The man who sparked outrage last year by hiking the price of a life-saving drug may have met his match in some Australian schoolboys.
BBC(Dec 01, 2016)
While Democratic presidential nominee Hillary Clinton’s management of her State Department emails triggered massive GOP outrage, Russia’s interventions in our election trigger random statements.
Washington Post(Nov 30, 2016)
Instead, it has fueled outrage and brought the country’s culture of official impunity into glaring focus.
Time(Nov 30, 2016)
Back: n. 义愤; 愤慨; 暴行; 骇人听闻的事件
vt. 引起…的义愤，激怒; 凌辱，强奸; 虐待，迫害; 违反
时态：outraged, outraging, outrages
分布：愤怒(67%)，暴行(14%)，义愤(11%)，激怒(5%)，凌辱(3%)
→来自古法语outrage,伤害，损害，过度，无礼，来自拉丁语ultra,超过，词源同ultrasonic,ulterior.引申词义愤怒，愤慨等。
粗暴,暴行(out+rage怒气→怒气外露→粗暴)[out-①表示"超过,过度"②表示"出去,过时"]
暴行,残暴(out出+rage→作出疯狂的事→残暴)[roge=mad,表示"疯狂"]
n.暴行,侮辱,愤怒v.凌辱,引起...义愤,强奸I was outraged by the whole proceeding.整个事件使我感到愤慨.
noun
 ADVANCED uncountable
■a feeling of anger and shock 愤慨，义愤
• These murders have provoked outrage across the country. 这些谋杀事件激起了全国公众的愤慨。
• Many politicians and members of the public expressed outrage at the verdict. 许多政治家和公众人物表达了对这判决的愤慨。
 ADVANCED countable
■a shocking, morally unacceptable and usually violent action 暴行；（道义上）难以接受的事情；骇人听闻的行为
• The bomb, which killed 15 people, was the worst of a series of terrorist outrages. 炸弹炸死了15人，这是恐怖主义者一系列暴行中最严重的一次。
• [+ that] It's an outrage (= it is shocking and morally unacceptable) that so much public money should have been wasted in this way. 这么多公款竟然被如此挥霍，真是岂有此理。
['aʊt.reɪdʒ] verb transitive
■(especially of an unfair action or statement) to cause someone to feel very angry, shocked or upset （尤指不公平的行为或言论）使感到义愤，使愤慨，激怒
• Local people were outraged at the bombing. 当地人对轰炸感到非常愤怒。
• A proposed 5% pay cut has outraged staff at the warehouse. 减薪5%的提议激怒了仓库的员工。
n. 愤怒，愤慨；暴行；侮辱
 - anger, despite, wrath
vt. 凌辱，强奸；对…施暴行；激起愤怒
 - ravish

Word: quantum
Front: quantum
[ˈkwɒntəm] (宝 5616/6774 -2)
Vocabulary: quantum
(once / 4087 pages)
n
While quantum refers to a general quantity or size, it is most often used in physics as a measure of the smallest amount of something — usually energy — that something can possess. The plural form is quanta.
In the 17th century, the word quantum, from the Latin word for "how much," referred to a portion. Quantum is usually a noun referring to a specific amount of something. However, it can also be used as an adjective, as in the phrase "quantum leap," where it refers to a sudden, important change. Outside of physics, the word might be used with "not" to refer to something insignificant, as in "There's not a quantum of truth in what you say."
WORD COUNT
How Did "Quantum" Come to Mean "Really Big"?
Verizon offers "Even faster FiOS Quantum Internet" speeds. Duracell has a new Quantum alkaline battery. James Bond had his Quantum of Solace. Any number of companies have "quantum" in their names as well.
The implication is that "quantum" is something big and powerful, with a hint of science behind it.
That's a fairly recent development. As a noun, for most of its linguistic life it has meant "something that has quantity"; as an adjective, its common use today, it's meant merely "some measurable amount," with the, um, quantity of that amount unspecified.
The first English use of "quantum," which appeared in 1567, was philosophy-related, according to The Oxford English Dictionary. A legal use as a "quantity of money" came about 50 years later. It was used in 1649 to mean simply "share" or "allotment," as in "Poverty is her portion, and her quantum is but food and raiment."
"Quantum" passed into physics in 1870, the OED says, in a now unused sense of the "quantity of electric fluid present in an electrically neutral body." "Quantum theory" came along early in the 20th century, courtesy of both Max Planck and Albert Einstein, the OED says. It's a "theory of matter and energy based on the concept of quanta," or the idea that light contains many small but measurable bits of energy. (Though Einstein used "quanta" as the plural in his theories, a more commercial plural is "quantums.")
Duracell touts its battery as "a quantum leap in battery power." That expression began life as a "quantum jump" in 1924, adding "quantum leap" in 1932. In physics, both originally meant merely an abrupt transition, as a "quantum" of electromagnetic energy was absorbed or released. And for a time, a "quantum leap" meant a very small, discrete amount, according to the OED.
The TV program Quantum Leap, from 1989-93, where Scott Bakula played a scientist (sometimes described as a "quantum" physicist), had it exactly right: Bakula could travel through time (the abrupt-shift sense of "quantum leap"), but could travel back only a short period to inhabit the body of a specific person (the small, discrete sense).
The first use of "quantum leap" to mean "really big" was in 1956, the OED says, in a discussion of the US-Soviet balance of power in a nuclear postwar world, where a writer described "The enormous multiplication of power, the 'quantum leap' to a new order of magnitude of destruction."
The use of "quantum" in English took a "quantum leap" after 1916, no doubt because of Einstein and Planck, according to a Google Ngrams graph charting mentions of "quantum" in books.
Webster's New World College Dictionary had no definition for "quantum leap" or "quantum jump" in the 1964 printing of its first edition; by the 1982 printing of the second edition, the terms had been added, with a definition of "any sudden and extensive change or advance, as in a program or policy."
Though using "quantum leap" to mean "big jump" is fully idiomatic, it's best to avoid using just plain "quantum" to mean "huge" (especially if addressing a physicist). Most dictionaries still define it as simply "an amount." It's only the hyperbole that gives it mass quantity.
WORD FAMILY
quantum: quanta, quantise, quantize, quantums+/quantise: quantisation, quantises/quantize: quantization, quantized, quantizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
“The laws of gravity and quantum theory allow universes to appear spontaneously from nothing,” he explained.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 29, 2016)
Maybe this seems humble alongside other winning physics breakthroughs: radiation, quantum mechanics, semiconductors, the Higgs boson.
Slate(Dec 27, 2016)
His specialties included quantum electrodynamics, which describes the interactions of matter and light, and quantum chromodynamics, a study of the behavior of subatomic particles.
Washington Post(Dec 24, 2016)
Back: n. [物]量子; 定量，总量; 美国昆腾公司（世界领先的硬盘生产商）
分布：量(52%)，量子(45%)，定量(2%)，额(1%)
→来自拉丁语quantus,多大，多少，-um,中性格。用于物理名词量子。
【记】quant数量，um一定量
【参】quantity（n 数量，总量）
US ['kwɑ:n.tˌəm] (plural quanta) specialized
noun countable
■the smallest amount or unit of something, especially energy 量子
• quantum theory 量子理论
n. 量子论；额；美国昆腾公司（世界领先的硬盘生产商）
 - forehead, frons

Word: optional
Front: optional
[ˈɒpʃənl] (高研四六托雅宝 5692/5815 -1)
Vocabulary: optional
(once / 1108 pages)
adj
If you can choose whether or not to do something, it is optional. Extra credit is always optional; death and taxes are not.
When you buy a new car, you can decide which options or choices, you would like. Things like a DVD player mounted in the ceiling are optional, you don't need them for the car to work, and it's up to you if you want to pay more for them. The opposite of optional is mandatory. If you're in high school, going to bed at 8:00 is optional, for your little sister in elementary school, it's mandatory.
WORD FAMILY
optional: optionally+/ opt: optative, opted, opting, option, opts/optative: optatively/ option: optional, options
USAGE EXAMPLES
Secondarily, they reflect a mind-set that perceives oral health as an optional milestone to strive for.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
She said that while it existed in the United States, it is "still optional in the global Catholic Church".
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
A section of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits discrimination in programs that receive federal funds and compliance “is not optional,” Foxx said.
Seattle Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: adj. 可选择的; 随意的，任意的; 非强制的; 选修科目
分布：任选的(100%)
可任意选择的(option+al)[Opt=choose,表示"选择"]
a.可以任选的,随意的,非强制的The optional helicopter is adopted to help the optimistic helpless in the hell.可选用的直升飞机被用来帮助地狱里那些乐观的无助者.
US ['ɑ:p-] adjective
 ADVANCED
■If something is optional, you can choose whether to do it, pay it, buy it, etc 可选择的；非强制的
• English is compulsory for all students, but art and music are optional. 英语是所有学生的必修课，而艺术和音乐则是选修的。
adj. 可选择的，随意的
 - selectable, hit-or-miss
n. 选修科目
 - elective subjects

Word: summon
Front: summon
[ˈsʌmən] (研六托雅宝 5691/4505 -2)
Vocabulary: summon
(once / 137 pages)
v
To summon is to formally call for the presence of someone. If, as soccer team captain, you find that your team members are an hour late for the big game, you might need to summon them — and fast.
Summon can also mean “gather up,” as one might summon one’s courage" before that big game. Summon is also occasionally used in reference to the supernatural, as when one tries to call forth a spirit or ghost. If you think the team needs additional help on the field, you might try to summon some supernatural backup.
WORD FAMILY
summon: summoned, summoning, summons +/summoning: summonings/ summons: summonsed, summonses, summonsing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Andrew Brunson was elated when Turkey’s Interior Ministry summoned him on Oct.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Officers were summoned to a room at a Hampton Inn around 1 a.m.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Oakland Raiders slipped on their pads, donned their uniforms and summoned the fortitude to play.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 传唤，召唤; 鼓起（勇气）; 传讯（出庭）; [军]劲降，招降
时态：summoned, summoning, summons
分布：召唤(73%)，召集(26%)，振奋(1%)
→sum-,在下，-mon,警告，词源同 monitor,admonish.即给予警告，后引申词义传唤，召唤等。
(命令性)召集(sum下面+mon→从下面把人警告[命令]上来)[mon,monit=warn,表示"警告"]
v.召唤;传讯,传唤;鼓起(勇气),振作(精神)He was summoned to appear in court.他被传唤出庭.
【反】dismiss（v 解散；离开）
verb transitive
ORDER 命令
 ADVANCED
■to order someone to come to or be present at a particular place, or to officially arrange a meeting of people 命令…到（某地）；传唤；召唤；召集
• General Rattigan summoned reinforcements to help resist the attack. 拉蒂根将军命令增援部队协助抵挡进攻。
• humorous I'm afraid I'll have to go - I'm being summoned by my wife. 恐怕我得走了——我妻子命令我回去。
• On July 20th, the council was summoned to hear an emergency report on its finances. 7月20日，理事会被临时召集听取有关财务问题的紧急报告。
['sʌm.ən] verb transitive
PRODUCE STRENGTH 鼓起勇气
■to increase your bravery or strength, especially with an effort （尤指努力地）鼓起（勇气），积聚（力气）
• It took me six months to summon (up) the courage to ask him out for a drink. 我花了六个月时间才鼓起勇气约他出去喝一杯。
call, send for, summon
这组词都有“召集，召唤”的意思，其区别是：
call: 非正式用词，含义广泛，指用说话或呼叫的形式召唤。
send for: 作“召唤”解时，语气较随便，暗示委派一件工作。
summon: 正式用词，指官方或正式的召集，召集者具有权力或权威性。
trigger, introduce, summon, create
trigger: 引发，表示“开动，启动（系统或装置）”
introduce: 介绍，接物作宾语时，表示“采用（新产品），实施（新法律），引进（新事物）”
summon: 召集，通常与“人或勇气”搭配
create: 创造
vt. 召唤；召集；鼓起；振作
 - stir oneself, nerve oneself

Word: attachment
Front: attachment
[əˈtætʃmənt] (六托 5689/5553)
Vocabulary: attachment
(once / 444 pages)
n
Attachment is a sticky word: an email attachment fastens a file to an email, while someone who has an attachment to email loves email. Attachment brings things together.
Attachment is a word that's equal parts mechanical and emotional. Many gadgets — such as cameras and tractors — have attachments that allow them to get more done, like a tractor attachment for plowing snow. People have attachments to bands, political movements, sports teams, hobbies, and each other. It's important for babies to develop attachments to their parents — this means they're bonding with their parents. Attachment is a lot like duct tape — it fastens people and things together.
WORD FAMILY
attachment: attachments+/ attach: attachable, attached, attaching, attachment / attached: attachedly, unattached
USAGE EXAMPLES
I wrote several columns about the harm that an irrational attachment to firearms causes.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
After birth, the process of attachment depends on parents’ sensitive and positive interactions with the baby.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
At least one person opened attachments with malicious software.
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. （用电子邮件发送的）附件，附属物; 依恋，依附; 扣押财产<法>逮捕，扣押（人，财产）
分布：附件(69%)，依恋(20%)，附属物(4%)，忠诚(3%)，依赖(3%)，附著(1%)
noun
CONNECT 连接
 ADVANCED countable
■an extra piece of equipment that can be added to a machine 附件；附属物；附加设备
• This food processor has a special attachment for grinding coffee. 这个食品加工器附有一个专门用来研磨咖啡的装置。
[ə'tætʃ.mənt] noun
COMPUTING 电脑技术
 ADVANCED countable
■a computer file which is sent together with an email message 附件
• I'll email my report to you as an attachment. 我将把我的报告作为附件电邮给你。
• I wasn't able to open that attachment. 我打不开那个附件。
[ə'tætʃ.mənt] noun
FEELING OF LOVE 爱慕
countable or uncountable
■a feeling of love or strong connection to someone or something 喜爱，爱慕；依恋
• At university I formed a strong attachment to one of my tutors. 上大学时，我和一位导师建立了很深厚的感情。
• She is unlikely to give up her lifelong attachment to feminist ideas. 她不大可能放弃她终生信奉的女权主义思想。
[ə'tætʃ.mənt] noun
TAKING GOODS 拿走物品
countable or uncountable UK legal
■the act of arresting a person for failing to obey the order of a court, or of officially taking their property because they have failed to pay money that they owe （对债务人或其财产的）扣押
accessory, supplement, appendix, attachment, addition
这组词都有“附加物、增加物”的意思，其区别是：
accessory: 作“附件”解时，与attachment同义，可互换，但还指增加美观的附属品。
supplement: 主要指使书、报等正广更完善而额外增加的部分。
appendix: 指书末的附录。
attachment: 指用于扩大原物用途的附件。
addition: 仅强调数量的增加。
affection, love, attachment
这些名词均含“爱、热爱”之意。
affection: 指对人的爱慕或深厚、温柔的感情，侧重感情的深沉。
love: 比affection的语气更强。表示一种难以控制的激情。
attachment: 通常用于书面文字中，既可指对某人某物的喜欢，又可指出自理智对某人或某物的热爱，尤指长时间的爱。
n. [机] 附件；依恋；连接物；扣押财产
 - joining, enclosure

Word: miner
Front: miner
[ˈmaɪnə(r)] (四六 5693/3339 -3)
Vocabulary: miner
(once / 386 pages)
n
Picture a hardhat, a headlamp and a pick, and you are on the right track. A miner is a person who makes a living digging coal, salt, gold, minerals, or other natural resources out of the earth.
The root here is the noun mine—not the word that possessive toddlers like to shout, but the one that describes a man-made underground network of tunnels and quarries. Don’t confuse miner with minor (note the “o”). Minor refers to musical intervals, small or trivial things, and people under age 18.
WORD FAMILY
miner: miners+/countermine: countermined, countermines, countermining/ mine: countermine, mined, miner, mines, mining/mined: unmined/mining: minings
USAGE EXAMPLES
The miners are banking on a boost in infrastructure spending, which they believe would offset the price declines caused by slowing growth in housing.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Steady demand for kitty litter helped Wyo-Ben and other bentonite miners through the downturn.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Other deaths this year included wall collapses and a miner who crashed in a personal vehicle on an access road.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 矿工; 采矿机; 地雷工兵; 矿业股
分布：矿工(100%)
→来自mine,开矿。miner 矿工
US [-nɚ] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a person who works in a mine 矿工
• a coal miner 煤矿工
n. [矿业] 矿工；开矿机
 - collier, pitman

Word: aloud
Front: aloud
[əˈlaʊd] (中高研四 5694/5849 -K1)
Vocabulary: aloud
(once / 203 pages)
adv
If you read something aloud you use your voice, not just your eyes. You might feel shy reading your poems aloud in front of strangers.
Aloud used to mean "very loudly," but now we use it to mean "speaking voice" as opposed to the silent voice of our thoughts. You might have to read something aloud to your grandmother if she's having trouble with her eyes. If you accidentally said something that you meant to keep to yourself, you were thinking aloud. If something is terribly painful, you might cry aloud — unable to contain yourself.
WORD FAMILY
aloud: alouds
USAGE EXAMPLES
Likewise, he wonders aloud why music “appears to leap ahead of where it should logically be in the hierarchy of needs.”
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
The silence of the march was punctuated by demonstrators who spoke each name aloud.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Reading a book aloud to the children, she prompted them to recall facts about trees that they’d learned in an earlier session.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adv. 高声; 大声
分布：大声地(50%)，出声地(50%)
adv.出声地,大声地Please read this passage aloud, Jennifer.珍妮弗,请朗读这篇文章.
adverb
 IMPROVER
■in a voice loud enough to be heard; not silently or quietly 大声地；出声地
• He read her letter aloud to the rest of the family. 他把她的信大声读给家人听。
• People are starting to wonder aloud (= question publicly) whether the economic reforms have gone too far. 人们开始公开质疑经济改革是否矫枉过正了。
aloud, loud, loudly
这些副词均含有“高声地、大声地”之意。
aloud: 强调出声，能让人听见，无比较级。用于修饰cry, call, shout等动词时，有高声之意。
loud: 指声音响亮，高声说话，一般放在所修饰的动词后面。
loudly: 与loud含义相同，可放在动词之前或之后，用以说明声音的强度，含“喧闹”的意味。
adv. 大声地；出声地
 - out, loudly

Word: cigar
Front: cigar
[sɪˈgɑ:(r)] (高研六 5696/7267 -1)
Vocabulary: cigar
(once / 277 pages)
n
A cigar is a fairly large rolled bundle of tobacco that smokers light and take puffs from. A cigar is usually brown, and it's almost always fatter and longer than a cigarette.
Cigar smoking tends to be more of a special event than cigarette smoking, and the ritual involves cutting off the cigar's closed end, lighting the other side with a match, and puffing the smoke lightly. Another difference between cigar and cigarette smokers is that cigar smoke isn't usually inhaled, but only drawn into the mouth. The word cigar comes from the Spanish cigarro, most likely from a Mayan root, sicar, "to smoke rolled tobacco leaves."
WORD FAMILY
cigar: cigars
USAGE EXAMPLES
One is cheese cigars, also called cheese rolls or cheese boreks.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 22, 2016)
My mother was college-educated in Cuba — but she was the daughter of a woman who rolled cigars.
New York Times(Dec 20, 2016)
Before August, no federal law prohibited the sale of cigars, e-cigarettes or hookah tobacco to children under 18.
Washington Post(Dec 02, 2016)
Back: n. 雪茄; 叶卷烟
分布：雪茄烟(100%)
→词源不详，可能来自南美土著语。
n.雪茄烟I don't smoke cigar.我不抽雪茄烟.
US [-gɑ:r] noun countable
■a tube made from dried and rolled tobacco leaves, which people smoke 雪茄烟
• an after-dinner cigar and brandy 饭后抽支雪茄，喝杯白兰地
cigarette, cigar, tobacco
这组词都有“烟”的意思，其区别是：
cigarette: 指纸烟。
cigar: 指雪茄烟。
tobacco: 指烟草，烟叶、烟丝。

Word: breed
Front: breed
[bri:d] (研四六托雅宝 5698/3721 -K3)
Vocabulary: breed
(once / 146 pages)
1vn 2v
To breed is to have babies, whether you’re a human or a hermit crab. A breed is also a specific type of a domesticated species, like a poodle or Great Dane.
The word breed comes from the Old English bredan which means to "bring young to birth," but also "cherish,” which is how most people feel about their offspring. Awwwww. But the fact is that breeding is reproducing. Also, a breed is a strain or stock of a species, such as a Siamese cat. There are many types of dog breeds, cow breeds, and even pig breeds. Members of a breed usually look and behave in a similar way.
WORD FAMILY
breed: bred, breeded, breeder, breeding, breeds, crossbreed, interbreed+/bred: ill-bred, underbred/breeder: breeders/breeding: breedings, ill-breeding, inbreeding/ crossbreed: crossbred, crossbreeding, crossbreeds/inbreeding: inbreedings/interbreed: interbred, interbreeding, interbreeds
USAGE EXAMPLES
Five species of marine mammals all breed or haul out here, and great white sharks visit regularly to feed on many of them.
Seattle Times(Dec 01, 2016)
He is set to swim through shark breeding grounds near Brazil, where mothers may lash out to protect their young.
Reuters(Dec 01, 2016)
Daily reports of her progress became news, though, in the end, she was more or less the only success from the breeding experiment.
New York Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: vt. 产（后代），生; 产生，导致; 优生交配; 养育，训练
vi. 产仔; 繁殖，旺盛生长
n. 属; 种类; 类型; 血统
时态：bred, breeding, breeds
分布：繁殖(49%)，品种(46%)，血统(2%)，养育(2%)，教养(1%)
→词源同brew, 蒸，加热。原指小鸡孵化的过程。
v.(使)繁殖,生殖;产生;教养,抚养n.品种In the freezing breeze, the breeder greedily squeezed oil from the seeds.在冰冷的微风中,饲养员贪婪地从种子中榨油.
verb (bred, bred)
REPRODUCE 繁殖
 ADVANCED transitive
■to keep animals for the purpose of producing young animals in a controlled way （为繁殖目的）饲养
• Terriers are bred for their fighting instincts. 交配繁殖梗狗是为了保持它们好斗的本性。
• His main income comes from breeding cattle. 他的主要收入来自养牛。
⇒ See also inbred;purebred;thoroughbred;well-bred
intransitive
■(of animals) to have sex and reproduce （为繁殖目的）饲养；（动物）交配繁殖
• The blackbird, like most birds, breeds in the spring. 画眉和大多数鸟一样是在春天繁殖。
[bri:d] verb (bred, bred)
CAUSE 导致
transitive
■to cause something to happen, usually something bad 招致，导致
• Favouritism breeds resentment. 偏袒招致怨恨。
[bri:d] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a particular type of animal or plant （动植物的）品种，种
• a breed of dog/cat/horse/sheep/cattle 某个品种的狗／猫／马／羊／牛
• What's your favourite breed of dog/dog breed? 你最喜欢哪种狗？
■informal
■a type of person （人的）类型，种类
• Arletty was that rare breed of actress - beautiful, sexy and funny. 阿列蒂是那种少见的女演员——漂亮、性感、幽默。
• A new breed of film-maker has taken over Hollywood. 新一代电影导演在好莱坞占据了主导地位。
• Authentic blues singers are a dying breed (= becoming rare) these days. 正宗的蓝调歌手近来很少见。
vi. 繁殖；饲养；产生
 - increase, result
vt. 繁殖；饲养；养育，教育；引起
 - attract, keep, school, cause, mother
n. [生物] 品种；种类，类型
 - category, variety, manner, nature, description

Word: broth
Front: broth
[brɒθ] (5690/16262 -1)
Back: n. 肉汤; 培养基
分布：肉汤(79%)，清汤(21%)
→词源同brew, braise.
US [brɑ:θ] noun uncountable
■a thin soup, often with vegetables or rice in it （加入蔬菜或米的）肉汤
• chicken/turkey/beef broth 鸡／火鸡／牛肉汤
n. 肉汤；液体培养基
 - potage, fluid medium

Word: delegation
Front: delegation
[ˌdelɪˈgeɪʃn] (四六 5697/3893 -3)
Vocabulary: delegation
(once / 892 pages)
n
A delegation is a group of people who act as representatives of a larger group. If you’re a member of Congress from the Sunshine State, you’re a member of the Florida delegation.
Ever seen the opening ceremonies of the Olympic Games? Each country's delegation enters the stadium as a group, marching behind its own flag. Some delegations are a few hundred people, some are only a few, but each delegation is made up of the athletes and coaches sent to represent their country. You can also use delegation to mean assigning something to someone. While you're in the Amazon, you'll need to arrange with your roommates for delegation of your bill-paying duties.
WORD FAMILY
delegation: delegations+/delegacy: delegacies/ delegate: delegacy, delegated, delegates, delegating, delegation
USAGE EXAMPLES
Ten years later, Capucci led a delegation of clerics and intellectuals to Iraq in a show of solidarity against UN sanctions.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
While other states sent delegations to Cuba, the Edwards administration thinks Louisiana enjoyed better access.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
In 1993, he joined the Greek delegation to the European Union, based in Brussels.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 代表（团）; 委派; 授权
分布：代表团(97%)，委派(3%)
noun
CHOSEN PEOPLE 人选
 ADVANCED countable [+ sing/pl verb]
■a group of delegates 代表团
• A delegation from Spain has/have arrived for a month. 西班牙代表团已经抵达一个月了。
[ˌdel.ɪ'geɪ.ʃən] noun
GIVING 给予
uncountable
■when you delegate a particular job, duty, right, etc. to someone else （工作、职务或权力等）分配；委派；授权
• Delegation of responsibility is a key part of a manager's job. 分派任务是管理者的一项重要工作内容。
n. 代表团；授权；委托
 - commitment, mission, authorization, warranty

Word: haven
Front: haven
[ˈheɪvn] (托雅宝 5699/6866 -2)
Vocabulary: haven
(once / 567 pages)
n
Need to find shelter, from the weather or from other troubles? Then you need a haven.
Haven looks a lot like heaven, and the words have quite a bit in common. A haven isn't necessarily as wonderful as heaven is supposed to be, but it is a good place to find when you're in trouble or someone is after you. This word often appears in the phrase "safe haven," which is a good reminder of its meaning. A haven is a safe place, and people who are in trouble tend to seek havens.
WORD FAMILY
haven: havens
USAGE EXAMPLES
And reach for each other they did, in their favorite places, their havens, their cherished institutions.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Is family the one haven in a heartless world?
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
I do that once a week, and I get facials every other week at Haven.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 港口，安全地方; 避难所，安息所
vt. 把（船）开进港; 为…提供避难场所; 掩护
分布：避难所(46%)，庇护(31%)，港口(22%)，安置 ... 于港中(1%)
→来自古英语haefen,Proto-Germanic*hafno,港口，词源同Copenhagen,hafnium.可能来自kap,抓住，握住，词源同capable,have.引申词义保护，港口。
避难所(hav+en表示场所→有[全部]的场所)[hav=possess表示"拥有"]
【记】源于heaven（n 天空；天堂）是神仙的避难所have，n：有一个n（山洞）当作避难所
【反】unsafe/dangerous place（危险的地方）
noun countable
■a safe or peaceful place 安全的地方；和平之地
• The garden was a haven from the noise and bustle of the city. 这个花园是块远离喧嚣都市的静地。
• They wanted to provide safe havens for the refugees. 他们想为难民们提供安全的避难场所。
n. 港口；避难所，安息所
 - port, home, harbor

Word: dangle
Front: dangle
[ˈdæŋgl] (托宝 5695/7934 -1)
Vocabulary: dangle
(once / 938 pages)
v
Dangle means to hang or swing loosely. If you dangle string above a kitten you will both be entertained.
The verb dangle probably comes from a late 16th century Danish or Swedish word meaning “loose or pendulous,” though we don’t know for sure. You may have a taste for big, showy earrings that dangle. Or, you might even dangle a possibility — "If you were to dangle the prospect of dessert to a child, then you better follow through!"
WORD FAMILY
dangle: dangled, dangles, dangling+/dangling: danglings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Flowers with wooden frames dangled from the front wall of another space.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
So, studios dangle receptions and Q. and A.s with movie stars as bait.
New York Times(Dec 21, 2016)
There is also a “dream catcher” of sorts: two intersecting wire circles, from which several bronze fingers dangle.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 14, 2016)
Back: vi. 悬荡，垂着摆动; 尾随，追逐
vt. 使摇晃地挂着或摆荡; 悬而未定
时态：dangled, dangling, dangles
分布：追求(34%)，摇摆(30%)，挂着(11%)，摇晃(11%)，悬垂(7%)，摇摆物(7%)
→可能来自拟声词，摇摇晃晃的声音。
【记】读：蛋糕－我拿着蛋糕晃来晃去地吊你的胃口。Dang荡，le乐：一年轻美貌的女子再秋千上一边乐，一边荡来荡去的：吊你的胃口！
【参】tantalize（vt 逗弄；使…干着急）
verb
intransitive or transitive
■to hang loosely, or to hold something so that it hangs loosely （使）垂下；（使）悬着，悬挂；把…吊起来
• Loose electric wires were dangling from the wall. 松散的电线从墙上垂下来。
• He dangled the puppet in front of the children. 他在孩子们面前玩木偶。
transitive
■to offer someone something that they want in order to persuade them to do something （为了说服某人去做某事而）用…作为承诺，答应用…作为回报
• I've tried dangling all sorts of offers before him/ in front of him to get him to work harder at school, but nothing works. 为了让他学习用心点，我曾试过种种承诺，可是根本不起任何作用。

Word: stage
Front: stage
[steɪdʒ] (高研四六雅 829/482 -K5)
Back: n. 阶段; 舞台; 戏剧; 驿站
vt. & vi. 上演，演出; 筹办，举行; 适于上演; 坐公共马车旅行
vt. 举行; 展现; 上演; 筹划
vi. 适于上演，适合在舞台上演出; 乘公交车（或驿车）旅行; [军事]中间集结，扎营
时态：staged, staging, stages
分布：阶段(48%)，舞台(33%)，上演(6%)，举行(6%)，戏剧(2%)，组织(2%)，筹划(1%)，步骤(1%)，行程(1%)
→来自古法语 estage,舞台，楼层，驿站，歇脚处，来自通俗拉丁语*staticum,站立处，来自 stare, 站立，词源同 stand,state.引申诸相关词义。
n.舞台,戏剧;阶段,时期The villagers in rage caused a tragedy on the cage-like stage.狂怒的村民在笼子形的舞台上制造了一场悲剧.
noun countable
PART 部分
 ESSENTIAL
■a part of an activity or a period of development 阶段；发展时期
• The project is in its final stages and should be completed by August. 这个企划案已进入最后阶段，应于八月份前完成。
• They did the last stage of their journey on foot. 他们徒步走完了旅途的最后一段路。
• Our marriage is going through a difficult stage at the moment. 目前我们的婚姻正走到难关。
• Their youngest child is at the stage where she can say individual words but not full sentences. 他们最小的孩子目前所处的阶段是会说单个的词，但还不会说整句话。
• I'm not tired at the moment but I will need a rest at some stage (= at some time) during the walk. 我现在不累，但我在走路的过程中有时会需要休息一下。
• Andrew spends all his spare time playing with his computer but it's probably just a stage he's going through (= a period of development that will end soon). 安德鲁的业余时间全花在玩电脑上，不过这可能只是一个阶段罢了。
in stages
■If you do something in stages, you divide the activity into parts and complete each part separately 分步骤进行，逐步进行
• We're decorating the house in stages so it won't be ready for another couple of months. 我们在逐步装修房子，所以还得几个月才能就绪。
■specialized
■one of the separate parts of a rocket, each part having its own engine （火箭的）节
• Once its fuel supply runs out, each stage separates from the main part of the rocket and falls back to Earth. 每一节在燃料燃尽后，就会从火箭主体上脱落，落回到地球上。
[steɪdʒ] noun countable
THEATRE 剧场
 ESSENTIAL
■the area in a theatre which is often raised above ground level and on which actors or entertainers perform 舞台
• Hamlet is on stage for most of the act. 这一幕的大部分时间哈姆雷特都有出场。
• The orchestra went on/off stage to great applause. 管弦乐队在雷鸣般的掌声中登场／走下舞台。
• The play is a stage adaptation of William Golding's novel. 这部戏是根据威廉‧戈尔丁的小说改编的舞台剧。
• The opera singer returns to the London stage (= will perform again in London) this summer. 那位歌剧演员今夏将重返伦敦舞台。
■a particular area of public life （公共生活的）领域，舞台
• The president was extremely popular on the world stage but was disliked in his own country. 总统在世界舞台上极受欢迎，但在本国却不受拥戴。
take the stage
■to go onto the stage and start to perform 登台表演
[steɪdʒ] noun countable
be on the stage
■to be an actor 当演员
• Her daughter is an artist and her son is on the stage. 她女儿是画家，儿子是演员。
[steɪdʒ] noun countable
go on the stage
■to become an actor 成为演员
• At the age of ten, he decided that he wanted to go on the stage. 十岁时，他决定要成为一名演员。
[steɪdʒ] noun countable
take centre stage
■to be at the centre of attention 成为关注的焦点
• She always likes to take centre stage in whatever she does. 她无论做甚么，都喜欢成为关注的焦点。
[steɪdʒ] verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to arrange and perform a play or show 上演，演出
• The local drama group is staging a production of the musical 'Grease'. 当地剧团正在演出音乐剧《油脂》。
 ADVANCED
■to organize an event 举办，组织
• Barcelona staged the Olympic Games in 1992. 巴赛隆纳于1992年举办了奥运会。
course, trend, stage
course: 过程
trend: 趋势
stage: （发展）阶段，舞台
n. [计] 阶段；舞台；戏剧；驿站
 - drama, phase, age, grade, theater
vt. 举行；上演；筹划
 - celebrate, put on
vi. 举行；适于上演；乘驿车旅行
 - come off, to hold

Word: jerk
Front: jerk
[dʒɜ:k] (六托雅宝 5703/5897 -2)
Vocabulary: jerk
(once / 380 pages)
1nv 2n 3n
A jerk is a sharp, sudden movement. When you're learning to drive a stick shift, it’s hard to avoid the jerk and lurch when you try to change gears. Jerk is also a very unflattering term for an obnoxious person.
Although you will most commonly hear the derogatory jerk as in "Don't be such a jerk," there are many other meanings of the word. ""Clean and jerk" is an Olympic weightlifting event where you lift a barbell in one "clean" movement, then, in one quick thrust — the jerk — you lift the weight above your head. Jerk can also mean making a sharp, sudden move — like a dog jerks on his chain. You may have eaten jerk, also called jerky — strips of dried meat — handy for lunchboxes and camping.
WORD FAMILY
jerk: jerked, jerker, jerking, jerks, jerky +/jerker: jerkers/jerking: jerkingly, jerkings/ jerky: jerkier, jerkies, jerkily, jerkiness
USAGE EXAMPLES
His hand jerked and the chopper lurched downward.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 23, 2016)
When I met him, he was very immature and generally a jerk to almost everyone, including my friends, who all still dislike him.
Washington Post(Dec 25, 2016)
DuShane is the author of “Confessions of a Teenage Jesus Jerk.”
Los Angeles Times(Dec 22, 2016)
Back: vt. 猛拉; 把（牛肉）切成薄片晒干
vt. & vi. （使…）猝然一动[颤动]
n. 突然的拉[推，扭]; <医>（肌肉的）痉挛，抽搐; 蠢人; 急促而猛烈的动作，猛地一拉
时态：jerked, jerking, jerks
分布：笨蛋(34%)，猛拉(33%)，急动(25%)，颠簸不稳的(8%)
→词源不详，可能来自拟声词，模仿猛拉，颠簸，嘎吱作响的声音。词义混蛋，二流子可能缩写自俚语jerk off,手淫，手淫坯子。比较wank,wanker.
【记】读：这颗（鲜花），把它猛拉下来。
US [dʒɝ:k] verb intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep]
■to make a short sudden movement, or to cause someone or something to do this （使）猝然一动；猛推；急拉
• The car made a strange noise and then jerked to a halt. 汽车发出一声怪响，接着就猛然停住了。
• "What's wrong?" she asked, jerking her head up. “怎么了？”她猛地抬头问道。
■to (force or cause someone or something to) suddenly behave differently, usually by understanding something or becoming active again （使）突然改变行为
• The shock of losing his job jerked him out of his settled lifestyle. 失业的打击一下子改变了他安定的生活方式。
UK [dʒɜ:k] US [dʒɝ:k] verb intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep]
  Phrasal Verbs  jerk off offensive
■(of a man) to masturbate （男人）手淫
UK [dʒɜ:k] US [dʒɝ:k] noun countable
MOVE 移动
■a quick sudden movement 猛然一动；急拉；急抽
• She pulled the bush out of the ground with a sharp jerk. 她猛一使劲把灌木从地里拔了出来。
• The alarm went off and he woke up with a jerk. 闹钟响后他猛然惊醒。
UK [dʒɜ:k] US [dʒɝ:k] noun countable
PERSON 人 (US also jerk-off) slang
■a stupid person, usually a man （通常指男子）蠢人，头脑简单的人
• You stupid jerk! You've just spilled beer all down my new shirt! 你这个笨蛋！你把啤酒全洒在我的新衬衫上了！
draw, jerk, tow, pull, drag, haul, tug
这组词都有“拖、拉”的意思，其区别是：
draw: 指将人或物朝出力者的方向拖，不涉及力的大小，含平稳意味，常作借喻用。
jerk: 指快而突然地拉。
tow: 特指用绳子或链条等拖或拉本身无动力或无法使用自身动力的东西。
pull: 最普通用词，包含本组其它各词的一些意思，可指朝各个方向拉，侧重一时或突然拉动的动作。
drag: 指沿斜坡而上或水平方向缓慢地拖或拉十分沉重的人或物。作借喻时可指把人硬拉扯过来。
haul: 指用力拖或拉，不涉及方向，多作航海用词。
tug: 多指一阵阵地用力拖或拉，但不一定使被拉的人或物移动。
n. 肌肉抽搐；性情古怪的人；蠢人；急拉
 - ass, nong
vt. 猛拉
 - sweep, hoick

Word: mobility
Front: mobility
[məʊˈbɪləti] (六托宝 5701/4407)
Vocabulary: mobility
(once / 2935 pages)
n
Mobility is the ability to move freely. If your basketball injury causes you to lose mobility in your knee, that means you can’t move it very well.
Mobility often refers to whether you can move an injured body part, like a joint or a limb, but it can also describe movement in general. If you have great mobility on the tennis court, that means you move freely and easily, running down shots with ease. Mobility can also describe movement between different social or economic levels. Your fancy new job may offer opportunities for upward mobility.
WORD FAMILY
mobile: immobile, mobiles, mobilise, mobility, mobilize +/demobilise: demobilised, demobilising/demobilization: demobilizations/demobilize: demobilization, demobilized, demobilizes, demobilizing/ immobile: immobilely, immobilise, immobility, immobilize /immobilise: immobilisation, immobilised, immobilising/ immobility: immobilities/ immobilize: immobilization, immobilized, immobilizes, immobilizing/mobilisation: demobilisation, mobilisations/mobilise: demobilise, mobilisation, mobilised, mobilises, mobilising/mobilization: mobilizations/ mobilize: demobilize, mobilization, mobilized, mobilizes, mobilizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Franklin, who coached wide receivers for the Packers in 2005, the rookie season for Rodgers, said that type of mobility is needed in today’s game.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Progressives should reconsider the assumption that social mobility is the answer to inequality.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
He struggled to maintain regular body temperature, and he was confined to a wheelchair until he regained mobility in his limbs.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 流动性; 移动性; <社>流动; 机动性
分布：流动性(71%)，机动性(28%)，情感不定(1%)
→来自mobile,移动的，-ity,名词后缀。引申词义流动能力。
能动性(mob+ility后缀)[mob=move,表示"动"]
【记】mobile（adj 可移动的）
US [moʊ'bɪl.ə.tˌi] noun uncountable slightly formal
■the ability to move freely or be easily moved 活动性，流动性
• Some neck injuries cause total loss of mobility below the point of injury. 某些颈部损伤会导致受伤部位以下肢体完全丧失活动能力。
• I prefer the mobility of a hand-held camera. 我更喜欢手提摄像机的灵活性。
⇒ See also upward mobility
n. [物] [通信] 移动性；机动性； [电子] 迁移率
 - maneuverability, manoeuvrability

Word: assurance
Front: assurance
[əˈʃʊərəns] (研六雅 5702/3133 -2)
Vocabulary: assurance
(once / 246 pages)
1n 2n
An assurance is a vote of confidence. If you give your friend an assurance that you'll be there, you'd better show up.
If you pledge to do something or make a binding commitment to do it, you can use the noun assurance. If the bank is going to loan you money to buy a house, they are going to need some sort of assurance that you will repay the loan in a timely manner. If you have confidence in yourself and your abilities, you can also use assurance to describe that — "The baseball team played with assurance, quickly racking up a seven point lead."
WORD FAMILY
assurance: assurances, self-assurance+/ assure: assurance, assured, assures, assuring, reassure / assured: assuredest, assuredly, assuredness, self-assured, unassured/ assuring: assuringly/reassurance: reassurances/ reassure: reassurance, reassured, reassures, reassuring / reassured: reassuredly/ reassuring: reassuringly, unreassuring/unreassuring: unreassuringly
USAGE EXAMPLES
He became aware of “the quiet assurance of an inner voice” and “heard the voice of Jesus saying still to fight on.”
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Some of us would like assurances that the election results are legitimate.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Abbs handles the parabola of this real life story with tremendous assurance.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 保证，担保; （人寿）保险; 确信; 厚脸皮，无耻
分布：自信(44%)，保险(36%)，确信(20%)
保证(assure+ance)[sur=sure表示"肯定"]
n.保证,担保;确信,断言;信心,信念He answered the questions with assurance.他胸有成竹地回答问题.
US [-'ʃʊr.ənts] noun
PROMISE 保证
 ADVANCED countable
■a promise 保证
• [+ (that)] She gave me her assurance (that) she would post the cheque immediately. 她向我保证她会马上寄来支票。
• Despite the Government's repeated assurances to the contrary , taxation has risen over the past decade. 尽管在过去十年中政府一再保证不会增税，可税收还是提高了。
UK [ə'ʃɔ:.rənts] US [-'ʃʊr.ənts] noun
CONFIDENCE 自信
 ADVANCED uncountable
■confidence 自信，把握
• He spoke with calm assurance. 他说话时冷静而自信。
UK [ə'ʃɔ:.rənts] US [-'ʃʊr.ənts] noun
INSURANCE 保险
uncountable UK
■a type of insurance against events which will certainly happen, such as death, not ones which may happen, such as illness, fire or having your property stolen （人寿）保险
certainty, assurance, conviction
这些名词均含有“确信无疑”之意。
certainty: 指在客观上和主观上都无一丝一毫的怀疑。
assurance: 侧重依靠个人力量、本能、方法或对其他人或事的完全信任，强调有信心。
conviction: 多指在理性基础上清除了原有的疑虑或无把握，着重对证据的主观反应。
assurance, guarantee, pledge
这组词都有“保证，担保”的意思，其区别是：
assurance: 指用语言保证以消除人们思想上的怀疑与担心。
guarantee: 一般指以口头的、协定或合同的形式作为保证、担保，强调口头承诺，含违背许诺，则予以补偿之意。
pledge: 普通用词，指严肃地承诺、信守原则，常以个人名誉作为承诺的保证。
n. 保证；保险；确信；断言
 - certification, insurance, commitment, guarantee, safety

Word: chop
Front: chop
[tʃɒp] (研四六托雅 3964/5669 -K3)
Vocabulary: chop
(once / 338 pages)
1vn 2v 3n 4n
To chop is to cut something by hacking at it. In many places, there are farms where you can chop down your own Christmas tree.
When you chop wood, you usually hit it with an axe, splitting each length into narrow pieces. A chef uses a knife to chop, hacking an onion into tiny bits, for example. When it's a piece of meat that's cut so it's attached to a bone, such as part of a rib, it can be described as a chop — like a lamb chop. And if someone claps his hands at you and says, "Chop-chop!" he means "Hurry up!"
WORD FAMILY
chop: chopped, chopper, chopping, choppy, chops+/chopper: choppers/ choppy: choppier, choppiest, choppily, choppiness
USAGE EXAMPLES
The entrée was a Chinese-style dish of pasta with chopped vegetables.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Instead, she opened a small advertising business while raising her daughter, Sydney, who inherited Mom’s musical chops.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Chopping everything to a similar size will help it to cook evenly.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: v. 切碎，砍; 向下猛击; 降低; 终止
n. 砍，剁; 排骨; 掌劈; 嘴周围的地方
时态：chopped, chopping, chops
分布：砍(62%)，劈(16%)，剁(15%)，排骨(7%)
→可能来自拟声词，模仿切东西的声音。
v.砍,劈,斩n.排骨,肉块The chop shopkeeper let the blood drip to the crops.排骨店老板让血滴到庄稼上.
US [tʃɑ:p] verb transitive (-pp-)
 ADVANCED
■to cut something into pieces with an axe , knife or other sharp instrument 劈；砍；剁碎，切碎
• He was chopping wood in the yard. 他在院子里劈木头。
• Add some fresh parsley, finely chopped. 加一些剁碎的新鲜香芹。
• Chop (up) the onions and carrots roughly. 把洋葱和胡萝卜切成大块。
• informal Laura had her hair chopped (= cut) yesterday. 萝拉昨天去剪了发。
■If something is chopped in finance or business, it is stopped or reduced 减少，削减（资金或生意）；终止（生意）
• Because of lack of funding many long-term research projects are being chopped. 因为缺乏资金，许多长期的研究专案被砍掉了。
UK [tʃɒp] US [tʃɑ:p] verb transitive (-pp-)
chop and change UK
■to keep changing your ideas, opinions, activities or job （主意、观点、活动或工作）不断改变，变来变去，变化无常
• After six months of chopping and changing, we've decided to go back to our old system. 经过六个月的反覆变更，最后我们还是决定沿用原来的系统。
UK [tʃɒp] US [tʃɑ:p] verb transitive (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] chop sth down
■to cut through something to make it fall down 砍倒；伐倒
• Most of the diseased trees were chopped down last year. 大多数病树去年被伐掉了。
UK [tʃɒp] US [tʃɑ:p] verb transitive (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] chop sth off
■to cut off part of something with a sharp tool 砍掉；削掉；劈下
• Two of his fingers were chopped off in the accident. 他的两根手指在意外中被削掉了。
UK [tʃɒp] US [tʃɑ:p] noun countable
MEAT 肉
■a small piece of meat with a bone still in it 带骨的肉块；排骨
• a lamb/pork chop 羊／猪排
UK [tʃɒp] US [tʃɑ:p] noun countable
CUT 切
■an act of cutting something with an axe , knife or other sharp instrument 剁；砍；劈；切
the chop mainly UK (US usually the axe)
■when your job is taken away from you, either because you have done something wrong or as a way of saving money 解雇；裁员
• If you're late for work again, you'll be for the chop. 你上班再迟到就要被解雇。
• Anyone stepping out of line is liable to get the chop. 凡是不守规矩的人都有可能被解雇。
• Hundreds of workers at the factory have already been given the chop. 工厂的几百个工人已经被裁掉。
■the ending of a factory, school, etc. or plan （工厂、学校等的）结束，终止
• When the reorganization occurs, the smaller shipyards will be the first for the chop. 进行重组时，较小的造船厂将会首先被砍掉。
• Many of these special schools are facing the chop. 许多这样的特殊学校面临被裁减的命运。
UK [tʃɒp] US [tʃɑ:p] noun countable
MOUTH 嘴
chops
[plural] informal
■the area of the face surrounding the mouth of a person or an animal （人或动物）嘴周围的地方
• a dog licking its chops 舔嘴的狗
• I'll give him a smack in the chops if he doesn't shut up. 要是他不闭嘴，我就一拳打向他的嘴。
[plural] US slang
■the way you hold your mouth when playing a wind instrument such as a saxophone , or more generally, your ability to play a musical instrument 吹奏管乐器（如萨克斯风）时运用嘴巴的方式；演奏乐器的能力
• She's got great chops for a 14-year-old. 以14岁的年纪来说，她演奏得相当出色。
hack, cut, chop
这组词都有“切、砍”的意思，其区别是：
hack: 指粗暴地乱剪、乱砍、乱劈。
cut: 普通用词，使用广泛。指用带刃工具的切、割、砍等的行动。
chop: 指用刀斧连续猛力砍某物，以便砍断、切碎。
n. 砍；排骨；削球；商标
 - brand, label, logo, cut
vt. 砍；剁碎
 - hew
vi. 砍；突然转向
 - hew

Word: competing
Front: competing
[kəm'pi:tɪŋ] (托 5706/6651 -2)
Back: adj. 对抗的，竞争的; 相互矛盾的
v. 竞赛(compete的现在分词)
分布：竞争的(83%)，相互矛盾的(8%)，抵触的(7%)，动词compete的现在分词.(2%)
ADJ
相互冲突的;相互矛盾的
Competing ideas, requirements, or interests cannot all be right or satisfied at the same time.
例：They talked about the competing theories of the origin of life.他们讨论了几种相互矛盾的生命起源理论。
例：...the competing interests of beach development and sea turtle protection.开发海滩与保护海龟之间相互冲突的利益
adj. 相互矛盾的；抵触的
 - contradictive

Word: mob
Front: mob
[mɒb] (研六 5707/6467 -2)
Vocabulary: mob
(once / 293 pages)
1nv 2n
A mob is a big, rowdy group of people. You might avoid shopping at the mall right before Christmas because you can't stand the mob of shoppers.
A mob might gather around the piñata at a big birthday party or cluster in front of a music venue when tickets go on sale for a hugely popular concert. When people join one of these groups, you can also say that they mob, and "the mob" also sometimes refers to organized crime. You might describe the hundreds of people thronging the county fair on Friday night as a "mob scene." The Latin root, mobile vulgus, means "fickle common people."
WORD FAMILY
mob: mobbed, mobbing, mobbish, mobed, mobing, moblike, mobs, mobster +/ mobster: mobsters
USAGE EXAMPLES
All of his team-mates joined him, mobbing him to celebrate.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
He moves up the ranks with a rival mob, overseeing a rum-running operation.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
“We shouldn’t be running into all kinds of obstacles and face all this comprehensive mobbing just doing what we’re supposed to do,” she said.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 暴徒; 犯罪团伙，黑手党; 民众，乌合之众; 〈美俚〉匪帮，一群罪犯
vt. 聚众包围; 大举包围，围攻; 蜂拥进入
时态：mobbed, mobbing, mobs
分布：暴民(82%)，一伙(10%)，大举包围(7%)，蜂拥而入(1%)
→缩写自拉丁语mobile vulgus,被煽动的民众，引申词义暴民，黑帮。
暴民[mob=move,表示"动"]
n.乌合之众(尤指暴力者)vi.围攻,聚众闹事An angry mob gathered outside the municipal building.一群愤怒的暴民聚集在市政大楼的外面.
US [mɑ:b] noun [+ sing/pl verb]
countable usually disapproving
■a large angry crowd, especially one which could easily become violent 暴民，乱民
• The angry mob outside the jail was/were ready to riot. 监狱外愤怒的暴民准备闹事。
• a lynch mob 行私刑的暴民
• Fifty people were killed in three days of mob violence. 三天的暴乱中有50人丧生。
countable informal
■a group of people who are friends or who are similar in some way 一群人，一伙；帮派，团伙
• The usual mob were/was hanging out at the bar. 酒吧里闲混的还是往常那伙人。
only singular informal
■an organization of criminals 犯罪集团
• a New York mob leader 纽约犯罪集团的头目
⇒ See also mobster
UK [mɒb] US [mɑ:b] verb transitive
transitive usually passive (-bb-)
■to come together around someone in a crowd to express admiration, interest or anger （人群）围住，围聚
• They were mobbed by fans when they arrived at the theatre. 他们到达剧院时，被影迷团团围住。
• Let's not go to the Old Town tonight - it's always mobbed (= there are always a lot of people there) on Fridays. 我们今晚不要去老城了——那里星期五总是有许多人。
intransitive or transitive (-bb-)
■When a group of birds or small animals mob a bigger or more frightening bird or animal that is hunting them, they attack it together and force it to go away. （鸟群或一群小动物）成群袭击，围攻（猛禽或猛兽）
mob, through, masses, crowd, people
这组词都有“人们，人群”的意思，其区别是：
mob: 含贬义，指乌合之众、暴民。
through: 与crowd含义很接近，常可换用，但侧重指向前运动的群众。
masses: 指群众或平民，在西方国家含贬义，在我国含褒义。
crowd: 本义指一大群紧紧聚集在一起的人群，现指群众整体，由个体结合的人群或大众。
people: 最普通用词，不带任何色彩，泛指不确定数量的人们。
band, mob, masses, gang, swarm, group, throug, crowd
这组词都有“群，帮，伙”的意思，其区别是：
band: 多指一群有明确宗旨，为共同目的而结合在一起的人，常含贬义。
mob: 指无组织、乱七八糟凑合在一起的乌合之众，或指聚集在一起寻衅滋事的人群，多为暴徒。
masses: 指群众或人民大众。
gang: 常指从事非法、暴力或敌对活动的帮派或团伙。有时呈中性，词义同group。
swarm: 指人数众多，杂乱无章，不停移动的一群人。
group: 普通用词，通常指有组织、有秩序的一群人，也可指无意汇集在一起的一群人。
throug: 书面用词，意义接近crowd，侧重密集地挤在一起的一群，含挤在一起向前推进之意。
crowd: 常指无组织地乱哄哄地挤在一起的人群。
people, masses, crowd, throng, mob
这些名词均有“人们，人群”之意。
people: 最普通用词，不带任何色彩，泛指不确定数量的人们。
masses: 指群众或平民，在西方国家含贬义，在我国含褒义。
crowd: 本义指一大群紧紧聚集在一起的人群，现指群众整体，由个体结合的人群或大众。
through: 与crowd含义很接近，常可换用，但侧重指向前运动的群众。
mob: 含贬义，指乌合之众、暴民。
n. 暴民，暴徒；民众；乌合之众
 - mass, clamjamfry
vt. 大举包围，围攻；蜂拥进入
 - beleaguer

Word: dioxide
Front: dioxide
[daɪˈɒksaɪd] (高六托雅 5712/4653)
Back: n. [化]二氧化物
分布：二氧化物(100%)
→di-, 二。oxide, 氧化物。
二氧化物(di+ox氧＋ide→二氧化物)[di-①表示"两个,双"②表示"使…变成,分开,离开"]
US [-'ɑ:k-] specialized
noun uncountable
■a chemical substance consisting of two atoms of oxygen combined with one atom of another element 二氧化物
• carbon/sulphur dioxide 二氧化碳／硫

Word: affirm
Front: affirm
[əˈfɜ:m] (研六托雅宝 5714/7903 -2)
Vocabulary: affirm
(once / 332 pages)
v
To affirm something is to give it a big "YES" or to confirm that it is true.
The verb affirm means to answer positively, but it has a more weighty meaning in legal circles. People are asked to swear an oath or affirm that they will tell the truth in a court of law. Lawyers may ask people to affirm facts, and judges may affirm rulings. In these cases, affirm means to verify or attest to the validity of something.
WORD FAMILY
affirm: affirmable, affirmation, affirmative, affirmatory, affirmer, affirming, affirms, reaffirm +/ affirmation: affirmations, disaffirmation/ affirmative: affirmatively, affirmativeness, affirmatives/affirmer: affirmers/ reaffirm: reaffirmation, reaffirmed, reaffirming, reaffirms/reaffirmation: reaffirmations
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Arizona Court of Appeals released the ruling on Tuesday affirming the lower court’s decision to dismiss the suit.
Washington Times(Dec 27, 2016)
This event was an affirming celebration of that tradition, as well as a profound statement of our larger communality.
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
This language effectively defines Israel’s borders, even while superficially affirming direct talks.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 26, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 断言，肯定; 证实，确实; [法]不经宣誓而庄严宣布; 承认
时态：affirmed, affirming, affirms
分布：肯定(63%)，断言(21%)，证实(16%)
→前缀af-同ad-, 去，往。firm, 确认。
肯定(af+firm坚定→肯定)[ab-,ac-,ad-,af-,ag-,an-,ap-,ar-,as-,at-等加在同辅音字母的词根前,表示"一再"等加强意]
断言;证实(ar一再+firm→一再坚定地说→证实)[firm=firm,表示"坚定"]
vt.断言,坚持声称;肯定;证实,确认;He affirmed his love for Jessica.他肯定自己爱杰西卡.
【记】af朝向，firm增强，坚定－断言，肯定
【反】recant（v 放弃信仰，主张）；gainsay（v 否定，否认）；abjure（vt 发誓放弃，公开放弃）；
US [-'fɝ:m] formal
verb transitive
■to state something as true 证实；确认；断言
• [+ (that)] The suspect affirmed (that) he had been at home all evening. 嫌疑犯声称他整个晚上都呆在家中。
• She affirmed her intention to apply for the post. 她承认自己有意应征这个职位。
■to publicly state your support for an opinion or idea （公开）声明
• The government has affirmed its commitment to equal rights. 政府声明了其致力于权利平等的承诺。
allege, testify, affirm, maintain, assert, claim
这组词都有“断言，声称”的意思，其区别是：
allege: 多指无真凭实据，不提供证据的断言或宣称。
testify: 多指在法庭作证，庄严地宣称自己所说属实。
affirm: 侧重在作出断言时表现出的坚定与不可动摇的态度。
maintain: 与assert近义，但前者指坚决维护某种主张或观点。
assert: 主观意味强，指自认为某事就是如此，而不管事实如何。
claim: 可与assert换用，但语气弱一些，侧重指行为自己的权利提出要求他人承认。
allege, affirm, announce, proclaim, assert, claim
这组词都有“声称”的意思，其区别是：
allege: v.在无真凭实据的情况下宣称、断定。
 • The suspect alleged that he had not been in the neighborhood at the time of the crime.   嫌疑犯声称案发时他不在现场。
affirm: v.坚信不疑地肯定或宣称，是deny的反义词。
 • He affirmed his love for her.   他发誓爱她。
announce: v.宣布，宣告。多指首次当众正式宣布某一主张或态度，常常带有预告的意味。
 • The invention of the printing press announced the diffusion of knowledge.   印刷术的发明宣告了知识普及时代的来临。
proclaim: v.宣布；宣告(成立)。指经过深思熟虑后向大众宣布一个明确的决定或判断，尤其指重大事件的宣布，多用于官方场合。
 • The president proclaimed an emergency when the war came.   当战争来临的时候总统宣布进入紧急状态。
assert: v.指不管事实如何，主观自信地宣称，或者清楚有力地坚持某个情况为事实。
 • She asserted that she was innocent .   她宣称自己是无辜的。
claim: v.要求，声称，断言。多指根据某种规定提出的要求或主张。
 • They claim that if more people rode bicycles to go to work there would be fewer automobiles in the downtown section of the city.   他们生成如果有更多的人骑自行车上班的话，闹市区的汽车就会有所减少。
vt. 肯定；断言
 - declare, to be certain
vi. 确认；断言
 - recognize, confirm on

Word: consultation
Front: consultation
[ˌkɒnslˈteɪʃn] (5710/2792 -1)
Vocabulary: consultation
(once / 622 pages)
n
A consultation is a conference or meeting at which opinions are exchanged or advice is prescribed. If one doctor says your severe blueberry allergy is cured, you might want a consultation with another doctor before indulging in the forbidden fruit.
Stemming from the Latin word consultationem, which means to “consult, ask counsel of, or reflect,” a consultation usually involves a lot of questions and hopefully expert answers. Consultations happen before big decisions have to be made, such as talking with a realtor before buying a house or conferring with master yogi before attempting a head stand.
WORD FAMILY
consultation: consultations+/ consult: consultant, consultation, consultative, consultatory, consulted, consulting, consultive, consults/ consultancy: consultancies/ consultant: consultancy, consultants
USAGE EXAMPLES
The reason is clear from consultation into a proposed deadline for PPI compensation claims.
BBC(Dec 31, 2016)
The agency issued several new guidelines this year limiting use of antibiotics to measures “considered necessary for assuring animal health” under “veterinary oversight or consultation.”
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
But bills for “long-concluded litigation … communicate little or nothing about the substance of legal consultation,” he said.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 商议，磋商; 商讨会; [医]会诊; 请教，咨询
分布：咨询(97%)，请教(2%)，协议会(1%)
US [ˌkɑ:n-] noun
 ADVANCED countable
■a meeting to discuss something or to get advice 协商会，磋商会；咨询（会）
• After consultations with our accountants, we've decided how to cut costs within the company. 与会计师商讨后，我们确定了如何削减公司内部的开支。
 ADVANCED uncountable
■when you discuss something with someone in order to get their advice or opinion about it 磋商；咨询；求教
• He chose his study course in consultation with his parents and teachers. 与父母和老师商议后，他选定了学习课程。
n. 咨询；磋商； [临床] 会诊；讨论会
 - forum, seminar

Word: weep
Front: weep
[wi:p] (高研四六托 5709/5087 -2)
Vocabulary: weep
(once / 111 pages)
v
When you weep, you cry. If you're very empathetic, you might start to weep whenever you see other people weep.
To shed tears from sadness is to weep. Some people weep rarely, only when they've suffered a true loss or tragedy. Other sensitive souls weep at songs, movies, books, and even sweet stories or pictures. Weep comes from the Old English word wepan, "shed tears or mourn over," which has a Proto-Indo-European root meaning "to cry or scream."
WORD FAMILY
weep: weeped, weeper, weeping, weeps, wept+/weeper: weepers/weeping: weepingly, weepings
USAGE EXAMPLES
During one meeting with the team’s trainers, he wept and begged for help.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Clark tried to look defiant, but her lip twitched, and she began to quietly weep.
New York Times(Jan 12, 2012)
When it ends, it will be the only game after which players from both teams will weep.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. （通常因悲伤）哭泣; 流泪; 悲哀; 哀悼
vi. （伤口）流血，渗出水汽
n. 一段哭泣，一阵哭泣
时态：wept, weeping, weeps
分布：哭泣(63%)，流泪(24%)，悲叹(9%)，渗出(4%)
→来自wab,哭泣，尖叫。
v.哭泣,流泪;滴下n.哭泣After a deep sleep, the weeping sweeper keeps on peeping the sheep on the steep.酣睡之后,哭泣的清扫者继续窥视峭壁上的羊.
[wi:p] (wept, wept)
verb
CRY 哭泣
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive literary
■to cry tears 哭泣，流（泪）
• People in the street wept with joy when peace was announced. 当宣布和平来临时，街上的人们喜极而泣。
• She wept buckets (= cried a lot) when Paul left. 保罗离开时，她大哭了一场。
[wi:p] (wept, wept)
verb
INJURY 伤害
   intransitive
■(of an injury) to produce liquid such as pus （伤口）流出液体，渗出脓液
• The sore is still weeping a lot so you'll have to change the dressing once a day. 感染处依然流出很多脓，所以你必须每天换一次药。
weep, cry, sob
weep: 哭泣，书面语，常指小声或无声地哭泣，有时可与cry通用。如：She wept at the sad news.(听到这不幸的消息，她哭了。)
cry: 哭，普通用语，常指出声地哭。如：The little girl cried herself to sleep.(小女孩哭着睡着了。)
sob: 抽泣，呜咽：She sobbed herself to sleep.(她啜泣着入睡了。)
vi. 哭泣；流泪；哀悼；滴落；渗出液体
 - water, shed tears
vt. 哭泣；流泪；悲叹；流出或渗出液体
 - shed tears, pipe one's eye
n. 哭泣；眼泪；滴下
 - tears, eyedrop

Word: liquor
Front: liquor
[ˈlɪkə(r)] (研四六雅 5711/8973 -1)
Back: n. 酒，烈性酒; 含酒精饮料
vt. 浸泡; 喝酒
分布：酒(95%)，烈性酒(4%)，液剂(1%)
→来自liquid,液体，汁液。后该词词义固定为烈性饮料，特指烈酒。
酒;酒精饮料[liqu=wet,表示"湿"]
n.酒;溶液,液剂The guide disguised his guilty of mixing the liquor with a liter of liquid.导游把酒与一公升液体混合的罪过掩饰起来.
US [-ɚ] US
noun uncountable
■strong alcoholic drink 白酒，烈酒
n. 酒，含酒精饮料； [化学] 溶液； [物] 液体；烈酒
 - solution, fluid
vi. 喝酒，灌酒
 - wine, knock over a drink
vt. 使喝醉
 - intoxicate

Word: accountable
Front: accountable
[əˈkaʊntəbl] (5713/7192 -2)
Vocabulary: accountable
(once / 604 pages)
adj
If you're responsible for your own actions, you are accountable for them. You are accountable for your behavior in school. So even if your friend throws pudding at you at lunch, you don't have the right to fling mystery meat back.
Accountable comes from the word "account," which is itself from the Old French word acont, meaning to count (as in money). While you can be accountable for monetary damages, you're most likely to be held accountable for your actions and behavior, and the actions of your children and pets. If your dog bites another dog, you may be accountable for any vet bills incurred by the other dog's owner.
WORD FAMILY
accountable: accountability, accountably, unaccountable +/ account: accountable, accountant, accounted, accounting, accounts/ accountability: accountabilities/ accountant: accountancy, accountants, accountantship/ accounting: accountings/ unaccountable: unaccountablest, unaccountably
USAGE EXAMPLES
“And the Legislature ought to be held accountable. Something like that happens, then people will do something.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Anyhow, why should the players be held accountable when the padrones who recruited them aren’t?
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Obama therefore sees this as the last chance to hold Russia accountable and to limit Trump’s options for rapprochement with Vladimir Putin after 20 January.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 负有责任的，应对自己的行为做出说明的; 可解释的; 有解释义务的; 可说明的
分布：负有责任的(50%)，可说明的(50%)
US [-tˌə-] adjective
■Someone who is accountable is completely responsible for what they do and must be able to give a satisfactory reason for it 应负责任的；应作解释的；应加以说明的
• She is accountable only to the managing director. 她只对总裁负责。
• The recent tax reforms have made government more accountable for its spending. 最近的税务改革要求政府的开支更加透明化。
• Politicians should be accountable to the public who elected them. 政界人士应对他们的选民负责。
adj. 有责任的；有解释义务的；可解释的
 - responsible, liable

Word: sip
Front: sip
[sɪp] (研宝 5716/5867 -2)
Back: n. 呷的动作; 一呷之量
vt. & vi. 小口喝，呷; 从…中呷吸
时态：sipped, sipping, sips
分布：啜(62%)，啜饮(38%)
→可能来自古英语 supan,小口喝，词源同 sup.
v.小口地喝,抿,呷n.一小口的量I sipped at the coffee.我啜饮咖啡.
【参】insipid（adj 没有味道的；平淡的）sip作为词根＝sap味道好。
【反】swill（v 痛饮）
[sɪp] (-pp-)
verb intransitive or transitive
■to drink, taking only a very small amount at a time 啜，啜饮
• This tea is very hot, so sip it carefully. 这茶很烫，喝的时候小心点。
• She slowly sipped (at) her wine. 她慢慢地啜饮葡萄酒。
n. 抿；小口喝；单列直插式组件
 - silp
vi. 啜饮
 - sup
vt. 啜
 - tiff

Word: pace
Front: pace
[peɪs] (高研四六托雅 2533/2461 -K3)
Vocabulary: pace
(once / 111 pages)
1nv 2nv
Pace is how fast something travels a particular distance, like a runner who tries to achieve a consistent pace, running each mile in more or less the same amount of time.
Pace comes from the Latin word passus, meaning “a step.” Pace is a noun, meaning "the speed at which something happens." Some say city life has a faster pace because everyone hurries and there are so many exciting things to do. Pace is also a verb — if you pace yourself, you’ll have enough energy to experience all of that city's sights, from the rush of rush hour to the late-night party scene.
WORD FAMILY
pace: paced, pacer, paces, pacing+/pacer: pacers/pacing: pacings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Unsecured debt, including spending on credit cards, is rising at its fastest pace in 11 years, the Bank of England said.
BBC(Jan 03, 2017)
Over the weekend, a report showed that China’s manufacturing sector continued to expand in December, though at a slightly slower pace than the month before.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The arms race is fed in part by the slow pace of government regulation for drones.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 一步; 长度单位; 步幅，步调; 快步
vt. 踱步，走来走去; 步测; 调整步调; 训练马溜蹄
vi. 踱; 溜蹄
prep. 蒙…恩准，怀着对…的敬意
时态：paced, pacing, paces
分布：速度(51%)，步伐(43%)，踱步(6%)
→来自拉丁语passus,步伐，来自pete,展开，词源同feather,compete.pace 请原谅
n.步,步伐,步调,速度v.踱步,用步测The runner's pace quickened.跑者的脚步加快.
noun
SPEED 速度
 IMPROVER uncountable
■the speed at which someone or something moves, or with which something happens or changes （移动的）步调；（发生的）速度；节奏
• a slow/fast pace 慢／快步
• When she thought she heard someone following her, she quickened her pace. 她觉得听见有人在尾随她，便加快了脚步。
• Could you slow down a bit - I can't keep pace with (= walk or run as fast as) you. 您能走慢一点吗——我跟不上您。
• For many years this company has set the pace (= has been the most successful company) in the communications industry. 多年来该公司在电讯业一直处于领导地位。
• These changes seem to me to be happening at too fast a pace. 这些变化在我看来发生得也太快了。
• I don't like the pace of modern life. 我不喜欢现代生活的节奏。
⇒ See also pacemaker
force the pace
■to make other people in a race go faster by going faster yourself （在速度比赛中）透过加速迫使对手加速
[peɪs] noun
STEP 脚步
countable
■a single step, or the distance you move when you take a single step 一步；一步之距
• Take two paces forwards/backwards. 向前／向后迈两步。
• The runner collapsed just a few paces from the finish. 那名赛跑选手在距终点线只有几步之遥的地方倒下了。
[peɪs] noun
put sb/sth through their paces
■to make someone show their skills or knowledge, or to make something show its good qualities 使展示本领，使展现良好性能
• All the candidates were put through their paces during the television debate. 在电视辩论会上所有候选人都使出了他们的看家本领。
[peɪs] verb
SPEED 速度
transitive
■to establish a speed for someone who is training for a race or running in a race, for example by running with them 为…定速度
pace yourself
■to be careful not to do something too quickly so that you do not get too tired to finish it 控制自己的速度；调整自己的工作（或活动）节奏
• No more soup, thank you. I'm pacing myself so that I have room for a dessert. 不要加汤了，谢谢！我在调整我的进食量，这样我就能吃甜点。
[peɪs] verb
STEP 脚步
intransitive + adverb or preposition transitive
■to walk with regular steps in one direction and then back again, usually because you are worried or nervous （通常因焦虑或担忧而）来回踱步；走来走去
• He paced the room nervously. 他紧张地在房间里来回踱步。
• He paced up and down , waiting for the doctor to call. 他踱来踱去，等着医生叫他的名字。
[peɪs] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  pace sth off/out
■to measure a distance by taking steps of equal size across it and counting them 步测…的距离或大小
• You can get a rough idea of the size of the room by pacing it out. 透过步测可以大概知道这个房间的大小。
pace, stroll, strut, stride, walk
这组词都有“行走，徒步”的意思，其区别是：
pace: 指踱步，走步。
stroll: 多指走走停停，步子缓慢，悠闲自得，漫无目的。
strut: 指大摇大摆地走，含过分自信或自高自大意味。
stride: 着重步子大而且节奏有力，流露出匆忙、烦恼、得意等情绪。
walk: 最常用词，中性词，指除跑、跳之外所有移步的动作。
pace, step
这组词都有“步，步态”的意思，其区别是：
pace: 指身体向前移动的速度和情况。表一步距离时，可与step换用。
step: 普通用词，指脚抬起落下的动作和一步的距离。抽象概念指步骤。
pace, rate, speed, velocity
这组词都有“速度、速率”的意思，其区别是：
pace: 普通用词，指步行的速度，常引申指活动的进度或生产率。
rate: 作“速度”讲时，与speed同义，可换用。作速率解时，指相对增长的速度，也指两种相比较而得出的标准速度。
speed: 普通用词，指单位时间内行进的固定速度或速率，也指可能达到的最高速度。
velocity: 技术用词，指物体沿着一定方向运动时的速率。
n. 一步；步速；步法
 - footwork

Word: sadly
Front: sadly
[ˈsædli] (四六 5717/3665 -K)
Back: adv. 悲哀地; 忧愁地; 令人遗憾地; 不幸地
分布：悲哀地(88%)，遗憾的是(12%)
adverb
NOT HAPPY 不快乐的
 IMPROVER
■in an unhappy way 伤心地，悲伤地
• "He's gone away for six months, " she said sadly. “他已经走了六个月了，”她伤心地说。
['sæd.li] adverb
UNPLEASANT 令人不快的
 ADVANCED
■in a way that is not satisfactory 令人遗憾地，令人伤心地
• Sadly, the treatment doesn't work for all patients. 很遗憾，这种治疗并不是对所有的患者都有效。
• If you think she'll let you do that, you're sadly (= completely) mistaken. 如果你认为她会让你那么做，你就大错特错了。
adv. 悲哀地；悲痛地
 - sorrowfully, mournfully

Word: emergence
Front: emergence
[ɪ'mɜ:dʒəns] (托 5719/5170)
Vocabulary: emergence
(once / 3356 pages)
n
An emergence is when something comes into view — like the emergence of a seedling in a garden or the famous emergence of Punxsutawney Phil on Groundhog Day — which is supposed to show how soon spring will "emerge."
Emergence is a noun that goes back to the Latin root emergere, meaning "bring to light," and it came into English in the 17th century. Just as something comes to light or shows up where there was darkness or nothing before, an emergence happens — like new technologies such as the emergence of e-readers. Pronouncing emergence is the same as pronouncing emergency but without the long e sound at the end.
WORD FAMILY
emergence: emergences+/ emerge: emerged, emergence, emergent, emerges, emerging, emersion, re-emerge/ emergency: emergencies/ emergent: emergency / emersion: emersions/re-emerge: re-emerged, re-emerging
USAGE EXAMPLES
Pittsburgh’s seven-game winning streak to end the regular season coincided with the versatile Bell’s emergence as one of the league’s most dynamic players.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
That it appears ready to do so is a sign of China’s fear of the rapid emergence of groups like Youngspiration.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
The poem’s emphasis on Odysseus’ cunning starts to seem like the celebration of the emergence of a new kind of consciousness.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 出现，发生; 暴露; [植]突出体，（柑果的）瓤胞
分布：出现(97%)，浮现(2%)，露出(1%)
浮现,出现(emerge+ence)[merg,mers=sink,表示"沉,没"]
US [-'mɝ:-] noun uncountable
BECOMING KNOWN 变得出名
■when something becomes known or starts to exist 崭露头角
• China's emergence as an economic power 中国以经济强国的面貌崭露头角
• the emergence of a new strain of the HIV virus 一种刚发现的新型 HIV 病毒
UK [ɪ'mɜ:.dʒənts] US [-'mɝ:-] noun uncountable
APPEARING 出现 formal
■when someone appears by coming out from behind something （从某物后）出现
• Unfortunately, I misjudged the timing of my emergence. 很不幸，我错误地判断了我出现的时机。
■when someone or something comes to the end of a difficult period or experience 摆脱困境
• the country's emergence from bankruptcy 该国从破产的困境中挣脱出来
emergency, emergence
emergency: 意为“紧急情况”，“突然事件”。
emergence: 是emerge的名词形式。
n. 出现，浮现；发生；露头
 - occurrence, appearance, going on, becoming, rise

Word: span
Front: span
[spæn] (研四六托雅宝 5718/6903 -2)
Vocabulary: span
(once / 608 pages)
1nv 2n
Any distance between two things is called a span. These end points can be physical, like the span of a rope between two trees, or they can be more abstract, such as the span of time between five and six o'clock.
Span comes from the Old English spann, the width of the stretched-out hand, measured from thumb to little finger. It came to refer to various other measurements, such as the distance across an arch. The first reference to a length of time came in the late 16th century, and the phrase "attention span" first appeared in 1922 (as "span of attention").
WORD FAMILY
span: spanned, spanning, spans
USAGE EXAMPLES
He reached the conference title game three times during that span.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
A: This is a multibillion dollar industry that spans the whole world.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
It is a story that spans 96 years, but we will try to keep it brief.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 共轭（马、骡）; 跨度，墩距; 一段时间; [航] 跨绳
vt. 缚住或扎牢; 跨越时间或空间; 以掌测量; 以手围绕测量类似测量
时态：spanned, spanning, spans
分布：跨度(75%)，横跨(12%)，弥补(3%)，间距(2%)，贯穿(2%)，遍及(2%)，时期(2%)，延续(1%)，动词spin的过去式形式.(1%)
→来自古英语 span,拃，张开大拇指和小拇指的距离，来自动词 spannan,张开，展开，绑定， 连接，来自 Proto-Germanic*spannan,张开，拉开，来自 spen,张开，拉开，悬挂，词源同 pendulum,depend.引申诸相关词义。
n.跨度,跨距The fanciful panda fan panics over the span of the pan-like panel.爱幻想的熊猫迷对盆状仪表板的全长感到恐慌.
noun
TIME 时间
countable usually singular
■the period of time that sometimes exists or happens 一段时间
• He has a short attention / concentration span. 他的注意力持续时间很短。
• an average life span of seventy years 平均寿命70岁
• Over a span of just three years, the new government has transformed the country's economic prospects. 仅仅三年的时间，新政府已经使该国的经济前景出现改观。
⇒ See also lifespan
[spæn] noun
LENGTH 长度
countable
■the length of something from one end to the other 长度；宽度； 跨度
• huge wings with a span of over a metre 翼展超过一公尺的巨型翅膀
⇒ See also wingspan
countable
■the area of a bridge, etc. between two supports （桥等的）跨度，跨距，墩距
• The bridge crosses the river in a single span. 河上的桥是单孔桥。
[spæn] verb
SPIN 织 past simple of
■ spin
[spæn] verb
TIME 时间
transitive (-nn-)
■to exist or continue for a particular length of time （时间）持续，跨越
• Tennis has a history spanning several centuries. 网球的历史长达几个世纪。
• Her acting career spanned almost six decades. 她的演艺生涯持续了近60载。
[spæn] verb
BRIDGE 桥
transitive (-nn-)
■If a bridge spans a river, it goes from one side to the other 横跨
• An old bridge spans the river just outside the town. 一座老桥横跨在镇外的河上。
[spæn] adjective
spick and span
■ See at spick
territory, scope, range, span
territory: 领土（的范围）
scope: （处理、研究事物的）范围
range: （种类或变化的）限度，范围，幅度，程度；视力或听力所达到的距离，声音所能传送的距离；（枪、炮、导弹等的）射程
span: 跨度，跨径；（某事物）自始至终的持续时间或期间
n. [建] 跨度，跨距；范围
 - extent, boundary, region, spectrum, territory, area
vt. 跨越；持续；以手指测量
 - stride leap, last for

Word: fold
Front: fold
[fəʊld] (高研四六托宝 3493/3975 -K3)
Vocabulary: fold
(once / 104 pages)
1vn 2nv 3v 4v
To fold is to crease or bend something over so it covers part of itself. Before you put your clean sheets and towels away in the closet, you should probably fold them.
Some people drop their clothes on the floor at the end of the day, while others neatly fold theirs. You can call the crease in a folded piece of paper or pillow case a fold too. There are several ways to fold, including to gently mix ingredients, incorporating them without stirring; and to drop out of a poker hand, laying your cards down on the table.
WORD FAMILY
fold: enfold, foldable, folded, folder, folding, folds, unfold +/ enfold: enfolded, enfolding, enfolds/enfolding: enfoldings/folder: folders/folding: foldings, infolding/infolding: infoldings/ unfold: unfolded, unfolding, unfolds/unfolding: unfoldings
USAGE EXAMPLES
“It’s like being above the fold in a newspaper,” she said.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Light and shadow are deftly conveyed, as are the folds of voluminous costumes.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Rogers said his favorite part is folding the sheets, and “really likes” his job.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. 折叠; 合拢; 抱住; 笼罩
vi. 折叠起来; 彻底失败
n. 折痕; 信徒; 羊栏; （起伏地的）凹处，洼
时态：folded, folding, folds
分布：折叠(65%)，包(10%)，折痕(7%)，倒闭(6%)，交叉(6%)，翻倍(3%)，折层(1%)，屈服(1%)，拥抱(1%)
→来自pel, 折叠，词源同triple, diplomat. 羊栏义词源不详。
v.折叠;合拢;抱住n.褶,褶痕;羊栏;信徒The bold folk fold up the gold and hold it in hand.大胆的人们将黄金折叠起来拿在手里.
US [foʊld] verb
BEND 弯曲
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to bend something, especially paper or cloth, so that one part of it lies on the other part, or to be able to be bent in this way 折叠，对折（尤指纸或布）；可折叠；可对折
• I folded the letter (in half) and put it in an envelope. 我把信对折后装进一个信封里。
• He had a neatly folded handkerchief in his jacket pocket. 他的上衣口袋里有一方叠得整整齐齐的手帕。
• Will you help me to fold (up)the sheets? 你能帮我把床单叠起来吗？
transitive
■to wrap 包，裹
• She folded her baby in a blanket. 她把婴儿裹在一块毯子里。
• He folded his arms around her. 他用双臂搂住了她。
fold your arms
 IMPROVER
■to bring your arms close to your chest and hold them together 双臂交叉在胸前
transitive
■to move a part of your body into a position where it is close to your body 盘起，交叠
• She sat with her legs folded under her. 她盘腿而坐。
UK [fəʊld] US [foʊld] verb
FAIL 失败
intransitive
■(of a business) to close because of failure （企业）倒闭
• Many small businesses fold within the first year. 许多小公司在第一年就倒闭了。
UK [fəʊld] US [foʊld] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  fold sth in/fold sth into something
■(in cooking) to mix a substance into another substance by turning it gently with a spoon （烹调中）把…调入，拌入
• Fold the egg whites into the cake mixture. 把蛋白调入蛋糕混合物。
• Fold in the flour. 拌入面粉。
UK [fəʊld] US [foʊld] noun countable
BEND 弯曲
■a line or mark where paper, cloth, etc. was or is folded （纸、布的）褶线，褶痕
• Make a fold across the centre of the card. 在卡片中间折一道线。
■specialized
■a bend in a layer of rock under the Earth's surface caused by movement there （地壳岩层的）褶皱
UK [fəʊld] US [foʊld] noun countable
SHELTER 遮蔽处
■a small area of a field surrounded by a fence where sheep can be put for shelter for the night 羊栏，羊圈
the fold
■your home or an organization where you feel you belong 家；所属的组织
• Her children are all away at college now, but they always return to the fold in the holidays. 她的孩子们现在全都离家上大学了，但是他们假期总是都回来。
wrinkle, fold
这组词都有“使皱”的意思，其区别是：
wrinkle: 指使某物起折痕或把某物弄皱。
fold: 指对折或叠若干次。
vt. 折叠；合拢；抱住；笼罩
 - infold, enfold
n. 折痕；信徒；羊栏
 - Christian, believer

Word: applaud
Front: applaud
[əˈplɔ:d] (高研六托雅宝 5722/7585 -2)
Vocabulary: applaud
(once / 615 pages)
v
To applaud is to show approval, encouragement, or appreciation. You can applaud by clapping your hands at a performance, or you can applaud with just your mouth, as when you tell someone "I applaud your decision to start exercising."
The verb applaud goes back to the Latin verb applaudere, "to clap," and it came into English use in the 15th century. Part of the word applaud is laud, which means "praise," and laud is close in spelling to loud. When you applaud, you give loud praise by clapping you hands together. If you really like what someone is doing and want to pat them on the back for it or show encouragement, you might just say "I applaud your efforts."
WORD FAMILY
applaud: applaudable, applauded, applauder, applauding, applauds+/applauder: applauders
USAGE EXAMPLES
She applauds trans activists for adopting the idea that “gender is fluid and on a spectrum.”
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
He added that the award would be mailed to Byrd’s family, and Jets players applauded the announcement.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
As the curtain rings down on 2016, let’s applaud some highlights of this year’s Seattle theater scene.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 鼓掌欢迎，欢呼; 称赞，赞许; 赞成，同意
vi. 夸赞，鼓掌
时态：applauded, applauding, applauds
分布：鼓掌(66%)，称赞(21%)，赞成(8%)，拍手喝彩(5%)
→前缀ap-同ad-. 词根 plaud, 鼓掌，拟声词，见explode，爆炸。
拍手喝彩(ap+pland)[plaud=clap hands表示"鼓掌"]
vt.鼓掌欢迎;赞同vi.鼓掌欢迎,欢呼The audience applauded.听众鼓掌.
【记】ap一再，plaud鼓掌－鼓掌赞许参：applause（n 鼓掌欢迎）
US [-'plɑ:d] verb
CLAP 拍手
intransitive or transitive
■to show enjoyment or approval of something such as a performance or speech by clapping the hands repeatedly to make a noise 鼓掌
• You should have heard the audience applaud - the noise was fantastic. 你真应该听听观众的掌声——那才叫掌声雷动。
• She was applauded for a full five minutes after her speech. 她演讲结束后，掌声持续了整整五分钟。
UK [ə'plɔ:d] US [-'plɑ:d] verb
PRAISE 称赞
transitive formal
■to say that you admire and agree with a person's action or decision 赞许，称赞；赞成
• We applaud the family's decision to remain silent over the issue. 我们非常赞赏这一家人对此事保持沉默的决定。
praise, applaud, commend, compliment
这些动词均有“赞扬、表扬、称赞”之意。
praise: 普通用词，指用语言或其它方式表示夸奖、赞扬。
applaud: 指出色的表演或高尚的行为等得到同声赞许、大声叫好或热烈鼓掌。
commend: 正式用词，指对具体功绩或成就等表示称赞或嘉奖。
compliment: 侧重客气和礼貌，有时含恭维之意。
applaud, clap, praise, commend
applaud: v.鼓掌，赞扬，指因精湛表演或某种行为得到别人的赞许，大声叫好或热烈鼓掌。
 • The boss applauded my efforts by praising my work.   老板表扬了我的工作，对我的努力表示赞许。
clap: v.拍打，其用法是clap one's hand=applaud,不能说applaud one's hands。
 • clap sb.   为某人鼓掌，clap sth.拍打某物
praise: v.为一般用词，用于对某人的优秀品质表示钦佩羡慕；赞颂，赞美。
 • A supervisor praised the employee for her good work.   一位主管称赞这位员工的工作做得不错。
 • Survivors of the crash praised God for saving them.   坠机事件的幸存者赞颂上帝使他们得救。
commend: v.为正式用词，用于对具体功绩或成就表示嘉奖，通常指上级对下级、长辈对晚辈的赞赏。
 • The teacher commended the student for doing well on the exam.   老师表扬学生们的考试成绩优异。
vt. 赞同；称赞；向…喝采
 - go along with, be favorable to
vi. 喝彩；鼓掌欢迎
 - cheer for, give it up

Word: lifelong
Front: lifelong
[ˈlaɪflɒŋ] (5720/9865 -1)
Vocabulary: lifelong
(once / 1881 pages)
adj
Something lifelong lasts your entire life, or for most of it. A lifelong friendship might have begun in kindergarten, and it continues today.
You can describe your grandfather as a lifelong Republican if he's voted for the Republican candidate in every election all through his life. You could also say you have a lifelong hatred of green vegetables if you've refused broccoli and spinach since you first ate solid food. The word lifelong, meaning "continuing for a lifetime," was coined in the nineteenth century.
WORD FAMILY
lifelong
USAGE EXAMPLES
Berger was a lifelong Marxist, a vehement critic of capitalism.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
During a spell living in London during the 1960s, he met Mr Major, who became a lifelong friend.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Farah was brought back to Virginia to await his new sentence, but it remains unclear where he will serve his lifelong imprisonment.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 毕生的，终身的; 永生不渝的
分布：终身的(55%)，毕生的(45%)
US [-lɑ:ŋ] adjective [before noun]
■lasting for the whole of a person's life 终生的，终身的；一辈子的
• She was a lifelong member of the Labour party. 她一辈子都是工党党员。
• a lifelong habit 终生习惯

Word: linger
Front: linger
[ˈlɪŋgə(r)] (研六托雅宝 5721/7034 -2)
Vocabulary: linger
(once / 206 pages)
v
When someone lingers, he or she takes an unexpectedly long time to depart, as Romeo lingers when bidding Juliet farewell (or as annoying houseguests almost always tend to do).
In addition to its primary meaning of "taking a long time to depart," linger has the additional meaning of "persisting while gradually weakening." In this sense, linger can refer to feelings or sensations that slowly fade away, like the smell of perfume that lingers in an elevator after the passengers have exited.
WORD FAMILY
linger: lingered, lingerer, lingering, lingers+/lingerer: lingerers/lingering: lingerings
USAGE EXAMPLES
It’s harder to explain the lingering of symptoms such as fatigue and weakness.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
The concerns Stewart felt in the morning at the school’s front door linger through the day .
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The stench will linger due to the stakes.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vi. 逗留，徘徊; 缓慢消失
时态：lingered, lingering, lingers
分布：徘徊(49%)，逗留(35%)，消磨(8%)，漫步(8%)
→来自古英语lengan,延长，加长，词源同long.引申词义逗留，流连。
v.逗留,徘徊,拖延,留恋,浪费光阴,苟延残喘Davis lingered for a moment in the bar.戴维斯在酒吧逗留了一会儿.
【记】ling＝long，er－拉长时间－逗留
US [-gɚ] verb intransitive
■to take a long time to leave or disappear 停留，逗留；徘徊
• After the play had finished, we lingered for a while in the bar hoping to catch sight of the actors. 戏演完后我们在酒吧里等了一会儿，希望能与演员见上一面。
• The smell from the fire still lingered days later. 大火过后好几天还能闻到烧焦的味道。
• It's impossible to forget such horrific events - they linger (on) in the memory forever. 这样恐怖的事件让人难以忘记——它们会永远留在人们的记忆中。
wander, linger
wander: 指毫无目的地来回走动 wander about a place ：漫游某处
linger: 指“想在呆一会儿，留恋不舍而逗留徘徊”，linger about a place在某处留恋不舍
stay, remain, linger
这组词都有“停留，逗留”的意思，其区别是：
stay: 普通用词，多指人在某地暂时逗留。有时可指较长时间的居留。
remain: 指某人或某物仍留在原处或保持原来的状态。
linger: 着重因愉快的事而使人不愿离开。
vi. 徘徊；苟延残喘；磨蹭
 - hang about, wander about
vt. 消磨；缓慢度过
 - spend, while away

Word: cube
Front: cube
[kju:b] (高研四六托雅 5725/7702 -2)
Vocabulary: cube
(once / 1899 pages)
1nv 2nv 3n
In math, a cube is a number multiplied by itself three times. The cube of 2 is 8 (2 x 2 x 2). It is also a three-dimensional shape where each of the six sides is a square or something shaped like a cube, such as an ice cube or meat cut into cubes).
The noun cube goes back to the Greek word kybos, which was a six-sided die used in games. As a verb, cube means to cut into cube shapes. You can buy cookie dough that is ready for baking and formed into cubes. Place each cube on the cookie sheet, and the dough becomes a dozen round cookies — or fewer if you pop a cookie dough cube into your mouth before baking!
WORD FAMILY
cube: cubed, cubelike, cubes, cubical, cubing, cuboidal
USAGE EXAMPLES
More notably, 2017 is the smallest whole number whose cube root begins with ten distinct digits:
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
First, the pork shoulder was chopped into cubes and simmered with spices for hours.
Washington Post(Dec 19, 2016)
Their lab is littered with Cozmos and the cubes the robot plays with.
Washington Times(Dec 11, 2016)
Back: n. 立方形，立方体; 立方，三次幂; 小房间
vt. 求…的立方; 把（食物）切成小方块; 测定…的体积
时态：cubed, cubing, cubes
分布：立方(61%)，立方体(36%)，立方的(2%)，求 ... 的立方(1%)
→词源不确定，可能来自keub,弯，转，词源同cubit,camber.
n.立方形,立方体;立方,三次幂The cube in the tubular cup occupies one cubic meter.筒状杯中的立方体占有一个立方米(的体积).
noun countable
SHAPE 形状
■a solid object with six square sides of equal size 立方体；立方形的东西
• Cut the cheese into small cubes. 将起司切成小方块。
[kju:b] noun countable
NUMBER 数位 specialized
■the number made by multiplying a number twice by itself 立方，三次方
[kju:b] verb transitive
SHAPE 形状
■to cut food into cubes 把（食物）切成方块
[kju:b] verb transitive
NUMBER 数位 specialized
■If you cube a number, you multiply it twice by itself 求…的立方
• 2 cubed (= 2 x 2 x 2) equals 8, and is written 2 3. 2的立方等于8，写作23。
n. [数] 立方；立方体；骰子
 - solid, die

Word: Swiss
Front: Swiss
[swɪs] (高四六 5727/41007)
Back: n. 瑞士人；瑞士腔调
adj. 瑞士的；瑞士人的；瑞士风格的
分布：瑞士的(51%)，瑞士人(49%)
[swɪs] (plural Swiss)
noun countable
■Swiss 瑞士人

Word: fax
Front: fax
[fæks] (高研四 5729/5816 -2)
Vocabulary: fax
(once / 1444 pages)
nv
A fax is a machine that sends a scanned paper copy using a telephone line, and it's also what you call the document itself. When you send someone a fax, their fax machine prints it out for them.
You might need to send a fax when you're signing an important document long distance: for example, a lease or loan agreement might need to be signed, scanned, and sent as a fax. The word is a verb, too: "I'll fax that to you right away." It's short for facsimile, "exact copy," from the Latin root fac simile, "make similar." The growth of the Internet means that faxes aren't used as often as they once were.
WORD FAMILY
fax: faxed, faxes, faxing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Hoggett uses his befuddling Christmas present, a fax machine, to enter Babe into the national sheepdog trials.
The New Yorker(Dec 22, 2016)
China Tobacco did not respond to questions submitted by fax.
Seattle Times(Dec 14, 2016)
“The chiefs are constantly traveling. Constantly. We use Skype, we use electronic communication, faxes,” Thomas said.
Washington Times(Dec 11, 2016)
Back: n. 传真
vt. 传真; 传真传输
时态：faxed, faxing, faxes
分布：传真(100%)
→来自facsimile的缩写。
n./v.传真(机)
noun
countable
■(a copy of) a document that travels in electronic form along a telephone line and is then printed on paper 传真件；传真电文，传真信件
• I'll send you a fax with the details of the proposal. 我会把提案的细节用传真发给您。
■ countable or uncountable (also fax machine)
■a device or system used to send and receive documents in electronic form along a telephone line 传真机；传真（系统）
• I'll send you the agenda by fax. 我会把议程用传真发给您。
• Have you got a fax at home? 你家里有传真机吗？
[fæks] verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to send a document using a fax machine 传真（文件）
• I'll fax it (through/over/across) to you. 我会把它传真给您。
• [+ two objects] Fax me your reply/Fax your reply to me. 请用传真答覆。
vt. [通信] 传真
 - facsimile
n. [通信] 传真
 - electrical transmission, telecopying

Word: preacher
Front: preacher
[ˈpri:tʃə(r)] (5732/7852 -1)
Vocabulary: preacher
(once / 290 pages)
n
A preacher is a Christian religious leader. On Sundays, preachers deliver sermons in churches.
While it's possible to preach, or proclaim publicly, about non-religious topics, you're most likely to find the word preacher describing an evangelist Christian minister or pastor. There are also informal street preachers who preach the gospel to people who walk by. Preacher comes from the Latin word praedicatorem, "public praiser," or "proclaimer."
WORD FAMILY
preacher: preachers+/ preach: preached, preacher, preaches, preaching, preachment/preaching: preachings/preachment: preachments
USAGE EXAMPLES
It’s called the prosperity gospel, a term for the argument used by some preachers that donating to them will personally enrich their audience.
Salon(Dec 29, 2016)
Preacher’s families are often blown about the country, tossing God’s Word to the common-people, and receiving a free month of HBO with each new city.
Salon(Dec 28, 2016)
It will be the first time preachers who spread the prosperity gospel will be included in the ceremony.
Seattle Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 传道者; 牧师
分布：牧师(81%)，传道者(15%)，讲道者(4%)
→来自preach,传道，布道，-er,人。
【记】源于：preach（v 鼓吹；布道）p＝priest，reach：牧师到达－布道
US [-tʃɚ] noun countable
■a person, usually a priest, who gives a religious speech 传道士，牧师
n. 牧师；传教士；鼓吹者
 - minister, priest

Word: underneath
Front: underneath
[ˌʌndəˈni:θ] (研四六托雅 5730/5554 -K2)
Back: adj. 较低的; 下面的
adv. 在下面，在底下; 在下面，在下层
prep. 在…之下; 在下面; 在…下面; 在…领导或控制下
n. 下部，底部
分布：在下面(54%)，底部(26%)，下部(17%)，在 ... 下面(3%)
→under-, 在下面，-neath, 下面，词源同nether, beneath.
prep.在...下面ad.在下面,在底下Beneath (Underneath) the wreath the deaf man near death is out of breath.花环下面那个快要死的聋子喘不过气来.
US [-dɚ-] preposition adverb
 IMPROVER
■under or below 在（…）底下；在（…）下面
• The tunnel goes right underneath the city. 隧道正好位于城下。
• They found a bomb underneath the car. 他们在车底下发现了一枚炸弹。
• Underneath that shy exterior, she's actually a very warm person. 在羞涩的外表下，她其实是个非常热心的女孩。
• He was wearing a garish T-shirt underneath his shirt. 他在衬衫里面穿了件花哨的T恤衫。
UK [ˌʌn.də'ni:θ] US [-dɚ-] noun
the underneath only singular
■the lower part or the bottom surface of something 底部；下部；下表面
• Bake for half an hour - the top should be crisp, and the underneath moist and succulent. 烘烤半个钟头——蛋糕就会外焦内嫩，松软湿润。
• She found the key taped to the underneath of the table, as always. 她发现锁匙跟往常一样就粘在桌子下面。
under, below, underneath, beneath
这组词都有“在……下面”的意思，其区别是：
under: 普通用词，与over相对，指在某物的正下方，含垂直在下的意思。
below: 指位置低于某物或在某物下方，但不一定在正下方，所指范围较宽。
underneath: 书面口语均用，也常与beneath和under换用，但更含遮蔽的意味。
beneath: 书面用词，指紧挨……之下，其反义词是on。
adv. 在下面；在底下
 - hereunder, down below
n. 下面；底部
 - basis, bottom, base
adj. 下面的；底层的
 - following, nether

Word: embassy
Front: embassy
[ˈembəsi] (高研六雅 5731/4389 -3)
Vocabulary: embassy
(once / 345 pages)
n
An ambassador, a diplomat who represents her own country in a foreign country, lives and works in an embassy.
Travelers sometimes visit their home country's embassy for help with their travel documents or other issues. If you've ever visited Washington, DC, you may have seen the French embassy or the Indian embassy. These buildings often resemble homes, which makes sense because ambassadors usually live in them. The word embassy first meant "job or position of the ambassador," and comes from the Old French ambasse, with its Latin root of ambactus, or "servant."
WORD FAMILY
embassy: embassies
USAGE EXAMPLES
Last week, he tweeted that Mr. Putin was “very smart!” for not responding in kind to Mr. Obama’s expulsion of 35 Russian embassy officials.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
You'd expect the British embassy to choose something more boring, like Sting...
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Russian diplomats who were expelled by Obama left Washington on Sunday, Russian news agencies reported, citing Russia's embassy.
Reuters(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 大使馆; 大使馆全体成员; 大使的职务（地位）; 重任，差使
分布：大使馆(99%)，大使全体人员(1%)
→来自ambi-ag, 词源同ambassador. 来自ambi, 两边，周围，见ambient，-ag, 做，见agent. -ss，过去分词后缀。原指国王的封臣，后指大使。
n.大使馆;大使及其随员The ass bypassed the guard and assassinated the surpassing ambassador in the embassy.驴为警卫设旁路并且在大使馆暗杀胜过的大使.
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■the group of people who represent their country in a foreign country 大使馆全体人员，使馆馆员
• We used to be friendly with some people who worked at the Swedish Embassy. 过去我们和瑞典大使馆的一些官员关系非常友好。
 ADVANCED
■the building that these people work in 大使馆
• The Ambassador held a reception at the embassy. 大使在大使馆举行了招待会。
n. 大使馆；大使馆全体人员
 - ambassade, chancellery

Word: injection
Front: injection
[ɪnˈdʒekʃn] (四六雅宝 5734/4565 -2)
Vocabulary: injection
(once / 1986 pages)
n
An injection is a shot, or a dose of medicine given by way of a syringe and a needle. When you get jabbed in the arm with a tetanus vaccine, that's an injection.
The medical kind of injection forces a small amount of a drug under the skin or directly into a muscle. Other injections are similar in that they involve a liquid being forced by pressure, like the fuel injection in a car, which pushes gasoline directly into the engine. Since the 1600s, injection has been used to mean "forcing a fluid into a body," from the Latin inicere, "to throw in" or "to throw on."
WORD FAMILY
injection: injections+/ inject: injectable, injected, injecting, injection, injector, injects/injectable: uninjectable/injector: injectors
USAGE EXAMPLES
Prosecutors say the center used expired ingredients and failed to follow cleanliness standards, resulting in tainted steroid injections.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He received weekly injections of Toradol, an anti-inflammatory drug.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
The physician, suspecting an ectopic pregnancy, administered an injection to stop the progression.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 注射; 注射剂; [医]充血; （卫星等的）入轨
分布：注射(99%)，注射物(1%)
【记】inject（vt 注射；注入）；in里面，ject扔－扔到里面－注射
noun countable or uncountable
DRUG 药物
 ADVANCED
■when someone puts a liquid, especially a drug, into a person's body using a needle and a syringe (= small tube) 注射
• Daily insulin injections are necessary for some diabetics. 有些糖尿病患者必须每日注射胰岛素。
• This steroid is sometimes given by injection. 这种类固醇有时透过注射注入体内。
[ɪn'dʒek.ʃən] noun countable or uncountable
SOMETHING NEW 新东西
■the introduction of something new that is necessary or helpful to a situation or process 投入；增添；引入，带来
• A cash injection of £20 million will be used to improve the health service. 2000万英镑将被投入用于改善医疗服务。
• an injection of humour/excitement 增添幽默／刺激
n. 注射；注射剂；充血；射入轨道
 - congestion, inoculability

Word: plantation
Front: plantation
[plɑ:nˈteɪʃn] (研四六托雅 5736/7200 -2)
Vocabulary: plantation
(once / 603 pages)
n
A plantation is a large agricultural property dedicated to planting a few crops on a large scale. If you dream of having 3,000 acres to raise cucumbers on, then you have dreams of a cucumber plantation.
Plantation doesn't have to only mean massive single-product farms. A small grove of trees is also called a plantation, but usually when we use the word we mean the big farms. Surely you've heard of southern plantations before the Civil War that raised cotton and tobacco with slave labor. In Latin America many international companies own banana and coffee plantations.
WORD FAMILY
plantation: plantations+/ plant: plantal, plantation, planted, planter, planting, plantlet, plants, replant/planted: unplanted/planter: planters/planting: plantings/plantlet: plantlets/replant: replanted, replanting
USAGE EXAMPLES
Before slavery was restricted by the Spanish crown, in 1542, slaving parties scoured Honduras, kidnapping Indians to work plantations, mines, and households.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Years after the war ended, the plantation was put up for sale.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
The main issue for orangutans in Southeast Asia is palm oil plantations.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 种植园，大农场; 栽植; <史>殖民，殖民地
分布：种植园(95%)，殖民地(4%)，造林地(1%)
→来自plant,植物，种植。
大农场;造林(plant+ation→种[树],农场)[Plant=plant,表示"种植"]
n.种植园To the ants, the infant elephant is a giant in the plantation.对蚂蚁们来说,幼小的大象是种植园里的庞然大物.
US [plæn-] noun countable
■a large farm, especially in a hot part of the world, on which a particular type of crop is grown （尤指热带的）种植地；农园
• a tea/cotton/rubber plantation 茶叶／棉花／橡胶种植地
■an area where trees are grown for wood 造林地；林场；人造林
• plantations of fast-growing conifers 生长迅速的针叶林场
bushes, jungle, forest, plantation, woods, grove
这组词都有“林，树林”的意思，其区别是：
bushes: 指灌木丛，矮树林。
jungle: 特指热带的丛林。
forest: 多指树木高大，面积大、人迹罕至的原始森林。
plantation: 指人造林。
woods: 指面积不大的树林或小块的树林。
grove: 通常指面积较小，树木整齐，地面干净的小树林，尤指果林。
n. 栽植；殖民；大农场
 - settlement, colonization

Word: clear
Front: clear
[klɪə(r)] (中高雅 563/390 -K5)
Vocabulary: clear
(once / 20 pages)
1adjvnadv 2adv 3v
Clear means clean and uncluttered, without distractions or confusion. If your explanation of relativity is clear, it's easy to understand. If the sky’s clear, there isn't a cloud to be seen.
As a verb, clear implies getting rid of obstacles. You can clear your head (get rid of anxiety and upsetting thoughts); clear the way (remove obstacles in your path); or clear the trees to make a clearing where you can pitch your tent. If you own your car "free and clear," it's all yours — you don't owe anything on it. When you arrive in a country, you clear customs when officials check your papers and belongings and send you on your way.
WORD FAMILY
clear: clearance, cleared, clearer, clearest, clearing, clearly, clearness, clears, unclear+/clearance: clearances/cleared: uncleared/ clearing: clearings/clearness: clearnesses/unclear: unclearly, unclearness
USAGE EXAMPLES
But it became increasingly clear to Chinese officials that smugglers were bringing ivory into the country illegally and marketing it as a legal product.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
And some were hoping to see Mars and even Neptune if the skies remained clear.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
It’s not immediately clear how many people were aboard the small jet at the time of landing gear collapse.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 清楚的，明白的; 清晰的，明亮的; 清澈的; 明确的
adv. 完全地; 清晰地; 整整
vi. 变明朗; 变清澈
vt. 扫除，除去; 消除（嫌疑）; 使清楚; 使干净
n. 空隙，空间
时态：cleared, clearing, clears
分布：清除(40%)，清晰的(11%)，明确的(10%)，清楚的(9%)，清楚地(7%)，清澈的(6%)，澄清(6%)，晴朗的(4%)，放晴(3%)，空地(2%)，清空(2%)
→来自kele,呼喊，大叫，词源同call,claim.词义由声音的清晰外延到光线的清晰。
a./ad.清晰的(地)vt.清除;使清楚vi.变清澈With my own ears I clearly heard the heart beat of the nuclear bomb.我亲耳清楚地听到原子弹的心脏的跳动.
US [klɪr] adjective
ABLE TO BE UNDERSTOOD 能被理解的
 ESSENTIAL
■easy to understand, hear, read or see 明白的；清楚的；易懂的；清晰的
• clear instructions/directions 清楚易懂的说明／指示
• Can we make the sound any clearer? 我们能把声音再调清晰一点吗？
• These books have lovely clear print. 这些书印刷得清晰可人。
• Our new television has a very clear picture. 我们的新电视影像十分清晰。
Do I make myself clear? (also Is that clear?)
■something you say in order to emphasize what you have just said, or to express your authority （强调刚说的话或表达自己的权威）我讲清楚了吗？听明白我的意思了吗？
• I will not tolerate this behaviour any longer. Do I make myself clear? 我不会再容忍这样的行为了。我的话你明白吗？
UK [klɪər] US [klɪr] adjective
CERTAIN 确定的
 ESSENTIAL
■certain, having no doubt, or obvious 确定的；无可置疑的；明白无误的；明显的
• He isn't at all clear about what he wants to do with his life. 他根本不清楚自己想过怎样的生活。
• [+ (that)] It is rapidly becoming clear (to me) (that) I'm not suited to being a teacher. 我很快明白到我不适合当老师。
• [+ question word] It isn't clear how long the strike will go on for. 不知这次罢工会持续多久。
• It's a clear case of corruption. 这明显是一宗贪污案。
• You've made your position quite clear (= there is no doubt about what you think). 你的立场已经十分明确了。
UK [klɪər] US [klɪr] adjective
PURE 纯的
 ADVANCED
■not cloudy, foggy or with any marks, but pure or easy to see through 晴朗的；纯净的；透明的；清澈的
• clear glass 透明的玻璃
• The water in the lake is so clear that you can see the bottom. 湖水清澈见底。
• We could see hundreds of stars in the clear desert sky. 沙漠上明朗的天空中可以看到数以百计的星星。
• She has a beautifully clear skin/complexion (= with no marks or spots). 她肤色光洁美丽。
• The weather is expected to remain clear for the next few days. 预计今后几天天气会持续晴朗。
• You can see the mountains from here on a clear day. 天气晴朗的时候，从这里可以看到层层山峦。
■describes a pleasant, pure sound （指声音）清亮的
• the clear sound of the flute 嘹亮的笛声
■describes something that you remember easily （指记忆）清楚的，清晰的
• I have clear memories of visiting my grandfather's farm as a child. 我清楚记得小时候去爷爷的农场时的情景。
UK [klɪər] US [klɪr] adjective
NOT BLOCKED 无障碍的
■not covered or blocked by anything 无遮盖的；无阻碍的；畅通的
• We have a clear view of the ocean from our hotel window. 从饭店的视窗我们可以一览无遗地看到大海。
• The journey was quite quick because the road was clear (= there was not much traffic on it). 因为交通顺畅，所以路上走得很快。
• I always like to leave my desk clear (= with no work on it) at the end of the day. 每天工作结束时，我总是喜欢把桌面收拾得干干净净。
■not busy or filled by any planned activity 不忙的，空闲的；没有安排的
• The only time I have clear next week is Tuesday afternoon. 下星期我只有周二下午有空。
• We've got two clear (= whole) weeks in which to finish the decorating. 我们有整整两周时间来完成装修。
UK [klɪər] US [klɪr] adjective
NOT GUILTY 无罪的
■without being or feeling guilty 无罪的，清白的
• to have a clear conscience 问心无愧
UK [klɪər] US [klɪr] adjective
NOT CONFUSED 不糊涂的
■free from confusion; able to think quickly and well 头脑清醒的；思维清晰的；思维敏捷的
• Marie is good at making decisions because she's a very clear thinker. 玛丽擅长作决断，因为她思维清晰。
UK [klɪər] US [klɪr] adjective
NOT TROUBLED 无麻烦的
[after verb]
■not troubled; without difficulties 没有麻烦的；无困难的
• This is the first time in his life that he's been clear of (= without) debt. 这是他生平第一次偿清了债务。
UK [klɪər] US [klɪr] adjective
LEFT 剩下的
■describes a sum of money that is left after all necessary payments have been made （支付各种费用后）净的，纯的
• The school summer fair made a clear profit of £500. 学校的夏季义卖会净赚了500英镑。
• Bill earns a clear $200 a week/earns $200 a week clear. 比尔每星期净赚200美元。
UK [klɪər] US [klɪr] adjective
NOT TOUCHING 不接触的
■not touching something, or away from something 不接触的；分离的
• Only one competitor made a clear jump of the highest fence (= jumped over it without touching it). 只有一位骑手俐落地跨过了最高的障碍物。
• When we're clear of the main road, we'll stop for our picnic. 等我们离开大路后再停车野餐。
UK [klɪər] US [klɪr] adjective
(as) clear as a bell
■very easy to hear （声音）像钟声一样清晰洪亮
• Clear as a bell, from the back of the theatre came a child's voice saying, "I want to go home". 从戏院的后面传来一个小孩清脆响亮的声音：“我要回家。”
UK [klɪər] US [klɪr] adjective
(as) clear as day
■very easy to understand 显而易见；容易理解
• The instructions were as clear as day. 使用说明上写得清清楚楚。
■certain 肯定的
• It's as clear as day that the government is going to win the election. 政府肯定会赢得选举。
UK [klɪər] US [klɪr] adjective
(as) clear as mud humorous
■very difficult to understand 极难理解，难懂
• His instructions were as clear as mud. 他的指示让人稀里糊涂。
UK [klɪər] US [klɪr] verb
REMOVE BLOCK 移走
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to remove or get rid of whatever is blocking or filling something, or to stop being blocked or full 移走；清除；清理；清扫；疏通
• It took several hours to clear the road after the accident. 意外发生后，用了好几个小时来清理道路。
• I'll make the coffee if you'll clear the table. 你要是去收拾桌子，我就去煮咖啡。
• If you use this nasal spray, your nose should clear a bit. 用了这种鼻腔喷剂，你的鼻塞就会好一点。
• After my aunt died, we arranged for her house to be cleared (= for the furniture to be removed from it). 我姑妈过世后，我们安排清理了她的房间。
• If you press this key, the computer screen will clear (= the text and pictures will be removed from it). 按这个键可以清除电脑萤幕上的文档和图片。
• Shops are currently holding sales to clear their summer stock (= get rid of goods by selling them cheaply). 现在商店都在搞特价促销来清理夏季库存。
• Paul helped his elderly neighbour by clearing her path of snow/clearing snow from her path. 保罗帮助那位上了年纪的邻居清扫她家门前路上的积雪。
• Could you clear your things off/from the sofa? 把你的东西从沙发上拿走好吗？
• I never leave work until I've cleared my in-tray (= have finished the work that needs to be done). 我总是完成手头的工作才下班。
clear your throat
■to give a small cough 清喉咙
• She cleared her throat nervously before she began to speak. 她讲话前紧张地清了清喉咙。
UK [klɪər] US [klɪr] verb
PROVE INNOCENCE 证明…无罪
 ADVANCED transitive
■to prove that someone is not guilty of something that they were accused of 证明…无罪；洗脱…的嫌疑
• After many years in prison, the men were finally cleared of the bombings. 在被监禁多年之后，这些人终于洗清了罪名，证明自己与爆炸事件无关。
UK [klɪər] US [klɪr] verb
GIVE PERMISSION 许可
transitive
■to give official permission for something 批准，许可
• Despite local opposition, the plans for the new supermarket have been cleared by the council. 议会不顾当地居民的反对，批准了建新超市的计划。
• Ladies and gentlemen, air-traffic control has now cleared the plane for take-off. 各位女士，各位先生，飞机已得到空中管制的起飞许可。
• I don't know if I can get the car tonight - I'll have to clear it with Mum. 我不知道今晚能否拿到车——我需要得到母亲的同意。
transitive
■to satisfy the official conditions of something 符合…条件
• Before you can enter the country, you have to clear customs. 进入该国必须先通过海关检查。
UK [klɪər] US [klɪr] verb
MAKE PURE 变得清楚
intransitive or transitive
■to become or make something pure or easy to see through （使）变清楚，（使）变清晰
• The children enjoyed stirring the mud at the bottom of the pond, then watching the water slowly clear again. 孩子喜欢搅动池底的淤泥，然后看着水重新慢慢变清。
• Your skin would clear (= become free of spots) if you had a healthier diet. 饮食更健康的话，你的皮肤就会变光洁的。
• After the thunderstorm, the sky cleared (= stopped being cloudy). 雷雨过后，天放晴了。
• The fog is expected to have cleared (away) (= gone) by midday. 到正午时分雾有望散去。
UK [klɪər] US [klɪr] verb
NOT CONFUSED 不糊涂的
transitive
■to make your mind free from confusion so that you can think quickly and well 使…头脑清醒；使…思维清晰
• I need to get some fresh air to clear my head (= to make me able to think well). 我需要呼吸点新鲜空气来清醒一下头脑。
UK [klɪər] US [klɪr] verb
GET RID OF 使摆脱
clear your debts/clear yourself of debts
■to pay back all the money that you owe 偿清债务
UK [klɪər] US [klɪr] verb
HAVE LEFT 净下
transitive clear 1 * to have a sum of money left from your earnings after any necessary payments, charges, taxes, etc.
（支付各种费用后）净的，纯的
• Bill clears $200 a week. 比尔每星期净赚200美元。
UK [klɪər] US [klɪr] verb
CHEQUE 支票
intransitive or transitive
■to (cause a cheque to) go from one bank to another through a central organization, so that money can be paid to the person it is owed to （支票）过户，兑现，结算
• It usually takes four to five working days for a cheque to clear. 支票过户一般需要四到五个工作天。
UK [klɪər] US [klɪr] verb
NOT TOUCH 不接触的
transitive
■to jump or go over something without touching it （无接触地）跃过，越过，通过
• The horse cleared the fence with inches to spare. 马腾空越过篱笆，还高出了好几英寸。
UK [klɪər] US [klɪr] verb
clear the air
■to make the air cooler, fresher and more comfortable 使空气清新
• The rain has helped clear the air. 这场雨使空气变得清新了。
■to remove the bad feelings between people 消除怨愤；消除隔阂
• I had a massive argument with Sue, but at least it has cleared the air. 我和休大吵了一场，不过这至少消除了误解。
UK [klɪər] US [klɪr] verb
clear the decks informal
■to remove unnecessary things so that you are ready for action 清除障碍准备行动
• Let's clear the decks and then we can start cooking dinner. 我们先收拾一下，然后才能开始做饭。
UK [klɪər] US [klɪr] verb
clear the way
■to make it possible for something to happen 扫清道路；做好准备
• We've got a loan from the bank which has cleared the way for us to buy a house. 我们从银行得到贷款，这样就能买一所房子了。
UK [klɪər] US [klɪr] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] clear sth away
■to make a place tidy by removing things from it or putting them where they should be 清除；清理；整理
• I want you to clear all these toys away before bedtime. 我要你在睡觉前把所有的玩具都收拾好。
UK [klɪər] US [klɪr] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  clear sb off sth
■to make someone go away from somewhere 将（某人）从…清除
• The police used dogs to clear the campers off the village green. 员警用警犬来驱走在乡村绿地上露营的人。
UK [klɪər] US [klɪr] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  clear off
■used to tell someone to go away in a rude way （粗鲁地要求他人）走开，离开
• "Clear off or I'll call the police!" “快走开，不然我报警了。”
UK [klɪər] US [klɪr] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] clear sth out
■to tidy a place by getting rid of things that you do not want 清理；收拾
• If we clear out the spare room, you can use it as a study. 要是我们清理好这个空房间，你可以把它当书房用。
UK [klɪər] US [klɪr] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  clear out informal
■to leave a place 离开，走开；滚开
• I hear Daphne's finally told her husband to clear out (= to leave home). 我听到黛芬妮最后叫她丈夫滚出家门。
• My landlord's given me a week to clear out of my flat. 我的房东给了我一周时间搬出公寓。
UK [klɪər] US [klɪr] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  clear (sth) up
TIDY
[M] mainly UK
■to make a place tidy by removing things from it or putting them where they should be 清除；清理；整理
• Dad was clearing up in the kitchen. 爸爸正在收拾厨房。
• I'm tired of always having to clear up after you (= tidy your things). 我厌烦了老是要替你整理东西。
ILLNESS
■If an illness clears up, or if medicine clears an illness up, the illness goes away （疾病）消失，治愈
• You won't be able to go swimming tomorrow if your cold hasn't cleared up. 如果感冒还不好，明天你就不能去游泳了。
• These pills should clear your rash up. 这些药丸会让你的疹子消掉。
UK [klɪər] US [klɪr] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] clear sth up
■to give or find an explanation for something, or to deal with a problem or argument 把…解释清楚；搞清楚；弄明白；解决
• They never cleared up the mystery of the missing money. 他们一直没搞清楚钱是怎么不翼而飞的。
• After twenty years, the case has finally been cleared up. 20年后，这个案子终于真相大白。
UK [klɪər] US [klɪr] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  clear up informal
■If the weather clears up, the cloud and rain disappears （天气）转晴，放晴
• I hope it clears up in time for the picnic. 我希望到野餐时天气会放晴。
UK [klɪər] US [klɪr] adverb
■not touching, or away from 不接触地；不靠近地；离开
• Stand clear of the doors, please. 请远离门口。
• Make sure you park clear of the kerb. 千万不要贴着路缘停车。
• The children were saved from the fire only because a neighbour pulled them clear. 孩子能从火灾中幸存下来，多亏了一位邻居把他们拉出火场。
steer/stay/keep clear
■to avoid something or someone 避开，躲开
• His parents warned him to steer clear of trouble. 父母告诫他不要惹麻烦。
UK [klɪər] US [klɪr] noun
be in the clear
■to not be guilty of a crime 无罪，清白
• The police breathalysed Andy last night, but he was in the clear. 员警昨晚对安迪进行了呼气酒精测试，不过他没有问题。
■to have no problems after being in a difficult situation 没有问题；身体健康，没有疾病
• The X-rays showed that she's in the clear. Ｘ光检查显示她身体健康。
clear, transparent
这组词都有“透明的”的意思，其区别是：
clear: 指视力不受阻碍，强调清晰透澈。
transparent: 指某物完全透明状态，通过它能清楚看到其它东西。
scrub, clear, clean, dust, wipe, mop, sweep
这组词都有“使干净”的意思，其区别是：
scrub: 指用硬刷、肥皂或水用力地擦洗某物。
clear: 指清除不要的东西。
clean: 是这些动词中最常用的词，指将某物或某处的污物等清除掉，弄干净。
dust: 指将积落在物体表面的尘土抹去、掸掉或擦去以保干净。
wipe: 多指用布、纸等物把东西擦净，也指擦掉某物。
mop: 侧重指用拖把擦洗地板，有时也指擦干净或擦去。
sweep: 指用扫帚等进行清扫，也用作比喻。
clear, obvious, evident, apparent, manifest, definite, plain, distinct
这组词都有“清楚的，明白的，明显的”的意思，其区别是：
clear: 普通用词，侧重清楚明白。
obvious: 语气较强，指极为明显，有目共睹，无需说明和论证。
evident: 指根据事实成为显然的。
apparent: 强调显而易见或一想便知。这个词从动词appear派生而来，故有时含有表面如此而事实上未必的意味。
manifest: 语义较强，书面用词，强调一目了然，暗示不要任何推论就一清二楚。
definite: 语气肯定，着重明白无误，无可怀疑。
plain: 普通用词，含义与clear很接近，可通用，但plain着重简单明了，不复杂。
distinct: 较正式用词，指轮廓的清楚或定义、含义的明确，不会弄错。
adj. 清楚的；清澈的； [气象] 晴朗的；无罪的
 - distinct, liquid, fair, fine, crystal
vt. 通过； [计] 清除；使干净；跳过
 - track, jump
adv. 清晰地；完全地
 - totally, entirely, completely, absolutely, thoroughly, strictly, fully
n. [计] 清除；空隙
 - removel, liquidation

Word: dim
Front: dim
[dɪm] (研四六托雅宝 5733/7081 -2)
Vocabulary: dim
(once / 135 pages)
1adjv 2adjv 3adj 4adj
Dim has several meanings related to a lack of light, hope, or knowledge. A room that is not well lit is dim, a slow thinker is dim, and when life looks hopeless, your prospects are dim.
To dim a light is to dull it, like by putting a shade over it. A vague idea without a lot of specifics is also dim, since it's hard to see or understand the idea. Someone who's not very bright is dim or a dimwit. When things are hopeless, they're dim too. For example, if a football team is losing by fifty points, their chances of winning are dim.
WORD FAMILY
dim: dimly, dimmed, dimmest, dimming, dimness, dims+/dimmed: undimmed/dimness: dimnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
Is there anything better than the Met’s Viennese chandeliers gliding to the ceiling as the lights dim?
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The fast-paced techno music played in a second-floor room, up a dim stairwell and down a long corridor.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
My father indicated towards me and said, “No, he’s the dim one.”
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 暗淡的，昏暗的; 不光明的; 看不清的; （性质和特征上）不显著的
vt. & vi. （使）变暗淡; （使）变模糊; （使）减弱; 变淡漠
n. 笨蛋，傻子
时态：dimmed, dimming, dims
分布：暗淡的(57%)，模糊的(20%)，使暗淡(9%)，使失去光泽(4%)，车头近光灯(4%)，停车灯(4%)，笨的(2%)
→来自dhem, 烟，雾，模糊，词源同dumb. dull.
a.暗淡的,模糊的With a dim triumph, she trims the swimming-suit rim at the swimming-pool brim.她带着暗淡的喜悦在泳池边整理泳装的边缘.
adjective (dimmer, dimmest)
NOT CLEAR 不清楚的
■not giving or having much light 光线暗的，暗淡的，昏暗的
• The lamp gave out a dim light. 那盏灯发出暗淡的光芒。
• He sat in a dim corner of the waiting-room. 他坐在候车室一个昏暗的角落里。
• We could see a dim (= not easily seen) shape in the fog. 在雾中我们可以看见一个模模糊糊的影子。
■literary
■If your eyes are dim, you cannot see very well. 模糊的，看不清的
a dim memory/recollection, etc.
■something that you remember slightly, but not very well 模糊的记忆／回忆等
• I had a dim recollection of having met her before. 我隐约记得以前好像见过她。
[dɪm] adjective (dimmer, dimmest)
NOT CLEVER 愚笨的 informal
■not very clever 愚笨的，迟钝的
• He's a nice chap, but a little dim. 他是个好小伙儿，只是头脑有些迟钝。
• Don't be dim! 别发傻了！
[dɪm] adjective (dimmer, dimmest)
NOT POSITIVE 不乐观的
■not likely to succeed 前景暗淡的，不乐观的
• The company's prospects for the future are rather dim. 该公司未来的发展前景不容乐观。
[dɪm] adjective (dimmer, dimmest)
take a dim view of sth
■to disapprove of something 不看好，不赞成
• I take a dim view of this kind of behaviour. 我不赞成这种行为。
[dɪm] verb intransitive or transitive (-mm-)
■to (make something) become less bright （使）变暗，（使）亮度降低
• Someone dimmed the lights. 有人调低了灯的亮度。
• The lights dimmed and the curtains opened. 灯光暗了下来，大幕随之拉开。
■literary
■to (make a positive feeling or quality) become less strong （使）减弱，（使）变淡
• Our hopes/expectations dimmed as the hours passed. 我们的希望／期望随着时间的流逝变得越来越渺茫了。
faint, dim, indefinite, vague, obscure, ambiguous
这组词都有“不明确的，模糊的”的意思，其区别是：
faint: 指对某事物印象不深，或指声音微弱或希望的渺茫等。
dim: 侧重指或因光线暗淡，或因年代久远、身体欠佳等因素而产生视觉或察觉方面的困难。
indefinite: 指无明确定义或限定，重点或总体轮廓不明确。
vague: 多指因语言不确切，太笼统或因构思含糊、不完善而造成模糊难解。
obscure: 语气最强，指晦涩难懂。
ambiguous: 指文章或讲话中，意思可能有多种理解，令人捉摸不定。
dim, unclear, vague, obscure, ambiguous
这组词都有“模糊”的意思，其区别是：
dim: a.光线暗淡的，看不清的；记忆力模糊的；不大可能的。
 • Don't work in dim light.   不要在昏暗的光线下工作。
 • His changes of recovery from illness are dim.   他康复的可能性十分渺茫。
unclear: a.指句意、字迹不清楚，使人难以看懂；不肯定的。
 • Unclear writing is difficult to understand.   模糊的字迹使人难以辨认。
 • It is unclear whether the economy will get better.   经济是否好转仍不明朗。
vague: a.含混的，不清楚的，多用于比喻意义，用来表示因逻辑关系不清、言辞笼统而导致的意义不清楚，该词也可表示轮廓形状的不清楚和模糊。
 • He has some vague ideas about what to do, but nothing specific.   他大概知道他要做什么，但没有具体的计划。
obscure: a.用于表达因光线不足而使人看不清楚。该词的引申意义可以表示语法、文字、记忆等因复杂、深奥、模棱两可而使人看不懂和无法理解。
 • The poetry of Ezra Pound is sometimes difficult to understand because it contains so many obscure references.   艾兹拉·庞德的诗有时候难以理解，因为诗歌中含有许多令人费解的典故。
ambiguous: a.意义含糊的，有歧义的，指因字、词、句有歧义而使人感到模糊不清、难以理解和把握。
 • His ambiguous directions confused us; we did not know which of the two roads to take.   他的模棱两可的指导使我们很迷惑以至于我们不知道该走哪条路了。
dim, dark, vague, grey, obscure, black, gloomy
这组词都有“完全地或不完全地缺少光亮”的意思，其区别是：
dim: 指光线不足或视力较差，不能清晰地看见物体。
dark: 最普通用词，指缺乏自然光线或人工照明，使某物漆黑无光或光线十分微弱。
vague: 通常作借喻用，形容抽象事物。
grey: 与dark意思相近，但侧重阴暗单调的意味。
obscure: 指因光线不充足而使物体灰暗不清，失去光泽或若隐若现。作借喻时指因复杂、深奥或含糊而难于理解。
black: 侧重颜色是黑色的，有时也指无光的黑暗。
gloomy: 指光线不足或部分光线受阻而出现的阴暗。
adj. 暗淡的，昏暗的；模糊的，看不清的；悲观的，怀疑的
 - fuzzy, dark, dirty, lowering
vt. 使暗淡，使失去光泽；使变模糊
 - breathe upon
vi. 变模糊，变暗淡
 - fog, mist
n. 笨蛋，傻子
 - simple, turkey, put, idiot, stupid

Word: sunset
Front: sunset
[ˈsʌnset] (高研四六托 5739/7738 -2)
Back: n. 日落（时），薄暮; 晚霞; 黄昏
adj. 定期废止的
分布：日落(100%)
→sun,太阳，set,坐下，落山。
n.日落,傍晚;晚霞The funny cunning runner uses his gum gun before sunrise or after sunset.滑稽乖巧的赛跑者在日出之前或日落之后使用胶皮枪.
noun
uncountable
■the time in the evening when you last see the sun in the sky 日落（时分），黄昏，傍晚
• The fishermen set out at sunset for a night's fishing. 渔夫们日落时分出海，准备夜间捕鱼。
countable
■the appearance of the sky in the evening before the sun goes down 晚霞
• We sat on the beach watching a spectacular sunset. 我们坐在海滩上观看壮丽的晚霞。
['sʌn.set] noun
ride/drive/walk, etc. (off) into the sunset
■to begin a new happy life at the end of a story （在故事的结尾）开始幸福的新生活
• At the end of the film, the pair of them ride off into the sunset. 在电影的结尾，他们俩过上了幸福的新生活。
n. 日落，傍晚
 - Sundown, early evening

Word: facial
Front: facial
[ˈfeɪʃl] (高 5735/8701 -2)
Vocabulary: facial
(once / 2552 pages)
1adjn 2adj
When you describe something as facial, it has to do with the face. Your facial expression is the smile — or frown — that you happen to be wearing on your face.
Your facial features are made up of your eyes, nose, mouth, cheeks — everything that together comprises your whole face. When you use the word facial as a noun, it means a spa treatment that usually includes a deep cleaning and moisturizing of the face. You might decide to get a massage and a facial at the fancy resort hotel where you're spending a relaxing week. The Medieval Latin root is facialis, "of the face," from facies, "figure, appearance, or countenance."
WORD FAMILY
facial: bifacial, facially, facials+/ deface: defaced, defacement, defaces, defacing/defacement: defacements/ face: biface, deface, faced, faceless, faces, facial, facing, reface/faced: facedest, facedly/faceless: facelessly/facing: facings/reface: refaced, refacing
USAGE EXAMPLES
I do that once a week, and I get facials every other week at Haven.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The NYPD now joins a handful of law enforcement agencies in the country — including the Riverside Police Department — to allow facial hair and turbans.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
This image is helped by the facial expressions and the low angle emphasising how far May is off the ground.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 面部的; 面部用的; 表面的
n. 美容; 面部按摩
分布：美容(49%)，面部的(42%)，脸部的(9%)
→来自face, 脸。
adjective
■of or on the face 面部的，脸上的
• facial hair 脸部汗毛
• facial cleansers and moisturizers 面部清洁和保湿用品
• facial expressions 面部表情
['feɪ.ʃəl] noun countable
■a beauty treatment which cleans and improves the skin of the face with creams (= thick liquids) and gentle rubbing 面部美容护理
• Beauty treatments range from an eyelash tint at £8 to a deep cleansing facial costing £58. 美容护理服务价格不一，包括收费8英镑的染睫毛和收费58英镑的面部深层清洁。
adj. 面部的，表面的；脸的，面部用的
 - external, surface
n. 美容，美颜；脸部按摩
 - hairdressing, beauty treatment

Word: predictable
Front: predictable
[prɪˈdɪktəbl] (托雅 5738/5964 -2)
Vocabulary: predictable
(once / 1265 pages)
adj
If you can predict it, I predict you'll call it predictable. In other words, anything that you can see or know before it happens is predictable.
When she got out the fine china early in Act I, you could just tell the stuff would be smashed in Act III. It was all too predictable. Given the facts of their lives, the end of their relationship was predictable: he was married, and so was she, but not to each other. The roots of the word are fun to analyze: pre- means "before," dict means "to say," and able means, well, "able." Put them together, and you'll see that predictable means "able to be said before (it happens)" or, simply, something you know of before it happens.
WORD FAMILY
predictable: predictability, predictably, unpredictable +/ predict: predictable, predicted, predicting, prediction, predictive, predictor, predicts/ predictability: predictabilities/predicted: unpredicted/ prediction: predictions/predictive: predictively, unpredictive/predictor: predictors/ unpredictability: unpredictabilities/ unpredictable: unpredictability, unpredictably
USAGE EXAMPLES
Harambe's death touched off a heated - if predictable - debate about zoo welfare standards and whether lethal force was necessary.
BBC(Dec 31, 2016)
“They all responded in a predictable direction, but with not as great a magnitude,” said Dr. Griffin.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
They’re as predictable as a 3 a.m. tweet from Trump Tower.
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: adj. 可预言的; 可预报的; 可预见的; 可预料的
分布：可预知的(100%)
adjective
 ADVANCED
■Something which is predictable happens in a way or at a time which you know about before it happens 可预言的；可预计的，可预料的
• Comets appear at predictable times. 彗星在预计的时间出现。
Opposite unpredictable
 ADVANCED disapproving
■happening or behaving in a way that you expect and not unusual or interesting 意料之中的；墨守成规的，按老套办事的
• The ending to the film was just so predictable. 这部电影的结局太老套了。
adj. 可预言的
 - divinable

Word: presume
Front: presume
[prɪˈzju:m] (研六托宝 5740/4921 -2)
Vocabulary: presume
(once / 151 pages)
1v 2v
If you presume something, it means you act as though it's true before all the evidence is in. If you are presumed to be the fastest runner, don't get too cocky — that word implies that you haven't actually raced yet.
To presume is to take something for granted. The famous quote “Dr. Livingstone, I presume?” comes from the explorer Henry Morton Stanley, who ran into the explorer David Livingstone in the wilds of Africa in 1871. It’s funny because these were the only two white men known to be in that part of Africa at the time.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
assume / presume
Assume and presume both mean to believe something before it happens, but when you assume you're not really sure. If someone bangs on your door in the middle of the night, you might assume (and hope!) it's your crazy neighbor. If your neighbor knocks on your door every night at 6:30, at 6:29 you can presume she's coming over in a minute.
To assume is to suppose or believe something without any proof. It also means to take over, usually responsibilities and duties, such as with a job, or to take on a look or attitude:
First, based on your question, we'll assume you're a recent college graduate. (USA Today)
Receiving no reply, three days later he sent a second missive, in which he assumed that his first letter had gone astray. (Elizabeth S. Kite)
"I won't have him," said Sir Henry at once, his eyes assuming their most prawnlike expression. (Mary Cholmondeley)
Presume is from the Latin pre "before" and sumere "to take," like taking something for granted. It means to be sure of something before it happened. When you presume, you suppose something without proof, based on probability:
In her latest video, Britney Spears arrives on earth — an alien, we presume — to spread the message of consumerism. (Washington Post)
I favor the latter explanation, also known as a sensibly presumed truth, just as I believe William Shakespeare wrote a few plays in his day. (Time)
People don't love it when you assume, based on the catchy phrase that calls you an ass, because you're basically making a guess. When you assumed it was your neighbor knocking on your door and you told her to go away, you found out later it was your mom! There's no funny phase about presume, because you're usually right.
WORD FAMILY
presume: presumable, presumed, presumes, presuming, presumption, presumptive +/presumable: presumably / presumption: presumptions, presumptuous / presumptive: presumptively/ presumptuous: presumptuously, presumptuousness
USAGE EXAMPLES
“In the absence of this evidence, we must presume that Sherman performed competently.”
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
A Mali government statement says the country will not accept any visitors presumed to be Malian without a passport or Mali-issued travel documents.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Which brings this back to the original point: while the Raptors are an excellent team, their current ceiling, presuming health, is well defined.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vt. 以为，认为; 假定，假设; 推测; 意味着
vi. 擅自行动; 相信; 敢于; 放肆
时态：presumed, presuming, presumes
分布：假定(40%)，推测(36%)，利用(12%)，姑且认定(4%)，越权行事(4%)，认为是理所当然(4%)
→pre-,在前，早于，预先，-sum,承担，认为，词源同assume,resume.引申词义假设，假定等。
假定;自以为是(pre预先+sum+e→预先拿往→假定)[sum,sumpt=take表示"拿,取"]
v.假定,假设,认为,揣测,滥用,擅自行动I presume from your speech that you are a foreigner.根据你的谈话,我还以为你是个外国人呢.
US [-'zu:m] verb
BELIEVE 认为
 IMPROVER transitive
■to believe something to be true because it is very likely, although you are not certain 假定，推定，认定
• [+ (that)] I presume (that) they're not coming, since they haven't replied to the invitation. 鉴于他们没有回覆邀请，我认为他们不会来了。
• [+ speech] You are Dr Smith, I presume? 我想你是史密斯博士吧？
• "Are we walking to the hotel?" "I presume not/so." “我们要步行到旅馆吗？”“我想不是／是的。”
• [+ obj + adj] The boat's captain is missing, presumed dead (= it is believed that he is dead). 这艘船的船长失踪了，可能是死了。
• In British law, you are presumed innocent until you are proved guilty. 按照英国法律，你在证明有罪之前，一律假定是无辜的。
• [+ obj + to infinitive] The universe is presumed to contain many other planets with some form of life. 据推测，宇宙中很多其他行星上有某种形式的生命存在。
UK [prɪ'zju:m] US [-'zu:m] verb
BE RUDE 粗鲁
intransitive
■to do something although you know that you do not have a right to do it 冒昧（做），擅（做）；越权行事
• [+ to infinitive] I wouldn't presume to tell you how to do your job, but shouldn't this piece go there? 我不想冒昧地教你该如何工作，但这个零件不是应该装在那里吗？
• I don't wish to presume (= make a suggestion although I have no right to) , but don't you think you should apologize to her? 恕我冒昧，但你难道不觉得应该向她道歉吗？
• He presumes on (= takes unfair advantage of) her good nature. 他利用了她的善良本性。
presume, suppose, guess, postulate, assume
这组词都有“假设，猜想，推测”的意思，其区别是：
presume: 侧重以过去经验或根据现实的某些感觉把某事认定为是事实。
suppose: 常用词，意义较广泛，指缺乏确切事实，根据一些现象进行的推测，也可指为论证而提出合乎逻辑推理的某种假定，有时仅表示自己的意见。
guess: 常用词，指毫无根据仅凭个人主观臆断或碰运气的猜测。
postulate: 指为证实一个理论的正确性而进行的假设。
assume: 指有很少或完全无根据的武断推测或不合逻辑的推理。
vt. 假定；推测；擅自；意味着
 - guess, spell
vi. 相信；擅自行为
 - depend, be satisfied of

Word: empty
Front: empty
[ˈempti] (中高托雅 1644/1735 -K3)
Vocabulary: empty
(once / 89 pages)
1adjvn 2adj 3adj 4adj
If you're an optimist, you're happy that your glass is still half full. If you're a pessimist, you can't help but notice that 50% of your glass is now empty — that is, it contains nothing.
Empty comes from an Old English word meaning "at leisure," or in other words, "unoccupied." Over time, the sense of that meaning changed from "not at work" to "devoid of contents." By the tenth century, any container that could be filled or full could also be emptied or empty. As the word continued to evolve, it developed a more figurative sense. If you feel sad and lost, you might say that you feel so empty. If you want to go to the movies and your parents say, "No, but maybe tomorrow," you probably consider that an empty promise, one that will never be fulfilled.
WORD FAMILY
empty: emptied, emptier, empties, emptiest, emptily, emptiness, emptying+/ emptiness: emptinesses/emptying: emptyings
USAGE EXAMPLES
After a year at cozy Williams, the empty dorm felt cavernous and overwhelming to the Robinson family.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Dozens of gated communities sit mostly empty, gathering dust.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
All around her there are silences, empty places, held breaths—an extraordinary act of literary finesse.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 空的，空虚的，空洞的; 空闲的，无效的，徒劳的; 无聊的，愚蠢的; 言语或行动空洞的
vt. （使）成为空的， 把…弄空; 把…腾出来
vi. 成为空的; 流空
n. 空车; 空的东西
时态：emptied, emptying, empties
分布：空的(55%)，空洞的(12%)，倒空(10%)，空虚的(8%)，排空(6%)，变空(5%)，空腹的(3%)，空物(1%)
→来自古英语emty, 休闲，空闲。e, 没有，词源同out, ordeal(其词源同deal out), -mt, 必须，词源同must. 插入字母p缓和读音。原义为非必须的，有空的，词义由时间引申为空间。
a.空的;空洞的v.倒空,使成为空的The empty empire's emperor made an attempt to tempt the contemptuous man.空虚帝国的皇帝试图诱惑那个轻蔑的人.
adjective
NOTHING IN 空无一物
 ESSENTIAL
■not containing any things or people 空的；无人的
• an empty house/street 空屋／空无一人的街道
• Shall I take the empty bottles for recycling? 我把这些空瓶子拿去回收吧？
• The train was empty (= There were no passengers) by the time it reached London. 火车到达伦敦的时候，车内已经没有乘客了。
['emp.ti] adjective
NOT SINCERE 不真诚的
[usually before noun]
■not sincere or without any real meaning 无诚意的；空洞的；无意义的
• empty threats/rhetoric 虚张声势的威胁／虚夸之词
• They're just empty promises. 这些承诺只不过是些空头支票。
['emp.ti] adjective
WITHOUT PURPOSE 无目的
■without purpose or interest 空虚的；无目标的，无意义的；百无聊赖的
• He says his life has been completely empty since his wife died. 他说自从妻子去世后他的生活就完全失去了意义。
• I felt empty, like a part of me had died. 我百无聊赖，如同行尸走肉一样。
['emp.ti] adjective
on an empty stomach
■without eating anything 空着肚子，空腹
• You shouldn't go to work on an empty stomach. 你不应该空腹去上班。
['emp.ti] verb
transitive
■to remove everything from inside something 倒空，腾空；倾倒
• I emptied the closet and put my belongings into the black overnight case. 我把衣橱清空，把我的东西放进那个外出过夜用的黑色旅行袋里。
• Would you mind emptying (out) your pockets? 你把口袋掏空好不好？
• Empty the soup into a saucepan and simmer gently for ten minutes. 把汤都倒进炖锅中，慢火炖十分钟。
• She quickly emptied her glass (= drank its contents) and ordered another drink. 她一饮而尽，然后又叫了一杯。
intransitive
■to become empty 变空
• The place emptied pretty quickly when the fight started. 战斗爆发后，这个地方很快就没人了。
['emp.ti] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  empty into sth
■If a river empties into a larger area of water, the water from it flows into that larger area （河流）流入，注入
• The River Tees empties into the North Sea. 蒂斯河注入北海。
['emp.ti] noun countable usually plural
■an empty drinks bottle 空瓶子
• Don't forget to take the empties to the bottle bank. 不要忘了把空瓶子拿到玻璃瓶回收箱那里扔掉。
open, blank, vacant, hollow, empty
这组词都有“空的”的意思，其区别是：
open: 指未被占有，从而可被别人得到的。
blank: 指上面没有写字、印刷或做记号的空白表面，或指上面留着准备被填写的空白处。
vacant: 普通用词，侧重某物或某个位置没有被占用。
hollow: 指物体中间是空的。
empty: 指空无一人或一物，或空洞无意义的。
free, vacant, empty
free: 空的，指清除了或缺少了某物，与of 或from连用。如：She is free from anxiety.(她无忧无虑。)She is free of him.(她摆脱了他。)
vacant: 空闲的，指地方没有被占用。如：One day, man can make full use of vacant space.(将来，人们会充分利用浩瀚的天空。)empty，vacant和相同的名词连用时，含义不同。如an empty house指房子里既无家具也无人，空荡荡的。而a vacant house指房子没有被人占用，里面可有家具，也可无家具。
empty: 空的，指里面什么东西都没有。如：The case is empty.(这是个空箱子。)
adj. 空的；无意义的；无知的；徒劳的
 - dark, hollow, bare, vacant
vt. 使失去；使…成为空的
 - dispossess

Word: x-ray
Vocabulary: x-ray
(once / 24988 pages)
v
To x-ray something is to take pictures of the inside of your body. Doctors x-ray patients all the time.
You've probably gotten x-rayed by a doctor, and maybe you saw the weird-looking pictures — x-rays — of what the inside of your chest, head, or leg looked like. Doctors x-ray patients to see if a bone is broken or look for serious conditions like cancer. Dentists will x-ray your mouth to get a better look at your teeth. When they x-ray you, you'll often wear some lead over part of your body, because the radiation in x-rays can be dangerous.
WORD FAMILY
x-ray: x-rayed, x-rays
USAGE EXAMPLES
It will provide early testing such as X-Ray and ultrasound for local people in an outpatient setting, with results reviewed by specialist consultants.
BBC(Dec 16, 2016)
Both were X-rayed, Gulley first, and both got equally bad news.
Washington Post(Dec 03, 2016)
But only a fraction are selected to pass through a giant x-ray machine to check for illicit contents.
Economist(Dec 01, 2016)

Word: nearest
Front: nearest
['nɪərɪst] (5743/14028)
Back: adv. 最近的，最亲近的
adj. 近的（ near的最高级 ）; 亲密的; 近似; （亲属关系）近亲
分布：最近的(100%)
PREP
靠近;在…附近
If something is near a place, thing, or person, it is a short distance from them.
例：Don't come near me...别靠近我。
例：Her children went back every year to stay in a farmhouse near the cottage...她的孩子们每年都回去，住在小屋边的农舍里。
PREP-PHRASE
接近(某一状态);几乎;差不多
If someone or something is near to a particular state, they have almost reached it.
例：After the war, The House of Hardie came near to bankruptcy...战后，哈迪家族濒于破产。
例：The repairs to the Hafner machine were near to completion...对哈夫纳机器的修理即将结束。
PREP-PHRASE
近似于;和…差不多
If something is similar to something else, you can say that it is near to it.
例：...a sickening sensation that was near to nausea.近乎恶心的难受感觉
ADJ-SUPERL
(与…)最相似的;(和…)几乎差不多的
You describe the thing most similar to something as the nearest thing to it when there is no example of the thing itself.
例：It would appear that the legal profession is the nearest thing to a recession-proof industry...司法行业看来是最不易受经济萧条影响的领域了。
例：He is the nearest to a dead cert that Britain has in Albertville.他是英国在阿尔贝维尔冬奥会上最有希望夺取金牌的选手。
ADV-GRADED
(时间或事件)临近，接近
If a time or event draws near, it will happen soon.
例：The time for my departure from Japan was drawing nearer every day.我离开日本的日子一天天近了。
PREP
离(某一时间)不远;临近
If something happens near a particular time, it happens just before or just after that time.
例：Performance is lowest between 3 a.m. and 5 a.m., and reaches a peak near midday...凌晨3点至5点表现最差，近中午时分最好。
例：'Since I retired to this place,' he wrote near the end of his life, 'I have never been out of these mountains.'...“自从隐居到这里，”他在生命即将结束时写道，“我一直没有离开过这些大山。”
PREP
(指数量或数字)接近于，左右，上下
You use near to say that something is a little more or less than an amount or number stated.
例：...to increase manufacturing from about 2.5 million cars a year to nearer 4.75 million...将轿车年产量从250万辆左右增加到接近475万辆
例：The pound, which ended last year near its annual low, is expected to come under renewed pressure today.英镑去年年终降到了接近全年最低点的水平，预计今天将再度面临汇价下跌的压力。
PREP
往(见某人);去(到某处)
You can say that someone will not go near a person or thing when you are emphasizing that they refuse to see them or go there.
例：He will absolutely not go near a hospital...他绝对不会去医院。
例：I'm so annoyed with her that I haven't been near her for a week.我很生她的气,有一个星期没见她了。
ADJ-GRADED
(两者中)距离较近的
The near one of two things is the one that is closer.
例：...a mighty beech tree on the near side of the little clearing...矗立在林间小块空地近侧的一棵高大的山毛榉树
例：Jane put one foot in the near stirrup and turned to look at the stranger.简一只脚就近蹬上马镫，转脸看着陌生人。
ADJ
近似的;差不多的
You use near to indicate that something is almost the thing mentioned.
例：She was believed to have died in near poverty on the French Riviera.据信她在法国里维埃拉去世时几乎身无分文。
例：...the 48-year-old who was brought in to rescue the bank from near collapse.被调来帮助银行摆脱濒临破产困境的48岁的新任
ADJ-SUPERL
(在竞赛中)实力接近的，旗鼓相当的
In a contest, your nearest rival or challenger is the person or team that is most likely to defeat you.
例：He completed the lengthy course some three seconds faster than his nearest rival, Jonathon Ford...他比劲敌乔纳森·福特少用了大概3秒钟完成了漫长的赛程。
例：That victory put the Ukrainians beyond the reach of their nearest challengers, Dynamo Moscow.本场胜利使乌克兰人甩开了最强有力的对手，莫斯科迪那摩队。
VERB
靠近;走近
When you near a place, you get quite near to it.
例：As he neared the stable, he slowed the horse and patted it on the neck...接近马厩时，他勒马缓行，轻拍它的脖颈。
例：We were nearing the top of the pass to Tsagochen Thang when the van spluttered and died.我们在驶近通往 Tsagochen Thang 的垭口时，货车噼啪几声熄火了。
VERB
接近，临近(某一阶段或某一点)
When someone or something nears a particular stage or point, they will soon reach that stage or point.
例：His age was hard to guess — he must have been nearing fifty...很难猜测他的年龄，他一定快50了。
例：You are nearing the end of your training and you haven't attempted any assessments yet...培训快结束了，你还没有参加任何评估测试。
VERB
临近;即将来临
You say that an important time or event nears when it is going to occur quite soon.
例：As half time neared, Hardyman almost scored twice...临近中场休息时，哈迪曼差点梅开二度。
例：This factor will come increasingly to the fore as election day nears.随着选举日的临近，这一因素将愈发重要。
PHRASE
最亲近的人;最亲密的人;至亲
People sometimes refer to their close relatives and friends as their nearest and dearest .
例：...that English convention of not showing your feelings, even to your nearest and dearest.甚至不向最亲近的人流露自己情感的英国社会习俗
PHRASE
远近;到处;四面八方
You use near and far to indicate that you are referring to a very large area or distance.
例：People would gather from near and far...人们会从四面八方聚到一起。
例：Within months his reputation spread near and far.没几个月他就远近闻名了。
PHRASE
在不久的将来;在近期
If you say that something will happen in the near future, you mean that it will happen quite soon.
例：The controversy regarding vitamin C is unlikely to be resolved in the near future.关于维生素C的争议短期内不可能平息。
PHRASE
一点儿也不;完全不;远不
You use nowhere near and not anywhere near to emphasize that something is not the case.
例：They are nowhere near good enough...他们还远不够好。
例：It was nowhere near as painful as David had expected...这远不如戴维所料想的那么痛苦。
PHRASE
几乎丝毫不差地，几乎一样地(英国英语中亦作 as near as dammit)
If you want to indicate that something is almost true, you can use the expressions near enough and damned near. In British English, you can also say as near as dammit.
例：I bought them for a pound apiece, near enough...我几乎是以一英镑一件的价钱买下了它们。
例：They are as near as dammit new...它们几乎是新的。
PHRASE
差点，险些(发生某事)(英国英语中亦作 as near as dammit)
If you want to indicate that something almost happened, you can use the expression damned near. In British English, you can also say as near as dammit .
例：He damned near fooled me...他险些把我骗了。
例：As he was to tell Miranda later, he as near as dammit left it there.像他随后告诉米兰达的那样，他几乎没碰它。
adj. 最近的（near的最高级）
 - recent, latest, current, last

Word: echo
Front: echo
[ˈekəʊ] (研四六托雅 3424/3517 -3)
Vocabulary: echo
(once / 174 pages)
1nv 2nv
An echo is a repetition or imitation of sound. When sound waves hit a hard surface they might reflect, making the sound bounce and repeat. If you agree with someone, you might echo his or her statement.
Poet Don Marquis said, “Writing a book of poetry is like dropping a rose petal down the Grand Canyon and waiting for the echo.” The word echo came from the Greek word for "sound." In Greek mythology, Echo was a nymph who could only repeat the last words of others. You were frightened when you thought someone was following you, until you realized you were only hearing the echo of your own footsteps.
WORD FAMILY
echo: echoed, echoes, echoing, echoless, echolike, echos, re-echo, reecho+/ echoing: echoingly/reecho: reechoed, reechoing
USAGE EXAMPLES
If there is any echo of Sun’s idealism, it is in the student “Sunflower Movement”, which wants to keep China at bay.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
Some companies continue to promise returns echoing those common before the financial crisis.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
He vowed to return better, an approach teammates echoed after seeing their title hopes slip away.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 回声，共鸣; （言语、作风、思想等的）重复; 重复者; [无线电]回波
vt. 重复，效仿; 随声附和; 类似; 发射（声音等）
vi. 被重复; 产生回响; 充满回声
时态：echoed, echoing, echoes
分布：回声(53%)，回响(13%)，重复(10%)，共鸣(8%)，附和(6%)，模仿(5%)，发出回声(4%)，其哀声留于山间成为回声）(1%)
→来自wagh, 回声，回响，词源同catechism, 教义问答。
v./n.回声,反响,共鸣The mechanical mechanic knows the technique and technology of the echo mechanism.呆板的机修工知道共鸣装置的技术和工艺.
US [-oʊ] noun countable (plural echoes)
SOUND 声音
 ADVANCED
■a sound that is heard after it has been reflected off a surface such as a wall or a cliff 回声，回音，回响
• The echoes of his scream sounded in the cave for several seconds. 他的尖叫声在洞中回荡了好几秒钟。
• Thick carpet would reduce the echo in this hallway. 厚地毯会减弱走廊中的回音。
UK ['ek.əʊ] US [-oʊ] noun countable (plural echoes)
SIMILAR DETAIL 相似的东西
■a detail that is similar to and makes you remember something else 十分相似的东西；如出一辙的事物；仿效
• There are echoes of Mozart in her first piano compositions. 她最早创作的钢琴曲有些地方模仿了莫劄特。
UK ['ek.əʊ] US [-oʊ] verb
SOUND 声音
 ADVANCED intransitive
■If a sound echoes or a place echoes with a sound, you hear the sound again because you are in a large, empty space 回响；发出回声；响起回声
• The sound of footsteps echoed round the hall. 脚步声在大厅里回荡。
• Suddenly, the building echoed with the sound of gunfire. 突然，大楼里响起一阵枪响。
UK ['ek.əʊ] US [-oʊ] verb
SIMILAR DETAILS 相似的东西
transitive
■to repeat details that are similar to, and make you think of, something else 重复，附和；使产生似曾相识的感觉
• The design of the church echoes that of St. Paul's Cathedral. 这座教堂的设计模仿了圣保罗大教堂。
• I've heard the Prime Minister's view echoed throughout the party. 我听说党内普遍都附和首相的观点。
UK ['ek.əʊ] US [-oʊ] verb
echo down/through the ages
■to continue to have a particular effect for a long time 影响后世；留传
• The ideas of Plato have echoed through the ages. 柏拉图的思想已经流传了千百年。
vt. 反射；重复
 - reflect, mirror, repeat
n. 回音；效仿
 - aftersound, bounceback

Word: stabilize
Front: stabilize
[ˈsteɪbəlaɪz] (六托雅 5723/12696 -2)
Vocabulary: stabilize
(once / 1412 pages)
v
The verb stabilize means to hold steady or make firm. When you climb a ladder, you should stabilize the ladder before you get on it, otherwise you may get a lesson in the laws of gravity — you know, what goes up comes down!
The verb stabilize also means to keep from changing or shifting. If you have a fever and your temperature is all over the place, you can help stabilize it by taking aspirin. The verb stabilize was originally applied to ships and the idea that something like weight or the shape of the ship could be used to produce a steadier, or less wobbly, voyage. Now the verb applies to anything that can be made more steady or stable. You might remember how happy you were when learning to ride a bike that you had training wheels to stabilize you.
WORD FAMILY
stabilize: destabilize, stabilization, stabilized, stabilizer, stabilizes, stabilizing +/destabilise: destabilised/ destabilize: destabilization, destabilized, destabilizes, destabilizing/ instability: instabilities/stabilisation: destabilisation/stabilise: destabilise, stabilisation, stabilised, stabiliser, stabilising/ stability: instability, stabilities/ stabilization: stabilizations/stabilizer: stabilizers/ stable: stabilise, stability, stabilize, stabled, stableness, stabler, stables, stabling, stably, unstable /stabling: stablings/ unstable: unstableness, unstably
USAGE EXAMPLES
A medical helicopter landed on the highway, but emergency workers couldn’t stabilize him.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The actions should sufficiently stabilize the documents for display and travel.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
But as the year progressed, the price of oil began to stabilize, reinvigorating the entire sector.
Salon(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. （使）稳定，（使）稳固; 使稳定平衡：通过平衡装置维持（如，飞机或船）的稳定; 防止…的波动，平抑; 平抑价格
vi. 变得稳定、稳固或固定
时态：stabilized, stabilizing, stabilizes
分布：使安定(60%)，使坚固(40%)
→来自 stable,稳定的，-ize,使。
【反】fluctuate（v 使波动）
(UK usually stabilise) ['steɪ.bɪ.laɪz] verb
intransitive
■If something stabilizes, it becomes fixed or stops changing 稳定下来
• He suffered a second heart attack two days ago but his condition has now stabilized. 他两天前心脏病再次发作，不过现在病情已经稳定了。
transitive
■If you stabilize something, you cause it to become fixed or to stop changing 使稳定；使稳固
• In China, the policy of one child per family was introduced to stabilize the country's population at 1.6 billion. 中国执行一胎化政策是为了将其人口稳定在16亿。

Word: excess
Front: excess
[ɪkˈses] (研四六托雅宝 5741/4540 -3)
Vocabulary: excess
(once / 283 pages)
nadj
Excess is too much of something, like big-time overindulgence. Eating to excess makes your stomach hurt, and spending to excess means you can't pay your credit card bills.
Excess comes from the Latin word excessus meaning, "go out, going beyond the bounds of reason," like eating and spending in excess. (Not so reasonable.) Although it spends most of its time as a noun, it can also be an adjective to describe "more than is required or needed," like when excess water spills over the top of the bathtub, or those excess pounds spill over the top of your jeans.
WORD FAMILY
excess: excesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
My female GP changed my condition to non-morbid obesity after I complained that the previous label, obesity due to excess food consumption, was inaccurate.
New York Times(May 02, 2016)
After she died, she was buried with grave goods far in excess of others.
BBC(Dec 29, 2016)
Remove the chicken from the marinade, shaking off any excess.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 超过; 超额量; 多余量; 放肆
adj. 超重的，过量的，额外的
分布：过剩(41%)，过量(26%)，超过(19%)，过量的(10%)，额外的(4%)
→来自exceed, 超过。-ss, 过去分词后缀。
过度,过剩[ced,ceed,cess=go,表示"行走,前进"]
a.过量的,额外的n.过量;过剩;超额;无节制You will have to pay for the excess.你必须为超过部分付钱.
【记】来自excess（过分），ex，cess（走）－走出格－过分
【参】excessive（adj 极过分的；额外的）
【反】too little（太少的）
noun
 ADVANCED [S or U]
■an amount which is more than acceptable, expected or reasonable 过分；过量；过度
• An excess of enthusiasm is not always a good thing. 过分热情不见得总是件好事。
• They both eat to excess (= too much). 他们两个都吃得太多了。
• There will be an increase in tax for those earning in excess of (= more than) twice the national average wage. 对于那些收入超过全国平均薪资一倍以上的人，税收额将要增加。
excesses [plural]
■actions far past the limit of what is acceptable 过分的行为；越轨行为；暴行
• For many years people were trying to escape the excesses (= cruel actions) of the junta. 在过去很多年里面，人们一直都在千方百计逃离残虐的军政府统治。
• As for shoes, her excesses (= the large number she owned) were well known. 讲到鞋，众所周知她的鞋多得离谱。
[ek'ses] ['--] adjective [before noun]
■extra 过多的；多余的，额外的
• Cut off any excess pastry and put it to one side. 切掉多余的饼皮，放在一边。
excess, exceeding
excess: 附加的，过量的，超额的
exceeding: 非常的，极度的
gigantic, maximum, excess, excessive, multiple, surplus
gigantic: 巨大的，庞大的
maximum: 最大的，最高的
excess: （作定语） 过度的，额外的，超过了正常限度或标准
excessive: 过度的，过分的
multiple: 多样的，多重的，多倍的
surplus: 过剩的，多余的，剩余的
n. 超过，超额；过度，过量；无节制
 - immoderation, exorbitance
adj. 额外的，过量的；附加的
 - additional, added, attached, extra, plus

Word: constituent
Front: constituent
[kənˈstɪtjuənt] (研六托雅宝 5746/4050 -2)
Vocabulary: constituent
(once / 472 pages)
1nadj 2n 3n
Constituent means part of a whole, as in "we'll break this down into its constituent parts." The word comes up often in political contexts: constituents are the people politicians have been elected to represent.
To understand constituent, look at constitute, which means to make up. A politician's electorate is constituted of individual constituent voters. Chex Party Mix is constituted of a delightful mix of constituent parts: Chex cereal, pretzels, cheese doodles and those little orange stick things no one has a name for.
WORD FAMILY
constituent: constituency, constituents+/ constituency: constituencies/ constitute: constituent, constituted, constitutes, constituting, constitution, constitutive, reconstitute/constituted: self-constituted/ constitution: constitutional, constitutionalize, constitutions/ constitutional: constitutionalise, constitutionalist, constitutionally, constitutionals, unconstitutional /constitutionalise: constitutionalising/constitutionalize: constitutionalized, constitutionalizing/ constitutive: constitutively/reconstitute: reconstituted, reconstitutes, reconstituting/ unconstitutional: unconstitutionally
USAGE EXAMPLES
Legislators are elected to represent their constituents and act in their best interests.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Aldermen expressed concerns that constituents, particularly those who live or own businesses on that street, were not involved in the decision to change it.
Washington Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Unfortunately, Republican Party leaders are sending cues of doubt and denial to their constituents.
The Guardian(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: n. 选民; 成分，构成部分; 委托人
adj. 构成的，组成的; 选举的; 有选举权的
分布：成分(73%)，选民(11%)，构成的(8%)，组织的(5%)，构成物(2%)，立宪的(1%)
组成的(con+stitu+ent)[atitut,stit=setup,place,表示"建立,放"]
n.选民;成分,组分a.组成的,构成的Trivial tributes constitute the attribute of constituent's report.琐屑的颂词形成选民的报告的属性.
【记】con共同，stit＝stat站－站在一起－一个整体的各个成分才会站在一起。
【参】institute（v 创立；n 学院）
noun countable
PART 成分
■one of the parts that a substance or combination is made of 成分；构成部分；要素
• What are the basic constituents of the mixture? 这种混合物的基本成分是甚么？
[kən'stɪt.ju.ənt] noun countable
PERSON 人
■a voter (= person who can vote) in a particular area of the country （某选区的）选民，选举人
• The senator worked hard, always talking to his constituents and hearing their problems. 这位参议员工作卖力，总是跟本区选民交谈，听取他们的难处。
element, component, constituent, ingredient
这组词都有“组成、成分、部分”的意思，其区别是：
element: 指一个整体必不可少或固有的部分，强调一个复杂整体中最基本、最简单的元件、元素或成分等。
component: 指一个整体的组成部分。
constituent: 常可与component换用，指某一整体不可少的部分或成分。
ingredient: 普通用词，含义笼统。既可指混在一起而本身没有变化的物质，如配料，又可指与别的物质混在一起，发生了变化的成分。
n. 成分；选民；委托人
 - element, client, component, principal
adj. 构成的；选举的
 - component, electoral

Word: proponent
Front: proponent
[prəˈpəʊnənt] (托 5744/11978 -1)
Vocabulary: proponent
(once / 4314 pages)
n
Proponent means someone who is in favor of something. You might be a proponent of longer vacations, but your parents are proponents of a longer school year.
If you’re in favor of long school vacations, you’re pro or "for" long vacations. The prefix pro- also carries the meaning of “forward,” “ahead,” or “before.” All of these senses are at work in proponent: someone who suggests (puts forward) an idea or who is in favor of an idea. A proponent proposes an idea or advocates for a proposal or a proposition.
WORD FAMILY
proponent: proponents
USAGE EXAMPLES
Some proponents see guaranteed incomes as a way to prepare for an economy that produces fewer jobs.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But his bathroom bill gained more attention, prompting packed hearings at which both proponents and opponents of the bill voiced their opinions.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He quipped that proponents of the “futuristic delirium” of seasteading wanted a “Noah’s Ark to the Wall Street gravy”.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 支持者，拥护者; 提倡者; 提出认证遗嘱者
分布：支持者(89%)，提倡者(11%)
→pro-,向前，-pon,放置，词源同position,postpone.引申词义支持者，拥护者。
提议者(propone+ent)[pon,pound=put,表示"放置"]
【记】源于：prone（adj 倾向于）倾向于一方的人－支持者
【参】opponent（n 反对者）
【反】detractor（n 诽谤者；恶意批评者）
US [-'poʊ-] noun countable
■a person who speaks publicly in support of a particular idea or plan of action 提倡者，宣导者，辩护者
• He is one of the leading proponents of capital punishment. 他是死刑的主要支持者之一。
Compare opponent
n. 支持者；建议者；提出认证遗嘱者
 - advocate, supporter

Word: Vietnamese
Front: Vietnamese
[ˌvjetnə'mi:z] (5747/6807)
Back: n. 越南人；越南语
adj. 越南的；越南人的
分布：越南人(57%)，越南的(25%)，越南语(18%)
adjective noun countable (plural Vietnamese)
■Vietnamese 越南的／越南人

Word: gardener
Front: gardener
['ɡɑ:dnə(r)] (四六 5751/4757 -2)
Vocabulary: gardener
(once / 567 pages)
n
A person whose hobby or job is growing flowers in a garden is called a gardener. If you want homegrown flowers and veggies, get to know a gardener.
If you grow vegetables professionally, you're called a farmer, but if you design, tend, or care for a flower garden, you're a gardener. Planting anything on a small scale, in your own backyard, also makes you a gardener. The word gardener was a common last name starting in the 13th century, from the Old French jardineor, and the Old North French gardin, "kitchen garden or orchard."
WORD FAMILY
gardener: gardeners+/ garden: gardened, gardener, gardening, gardens/gardening: gardenings
USAGE EXAMPLES
It will not be easy for the gardeners employed by cities to turn to more sustainable methods.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Tricia McCauley was a luminous actress, a master herbalist, a gardener, a yogi.
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
"He was a landscape gardener and was therefore probably able to dispose of the bodies."
BBC(Dec 25, 2016)
Back: n. 园丁，园艺家; 花匠; 菜农; 园艺爱好者
分布：园丁(84%)，花匠(16%)
US ['gɑ:r.dən.ɚ] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■someone who works in a garden, growing and taking care of plants 园艺工人；园丁；花匠
• I'm not much of a gardener (= not very good at taking care of my garden). 我不太擅长园艺。
n. 园丁；花匠；园艺家
 - groundskeeper, horticulturist

Word: antique
Front: antique
[ænˈti:k] (高研六托雅宝 5748/6477 -3)
Vocabulary: antique
(once / 216 pages)
adjnv
An antique is an old-fashioned thing, like a lamp from the sixties. Anything antique is old or at least old-ish.
When you see the word antique, you know you're not going to hear about anything new or young. An antique is a nice, old piece of furniture, that's usually been well taken care of and costs more than something new. Shopping for antiques is called antiquing. Outside of antique shops, calling anything antique means it's out-of-date and useless — so if you wanted to be mean, you could call your grandparents antiques.
WORD FAMILY
antique: antiquate, antiqued, antiquely, antiques, antiquing, antiquity +/antiquate: antiquated, antiquates, antiquating/ antiquity: antiquities
USAGE EXAMPLES
For many people, it’s less about general antiques and more about interest in one particular collection.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The antique maps of Connecticut’s largest city that previously adorned his office are back on the walls.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
The auction of legally obtained ivory antiques, under "strict supervision", will also be allowed after obtaining authorization.
Reuters(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 古老的，古代的; 过时的，古董的; 古时制造的; 古风的
n. 古玩，古董; 古风，古希腊和古罗马艺术风格
v. 仿古制作; 使显得古色古香; 寻觅古玩
时态：antiqued, antiquing, antiques
分布：古董(82%)，古老的(8%)，古代的(5%)，过时的(3%)，古物(2%)
古代的古物[anci,antiq=old,表示"古老"]
a.古式的,过时的n.有价值的古物,古董The antique is a fake.那古董是一件赝品.
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■something made in an earlier period and collected and valued because it is beautiful, rare, old or of high quality 古物；古器；古董；古玩
• You can't give away Granny's old bookcase - it's a valuable antique. 你不能把奶奶的旧书柜送人，那可是件值钱的古董啊。
• My mother collects antiques. 我母亲收藏古玩。
[æn'ti:k] adjective
 ADVANCED
■dealing in or relating to antiques 古玩的，古董的，从事古董买卖的
• an antique dealer 古玩商
• antique shops/markets/fairs/auctions 古董店／市场／交易会／拍卖
 ADVANCED
■made in an earlier period and valued for being beautiful, rare, old or of high quality 古物；古器；古董；古玩
• antique silver/jewellery/lace/furniture 古银器／珠宝／蕾丝／家俱
ancient, old, antique
这些形容词均含“古代的，古老的”之意。
ancient: 指很久以前发生或存在的事物。用于描述历史时，指远古时代。
old: 指长期以来一直存在着的事物，与times连用指古代，与days连用时指从前或旧社会。
antique: 指已经很古老或颇有古风的事物，一般都具有较高价值。
adj. 古老的，年代久远的；过时的， [古] 古董的；古风的，古式的
 - ancient, old
n. [古] 古董，古玩；古风，古希腊和古罗马艺术风格
 - curiosity, virtu

Word: Polish
Front: Polish
[ˈpɒlɪʃ] (高研四六托雅宝 5749/4344 -K2)
Back: v. 擦光; 磨光; 修改; 润色
n. 光泽剂，擦亮剂; 擦亮，磨光; 优美，优雅，精良
时态：polished, polishing, polishes
分布：擦亮(25%)，波兰的(14%)，波兰语(14%)，磨光(9%)，上光剂(8%)，光泽(8%)，完善(7%)，优雅(5%)，推敲(4%)，波兰人的(3%)，波兰语的(3%)
→来自古法语poliss-,装饰，擦亮，使整洁，来自拉丁语polire,装饰，使整洁，来自pel,推，击打，驱动，踩踏，词源同impel,compel,fuller(漂洗工，洗衣工)。
擦亮(pol擦亮+ish)[-ish 1.表形容词"像…一样,有的..."通常放在一具体名词后2.表动词"造成…"3.表示"国家的或语言"]
抛光,擦亮[pol=smooth(光滑)]
v.磨光,擦亮;使优美,润饰n.擦光剂,上光蜡In the company my companion accompanied me until I accomplished polishing the shoes.在公司里同伴陪着我直到我完成檫鞋(任务).
【记】源于polish（adj 波兰的）波兰人特别优雅
【反】gaucheness（n 笨拙；粗鲁）
US ['pɑ:.lɪʃ] verb transitive
■to rub something using a piece of cloth or brush to clean it and make it shine 擦，擦亮，磨光
• to polish the furniture 擦家俱
• Polish your shoes regularly to protect the leather. 定期擦拭你的鞋以保护皮革。
UK ['pɒl.ɪʃ] US ['pɑ:.lɪʃ] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] polish sth off informal
■to finish something quickly and easily, especially a lot of food or work 轻松解决；（尤指）匆匆做完（工作）；迅速吃光（大批食物）
• He polished off the whole pie. 他风卷残云般地吃掉了一整块馅饼。
• I polished off three essays in one week. 我在一周内赶写了三篇文章。
UK ['pɒl.ɪʃ] US ['pɑ:.lɪʃ] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] polish sth/sb off informal
■to defeat a competitor easily 轻易击败
• Arsenal polished off Chelsea 5-0 in Saturday's match. 阿森纳队在周六的比赛中以5：0干净俐落地击败了切尔西队。
UK ['pɒl.ɪʃ] US ['pɑ:.lɪʃ] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] polish sb off mainly US informal
■to kill someone 杀死（某人）
• He was accused of polishing off his former partner. 他被控杀死了以前的合伙人。
UK ['pɒl.ɪʃ] US ['pɑ:.lɪʃ] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] polish sth up
OBJECT
■to rub or brush an object to make it shine, especially a metal or wooden object 擦亮，磨光（尤指金属或木制品）
• Robert was polishing up some old silver candlesticks. 罗伯特在擦拭一些旧的银质烛台。
SKILL
■to improve a skill, especially when you have allowed it to become less good over a period of time 改进，提高（尤指长期荒废的技能）
• I really must polish up my Japanese before we visit Japan next year. 明年我们去日本前，我真得恶补一下我的日语。
UK ['pɒl.ɪʃ] US ['pɑ:.lɪʃ] noun
CLEANING 清洁
only singular
■when you clean something by rubbing it 磨光，擦亮
• I'll just give my shoes a quick polish. 我要把我的鞋很快地擦一擦。
countable or uncountable
■a cream or other substance that you use to clean something 上光剂，擦光油
• shoe/furniture/silver polish 鞋油／家俱上光漆／银光剂
UK ['pɒl.ɪʃ] US ['pɑ:.lɪʃ] noun
SKILL 优美
uncountable
■skill or quality 精巧；优美；精致
• It's a lively, good-hearted film but it lacks a little polish. 这部电影充满活力、用心良苦，只是缺乏一点点睛之笔。
• This is a musical with polish and wit. 这部音乐剧完美优雅而又富有机智风趣。
n. [机] 磨光，擦亮；上光剂，擦亮剂；优雅，精良
 - grace, buffing
vt. [机] 磨光，使发亮
 - furbish
adj. 波兰的
 - Polak

Word: sweeping
Front: sweeping
[ˈswi:pɪŋ] (托 5752/6856 -1)
Back: adj. 彻底的; 影响广泛的，全面的; 扫荡的，一网打尽的
v. 扫( sweep的现在分词)
n. 扫除; (pl.)垃圾
分布：扫除(50%)，广泛的(32%)，一扫而去的(8%)，凶猛的(5%)，动词sweep的现在分词.(5%)
adjective [before noun]
GENERAL 广泛的
■affecting many things or people; large 影响广泛的，大的
• It is obvious that sweeping changes are needed in the legal system. 显然，法制体系需要进行大刀阔斧的改革。
• We need to make sweeping cuts to our budget. 我们必须大幅削减预算。
sweeping statement/generalization disapproving
■something that you say or write that is too general and that has not been carefully thought about 泛泛之谈；一概而论的说法；过于笼统的概括：
• Sweeping generalizations about this complex and difficult situation are not helpful. 对这种复杂困难的情形作泛泛之谈是没有用的。
['swi:.pɪŋ] adjective [before noun]
WIN 获胜
■A sweeping win or victory is an easy or complete win 大获全胜，一举获胜，轻易获胜
• The party have failed to win the sweeping victory they expected. 这个党派没能如愿以偿地大获全胜。
n. 扫除；垃圾
 - refuse, garbage, junk
adj. 彻底的；广泛的；扫荡的
 - thorough, extensive, widespread, complete, radical
v. 打扫；扫除（sweep的现在分词形式）
 - scavenging

Word: dairy
Front: dairy
[ˈdeəri] (研四六托雅 5750/5628 -2)
Vocabulary: dairy
(once / 1065 pages)
n
A dairy is a farm that specializes in milk and products made from milk. Cheese, yogurt, cream, and ice cream are all things that might be produced at a dairy.
While one kind of dairy is a farm where cows or goats are kept and milked, other dairies focus only on making products from milk that farmers sell to them. These items themselves can also be called dairy products. Dairy comes from the Middle English daie, "dairy," which is rooted in the Old English dæge, "kneader of bread," or "female servant."
WORD FAMILY
dairy: dairies, dairying
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Bagleys bought their first 15 elk in the late 1990s, seeking to diversify their beef and dairy business.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
She started with goats and chickens, then eventually added dairy sheep.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Dairy operators said Heartland is the one of the few, if the only, option available for getting rid of manure.
Washington Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 牛奶场; 乳品店; 牛奶及乳品业
adj. 牛奶的; 奶制的; 乳品的; 乳品业的
分布：乳制品(69%)，牛奶场(11%)，乳制品的(9%)，乳品店(7%)，牛奶的(3%)，地方小店(1%)
→来自dheigh, 挤，捏，形成，词源同dough, fiction.-iry, 地名后缀。即挤奶的地方。
n.牛奶场,奶店On the impaired dairy the chairman lay in a pair of repaired chairs for haircut.在遭到损害的牛奶场,主席躺在一对修理过的椅子上理发.
US ['der.i] adjective
 ADVANCED
■used to refer to cows that are used for producing milk, rather than meat, or to foods which are made from milk, such as cream, butter and cheese 奶牛的；奶制品的，乳品的
• dairy cattle 奶牛
• dairy farmers 乳品场工人
• dairy products 奶制品
UK ['deə.ri] US ['der.i] noun countable
■a place on a farm where milk and cream are kept and cheese and butter are made, or a company which supplies milk and products made from milk 牛奶场，乳品场，制酪场；牛奶公司，奶制品公司
n. 奶制品；乳牛；制酪场； [食品] 乳品店；牛奶及乳品业
 - milker, milking cow
adj. [食品] 乳品的；牛奶的；牛奶制的；产乳的
 - milky

Word: skate
Front: skate
[skeɪt] (中高研四六 5756/12027 -2)
Back: vt. & vi. 溜冰，滑冰
n. 溜冰鞋
时态：skated, skating, skates
分布：滑冰(55%)，溜冰(33%)，冰鞋(12%)
→来自荷兰语 schaats,溜冰，滑冰，可能借自古英语 sceacan,摇摆，滑动，词源同 shake.
v.溜冰,滑冰n.冰鞋I've hatred for the hateful man's skates bought with prior private privilege.我对那个可恶男子用优先个人特权购买的冰鞋感到厌恶.
noun
BOOT 靴子
 ADVANCED countable (plural skates)
■a special boot with a thin metal bar fixed to the bottom that you wear to move quickly on ice, or a boot with four small wheels fixed to the bottom so that you can move over a hard surface 溜冰鞋；滑冰鞋
• a pair of ice skates 一双溜冰鞋
• a pair of roller skates 一双四轮溜冰鞋
[skeɪt] noun
FISH 鱼
countable or uncountable (plural skate or skates)
■a large flat sea fish, which can be eaten as food 鳐鱼（一种扁体海鱼，可食用）
[skeɪt] noun
get/put your skates on UK informal
■used when you want to tell someone to hurry up 快点，把握时间
• Get your skates on, or we'll be late. 快点，否则我们会迟到的。
[skeɪt] verb intransitive + adverb or preposition transitive
 ADVANCED
■to move, or make a particular movement on a surface, using skates 滑冰，溜冰
• The ice on the river is thick enough to skate on/across/over. 河上的冰够厚，可以在上面滑冰。
• Shall we go skating tomorrow? 我们明天去滑冰好吗？
[skeɪt] verb intransitive + adverb or preposition transitive
be skating on thin ice
■to be doing something risky or dangerous 如履薄冰；冒险
• He's skating on thin ice by lying to the police. 他向警方撒谎真是冒险之举。
[skeɪt] verb intransitive + adverb or preposition transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  skate over/round/around sth
■to avoid dealing completely with something or to fail to pay enough attention to it 对…一带而过；对…轻描淡写
• Providing homeless people with somewhere to stay when the weather is cold only skates round the problem, it doesn't solve it. 只在天冷的时候才为无家可归者提供住处，这只是治标不治本的做法，并不能真正解决问题。
• I didn't understand what the teacher said about prepositions, because she only skated over it. 我不明白老师所讲的关于介词的内容，因为她只是稍微带过讲了一下。
vi. 滑冰；滑过
 - ice skating, ice-skate
n. 溜冰；冰鞋
 - ice-skating

Word: manipulation
Front: manipulation
[məˌnɪpjʊ'leɪʃn] (5754/5744)
Vocabulary: manipulation
(once / 2035 pages)
n
Manipulation is the skillful handling, controlling or using of something or someone. Whether it's the sculpture you made in art class or how you convinced your friend to do your homework — both are considered manipulation.
From the Latin word for "handful," manipulation certainly has much to do with using your hands to move or shape something, like a good DJ manipulating two totally different tunes into the perfect mashup. But this word also has some negative connotations — a manipulative person knows how to twist words, play on emotions and otherwise manage a situation in a sneaky fashion to get what he wants.
WORD FAMILY
manipulation: manipulations+/manipulable: manipulability/ manipulate: manipulable, manipulated, manipulates, manipulating, manipulation, manipulative, manipulator/ manipulative: manipulatively/manipulator: manipulators
USAGE EXAMPLES
Individuals respond differently to diet manipulations — low-carbohydrate or low-calorie diets, for example — and to exercise and weight-loss drugs, among other interventions.
New York Times(May 02, 2016)
He describes the Hollywood-set film as “all shadow work, paranoia, fear, conspiracy, manipulation and poison.”
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
To the contrary, free markets frequently teem with manipulation, exploitation and deception.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. （熟练的）操作; 操纵; 控制; （对账目等的）伪造
分布：操纵(83%)，控制(15%)，篡改(2%)
noun countable or uncountable
INFLUENCE 影响 mainly disapproving
■controlling someone or something to your own advantage, often unfairly or dishonestly 操纵（为了个人利益而控制某人或某事，尤指利用不公平或不诚实的方式）
• They have been accused of fraud and stock market manipulations. 他们被控欺诈和操纵股市。
• There's been so much media manipulation of the facts that nobody knows the truth of the matter. 媒体操控得太厉害，没有人知道事情的真相。
• The opposition party claims the president returned to power through political manipulation. 反对党声称总统透过政治操纵重新执政。
[məˌnɪp.jʊ'leɪ.ʃən] noun countable or uncountable
BODY TREATMENT 身体护理
■treatment of a part of the body using the hands 推拿（运用双手来治疗身体某一部分的不适）
• Osteopathy involves massage and manipulation of the bones and joints. 整骨术包括对骨头和关节进行按摩和推拿。
n. 操纵；操作；处理；篡改
 - operation, transactions, management, settlement, disposal, treatment

Word: wit
Front: wit
[wɪt] (研四六托雅宝 5755/5013 -2)
Vocabulary: wit
(once / 104 pages)
n
Wit is brainpower or mental ability, or the person who possesses such ability, especially when it's used humorously.
When we are scared out of our wits, we — figuratively, anyway — lose for a moment our mental faculties. When we are at our wits' end, we have run out of ideas or possible solutions to a frustrating situation. When we outwit someone, we make the smarter decision. Historical figures known for their wit include Voltaire, Oscar Wilde, and Mark Twain.
WORD FAMILY
wit: witless, wits, witticism, witty +/ witless: witlessly/ witticism: witticisms/ witty: wittier, wittiest, wittily, wittiness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Survival in England’s top flight is more than a battle of wits, or even money; it is a war of information.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Like Canada itself, the gray jay is a pleasant surprise, comforting for its lack of pushiness and dramatics, endearing for its wit and poise.
Slate(Dec 30, 2016)
And while both are leavened with wit, they are fundamentally serious plays.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 机智; 才智，智慧; 富有机智的人; 打趣话，玩笑话
分布：机智(47%)，才智(22%)，风趣(20%)，智力(7%)，即(4%)
→来自weid,看，知道，词源同visit,wise。引申词义见多思广，智慧。
n.智力,才智,智慧The accident scared me out of my wits.那次意外吓得我惊慌失措.
【反】dullard（n 愚人）
noun
HUMOUR 幽默
 ADVANCED [S or U]
■the ability to use words in a clever and humorous way （说话的）幽默风趣
• a woman of great intelligence and wit 非常聪明且说话风趣的女人
• Her conversation sparkled with her own subtle blend of wit and charm. 她的谈话透着她特有的难以言传的风趣与魅力。
• He was known for his dry / ready / sharp wit. 他以言辞尖刻而闻名。
⇒ See also wits;witticism
countable
■a person who is skilled at using words in a clever and humorous way 说话风趣的人
• Sydney Smith, a notable wit, once remarked that he never read a book before he reviewed it because it might prejudice his opinion of it. 悉尼‧史密斯，一个风趣出了名的家伙，曾说过他从来不在评论一部书之前去读它，因为这样会让他对这部书产生偏见。
[wɪt] noun
INTELLIGENCE 机智
wits [plural]
■intelligence and the ability to think quickly 机智；头脑
• She learned to survive on her wits. 她学会了靠自己的头脑生存。
[wɪt] noun
frighten/scare sb out of their wits (also frighten/scare the wits out of sb)
■to make someone very frightened 把（某人）吓得魂不附体
• Don't shout like that! You scared me out of my wits. 别那么大喊大叫！你都吓死我了。
[wɪt] noun
gather your wits literary
■to make an effort to become calm and think more clearly 镇静下来
• I spent the five-minute break between games gathering my wits and rethinking my strategy for the second half of the match. 我利用中场休息的五分钟镇静下来，并重新思考下半场比赛的战术。
[wɪt] noun
have/keep (all) your wits about you
■to be ready to think quickly in a situation and react to things that you are not expecting 保持头脑冷静；随机应变
• Cycling is potentially very dangerous in London - you have to keep your wits about you. 在伦敦骑脚踏车可能会非常危险——你必须保持头脑清醒。
[wɪt] noun
not be beyond the wit of man / sb humorous
■to be possible to achieve 没有超出人／某人的才智范围；可以实现
• It shouldn't be beyond the wit of man to arrange for them both to be there at the same time. 安排他们同时到达那里应该可以办到。
[wɪt] noun
to wit formal
■used to make clearer or more particular something that you have already said 就是；即
• Several pieces of major legislation have been introduced in the US over the past few years, to wit: the Americans With Disabilities Act, the Clean Air Act and the Civil Rights Act. 过去几年里已经有好几项重大立法在美国推行，即《美国残障法案》、《净化空气法案》和《民权法案》。
mind, intellect, intelligence, brains, wit, wisdom
这些名词均有“智力，智慧”之意。
mind: 使用广泛，无褒贬之意。强调诸如认识、记忆、思考、决定等的智慧功能。
intellect: 侧重不受感情或意志左右的冷静思考或领悟能力。
intelligence: 指处理或对付问题或情况的特殊才智；也指运用、展开智慧的能力。
brain: (多用复数brains)强调理解能力和独立的或者首创性的思维能力。
wit: 指先天的才能、智力、意识等，隐含小聪明意味。
wisdom: 较文雅，也可指明智的言行。
intellect, wit, wisdom, mind, brain, intelligence
这组词都有“智力，智慧”的意思，其区别是：
intellect: 侧重不受感情或意志左右的冷静思考或领悟能力。
wit: 指先天的才能、智力、意识等，隐含小聪明意味。
wisdom: 较文雅，也可指明智的言行。
mind: 使用广泛，无褒贬之意。强调诸如认识、记忆、思考、决定等的智慧功能。
brain: (多用复数brains)强调理解能力和独立的或者首创性的思维能力。
intelligence: 指处理或对付问题或情况的特殊才智；也指运用、展开智慧的能力。
n. 智慧；才智；智力
 - wisdom, intelligence, brain, mind, mentality

Word: legitimacy
Front: legitimacy
[lɪ'dʒɪtɪməsɪ] (5759/7362)
Vocabulary: legitimacy
(once / 3777 pages)
n
The noun legitimacy means authenticity. If you found an old copy of the Gettysburg Address in your grandmother's attic, you'd have to question its legitimacy when you realized it was written on the back of a car advertisement.
Legitimacy comes from the Latin verb legitimare, which means lawful. Legitimacy, then, refers to something that is legal because it meets the specific requirements of the law. The legitimacy of various countries' presidential elections is often discussed, with monitors keeping track of the voting procedures to make sure they follow all the necessary rules.
WORD FAMILY
legitimacy: legitimacies+/illegitimacy: illegitimacies/ illegitimate: illegitimacy, illegitimately, illegitimates/ legitimate: illegitimate, legitimacy, legitimated, legitimately, legitimates, legitimating, legitimation, legitimatise, legitimatize, legitimise, legitimize /legitimatise: legitimatised, legitimatises, legitimatising/legitimatize: legitimatized, legitimatizes, legitimatizing/legitimise: legitimised, legitimises, legitimising/ legitimize: legitimized, legitimizes, legitimizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
“It provides both time and legitimacy for an effective response.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
If the instability proves “transitional” it may lead to a process that brings any new government domestic and international legitimacy.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
In contrast, Trump questions the legitimacy of political institutions and the reality of facts in a manner that European populists do not.
Salon(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 合法（性），正统（性）; 合理
分布：合法(81%)，正当(11%)，合理(8%)
US [-'dʒɪtˌ-] noun uncountable
■the quality of being legal or acceptable 合法性；合理性
• The government expressed serious doubts about the legitimacy of military action. 政府对军事行动的合法性表示强烈怀疑。
n. 合法；合理；正统
 - legality, reasonableness

Word: curse
Front: curse
[kɜ:s] (研四六雅 5761/6677 -2)
Vocabulary: curse
(once / 133 pages)
1nv 2nv 3v
When you curse, you say words you wouldn't want your mother or your priest to hear you saying. A curse can also be wishing something awful on someone, like the witch who puts a curse on Sleeping Beauty.
When you hear "maledizione!" in an Italian opera, somebody's having a curse placed on them. The Italian word tells you just what a curse is — it's a "bad saying" — a really bad saying. Like "May you and all your family have nothing but Brussels sprouts to eat forever and ever!" That would be a curse. As a verb, the act of cursing will lead to getting your mouth washed out with soap.
WORD FAMILY
curse: cursed, curses, cursing+/cursed: cursedest, cursedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
An angry crowd cursed the government, even after a representative of Mr. Sadr tried to calm them.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
That’s a curse for companies that aim at a mass market, America’s traditional strength.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
He banned cursing and reprimanded coaches who broke the rule.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 诅咒; 咒骂; 使苦恼，使困苦; 把（某人）逐出教门
n. 诅咒; 咒语; 祸害，祸因; 咒逐，逐出教门
时态：cursed, cursing, curses
分布：诅咒(81%)，咒骂(17%)，使受罪(1%)，祸端(1%)
→词源不详。
n.诅咒,咒语,祸因vt.诅咒,咒骂,使受罪In church the nurse cursed the people pursuing the purple purse.在教堂里,护士诅咒了追求紫色钱包的人们.
【记】cur流氓，se色：se的流氓，这种流氓应该咒死他！
US [kɝ:s] verb
SPEAK ANGRILY 生气地说
intransitive or transitive
■to say a word or an expression which is not polite and shows that you are very angry 诅咒，咒骂；骂人
• We could hear him cursing and swearing as he tried to get the door open. 我们听到他一边努力想把门打开，一边骂骂咧咧。
• I could curse her for losing my key! 她弄丢了我的锁匙，我真想咒骂她！
UK [kɜ:s] US [kɝ:s] verb
PERFORM MAGIC 施魔法
transitive
■to say magic words which are intended to bring bad luck to someone 咒语，诅咒，魔咒
• Things were going so badly - it was as if I'd been cursed. 事情这么不顺利——我好像被施了魔咒。
UK [kɜ:s] US [kɝ:s] noun
MAGIC 魔法
countable
■magic words which are intended to bring bad luck to someone 咒语，诅咒，魔咒
• In the story, a wicked witch put a curse on the princess for 100 years. 故事中，一个邪恶的女巫给公主施了一百年才能破解的咒语。
UK [kɜ:s] US [kɝ:s] noun
TROUBLE 麻烦
countable
■a cause of trouble and unhappiness 祸根，祸因；祸害
• Noise is the curse of modern city life. 噪音是困扰现代城市生活的因素。
UK [kɜ:s] US [kɝ:s] noun
BLOOD 血液
the curse only singular old-fashioned informal
■a woman's period (= flow of blood each month) 月经，例假
UK [kɜ:s] US [kɝ:s] noun
ANGRY WORD 骂人的话
countable
■a rude word or phrase 诅咒，咒骂，骂人的话
n. 诅咒；咒骂
 - oath, anathema
vt. 诅咒；咒骂
 - drat, beshrew
vi. 诅咒；咒骂
 - swear at, Curse of Lola

Word: Saudi
Front: Saudi
['sɔ:di; sɑ:'u:di; 'saudi] (5753/6784)
Back: n. 沙乌地阿拉伯人
adj. 沙乌地阿拉伯（人或语）的
分布：沙特阿拉伯(52%)，沙特阿拉伯的(18%)，沙特阿拉伯人(18%)，沙特阿拉伯人的(12%)
noun countable adjective
■Saudi 沙乌地阿拉伯人／沙乌地阿拉伯的

Word: fabulous
Front: fabulous
[ˈfæbjələs] (研雅宝 5757/7086 -2)
Vocabulary: fabulous
(once / 1230 pages)
1adj 2adj
If something is so great you can hardly believe it, it is fabulous. You can have a fabulous first date or you can make a fabulous dinner.
These days, fabulous things are mainly wonderful things, but there's another meaning related to fable: some fabulous things can't — or at least shouldn't — be believed. If you friend claims to be a personal friend of the entire Chicago Bulls, but has never been to Chicago, that's a fabulous story that's probably not true. Also, any story involving a unicorn or wizard is fabulous in a literal sense. A great fantasy story would be fabulous in every way.
WORD FAMILY
fabulous: fabulously+/ fable: fables, fabulist, fabulous / fabulist: fabulists
USAGE EXAMPLES
The fast-paced opening sequence of Stephen Fry’s fabulous adaptation of Evelyn Waugh’s “Vile Bodies” features a divinely decadent costume party titled “Inferno.”
Salon(Dec 31, 2016)
“And I thought that this white girl is so fabulous that black people will embrace her and white people will embrace her.”
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Williams is famous for her short stories, which are full of strange, witty, fabulous, and often eccentric turns of phrase.
The New Yorker(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 极好的，极妙的; （美貌）惊人的; 寓言般的; 难以置信的
分布：极好的(54%)，巨大的(30%)，传说中的(16%)
→来自fable, 故事，寓言。引申义绝妙的，童话般的。
传说的;难以置信的(fabul+ous→像寓言一样的)[fabl,fabul=speak,表示"讲,说"]
a.极好的;极为巨大的;寓言中的,传说中的He is a fabulous figure.他是个传奇式的人物.
【记】fable（n 寓言）－寓言的－难以置信的，传说的
adjective
GOOD 好的
■very good; excellent 极好的；绝佳的
• She looked absolutely fabulous in her dress. 她穿着这条连身裙看起来漂亮极了。
• They've got a fabulous apartment in the centre of Paris. 他们在巴黎市中心有一间极佳的公寓。
• We had a fabulous time at the party. 我们在聚会上玩得很痛快。
['fæb.jʊ.ləs] adjective
NOT REAL 不真实的
■imaginary, not existing in real life 虚构的，想像的，虚幻的
• The unicorn is a fabulous creature. 独角兽是一种实际上并不存在的动物。
adj. 难以置信的；传说的，寓言中的；极好的
 - wonderful, excellent, famous, super, great

Word: resignation
Front: resignation
[ˌrezɪgˈneɪʃn] (四六雅宝 5762/3144 -3)
Vocabulary: resignation
(once / 422 pages)
1n 2n
Resignation can mean either stepping down from a job or accepting an unpleasant but inevitable situation. You could even feel resignation as you announce your resignation.
Once you've announced or handed in your formal resignation to a job, organization, or political office, you're finished. You've formally quit or stepped down. If you've left the position due to budget cuts, you'll probably leave with a feeling of resignation — acknowledging that there's absolutely nothing you can do about it.
WORD FAMILY
resignation: resignations+/ resign: resignation, resigned, resignedly, resigning, resigns
USAGE EXAMPLES
Such resignation points to the reform that is truly needed.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But Taiwanese are starting to understand the impacts of displaying Nazi symbols, Yarden says, pointing to the presidential apology and the school principal’s resignation offer.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It’s a plead, a protest, a refutation, a resignation, and many other things.
The New Yorker(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 辞职; 辞职书; 顺从; 听从
分布：辞职(81%)，辞呈(15%)，顺从(4%)
→来自 resign,辞职。
辞职;听天由命[sign=mark表示"记号,信号"]
辞职;听从(re后退+sign签字...辞去职位)[-ion 1.表名词"动作或状态“2.表示"某种物,用品"]
noun
JOB 工作
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■when someone tells their employer that they are leaving their job 辞职；辞去（职务）；放弃（工作）
• There have been calls for his resignation. 一直有人要求他辞职。
• I handed in/gave in/sent in my resignation this morning. 我今天上午提交了辞职信。
[ˌrez.ɪg'neɪ.ʃən] noun
ACCEPTING 顺从
uncountable
■when you accept something that you do not like because you cannot easily change it 听任；顺从
• They received the news with resignation. 消息传来，他们听天由命接受了一切。
n. 辞职；放弃；辞职书；顺从
 - compliance, demission

Word: intersection
Front: intersection
[ˌɪntəˈsekʃn] (研六托雅 5760/11897)
Vocabulary: intersection
(once / 2846 pages)
n
An intersection is a point where two lines or streets cross.
There are two places you're most likely to find intersections: in math class and in traffic. In math, an intersection is the spot where two lines cross. Those lines share this common point. The center of the letter X is an intersection. The same is true for streets: the intersection of Clark and Huron is where those streets cross. From the intersection, you can choose to travel down either street. When you're trying to get somewhere, it's helpful to know the major intersections.
WORD FAMILY
intersection: intersections+/ intersect: intersected, intersecting, intersection, intersects/intersecting: nonintersecting/ sect: intersect, sectarian, sectarist, sects/ sectarian: nonsectarian, sectarianism, sectarians, unsectarian/sectarianism: sectarianisms/sectarist: sectarists
USAGE EXAMPLES
The barriers will be placed at more than 50 intersections along the route.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The security sources told the BBC that Monday's attack targeted daily labourers waiting for work at the 55th intersection in Sadr City.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Lewis and Clark County Deputy Coroner Heather Tupper says authorities responded to the discovery at an intersection about two blocks south of Forestvale Cemetery.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 横断，横切; 交叉，相交; 交叉点，交叉线; [数]交集
分布：十字路口(59%)，交集(24%)，交叉点(17%)
→来自intersect,交叉，横穿。
横切;交叉(inter+sect+ion)[Sect,seg=cut,divide,表示"切,割"]
n.相交,交叉;道路交叉口,十字路口
US [-tˌɚ-] noun
LINES 线
countable or uncountable
■when two lines cross, or the point where this happens （两条线的）相交；交点
• The intersection of the lines on the graph marks the point where we start to make a profit. 图上几条线的交点就是我们开始赚取盈利的地方。
UK [ˌɪn.tə'sek.ʃən] US [-tˌɚ-] noun
ROADS 路
countable mainly US
■the place where two or more roads join or cross each other 交叉路口；十字路口
• a busy intersection 繁忙的十字路口
• Turn right at the next intersection. 在下个十字路口向右转。
n. 交叉； [交] 十字路口；交集；交叉点
 - junction, chiasm

Word: whisper
Front: whisper
[ˈwɪspə(r)] (高研四六宝 2446/2623 -K3)
Vocabulary: whisper
(once / 61 pages)
nv
Psst! When you speak very quietly, so that hardly anyone can hear, you're whispering, or speaking in a whisper.
A whisper is the opposite of a shout. When teachers talk about using your outside voice (when you're outside) and your inside voice (for speaking normally), the whisper is even quieter than the inside voice. This word can apply to other sounds too: you could say the wind is whispering. Whispers really do sound a lot like "Psst psst psst" to anyone who can't hear the exact words. You're likely to hear a lot of whispering in the library.
WORD FAMILY
whisper: whispered, whisperer, whispering, whispers+/whispered: self-whispered, whisperedly/whisperer: whisperers/whispering: whisperingly, whisperings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Morgan and Huth are whispering to one another about something.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Whispers persist that Moore, who led the team in tackles his first three seasons, is considering the NFL.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Even then, there were already whispers about the talent and potential from Ramczyk on the scout team.
Seattle Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: vt. 低声说; 私语; 密谈，密谋坏事; 私下说
vi. 沙沙地响; 耳语; 密谈
n. 低语，耳语; 飒飒声; [医]嗫音; 传闻
时态：whispered, whispering, whispers
分布：耳语(39%)，低语(23%)，私语(15%)，窃窃私语(9%)，低声说(7%)，飒飒地响(5%)，飒飒的声音(2%)
→拟声词。
v.耳语;私下说,偷偷告诉n.耳语;传闻The whistler whispered, "Which is rich?"鸣笛者低语道:"哪一个富有?"
US [-pɚ] verb
SPEAK 讲话
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to speak very quietly, using thebreath but not the voice, so that only the person close to you can hearyou 小声说话；低语；耳语
• Sheleaned over and whispered something in his ear. 她俯身对他耳语了些甚么。
• What are you twogirls whispering about? 你们两个女孩子在窃窃私语些甚么？
• [+ speech] "Where are the toilets?" she whispered. “洗手间在哪里？”她低声问道。
• It's rude towhisper! 窃窃私语是不礼貌的！
UK ['wɪs.pər] US [-pɚ] verb
SUGGEST 迹象
[+ that]
■to suggest privately that somethingmight be true 私下里说；传闻
• People are whispering that she's going to retire next year. 人们私下里说她明年要退休了。
UK ['wɪs.pər] US [-pɚ] noun
SPEECH 说话
countable
■a way of speaking very quietly, using the breath butnot the voice, so that only the person close to you can hear you 小声说话；低语；耳语
• I heard whispersoutside my room. 我听见有人在我房间外窃窃私语。
• She said it in a whisperso I presumed it wasn't common knowledge. "You see," she said, lowering hervoice to a whisper, "he hasn't been well recently." 她说这件事时声音很小，所以我推断并不是人人都知道。“你知道，”她说着就把声音压得很低，“他最近身体一直不太好。”
only singular literary
■a soft, lownoise 沙沙声；飒飒声
• Thesilence was broken only by the whisper of theleaves in the gentle breeze. 这片寂静被微风吹拂树叶的沙沙声打破了。
UK ['wɪs.pər] US [-pɚ] noun
SUGGESTION 迹象
countable
■a suggestion or piece of information that you hearprivately from someone 传闻；私下的议论
• I've heard a whisper that they're heading for divorce. 我听人们私下里说他们要离婚。
whisper, mutter, murmur
这组词都有“低语”的意思，其区别是：
whisper: 通常指耳语、窃窃私语。
mutter: 多指别人不易听到的低语。
murmur: 通常指人、微风或小溪等的低沉、柔和或连续的声音。
n. 私语；谣传；飒飒的声音
 - aside
vi. 耳语；密谈；飒飒地响
 - collogue

Word: sum
Front: sum
[sʌm] (研四六托 3843/1671 -K3)
Vocabulary: sum
(once / 94 pages)
nv
When you determine the sum, you add up all the numbers. When you sum something up, you focus on all of its important points.
The word sum can also refer to a certain amount of money. A new car might cost you a huge sum of money. But if you sum or add up all its benefits, you might be able to justify spending so much. You calculate the total on a restaurant bill when you sum up the prices of everything you ordered. Sum doesn't have to refer strictly to numbers. When you sum something up, you're giving an overview or general statement about it.
WORD FAMILY
sum: summate, summation, summed, summing, sums+/summate: summated, summating/ summation: summational, summations
USAGE EXAMPLES
Last week, a survey for Uswitch suggested that consumers will carry an average outstanding sum of £636 on their credit cards into the New Year.
BBC(Jan 03, 2017)
“We worked so hard throughout the season, it just sums it all up,” Schmidt said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Some poor families spend large sums on expensive creams to fight the disease.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 总数; 算术; 金额; 概略，要点
vt. & vi. 总计; 总结，概括; 归纳
时态：summed, summing, sums
分布：总结(48%)，概括(15%)，总数(11%)，金额(9%)，归纳(8%)，总计(5%)，要点(4%)
→来自拉丁语 summa,阴性形式于 summus,最高的，最上面的，缩写自 sup-mos-,最上面的， 构成 super 的最高级形式，-m,最高级后缀，词源同 maximum,minimum.后形容词作名词使用， 引申词义最高点及相关词义。
总计,和[sum,summ=addup,表示"总,加"]
n.总数,和;金额;算术题;要旨v.合计,总计The sum of the hammers is made in the summer summary.锤子总额在夏季总结里作了统计.
noun
AMOUNT OF MONEY 钱数
 ESSENTIAL countable
■an amount of money 金额
• Huge sums of money are spent on national defence. 巨额的钱财都投入到国防上。
• He'll get £50 000 from the company when he retires, which is a tidy (= large) sum. 他退休的时候会从公司拿到五万英镑，这可不是一个小数目。
• humorous I worked for three whole weeks for which I received the princely (= very low) sum of $100. 我整整工作了三周，却只得到可怜兮兮的100美元。
[sʌm] noun
CALCULATION 计算
countable
■a calculation, especially a simple one, using such processes as adding, subtracting, multiplying or dividing （尤指运用加减乘除的简单）计算，算术
• I remember how much I hated doing sums when I was at school. 我记得我上学的时候非常讨厌算术。
[sʌm] noun
TOTAL 总数
only singular
■the whole number or amount when two or more numbers or amounts have been added together 总数，总和
• The sum of thirteen and eight is twenty-one. 13加8等于21。
in sum formal
■considered as a whole 总的来说，总而言之，总之
• The meeting was, in sum, a disaster. 总而言之，这次会议糟糕透了。
the sum of sth
■all of something 全部…，所有…
• I'm afraid that's the pitiful sum of my knowledge on the subject! 恐怕我对这个学科的了解总共就那么一点点！
[sʌm] noun
get / have your sums right / wrong mainly UK
■to calculate the cost of something correctly/wrongly 正确／错误地计算费用
• I must confess that I got my sums wrong - the house extension is costing a lot more than I expected. 我必须承认我算错了帐——房子的扩建费用大大超出我的预期。
[sʌm] verb (-mm-)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] sum (sth/sb) up
 ADVANCED
■to describe or express the important facts or characteristics about something or someone 总结，概述，概括
• The best way of summing up the situation in our office is to say that it is 'absolute chaos'. 一言以蔽之，我们办公室的情况“完全是一团糟”。
• I'd just like to sum up by saying that it's been a tremendous pleasure to work with you. 总之，跟您合作真是一大乐事。
• He's a small man with a big ego - that about sums him up, doesn't it? 他是个自高自大的小个子男人——这样概括他差不多吧?
[sʌm] verb (-mm-)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] sum sth/sb up
■An action or object which sums something or someone up represents the most typical qualities of that person or thing 代表，体现
• For me, her paintings sum up the restless spirit of America. 在我看来，她的画集中表现了自强不息的美国精神。
■to quickly form an opinion about someone or something 对…迅速作出判断
• She summed up the situation quickly and took charge. 她很快对形势作出判断并开始主持工作。
[sʌm] verb (-mm-)
  Phrasal Verbs  sum up
■When a judge sums up towards the end of a trial, he or she makes a speech to the jury telling them again of the main matters they should consider in the case. （审理结束前法官向陪审团）作案件总结，作结案陈词 summing-up /ˌsʌm.ɪŋˈʌp] noun countable
amount, sum, number, quantity
这组词都有“总数、总量”的意思，其区别是：
amount: 普通用词，与quantity近义，但强调整体，指把所有数量、重量及度量归并在一起得出的总数。
sum: 普通用词，指简单加算的结果。
number: 普通用词，指人或物的数目，强调数的概念。
quantity: 书面用词，指事物的总量和总数量，侧重大批计量，含准确测量的意味。
total, whole, sum
这组词都有“总数、全体”的意思，其区别是：
total: 指总量之大，强调每一构成部分或成分均被计算在内。
whole: 着重其中没有部分或成分被忽略不计。
sum: 指两个或更多的数目相加的总和。
n. 金额； [数] 总数
 - total, gross
vi. 概括
 - recapitulate, gather up
vt. 总结；合计
 - summarize, tally up

Word: reconciliation
Front: reconciliation
[.rekənsɪli'eɪʃ(ə)n] (托 5765/6542)
Vocabulary: reconciliation
(once / 728 pages)
n
Reconciliation is the act of getting two things to be compatible with one another. You might have a reconciliation with a former enemy, or your mom might call for a reconciliation between your spending habits and your diminishing bank account.
If you want to do something on Friday night, but your friend is trying to save money, going to a free art gallery opening would be a reconciliation of both your desires. Reconciliation can also mean the reestablishment of civil relations after a conflict. If you and your friend got into an argument over what to do Friday night, you’d need to have a reconciliation before you go hang out.
WORD FAMILY
reconciliation: reconciliations+/ irreconcilable: irreconcilably/reconcilable: irreconcilable, unreconcilable/ reconcile: reconcilable, reconciled, reconciler, reconciles, reconciliation, reconciling/ reconciled: unreconciled/reconciler: reconcilers/reconciling: reconcilingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Mothers and daughters who watched them on Oprah saw a mutuality in their regard for one another, and reconciliation in their rapport.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
“Societal reconciliation is the appropriate answer to Daesh,” he said recently.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Other problems included delays in reconciling bank accounts and failing to update policy governing bank reconciliations.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 和解，调停; 一致; 服从，顺从; 和谐
分布：和解(91%)，调和(9%)
【记】源于：reconcile（v 使和解），re反复，conciliate（v 安慰）－反复安慰双方－和解
【反】estrangement（n 疏远）；rift（n 裂缝；不和）
noun
countable or uncountable
■when two people or groups of people become friendly again after they have argued 和解；和好；修好
• It took hours of negotiations to bring about a reconciliation between the two sides. 双方谈了好几个小时才达成和解。
uncountable
■the process of making two opposite beliefs, ideas or situations agree 调和；和谐；一致
n. 和解；调和；和谐；甘愿
 - coordination, accordance, harmony, concert

Word: impairment
Front: impairment
[ɪmˈpeəmənt] (5768/9264)
Vocabulary: impairment
(once / 8801 pages)
n
An impairment prevents someone from doing something, like how blindness is an impairment to seeing. An impairment can also be any change for the worse.
People with impairments have trouble doing something. If you have a hearing impairment, you can’t hear very well. If you have a taste impairment, you can’t enjoy flavors. If you bump your head and can’t remember your name, you’re suffering a mental impairment. Some impairments are temporary. If you sprain your ankle, it will heal, but you'll have to live with the impairment for awhile. Losing your job is an impairment to your career and finances. Impairments make things more difficult.
WORD FAMILY
impairment: impairments+/ impair: impaired, impairer, impairing, impairment, impairs/ impaired: unimpaired/impairer: impairers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Nevada law carries equal penalties for alcohol or drug impairment.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
The two men resided in a ward at Sunrise of Alexandria for people with memory impairment or dementia.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
He pointed to a system tied more to economics than to physical impairments.
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 损害，损伤
分布：损伤(100%)
→来自impair,损伤，伤害。
N-VAR
损害；损伤；障碍
If someone has an impairment, they have a condition which prevents their eyes, ears, or brain from working properly.
例：He has a visual impairment in the right eye.他右眼视力有损伤。
n. 损伤，损害
 - harm, damage, damnification

Word: Latino
Front: Latino
[læ'tiːnəʊ] (5048/- -1)
Vocabulary: Latino
(once / 4124 pages)
1nadj 2n
A Latino is someone from a Latin American country. You can also describe anything related to a Spanish-speaking country as Latino.
A Latino — or Latina — is someone from a Latin American country. Latinos come from Mexico, Peru, Panama, Colombia, Brazil, Nicaragua, Cuba, Costa Rica, and other countries south of the United States. This word has a related meaning, which is similar to Hispanic. Anyone or anything from a Spanish-speaking country or culture is also Latino. For example, music by Mexican-Americans is sometimes called Latino music.
WORD FAMILY
Latino: Latinos
USAGE EXAMPLES
U.S.-born Latinos typically are bilingual or speak mostly English and are inclined to watch TV in English — if they watch at all.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But he ended up winning 29% of the Latino vote.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Some of the wilder theories floating around suggest the entire abduction was a hoax, perhaps to spread scare stories about the local Latino community.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 拉丁美洲的；拉丁美洲人的
n. 拉丁美洲人
n. (Latino)人名；(意、葡)拉蒂诺
分布：拉丁美洲人(72%)，拉丁美洲人的(28%)
→来自Latin,拉丁人，-o,表阳性，见amigo.
US [-noʊ] (plural Latinos) mainly US
noun countable
■someone who lives in the US and who comes from or whose family comes from Latin America （生活在美国的）拉丁美洲人，拉丁美洲后裔

Word: deed
Front: deed
[di:d] (高研四六宝 5766/4742 -1)
Vocabulary: deed
(once / 114 pages)
n
A deed is an action that you perform with intent, like turning in a lost wallet you find in a store. Definitely a good deed.
The word deed is often used to describe acts of charity but an action doesn’t have to be good to be called a deed — people go to jail for their criminal deeds. Either way, a deed is something done on purpose. It could be difficult, as anyone who after breaking up with a boyfriend or girlfriend later told friends, "I did the deed," will know. An unrelated meaning of deed is a legal document that shows who owns a building or land.
WORD FAMILY
deed: deeds, misdeed +/ misdeed: misdeeds
USAGE EXAMPLES
His good deed didn’t set in until the end of the day, he said.
Washington Times(Dec 28, 2016)
In Cook County, voters decided on Nov. 8 to merge the recorder of deeds office into the county clerk’s office.
Washington Times(Dec 27, 2016)
“We only call on good deeds and prohibit depravity,” he said.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 25, 2016)
Back: n. 行为; 行动; <律>契约; 证书
v. 立契转让
分布：行为(76%)，事迹(14%)，立契转让(10%)
→来自dhe, 做，树立，放置，词源同do, fact. 用于指行为，契约。
n.行为,行动;功绩,事迹;证书;契据We need reed needles to speed the deed indeed.我们确实需要一些芦苇针来加快行动.
noun countable
ACTION 行为
■an intentional act, especially a very bad or very good one （尤指很坏或很好的）事情，行为
• It seems to me that a lot of evil deeds are done in the name of religion. 在我看来，很多坏事都是打着宗教旗帜的。
• She's always helping people and doing other good deeds. 她总是帮助别人，经常做好事。
[di:d] noun countable
DOCUMENT 文件 legal
■a legal document which is an official record of an agreement or official proof of ownership of land or of a building （土地或建筑的）契约，所有权证书
operation, deed, performance, action, act
这组词都有“行为、行动”的意思，其区别是：
operation: 多指一连串行动或行为的完成方式。
deed: 较庄重用词，除泛指各种行为外，还可用于指某种高尚或伟大的行为，故常译作“功绩，业绩”。
performance: 主要指行动的方式方法。
action: 普通用词，着重行动的过程。
act: 一般指具体的、短暂的或个别的行为，强调行为的完成及其效果。
n. 行动；证书； [法] 契据
 - action, letter, certificate, act

Word: culturally
Front: culturally
['kʌltʃərəlɪ] (5763/10304)
Back: adv. 从文化角度; 文化意义上; 从人文学角度; 人文学方面
分布：文化地(50%)，人文地(50%)
ADJ
文化的;与文化有关的
Cultural means relating to a particular society and its ideas, customs, and art.
例：...a deep sense of personal honor which was part of his cultural heritage.他所继承的文化传统中强烈的个人荣誉感
例：...the Rajiv Gandhi Foundation which promotes cultural and educational exchanges between Britain and India.促进英国和印度两国文化和教育交流的拉吉夫·甘地基金会
ADJ
艺术的;与艺术有关的
Cultural means involving or concerning the arts.
例：...the sponsorship of sports and cultural events by tobacco companies.烟草公司对体育赛事和文化活动的赞助

Word: sigh
Front: sigh
[saɪ] (高研四六托雅 3349/3085 -3)
Vocabulary: sigh
(once / 86 pages)
vn
The sound that you make when you exhale loudly to show frustration, boredom, or relief is called a sigh. No matter how much you sigh during your family's annual car trip to the Grand Canyon, your dad won't drive any faster.
Something that sounds like a human sigh is also called a sigh. The breeze might sigh in the still night air, or a screen door might sigh closed. The word sigh comes from the Old English word of the same meaning, sican, which was probably imitative, echoing the sound of a sigh.
WORD FAMILY
sigh: sighed, sighing, sighs
USAGE EXAMPLES
And the “silence and sighs”? The allegedly negative reaction was experienced by precisely one colleague on exactly one call, unsolicited by the Conways.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
“When we finally got the diagnosis, it was like a sigh of relief,” Weekes said.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
If the person at the other end asked to leave a message, I would sigh heavily, like a useless personal assistant.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vi. 叹气; 悲叹，悲鸣
vt. 叹气地说
n. 叹气，叹气声
时态：sighed, sighing, sighs
分布：叹息(72%)，叹气(26%)，惋惜(2%)
n.叹息,叹息声v.叹息,叹气The sightseer speaks highly of the highway with sigh.观光者叹息着盛赞这条公路.
verb intransitive
 IMPROVER
■to breathe out slowly and noisily, expressing tiredness, sadness, pleasure, etc. 叹息，叹气
• She sighed deeply and sat down. 她深叹一口气，坐了下来。
• [+ speech] "I wish he was here, " she sighed (= she said with a sigh). “我希望他在这里，”她叹息道。
■If the wind sighs, it makes a long, soft sound as it moves through trees （风穿过树林时）发出呜咽声
• I lay on my back, listening to the sound of the wind sighing in the trees. 我仰躺着，听着风穿过树林发出的呜咽声。
[saɪ] noun countable
■a slow noisy breath 叹息，叹气
• He leaned back in his seat with a sigh. 他向后靠在座位上长出了一口气。
• "Ah, you're here, " she said and heaved/let out/gave a sigh of relief. “啊，你在这里，”她说道，如释重负地松了口气。
vi. 叹息，叹气
 - suspire
n. 叹息，叹气
 - suspiration
vt. 叹息，叹气
 - suspire

Word: film
Front: film
[fɪlm] (中高雅 593/739 -K5)
Vocabulary: film
(once / 92 pages)
1nv 2n
A film, also known as a "movie" or a "motion picture," is a series of moving images shown on a screen, usually with sound, that make up a story. Some people like to see new films at the theater as soon as they're released.
You might pretend to be a fan of French films while secretly preferring animated films. The movie itself is a film, and you can also use the word to mean the photographic strip of plastic that runs through a camera and captures the film's images. It's also a verb, meaning to use such a camera: "Let's film a scene where you play with my cat!" The Old English root word is filmen, "membrane or thin skin."
WORD FAMILY
film: filmable, filmed, filming, films, filmy +/filmed: unfilmed/filming: filmings/ filmy: filmier, filmiest, filmily
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Scottish government money will help mark the origins in 1947 of the Edinburgh International, Fringe and Film Festivals.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
No, I was 11 and turned 12 while we were filming it.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Jackson wanted to watch more game film on Griffin, who signed a two-year deal in March.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 影片; 电影; 胶片; 薄层
vt. & vi. （把…）拍摄（成）电影[电视等]; 上镜头
vt. （给…）覆上一薄层; 生薄膜; 变得朦胧
时态：filmed, filming, films
分布：电影(86%)，胶卷(8%)，薄膜(5%)，把 ... 拍成电影(1%)
→来自pel,隐藏，覆盖，毛皮，词源同pellicle, pelt, surplice. 后用于指膜片，胶卷。
n.电影;胶片;薄膜,薄层vt.把..拍成电影The driller filled the grill with brilliant film.钻孔者在烤架上填满辉煌的胶片.
noun
MOVING PICTURES 活动图像
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable (US movie)
■a series of moving pictures, usually shown in a cinema or on television and often telling a story 电影；影片
• What's your favourite film? 你最喜欢哪部电影？
• We took the children to (see) a film. 我们带了孩子去看场电影。
• She had a long career in films/film (= the business of making films). 她曾长期从事电影业。
• a film star/critic 影星／影评人
• the film industry 电影业
• a film-maker 电影制作人
• Her last film was shot (= made) on location in South America. 她最近一部电影是在南美的外景地拍摄的。
• I hate people talking while I'm watching a film. 我讨厌看电影时有人讲话。
• Would you like to go and see a film tonight? 你今晚想去看电影吗？
[fɪlm] noun
MATERIAL 材料
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■(a length of) dark plastic-like material which can record images as photographs or as a moving picture 胶片；胶卷；底片
• a roll of film 一卷底片
• a 24 exposure/16mm/high-speed film 可拍24张照片的／16毫米的／高感光底片
• A passer-by recorded the incident on film. 一个路人用底片拍下了这次事件。
• I'm getting my film developed at the chemist's. 我要去药房冲洗底片。
[fɪlm] noun
LAYER 层
countable
■a thin layer of something on a surface 薄薄的一层；薄膜
• a film of dust/oil/grease 薄薄的一层灰／油／油脂
• a film of smoke 一层轻烟
[fɪlm] verb intransitive or transitive
 IMPROVER
■to record moving pictures with a camera, usually to make a film for the cinema or television 拍摄（电影）
• Most of the scenes were filmed in a studio. 大多数场景是在摄影棚里拍摄的。
• They filmed for a week in Spain. 他们在西班牙拍摄了一周。
[fɪlm] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  film over
■If something films over, it becomes lightly covered with a thin layer of something 盖上一层薄东西；变朦胧
• Her eyes suddenly filmed over (with tears). 她的眼睛一下子（因泪水而）变模糊了。
picture, film, cinema, movie
这组词都有“电影”的意思，其区别是：
picture: 从原义指银幕或电视屏幕上的图像引申指影片。
film: 指电影、影片，普通用词。
cinema: 与the连用指(上映的)电影，电影工业；可指电影院；在英国与the连用还可指电影艺术。
movie: 美国英语中的口语用词。
n. [电影] 电影；薄膜； [感光] 胶卷；轻烟
 - movie, membrane, cinema
vt. 在…上覆以薄膜；把…拍成电影
 - cinematograph

Word: miserable
Front: miserable
[ˈmɪzrəbl] (研四六托雅 5769/5017 -2)
Vocabulary: miserable
(once / 144 pages)
1adj 2adj 3adj
Miserable goes way beyond sad — it means absolutely wretched. Someone who's miserable feels absolutely awful.
If you were caught in the pouring rain, missed your own birthday party, and then got food poisoning, you wouldn't just feel bad. You'd be miserable — which means exceptionally unhappy. Victor Hugo's novel, Les Miserables ("The Miserable Ones"), is the story of people who live a wretched life filled with death and unhappiness. You might want to bring some tissues if you're heading to the musical!
WORD FAMILY
miserable: miserableness, miserabler, miserablest, miserably+/ misery: miserable, miseries
USAGE EXAMPLES
When I’m asked for my favourite inspirational scene, I nominate Tom Courtenay’s final, miserable act of defiance in The Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Swansea’s miserable form continued in the first game following Bob Bradley’s firing.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Life was miserable without electricity or medical care.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 悲惨的; 令人痛苦的; 太少的; 卑鄙的
分布：悲惨的(62%)，痛苦的(36%)，贫乏的(1%)，狼狈的(1%)
→来自拉丁语miser,可怜的，可悲的，悲惨的。
可怜的(miser+able)[mmiser=wretched表示"可怜的"]
a.痛苦的,悲惨的I was miserable from hunger.我受饥饿的折磨.
【反】halcyon（adj 海面平静的；太平的）
US [-ɚ-] adjective
UNHAPPY 不快乐的
 ADVANCED
■very unhappy 痛苦的；可怜的
• She's miserable living on her own. 她独自生活，非常可怜。
 ADVANCED
■unpleasant and causing unhappiness 令人难受的，令人痛苦的
• miserable weather 令人难受的天气
• What a miserable existence! How could anyone live in such dreadful conditions. 多么痛苦的生活！一个人怎么能在这么糟糕的条件下过活。
UK ['mɪz.ər.ə.bl] US [-ɚ-] adjective
LOW VALUE 低价值
[before noun]
■having little value or quality 拙劣的；卑鄙的；少得可怜的
• informal She only offered me a miserable £20 for my old computer. 她只出少得可怜的20英镑买我的旧电脑。
• slang Some miserable bastard went and vandalised my car. 某个卑鄙的家伙毁了我的车。
unhappy, miserable, wretched, sorry
这组词都有“不幸的”的意思，其区别是：
unhappy: 侧重指精神上的不快或失望。
miserable: 指因贫穷、不幸或屈辱等外部因素给人造成精神痛苦、烦恼或肉体折磨，令人同情和可怜。
wretched: 多指由于疾病、担忧、忧伤等造成的不幸和痛苦，在外表上显得沮丧、可怜、失望，语气比miserable强。
sorry: 常作礼貌用词，表遗憾、婉惜。也指说话人表示同情、悲哀等，感情色彩较强。
adj. 悲惨的；痛苦的；卑鄙的
 - poor, painful, mean, base, dirty

Word: closure
Front: closure
[ˈkləʊʒə(r)] (宝 5773/3074 -2)
Vocabulary: closure
(once / 2847 pages)
1n 2n 3n 4nv 5n
Closure is the end or the closing down of something. It can be physical — like the closure of your local library — or emotional, like the closure you experience when you finally come to terms with the end of a romance.
Closure comes from the Latin claus ("shut"), and it has many different shades of meaning. A road closure blocks that road from traffic. If you find closure after an emotional hardship, you're ready to move on. An obstruction in a small passage, like a pipe, is also a closure, as is the button on your sweater. In debate, closure (usually cloture), stops debate and starts the vote.
WORD FAMILY
closure: closured, closures, closuring+/ close: closed, closely, closeness, closer, closes, closest, closing, closure, enclose /closeness: closenesses/closer: closers/closing: closings/ enclose: enclosed, encloses, enclosing, enclosure / enclosed: self-enclosed, unenclosed/ enclosure: enclosures
USAGE EXAMPLES
Jay Bender, an attorney for The Associated Press and other media outlets, argued against the closure.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“Your heart breaks at the loss of life. It’s kind of closure for a lot of people.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The temporary closure blocked all traffic except residents and lift ticket holders at the resort about 40 miles from Las Vegas.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. （永久的）停业，关闭; 结束; [电]闭合; [数]闭包
vt. 使结束，使终止; 使停止辩论
时态：closured, closuring, closures
分布：关闭(96%)，终结(2%)，讨论终结(1%)，关口(1%)
→来自close,关闭，-ure,名词后缀。
关闭;停止(clos+ure;close的名词)[clos,clud,clus=close,表示"关闭"]
关闭(close关闭)[-ture表名词,通常在单词或词根以t结尾时使用,表示"一般状态,行为"…ature","iture"注:-ture在s结尾的词根后变成-sure]
US ['kloʊ.ʒɚ] noun
 ADVANCED countable
■when a business, organization, etc. stops operating 停业；倒闭；关闭
• factory/branch closures 工厂／分店的关闭
• The unions fought hard against the government's programme of pit closures. 工会奋力反对政府关闭煤矿的计划。
uncountable
■the feeling or act of bringing an unpleasant situation, time or experience to an end, so that you are able to start new activities 解脱，宽慰
• a sense of closure 解脱感
• to achieve/reach closure 获得／达到解脱
n. 关闭；终止，结束
 - completion, finish, termination
vt. 使终止
 - drop, kill

Word: half
Front: half
[hɑ:f] (中高 547/470 -K5)
Vocabulary: half
(once / 19 pages)
nadjadv
When something is divided into two equal sections, half is one of the two parts. You can split a brownie in half if you want to share it with your friend.
You might live half the year in Alaska and half in Florida — in this case, you spend six months, one half of a 12-month period, in each state. You can also divide food in half or save half your paycheck each week, while spending the other half. Your half brother is a sibling who shares one of your parents; you and he might have the same mother but different fathers. In Old English, half means "side" or "part."
WORD FAMILY
half: halfs, halves
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Life experience was only half the equation,” she writes.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The Justice Department is seeking a death sentence for more than half of the 33 counts Roof was convicted of.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Nearly half of those genes were strong matches on both of the systems the lab uses to sequence patients’ DNA.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 一半的，半个的
n. 半; 一半; （啤酒等饮料的）半品脱; （比赛、音乐会等的）半场
adv. 一半; 部份地
分布：一半(34%)，下半场(21%)，一半的(15%)，一半地(10%)，不完全的(10%)，半学年(6%)，不完全地(4%)
→可能来自skel,砍，劈，词源同scale,clone,cleave.即一劈两半，并不一定要求等分。
n.半,一半a.一半的,不完全的ad.一半地"My behavior is on behalf of half zebras," the algebra teacher said."我的行为代表了一半斑马的利益,"代数老师说.
US [hæf] noun pronoun predeterminer adjective adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■either of the two equal or nearly equal parts that together make up a whole 一半，半个
• "What's half of ninety-six?" "Forty-eight." “96的一半是多少？”“48。”
• Roughly half (of) the class are Spanish and the others are a mixture of nationalities. 班上大约有一半是西班牙人，其余的则来自各个国家。
• Cut the apple in half] into halves (= into two equal parts). 把这个苹果切成两半。
• My little brother is half as tall as me/half my height. 我弟弟有我一半高。
• half a dozen (= six) eggs 半打鸡蛋
• Half of me would just like to give it all up and travel around the world (= partly I would like to, but partly I would not). 我有点想抛开一切去环游世界。
• She was born in the latter half of the eighteenth century. 她生于18世纪后半叶。
• The recipe tells you to use a pound and a half of butter. 食谱上说要用1.5磅奶油。
 ESSENTIAL informal
■a lot 大量，许多
• She invited a lot of people to the party but half of them didn't turn up. 她邀请了很多人来参加派对，但许多人都没有来。
• I don't even know where she is half (of) the time. 很多情况下我甚至都不知道她在哪里。
half past
 ESSENTIAL
■Half past a particular hour is 30 minutes later than that hour …点半
• I'll meet you at half past nine (= 09.30 or 21.30). 我会在九点半和你碰面。
• UK informal I'll meet you at half seven (= half past seven). 我会在七点半和你碰面。
■only partly 部分地，在某种程度上
• He answered the door half naked. 他半裸着去开门。
• I was half expecting to see her at the party. 我有点期盼在派对上见到她。
• I'm half inclined to take the job just because it's in London. 我有点倾向于接受这份工作只因为它是在伦敦。
• He was being funny but I think he was half serious. 他表现得像在开玩笑，但我认为他是半当真的。
• The bottle's half empty. 那个瓶子是半空的。
go halves informal
■to divide the cost of something with someone （与某人）分摊费用
• Shall we go halves on a bottle of champagne? 我们合买一瓶香槟好吗？
• I'll go halves with you on a bottle of champagne. 我将和你合买一瓶香槟。
half and half
■equal amounts of two different things （两种东西）数量相等
• "Do you use milk or cream in the recipe?" "Half and half." “你在配方中用的是牛奶还是鲜奶油？”“一半一半。”
half as much again (US also half again as much)
■50% more of the existing number or amount 多一半
UK [hɑ:f] US [hæf] noun pronoun predeterminer adjective adverb
be half the battle
■to be the most difficult part of a process so that once you have finished this part, you have almost succeeded 成功了一半；完成最困难的部分
• For a lot of jobs, getting an interview is half the battle. 对于很多工作来说，获得面试的机会就是成功了一半。
UK [hɑ:f] US [hæf] noun pronoun predeterminer adjective adverb
be half the dancer/writer, etc. you used to be
■to be much less good at doing something than you used to be 舞跳得／文章写得等比过去差远了（表示某事做得远不及从前）
• She's half the tennis-player she used to be. 她网球打得比过去差多了。
UK [hɑ:f] US [hæf] noun pronoun predeterminer adjective adverb
given half a/the chance informal
■If someone would do something given half a chance, they would certainly do it if they had the opportunity 只要有机会（就会做某事）
• I'd give up work given half a chance. 只要有机会我就会辞掉工作。
UK [hɑ:f] US [hæf] noun pronoun predeterminer adjective adverb
How the other half lives! humorous
■Something people say when they see or hear about the lives of people who are richer than them. 另一阶层的（富）人的生活方式
UK [hɑ:f] US [hæf] noun pronoun predeterminer adjective adverb
not do things by halves humorous
■If someone does not do things by halves, they put a lot of effort and enthusiasm into doing things, often more than is necessary 做事全力以赴；不半途而废
• "I didn't realize you were decorating the whole house." "Oh, we don't do things by halves round here." “我没注意到你们把整座房子都粉刷了。”“是啊，我们费了很大的工夫。”
UK [hɑ:f] US [hæf] noun pronoun predeterminer adjective adverb
not half UK informal
■used in spoken English to express a positive statement more strongly （加强肯定语气的口语表达）非常，很
• It wasn't half crowded in the club last night (= It was very crowded). 俱乐部昨天晚上人满为患。
• She didn't half shout at him (= She shouted a lot at him) ! 她冲着他大喊大叫！
• "You enjoyed yourself last night, didn't you?" "Not half (= Very much) !" “你昨晚玩得很开心，是不是？”“非常开心！”
UK [hɑ:f] US [hæf] noun pronoun predeterminer adjective adverb
not half as (also not half such a) informal
■not nearly as 远非，差得多
• It wasn't half as good as that other restaurant we went to. 它比我们去的另一家餐馆差远了。
UK [hɑ:f] US [hæf] noun pronoun predeterminer adjective adverb
not know the half of it (also have not heard the half of it) informal
■If someone does not know the half of it, they know that a situation is bad but they do not know how serious it is 不知道更严重的情况
• "I hear things aren't going too well at work." "You don't know the half of it!" “我听说工作进展得不太顺利。”“更糟的事你还不知道呢！”
UK [hɑ:f] US [hæf] noun pronoun predeterminer adjective adverb
That was a game/meal/walk, etc. and a half! informal
■something that you say about something that was very surprising, very good, or took a lot of time 那是一场精彩的比赛／一顿佳肴／一段很长的路等！（表示很令人吃惊、非常出色、花了很长时间等）
UK [hɑ:f] US [hæf] noun countable (plural halves)
DRINK 饮料 UK informal
■half a pint of a drink, especially beer （尤指啤酒）半品脱
• A pint of lager and two halves, please. 来个一品脱的大啤酒和两个半品脱的。
UK [hɑ:f] US [hæf] noun countable (plural halves)
TICKET 票 UK a ticket which is cheaper because it is for a child （儿童的）半票
• Two adults and three halves to Manchester, please. 买两张去曼彻斯特的成人票和三张儿童半票。
UK [hɑ:f] US [hæf] noun countable (plural halves)
SPORT 运动
first/second half
■either of two periods of time into which a game is divided （比赛的）上／下半场
n. 一半；半场；半学年
 - moiety
adv. 一半地；部分地
 - partly
adj. 一半的；不完全的；半途的
 - incomplete, synsemantic

Word: machinery
Front: machinery
[məˈʃi:nəri] (研 5774/3098 -K2)
Vocabulary: machinery
(once / 255 pages)
n
Machinery refers to specific machines or machines in general. A farmer has lots of farm machinery, like tractors and plows. Machinery is also the inner workings of something — the machinery of a society is how a society works.
You can refer to a group of machines as machinery, such as the machinery in a factory or the machinery in a laboratory. It’s also the inner workings of a particular machine, like the machinery that keeps your computer running. Machinery has to do with how something works or functions. The government, media, business, and family are all part of the machinery of society. The word machinery originally referred to the devices used for creating stage effects in the theater.
WORD FAMILY
machinery: machineries+/ machine: machined, machinelike, machinery, machines, machining, machinist/machinist: machinists
USAGE EXAMPLES
The teacher who keeps all this machinery in good order is Catkin Flowers.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
One measure of the farm economy is equity — the amount of debt compared to assets like land and machinery.
Seattle Times(Dec 27, 2016)
PLC machinery is used to control manufacturing machinery and to monitor and control oil and gas operations at well sites.
Washington Times(Dec 26, 2016)
Back: n. （总称）机器; （政府等的）机关，组织; 机器的运转部份; 机械装置
分布：机械(100%)
→来自machine,机器，-ery,集合名词后缀。
n.(总称)机器,机械The machinery is driven by electricity.这些机器由电驱动.
US [-nɚ.i] noun uncountable
MACHINES 机器
 IMPROVER
■a group of large machines or the parts of a machine which make it work （大型的）机器；机械；（机器的）运转部分
• industrial/farm machinery 工业／农业机械
• His hand was injured when he got it caught in the machinery. 他的手卷到机器里受伤了。
UK [mə'ʃi:.nə.ri] US [-nɚ.i] noun uncountable
PROCESS/ORGANIZATION 过程／机构
■the structure and systems of an organization or process 机构，体系，系统
• bureaucratic/political/decision-making machinery 官僚／政治／决策体系
• the machinery of government 政府机制
machinery, engine, motor, apparatus, mechanism, machine
这组词都有“机器，装置”的意思，其区别是：
machinery: 指机器的总称。
engine: 既可泛指或大或小、简单或复杂的机械、机器，又可指产生动力的发动机或引擎。
motor: 通常指小型或轻型马达、发动机。
apparatus: 指具有特殊用途的装置。
mechanism: 指运行系统，简单的机械装置。
machine: 普通用词，泛指一切机器。
n. 机械； [机] 机器；机构；机械装置
 - organization, mechanism, house

Word: lively
Front: lively
[ˈlaɪvli] (中高研四六托 5775/4135 -K2)
Vocabulary: lively
(once / 217 pages)
adj
If you’re feeling lively, you might whistle a tune, go for a brisk jog, or strike up an amusing conversation. Lively means "active, spirited, and energetic."
Lively is an adjective derived from the noun "life," and it basically means "full of life." A lively party is exciting and entertaining. A lively person has an energetic personality, is always on alert, and prefers being active as opposed to just hanging around. Note that a "lively discussion" isn’t necessarily a happy discussion; it could be a spirited or even heated conversation where all parties are actively involved. Lively means the opposite of sluggish or dull.
WORD FAMILY
lively: livelier, liveliest, livelily, liveliness, livelyly+/liveliness: livelinesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
“While Pepper offers a lively, appealing interface, it remains to be seen whether it will fill the role that retailers want,” Gownder says.
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
At the center of it all is Lively.
Time(Dec 28, 2016)
“Washington is certain to become an even livelier place under this new president,” said John Arundel, associate publisher of Washington Life.
Washington Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: adj. 充满活力的; 活泼的; 充满趣味的
adv. 轻快地：轻快地，富有活力地; 轻快地跳起
级别：livelier, liveliest
分布：活泼的(58%)，活跃的(25%)，栩栩如生的(10%)，真实的(7%)
→来自live，生动的，有精神的。
活跃的(live活)[-ly 1.表形容词,通常加在名词后2.表副词,通常放在形容词后]
a.活泼的,活跃的;栩栩如生的,真实的The lively survivor surveyed the conveyer.活泼的幸存者考察了输送装置.
adjective
 IMPROVER
■having or showing a lot of energy and enthusiasm, or showing interesting and exciting thought 精力充沛的；生气勃勃的；活跃的
• It's hard work teaching a class of lively children. 给一班活泼好动的孩子们当老师很辛苦。
• a lively city 充满活力的城市
• They take a lively interest in their grandchildren. 他们非常喜欢自己的孙辈。
• There was some lively discussion at the meeting. 会上讨论得很热烈。
 ADVANCED
■describes colours that are bright and strong （颜色）鲜艳的，鲜亮的
• The room was painted a lively electric blue. 房间被刷成了鲜亮的铁青色。
picturesque, lively, vivid, pictorial
这组词都有“生动的”的意思，其区别是：
picturesque: 既指景色、人物等犹如图画般美丽，又可指文艺作品的风格绚丽多彩，尤指一种原始粗犷的美。
lively: 普通用词，与vivid可通用。
vivid: 普通用词，侧重有强烈的实际感或逼真感，使人富于想象或留下深刻的印象。
pictorial: 强调产生或制造生动的效果。
active, energetic, vigorous, brisk, lively
这些形容词均有“积极的，活跃的”之意。
active: 指有活动能力，强调与消极或休止相反的积极活动状态。
energetic: 提精力充沛、奋力从事某事业。
vigorous: 指不仅表现积极、有生气，而且固有精力和活力十分旺盛。
brisk: 指动作敏捷、充满活力、轻快活泼地从事某项工作或活动。
lively: 侧重支轮船快，机智，有生气。
lively, alive, living, live
lively: 意为活波的
alive: 活着的,定表均可,定语后置, all the people alive
living: 活着的,定表均可, all the living people
live: 活着的,只能做定语,
adj. 活泼的；生动的；真实的；生气勃勃的
 - alive, actual, sincere, telling, vivid

Word: shave
Front: shave
[ʃeɪv] (高研四六雅 5779/7191 -K2)
Back: vt. & vi. 剃须，剃毛
vt. 剃，削去; 修剪; 切成薄片; 掠过
n. 刮脸，剃胡子; 修面; <口>侥幸逃过，幸免; 剃刀，刮刀
时态：shaved, shaving, shaves
分布：刮(42%)，剃(32%)，剃须(10%)，修面(7%)，剃刀(4%)，掠过(3%)，修剪(2%)
→来自古英语 sceafan,刮，剃，来自 Proto-Germanic*skaban,刮，剃，来自 skep,切，削，剪， 词源同 ship,shape.引申词义刮脸，剃须等。
v.剃,刮,刨,削n.刮脸You need a shave.你需要剃胡子了.
verb intransitive or transitive
 ADVANCED
■to remove hair from the body, especially a man's face, by cutting it close to the skin with a razor , so that the skin feels smooth 剃去（尤指脸）上的毛发；剃（毛发）
• John has to shave twice a day. 约翰每天得刮两次脸。
• I always shave my legs in the bath. 我总是在洗澡的时候剃腿上的汗毛。
• Do you shave under your arms? 你刮腋毛吗？
• When my dad shaved his beard (off) , he looked ten years younger. 我爸爸刮完胡子后，看起来年轻了十岁。
[ʃeɪv] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  shave sth off/from sth
■to cut a very thin piece from an object or surface 从…刨掉，自…削掉（薄薄的一层）
• She shaved a few millimetres off the bottom of the door, so that it would open more easily. 她把门的底部刨掉了几毫米，这样开门就容易些了。
[ʃeɪv] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  shave sth off sth (also shave sth by sth)
■to reduce something by the stated amount 将…减少（特定之量）
• The new high speed trains will shave 25 minutes off the journey time. 新的高速列车将使旅途的时间缩短25分钟。
• Our prices have been shaved by 5%! 我们的价格下降了5%！
[ʃeɪv] noun countable
■the act of shaving, especially a man's face 剃毛发；（尤指）刮脸，修面
• I need a shave. 我需要刮一下脸。
• He washed and had a shave. 他洗了把脸，又刮了胡子。
vt. 剃；修面；掠过
 - razor, oversweep
vi. 剃；刮脸；勉强通过
 - scrape through, squeeze through

Word: institute
Front: institute
[ˈɪnstɪtju:t] (高研四六托雅宝 7980/1630 -K4)
Vocabulary: institute
(once / 68 pages)
vn
An institute is an organization or association designed to study or promote something. If you're interested in politics, you might want to do an internship at one of Washington D.C.'s many political research institutes.
While you may have heard of an institute, whether it’s the National Institute for Art Advancement or the National Cancer Institute, you may not know institute in its verb form. To institute something means to establish or advance it. You might institute the hiring of Spanish-speakers at your company, or, if workers complain about being overworked, you might institute a new policy on taking breaks.
WORD FAMILY
institute: instituted, institutes, instituting, institution +/ institution: institutional, institutionalise, institutionalize, institutions/ institutional: institutionally, noninstitutional/institutionalise: institutionalised/institutionalised: noninstitutionalised/ institutionalize: institutionalized, institutionalizes, institutionalizing/institutionalized: noninstitutionalized
USAGE EXAMPLES
The inventors of the new process are two young chemists at the Indian Institute of Technology in Kharagpur.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
For example, the University of Wisconsin Population Health Institute does health rankings of counties in every state.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Mr. Saltsman is research director at the Employment Policies Institute, which receives support from restaurants, foundations and individuals.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 建立; 制定; 开始; 着手
n. 协会; 学会; 学院; （教育、专业等）机构
时态：instituted, instituting, institutes
分布：学院(57%)，学会(16%)，协会(15%)，开始(5%)，制定(4%)，创立(3%)
→in-,进入，使，-stit,站立，词源同stand,state.即使站立，引申词义建立，制定，建立的组织机构等。
学会;学院v.制定,设立(in进入+stiute→建立进去→设立)[atitut,stit=setup,place,表示"建立,放"]
n.学会,研究所;学院v.设立,设置,制定The substantial part of the constitution about the institution of institutes is substituted.宪法中有关设立协会的实质性部分被替换.
【记】in进入，stitute站，建立－站进去；进入建立的状态－创立
【区】institution（n 协会；制度）；institutionalize（v 使制度化）
【参】constitution（n 宪法；构造；章程）；restitution（n 归还；赔偿）
【反】rescind（v 废除）；abrogate（v 取消废除）；efface（v 抹掉）
US [-tu:t] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■an organization where people do a particular kind of scientific, educational or social work, or the buildings which it uses 研究所；学院
• the Massachusetts Institute of Technology 麻省理工学院
UK ['ɪnt.stɪ.tju:t] US [-tu:t] verb transitive formal
■to start or cause a system, rule, legal action, etc. to exist 建立；制定；开始
• She is threatening to institute legal proceedings against the hospital. 她威胁说要对该医院提出诉讼。
institute, society, association, union, club, league
这组词都有“社团，会社，协会”的意思，其区别是：
institute: 指为专门的目标而建立的学会或研究所。
society: 可与association换用，但前者的宗旨更严格，会员之间联系更紧密，活动更积极。
association: 指较为正式的组织，强调兴趣和需要的一致性。
union: 多指工会，也指学会或协会。
club: 表俱乐部或会社，其成员因志同道合，有共同兴趣、爱好而组织到一起进行社交、娱乐或体育等活动。
league: 指为了共同的目的和利益而组成的社团、同盟或联合会。
institute, university, school, college, academy
这组词都有“学院，大学”的意思，其区别是：
institute: 指设立有专门学科的学院，如外语学院、地质学院、建筑学院等。
university: 主要指综合大学，一般由多个学院组成。当泛指大学时通常用college表示。
school: 指大学所属的学院或系。
college: 多指大学内的学院，分科学院或科目较少的高等学校。
academy: 指(高等)专科院校或研究专门学术的学校。
vt. 开始（调查）；制定；创立；提起（诉讼）
 - found, construct, father, initiate
n. 学会，协会；学院
 - academy, college, union, school

Word: erase
Front: erase
[ɪˈreɪz] (研托雅宝 5776/9495 -1)
Vocabulary: erase
(once / 1196 pages)
v
When you erase something, you eliminate or delete it, often by physically wiping it out. It's easy to erase chalk from a blackboard, but not so easy to erase graffiti from the side of a building.
There are several ways to erase: you can erase a pencil mark with an eraser; you can digitally erase information on your computer or recording device; and you can figuratively erase something by removing all evidence of it. Peaceful people hope to erase war from the earth, for example — to take away every last trace of it. The Latin root eradere means "scrape out."
WORD FAMILY
erase: erasable, erased, eraser, erases, erasing, erasure +/erasable: unerasable/eraser: erasers/ erasure: erasures
USAGE EXAMPLES
The distinction between fact and fiction was erased, creating a sprawling universe of competing claims.
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
The legislation is likely to erase the mandate that people buy insurance or face hefty IRS fines, which Republicans despise.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Teachers and literacy organizations often decry such moves as censorship that erase important literature from curriculums.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. 擦掉; 抹去; 清除
时态：erased, erasing, erases
分布：抹去(72%)，擦掉(28%)
→e-, 向外。-ras, 刮，磨，词源同raze, rodent.
擦掉(e出+rase→擦出去)[Ras,rad=scrape,表示"刮擦"]
v.擦掉;删去;消磁I did my best to erase the event from my memory.我尽全力从记忆中抹去这件事.
US [-'reɪs] verb transitive
MARK 痕迹 mainly US (UK usually rub out)
■to remove something, especially a pencil mark by rubbing it 抹去，擦掉（尤指铅笔字迹）
• It's in pencil so you can just erase anything that's wrong. 这是用铅笔写的，这样你就可以把任何错误的地方擦掉。
UK [ɪ'reɪz] US [-'reɪs] verb transitive
SOMETHING RECORDED 录存的资讯
■to remove recordings or information from a magnetic tape or disc 抹去（磁带内容）；删除（磁片里的文件）
• A virus erased my hard disk. 病毒把我硬碟中的资讯给删了。
UK [ɪ'reɪz] US [-'reɪs] verb transitive
SOMETHING PAST 过去的事情
■to cause a feeling or memory, or a time to be completely forgotten （从头脑中）清除，消除；忘却（感觉、记忆等）
• Tiger Woods is determined to erase the memory of a disappointing Cup debut two years ago. 老虎·伍兹决心要把两年前初次参加高球赛时令人失望的表现永远忘掉。
• Taylor wants a convincing victory to erase doubts about his team's ability to reach the World Cup finals. 泰勒想要透过大比数获胜来消除人们对他的球队能否打入世界杯决赛的疑虑。
• One election cannot erase 65 years of a corrupt one-party political process. 一场选举并不能将长达65年腐败的一党专政的政治历程抹去。
■literary
■to remove or destroy someone or something, or anything showing that they existed or happened 消除；消灭；清除
• The President said NATO expansion will finally erase the boundary line in Europe artificially created by the Cold War. 总统说北约的扩展将最终消除冷战在欧洲造成的人为界限。
• Years of hard living had blurred but not erased her girlhood beauty. 多年的艰辛岁月使她芳容暗淡，但少女时代的美貌仍然依稀可辨。
• He was a man of mystery - erased from the history books. 他是一个充满神秘色彩的人物——有关他的任何情况都已不见于史册。
extinguish, dispose, erase, exclude, cancel, eliminate, abolish
这组词都有“取消，除掉”的意思，其区别是：
extinguish: v.熄灭，扑灭(火)；使沉默，使暗淡。
 • Firefighters extinguished a big fire.   消防队员扑灭了大火。
dispose: v.处理，处置；表示“除掉、扔掉”时常与of连用。(这一点需要注意。)
 • After your picnic, please dispose of the litter.   野餐后请清除掉垃圾。
erase: v.除去，擦掉，指有意识地除去字迹、声音等。
 • I erased the music on the tape before recording on the tape again.   我在往磁带上录音之前先消掉了上面的音乐。
exclude: v.排斥；排除，不包括在内，与include互为反义词。
 • The restaurant excludes anyone who is not properly dressed from entering.   衣冠不整者不得进入该餐馆。
cancel: v.对预先安排的某种活动(如旅行、计划、会议等)的取消；删去(字、句)。
 • The meeting has been cancelled because of the flu.   会议由于流感而取消了。
eliminate: v.指消除、淘汰已经存在但是现在不需要的东西。
 • The losing team was eliminated from further competition.   失利的那个队被淘汰了，不能参加下一阶段的比赛。
 • The doctor helped him eliminate toxins from the intestine.   医生帮助他排出肠中毒素。
abolish: v.指对法律、习俗、制度的废除；完全破坏。
 • The government abolished the tax on alcohol.   政府取消了酒税。
vt. 抹去；擦除
 - efface

Word: plot
Front: plot
[plɒt] (高研四六托雅宝 2967/3096 -K3)
Vocabulary: plot
(once / 150 pages)
1nv 2nv 3nv 4nv
A plot is a scheme, a story, a map charting progress, or a piece of land (as for a garden). To plot is to devise the secret plan, order the events of the story, or track your movement on the map.
You could make a whole movie based the word plot. This could be the plot (story): An evil so-and-so hatches a secret plot (scheme) to follow the explorer to a legendary plot (patch) of land with buried treasure. The explorer plots (draws) the best route to the treasure, but the evil so-and-so steals the plot (map) and gets to the treasure first. What a great story. All that's left is to plot (arrange) the sequence of events for maximum suspense.
WORD FAMILY
plot: counterplot, plots, plotted, plotter, plotting+/counterplot: counterplots, counterplotted, counterplotting/plotter: plotters
USAGE EXAMPLES
“His actors unfold the drama in their very appearances and, as the chic and malevolent plot thickens, so do their various attitudes.”
New York Times(Jan 03, 2017)
The plot is only a little bit of what matters in a Manual Cinema show; the performers are entrancing merely doing what they do.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Police raids to disrupt suspected holiday terror plots led to several shootouts in which five militants were killed and 20 arrested.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 地基，基址图; （戏剧、小说等的）情节; 一块地; 测算表
vt. 以图表画出，制图; 密谋; 把…分成小块; 为（文学作品）设计情节
vi. 设计作品情节; 标示于图表上; 密谋，暗中策划
时态：plotted, plotting, plots
分布：情节(32%)，图(25%)，阴谋(24%)，密谋(10%)，计划(5%)，绘图(3%)，标示位置(1%)
→来自古英语plot,小块土地，词源不详。可能来自pele,放平，展开，词源同plan,plate 引 申词义规划，布局，后词义贬义化，用于指密度，阴谋。
n.秘密计划;情节v.标绘,绘制;密谋,策划Lots of pilots plot to dot the rotten robot.大批领航员策划给腐烂的机器人打点.
【参】ploy（n 策略）
US [plɑ:t] noun countable
STORY 故事
 IMPROVER
■the story of a book, film, play, etc 情节
• The film has a very simple plot. 这部电影情节很简单。
• The plots of his books are basically all the same. 他的书情节基本上都一样。
UK [plɒt] US [plɑ:t] noun countable
SECRET PLAN 秘密计划
 ADVANCED
■a secret plan made by several people to do something that is wrong, harmful or not legal, especially to do damage to a person or a government 秘密计划；阴谋
• The plot was discovered before it was carried out. 这项阴谋还未得逞就暴露了。
• [+ to infinitive] The police have foiled a plot to assassinate the president. 警方阻止了一个刺杀总统的阴谋。
UK [plɒt] US [plɑ:t] noun countable
GROUND 土地
■a small piece of land that has been marked or measured for a particular purpose 小块土地，小块地皮
• a vegetable plot 菜地
• There are several plots of land for sale. 有好几块地要出售。
US for * ground plan (BUILDING)
UK [plɒt] US [plɑ:t] noun countable
The plot thickens. humorous
■said when a situation suddenly becomes more complicated or mysterious 情况越来越复杂了
• "Now there are two men phoning her up all the time." "The plot thickens!" “现在有两个男人一直打电话给她。”“情况越来越复杂了！”
UK [plɒt] US [plɑ:t] verb (-tt-)
MARK 作记号
transitive
■to mark or draw something on a piece of paper or a map 在纸或地图上标出，画出
transitive
■to make marks to show the position, movement or development of something, usually in the form of lines or curves between a series of points on a map or piece of paper 在图上标绘…的位置；绘制…的图；标出…的航线
• Radar operators plotted the course of the incoming missile. 雷达操作员标绘出了来袭飞弹的轨迹。
• We've plotted our projected costs for the coming year, and they show a big increase. 我们绘制出了来年的预计成本曲线，从中可以看出成本将大幅增加。
UK [plɒt] US [plɑ:t] verb (-tt-)
SECRET PLAN 秘密计划
intransitive or transitive
■to make a secret plan to do something wrong, harmful or illegal 秘密计划；阴谋
• The army is plotting the overthrow of the government. 军队正密谋推翻政府。
• I can't believe that he's plotting against his own father. 我难以相信他正暗中和自己的父亲作对。
• [+ to infinitive] They're plotting (together) to take over the company. 他们正在（一起）谋划接管该公司。
transitive humorous
■to make a secret plan to do something funny or fun to or for someone 密谋，策划（开某人的玩笑）
• [+ to infinitive] They're plotting to play a trick on their brother. 他们正密谋捉弄他们的哥哥。
• He's plotting a surprise party for his wife's birthday. 他在偷偷为妻子的生日策划一个惊喜派对。
UK [plɒt] US [plɑ:t] verb (-tt-)
STORY 故事
transitive
■to write the plot for something 为…设计情节
• So far I've only plotted (out) the story in a rough form. 到目前为止，我仅仅构思出了故事的基本框架。
sketch, draft, blueprint, diagram, outline, plot
这组词都有“绘制”的意思，其区别是：
sketch: 指用图、模型或语言描述来表示某一事物的整体情况。
draft: 用作动词时指按准确比例设计或打样；作名词时专指精确的草图或草案。
blueprint: 主要指绘制蓝图或制定纲领或规划。这个词引申用来指详细而具体的行动计划。
diagram: 侧重指用图形、图表等来说明。
outline: 主要给出事物要点或轮廓，强调简化了的整体。
plot: 可与draft和diagram换用，但侧重于表示具体的点、面、部分或目标，从而使相互关系以及和整体的关系得以明确。
programme, project, scheme, plan, blueprint, design, plot
这组词都有“计划”的意思，其区别是：
programme: 使用广泛，既可指思想上的计划，又可指任何形式的书面计划或规划。
project: 多指由个人或集体为进行某项工作或完成某一项较大的任务，而制定的计划方案或设想。
scheme: 普通用词，比plan更强调计划的通盘筹划和某些细节的精心安排。在现代英语中，常用于指阴谋诡计。
plan: 最普通常用词，多指事先经过较充分的准备或考虑后制定的计划，也可指非决定性的打算或设想。
blueprint: 从本义蓝图，引申指详细而具体的行动计划。
design: 侧重指按照目标、目的意向，根据固定格式精心作出的计划或安排。
plot: 主要指为实现某一阴谋而拟定秘密的计划。
n. 情节；图；阴谋
 - action, designing, scenario
vt. 密谋； [测] 绘图；划分；标绘
 - lot, to divide
vi. 密谋；策划；绘制
 - be up to something, to plan

Word: irrelevant
Front: irrelevant
[ɪˈreləvənt] (托 5782/4498 -2)
Vocabulary: irrelevant
(once / 1252 pages)
adj
If you're talking about hockey and someone keeps trying to mention football, you might describe their comments as irrelevant. Irrelevant means not related to the subject at hand.
If a rock star becomes irrelevant, it means people are not relating––or even listening––to his music anymore. It isn't part of what people are thinking or talking about. The opposite is relevant, meaning related. An analysis of brush strokes in Manet's painting would be relevant to a discussion of texture in painting in general. Relevant was borrowed from Medieval Latin relevare "to bear upon," from Latin, "to lift up." The prefix ir-, meaning "not," is a variant of in- before words that begin with the letter r.
WORD FAMILY
irrelevant: irrelevance, irrelevancy, irrelevantly+/ irrelevance: irrelevances/irrelevancy: irrelevancies/relevancy: relevancies/ relevant: irrelevant, relevance, relevancy, relevantly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Irrelevant, because Trump outsources the FBI’s duties to the KGB.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
The parents say the documents are irrelevant and that the repeated demands for them are harassing and invasive.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
He says that the fact that Ramzan is nearly three times his daughter’s age is irrelevant.
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 不相干的; 不恰当; 缺乏时代性的，落后于潮流的; 牛头不对马嘴
分布：不相干的(86%)，不恰当的(7%)，无关系的(7%)
→ir-,不，非，relevant,相关的。
不相干的,不切题的(ir不＋relevant)[lev,live=raise,lighten,表示"提高,举起,变轻"]
【记】relevant（adj 有关的；相应的）
【反】apposite（adj 适当的；恰当的）；germane（adj 有密切关系的）；apropos（adj 恰好的）
adjective
■not related to what is being discussed or considered and therefore of no importance 不相关的，不切题的
• These documents are largely irrelevant to the present investigation. 这些档与目前的调查几乎毫不相干。
• Making a large profit is irrelevant to us - the important thing is to make the book available to the largest possible audience. 赚取巨额利润对我们来说并不重要，重要的是要让尽可能多的读者读到这本书。
adj. 不相干的；不切题的
 - inconnected, unrelated

Word: terminal
Front: terminal
[ˈtɜ:mɪnl] (高研四六托雅宝 5777/4011 -2)
Vocabulary: terminal
(once / 853 pages)
1adjn 2n 3n 4adj
Terminal is a word with many meanings. Depending on how it's used, it can describe a place where passengers end their journey, a computer screen and keyboard, or a life-ending disease.
As a noun, terminal describes a bus or train station at the end of the line. When your aunt takes the bus into town, you pick her up at the terminal. Her visit becomes very sad when your aunt tells you she's been diagnosed with an illness that's terminal — an adjective meaning she hasn't long to live. This is surprising news, since you've always believed your aunt is a hypochondriac. Now you have to go to your computer terminal and look up her disease.
WORD FAMILY
terminal: subterminal, terminally, terminals+/ interminable: interminably/terminable: interminable / terminate: terminable, terminated, terminates, terminating, termination, terminative/ termination: terminations/terminative: terminatively/ terminus: terminal, terminate, termini, terminuses
USAGE EXAMPLES
A massive $6 billion redevelopment project includes apartments, hotels and a ferry terminal.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
A Pemex spokesman said relatively few gasoline stations were affected, although protesters temporarily blocked storage terminals, delaying the delivery of gasoline to retail points.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
The work also included adding nearly 13,000 square feet of interior space and remodeling about 20,000 square feet of the existing terminal.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 末期的; 晚期的; 定期的; 末端的
n. 终端; 终点站; 航空站; （电路的）端子
分布：终点(32%)，末端(18%)，终点站(16%)，终端机(10%)，末端的(8%)，晚期的(6%)，航站楼(5%)，终点的(5%)
→termin-,边界，终端，-al,形容词后缀。即终端的，后形容词作名词使用。
终结的n.终端(termin+al)[termin=limit,表示"界限"]
a.晚期的;终点的;期末的n.终点(站);终端The thermal therapy terminated after the terminal germ seminar.热疗在期末细菌研讨会后终止了.
US ['tɝ:-] adjective
ILLNESS 疾病
 ADVANCED
■(of a disease or illness) leading gradually to death （疾病）晚期的，末期的
• She has terminal cancer. 她患有末期癌症。
■A terminal patient is one who is seriously ill and will die soon. （病人）病情危重的
UK ['tɜ:.mɪ.nəl] US ['tɝ:-] adjective
EXTREME 极度的
 ADVANCED
■extreme, when referring to something unpleasant or negative 极其的，极度的
• He has nothing to do all day and is suffering from terminal boredom. 他终日无所事事，极其无聊。
• She claims that the shipbuilding industry is in terminal decline. 她声称造船业已经衰败到极点。
UK ['tɜ:.mɪ.nəl] US ['tɝ:-] noun countable
BUILDING 建筑
 ADVANCED
■the area or building at a station, airport or port which is used by passengers leaving or arriving by train, aircraft or ship 月台；候机楼，航站；码头
• Your flight to Perth will leave from Terminal 4. 您乘坐前往珀斯的航班将在第四航厦起飞。
UK ['tɜ:.mɪ.nəl] US ['tɝ:-] noun countable
COMPUTER 电脑
■a piece of equipment consisting of a keyboard and screen, which is used for communicating with the part of a computing system that deals with information 电脑终端
UK ['tɜ:.mɪ.nəl] US ['tɝ:-] noun countable
ELECTRICITY 电 specialized the point at which a connection can be made in an electric circuit （电路的）端子，线接头
stop, terminal, station
这组词都有“站”的意思，其区别是：
stop: 多指公共汽车站，尤指中途停车站。
terminal: 指火车、公共汽车或飞机的终点(总)站。
station: 普通用词，一般指火车站或汽车站。
n. 末端； [交] 终点； [计] 终端机；极限
 - destination, limitation, threshold, bottom, goal
adj. [动] 末端的； [交] 终点的；晚期的
 - advanced, finishing, marginal

Word: harbor
Front: harbor
['hɑ:bə] (研六托雅宝 5726/26500)
Vocabulary: harbor
(once / 242 pages)
nv
A harbor is a safe place providing refuge and comfort. If you're traveling, the harbor provided by a warm hotel is welcome. For ships, a harbor is a sheltered port area shielded from waves, where it's safe to dock.
Harbor can also be used as a verb, which describes maintaining a belief or a feeling. If you harbor ill-will toward your neighbor John, you don't like him much. Harbor can also mean you hold back your ideas and don't express them openly. John may have no idea you hate him if you harbor your true feelings deep inside, but pretend you like him to his face.
WORD FAMILY
harbor: harborage, harbored, harboring, harbors
USAGE EXAMPLES
Police say Caldwell failed a field sobriety test leaving the MGM National Harbor on opening night.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
“Right now, Charles Town needs to be looking to differentiate itself from the Maryland casinos including MGM National Harbor, located outside of Washington, D.C.,”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It was found near a private harbor in a small lakeside community.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 海港; 海湾; 避难所; 躲藏处
vt. & vi. 心怀; 庇护; 避入安全地; （船）入港停泊
时态：harbored, harboring, harbors
分布：海港(58%)，心怀(12%)，避难所(10%)，庇护(8%)，生存(6%)，窝藏(4%)，进入避祸所(2%)
n.(harbour)海港;避难所v.隐匿,窝藏During the gale the ships stayed in the harbor.刮大风时船只停泊在港内.
【反】evict（v 驱逐房客）
port, harbor, dock
port: 重心在陆地，包括其所在的城市，port city
harbor: 重心在水，指停泊船只、装卸货物的天然或人工港口，为避风港湾
dock: 码头
vt. 庇护；怀有
 - nourish
n. 海港；避难所
 - haven, home
vi. 居住，生存；入港停泊；躲藏
 - exist, belong, room, live, dwell

Word: coaching
Front: coaching
[ˈkəʊtʃɪŋ] (5781/9066)
Back: v. 训练，辅导( coach的现在分词 ); 补习
分布：辅导(58%)，训练(41%)，动词coach的现在分词.(1%)
N-COUNT
教练
A coach is someone who trains a person or team of people in a particular sport.
例：Tony Woodcock has joined German amateur team SC Brueck as coach.托尼·伍德科克加盟德国业余队SC布吕克队担任教练。
VERB
为…当教练;训练;指导
When someone coaches a person or a team, they help them to become better at a particular sport.
例：Beckenbauer coached the West Germans to success in the World Cup final in Italy...贝肯鲍尔执教西德队，带领他们在意大利世界杯决赛中获胜。
例：I had coached the Alliance team for some time.我曾在联盟队担任过一段时间的教练。
N-COUNT
(体育队的)主教练
A coach is a person who is in charge of a sports team.
N-COUNT
(棒球运动中，站在一垒或三垒附近，给其他选手信号的)跑垒指挥员
In baseball, a coach is a member of a team who stands near the first or third base, and gives signals to other members of the team who are on bases and are trying to score.
N-COUNT
(尤指辅导备考的)私人教师，辅导教师
A coach is someone who gives people special teaching in a particular subject, especially in order to prepare them for an examination.
例：What you need is a drama coach.你需要的是一位戏剧辅导老师。
VERB
给…补习;(尤指)为…辅导备考
If you coach someone, you give them special teaching in a particular subject, especially in order to prepare them for an examination.
例：He gently coached me in French.他为我补习法语，态度十分温和。
N-COUNT
长途汽车;长途大巴
A coach is a large, comfortable bus that carries passengers on long journeys.
例：As we headed back to Calais, the coach was badly delayed by roadworks...返回加来时，由于道路施工，我们乘坐的长途大巴严重误点。
例：I hate travelling by coach.我不喜欢坐长途汽车。
N-COUNT
(火车的)旅客车厢
A coach is one of the separate sections of a train that carries passengers.
例：The train was an elaborate affair of sixteen coaches.这列火车由16节车厢组成，设计复杂精巧。
N-COUNT
四轮大马车，公共马车(旧时用于载客，现在英国等国仍用于庆典场合)
A coach is an enclosed vehicle with four wheels which is pulled by horses, and in which people used to travel. Coaches are still used for ceremonial events in some countries, such as Britain.
n. 辅导；教练技术
 - counselling, tutorship
v. 指导（coach的ing形式）
 - guiding, conducting, mentoring

Word: foolish
Front: foolish
[ˈfu:lɪʃ] (高研四托 5783/4977 -2)
Vocabulary: foolish
(once / 137 pages)
adj
Foolish people are silly or senseless, and when you do something foolish, it's clearly unwise or irrational. Sitting on the hood of a car while your friend is driving is a foolish thing to do.
Things that show a lack of judgment are foolish, like cheating on a test or running into the street after a basketball. Foolish decisions at work can cost you your job, and foolish comments can hurt people's feelings. Foolish is a 14th century word that comes from fool, a person who's unwise. The Latin root, follis, means "bellows" or "leather bag." The "silly person" meaning comes from the figurative idea of a "windbag."
WORD FAMILY
foolish: foolisher, foolishest, foolishly, foolishness+/ fool: fooled, foolery, fooling, foolish, fools/foolery: fooleries/foolishness: foolishnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
It would be foolish to let Cousins walk.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Which is why Trump’s embrace of the carbon bubble is particularly foolish.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
“I think you’d be foolish not to look over the fence and see what the neighbor’s got in their backyard,” he said.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 愚蠢的; 鲁莽的; 荒谬的，可笑的; 混
分布：愚蠢的(88%)，可笑的(6%)，荒谬的(6%)
愚蠢的(fool笨蛋)[-ish 1.表形容词"像…一样,有的..."通常放在一具体名词后2.表动词"造成…"3.表示"国家的或语言"]
a.愚笨的,愚蠢的The scholar foolishly took the school cooling pool for swimming pool.学者愚蠢的把学校的冷却池当成游泳池.
adjective
 ADVANCED
■unwise, stupid or not showing good judgment 愚蠢的，傻的
• That was a rather foolish thing to do. 做那样的事可真是蠢。
• She was afraid that she would look foolish if she refused. 她怕如果拒绝会使自己看起来像个傻瓜。
• It was foolish of them to pay so much. 他们花了这么多钱，真傻。
silly, dull, simple, stupid, foolish
这组词都有“愚蠢的，笨的，傻的”的意思，其区别是：
silly: 口语用词，可和foolish互换，但语气稍强。侧重指人的言行不合常规或不理智，强调单纯、低能和糊涂。
dull: 指对问题理解迟钝，缺乏灵敏机智头脑，可能是先下智力低下，也可能因疲倦或健康不佳所致。
simple: 强调头脑简单或缺少智慧。
stupid: 多指人或行为的愚蠢，尤指先天智能低下，或因某种原因失去正常的反应或感觉。有时也可与silly和foolish换用，但语气强，常含贬义。
foolish: 一般指人的无头脑、愚蠢，或缺乏常识与判断力，或指行动的愚蠢可笑。
adj. 愚蠢的；傻的
 - stupid, silly, mad, softheaded

Word: frightened
Front: frightened
[ˈfraɪtnd] (5786/3398 -K)
Vocabulary: frightened
(once / 155 pages)
adj
Someone who's frightened is scared or anxious. A frightened camper might tremble with fear as she listens to the scary campfire stories her counselor tells.
When you're frightened, you feel fearful — you might be frightened of thunderstorms or frightened of strange dogs. A frightened airplane passenger might panic and cause other people to become frightened. The adjective comes from frighten — before the 1660s, the verb was instead fright. All of these words share an Old English root, fyrhtu, "fear, dread, trembling, or horrible sight."
WORD FAMILY
frightened: frighteneder, frightenedest, frightenedly, unfrightened+/ frighten: frightened, frightening, frightens/ frightening: frighteningly, frightenings
USAGE EXAMPLES
So you’re frightened onstage for 90 minutes, every night, and your body thinks that it’s real — what happens?
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Actually it is the sweet little bat who is frightened, after being separated in the forest from her doting mother.
Seattle Times(Dec 20, 2016)
There was no guarantee that the economy’s downward spiral wouldn’t continue, as frightened businesses and consumers curbed spending and, in the process, increased unemployment.
Washington Post(Dec 18, 2016)
Back: adj. 害怕的; 受惊的
v. （使）惊恐( frighten的过去式和过去分词); 吓唬
分布：受惊的(100%)
adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■feeling fear or worry 害怕的，受惊的
• She gets frightened when he shouts at her. 他冲她吼时她很害怕。
• The policewoman found a frightened child in the hut. 女警在小屋里发现了一个惊恐的孩子。
• Are you frightened of spiders? 你怕蜘蛛吗？
• I was frightened (that) you would fall. 我担心你会掉下来。
• Don't be frightened to complain if the service is bad. 如果服务不好的话要敢于投诉。
adj. 害怕的；受惊的；受恐吓的
 - afraid, scared
v. 害怕；使吃惊；吓走（frighten的过去分词）
 - funked

Word: hate
Front: hate
[heɪt] (中高研四六 1526/1839 -K3)
Vocabulary: hate
(once / 68 pages)
nv
Do you dislike getting up early on weekends? How much do you dislike it? So much that you'd stay in bed even if your favorite movie star came by your house to make you your favorite breakfast? In that case, you could say you hate it.
Hate is a powerfully strong verb, and it's one you should probably save for those things you really detest, that you have a passionately negative feeling about. An exception is when you use it in a sentence like, "I hate to bother you, but I'd like another cup of coffee." In this case, you're not using the word hate literally, but in more of a polite way; you simply want to emphasize that you're not trying to bother someone while still getting what you want.
WORD FAMILY
hate: hated, hateful, hater, hates, hating+/hateful: hatefulest, hatefully, hatefulness/hatefulness: hatefulnesses/hater: haters
USAGE EXAMPLES
He hates but accepts the constant criticism from media and fans.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
You will not see us accusing them of hating Jews.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
“I just hated to cut all that hair off,” Gates said.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: vt. 仇恨，憎恨; 厌恶; 对…感到不喜欢或讨厌
vi. 恨
n. 强烈的仇恨或厌恶，恨; 仇恨或讨厌的对象
时态：hated, hating, hates
分布：讨厌(66%)，憎恨(26%)，厌恶(8%)
→来自古英语hatian,讨厌，厌恶，来自kad,憎恶，词源同heinous.
v.恨,憎恨;不愿,不喜欢n.恨,憎恶I've hatred for the hateful man's skates bought with prior private privilege.我对那个可恶男子用优先个人特权购买的冰鞋感到厌恶.
verb intransitive or transitive
 ESSENTIAL
■to dislike someone or something very much 憎恨，憎恶，厌恶
• Kelly hates her teacher. 凯莉厌恶她的老师。
• She hated the cold dark days of winter. 她不喜欢冬天寒冷阴暗的日子。
• I hate it when you do that. 我非常讨厌你那样做。
• [+ -ing verb] I have always hated speaking in public. 我一直都很讨厌在公共场合讲话。
• I hate him telling me what do to all the time. 我讨厌他每时每刻都在告诉我该做甚么。
• [+ to infinitive] I hate (= do not want) to interrupt, but it's time we left. 我不想打断你，但我们该走了。
• I'd hate (= would not like) you to think I didn't appreciate what you'd done. 我不愿让你认为我不欣赏你做的事。
[heɪt] verb intransitive or transitive
hate sb's guts informal
■to dislike someone very much 非常恨（某人），恨死（某人）
[heɪt] noun countable or uncountable
■an extremely strong dislike 憎恨，憎恶
• She gave him a look of pure hate. 她非常憎恨地看了他一眼。
• The feelings of hate grew stronger every day. 仇恨一天天加深。
• UK One of my pet hates (= one of the main things I dislike) is people who use your name all the while when they're speaking to you. 我最讨厌那些跟你说话时不停地叫你名字的人。
⇒ See also hatred
disgust, hate, dislike
这组词都有“不喜欢”的意思，其区别是：
disgust: 指对令人不快、生厌或坏的东西或行为怀有强烈的憎恶。
hate: 指因对某人或某事强烈不满或反感，或因利害关系等而产生憎恨。
dislike: 普通用词，指任何程度的憎恶，但永远指正面的憎恶和反对。
vt. 憎恨；厌恶；遗憾
 - detest, turn away from
n. 憎恨；反感
 - despite, hatred

Word: Reverend
Front: Reverend
[ˈrevərənd] (5792/8070 -2)
Back: adj. 可尊敬的，教士的，对牧师或神父的尊称
n. 教士，牧师
分布：牧师(57%)，教士(22%)，牧师的(11%)，神职人员(6%)，应受尊敬的(4%)
→来自拉丁语 reverendus,被敬畏的人，来自拉丁语 revereri,敬畏，恐惧，尊敬，词源同 revere.-end, 动名词格。主要用于对神职人员的尊称。
US [-ɚ.ənd] (written abbreviation rev/Revd)
noun
■a title for a priest of the Christian church （对基督教教士的尊称）大人
• the Reverend H. Clark 克拉克牧师大人
adj. 教士的；可尊敬的
 - worthy, estimable
n. 教士
 - priest, clergyman

Word: ignorance
Front: ignorance
[ˈɪgnərəns] (研六托雅 5789/5259)
Vocabulary: ignorance
(once / 185 pages)
n
If you didn't do any of the reading or homework for your Russian history class, you are probably hoping the teacher won't call on you, so you can hide your ignorance, or lack of knowledge.
The noun ignorance is not a synonym for "stupidity," since its meaning is closer to "being uninformed" than "being unintelligent." Ignorance implies that a person or group needs to be educated on a particular subject. You might have heard the phrase "ignorance is bliss," which means that sometimes it's easier when you don't know the whole truth about something and can be blissfully happy, unaware of unpleasant realities.
WORD FAMILY
ignorance: ignorances+/ ignorant: ignorance, ignoranter, ignorantest, ignorantly, ignorantness
USAGE EXAMPLES
These awkward exchanges usually stem from ignorance rather than anti-Semitism or neo-Nazi ideals, academic experts and others say.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
She said there is “a lot of ignorance and misconceptions around transgender people.”
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
These accidents are rarely a result of ignorance.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 无知，愚昧; 蒙
分布：无知(86%)，愚昧(14%)
→来自ignore,忽视，无知。
无知,愚昧(ignore+ance)[gnos(t),gnor=know,表示"知道"]
n.无知,愚昧;不知道His ignorance of her dignity ignited her indignation.他对她的高贵的无知点燃了她的愤怒(之火).
【记】ig不，gnor知道－无知
【参】ignoramus（n 不学无术的人；无知识的人）；ignore（vt 不理睬；忽视）
【反】erudition（n 博学）
US [-nɚ-] noun uncountable
■lack of knowledge, understanding or information about something 无知，愚昧
• Public ignorance about the disease is still a cause for concern. 公众对这个疾病的无知仍是一个令人担忧的问题。
• Patients, it is claimed, were kept/left in ignorance of what was wrong with them. 据称，病人被蒙在鼓里，对于自己得了甚么病还毫不知情。
UK ['ɪg.nər.ənts] US [-nɚ-] noun uncountable
Ignorance is bliss. saying
■said to emphasize that sometimes it is better for you if you do not know all the facts about a situation 无知便是福；难得糊涂
n. 无知，愚昧；不知，不懂
 - darkness, unwisdom

Word: neatly
Front: neatly
[ni:tlɪ] (5788/4706 -K)
Vocabulary: neatly
(once / 621 pages)
adv
Doing something neatly means doing it in a tidy or orderly way. When you make your bed neatly, you tuck in the sheets and fold back the comforter.
You can put your hair in a sloppy ponytail, or you can pull it back neatly. And while your closet might be full of messy piles of shirts and sweaters, the ones you see at a clothing store are folded neatly in piles. Neatly comes from neat, which originally meant "free from dirt," and later gained the meaning "tidy." The Latin root is nitidus, "gleaming."
WORD FAMILY
neat: neaten, neater, neatest, neatly, neatness +/ neatness: neatnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
It may be impossible to draw a single thread through every performance to neatly cinch together a great actress’s legacy.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
That value won’t fit neatly and numerically into any traditional asset or liability column, but it will fit on your emotional balance sheet.
New York Times(Jul 30, 2015)
Mr. Baker imbues the character with a tormented single-mindedness that neatly defines his predicament.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adv. 整洁地; 干净地; 灵巧地; 恰好地
分布：整洁地(50%)，熟练地(50%)
adverb
TIDY 整洁地
■in a tidy way 整洁地，整齐地
• His clothes are all neatly folded in their drawers. 他的衣服都整齐地叠放在抽屉里。
['ni:t.li] adverb
CLEVER 聪明地
■in a clever and simple way 简单而聪明地
• The announcement was neatly timed to coincide with the release of their new album. 这项消息很巧妙地安排在他们的新专辑推出的时候公布。
adv. 整洁地；熟练地；灵巧地
 - nattily, deftly

Word: skier
Front: skier
[ˈski:ə(r)] (5791/13080)
Back: n. 滑雪的人
分布：滑雪者(100%)
→ski,滑雪，-er,人。
US [-ɚ] noun countable
■a person who skis 滑雪者

Word: wetland
Front: wetland
[ˈwetlənd] (雅 5790/10916 -1)
Back: n. 潮湿的土壤，沼泽地; 湿地; 沼泽地; 〈美〉野兽保护沼地
分布：湿地(92%)，湿地的(8%)
noun countable or uncountable
■a large area of land covered with swamp or marsh 湿地；沼泽地
n. 湿地；沼泽地
 - moist soil, everglade

Word: playground
Front: playground
[ˈpleɪgraʊnd] (中高研四六雅 5793/6458 -1)
Vocabulary: playground
(once / 1809 pages)
n
A playground is a place to frolic and play. Most kids know where the nearest playground is because that’s where the swings and slides are. Neighborhoods and schools usually have a playground. Weeeeee!
A playground built especially for kids has equipment for them to play on, like climbing structures, swings, seesaws, and play houses. Many public parks have this kind of playground. When adults talk about their favorite playgrounds, they usually mean a place they go to do the sports or activities they love. A nearby mountain, for example, could be described as a playground for snow boarders.
WORD FAMILY
playground: playgrounds
USAGE EXAMPLES
This timely novel captures every character in the worst light, and the grudge matches among Brooklyn’s liberal parentocracy are nastier than any playground brawl.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
He cited drug dealing and other “disturbing behavior” in or near playgrounds.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Playgrounds are vital in Los Angeles, a city where many families live without backyards or balconies.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 操场，尤指提供如秋千等设备的户外场地; 游乐场; （某些集体聚会游乐的）园地
分布：操场(76%)，运动场(13%)，游乐场(11%)
n.运动场,游戏场The delayed player delegation stay on the playground.被耽搁的运动员代表团停留在操场上.
noun
 ADVANCED countable
■an area designed for children to play in outside, especially at a school （尤指学校里的）操场，游乐场
only singular
■a place where a particular group of people enjoy themselves 娱乐场所
• This area of the coast is the playground of the rich and famous. 海滨的这片区域是富人和名人们的娱乐场。
countable US for * recreation ground
playground, stadium, court, gymnasium
这组词都有“运动场，操场”的意思，其区别是：
playground: 一般指附属于学校或公园内的活动场地，也可指游乐场或儿童游戏场地。
stadium: 指周围有看台的露天大型运动场。
court: 通常指周围有围墙的专用球场。
gymnasium: 可简写为gym，指不受天气影响的室内体育馆、健身房或运动场馆。
n. 运动场，操场
 - sports ground, athletic ground

Word: cellular
Front: cellular
[ˈseljələ(r)] (托 5796/7393 -1)
Back: adj. 细胞的; 由细胞组成的; 多孔的; 蜂窝状
分布：手机(52%)，细胞的(36%)，多孔的(10%)，蜂窝式的(2%)
→来自cell, 小室，因其小室结构而得名，无线蜂窝电话义因其单个电线竿辐射范围好比单个小室而得名。
细胞的(cell细胞)[-ular表形容词"有…形状或性质的"]
US [-lɚ] adjective
ORGANISM 生物
■connected with the cells of a plant or animal 细胞的
UK ['sel.jʊ.lər] US [-lɚ] adjective
PART 部分
■made of small parts 由小单位元（部分）组成的
• The organization has a cellular structure (= is made of many small groups that work independently). 该组织由许多各自独立的小分支机构组成。
adj. [细胞] [数] 细胞的； [岩] 多孔的；由细胞组成的
 - vuggy, polyporous
n. 移动电话；单元
 - unit, mobilephone

Word: embarrassment
Front: embarrassment
[ɪmˈbærəsmənt] (5794/4482 -K2)
Vocabulary: embarrassment
(once / 446 pages)
1n 2n
When you feel embarrassment, you are self-conscious or ashamed. Embarrassment might keep you from wearing your Statue of Liberty Halloween costume in public.
Something that makes you blush — like when ten people rush up to tell you how great your tuba solo was or realizing that you left the house in your pajama bottoms — causes you embarrassment. The person or thing that makes you feel awkward and ashamed can also be described as an embarrassment. To avoid embarrassment, remember to double the r's and s's when you spell embarrassment.
WORD FAMILY
embarrassment: embarrassments+/disembarrass: disembarrassed, disembarrasses, disembarrassing, disembarrassment/ embarrass: disembarrass, embarrassed, embarrasses, embarrassing, embarrassment / embarrassed: embarrassedly, unembarrassed/ embarrassing: embarrassingly/unembarrassed: unembarrassedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The UK government's lack of support for start-ups attending the CES tech show is a "source of embarrassment", according to the event's organiser.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
It was a performance similar to the Week 15 embarrassment against Carolina, only worse.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
For other surnames, some English spellings are meant to avoid embarrassment.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 窘迫; 难堪; 令人难堪或耻辱的事
分布：尴尬(69%)，难堪(21%)，困窘(10%)
US [-'ber-] noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■when you feel embarrassed, or something that makes you feel embarrassed 尴尬，窘迫；局促不安；令人尴尬的事
• She blushed with embarrassment. 她难堪得脸都红了。
• My parents are an embarrassment to me! 我父母让我觉得很丢脸！
UK [ɪm'bær.ə.smənt] US [-'ber-] noun countable or uncountable
an embarrassment of riches formal
■so many good things or people that it is impossible to decide which of them you want 好东西多得令人难以选择
shame, embarrassment, disgrace, dishonour
这组词都有“丢脸，羞愧”的意思，其区别是：
shame: 多指因非法婚烟、私生、卖国或犯法等而丢失脸面或败坏名声，使他人认为“丢脸”、“可耻”。
embarrassment: 多指在社交活动中所遇到的尴尬事。
disgrace: 常指失去他人的尊敬和称赞而使自己感受到的丢脸、耻辱。
dishonour: 指失去原来享有的光荣或自尊和自重。
n. 窘迫，难堪；使人为难的人或事物；拮据
 - aporia

Word: amateur
Front: amateur
[ˈæmətə(r)] (高研六托雅宝 5795/5030 -3)
Vocabulary: amateur
(once / 451 pages)
nadj
An amateur is a person who does something for enjoyment, not money, like an amateur who paints as a hobby but earns a living another way.
The adjective amateur often describes a pastime, like an amateur sports league that people join to get exercise and socialize together. Or it can have a negative meaning and describe something that's poorly done. If your guests leave your dinner table and stop for fast food on the way home, you may be ashamed of your amateur cooking skills. Amateur originated as a French word, meaning "lover of," not "expert."
WORD FAMILY
amateur: amateurish, amateurism, amateurly, amateurs+/ amateurish: amateurishly, amateurishness/amateurism: amateurisms
USAGE EXAMPLES
In futuring circles, paradoxically, this is the mark of an amateur.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 01, 2017)
Players were plentiful enough in the ranks for the battalion to enter five teams in amateur competition.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
But as questions arise about the Iraqi military's treatment of detainees and the bodies of dead fighters, amateur images may become evidence.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 业余爱好者; 外行，生手
adj. 业余的，非职业的; 外行的
分布：业余爱好者(67%)，外行(33%)
→词根am, 爱，原指爱好，后带有贬义。
a. & n.业余(水平)的(运动员,艺术家等)Last summer the drummer became an amateur dramatist dramatically.去年夏天,鼓手戏剧性地变成了业余剧作家.
US [-tˌʃɚ] adjective
 ADVANCED
■taking part in an activity for pleasure, not as a job 业余爱好的，非职业的
• an amateur astronomer/boxer/historian 业余天文爱好者／拳击手／历史爱好者
• He was an amateur singer until the age of 40, when he turned professional. 40岁之前他一直是个业余歌手，之后才转为职业歌手。
Compare professional
 ADVANCED
■relating to an activity, especially a sport, where the people taking part do not receive money 业余的；（尤指）业余体育运动的
• amateur athletics 业余运动员
UK ['æm.ə.tər] US [-tˌʃɚ] noun countable
■a person who takes part in an activity for pleasure, not as a job 业余爱好者；业余运动员
• This tennis tournament is open to both amateurs and professionals. 这次网球锦标赛业余运动员和职业运动员都可以参加。
Compare professional disapproving
■someone who does not have much skill in what they do 外行；粗通（某一行）的人
• I won't be giving them any more work - they're a bunch of amateurs. 我有工作也不再给他们做了，简直就是一帮外行。
n. 爱好者；业余爱好者；外行
 - lover, fan
adj. 业余的；外行的
 - strange, leisure, lay

Word: competent
Front: competent
[ˈkɒmpɪtənt] (研四六托 5797/4995 -2)
Vocabulary: competent
(once / 307 pages)
adj
If you are competent, you have the necessary ability or skills to do something. If you can carry a heavy tray of food, and store a table's worth of orders in your head, you are probably a competent waitress.
The opposite of competent is incompetent––an incompetent travel agent might send you to Bahrain when you requested Britain. But competent on its own can sometimes be a veiled criticism, with the implication that someone competent is just going to through the motions––you'd rather have someone inspired on the job. In legal language, competent describes someone who is able to take part in a trial or sign a contract.
WORD FAMILY
competent: competence, competency, competenter, competently, incompetent +/ competence: competences/ competency: competencies/ incompetence: incompetences/incompetency: incompetencies/ incompetent: incompetence, incompetency, incompetently, incompetents
USAGE EXAMPLES
Roof also was adamant that a transcript of a hearing where he was found mentally competent not be released to the public.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Roof also was adamant that a transcript of a hearing where he was found mentally competent not be released to the public.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It was decreased through use of a positive behavioral plan, designed by a competent psychologist and monitored with data collection.
Washington Post(Dec 20, 2016)
Back: adj. 有能力的，能胜任的; 能干的，称职的; 足够的，充足的; 有决定权的
分布：有能力的(53%)，胜任的(28%)，足够的(19%)
资格的,能力的(compete+ent→竞争的[能力]→有资格的)[pet=seek,表示"追寻,寻求"]
a.有能力的,能胜任的;足够的The competent petitioner thinks the perpetual impetus is petty.有能力的请愿者认为永久的动力是细小的.
US ['kɑ:m.pə.tˌənt] adjective
 ADVANCED
■able to do something well 有能力的；能干的；称职的
• a competent secretary/horse-rider/cook 能干的秘书／骑手／厨师
• I wouldn't say he was brilliant but he is competent at his job. 我虽然不会说他是才华横溢，可他还是能胜任工作的。
Opposite incompetent
competent, able, capable
competent: 指“胜任”，“合格”，或受过专业技术等训练的，但不是超群的能力。如：A doctor should be competent to treat many diseases. (医生应该能治多种病。)
able: 为常用词，指具有做某事所需的力量，技巧，知识与时间等，一般下效率无关，用作定语表示能力超出平均水平。如：A cat is able to see in the dark. (猫在黑暗中能看见东西。)
capable: 指满足一般要求的能力，可以是表现出来的，也可是潜在的，搭配是be capable of +doing。用作定语，表示的能力没有able表示的能力强。如：He is capable of running a mile in a minute. (他能在一分钟内跑完一英里。)He is a very capable doctor. (他是一位很好的大夫。)
adj. 胜任的；有能力的；能干的；足够的
 - able, capable, efficient, sufficient, adequate

Word: linear
Front: linear
[ˈlɪniə(r)] (研六托雅宝 5802/4880 -1)
Vocabulary: linear
(once / 3592 pages)
1adj 2adj 3adj 4adj
Something linear is like a line. The adjective usually refers to something that follows an expected order or sequence — like railroad tracks or even the progression of a disease.
Drawn from the word line, something linear follows that concept, coming from the Latin līneāris, "belonging to a line." You might come across the word in mathematics, as in a "linear equation," or in electronics, with a "linear circuit." It also can be used to refer to a written work that follows a "linear narrative." If a movie has lots of flashbacks and happens out of order, it does not have a linear narrative. You might find such a movie puzzling but enjoyable, or you might prefer something some chronological and linear.
WORD FAMILY
linear: interlinear, linearise, linearity, linearize, linearly, nonlinear+/interlineal: interlineally/ line: lineal, linear, lineation, lined, linelike, liner, lines, lining, reline, underline/lineal: interlineal, lineally/linearity: linearities/lineation: lineations/lined: unlined/liner: liners/ lining: linings/reline: relined, relining/underline: underlined, underlines, underlining
USAGE EXAMPLES
In such a realm of skyscrapers, its 10 metres is nothing, just a squat linear scrap of rubble fit to be cleared.
The Guardian(Dec 25, 2016)
For many years, Dr. Drell was a key figure at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, a laboratory operated by the Energy Department.
Washington Post(Dec 24, 2016)
Representation in interactive media may be even more important than it is in linear entertainment.
New York Times(Dec 22, 2016)
Back: adj. 直线的，线形的; 长度的; <数>一次的，线性的; 通过单独的若干阶段来发展
分布：线性的(54%)，直线的(23%)，长度的(23%)
→来自line,线。
线的,直线的(line+ar)[line=line,表示"直线,线条"]
线的(line线)[-ar 1.表形容词"…的"2.表名词"人,物"]
a.线的,直线的,线状的;长度的;线性的Under the guideline, the output of streamlined seamless liners declines linearly.在该方针的指引下,流线型无缝班机的产量直线下降.
US [-ɚ] adjective
LINES 线
■consisting of or to do with lines 线的，直线的，线性的
• a linear diagram 线性图
UK ['lɪn.i.ər] US [-ɚ] adjective
LENGTH 长度
[before noun]
■relating to length, rather than area or volume 长度的
• linear measurement 长度单位
UK ['lɪn.i.ər] US [-ɚ] adjective
CONNECTION 联系 formal
■involving a series of events or thoughts in which one follows another one directly 连续的，连贯的；线性的
• These mental exercises are designed to break linear thinking habits and encourage the creativity that is needed for innovation. 设计这些思维训练旨在打破线性思维习惯，激发革新所需的创造思维。
■formal
■describes a relationship between two things that is direct or clear （关系）直接的，明显的
• Is there a linear relationship between salaries and productivity? 薪水和生产效率有直接关系吗？
adj. [数] 线的，线型的；直线的，线状的；长度的
 - longitudinal, thready

Word: mosque
Front: mosque
[mɒsk] (六宝 5801/10417 -2)
Vocabulary: mosque
(once / 806 pages)
n
The mosque is the traditional Muslim place of worship. Architecturally, it often features a minaret, or onion-shaped dome, on top.
Mosque stems from the Arabic word masjid, meaning "temple" or "place of worship." This building is very important religiously and politically, and can be a modest structure or an architectural masterpiece, such as the Great Mosque of Córdoba in Spain. Muslims, or practitioners of Islam, come together here and pray in rows facing in the direction of the holy city of Mecca.
WORD FAMILY
mosque: mosques
USAGE EXAMPLES
And they’re pushing their leaders to deny connection to the public sewage system the mosque would need.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The Islamic Society’s application to build the mosque was denied after more than three years and 39 public hearings.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In December, the Justice Department sued Culpeper County, alleging discrimination after the county denied a request for a permit to build a mosque there.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 清真寺，伊斯兰教寺院
分布：清真寺(100%)
→来自阿拉伯语masjid,祷告的地方，清真寺，来自ma-,表方位，sajada,俯伏在地，祈祷，祷告。
【记】源于：Moslem（n 穆斯林）
US [mɑ:sk] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a building for Islamic religious activities and worship 清真寺

Word: primitive
Front: primitive
[ˈprɪmətɪv] (高研四六托雅 5798/4019 -2)
Vocabulary: primitive
(once / 260 pages)
1adjn 2adjn
When we talk about "primitive man", we're usually talking about cavemen and other people who existed before the advent of table manners, but if your uncle speaks grunts and chews with his mouth open, you could describe him as primitive too.
Primitive is related to the word prime, and the root of both words is primus, which is Latin for "first." Since the phrase "primitive man" refers to the world's first people, you might think that the word primate has something to do with the similarity between early humans and monkeys, but it doesn't. Monkey, apes, and humans are called primates because they're seen as standing on the first, or highest, rung of the animal-kingdom ladder.
WORD FAMILY
primitive: primitively, primitiveness, primitives, primitivism+/primitivism: primitivisms
USAGE EXAMPLES
To deny the tug of that on all your most primitive instincts is to deny that you are human at all.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Bayonne, a one-man band — not only in the studio but also live — who assembles dizzying pop songs that all segue together on his album, “Primitives.”
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Our body’s stress response is a primitive one that was designed to promote survival—to help us fight or flee from predators.
Washington Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 原始的; 发展水平低的; 落后的; [生物学]原生的
n. 原始人; 早期的艺术家（作品）; 单纯的人：不世故的人; 自学的艺术家
分布：原始的(79%)，原始人(19%)，简陋的(1%)，文艺复兴前的艺术家(1%)
→来自prime,第一的，最初的，原始的，-itive,形容词后缀。
原始的(prim+itive)[prim=first,chief表示"第一,主要的"]
原始的(prim最初的,原始)[-itive表形容词"…的"]
a.原始的,远古的,早期的;粗糙的,简单的Primitive men lived in caves.原始人住在山洞里.
US [-tˌɪv] adjective
 ADVANCED
■relating to human society at a very early stage of development, with people living in a simple way without machines or a writing system 原始的，早期的，远古的
• Primitive races colonized these islands 2000 years ago. 原始种族2000年前开拓了这些岛屿。
• primitive man 原始人
• The spiny anteater is a mammal, although a very primitive one. 针鼹属于哺乳动物，尽管是非常原始的一种。
 ADVANCED disapproving
■describes living conditions that are basic, unpleasant and uncomfortable 无现代设施的，简陋的
• Early settlers had to cope with very primitive living conditions. 早期殖民者不得不克服非常原始的生存条件。
raw, original, primitive
raw: 原始的
original: 最初的，独特的
primitive: 原始的
initial, original, primitive
initial: a.开始的，最初的，强调处于事物的起始阶段，也可以指位于开头地方的。
 • My initial good opinion of him changed with time.   时间长了我对他最初的好印象改变了。
original: a.最初的，最早的；原版的，原物的。指按顺序是首位的，在此前不再有更为原始的同类的东西；也指原件的，原物的，非仿造的东西。
 • This is the original piano on which the composer created some of his greatest works.   就是在这架钢琴上，这位作曲家创作出了他的一些伟大的作品。
primitive: a.原始的，上古的，早期的，指处于人类生命或事物发展的早期阶段，也可以指自然的或简朴的。
 • Primitive tribes live in the Amazon River basin.   原始部落居住在亚马逊河盆地。
adj. [数] [生物] [地质] 原始的，远古的；简单的，粗糙的
 - original, simple, crude, plain, rough
n. [数] [生物] [地质] 原始人
 - Euroman

Word: reasoning
Front: reasoning
[ˈri:zənɪŋ] (研 5805/5668 -1)
Vocabulary: reasoning
(once / 333 pages)
nadj
Reasoning is a logical, thoughtful way of thinking. When your teacher explains the reasoning behind his classroom rules, he makes it clear exactly why and how he came up with them.
Voters often want to understand the reasoning behind certain laws, and toddlers almost always want to know the reasoning behind rules about bedtime and wearing warm clothes on cold days. You can also use reasoning as an adjective, to describe someone who can think logically. A reasoning adult can make decisions for herself. The word comes from reason, which is rooted in the Old French raisoner, "discuss or argue," and the Late Latin rationare, "to discourse."
WORD FAMILY
reasoning: reasoningly, reasonings, unreasoning+/ reason: reasonable, reasoned, reasoner, reasoning, reasonless, reasons, unreason/ reasonable: reasonableness, reasonabler, reasonablest, reasonably/reasoner: reasoners/unreason: unreasonable, unreasons/unreasonable: unreasonably/unreasoning: unreasoningly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Inner speech may participate in reasoning about right and wrong by constructing point-counterpoint situations in our minds.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
The endings were familiar, with the docile tones and search for reasoning.
Washington Times(Dec 29, 2016)
The same reasoning might apply to the Afghan government, which is mired in political crisis and a long-running war.
The Guardian(Dec 26, 2016)
Back: n. 推理，论证; 运用思考、理解、推想等能力的做法或过程; 论究，论断
v. 推理，思考; 争辩; 说服
adj. 推理的; 有关推理的
分布：推理(85%)，推论(8%)，论证(7%)
→来自 reason,推理，推论。
【记】源于：reason（n 理由；原因；v 推论）
【反】fallacy（n 谬误）－valid reasoning（正确的推理）
noun uncountable
■the process of thinking about something in order to make a decision 推理；推断；推论
• The reasoning behind her conclusion is impossible to fault. 她得出结论的推理过程无懈可击。
be no reasoning with sb
■If there is no reasoning with someone, it is impossible to persuade them to change their opinions or actions by arguing with them 无法说服（某人）；无法使（某人）改变主意（或行为）；（某人）不可理喻
• She's absolutely determined to go and there 's just no reasoning with her. 她已经铁了心要走，真没法让她回心转意了。
n. 推理；论证；评理
 - argument, inference
adj. 推理的
 - theoretical, inferential
v. 推论；说服（reason的ing形式）
 - urging

Word: balcony
Front: balcony
[ˈbælkəni] (高研四六托雅 5799/5402 -2)
Vocabulary: balcony
(once / 596 pages)
n
A balcony is a porch or platform that extends from an upper floor of a building. Your apartment might have a balcony with a view of a city park.
Most balconies have railings around them to protect people from tumbling off, and many balconies provide an interesting view. You might linger on the balcony of your hotel room in Hawaii, enjoying the warm air and the distant glimpse of the ocean it gives you. Balcony comes from the Italian balcone, which in turn comes from balcone, or "scaffold." The root is most likely Germanic, possibly related to the Old English balca, "beam or ridge."
WORD FAMILY
balcony: balconies
USAGE EXAMPLES
A wreath adorns the balcony outside the room, where he was felled by a bullet.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
His doves, Divinity and Majesty, flutter in an ornate white cage on the viewing balcony above.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
Playgrounds are vital in Los Angeles, a city where many families live without backyards or balconies.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 阳台; （电影院等的）楼厅，楼座; 包厢
分布：阳台(92%)，包厢(5%)，楼座(3%)
→balc, 树干, 词源同bole, balk. 原指用树干搭建的简易阳台。
n.阳台;(电影院等的)楼厅,楼座The whole building has no balcony.整个大楼没有阳台.
noun countable
■an area with a wall or bars around it that is joined to the outside wall of a building on an upper level 露台，阳台
• We had drinks on the hotel balcony. 我们在饭店的阳台上喝酒。
■an area of seats at an upper level in a theatre （剧场的）楼座，楼厅，厢房
• Our seats are in row F of the balcony. 我们的座位在楼座的F排。
n. [建] 阳台；包厢；戏院楼厅
 - box, sun porch

Word: closing
Front: closing
[ˈkləʊzɪŋ] (5803/6341 -1)
Back: adj. 结尾的; 结束的
n. 终结; 结尾辞
v. close（关闭）的现在分词形式
分布：关闭(81%)，结算(7%)，结束的(5%)，终止(5%)，动词close的现在分词.(1%)，地产成交会(1%)
US ['kloʊz-] adjective [before noun]
■describes something which comes near the end of a speech, event, activity, etc. 结束的，结尾的，收结的
• In his closing remarks, the chairman thanked everyone who had helped. 主席在闭幕词中对所有给予帮助的人深表感谢。
adj. 收盘的；结束的；结尾的
 - ended, past, over
v. 关闭（close的ing形式）
 - shutting, padlocking

Word: excellence
Front: excellence
[ˈeksələns] (5804/6989 -2)
Vocabulary: excellence
(once / 429 pages)
n
Excellence means greatness — the very best. Achieving excellence is never easy to do.
Excellence is a quality that people really appreciate, because it's so hard to find. Excellence is the quality of excelling, of being truly the best at something. Getting an A+ shows excellence. Michael Jordan's basketball career was filled with excellence. We love Picasso and Shakespeare for their excellence. When you see excellence, you should appreciate the work that went into it. So much in the world falls short of excellence.
WORD FAMILY
excellence: excellences+/ excel: excelled, excellent, excelling, excels/excelled: unexcelled/excellency: excellencies/ excellent: excellence, excellency, excellenter, excellentest, excellently
USAGE EXAMPLES
Tim and I enjoy our drinks and dessert of deep-fried Snickers, which is indulgence par excellence.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Competitive excellence, which sort of speaks for itself.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
As the two-time president of the agency, his extraordinary talent and personal pragmatism burnished Magnum’s reputation as an agency of excellence.
Time(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 优秀，卓越; 优点; 美德
分布：卓越(59%)，优秀(34%)，优点(7%)
noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■the quality of being excellent 卓越；优秀；杰出
• The school is noted for its academic excellence. 这间学校因其学生成绩优异而闻名。
n. 优秀；美德；长处
 - virtue, strength, morality

Word: brow
Front: brow
[braʊ] (研四 5800/5176 -1)
Back: n. 眉，眉毛; 前额; 容貌，表情; 山脊
分布：眉毛(60%)，表情(18%)，前额(16%)，山脊(6%)
→来自PIE *bhru, 眉毛。
n.眉(毛);额Knit the brows and you'll have an idea.眉头一皱, 你就会计上心来.
noun
FACE 面
countable usually singular literary
■the forehead (= part of the face above the eyes) 额头
• She wrinkled her brow as she thought. 她思考时皱起眉头。
• He paused at the top of the hill and mopped his brow (= rubbed the sweat away). 他在山顶停了会儿，擦去额头上的汗。
[braʊ] noun
HILL 山
only singular
■the top part of a hill or the edge of something high such as a cliff or rock 山顶；悬崖边缘；峭壁顶端
• the brow of the hill 山顶
n. 眉，眉毛； [解剖] 额；表情
 - quantum, supercilium

Word: ant
Front: ant
[ænt] (中高研四 5811/5833 -1)
Vocabulary: ant
(once / 529 pages)
n
An ant is an insect that lives and works in a large colony of ants. Most ants don't have wings, and some of them have stingers.
Ants are related to both bees and wasps, and like them are social insects. Ant colonies can include anywhere from a few dozen to millions of ants, divided into jobs or castes. There isn't a continent in the world that doesn't have ants living there. The Middle English word for ant was ampte, from the Old English æmette and a Germanic root.
WORD FAMILY
ant: ants
USAGE EXAMPLES
When he was 4, he would scoop up pavement ants in front of his house and keep them in jars.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Nontraditional students, like ants, are more numerous than they may initially appear.
Washington Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Billboards lining the highway feature a drawing of an enormous ant beside a nonworking phone number to denounce corruption, and the warning, “No to bachaqueros.”
Seattle Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: n. 蚂蚁
分布：蚂蚁(100%)
→来自古英语aemette,蚂蚁，来自West Germanic*amaitjo,砍下，来自*ai,离开，去掉，*mai,砍， 切，词源同maim.字面意思即砍下，切开，引申词义分段，成段，用于指蚂蚁。
n.蚁;蚂蚁To the ants, the infant elephant is a giant in the plantation.对蚂蚁们来说,幼小的大象是种植园里的庞然大物.
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a very small insect which lives under the ground in large and well-organized social groups 蚂蚁
[ænt] noun countable
have ants in your pants old-fashioned humorous
■to not be able to keep still because you are very excited or worried about something 焦躁不安；跃跃欲试
n. 蚂蚁
 - emmet, pismire

Word: par
Front: par
[pɑ:(r)] (5807/5974 -2)
Vocabulary: par
(once / 390 pages)
nv
In golf, par is the average number of times an excellent player needs to hit the ball, either for one particular hole or for the entire course. You might describe the fourth hole, for example, as being par five.
If a golf course is par sixteen, it takes a really good golfer about sixteen strokes to get her ball into the final hole. From the sports meaning of par, it's come to also mean "average" or "equivalent," especially in phrases like "under par," or "worse than expected," and "par for the course," or "what is normal given the circumstances." This definition actually came first, in the form of the Latin par, "equal."
WORD FAMILY
par: parred, parring, pars
USAGE EXAMPLES
The first is that he’s just not statistically up to par with Ryan, Rodgers, or Brady.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
The Clarets remain 11th, eight points above the drop and well above par for the season so far.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Tim and I enjoy our drinks and dessert of deep-fried Snickers, which is indulgence par excellence.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 标准，常规; 同等; 票面价值; [体]标准杆数
adj. 平价的; 平均的，正常的; 票面的
vt. 标准杆数得分
时态：parred, parring, pars
分布：票面价值(48%)，同等(25%)，常态(9%)，标准的(7%)，票面的(6%)，平常的(3%)，等位(2%)
→来自拉丁语par,相等的，匹配的，可能来自pere,分配，分割，切分，词源同part,pair.par 凭借，通过，为
US [pɑ:r] noun
EQUAL 同等的
on a par (with sb/sth)
■the same as or equal to someone or something 和…同样，不相上下，不相伯仲
• The regeneration of the city's downtown dock front will put it on a par with Nice or Cannes. 市中心临码头地区重建后，该市将能与尼斯或坎城相媲美。
UK [pɑ:r] US [pɑ:r] noun
STANDARD 标准
uncountable
■the usual standard or condition 一般水准；通常状况
uncountable
■the expected number of times in golf that a good player should have to hit the ball in order to get it into a hole or into all the holes （高尔夫球）标准杆数
• Tiger Woods finished the round 10 below/under par. 老虎‧伍兹以低于标准杆数十杆的成绩完成了该轮比赛。
par (value) specialized
■the original value of a share in a business （股票的）票面价值
UK [pɑ:r] US [pɑ:r] noun
be par for the course disapproving
■If a type of behaviour, event or situation is par for the course, it is not good but it is normal or as you would expect 不出所料，在预料之中
• The school budget is going to be cut again this year, but then that's par for the course. 今年学校的预算又要缩减了，不过这是预料之中的。
UK [pɑ:r] US [pɑ:r] noun
be up to par
■to be of the usual or expected standard 达到一般水准，达到标准
• Her work hasn't been up to par lately. 最近她的工作一直不达标。
UK [pɑ:r] US [pɑ:r] noun
below/under par
■ill 有病的，不健康的
• Are you feeling a bit under par? 你感觉有点不舒服吗？
■worse than the usual or expected standard 在一般水准以下的，达不到标准的
n. 标准；票面价值；平均数量
 - criterion, standard, norms, level, prototype
adj. 标准的；票面的
 - standard, normal

Word: harmful
Front: harmful
[ˈhɑ:mfl] (高四六托雅 5809/6454 -K2)
Vocabulary: harmful
(once / 1639 pages)
adj
Things that are harmful hurt people, or are likely to hurt them. Listening to loud music through headphones can be harmful to your hearing.
Harmful is an adjective that comes in handy when you're talking about things that cause injury to someone or damage something. Burning coal can be harmful to the environment, and eating too much candy can be harmful for your teeth. Harmful words can hurt someone's feelings and harmful actions might put them in danger. The Old English hearm, "hurt, evil, or grief," is at the root of harmful.
WORD FAMILY
harmful: harmfully, harmfulness+/ harm: harmed, harmful, harming, harmless, harms/harmed: unharmed/ harmless: harmlesser, harmlessly
USAGE EXAMPLES
This cousin-centrism is like pink hair or a nose ring, not harmful so much as an affront to the way you think things should be.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
He followed her lacewing studies by co-authoring his own, finding that genetically modified crops were not harmful to the lacewing.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Short-term, localized inflammation is useful for healing; too much or for too long, however, is harmful to cells and organ systems.
Time(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 对…有害的; 能造成损害的; 不利; 不良
分布：有害的(100%)
US ['hɑ:rm-] adjective
 ADVANCED
■causing harm 有害的
• This group of chemicals is known to be harmful to people with asthma. 已知这类化学品对哮喘病患者有害。
adj. 有害的；能造成损害的
 - evil, destructive

Word: recycle
Front: recycle
[ˌri:ˈsaɪkl] (高研六托雅 5806/7344 -2)
Vocabulary: recycle
(once / 3178 pages)
1v 2v
When you recycle something, you process it so it can be used again. You might recycle an old tire and make it into a snazzy black knapsack with some very cool skid marks.
The prefix re- means again, and when you recycle something, you process it for another cycle of use. The phrase "reduce, reuse, recycle" gives you three ways to prevent waste. When you recycle plastic bottles, they’re melted down and made into new bottles or even furniture or clothing. You might do some creative recycling and turn your old textbooks into a coffee table. When you have your washing machine repeat the wash or rinse cycle, that’s a different recycle.
WORD FAMILY
recycle: recyclable, recycled, recycles, recycling+/recycling: recyclings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Perhaps a section of upscale goods like goji berries, bison burgers and recycled toilet paper alongside a more down-home selection of everyday staples.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
But what about the 99 percent, and the new art that is not being recycled in the great moneymaking machine of today’s market?
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Readers rave about recycle truck driver Santa, rant about rude Seahawks fans.
Seattle Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: vt. 回收利用; 使再循环
vi. 重复利用
时态：recycled, recycling, recycles
分布：循环(69%)，再利用(13%)，再循环(10%)，使再循环(5%)，再制(3%)
→re-,再，重新，cycle,圈，循环。引申词义再利用。
再循环;回收[circ,cycl=ring,circle,表示"圆,环"]
v./n.再循环,重复利用Empty bottles can be recycled.空瓶能够被循环再用.
【记】re再，cycle循环－废物再循环－回收利用
verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to collect and treat rubbish in order to produce useful materials which can be used again 回收利用；再利用；（从废物中）提取利用
• The Japanese recycle more than half their waste paper. 日本人将一半以上的废纸回收利用。
n. 再生；再循环；重复利用
 - regeneration, breeding, rebirth

Word: worship
Front: worship
[ˈwɜ:ʃɪp] (研四六雅宝 5808/4576 -K2)
Vocabulary: worship
(once / 93 pages)
nv
To worship is to show a lot of love and adoration for something. Religious believers worship gods, and people can worship other people and things too.
Worship is an extreme form of love — it's a type of unquestioning devotion. If you worship God, then you love God so much that you don't question him at all. Going to church is a form of worship — so is prayer. People also use the word worship in other cases. If you love a musician or sports star, you might say, "I worship her!" Or someone might say to you, "Man, you need to wake up and stop worshiping him."
WORD FAMILY
worship: self-worship, worshiped, worshiper, worshipful, worshiping, worshipped, worshipper, worshipping, worships+/worshiper: worshipers/worshipful: worshipfully/worshipper: worshippers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Perhaps they will be feasted, protected or worshiped?
Salon(Dec 29, 2016)
Jerusalem: Both sides claim Jerusalem as their capital and consider it a center of religious worship and cultural heritage.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
According to Breitbart, those propagating hate were no more genuinely bigoted than 1980s heavy metal fans genuinely worshiped Satan.
Slate(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: vt. 崇拜，尊崇; 爱慕
vi. 做礼拜; 热爱; 爱慕; 崇拜（尤指达到看不到缺点的地步）
n. （对治安官或市长的尊称）阁下; 尊敬; 崇拜; 礼拜
时态：worshipped, worshipping, worships
分布：崇拜(84%)，做礼拜(9%)，爱慕(7%)
→缩写自古英语worthscip,高贵，荣耀，名声，来自worth,价值，力量，-scip,同-ship,抽象名词后缀。后词义引申为对神灵或超自然现象的尊敬，崇拜。
n.礼拜,礼拜仪式;崇拜v.崇拜,敬仰;做礼拜The worshiper thinks that the worst is the insufficient horsepower.崇拜者认为最坏的事是马力不足.
US ['wɝ:-] verb (-pp- or US ALSO -p-)
RELIGION 宗教
 ADVANCED transitive
■to have or show a strong feeling of respect and admiration for God or a god 敬奉，崇拜，信仰（上帝或神）
• In the various regions of India, Hindus worship different gods and observe different religious festivals. 在印度的不同地区，印度教信徒敬奉不同的神灵，并庆祝不同的宗教节日。
 ADVANCED intransitive
■to go to a religious ceremony 参加宗教仪式；敬神；拜神
• They work for the same company, socialise together and worship in the same mosque. 他们为同一家公司工作，一同参加社交活动，并且在同一清真寺做礼拜。
• The poll showed that over 40% of Americans worship on a weekly basis. 民意调查显示，超过40%的美国人每周都去做礼拜。
UK ['wɜ:.ʃɪp] US ['wɝ:-] verb (-pp- or US ALSO -p-)
ADMIRE 崇拜
transitive
■to love, respect and admire someone or something very much, often without noticing their bad qualities （常指盲目地）宠爱，崇拜，崇尚
• Her parents worship her. 她的父母很宠爱她。
• As a child, I worshipped my older brother. 还是孩子时，我很崇拜我的哥哥。
UK ['wɜ:.ʃɪp] US ['wɝ:-] verb (-pp- or US ALSO -p-)
worship at the shrine/altar of sth literary
■to completely support or follow a particular idea, principle, etc. 笃信，坚信，追随（某一思想、原则）
• She thinks that young people today are becoming increasingly selfish, and worship at the shrine of individual happiness and gratification. 她觉得现在的年轻人变得越来越自私，且极为崇拜个人的幸福与满足。
• He may not worship at the altar of government intervention in business, but he is in favour of limited support for industry. 他或许不支持政府对商业的干预，不过却赞成政府对工业采取有限度的支持。
UK ['wɜ:.ʃɪp] US ['wɝ:-] verb (-pp- or US ALSO -p-)
worship the ground sb walks on
■to love and admire someone very much 痴爱（某人）；极其崇拜（某人）
• I worship the ground you walk on, you must know that by now. 我极其崇拜你，你现在一定知道了吧。
UK ['wɜ:.ʃɪp] US ['wɝ:-] noun
RELIGION 宗教
 ADVANCED uncountable
■when you worship God or a god, often through praying or singing （对上帝或神的）敬奉，信奉
• daily acts of worship 每日的礼拜
• Christian/Sikh/Muslim worship 基督教／锡克教／伊斯兰教的礼拜
• For Jews, the synagogue is the centre for community worship and study. 对犹太人来说，犹太教堂是教徒共同祈祷和学习的中心。
• Local people have complained about improperly dressed tourists entering places of worship (= buildings for religious ceremonies or private prayer). 当地人已经对穿着不得体的游人进入宗教场所表示不满。
UK ['wɜ:.ʃɪp] US ['wɝ:-] noun
ADMIRATION 赞赏
uncountable disapproving
■when you like or admire a particular thing or person very much, often too much （对…）顶礼膜拜，狂热推崇
• We're in an era of fitness and health worship. 我们处在一个过分崇尚健康的时代。
UK ['wɜ:.ʃɪp] US ['wɝ:-] noun
TITLE 称呼
His/Your, etc. Worship mainly UK formal
■used as a title of respect when speaking to or about a mayor or a magistrate （对市长和治安官的尊称）阁下
• His Worship the Mayor will present the awards. 市长阁下将会颁奖。
• [as form of address] Thank you, Your Worship. 谢谢您，阁下。
n. 崇拜；礼拜；尊敬
 - respect, church, praise, exercise
vt. 崇拜；尊敬；爱慕
 - honor, love, regard
vi. 拜神；做礼拜
 - go to church

Word: coincidence
Front: coincidence
[kəʊˈɪnsɪdəns] (高研六托雅 5812/5527 -2)
Vocabulary: coincidence
(once / 767 pages)
1n 2n
People love to talk about strange coincidences––like you and your mother having the same birthday, or two unrelated families named "The Martins" living next door to each other. A coincidence is something that's not planned or arranged but seems like it is.
Technically, a coincidence is an occurrence of events that happen at the same time by total accident––like you and a kid from your class at school both visit the Grand Canyon on the same day. Weird. If some guy is stalking you, always running into you wherever you go, this is not a coincidence. That guy has memorized your schedule.
WORD FAMILY
coincidence: coincidences+/ coincide: coincided, coincident, coincides, coinciding/ coincident: coincidence, coincidental, coincidently/ coincidental: coincidentally
USAGE EXAMPLES
It’s not a coincidence that they were able to stun New England on national television this year.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Speaking of coincidences: Bill Clinton happens to find himself in the same airport as U.S.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Christina looks back and notes the coincidence of the day Stephanie got her heart, and also the number of days she was in hospitals.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 巧合; 一致; 同时存在; 并存
分布：巧合(84%)，一致(13%)，同时发生(3%)
巧合[cad,cas,cid=fall,表示"落下,降临"]
n.巧合;同时发生,共同存在;符合,一致The suicides in adjacent area are incidental coincidence.邻近区域内的自杀是偶然巧合.
US [koʊ-] noun
 ADVANCED countable
■an occasion when two or more similar things happen at the same time, especially in a way that is unlikely and surprising 同时发生；（尤指令人吃惊的）巧合，碰巧的事
• You chose exactly the same wallpaper as us - what a coincidence! 你选的壁纸跟我们的一模一样——真巧！
• Is it just a coincidence that the wife of the man who ran the competition won first prize? 赢得冠军的人是竞赛组织者的老婆，这难道只是巧合吗？
• a series of strange/amazing coincidences 一连串奇怪／令人惊讶的巧合
 ADVANCED uncountable
■chance or luck 偶然的机遇，运气
• Just by coincidence, I met my old school-mate again fifty years later. 纯粹是碰巧了，我在50年后又遇到了我的老同学。
• [+ that] It was pure/sheer coincidence that I remembered his phone number. 我记住他的电话号码纯属偶然。
• By some strange coincidence, he was passing the house just when it happened. 事情发生时他碰巧路过这所房子。
n. 巧合；一致；同时发生
 - accordance, unity, agreement, identity, keeping

Word: resentment
Front: resentment
[rɪˈzentmənt] (六宝 5813/5323 -2)
Vocabulary: resentment
(once / 429 pages)
n
Resentment, or the strong and painful bitterness you feel when someone does something wrong to you, doesn’t have actual physical weight, but it feels very heavy and can last a long time. Forgiveness is one way to get rid of resentment.
Sometimes resentment lasts for years. It can be strong and hard to pull out, like an old, gnarled tree root. While resentment over being wronged can come from just one act against you, it also can get stronger over time, as in "your growing resentment might just come from the fact that the team captain always picks you last." It also comes from misunderstandings, like feeling resentment over a dirty look you thought was directed at you but really wasn't. It's usually best to root out resentment early.
WORD FAMILY
resentment: resentments+/ resent: resented, resentful, resenting, resentment, resents/ resentful: resentfully, unresentful/unresentful: unresentfully
USAGE EXAMPLES
Such a move is likely to fuel resentment in the territory of the party’s political control there.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
Donald Trump’s appeal is not just about ‘anger’ and ‘resentment’
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
When combined, these sentiments yield a volatile brew of anger and resentment, which Trump, though a billionaire, understands and exploits.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 愤恨，不满
分布：怨恨(77%)，愤恨(23%)
→来自 resent,气愤，愤恨，-ment,名词后缀。
愤怒,怨恨(resent+ment)[Sens,sent=feel,表示"感觉"]
N-UNCOUNT
怨恨;愤慨;憎恨
Resentment is bitterness and anger that someone feels about something.
例：She expressed resentment at being interviewed by a social worker...她表达了对被一位社工采访的愤恨。
例：But the problems of inflation and unemployment still cause a lot of resentment.但是通货膨胀和失业问题仍然激起了很多人的怨恨。
resentment, fury, anger, indignation
这组词都有“愤怒、生气”的意思，其区别是：
resentment: n.愤恨，怨恨，不满，是正式用语，尤指由于受侮辱或自尊心受到伤害后而产生的愤慨。
 • There was a feeling of resentment in the office after everyone's pay was lowered.   大家的工资降低后，办公室里怨声载道。
fury: n.暴怒，大怒，程度较anger要强。
anger: n.气愤，生气，是一般用语。
 • After their argument, he expressed his anger by punching the other man in the face.   争吵之后，他一拳打在那个人的脸上以发泄怒气。
indignation: n.义愤，尤其指出于道义上的激愤。
 • general indignation at the sudden steep rise in bus fares   公共汽车票价突然猛增激起的公愤
n. 愤恨，怨恨
 - spite, hatred

Word: feminine
Front: feminine
[ˈfemənɪn] (研六 5815/6558 -2)
Vocabulary: feminine
(once / 422 pages)
1adj 2adjn 3adj
Feminine is the opposite of masculine. If it has anything to do with girls and women, it's considered feminine.
Anything feminine is associated with females. In American culture, that includes wearing pink, playing with dolls, sporting high heels, and getting weepy during sad movies. Many women find the traditional feminine roles to be sexist and limiting, while many men pick on each other for acting in a stereotypical feminine manner. But ideas about what is feminine are always changing: pants used to only be a masculine thing to wear, for example.
WORD FAMILY
feminine: femininely, feminineness, feminines, femininity, feminise, feminize, unfeminine+/defeminize: defeminized/ femininity: femininities/feminise: defeminise, feminisation, feminised, feminising/feminize: defeminize, feminization, feminized, feminizing/unfeminine: unfemininely
USAGE EXAMPLES
Last year, Boots reduced the price of "feminine" razors to bring them in line with male equivalents.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
The state will also boost the rights of domestic workers and repeal the tax on feminine hygiene products.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Pharrell Williams got in touch with the feminine to help chronicle NASA's forgotten heroines in 'Hidden Figures'
Los Angeles Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: adj. 有女性气质的; 女子气的; [语]阴性的; 阴柔的
n. 女性; 温柔的女性; [语]阴性，阴性词
分布：女性的(100%)
[femin女,-ine...的]女性的,妇女的[女(1)gyn(o);gynec(o)(2)fem;femin]
女人的;温柔的[femin=woman(女人)]
a.女性的;娇柔的The administrator diminished the feminine miniature to minimal size.管理员将女性缩样缩减到最小尺寸.
adjective
FEMALE 女性的
 ADVANCED
■acting, or having qualities which are traditionally considered to be suitable for a woman （举止或气质）女性特有的，女性的
• With his long dark eyelashes, he looked almost feminine. 他的睫毛又长又黑，看起来就像个女人。
• The current style in evening wear is soft, romantic and feminine. 现在的晚装风格是轻柔、浪漫并充满女性风韵。
• Her clothes are always very feminine. 她的衣服总是非常女性化。
Compare masculine
['fem.ɪ.nɪn] adjective
GRAMMAR 文法
 ADVANCED (written abbreviation fem) (f)
■belonging to the group of nouns which, in some languages, are not masculine or neuter （某些语言中的名词）阴性的
• In French, 'table' is feminine. 在法语中，“桌子”这个词是阴性的。
 ADVANCED
■describes a particular form of a noun in English, such as 'actress', which refers only to a female person. These feminine forms are now being used less often. （英语中表示女性的词）阴性的
female, feminine
这组词都有“女性的”的意思，其区别是：
female: 仅指性别的分类，指人、动物或植物，甚至无生命的东西均可。
feminine: 强调女性所特有的或同女性有关的特质、特征。
adj. [生物] 女性的；妇女（似）的；阴性的；娇柔的
 - female, negative

Word: justification
Front: justification
[ˌdʒʌstɪfɪˈkeɪʃn] (六雅宝 5816/3708 -2)
Vocabulary: justification
(once / 720 pages)
n
Close in meaning to an explanation, a justification is specifically for defending or explaining an event. The idea that he was just trying to scare his little sister was a pretty weak justification for the elaborate gag.
Like its close cousin "justice," justification is derived from the Latin justificare, which means "to make right." When you offer a justification, you're trying to make something right—or, perhaps, even just. The notion that animals don't have emotions is one of the key justifications for allowing them to suffer. For many people, though, the fact that they suffer is justification enough to prevent it.
WORD FAMILY
justification: justifications, self-justification+/ justifiable: justifiably, unjustifiable/ justified: justifiedly, unjustified /justifier: justifiers/ justify: justifiable, justification, justificative, justificatory, justified, justifier, justifies, justifying/unjustifiable: unjustifiably/ unjustified: unjustifiedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
But the U.S. right to self defense provides ample justification, and U.N.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Let me say it again, there is absolutely no justification for terrorism and there never will be.
Time(Dec 28, 2016)
Participants even provided Poe’s law justifications when describing their behavior.
Slate(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 辩解; 无过失; 正当的理由
分布：辩护(74%)，正当的理由(26%)
→来自justify,证明合法，证明有理。引申词义正当理由。
noun countable or uncountable
■a good reason or explanation for something 正当的理由；辩解
• There is no justification for treating people so badly. 没有理由如此恶劣地对待他人。
• It can be said, with some justification, that she is one of the greatest actresses on the English stage today. 说她是当今英语戏剧界最杰出的女演员之一实在不无道理。
n. 理由；辩护；认为有理，认为正当；释罪
 - reason, excuse, sake, account, occasion

Word: dependence
Front: dependence
[dɪˈpendəns] (托 5814/4854 -1)
Vocabulary: dependence
(once / 789 pages)
n
Dependence is a state where someone is heavily reliant on someone or something else. This could mean the dependence of children on parents or an addict on a drug.
Since to depend on someone is to need them, dependence is a state or condition of strong need. There are many kinds of dependence: a dog is in a state of dependence with his master. This word is also often used for drug and alcohol dependence, which is known as addiction. Dependence a strong word for extreme needs: liking something, like chocolate, isn't really dependence. The opposite of dependence is independence: being self-reliant and not needing others.
WORD FAMILY
dependence: dependences+/ depend: dependable, dependant, depended, dependent, depending, depends, interdepend/ dependable: dependability, dependableness, dependably, undependable/ dependant: dependants/ dependency: dependencies/ dependent: dependence, dependency, dependently, dependents, independent / independence: independences/independency: independencies/ independent: independence, independency, independently, independents/interdepend: interdependent / interdependence: interdependences/interdependency: interdependencies/ interdependent: interdependence, interdependency, interdependently/undependable: undependability, undependableness
USAGE EXAMPLES
He bemoans the dependence of most Americans on processed foods and meals prepared by many stores and restaurants that are laden with unhealthful ingredients.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“But that will perpetuate your dependence on me,” he responded, offering to meet with the local loan officer instead.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
The mass suspensions laid bare their absolute dependence on disability.
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 依赖，依靠; 信任，信赖; [物]依存关系; 依靠之物
分布：依赖(96%)，信赖(3%)，上瘾(1%)
→来自depend,依赖，依靠。
依靠(depend依靠)[-ence表名词"性质,状态"]
【参】dependency（n 依靠；信赖；从属物；从属国）
【反】autonomy（n 自治）
(US also dependance) [dɪ'pen.dənts] (also dependency)
noun [S or U]
 IMPROVER
■when you need something or someone all the time, especially in order to continue existing or operating 依赖，依靠
• The company needs to reduce its dependence on just one particular product. 詃公司需要减少只对一种特定产品的依赖。
• Drug dependence led to her early death. 药物依赖导致她过早死亡。
• She has developed a deep dependence on him (= she needs him emotionally). 她对他产生了深深的依赖。
n. [数] [统计] 依赖；依靠；信任；信赖
 - belief, faith, confidence, trust, credit

Word: destructive
Front: destructive
[dɪˈstrʌktɪv] (研四六托雅 5818/6370 -2)
Vocabulary: destructive
(once / 616 pages)
adj
If something causes a lot of damage, you can talk about its destructive force or power. Something is destructive when it really messes things up.
The word destructive comes from the Latin destruere which means literally to unbuild. In addition to describing a storm or battle, the word can be used for the things people say as well as do. If your mother's comments about your weight cause you to eat more bon bons, you could say that her remarks were destructive to your diet.
WORD FAMILY
destructive: destructively, destructiveness, self-destructive+/ destroy: destroyable, destroyed, destroyer, destroying, destroys, destructible, destruction, destructive, self-destroy/destroyable: undestroyable/destroyed: destroyedest/destroyer: destroyers/destructible: destructibility, indestructible / destruction: destructions, self-destruction/ indestructible: indestructibility, indestructibly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The digital media ecosystem is completely rigged against ethical responsibility in ways that are potentially more destructive than the old media ecosystem.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
“It’s an incredibly destructive environment for anybody to be in, let alone children.”
The Guardian(Dec 25, 2016)
Castigating groups and engaging in "ladder raising" behavior is self destructive.
New York Times(Jun 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 破坏性的; 毁灭性的; 有害的
分布：破坏性的(91%)，有害的(9%)
a.破坏性Such a habit is destructive to the morals of youth.这样的习惯有害于青年的品德.
adjective
■causing, or wanting to cause, damage 破坏性的；有害的
• the destructive power of nuclear weapons 核武器的杀伤力
• I worry about the destructive effect that violent films may have on children. 我担心暴力影片可能会对孩子们造成不良影响。
• Lack of trust is very destructive in a relationship. 恋爱时缺乏信任是非常不利的。
adj. 破坏的；毁灭性的；有害的，消极的
 - harmful, evil, fell, negative, passive

Word: repetition
Front: repetition
[ˌrepəˈtɪʃn] (研四六托雅 5821/5293 -1)
Vocabulary: repetition
(once / 542 pages)
n
Use the noun repetition to describe something that is repeated over and over, like the repetition of singing the alphabet song several times a day to help young children learn the letters.
To correctly pronounce repetition, accent the third syllable: "re-peh-TIH-shun." Repetition and the closely related repeat come from the Latin word repetere, meaning "do or say again." It can be a very effective tool in public speaking, such as the repetition of "I have a dream that one day . . ." in Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.'s famous speech.
WORD FAMILY
repetition: repetitions, repetitious +/ repeat: repeatable, repeated, repeater, repeating, repeats, repetition, repetitive /repeatable: unrepeatable/ repeated: repeatedly /repeater: repeaters/repeating: repeatings/ repetitious: repetitiously, repetitiousness/ repetitive: nonrepetitive, repetitively, repetitiveness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Placed in strategic positions, the "blockers" are intended to prevent any repetition of the truck attacks in Berlin and Nice earlier this year, officials said.
Reuters(Dec 31, 2016)
Paterson, by contrast, seems recessive, reactive and, insofar as the entire movie is based on patterns of repetition, thoroughly predictable.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 27, 2016)
It’s rote work, but repetition is nothing new to anyone with autism.
Washington Times(Dec 26, 2016)
Back: n. 重复，反复; 背诵; 复制品，副本; [乐]复唱，复奏，重奏
分布：重复(87%)，反复(13%)
→来自 repeat,重复。
重复(re再+pet追求)[-iteon表名词"行为过程,状态"]
n.重复,反复I want no repetition of your bad behavior.我不希望你重做你干的坏事.
noun
 ADVANCED uncountable
■when you do or say something again 重复；重做；重说
• His books are full of repetition. 他的那些书都是在翻来覆去写同样的东西。
 ADVANCED countable
■something that happens in the same way as something which happened before 重现；重复；重做
• We want to prevent a repetition of last summer's fires which destroyed more than 500,000 acres of land. 去年夏天的火灾毁了超过500,000英亩的土地，我们希望预防此类火灾再次发生。
n. 重复；背诵；副本
 - reiteration, iterance

Word: niche
Front: niche
[nɪtʃ] (托宝 5822/9792 -1)
Vocabulary: niche
(once / 1046 pages)
n
A niche is a space that's all your own, from a literal corner or enclosure to some kind of professional specialty. Like finding a niche in the scented soaps market with peanut butter body wash and winning over a loyal, if not nutty, following.
In the 1600s, niche was first recorded as meaning a “shallow recess in a wall." The figurative sense of the word didn’t come about for another century. So today, you can use niche literally to refer to a cranny or crevice, or figuratively to talk about an activity or role in life that is particularly suited a person’s interests or talents. Synonyms range from alcove and compartment to nook and opening.
WORD FAMILY
niche: niches
USAGE EXAMPLES
Perhaps more challenging, it must find its niche at a difficult moment for its art form.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Additionally, she said, no federal regulations or standards govern the sleep tech niche.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Albums at that time, nearly dead in the music industry, remained a niche of audiophiles and collectors.
Washington Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: n. 壁龛; 合适的位置（工作等）; 有利可图的缺口，商机
分布：生态位(80%)，壁龛(17%)，放在适当的位置(1%)，适当的位置(1%)，小生态环境(1%)
→来自法语niche,狗窝，可能来自拉丁语 nidus,鸟巢，窝，词源同nest.引申词义壁龛，商机，称心的工作等。
【记】读：你吃，你吃的东西放在niche里面给佛爷吃。
US [nɪtʃ] noun countable
POSITION 位置
■a job or position which is very suitable for someone, especially one that they like （尤指本人合意的）适合的工作（或职位）；称心的工作
• Lloyd has carved/made a niche for himself as a professional tennis player. 劳埃德成为职业网球员，为自己找到了合适的发展方向。
■an area or position which is exactly suitable for a small group of the same type 合宜的小环境
• an ecological niche. 生态龛；生态位
UK [ni:ʃ] US [nɪtʃ] noun countable
HOLLOW 洞
■a hollow in a wall, especially one made to put a statue in so that it can be seen （尤指用来放置塑像的）壁龛
n. [建] 壁龛；合适的职业
 - habitacle, alcove

Word: tuition
Front: tuition
[tjuˈɪʃn] (研四六托雅 5817/8818 -1)
Vocabulary: tuition
(once / 1491 pages)
n
Tuition is a fee paid for instruction or teaching, usually for higher education. Many students need to get part-time jobs to pay their college tuition.
The word tuition comes from the Anglo-French word tuycioun, meaning "protection, care, custody." Some people say college protects you from the "real world," at least while you are in school, but tuition is a reality all students face. Tuition can describe any payment made for instruction, however, even for a knitting class. That tuition can probably be covered without student loans or scholarships, though.
WORD FAMILY
tuition: tuitions
USAGE EXAMPLES
Another would provide free in-state college tuition for law enforcement officers.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
There is also likely to be a struggle over what to do about tuition, with the university pushing for an increase after a four-year freeze.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It’s not just about tuition, fees, room and board.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 学费; 教学，讲授
分布：学费(96%)，教学(3%)，教诲(1%)
→来自拉丁语 tuitus,看护的，教导的，过去分词格于 tueri,看护，词源同 tutor,tutelage.引申词义 教导，教学等。
学费;教导(tuit+ion→受教育的费用)[tut,tuit=protect,表示"保护"]
n.学费;(某一学科的)教学,讲授,指导In the suitcase, the guitar tutor found the tuition by intuition.在小提箱里,吉他导师以直觉发现学费.
US ['tu:-] noun uncountable mainly UK teaching, especially when given to a small group or one person, such as in a college or university （尤指一对一或小班进行的）教学，讲授，指导
• All students receive tuition in logic and metaphysics. 所有学生都学习逻辑学和玄学。
• tuition fees 学费
■mainly US
■the money paid for this type of teaching 学费
• Few can afford the tuition of $12 000 a term. 很少人能支付得起每学期12 000美元的学费。
n. 学费；讲授
 - schooling

Word: dividend
Front: dividend
[ˈdɪvɪdend] (研雅 5827/3056 -3)
Vocabulary: dividend
(once / 817 pages)
n
A dividend is a bonus. If you buy a cup of coffee and the shop owner throws in a free muffin, that's a dividend. Your charm and loyal patronage are paying dividends!
If you own stock and your company has had a good year, you’ll probably get a dividend — a share of the profit the company pays to shareholders. You've probably also heard the word dividend in math class: if you've got 300 divided by 50, 300 is the dividend (and 50 is the divisor).
WORD FAMILY
dividend: dividends
USAGE EXAMPLES
Without a sustainable budget solution, the annual Permanent Fund dividend soon will disappear, as will our savings accounts.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Over time, courting the United States paid dividends.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Including dividends, the total return as of Thursday’s close was 12.5 percent.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 红利，股息，利息，（破产时清算的）分配金; ; [数]被除数 opp. divisor; （足球彩票的）彩金
分布：股息(66%)，红利(25%)，被除数(5%)，回报(3%)，彩金(1%)
→来自divide, 分开。用于经济学术语红利，股息。
股息,红利(di+vid+end→分享的股息)[vid,vis=separate,表示"分开"]
n.红利,股息;被除数In 8 ÷ 2, 8 is the dividend.在8除以2这个式子中, 8是被除数.
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■(a part of) the profit of a company that is paid to the people who own shares in it 红利，股息
• Dividends will be sent to shareholders. 红利将被派发给股东。
n. 股息； [数] 被除数；奖金
 - bonus, stake

Word: single
Front: single
[ˈsɪŋgl] (中高雅 632/569 -K5)
Back: adj. 单一的; （打斗、比赛等）一对一的; 惟一的; 适于一人的
n. 单程票; （旅馆等的）单人房间; [复数]（高尔夫球一对一的）二人对抗赛; [常用复数][美国、加拿大英语]未婚（或单身）男子（或女子）
vt. 挑选
vi. 作一垒手
时态：singled, singling, singles
分布：单一的(40%)，单程票(12%)，单曲(10%)，单身的(10%)，单人房间(8%)，单程的(6%)，单个的(6%)，单人的(4%)，单身者(3%)，特指某人或某物(1%)
→来自拉丁语 singulus,单个的，单身的，来自 sem,一，词源同 same,simple,similar.字母 m,n 音变，比较 lamp,lantern.
a.单人的;单一的,单个的;未婚的,独身的The sinful single singer's finger skin is singular.有罪的单身歌手的手指皮肤独特.
adjective
ONE 一个
 ESSENTIAL [before noun]
■one only 单一的，仅有一个的
• He knocked his opponent down with a single blow. 他仅用一拳就打倒了对手。
• Not a single person offered to help her. 没有一个人主动出来帮她。
• You haven't been listening to a single word I've been saying. 我说的你连一个字都没听进去。
Compare double
['sɪŋ.gl] adjective
NOT MARRIED 没有结婚的
 IMPROVER
■not married, or not having a romantic relationship with someone 单身的，未婚的
• a single woman/man/person 单身女子／未婚男人／单身者
• He's been single for so long now, I don't think he'll ever marry. 他这么长时间一直单身，我认为他永远不会结婚了。
• The number of single-parent families dependent on the state has risen enormously in recent years. 近年来，依靠国家救济的单亲家庭数量急遽增加。
['sɪŋ.gl] adjective
SEPARATE 分开的
 ADVANCED [before noun]
■considered on its own; separate from other things 唯一的
• Patience is the single most important quality needed for this job. 耐心是这项工作所需最重要的特质。
• She lost every single thing when her house burned down. 她的房子烧毁以后，她失去了所有的一切。
['sɪŋ.gl] verb intransitive
■A baseball player singles by hitting a ball that allows him to reach first base. （棒球中）击出一垒安打
['sɪŋ.gl] verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] single sb/sth out
■to choose one person or thing from a group for special attention, especially criticism or praise （为给予批评、表扬等）单独挑出
• It's not fair the way my sister is always singled out for special treatment. 我妹妹总是受到特殊待遇，这不公平。
• Jamie was thrilled when the teacher singled out his poem and asked him to read it out. 老师选出杰米的诗并让他自己朗读时，杰米非常激动。
['sɪŋ.gl] noun countable
■a record or CD which has only one main song on it 单曲（唱片）
• Have you heard Michael Jackson's new single? 你听过麦可‧杰克森的最新单曲吗？
■in cricket, one run (= point) （板球中的）一分打
■in baseball, a hit which allows the player to reach first base （棒球中的）一垒安打
singles uncountable
■a game, especially in tennis, played between one player on one side and one on the other （尤指网球的）单打比赛 Compare doubles
singles [plural]
■people who are not married and do not have a romantic relationship with someone 单身者，未婚者
single (ticket) UK
■a ticket for a journey to a place, but not for the return 单程票
• May I have a single to London, please. 请给我一张去伦敦的单程票。
■* a single room
single, virgin, maiden
这组词都有“未婚者，孤身一人”的意思，其区别是：
single: 指尚未结婚的人，但更多指终生不结婚的人。
virgin: 通常指未婚者，贞洁未被玷污的人，或指婚烟关系尚未完成者。
maiden: 与virgin含义相近，但更着重年轻与未婚，或未曾发生过任何两性关系。
unique, single, only, alone, sole
这组词都有“唯一的”的意思，其区别是：
unique: 非正式用词，侧重在一类中唯一无可匹敌、无与伦比的特征。
single: 语气较强，强调仅此一个，再无第二个。
only: 普通用词，常可与sole换用，但侧重仅限于指定的人或物，而不需要更多。
alone: 着重专指某人或某物，而不是别的。
sole: 语气强于only，指仅有一个或一群，只考虑这一个或这一群。
adj. 单一的；单身的；单程的
 - unitary, onefold
n. 一个；单打；单程票
 - yin, one-way ticket

Word: re-election
Front: re-election
[,ri:i'lekʃən] None
Back: n. 再次竞选
分布：连任(94%)，再次竞选(6%)
noun countable or uncountable
■when someone is elected again to the same position 再度当选；连任
• She's UKstanding for / USrunning for re-election (= she is trying to be re-elected). 她正在争取连任。

Word: wash
Front: wash
[wɒʃ] (中高 2143/1853 -K3)
Back: vt. 洗，清洗; 浸湿; 冲刷，冲击; 洗去罪名
vi. 耐洗; 被洗掉（通常与 out 和 away 连用）; （波涛等）拍打
n. （尤指船过后划出的）水流; 要洗的衣物的数量; 薄涂层（尤指涂料）
vt. 弄湿; 使受洗礼; （光）布满; （猫等）舔净（自身）
adj. 可洗的，耐洗的; （证券交易）虚假的
时态：washed, washing, washes
分布：洗(91%)，洗涤(8%)，洗清(1%)
→来自古英语wascan,清洗，清洁，沐浴，来自Proto-Germanic*watskan,洗，词源同water,水，字母t脱落，-sk,表反身。后词义通用化。
n.洗;洗的衣物vt.冲刷,洗;冲出vi.洗澡The virtueless girl's duty is to wash the dirty shirts and skirts in the outskirts.无美德女孩的职责就是在郊区洗脏衬衣和裙子.
US [wɑ:ʃ] verb
CLEAN 清扫
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to clean something using water 洗，清洗，洗涤
• wash your hair/hands 洗头／手
• wash the car/clothes/floor 洗车／洗衣服／擦洗地板
• These sheets need washing. 这些床单需要洗洗。
• I'll wash the bottle out (= clean its inside) and use it again. 我要把瓶子洗干净再用。
 ESSENTIAL intransitive (US also wash up)
■to clean yourself, or a part of yourself, with water and usually soap （用水和肥皂）洗（身体的某部分）；洗澡
• I'd like to wash before dinner. 吃饭前我要洗洗手。
wash well
■If a particular material or piece of clothing washes well, it is not damaged or spoilt by repeated washing. 耐洗，经洗
UK [wɒʃ] US [wɑ:ʃ] verb
FLOW 流过
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition literary
■If water washes somewhere, it flows there, usually repeatedly （水）漫过，流过，冲刷
• She stood on the shore and let the water wash over her tired feet. 她站在岸边，任水漫过她疲惫的双脚。
wash sb/sth up/ashore/overboard
■(of the sea) to carry something or someone to or away from a place （海水）把…冲上岸／冲走
• Overnight the sea had washed up a lot of rubbish. 一夜之间海水将大量垃圾冲上了岸。
• More than 400 dead dolphins had been washed ashore. 400多条死亡的海豚被冲上了岸。
• A Spanish crew member had been washed overboard (= carried off a ship into the sea by the force of the water) in the storm. 风暴中一名西班牙船员从船上被冲到海里。
UK [wɒʃ] US [wɑ:ʃ] verb
wash (with sb) informal
■If an excuse or argument won't wash (with someone), they are unlikely to believe or accept it. 相信；接受
UK [wɒʃ] US [wɑ:ʃ] verb
wash your dirty linen in public disapproving
■People who wash their dirty linen in public discuss, or allow to be discussed in public, matters which should be kept private. 在公开场合谈论私密之事；家丑外扬
UK [wɒʃ] US [wɑ:ʃ] verb
wash your hands of sth
■If you wash your hands of something that you were previously responsible for, you intentionally stop being involved in it or connected with it in any way 洗手不干，不再管
• She couldn't wait to wash her hands of the whole project. 她迫不及待地想与整个专案计划脱离关系。
UK [wɒʃ] US [wɑ:ʃ] verb
wash your mouth out
■Someone who has used a swear word might be told, humorously, to wash their mouth out (with soap, soapy water, etc.). （让说脏话者）净嘴，嘴巴干净点
UK [wɒʃ] US [wɑ:ʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] wash sth away
■If water or rain washes something away, it removes it or carries it away （水或雨水）冲走，冲掉
• The blood on the pavement had been washed away by the rain overnight. 一夜之间，人行道上的血迹就被雨水冲掉了。
UK [wɒʃ] US [wɑ:ʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] wash sth down
CLEAN
■to clean a large object or surface with a liquid （用液体）清洗，冲刷（大件物品或表面）
• He washed the car down with soapy water. 他用肥皂水清洗汽车。
EAT informal
■to eat food or swallow medicine with a drink that helps or improves it （就着饮料）吃下，吞下
• Supper was fresh salmon and vegetables, washed down with a bottle of white wine. 晚餐有新鲜的鲑鱼和蔬菜，就着一瓶白葡萄酒一起下肚。
UK [wɒʃ] US [wɑ:ʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] wash (sth) out
■If a colour or dirty mark washes out, or if you wash it out, it disappears when you wash it 洗掉，洗净（颜色或污迹）
• Do you think these stains will wash out? 你说这些污迹洗得掉吗？
UK [wɒʃ] US [wɑ:ʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [usually passive] wash sth out
■If an event or sports competition is washed out, it is prevented from happening or stopped early because of heavy rain （因雨）取消，中止（体育比赛等）
• The men's semi-finals in the tennis were washed out this morning. 今天上午的男子网球准决赛因雨被迫取消。
⇒ See also washout
UK [wɒʃ] US [wɑ:ʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] wash (sth) up
 IMPROVER
■to clean the plates, pans, and other things that you have used for cooking and eating 清洗，洗刷（用过的餐具）
• He washed up his mug and put it back on the shelf. 他洗干净自己的杯子并把它放回架子上。
UK [wɒʃ] US [wɑ:ʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  wash up US
 IMPROVER
■to wash your hands, especially before a meal （尤指餐前）洗手
• Go and wash up - your dinner's ready. 去洗一洗手——晚饭准备好了。
UK [wɒʃ] US [wɑ:ʃ] noun
CLEANING 洗涤
 ADVANCED countable usually singular
■when you wash something or a part of your body 洗，洗涤；洗澡
• Those curtains need a good (= careful) wash. 那些窗帘需要好好洗一洗了。
• Erik needed a good wash after playing in the garden. 埃里克在花园里玩过之后需要好好洗个澡。
the wash only singular
■all the clothes, sheets, etc. that are washed together, especially in a washing machine （尤指用洗衣机一起洗的）所有衣物
• Can I put this shirt in (with) the white wash? 我能把这件衬衫同白色的衣服一起洗吗？
• "Where's my pink shirt?" "It's in the wash" (= being washed or in a pile of clothes that is going to be washed). “我的粉红衬衫呢？”“正在洗着呢（或在要洗的衣服堆里）。”
US for * washing
have a wash
■to wash your body or a part of it 洗一洗（身体某部分）；洗澡
• I need to have a wash before dinner 吃饭前我要洗洗手。
do a wash
■to clean clothes, sheets, etc., usually in a washing machine （通常指用洗衣机）洗衣物
• Are you doing a wash tonight? 你今天晚上要洗衣服吗？
UK [wɒʃ] US [wɑ:ʃ] noun
THIN LAYER 薄薄的一层
countable
■a thin layer of water or watery paint, especially one which is brushed lightly over a painting to make the lines softer （水的）一层；（涂料的）薄涂层
• a blue wash] a wash of blue 一层蓝漆
• Just before the paint dries, I give it a light wash. 油漆即将干透时，我又在上面涂上薄薄的一层。
UK [wɒʃ] US [wɑ:ʃ] noun
EVEN SITUATION 平衡的局面
countable usually singular US
■an event or situation in which positive and negative things balance each other 均衡局势
• If pollution controls are enforced here, the factories will move to where they're allowed to pollute, so it'll be a wash as far as clear air goes. 假如这里要施行控制污染的措施，那些工厂就会搬到允许污染的地方。因此就空气的清洁而言，这一措施说不上好或坏。
UK [wɒʃ] US [wɑ:ʃ] noun
FLOW 流过
only singular literary
■(the sound made) when the sea moves against land, etc 海浪的冲刷声
• Outside the flat, she could hear the gentle wash of the waves on the beach. 在公寓房间外面她可以听到海浪冲刷沙滩发出的轻柔声响。
n. 洗涤；洗的衣服；化妆水；冲积物
 - laundrying, lavation
vt. 洗涤；洗刷；冲走；拍打
 - baptise, line dry
vi. 洗澡； [地质] 被冲蚀
 - have a bath

Word: revise
Front: revise
[rɪˈvaɪz] (研四六托雅宝 5829/4941 -K2)
Vocabulary: revise
(once / 311 pages)
vn
To revise means to alter or improve a preliminary draft of something, usually a text. When you want your writing to be really great, you must revise it several times until it is perfect.
The word revise sounds like the related word revisit, and revising a piece of work does in fact require revisiting it. Planning out a project includes estimating how much it will cost and when it will be done. If something unforeseen happens, you might have to revise your estimates of cost and completion date. You can also use revise as a noun. Once you finish the first draft of an essay, you can begin working on the revise.
WORD FAMILY
revise: revisal, revised, reviser, revises, revising, revision +/revisal: revisals/ revised: unrevised/reviser: revisers/revising: revisings/ revision: revisionism, revisions/revisionism: revisionist/revisionist: revisionists
USAGE EXAMPLES
As governor, he created the Alabama Constitutional Revision Commission, which worked on revising the constitution until Wallace put a stop to the effort.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The revised draft resolution circulated by Russia “endorses” the cease-fire documents.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
To revise William Gibson’s famous observation: the future is already here—you’ll just need to buy a dongle to get at it.
The New Yorker(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 修订; 改变; 修正; [主英国英语]复习
vt. & vi. 复习
vi. 修订，校订
n. 修订; 校订; [印刷]校样，清样; 修订版，修订本
时态：revised, revising, revises
分布：修正(68%)，校订(16%)，校正(13%)，再校稿(3%)
→re-,再，重新，-vis,看，词源同 visit,vision.引申词义改变，修改。
修正,改订(re再+vis+e→再看一遍→修正)[vis,vid=see表示"看"]
v.修订,校订;修正,修改The vice-adviser advised the reviser to devise a device for getting rid of vice.代理顾问建议校订者想出一个根除恶习的计策.
【记】re反复，vis看，e：反复看－修改
verb
CHANGE 更改
 ADVANCED transitive
■to look at or consider again an idea, piece of writing, etc. in order to correct or improve it 修订；修正；修改
• His helpfulness today has made me revise my original opinion /impression of him. 他今天所表现出的乐于助人的品质使我改变了对他的最初看法／印象。
• His publishers made him revise his manuscript three times. 出版公司让他把手稿修改了三次。
[rɪ'vaɪz] verb
STUDY 学习
intransitive or transitive UK (US review)
■to study again something you have already learned, in preparation for an examination 复习；温习
• We're revising (algebra) for the test tomorrow. 我们正在为明天的（代数）考试进行复习。
remedy, correct, rectify, revise, amend
这组词都有“纠正，改正”的意思，其区别是：
remedy: 正式用词，通常指在局部范围内进行纠正，尤指对困难或棘手问题的解决。
correct: 指纠正或改正不正确、不真实或有缺点的东西。
rectify: 正式用词，意义较抽象，侧重指彻底改正偏离子正确标准或规则的东西。
revise: 指通过仔细阅读、反复思考后而进行改正、订正或修订，使趋于完善。
amend: 书面语用词。指进行更正或改变，使之更好，符合更高的要求。
vt. 修正；复习； [印刷] 校订
 - update, edit
vi. [图情] 修订； [印刷] 校订；复习功课
 - to amend
n. [图情] 修订； [印刷] 校订
 - recension, emendation

Word: bark
Front: bark
[bɑ:k] (高研四六托雅宝 5831/6605 -2)
Vocabulary: bark
(once / 159 pages)
1nv 2nv 3n
A bark is the loud, sharp sound a dog makes. Seals also bark, and people sometimes bark with laughter or bark out commands.
Bark is both a noun and a verb: if your dog is known for his noisy bark, it means that he barks all the time. There is also the type of bark that covers the trunk of a tree, and yet another bark, an old-fashioned word for a masted ship. When you "bark up the wrong tree," you have completely misunderstood a situation, the way a squirrel-chasing dog does when she literally barks in the wrong direction.
WORD FAMILY
bark: barked, barker, barking, barks, barky, debark+/ barker: barkers/debark: debarkation, debarked, debarking, debarks/debarkation: debarkations
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Look me in the eyes!” he barked, as his players marched past him, single file.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
However the pope doesn’t summon him to a cathedral, but to a battlefield – barking military orders one minute and pontificating on art the next.
The Guardian(Dec 29, 2016)
Use your pruners or a knife to scrape a narrow, ½-inch long sliver of bark from each side of the base of the cutting.
Seattle Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: vi. 吠叫; 厉声说话
vt. 大声喊出; 厉声说出
n. 犬吠声; 似吠声; 树皮
时态：barked, barking, barks
分布：树皮(92%)，咆哮(4%)，狗吠(2%)，剥皮(1%)，擦伤(1%)
→1.树皮，词源同birch, 白桦，白桦树皮通常用于写字。
vi.(狗等)吠,叫n.吠声,叫声;树皮In the sparking park, the darling dark dog barked at the embarked larks.在闪着火花的公园里,可爱的深色狗对着装载于船云雀吠叫.
US [bɑ:rk] noun
TREE 树
uncountable
■the hard outer covering of a tree 树皮
UK [bɑ:k] US [bɑ:rk] noun
DOG 狗
countable
■the loud, rough noise that a dog and some other animals make 狗吠声；嗥叫声
UK [bɑ:k] US [bɑ:rk] noun
sb's bark is worse than their bite
■If someone's bark is worse than their bite, they are not as unpleasant as they seem, and their actions are not as bad as their threats 刀子嘴豆腐心；言语比行动吓人
• Don't let her frighten you, her bark is worse than her bite. 别被她吓倒了，她这人口直心快。
UK [bɑ:k] US [bɑ:rk] verb
 ADVANCED intransitive
■(of a dog) to make a loud rough noise 狗吠
• They heard a dog barking outside. 他们听见外面有狗吠声。
transitive
■to shout at someone in a forceful manner 咆哮，怒吼
• The sergeant barked (out) a succession of orders to the new recruits. 中士向那些新兵大声地下了一连串命令。
UK [bɑ:k] US [bɑ:rk] verb
be barking up the wrong tree informal
■to be wrong about the reason for something or the way to achieve something 找错了原因；用错了方法
• She thinks it'll solve the problem, but I reckon she's barking up the wrong tree. 她认为这能解决问题，但我觉得她用错了方法。
roar, bark, growl, howl
这组词都有“吠，叫”的意思，其区别是：
roar: 指狮子的吼叫。
bark: 指发出刺耳的汪汪声，系典型的狗吠。
growl: 指被激怒的狗发出低长的咆哮声，以示威胁。用于人时，指咆哮着喊叫，怒冲冲地发牢骚。
howl: 指声音响亮，拖得很长，如哀愁的哭声。用于人时，指大喊大叫。
vt. 吠叫；咆哮；咳嗽
 - have a cough, huff and puff
vi. 厉声说出；高声叫卖
 - rap out
n. 吠声；任何似犬狐叫的声音
 - ululation

Word: inexpensive
Front: inexpensive
[ˌɪnɪkˈspensɪv] (四六 5823/11852 -1)
Back: adj. 不贵的，便宜的; 廉; 贱
分布：便宜的(57%)，廉价的(43%)
→in-,不，非，expensive,昂贵的。
adjective
■not costing a lot of money 花费不多的，价钱不贵的
• It's an inexpensive perfume. 这种香水不贵。
inexpensive, cheap
这组词都有“便宜的、价廉的”的意思，其区别是：
inexpensive: 指商品价格公道，数量和价格相当。
cheap: 普通用词，既可指物美价廉，又可指价格低但质量却不怎么样。
adj. 便宜的
 - cheap, ten-cent

Word: terrify
Front: terrify
[ˈterɪfaɪ] (高研六托雅 5828/8606 -2)
Vocabulary: terrify
(once / 317 pages)
v
If you terrify someone, that person is enormously frightened of you.
The verb terrify is closely related to the word terror, and its Latin root is terrificus, "causing terror." While some people might say that monsters terrify them, others are terrified by heights, snakes, or speaking in public. If there's something that makes you feel a deep, horrible sense of fear, it terrifies you.
WORD FAMILY
terrify: terrified, terrifies, terrifying+/ terrified: terrifiedly/terrifying: terrifyingly/ terror: counterterror, terrify, terrorise, terrorism, terrorize, terrors/terrorise: terrorisation, terrorised, terrorises, terrorising/ terrorism: terrorist / terrorist: terrorists/ terrorize: terrorization, terrorized, terrorizes, terrorizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Even the attainment of joy in the finale is preceded by a terrifying outburst of sonic chaos.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
I am terrified, as my mother became paralyzed from the waist down with neuropathy that began in the feet due to diabetes.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
In Collier’s opinion, it was eventful and unusual but not terrifying.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. 使恐怖，使惊吓; 恐吓，吓唬; 威胁
时态：terrified, terrifying, terrifies
分布：使恐怖(39%)，使害怕(38%)，威胁(23%)
→来自 terror,恐惧，惊恐，-fy,使。
恐吓(terr+ify)[terr=frighten表示"恐,怕"]
v.使害怕,使惊恐I was terrified out of my wits.我被吓得不知所措.
verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to frighten someone very much 使害怕，使恐惧
• The idea of parachuting out of a plane terrifies me. 一想到从飞机上跳伞，我就害怕。
alarm, frightem, startle, terrify, scare, intimidate
这些动词均有“惊吓、惊恐”之意。
alarm: 着重指某人意识到危险而突然产生的惊恐。
frightem: 普通用词，使用广泛，指产生突然、短暂的惊慌、恐怖感。
startle: 强调突然使人惊骇或震惊。
terrify: 语气最强，指惊骇得六神无主，魂飞魄散。
scare: 指非正式文体中可与frighten换用，但语气较重，侧重人受惊吓后立即停下正在干的事或跑掉。
intimidate: 特指恐吓某人，迫使其做某事。
vt. 恐吓；使恐怖；使害怕
 - gallow, intimidate

Word: governmental
Front: governmental
[ˌgʌvnˈmentl] (5820/8087)
Vocabulary: governmental
(once / 1813 pages)
adj
Anything governmental relates to a government, which is a political entity that runs a city, state, or country. If you work for the President, you have a governmental job.
The government is the body that runs (governs) a country. Add the –al ending, which means “related to,” and governmental describes anyone or anything related to a government. It’s like the words continental and environmental. The FBI, FDA, and IRS are governmental agencies. A governmental internship might involve working for a senator. The executive, legislative, and judicial branches could be called the three governmental branches in the U.S.
WORD FAMILY
governmental: governmentally+/ govern: governable, governance, governed, governing, government, governor, governs, misgovern/governable: ungovernable/governed: ungoverned/governing: governings, self-governing/ government: governmental, governments, self-government/ governor: governors, governorship/governorship: governorships/misgovern: misgoverned, misgoverning, misgovernment, misgoverns/misgovernment: misgovernments/ungovernable: ungovernably
USAGE EXAMPLES
The obituary for Bill Usery commemorated a life committed to finding mutually beneficial solutions to the thorniest of labor, management and governmental problems.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
According to the group’s president, Alexander Ionov, direct governmental funds amount to 30 percent of its general budget.
Salon(Dec 29, 2016)
White-collar professionals often hold second or third jobs driving taxis or tending bar to supplement their governmental income.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: adj. 政府的; 政治上的; 统治上的
分布：政府的(89%)，政治的(11%)
US [-ɚn'men.tˌəl] adjective
■belonging or relating to government or the government 政府的，和政府有关的
• We await a governmental decision about the future of the programme. 我们正等待着政府就该专案的前途作出决定。
adj. 政府的；政治的；统治上的
 - political, public

Word: sleeping
Front: sleeping
['sli:pɪŋ] (雅 5824/5963)
Back: n. 睡眠
adj. 睡着的; 供睡觉用的; 不要多事; 不要自找麻烦
v. 为…提供床位( sleep的现在分词 )
分布：睡眠(61%)，睡着的(37%)，动词sleep的现在分词.(2%)
ADJ
同住宿有关的;睡觉的
You use sleeping to describe places where people sleep or things concerned with where people sleep.
例：On the top floor we have sleeping quarters for women and children.我们在顶楼有供女人和孩子睡觉的地方。
例：...investigations of people's finances, sleeping arrangements and housekeeping habits.对人们的财务状况、住宿安排以及家务管理习惯的调查
asleep, sleepy, sleeping
asleep: 睡着,熟睡,只能做表语, The baby is asleep.
sleepy: 困的,有睡意的 I'm sleepy.
sleeping: 正在睡觉, a sleeping baby
adj. 睡着的
 - asleep
n. 睡眠
 - morpheus, shut-eye

Word: like
Front: like
[laɪk] (中高 74/88 -K5)
Vocabulary: like
(once / 4 pages)
1adjn 2vn
If you like your new shoes, you are glad you bought them. If you are like your mother, you are similar to her in more ways than you probably want to admit.
The meaning of like has to do with being similar: maybe you sound just like your sister when you answer the phone. Or, in giving an example, like is the go-to word to introduce it: "We enjoy sports like hockey." Like also can mean "enjoy" or "favor." We can see this in the word's origin, the Old English lician, meaning “be pleasing.” The speech pattern of saying "like" incessantly doesn't, like, mean anything.
WORD FAMILY
like: dislike, likable, likeable, liked, likely, likeness, likes, likest, liking, unlike+/ dislike: dislikable, disliked, dislikes, disliking/ likable: likably/likeable: likeably/ likelihood: likelihoods, unlikelihood/ likely: likelihood, likeliness, likelys, unlikely/ likeness: likenesses/liking: likings/unlike: unlikable, unlikeable, unlikeness/unlikelihood: unlikelihoods/unlikeliness: unlikelinesses/unlikely: unlikeliness/unlikeness: unlikenesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Being without all our scholarships, being undermanned for so many years, then to finish like this, it’s very special.’
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“A measurement is just a number. But a visual image of what they look like, rather than their imagination, is much more motivating.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Like driverless cars, the delivery robots use cameras, GPS devices and radar to navigate the urban environment.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 喜欢; （与 would 或 should 连用表示客气）想; 想要; 喜欢做
prep. （表示属性）像; （表示方式）如同; （询问意见）…怎么样; （表示列举）比如
adj. 相似的; 相同的
n. 相类似的人[事物]; 喜好; 爱好; （尤指被视为没有某人或某物那么好的）种类，类型
conj. 像…一样; 如同; 好像; 仿佛
adv. （非正式口语，代替 as）和…一样; 如; （非正式口语，思考说下句话、解释或举例时用）大概; 可能
时态：liked, liking, likes
分布：像(45%)，喜欢(28%)，想(18%)，愿意(4%)，如同(2%)，相似的(2%)，同样的(1%)
→缩写自古英语gelic,同样，相似，ge-,一起，-lic,身体，形体，并衍生后缀-ly.引申词义同类，相似，喜欢。
v.喜欢prep.象;比如a.相象的n.象...一样He is more like his mother than his father.他更象他的母亲而不象他的父亲.
verb
ENJOY 喜欢
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to enjoy or approve of something or someone 喜欢，喜爱
• I like your new haircut. 我喜欢你的新发型。
• Do you like fish? 你爱吃鱼吗？
• I like it when a book is so good that you can't put it down. 我喜欢那种碰上好书时手不释卷的感觉。
• I quite like wine but I could live without it. 我很喜欢喝酒，但没有酒我还是可以忍受的。
• He's very well- liked (= popular) at work. 他在单位里人缘相当好。
• [+ -ing verb] I don't like upsetting people. 我不喜欢搞得别人心烦意乱。
• [+ to infinitive] He likes to spend his evenings in front of the television. 他喜欢晚上看电视消磨时间。
• [+ past participle] He likes his steak well-done. 他喜欢吃熟透的牛排。
transitive
■to be annoyed by something 对…反感，讨厌
• I like the way he just assumes we'll listen to him when he doesn't take in a word anyone else says! 他谁的话都听不进去，却以为我们大家都会听他的，对此我非常反感。
[laɪk] verb
WANT 想要
would like
 ESSENTIAL
■or formalshould like ... used to say that you want or wish something 想，想要，希望
• I think I'd like the soup for my starter. 我想我还是先喝汤吧。
• I'd like to go to Moscow. 我想去莫斯科。
• I would like to say a big thankyou to everyone who's helped to make our wedding such a special occasion! 我想对参与筹备我们婚礼的每一个人表示由衷的感谢，正是你们让这个婚礼如此与众不同！
 ESSENTIAL [+ to infinitive]
■used in requests （用于请求）想要，希望得到
• I'd like one of the round loaves, please. 请给我拿一个圆面包。
• [+ to infinitive] I'd like to book a seat for tonight's performance. 我想预订一个今晚演出的座位。
• [+ obj + to infinitive] I'd like you to send this for me first class, please. 请按一类邮件把这个寄出。
• [+ past participle] I would like the whole lot finish ed by the weekend. 我希望这些工作能在周末前做完。
  Common Learner Errors  would like When would like is followed by a verb, that verb cannot be in the infinitive without 'to'. Do not say 'would like do something', say would like to do something.
✗ I would like recommend a restaurant for our meeting. I would like to recommend a restaurant for our meeting.
[laɪk] verb
How do you like ... ? ADVANCED
■used when asking someone how they like their drinks made 你想喝甚么样的…？
• "How do you like your tea?" "Milk and one sugar, please." “你的茶要加甚么吗？”“请加些牛奶和一粒糖。”
■used when asking someone for an opinion 你觉得…怎么样？
• How do you like my new shoes? 你觉得我的新鞋怎么样？
[laɪk] verb
How would you like ... ? informal
■said to suggest that someone would not like to be in a situation experienced by someone else 你会愿意…吗？
• I'm not surprised he shouted at you! How would you like to be pushed into a wall? 他向你嚷我一点都不奇怪！你愿意被人推到墙上吗？
[laɪk] verb
I'd like to see ... informal
■said to mean that you do not believe someone can do something （表示不相信）我倒想看看…
• He said women have an easier life than men, did he? - I'd like to see him bring up children and go to work at the same time. “他说女人比男人活得更轻松，是不是？－－我倒想看看他怎样一边抚养孩子一边工作。”
[laɪk] verb
if you like
■used for asking if someone agrees with a suggestion 如果你愿意
• We can leave now if you like. 如果你愿意，我们可以现在就走。
• I'm not sure if I have the confidence, the nerve if you like (= if this phrase is suitable) , to apply for the job. 我不知道自己是否有信心，或者说是否有胆量去申请这个职位。
[laɪk] verb
like it or lump it informal
■If you tell someone to like it or lump it, you mean they must accept a situation they do not like, because they cannot change it 必须接受某个现状，因为情况没法改变
• Like it or lump it, romantic fiction is read regularly by thousands. 还是接受现实吧，数以千计的人都有读言情小说的习惯。
[laɪk] verb
we like cheap/tall/young, etc. humorous
■used to say that you like or approve of something 我们就喜欢便宜／高个／年轻等的
• Cheap is good - we like cheap. 便宜好——我们就喜欢便宜的。
• "He's blond and he's very tall." "We like tall." “他一头金发，个子很高。”“我们喜欢高个子。”
[laɪk] verb
Would you like ... ? ESSENTIAL
■used when offering something or inviting someone 你想（做）…吗？你是否愿意…？
• Would you like a drink? 你想喝点甚么吗？
• Would you like to join us for dinner tonight? 你愿意今晚和我们一起共进晚餐吗？
• Would you like me to take you in the car? 我开车送你好吗？
[laɪk] preposition conjunction
SIMILAR TO 像
 ESSENTIAL
■similar to; in the same way or manner as 像；与…相似，与…近似
• He looks like his brother. 他长得像他哥哥。
• She's very much like her mother (= She is similar in appearance or character). 她和她母亲非常像。
• Is Japanese food like Chinese? 日本料理和中菜相似吗？
• I've got a sweater just like that. 我有一件和那件一模一样的毛衣。
• Her hair was so soft it was like silk. 她的头发如丝绸般柔顺。
• You're acting like a complete idiot! 你的举动像个十足的白痴！
• She sings like an angel! 她的歌声如天使一般！
• Like I said (= As I have already said) , I don't wear perfume. 我说过了，我不用香水。
• Like most people (= As most people would) , I'd prefer to have enough money not to work 和大多数人一样，我喜欢能有足够的钱而不必去工作。
• It feels/seems like (= It seems to me) ages since we last spoke. 我们好像很久没有说过话了。
• There's nothing like a good cup of coffee (= it's better than anything) ! 任何东西都比不了一杯好咖啡！
  Common Learner Errors  likeWarning: choose the correct pronoun! Don't say 'how is sb/sth like?' or 'how sb/sth is like', say what is sb/sth like? or what sb/sth is like :
✗ How is life like in England? What is life like in England? I want to find out what life is like in England.
[laɪk] preposition conjunction
AS IF 好像
 IMPROVER
■in a way that suggests 好像，仿佛，似乎
• It looks like I'm going to be in the office until late tonight. 看起来我得到深夜才能离开办公室了。
• It looks like rain (= I think it is going to rain). 我看天要下雨了。
• It sounds to me like you ought to change jobs. 听起来你似乎应该换个工作。
• You look like you've just got out of bed! 你看起来好像刚刚起床！
• not standard She acts like she's stupid! 她似乎总干傻事！
[laɪk] preposition conjunction
like two peas in a pod
■very similar, especially in appearance （尤指外观）非常相像
• The twins are like two peas in a pod. 那对双胞胎长得极像。
[laɪk] preposition conjunction
What are you like? (also What is she/he like?) UK informal
■used when someone has said or done something silly （用于表示某人的言行很愚蠢）…怎么这个样子？
• "Of course Emma's only worry was whether her lipstick had smudged." "Emma! What is she like?" “当然了，爱玛关心的只是她的口红是否弄花了。”“爱玛，她怎么这个样子？”
[laɪk] preposition conjunction
What is sb/sth like?
■something you say to ask someone to describe someone or something …怎么样？
• You've met Ben's new girlfriend, haven't you? What's she like? 你见过本的新女友了，对吧？她长得甚么样？
• I've never been to Bruges - what's it like? 我从未去过布鲁日——那里怎么样？
• So what's it like, then, not having to work? 不用去工作了，感觉怎么样？
[laɪk] preposition
TYPICAL OF 典型的
 ESSENTIAL
■typical or characteristic of 为…所特有的，符合…特点的
• That's just like Maisie to turn up half an hour late to her own party! 梅茜就是这样的人：为她办派对时她都要拖后半小时才露面！
• It's not like you to be so quiet - are you all right, my love? 你平时没这么安静呀——亲爱的，你没事吧？
[laɪk] preposition
SUCH AS 例如
 ESSENTIAL
■such as 例如，诸如
• She looks best in bright, vibrant colours, like red and pink. 她穿鲜亮颜色的衣服最漂亮，如红色和粉色。
[laɪk] adverb informal
FEELINGS/SPEECH 感觉／言语
■used before you describe how you were feeling or what you said when something happened to you （用于引出自己对已发生事件的）感觉或想法
• Then I saw how late it was and I'm like, so upset. 然后我才明白已经很晚了，因此感觉特别沮丧。
• He started shouting at me and I'm like, "What's your problem? I'm on your side!" 他开始朝我大喊大叫起来，于是我就问他：“你怎么回事？我是站在你这边的！”
[laɪk] adverb informal
PAUSE 停顿
■used in conversation as a pause or to emphasize an adjective （用于对话中表示停顿或强调）形容词
• He's, like, really friendly - someone you can talk to. 他呀，真的非常友善——就是那种可以倾心交谈的人。
• If there's nothing you can do to change the situation, it's like - why bother? 如果你无法改变这种局面，那么干吗去费这个神呢？
[laɪk] noun
the like of sb/sth ; sb's/sth's like
■a person, thing or group similar in character or quality to the one mentioned …之类
• He was a very great actor - we won't see his like again. 他是个非常了不起的演员——没有人能达到他那样的水准。
• He described a superlative meal, the like of which he'd never eaten. 他说那顿饭特别美味——他从未吃过如此好吃的饭。
and such like (also and the like) informal like 1 * and similar things
等等，之类
• There's a big sports hall for tennis and badminton and such like. 那里有一个可供网球、羽毛球等比赛用的大型体育馆。
likes [plural]
■the things that someone enjoys 喜好，爱好，最爱
• The pop-star lists his likes as 'my new Porsche, my girlfriend and staying up all night'. 流行歌星说他的最爱是“我的保时捷新车、女友和彻夜狂欢”。
• They can't expect me to accommodate all their silly little likes and dislikes. 他们别指望我能容忍他们所有那些愚蠢可笑、无足轻重的个人好恶。
not for the likes of sb (also like) informal
■not for the type of people mentioned 不是为某某之类的人准备的
• First-class travel is for posh people - it's not for the likes of us. 头等舱是供上层人士使用的——不是给我们这样的人准备的。
[laɪk] adjective
be like to do sth old use
■to be likely to do something 可能会做，可能会干
[laɪk] adjective
be of like mind formal
■When people are of like mind, they agree. 意见一致，看法相同
love, fancy, enjoy, prefer, like, adore
这组词都有“喜欢、喜爱”的意思，其区别是：
love: 不但表示强烈的喜欢，而且含依恋之情，因此多用于能激起深厚情感的人或物。
fancy: 指喜爱投合自己心意、嗜好或欲望等的人或物。
enjoy: 指对能提供感观或智力上满足或快乐的东西表示欣赏或喜爱。
prefer: 指有选择性或偏向性的喜欢。
like: 最常用词，往往只表不太强烈的兴趣或关注，不带强烈的感情，除非另加修饰语。
adore: 非正式用词，口语体。指非常喜爱，带强烈的感情色彩。
as, like
这两个词均有“像”之意。
as: 从属连词，引出方式从句。
like: 是前置词，后面跟的是宾语。
parallel, uniform, identical, comparable, like, alike, similar
这组词都有“相似的，类似的”的意思，其区别是：
parallel: 主要指在外表或在性质上相似到有可以相提并论的程度。
uniform: 指在性质、数量、形态或程度等方面相似到很难看出差异的地步。
identical: 语气最强，可指同一个人或物，也可指数个人或物之间完全没有差别。
comparable: 指在某一点或几点上有相似之处，可作有限或粗略的对比，尤指在价值或能力等方面可相提并论。
like: 普通用词，含义广泛，指多个或全部特性都相似，但并非同一个，也可指在某个特殊的偶然相似。
alike: 指事物在性质、特征或外貌上固有的而不是偶然的相似。普通用词，只作表语。
similar: 强调不同的人或事物之间完全或部分相似，暗示可暂不考虑或无视其差异之处。
vt. 喜欢；想；愿意
 - love, think
vi. 喜欢；希望
 - prefer, affect
prep. 像；如同
 - as per
adj. 同样的；相似的
 - similar, alike
n. 爱好；同样的人或物
 - interest, bent, fond of
adv. 可能
 - perhaps, maybe, supposedly, on the cards, forse

Word: courtyard
Front: courtyard
[ˈkɔ:tjɑ:d] (高研 5825/5755 -1)
Vocabulary: courtyard
(once / 662 pages)
n
A courtyard is an area outside a building that's framed and somewhat enclosed by walls. Your friend might ask you to meet her in the courtyard of her apartment complex.
In cities, courtyards provide small, private outdoor areas. Courtyards are often nestled between buildings, or tucked away behind them. For nearly as long as people have built houses and buildings, courtyards have existed — although in the past, they were used for keeping animals, cooking over an open fire, and sometimes even sleeping. The word dates from the 1550s, combining court, from the Latin cohors, "enclosed yard," and yard, from a Germanic root also meaning "enclosure."
WORD FAMILY
courtyard: courtyards
USAGE EXAMPLES
The George became a home for political debate and gossip - and Shakespeare's plays were often performed in its courtyard.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Wood framing inside a wall ignited when an outdoor gas fireplace in a courtyard was lit.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
The palace’s great courtyard is a field of cratered earth.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 庭院，院子; 天井
分布：院子(60%)，庭院(40%)
n.院子,庭院,天井Of course the man's courage encouraged the discouraged tourists in the courtyard.自然那个勇敢男子的勇气鼓舞了院子里泄气的游客们.
US ['kɔ:rt.jɑ:rd] noun countable
■an area of flat ground outside which is partly or completely surrounded by the walls of a building 庭院，院子
n. 庭院，院子；天井
 - yard, garth

Word: fascinate
Front: fascinate
[ˈfæsɪneɪt] (研六托雅宝 5834/6429 -1)
Vocabulary: fascinate
(once / 209 pages)
v
Anything that sparks your interest or makes you wonder has the ability to fascinate. If you catch someone's interest, and then hold it, you fascinate them. Be careful.
The word fascinate actually comes from Latin and French words meaning "witchcraft," and although these days fascinate is used under much tamer circumstances, there is some sense in the word that the person's appeal is not quite normal: there might be a spell-like quality to his or her charms. Thus, the word is often used to describe a new love. On the other hand, you might find the study of exotic beetles fascinating. To each his own.
WORD FAMILY
fascinate: fascinated, fascinates, fascinating, fascination +/ fascinated: fascinatedly/ fascinating: fascinatingly/ fascination: fascinations
USAGE EXAMPLES
None of these shortcomings detract from what is a fascinating work of revisited history with all the narrative traction of a good mystery.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
No book published this year holds up a more fascinating mirror to these questions than Paul Cartledge’s Democracy: A Life.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Ms Henderson, the conservation manager at the Holkham Estate, said while seeing a dead whale was sad it was also "fascinating".
BBC(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vt. 使着迷; 使神魂颠倒; 蛊惑
vi. 入迷
时态：fascinated, fascinating, fascinates
分布：吸引住(40%)，有吸引力(30%)，使 ... 入迷(30%)
→来自拉丁语fascis, 带子，绷带，缘自古罗马时期的生殖器崇拜文化，人们把一根阴茎(fascinum)状的器具作为护身符随身携带，同时，巫师对该物念动咒语以唤醒其神力和召唤生育神(Fascinus)的保护。引申词义着迷，入魔。
使…入迷[fascin=enchant(迷住)]
v.迷住,强烈吸引The monkeys in the zoo fascinated me.动物园里的猴子使我着了迷.
verb transitive
■to interest someone a lot 深深吸引；迷住
• Science has always fascinated me. 科学一直令我着迷。
• Anything to do with aeroplanes and flying fascinates him. 一切有关飞机和飞行的东西都令他着迷。
attract, charm, enchant, fascinate, tempt
这些动词均含有“吸引，引诱”之意。
attract: 普通用词，指客观上吸引人的注意力。
charm: 侧重迷住某人或使之高兴。
enchant: 着重指有能力引起被迷住者的欢乐或赞美。
fascinate: 通常含使人无法拒绝、无法摆脱的意味。
tempt: 指吸引力很强，强调欲望被唤醒。
vt. 使着迷，使神魂颠倒
 - enthrall, beguile
vi. 入迷
 - be carried away

Word: generator
Front: generator
[ˈdʒenəreɪtə(r)] (研四六宝 5836/6922 -2)
Back: n. 发电机，发生器; 电力公司; 生产者，创始者; [乐]基础低音
分布：发电机(75%)，发生器(25%)
→来自generate, 产生，生育。
发电机;生殖者(generate+or→产生[电]的东西→发电机)[gen,gener,genit=birth,produce,表示"出生,产生"]
发电机(generate产生)[-ator表名词,通常由ate结尾的动词而来,"做事的人或物]
发电机(gener产生)[-or表名词"人或物器",在一些词根前写成"-ator"]
n.发电机,发生器The generous general's genuine genius is in making generators.那位慷慨将军的真正天才在于制造发电机.
US [-ɚ.eɪ.tˌɚ] noun countable
■a machine which produces something, especially electricity 产生器；（尤指）发电机
n. [电] 发电机； [计] [制冷] 发生器；生产者
 - producer, electrical machine

Word: stab
Front: stab
[stæb] (研四六托宝 5835/5408 -2)
Back: vt. 刺; 将…刺入; 对…做出刺或戳的动作; 刺
vi. 用或似用带尖的武器刺; 刺伤; 戳
n. 用或似用带尖武器刺的伤口; 尝试; 突发的一阵
时态：stabbed, stabbing, stabs
分布：刺(48%)，刺伤(18%)，戳(14%)，尝试(13%)，刺痛(7%)
→来自苏格兰英语，本身为苏格兰英语另一个词 stob 方言变体词，最终可能为 stub 的苏格兰 变体。词义由钉子引申为刺，戳，捅。
v./n.刺,戳He stabbed the woman with a knife and she died.他用小刀把这位妇女刺死了.
【记】s，tab＝TAB（计算机上的一个键）形状是两个箭头－刺穿
verb (-bb-)
 ADVANCED transitive
■to injure someone with a sharp pointed object such as a knife （用刀等锐器）戳，捅，刺
• She was stabbed several times in the chest. 她胸口被捅了几刀。
• He was jailed for fifteen years for stabbing his wife to death. 他因刺死妻子被判入狱15年。
intransitive or transitive
■to make a short forceful pushing movement with a finger or a long thin object （用指头或细长物）戳，捅
• As she spoke she stabbed the air with her finger. 她一边说一边用手指在空中比划着。
• He stabbed at the meat with his fork. 他用叉子戳着那块肉。
[stæb] verb (-bb-)
stab sb in the back
■to do something harmful to someone who trusted you 在（某人）背后捅刀子（指伤害信任自己的人）
• He had been lied to and stabbed in the back by people that he thought were his friends. 他曾经被一些他视为朋友的人欺骗过，在背后被捅过刀子。
⇒ See also back-stabber
[stæb] noun countable
■the act of pushing a knife into someone, or a wound caused by stabbing （用刀）戳，刺，捅；戳（或刺、捅）的伤口
• He was admitted to Middlesex hospital with stab wounds. 他因被刀刺伤住进了米德尔塞克斯医院。
■a sudden feeling, especially an unpleasant one such as pain 突发的一阵感觉；（尤指）一阵难受，一阵刺痛
• She felt a stab of envy when she saw all the expensive presents Zoe had been given for Christmas. 她看到佐伊圣诞节收到的那些贵重礼物，顿生妒意。
■an action or remark that attacks someone's reputation 中伤，诽谤
• Her criticism of the company's plans was a stab at the chairman himself. 她对公司计划的批评是对董事长本人的中伤。
[stæb] noun countable
have/make a stab at sth informal
■to attempt to do something although you are not likely to be very successful 试图做，尝试（成功希望不大的事）
• I'd never tried snorkelling before but I had a stab at it while I was in Greece. 我以前从未潜过水，但在希腊时试过一次。
thrust, pierce, penetrate, prick, stab
这组词都有“刺入，穿透”的意思，其区别是：
thrust: 本义是使某物进入或把某物刺进或使之穿透某物，有时侧重穿透、刺入。
pierce: 多指人为地用刀刺、剑等尖锐东西刺穿或刺入某物。
penetrate: 较正式用词，可指用任何工具穿入或穿透，也可指光线、声音等透过物体。
prick: 一般指用针等刺穿。
stab: 主要指利器刺入、刺伤，如用匕首、短刀等。
vt. 刺；刺伤；戳；刺穿；直入
 - stick, pink
vi. 刺；刺伤；戳；刺痛
 - smart, puncture wound
n. 刺；戳；尝试；突发的一阵
 - stroke, experiment, go, try, thorn

Word: cafe
Front: cafe
[ˈkæfeɪ] (研四六雅 5837/5986 -2)
Vocabulary: cafe
(once / 1302 pages)
n
A cafe is a coffee shop, or a small restaurant where coffee is served. Your neighborhood cafe might be a good place to get a piece of pie and a cup of coffee.
You could stop by a cafe for lunch, or just grab a coffee and a muffin to go. You can also call a cafe a "coffeehouse" or "coffee shop," and while the word is similar to cafeteria — and the two share a root word — a cafeteria tends to be a buffet-style restaurant or dining hall. Cafe comes from the French café, which means both "coffee" and "coffeehouse."
WORD FAMILY
cafe: cafes
USAGE EXAMPLES
Our first thought was to be a 24-hour bookstore/bar/cafe, but we scaled that back a bit.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Ms. Garratt taught international trade and management at a local university while her husband ran the cafe, organizing weekly “English Corner” language exchanges.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
“Back then, it was like the corner drug store or cafe,” Koppes said.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 咖啡馆，小餐厅
分布：咖啡馆(87%)，小餐馆(13%)
→词源同coffee.
n.咖啡馆,(小)餐馆Shall we have a rest in the cafe?我们在咖啡厅里休息一会好吗?
cafeteria, cafe, restaurant
这组词都有“饭店、餐馆”的意思，其区别是：
cafeteria: 指顾客自取食品到餐桌就餐的餐馆。
cafe: 源于法语，指可供茶、咖啡等饮料和小食品的饮食店。
restaurant: 最常用词，指有各种规格、营业时间固定、供应不同风味菜肴和饮料的食店或大餐厅。
n. 咖啡馆；小餐馆
 - coffee bar, divan

Word: incidence
Front: incidence
[ˈɪnsɪdəns] (研六托雅宝 5847/3906 -1)
Vocabulary: incidence
(once / 4478 pages)
1n 2n
Incidence means the frequency with which something bad occurs. You’ll hear of “incidences of cancer” or “incidences of war." You hope the incidence is decreasing, not increasing.
You might confuse incidence and incident. They sound similar, but incident refers only to something that happened, not to the frequency with which it happens. After a car accident, the police file an incident report, which is a fancy way of saying they write down what happened. Looking at these reports grouped together can show you if the incidence of accidents at specific intersections in town is on the rise.
WORD FAMILY
incidence: incidences+/ incident: incidence, incidental, incidently, incidents/ incidental: incidentally, incidentals
USAGE EXAMPLES
Therefore, “the incidence of Parkinson’s disease” in the study “appears to be lower than in the general U.S. population,” Syngenta says.
New York Times(Dec 20, 2016)
However, neuromuscular training changed that calculus, he continued, dropping the likely incidence of the injuries to about 1.5 percent of the athletes.
New York Times(Mar 19, 2014)
Transgender physicists reported the highest incidence of discrimination.
Nature(Dec 18, 2016)
Back: n. 发生率; 影响范围; [数]关联，接合; [物]入射，入射角
分布：入射(100%)
→来自incident,偶发事件，发生。引申词义发生率。
n.影响程度,影响范围;发生率What is the incidence of the tax?该税由谁负担?
【记】in进入，cid落，ence－事情刚掉进来－发生
【区】accident（n 意外事件；事故）
['ɪnt.sɪ.dənts] formal
noun countable usually singular
■an event, or the rate at which something happens 事件；（事件的）发生率
• There have been quite a few incidences of bullying in the school this year. 今年该校发生了好几次欺凌弱小的事件。
• an increased incidence of cancer near nuclear power stations 核电站附近的较高的癌症发病率
n. 发生率；影响； [光] 入射；影响范围
 - infection, impression, effect, influence, affection

Word: prop
Front: prop
[prɒp] (托宝 5845/6444 -2)
Vocabulary: prop
(once / 612 pages)
1nv 2n 3n
A prop is something you use as a support, like a broom that serves as a prop to hold a door open. A prop is also something that goes on stage, like a garbage can in a Beckett play.
When you use a prop, you can say you prop something, or prop it up: "Here, prop your blanket fort up with this chair." This handy word also means "a moveable object used on the set of a movie or play." If you get a film job as a prop master, you'll be in charge of placing props in the correct spot before a scene is shot. This theatrical meaning is actually a shortened form of properties.
WORD FAMILY
prop: propped, propping, props
USAGE EXAMPLES
Some, like General Motors Co. and railroad CSX Corp., borrowed to prop up pension plans.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
A few hours in, Mills chatted with Lindsey Jacobs, his on-set dresser—the person who wrangled the furniture and the props.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Ted Turner bought the film library, which left the studio grounds and all its holdings, including props, costumes, scripts and ephemera.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 支柱，支撑物; 支持者，后盾，靠山; 道具; （橄榄球中的）支柱前锋
vt. 支撑，支持，维持; 使倚靠在某物上
时态：propped, propping, props
分布：支撑(38%)，支柱(24%)，道具(21%)，维持(6%)，支持者(5%)，推进器(3%)，螺旋桨(2%)，倚靠人(1%)
→来自中古荷兰语proppe,葡萄藤蔓支撑架，支撑，词源不详。可能来自拉丁语propago,放置，固定，来自pro-,向前，-pag,固定，词源同page,compact.
【记】pro前，p屁：前面也有屁股，怎么样都可以靠！
US [prɑ:p] verb transitive + adverb or preposition (-pp-)
■to support something physically, often by leaning it against something else or putting something under it 支撑；支持
• I propped my bike (up) against the wall. 我把自行车靠在墙上。
• She was sitting at the desk with her chin propped on her hands. 她双手托着下巴坐在书桌旁。
• This window keeps on closing - I'll have to prop it open with something. 这扇窗老是开了又关——我得用甚么东西撑着不让它关上。
UK [prɒp] US [prɑ:p] verb transitive + adverb or preposition (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] prop sth up
■to lift and give support to something by putting something under it 支撑，撑住
• He was sitting upright in his hospital bed, propped up by pillows. 他靠着枕头，直挺挺地坐在医院的病床上。
• There were the usual bunch of drinkers propped up at (= leaning against) the bar. 有一群常客斜靠在吧台上。
■to give support to something, especially a country or organization, so that it can continue to exist in a difficult situation 支持，维持
• How long is the government likely to survive without the US military force there to prop it up? 没有美国的军事力量在那里支撑，那个政府还能维持多久？
UK [prɒp] US [prɑ:p] noun
FILM/THEATRE 电影／戏剧
countable usually plural
■an object used by the actors performing in a play or film 道具
• The set is minimal and the only props used in the show are a table, a chair and a glass of water. 布景极其简单，剧中所用的道具只有一张桌子、一把椅子和一杯水。
UK [prɒp] US [prɑ:p] noun
AIRCRAFT/SHIP 飞机／轮船
countable informal for
■ propeller
UK [prɒp] US [prɑ:p] noun
SUPPORT 支持
countable
■an object which is used to support something by holding it up 支撑物
• I need some sort of a prop to keep the washing line up. 我需要一个东西来撑起晾衣绳。
• figurative A lot of people use cigarettes as a sort of social prop (= to make them feel more confident). 许多人抽烟是为了使自己感觉更有自信。
(also prop forward)
■a player in a rugby team who is large and strong, and who supports the scrum 支柱前锋（橄榄球队球员，该球员体壮有力，可支援并列争球）
vt. 支撑；维持
 - maintain, support, uphold, sustain
n. [矿业] 支柱；支持者
 - leg, backbone, stay, advocate, mainstay

Word: failed
Front: failed
[feɪld] (5839/9551)
Back: adj. 失败了的，不成功的
v. 在…中失败( fail的过去式和过去分词 ); 衰退; 衰弱; 破产
分布：失败的(78%)，不成熟的(16%)，动词fail的过去式和过去分词形式.(6%)
adjective [before noun]
■having not succeeded 不成功的，失败的
• a failed actress/writer 不成功的女演员／作家
• She has two failed marriages behind her. 她已经历过两次失败的婚姻。
adj. 已失败的，不成功的
 - unsuccessful, unfortunate
v. 失败，不成功（fail的过去式和过去分词）
 - defeated

Word: propaganda
Front: propaganda
[ˌprɒpəˈgændə] (研六雅 5838/5071 -2)
Vocabulary: propaganda
(once / 721 pages)
n
Propaganda is the spreading of information in support of a cause. It’s not so important whether the information is true or false or if the cause is just or not — it’s all propaganda.
The word propaganda is often used in a negative sense, especially for politicians who make false claims to get elected or spread rumors to get their way. In fact, any campaign that is used to persuade can be called propaganda.
WORD FAMILY
propaganda: propagandas, propagandise, propagandist, propagandistic, propagandize +/propagandise: propagandising/propagandist: propagandists/propagandistic: propagandistically/ propagandize: propagandized, propagandizes, propagandizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Recent propaganda from the communist government intentionally released sensitive, military information.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But Mr. Xi is demanding that the propaganda apparatus step up its game.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Showing the beauty of the Middle Eastern heritage, he said, “is the best answer to the Islamist propaganda of hate, destruction and death.”
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 宣传，宣传运动
分布：宣传(99%)，宣传的内容(1%)
→来自拉丁语propagare,延伸，扩展，繁殖，词源同propagate,-and,动名词后缀，-a,表阴性。引申词义宣传者，传道者。
n.宣传(机构);[天主教]传道总会It's only propaganda.这仅仅是宣传而已.
US [ˌprɑ:.pə-] mainly disapproving
noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■information, ideas, opinions or images, often only giving one part of an argument, which are broadcast, published or in some other way spread with the intention of influencing people's opinions 宣传；鼓吹
• political/wartime propaganda 政治／战时宣传
• At school we were fed communist/right-wing propaganda. 在学校时我们被灌输了右翼思想。
• One official dismissed the ceasefire as a mere propaganda exercise. 某位官员只是把停火当作宣传伎俩而不予理睬。
advertisement, propaganda
advertisement: 广告
propaganda: 宣传（贬义，为某种政治目的而进行的口号式宣传）
n. 宣传；传道总会
 - advertisement, publicity, dissemination

Word: underscore
Front: underscore
[ˌʌndəˈskɔ:(r)] (托宝 5841/19615 -1)
Vocabulary: underscore
(once / 2354 pages)
vn
To underscore is to draw special attention to a fact, idea, or situation. When you're involved in a debate, it’s wise to underscore the points that best support your argument.
Literally, underscore means “to underline,” or draw a line beneath a word to emphasize it. In common speech, to underscore something is to call attention to it. If a worker sustained an injury on the job, for instance, the event would underscore the need for workplace safety. Underscore is also used to mean "emphasize." During a job interview, you want to underscore any experience that relates to the job you are applying for.
WORD FAMILY
underscore: underscored, underscores, underscoring+/ score: scored, scoreless, scorer, scores, scoring, underscore /scoreless: scorelessly/scorer: scorers/scoring: scorings
USAGE EXAMPLES
This stark absence underscores both a shift in consumer patterns and the precious anachronism of what few holiday windows remain.
New York Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Trump’s efforts to keep Carrier in Indiana underscore both the potential benefits and pitfalls of his hands-on approach.
Washington Post(Nov 30, 2016)
The lack of dramatic change underscores the overall health of the game.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: vt. 划线于…下，强调
n. 底线; （表示强调的）下方划线; （影片等的）伴音
时态：underscored, underscoring, underscores
分布：强调(88%)，下划线(9%)，影片伴奏乐(1%)，划线于(1%)，提供伴奏乐(1%)
→under-, 在下面，score, 划线，标记。
【记】under下，score（n 得分；乐谱；v 划线）：强调
【反】de-emphasize（v 不再强调）；downplay（v 不予重视）
US [-dɚ'skɔ:r] verb transitive
■to underline
vt. 强调；划线于…下
 - emphasize, stress, highlight
n. 底线， [计] 下划线
 - bobbin thread, bottom-line

Word: formulate
Front: formulate
[ˈfɔ:mjuleɪt] (研六托雅 5843/4149 -2)
Vocabulary: formulate
(once / 1010 pages)
v
To formulate is to come up with a plan. If you are locked out of your house, you'll need to formulate a plan to get back inside — preferably one that doesn't involving kicking in the door.
You can also use the verb formulate to mean "put into words." If too many people are showing up at your work in inappropriate clothes, your company may formulate a dress code policy. They may, for example, decree that either socks or shoes must be worn. The verb can also mean to develop a formula for something. If the dog ate the chicken you were going to use in your dinner, you may need to formulate a new recipe for chicken-less pot pie.
WORD FAMILY
formulate: formulated, formulates, formulating, formulation, reformulate +/ formula: formulae, formularise, formularize, formulary, formulas, formulate /formularise: formularised/formularize: formularized/formulary: formularies/ formulation: formulations/ reformulate: reformulated, reformulating
USAGE EXAMPLES
Those who employ it frequently fail to formulate additional planks for their arguments.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Hospital staff administered antibiotics, a specially formulated laxative to treat constipation, and a diet of squid and fish.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
And scientists continue efforts to formulate a vaccine.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: vt. 构想出，规划; 确切地阐述; 用公式表示
时态：formulated, formulating, formulates
分布：规划(46%)，制订(34%)，系统地阐述(11%)，用公式表示(9%)
→来自formula, 配方。即形成配方的，进行规划构想的。
公式化;系统陈述(formula+ate→成公式)[form=shape,表示"形状"]
v.用公式表示;规划;设计;系统地阐述The form of the former formula is formally formulated.前一个分子式的形式得到正式表述.
US ['fɔ:r-] verb transitive
■to develop all the details of a plan for doing something 制订；规划；构想
• to formulate a new plan 制订一个新计划
• to formulate legislation 制订法律
formulate, devise, conceive
这组词都有“设计、设想”的意思，其区别是：
formulate: 与conceive相反，指在devise之后的具体设计活动。
devise: 侧重设计的临时性和权宜性，并隐含有更多的设想可用。
conceive: 强调在制定计划之前的先有设想构思。
vt. 规划；用公式表示；明确地表达
 - programme, mark out

Word: corrupt
Front: corrupt
[kəˈrʌpt] (高研六雅宝 5850/7571 -2)
Vocabulary: corrupt
(once / 155 pages)
1adjv 2v 3adjv
If someone or something is corrupt, they’re broken morally or in some other way. Corrupt people perform immoral or illegal acts for personal gain, without apology. Corrupt politicians take bribes and deny it.
When you corrupt someone, you convince them to do something wrong or even illegal. If you talk your little brother into stealing cookies from the cookie jar, you're corrupting him. Something corrupt is rotten, spoiled, or out of commission, like a file that makes your computer crash. A corrupt person — a criminal, a crook, or a cookie thief — brings society down with immoral and dishonest behavior. Corrupt goes back to the Latin roots cor-, "altogether," and rumpere, "break."
WORD FAMILY
corrupt: corrupted, corrupter, corruptest, corruptible, corrupting, corruption, corruptive, corruptly, corruptness, corrupts, incorrupt+/corrupted: corruptedly, uncorrupted/corruptibility: corruptibilities/corruptible: corruptibility, corruptiblest, incorruptible/ corruption: corruptions, incorruption/incorrupt: incorruptly, incorruptness/incorruptibility: incorruptibilities/incorruptible: incorruptibility, incorruptibly
USAGE EXAMPLES
His attorney argued there was insufficient evidence to convict Kelly on several charges, including theft and engaging in a pattern of corrupt activity.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Bloated, profligate and corrupt, for many healthcare was indicative of all that was wrong with the country and, as such, badly in need of reform.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Many nefarious individuals and groups, such as poachers, corrupt government officials and organized crime syndicates, benefit from these illegal sales.
Washington Post(Dec 19, 2016)
Back: adj. 堕落的，道德败坏的; 贪污的，腐败的; 腐烂的; （文献等）错误百出的
vt. 使腐败; 使堕落; 使腐烂
vi. 堕落; 腐化; 腐烂
时态：corrupted, corrupting, corrupts
分布：腐败(65%)，腐败的(24%)，贿赂(4%)，堕落的(3%)，腐烂(1%)，使腐烂(1%)，使恶化(1%)，讹误的(1%)
→cor-, 强调。-rupt, 破，断裂，词源同rupture, bankrupt. 后词义外延扩大。
腐败的;变环的(cor+rupt断→全部断→变坏的,腐败的)[col-,cor在同辅音词根前,表示"共同"]
腐败的(cor全部+rupt断→全断了→腐败了)[rupt=break,表示"断裂"]
v.贿赂,收买a.腐败的,贪污的The abrupt corrupt man had the Xeroxed code corroded in the erosion episode.突然的腐败的人让人在腐蚀插曲过程中腐蚀被影印的代码.
【记】cor心，rupt断－心断了－腐败了
【参】corruption（n 腐败；贪污；堕落）
【反】pristine（adj 质朴的）；purity（n 纯净）－corruption
adjective
BAD 腐败的
 ADVANCED
■dishonestly using your position or power to your own advantage, especially for money 贪赃舞弊的；以权谋私的；腐败的
• Both companies are under investigation for corrupt practices. 两家公司都在接受腐败行为调查。
• The whole system was corrupt - every official she approached wanted money before helping her. 整个体系都腐败了——她接触的所有官员在帮她之前都索要钱财。
■morally bad 堕落的，道德败坏的
• a corrupt society 道德败坏的社会
[kə'rʌpt] adjective
COMPUTER 电脑
■When information on a computer becomes corrupt, it is spoilt and cannot be used because it has become changed in wrong ways （电脑上的资讯）被破坏的，有错误的
• corrupt data 损坏的资料
• a corrupt file 被破坏的文件
[kə'rʌpt] verb transitive
BAD 败坏
■to make someone or something become dishonest or immoral 腐蚀（某人）；使腐化堕落；使道德败坏
• The study claimed that violence on television corrupts the minds of children. 研究称电视上的暴力镜头腐蚀了孩子们的思想。
[kə'rʌpt] verb transitive
COMPUTER 电脑
■to change the information on a computer in wrong ways so that it cannot be used 损坏，破坏（电脑上的资讯）
• Most of the data on the hard drive was corrupted by the power cut. 硬碟上的大多数资料在停电时损坏了。
adj. 腐败的，贪污的；堕落的
 - fallen, putrescent
vt. 使腐烂；使堕落，使恶化
 - aggravate, deprave
vi. 堕落，腐化；腐烂
 - go to the bowwows, go to the deuce

Word: castle
Front: castle
[ˈkɑ:sl] (高研四六雅 5844/1765 -K3)
Vocabulary: castle
(once / 84 pages)
1n 2nv
A castle is a huge, grand home where a king or queen might live. Almost all castles are also fortified against attacks by enemy armies.
Most castles were built in the Middle Ages by royalty or other nobility. You can still visit many historic castles in Europe, most of them built of stone and including details like towers and guardhouses. You can also call the chess piece known as a "rook" a castle, for its castle-like shape. The word has an Old English root, castel, or "village."
WORD FAMILY
castle: castled, castles, castling, forecastle+/castling: castlings/forecastle: forecastles
USAGE EXAMPLES
They also delivered a candy-studded castle and Christmas village scene.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Perhaps more important, he retained his office right next to the president’s in the Castle, the official palace that looms over the capital, Prague.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Those two acts will perform D.J. sets, but Crystal Castles will perform a traditional set and appeal to fans of goth music.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 城堡，堡垒; 象棋中的车
vt. 把…置于城堡中; （下国际象棋时）用车护（王）
时态：castled, castling, castles
分布：城堡(99%)，置于城堡中(1%)
→来自PIE *kes, 砍，切，进一步来自sek, 词源同saw, segment。原指自成体系的村庄，后指城堡。
n.城堡;(国际象棋中的)车The forecaster contrasted the cast castle with the vast desert.预言者将铸造的城堡与广阔的沙漠作了对比.
US ['kæs.l] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a large strong building, built in the past by a ruler or important person to protect the people inside from attack 城堡；堡垒
informal for * rook (GAME PIECE)
UK ['kɑ:.sl] US ['kæs.l] noun countable
castles in the air
■plans that have very little chance of happening 空中楼阁；空想，几乎不可能实现的计划
UK ['kɑ:.sl] US ['kæs.l] verb intransitive specialized
■in chess , to make a special move which puts your king in a more protected place at the side of the board （国际象棋中）王车易位
n. 城堡；象棋中的车
 - alcazar, chateau

Word: technically
Front: technically
[ˈteknɪkli] (5848/5524 -1)
Vocabulary: technically
(once / 1512 pages)
1adv 2adv
Something technically true is actually, really true or correct but it may not be the way people think about it. For example, although people call a tomato a vegetable, technically it’s a fruit.
A birth father may technically be your father — according to a DNA test — but if you've lived with a stepfather your whole life, he’s your dad. Things that are technically true fulfill some exact requirement. Technically, a swing set might be in your neighbor’s yard, but since their kids are grown up, they consider it yours.
WORD FAMILY
technical: nontechnical, technicality, technically, technicals, untechnical+/ technicality: technicalities/untechnical: untechnically
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Technically it can’t be 100 percent assured that your data will remain anonymous,” she said.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
It’s a more technically difficult procedure, but the surgery was a success.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Second Avenue line – technically a four-stop extension of the Q – is a substantial achievement for the Metropolitan Transportation Authority.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adv. 技术上; 学术上; 专业上; 严格说来
分布：技术上(63%)，学术上(28%)，严密地(9%)
→来自 technical,技术的，-ly,副词后缀。
adverb
 IMPROVER
■according to an exact understanding of rules, facts, etc. 事实上，严格说来
• Technically, the country's economic problems are over but recovery will be slow. 这个国家的经济问题理论上已经消失了，但经济将会复苏得很慢。
• young people who are technically still children 实际上仍然是孩子的年青人
 IMPROVER
■in a way that relates to the knowledge, machines or methods used in science and industry 在技术上，在技能知识上
• technically advanced weapons 技术先进的武器
■in a way that relates to practical skills and methods that are used in a particular activity 在工艺技巧上；在专业上
• It was a technically brilliant performance. 从技艺的角度来看，这真是一场精湛的表演。
adv. 技术上；专门地；学术上；工艺上
 - specially, expressly

Word: parallel
Front: parallel
[ˈpærəlel] (高研四六托雅宝 5840/3869 -K2)
Vocabulary: parallel
(once / 227 pages)
1adjnv 2nadjv
In math, parallel means two lines that never intersect––think of an equal sign. Figuratively, parallel means similar, or happening at the same time. A story might describe the parallel lives of three close friends.
Parallel is from Greek parallēlos, from the prefix para- "beside" plus allēlōn "of one another," from allos "other." As a noun, a parallel is a way in which things resemble each other––you might draw parallels between the Vietnam War and the US invasion of Iraq. In specialized use, a parallel can mean one of the imaginary circles on the surface of the Earth that are parallel to the equator––the 49th parallel divides the US and Canada.
WORD FAMILY
parallel: nonparallel, paralleled, paralleling, parallelism, parallelize, parallelled, parallelling, parallels, unparallel+/paralleled: unparalleled / parallelism: parallelisms/parallelize: parallelizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Peter Schweizer, the author of “Clinton Cash,” also recently warned that he sees parallels between the Clinton Foundation and the Trump Organization.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
He found that, with varied groups working on such efforts, “often they’re parallel, often they overlap, sometimes they may conflict.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
We recently watched the excellent documentary “Minimalism,” which is either the obverse of Hallmark’s conservative messaging or runs parallel to it.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 平行的; 相同的，类似的; [电]并联的; [计]并行的
adv. 平行地，并列地
n. 平行线（面）; 相似物; 类比; 纬线
vt. 使平行; 与…媲美; 与…相比; 与…相似
时态：parallelled, paralleling, parallels
分布：平行的(46%)，类似的(12%)，相同的(11%)，并联的(9%)，对比(5%)，相应(5%)，双杠(5%)，相似物(3%)，相比(3%)，与 ... 平行(1%)
→来自希腊语parallelos,并列，平行，para-,在旁，在周围，-allel,改变，另外的，词源同else,alternate.即在旁边的另外一条，引申词义平行的，并列的。
a.平行的,相同的,类似的n.平行线,类似,对比I prepare to compare the two comparable parallel companies.我准备比较那两个可比较的类似的公司.
【记】para旁边，llel中有三条平行线－平行的
【参】paralyze（v 使瘫痪）使旁边没有知觉
US ['per-] adjective
POSITION 位置
 ADVANCED
■If two or more lines, streets, etc. are parallel, the distance between them is the same all along their length 平行的
• Draw a pair of parallel lines. 画两条平行线。
• Hills Road is parallel to Mill Road. 希尔斯路和米尔路平行。
UK ['pær.ə.lel] US ['per-] adjective
SIMILAR 类似的
■describes an event or situation that happens at the same time as and/or is similar to another one 同时发生的；相同的，类似的
• a parallel example 类似的例子
• Parallel experiments are being conducted in Rome, Paris and London. 类似的实验正在罗马、巴黎和伦敦同时进行。
UK ['pær.ə.lel] US ['per-] noun
SIMILARITY 相似
 ADVANCED countable
■something very similar to something else, or a similarity between two things 可相比拟的事物；相似之处
• I'm trying to see if there are any obvious parallels between the two cases. 我正试图探查这两个案件中有没有明显的相似之处。
• It would be easy to draw (= make) a parallel between the town's history and that of its football club. 将该城的历史与其足球俱乐部的历史作个比较，很容易就会发现两者的相似之处。
have no parallel (also be without parallel)
■If something has no parallel or is without parallel, there is nothing similar to it or of the same high quality as it 无可匹敌
• These beautiful African churches have no parallel in Europe. 欧洲没有哪座教堂能与这些漂亮的非洲教堂相比。
UK ['pær.ə.lel] US ['per-] noun
POSITION 位置
parallel (line)
■a line that is always at the same distance from another line 平行线
■one of a number of imaginary lines around the Earth always at the same distance from the equator 纬线
• Cambridge lies near the 52nd parallel. 剑桥位于52度纬线附近。
in parallel specialized
■If two or more parts of an electrical system are in parallel, they are arranged in a way that means they both receive the same amount of electricity. （电路）并联的
UK ['pær.ə.lel] US ['per-] verb transitive
■to happen at the same time as something else, or be similar or equal to something else 与…同时发生；与…相似；与…相当，比得上
• The events of the last ten days in some ways parallel those before the 1978 election. 过去十天里发生的事件和1978年大选前发生的那些事件，在某些方面颇为相似。
Compare unparalleled
UK ['pær.ə.lel] US ['per-] adverb
■in a position which is always the same distance from something else 平行的
• It's a quiet street running (= positioned) parallel to the main road. 这是一条和大路平行的宁静小路。
parallel, uniform, identical, comparable, like, alike, similar
这组词都有“相似的，类似的”的意思，其区别是：
parallel: 主要指在外表或在性质上相似到有可以相提并论的程度。
uniform: 指在性质、数量、形态或程度等方面相似到很难看出差异的地步。
identical: 语气最强，可指同一个人或物，也可指数个人或物之间完全没有差别。
comparable: 指在某一点或几点上有相似之处，可作有限或粗略的对比，尤指在价值或能力等方面可相提并论。
like: 普通用词，含义广泛，指多个或全部特性都相似，但并非同一个，也可指在某个特殊的偶然相似。
alike: 指事物在性质、特征或外貌上固有的而不是偶然的相似。普通用词，只作表语。
similar: 强调不同的人或事物之间完全或部分相似，暗示可暂不考虑或无视其差异之处。
n. [天] [数] 平行线；对比
 - contrast
adj. [天] [数] 平行的；类似的，相同的
 - same, uniform

Word: wan
Vocabulary: wan
(once / 1061 pages)
adjv
Someone who is wan is visibly unwell and lacking in energy. If you’ve had the flu for over a week, and you finally get out of bed looking pale and tired, your mother might say that you look wan.
When your aunt comes to dinner and eats three helpings of dessert, she might seem a little wan as she drinks her tea, meaning she looks sickly and weak — and no wonder, after so many slices of pie! Wan can also describe a fading light — one that is sickly and weak, just like your aunt. When the light bulb in the living room burns out and leaves only wan twilight filtering in, you’ll find it impossible to read.
WORD FAMILY
wan: waner, wanest, wanly, wanned, wanner, wanness, wannest, wanning, wans
USAGE EXAMPLES
Mr. Meng eventually became the aide to Wan Li, the former vice premier of China and the pioneer of agricultural reforms.
New York Times(Dec 26, 2016)
This is what it means to be imitated and copied; you get imitated and copied in great ways, and in wan embarrassing ones.
Slate(Dec 20, 2016)
On and around Ship Street, in the Wan Chai neighborhood of Hong Kong, terse captions under the ghosts tell a sad tale.
Seattle Times(Nov 25, 2016)

Word: fulfil
Front: fulfil
[ fʊl'fɪl] (四六雅宝 5849/2965 -3)
Back: vt. 履行（条约，义务），遵守，执行（命令等）; 完成（计划等），做完（工作）; 达到（目的），应验（预言等），满足（希望）; 使臻于完善，充分发挥潜在的能力
时态：fulfilled, fulfilling, fulfils
分布：履行(63%)，满足(30%)，实践(6%)，使应验(1%)
(US usually fulfill) [fʊl'fɪl] verb transitive (-ll-)
MAKE HAPPEN 使发生
■to do something that is expected, hoped for or promised or to cause it to happen 实现；达到；履行，执行
• A school fails if it does not fulfil the needs/requirements of its pupils. 学校如果不能满足学生的需求／要求，那它就是失败的。
• At the age of 45, she finally fulfilled her ambition to run a marathon. 45岁时，她终于实现了跑马拉松的夙愿。
• Zoos fulfil an important function in the protection of rare species. 动物园起着保护珍稀动物的重要功能。
• He has failed to fulfil his duties as a father. 他没有尽到做父亲的责任。
• We're looking for a very specific sort of person and this woman seems to fulfil all of our criteria. 我们正在寻找某种特定的人，而这个女人似乎符合我们的所有标准。
• So did the course fulfil all your expectations ? 那么这门课程符合你各方面的期望吗？
• We're suing our suppliers for failing to fulfil their contract. 我们正在和供应商打官司，因为他们没有履行合同。
(US usually fulfill) [fʊl'fɪl] verb transitive (-ll-)
SATISFY 满足
■to satisfy; to make happy 满足；使满意
• I don't feel that my present way of life really fulfils me. 我觉得现在的生活无法真正地令我满意。
• [R] I've finally found a job in which I can fulfil myself (= completely develop my abilities and interests). 我终于找到了一份能发挥自己才干的工作。
satisfy, meet, fulfil
这组词都有“满足”的意思，其区别是：
satisfy: 指完全达到预定的条件、要求、标准或期望、心愿等。
meet: 指最低限度地达到预期的标准，或强调要达到这个标准的困难。
fulfil: 与satisfy基本同义，但侧重指实现的情况好于一般标准。
execute, conduct, do, perform, fulfil
这组词都有“做，执行，实施，完成”的意思，其区别是：
execute: 指需专门技术熟练技巧去完成某种复杂的任务或表演等，也指用行动把计划或打算付诸实施或执行某项命令。
conduct: 和perform一样比较正式，二者意义相近，但conduct含指导、领导或监督等意味。
do: 最普通常用词，指完成某项具体工作、任务，也指完成某种行为或动作。
perform: 指完成困难较大、较复杂的任务。较正式用词。
fulfil: 指履行和实现所许诺的、所期望或要求的事情，含最终完成的意味。
vt. 履行；完成；实践；满足
 - accomplish, carry out, achieve, perform, complete

Word: microwave
Front: microwave
[ˈmaɪkrəweɪv] (高六托 5846/7268 -2)
Vocabulary: microwave
(once / 2293 pages)
nv
A microwave is a small oven that cooks or heats food very quickly. Instead of the electric or gas heat that a regular oven uses, a microwave heats with electromagnetic radiation.
While the heat of a regular oven (or a small toaster oven) surrounds your food and cooks it from the outside, with the heat working its way in, a microwave's radiation cooks most food from the inside out. Its radiation, or waves, penetrate the food and heat up any moisture inside it. These waves are themselves called microwaves because they're short (and micro- means "small"), similar to radio waves.
WORD FAMILY
microwave: microwaved, microwaves, microwaving+/ unwavering: unwaveringly/ wave: microwave, waved, wavelet, wavelike, waver, waves, waving, wavy/wavelet: wavelets/ waver: wavered, waverer, wavering, wavers/waverer: waverers/wavering: unwavering, waveringly, waverings/waving: wavings/wavy: wavier, wavily, waviness
USAGE EXAMPLES
The humble space includes a kitchenette with a stove-top, microwave, sink and refrigerator.
Washington Times(Dec 26, 2016)
To his surprise, microwaves emanating from the ground suggested that in some parts of the oven-hot desert, the soil is moist.
Science Magazine(Dec 15, 2016)
The company’s squat orange bots look like microwave ovens with a grudge.
The New Yorker(Dec 11, 2016)
Back: n. 微波; 微波炉
vt. 用微波炉加热（或烹饪）
时态：microwaved, microwaving, microwaves
分布：微波(80%)，微波炉(19%)，用微波炉加热(1%)
→micro-,微小的，wave,波，水波。
微波(micro＋wave波)[micro-表示"微,小"]
US [-kroʊ-] noun countable (also microwave oven)
■an electric oven that uses waves of energy to cook or heat food quickly 微波炉
• Put the fish in the microwave and it'll only take 5 minutes. 把鱼放到微波炉里，只需五分钟就可以了。
■a very short electromagnetic wave used for cooking food or for sending information by radio or radar 微波
n. [物] 微波
 - wavelet

Word: thorough
Front: thorough
[ˈθʌrə] (高研四六托雅 5852/5257 -K3)
Vocabulary: thorough
(once / 95 pages)
adj
Thorough describes something that is painstakingly complete, like a thorough search for your missing keys in which you look for them in coat pockets, under the table, in the refrigerator — in every single place you can think of.
Thorough rhymes with "burrow": "THUR-oh." It looks a lot like through but remember thorough is an adjective, so you might use it to describe a thorough investigation or a thorough review. In contrast through is used most often as a preposition — you might look through every drawer, for example, in a search — or as an adverb — you might see a hole in your pocket where coins fall through.
WORD FAMILY
thorough: thoroughest, thoroughly, thoroughness
USAGE EXAMPLES
But he does a very good job of identifying them, providing a thorough if disconcerting tour d’horizon.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He further added: “It would’ve helped, really, to publish a thorough, precise, historically informed and technically honest attribution report in plain English.”
Salon(Dec 31, 2016)
There are days when I’m a little more thorough with my cleaning routine than others.
The New Yorker(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 彻底的，全面的，充分的，彻头彻尾的，根本的，详尽的，严密的; 十足的，考虑周到的; 非常精确的，（对细节）不厌其烦的; 绝对的，完善的
prep. 〈古〉同“through”
n. [英史]专横政策
分布：彻底的(72%)，完全的(18%)，详尽的(9%)，细致深入的(1%)
→来自 through 拼写变体或表强调，引申词义彻底的，完全的等。
a.彻底的,完全的;精心的Although the plan was thorough, it was not carried through.尽管计划很周详,但是没有得到贯彻.
US ['θɝ:-/ UK [-oʊ] adjective
CAREFUL 仔细的
 ADVANCED
■detailed and careful 仔细的
• a thorough revision of the manuscript 对手稿的仔细修改
• They did a thorough search of the area but found nothing. 他们仔细搜索了该地区，但一无所获。
UK ['θʌr.ə] US ['θɝ:-/ UK [-oʊ] adjective
COMPLETE 完全的
■complete, very great, very much 彻头彻尾的；完全的；十足的
• It was a thorough waste of time. 这完全是浪费时间。
adj. 彻底的；十分的；周密的
 - complete, radical

Word: specimen
Front: specimen
[ˈspesɪmən] (研四六托雅宝 5851/3073 -2)
Vocabulary: specimen
(once / 195 pages)
n
A specimen is a sample of something, like a specimen of blood or body tissue that is taken for medical testing.
The noun specimen comes from the Latin word specere, meaning “to look.” Biologists collect specimens so they can get a better look at something to study it. The idea is that, with a good specimen, you can learn about an entire group: it's a good representation. That meaning is echoed in the slang use of specimen, a strong, healthy and attractive person.
WORD FAMILY
specimen: specimens
USAGE EXAMPLES
Then there’s the matter of illegally harvested and traded specimens.
The New Yorker(Jan 02, 2017)
Shimmering red specimens, streaming into the light: this is beautiful in an appalling way.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
They collected specimens near One Tree Island in the Great Barrier Reef, off the northeast coast of Australia.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 样品; 范例; （化验的）抽样; 某种类型的人
分布：标本(79%)，样本(21%)
样本,标本(speci+men物品)[speci=look,kind,表示"外观,种类"]
n.标本,样本The speculator specifically specified the specification of this species specimen.投机者特地指定了这种物种标本的规范.
【记】源于：species（n 种类；物种），men男人－都可以作为样本研究。
noun countable
■something shown or examined as an example; a typical example 样品；标本；样本
• He has a collection of rare insect specimens. 他收集了很多稀有昆虫的标本。
• Museums will pay large amounts of money for good dinosaur fossil specimens. 博物馆愿意出大价钱购买完好的恐龙化石标本。
• Astronauts brought back specimens of moon rock. 太空人带回了月球岩石的样本。
■a small amount of blood or urine used for testing （用于化验的）血液样本，尿液样本
• They took blood and urine specimens for analysis. 他们采集血液样本和尿液样本作分析。
specimen, illustration, case, example, instance, sample
这组词都有“例子、事例”的意思，其区别是：
specimen: 可与sample换用，但常指人或物中选出的有代表性部分，或指供科研、化验或检验用的标本。
illustration: 指用来说明、解释某种理论或看法而引用的例证。
case: 多指需要加以认真研究的实例，如病例，案例等。
example: 普通用词，指能代表同类事物性质或一般规律的典型例子。
instance: 多指用于说明、支持或反证一般事实或理论的事例。
sample: 通常指样品。
n. 样品， [图情] 样本；标本
 - pattern, swatch

Word: obscure
Front: obscure
[əbˈskjʊə(r)] (研四六托雅宝 5853/5564 -2)
Vocabulary: obscure
(once / 180 pages)
1adjv 2adj 3v
If something is obscure, it's vague and hard to see. Be careful if you're driving in heavy rain — the painted lines can be obscure.
Obscure comes from Latin obscurus, which can mean "dark, dim," "unclear, hard to understand," or "insignificant, humble." We tend to use obscure in the metaphorical senses: an obscure sound is unclear, an obscure village is hidden away in the countryside, and an obscure poet is little known and probably insignificant. Obscure can also be used as a verb. If you get really nervous when you speak during a debate, your embarrassing twitches and shaking hands can obscure your argument.
WORD FAMILY
obscure: obscured, obscurely, obscureness, obscurer, obscures, obscurest, obscuring, obscuringly, obscurity +/ obscurity: obscurities
USAGE EXAMPLES
He also didn’t like the idea of Google’s obscuring his site’s links — with AMP, they read google.com instead of macstories.net — in the interest of expediency.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Often she recognizes voices imperfectly, offering up weird deep cuts from her encyclopedias, selecting an obscure concept that resembles your question only in sound.
The New Yorker(Dec 31, 2016)
The images are gorgeous, postcard-perfect, save for the black bars that partially obscure the frame.
The New Yorker(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: adj. 昏暗的，朦胧的; 晦涩的，不清楚的; 隐蔽的; 不著名的，无名的
vt. 使…模糊不清，掩盖; 隐藏; 使难理解
n. 某种模糊的或不清楚的东西
时态：obscured, obscuring, obscures
分布：隐藏(46%)，难解的(17%)，不著名的(12%)，变模糊(10%)，微暗的(5%)，使 ... 模糊(5%)，模糊不清的东西(5%)
→来自拉丁语obscurus,黑暗的，遮盖的，来自ob-,在上，表强调，-scurus,遮盖的，来自skeu,遮盖，隐藏，词源同sky,house,hide.引申词义使费解，模糊。
模糊的(obs=ob[ob-表示"逆,倒,加强意义"]+cure关心→不关心→记不住了→模糊的)
a.暗的,朦胧的;模糊的,晦涩的The furious obscure curer is curious to secure the curly-curved mercury curiosity.盛怒的不出名治疗者渴望弄到这种带卷曲曲线的水银珍品.
【反】explicit（adj 外在清楚的）；elucidate（v 阐明）；legendary（adj 传说中的）
US [-'skjʊr] adjective
NOT KNOWN 不知名的
■not known to many people 无名的；鲜为人知的；默默无闻的
• an obscure island in the Pacific 太平洋中的无名小岛
• an obscure 12th-century mystic 12世纪一位鲜为人知的神秘主义者
UK [əb'skjʊər] US [-'skjʊr] adjective
NOT CLEAR 不清楚的
■not clear and difficult to understand or see 费解的，晦涩的；模糊的，朦胧的；不清楚的
• Official policy has changed, for reasons that remain obscure. 官方的政策已改变，原因尚不清楚。
• His answers were obscure and confusing. 他的回答模糊不清，令人费解。
UK [əb'skjʊər] US [-'skjʊr] verb transitive
■to prevent something from being seen or heard 遮掩；遮蔽；使不分明
• Two new skyscrapers had sprung up, obscuring the view from her window. 两座新摩天大楼拔地而起，挡住了她窗外的风景。
• The sun was obscured by clouds. 太阳被云层遮住了。
■to make something difficult to discover and understand 隐藏，掩盖；使难理解，使晦涩
• Managers deliberately obscured the real situation from federal investigators. 经理们故意对联邦调查人员掩盖真实情况。
faint, dim, indefinite, vague, obscure, ambiguous
这组词都有“不明确的，模糊的”的意思，其区别是：
faint: 指对某事物印象不深，或指声音微弱或希望的渺茫等。
dim: 侧重指或因光线暗淡，或因年代久远、身体欠佳等因素而产生视觉或察觉方面的困难。
indefinite: 指无明确定义或限定，重点或总体轮廓不明确。
vague: 多指因语言不确切，太笼统或因构思含糊、不完善而造成模糊难解。
obscure: 语气最强，指晦涩难懂。
ambiguous: 指文章或讲话中，意思可能有多种理解，令人捉摸不定。
obedient, objective, obstinate, obscure
obedient: 服从的，顺从的
objective: 客观的；
obstinate: 顽固的，顽强的；
obscure: 晦涩的，难理解的；
dim, unclear, vague, obscure, ambiguous
这组词都有“模糊”的意思，其区别是：
dim: a.光线暗淡的，看不清的；记忆力模糊的；不大可能的。
 • Don't work in dim light.   不要在昏暗的光线下工作。
 • His changes of recovery from illness are dim.   他康复的可能性十分渺茫。
unclear: a.指句意、字迹不清楚，使人难以看懂；不肯定的。
 • Unclear writing is difficult to understand.   模糊的字迹使人难以辨认。
 • It is unclear whether the economy will get better.   经济是否好转仍不明朗。
vague: a.含混的，不清楚的，多用于比喻意义，用来表示因逻辑关系不清、言辞笼统而导致的意义不清楚，该词也可表示轮廓形状的不清楚和模糊。
 • He has some vague ideas about what to do, but nothing specific.   他大概知道他要做什么，但没有具体的计划。
obscure: a.用于表达因光线不足而使人看不清楚。该词的引申意义可以表示语法、文字、记忆等因复杂、深奥、模棱两可而使人看不懂和无法理解。
 • The poetry of Ezra Pound is sometimes difficult to understand because it contains so many obscure references.   艾兹拉·庞德的诗有时候难以理解，因为诗歌中含有许多令人费解的典故。
ambiguous: a.意义含糊的，有歧义的，指因字、词、句有歧义而使人感到模糊不清、难以理解和把握。
 • His ambiguous directions confused us; we did not know which of the two roads to take.   他的模棱两可的指导使我们很迷惑以至于我们不知道该走哪条路了。
dim, dark, vague, grey, obscure, black, gloomy
这组词都有“完全地或不完全地缺少光亮”的意思，其区别是：
dim: 指光线不足或视力较差，不能清晰地看见物体。
dark: 最普通用词，指缺乏自然光线或人工照明，使某物漆黑无光或光线十分微弱。
vague: 通常作借喻用，形容抽象事物。
grey: 与dark意思相近，但侧重阴暗单调的意味。
obscure: 指因光线不充足而使物体灰暗不清，失去光泽或若隐若现。作借喻时指因复杂、深奥或含糊而难于理解。
black: 侧重颜色是黑色的，有时也指无光的黑暗。
gloomy: 指光线不足或部分光线受阻而出现的阴暗。
adj. 模糊的；晦涩的； [光] 昏暗的
 - fuzzy, dark, vague, lowering
vt. 遮掩；使变暗；使难理解
 - overcurtain, becloud

Word: spectacle
Front: spectacle
[ˈspektəkl] (研四六托雅 5857/5014 -2)
Vocabulary: spectacle
(once / 256 pages)
n
A spectacle is something you can't believe you are seeing. Get on top of your desk at work in your underpants while playing the kazoo and you're making a spectacle of yourself.
The word spectacle comes from the Latin spectaculum meaning "public show," an apt translation because a spectacle, like a public show, is something worth watching. A ballet is a spectacle, or an elaborate production worth watching. Often the word is used to describe something that has a particularly exciting visual element to it — like an acrobatic display or a magic trick. It's something you have to see to really appreciate.
WORD FAMILY
spectacle: spectacular +/ spectacular: spectacularly, spectaculars, unspectacular/unspectacular: unspectacularly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Organisers of the event think tens of thousands more watched the spectacle from viewpoints across the north and south bank on Sunday evening.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Football is essentially a spectacle of car crashes.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
“I wanted the games to be a spectacle,” Clattenburg said.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 眼镜; 奇观，壮观; 光景，景象; 表演，场面
分布：景象(31%)，奇观(24%)，场面(23%)，壮观(20%)，公开展示(2%)
→来自拉丁语 spectaculum,表演，来自 spectare,观看，观赏，反复格于 specere,看，注视，-ct, 过去分词格，此处表反复，词源同 spectator,aspect.引申诸相关词义。
奇观;状观;(spect+acle复)眼镜(spect+acle→看的东西→眼镜)[spect,spic=look,see,表示"看"]
n.(pl.)眼镜;场面,景象;奇观,壮观I cannot see things through your spectacles.我的看法和你的不一样.
noun
UNUSUAL EVENT 不寻常的事件
countable
■an unusual or unexpected event or situation which attracts attention, interest or disapproval 不寻常的事；出人意料的情况
• It was a strange spectacle to see the two former enemies shaking hands and slapping each other on the back. 见到两个宿敌握手言欢，彼此拍肩，真是一幅奇怪的场景。
• We witnessed the extraordinary spectacle of an old lady climbing a tree to rescue her cat. 我们目睹了一件奇事：有个老妇人爬上树去救她的猫
['spek.tɪ.kl] noun
PUBLIC EVENT 公开的事件
countable or uncountable
■a public event or show which is exciting to watch; an exciting appearance 壮观场面；壮观景象
• The carnival was a magnificent spectacle. 嘉年华场面十分壮观。
• The television show was mere spectacle (= had an exciting appearance, but little value). 这个电视节目只不过是场面浩大而已。
['spek.tɪ.kl] noun
GLASSES 眼镜
spectacles [plural] (informal specs) slightly old-fashioned
■glasses 眼镜
• a pair of spectacles 一副眼镜
• steel-rimmed spectacles 钢框眼镜
['spek.tɪ.kl] noun
make a spectacle of yourself
■to do something that makes you look stupid and attracts other people's attention 使丢人现眼，使出洋相
• I wasn't going to make a spectacle of myself just to give you a laugh! 我不会为了博你一笑而去丢人现眼！
n. 景象，奇观；眼镜；引人羡慕的人
 - scene, sight

Word: thrill
Front: thrill
[θrɪl] (高研四六雅 5858/7773 -2)
Vocabulary: thrill
(once / 179 pages)
nv
Thrill doesn’t refer to any old type of excitement; this stuff is intense. For many people, the experience of riding a roller coaster provides a great thrill, or an intense feeling of excitement.
Thrill comes from an Old English word meaning “pierce,” suggesting the metaphor of being “pierced by emotion.” Thrill is often used in a strictly positive sense, though it can also refer to the unique combination of terror and pleasure that some people experience in certain situations — for example, when riding death-defying roller coasters or watching frightening flicks (often called thrillers).
WORD FAMILY
thrill: thrilled, thriller, thrillful, thrilling, thrills+/thriller: thrillers/thrilling: thrillingest, thrillingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
A 15th major is unlikely but vigorous pursuit would be thrilling.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
For fans, the thrill derives, in part, from the possibility of disaster.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
According to Gallup, Americans aren’t all that thrilled with the Trump transition either.
Salon(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 使激动; 使陶醉; 使颤动、战栗或振动
vi. 由于兴奋或激动而感到一种突然的颤动; 颤动、战栗或振动
n. [病]震颤; 震颤感; 兴奋感
时态：thrilled, thrilling, thrills
分布：激动(82%)，感到紧张(13%)，引起激动的事物(5%)
→来自古英语 thyrlian,钻孔，打洞，穿过，来自 thyrel,洞，来自 thurh,穿过，通过，即 through 的古英语拼写形式。引申诸相关词义。
n.一阵激动(恐惧)v.激动;(使)毛骨悚然I thrilled to see him win the first prize.我看到他获得首奖感到很兴奋.
noun countable
■a feeling of extreme excitement, usually caused by something pleasant 兴奋；激动；紧张感
• the thrill of winning a competition 赢得比赛的激动
• So why do people still go hunting - is it the thrill of the chase? 那么为甚么人们还去打猎——是不是因为追捕猎物让人感到兴奋刺激?
• It gave me a real thrill to see her again after so many years. 这么多年以后与她重逢，着实令我激动。
• The video shows the thrills and spills (= excitement and accidents) of motor racing. 录像呈现了紧张刺激的赛车场面。
[θrɪl] verb intransitive or transitive
■to make someone feel very excited and pleased 兴奋；激动；紧张感
• Ballesteros thrilled the golf world with his performance. 巴列斯特罗斯以精湛的球技震动了高尔夫球界。
n. 激动； [医] 震颤；紧张
 - intensity, stress, tension, warmth, excitation
vt. 使…颤动；使…紧张；使…感到兴奋或激动
 - tie oneself up in knots
vi. 颤抖；感到兴奋；感到紧张
 - quake, judder

Word: heroin
Front: heroin
[ˈherəʊɪn] (研 5859/5879 -2)
Back: n. 海洛因; 吗啡; 白面儿
分布：海洛因(100%)
→商标名，吗啡替代物，来自hero,英雄，-in,化学名词后缀。因这种药物让人产生飘飘然的感觉而得名。
n.海洛因That area is the habitat of heroin.那个地区是海洛因的产地.
US [-oʊ-] noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■a powerful illegal drug 海洛因
• Heroin is obtained from morphine and is extremely addictive. 海洛因是从吗啡中提取出来的，极容易使人上瘾。
• a heroin addict 吸食海洛因成瘾者
• She died from a heroin overdose. 她死于过量吸食海洛因。
n. [药] [毒物] 海洛因，吗啡
 - horse, herion

Word: monk
Front: monk
[mʌŋk] (六 5856/4817 -2)
Vocabulary: monk
(once / 401 pages)
n
A monk is a man who has dedicated his live to religion, partly by giving up some aspects of regular, worldly life. Many monks live together in a religious community.
To a greater or lesser extent, a monk has chosen to leave society and devote his life to prayer and service. In Eastern Orthodox Christianity, some monks pray unceasingly, while Buddhist monks often teach others, and Roman Catholic monks sing in choirs. In some cases, monks raise money for their churches by training dogs, baking bread, or even brewing beer. Originally, monk referred to men or women, though it's more common today to use nun for a woman.
WORD FAMILY
monk: monkish, monks+/monkish: monkishly
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Warrior monks don’t talk and do whatever is asked,” he said.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The dynasty followed the monk to its grave.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Meditation halls are filled with the chanting of hundreds of monks and worshipers, sometimes with the aid of a karaoke-style scroll on a large screen.
New York Times(Dec 20, 2016)
Back: n. 修道士，僧侣
分布：僧侣(61%)，修道士(39%)
→来自希腊语monas,单个的，词源同monad,monastery.即单独生活的人，用于指僧侣，修道者，苦修者等。
noun countable
■a member of a group of religious men who do not marry and usually live together in a monastery 修道士；僧侣
n. 僧侣，修道士；和尚
 - religious, monastery

Word: outlook
Front: outlook
[ˈaʊtlʊk] (研四六托 5863/5039 -2)
Vocabulary: outlook
(once / 561 pages)
1n 2n
The word outlook describes a belief about the future. Your outlook on the awful present situation might make your outlook for the future turn grim.
The noun outlook can also mean the practice of looking out. A guard's outlook on the bank vault must stay watchful and attentive in case there's an attempted robbery. Your outlook on your first job out of college was one of promise and excitement. The word can also mean a characteristic mental attitude that determines how you will handle situations. A pessimistic outlook on life will make you see only the negative.
WORD FAMILY
outlook: outlooks
USAGE EXAMPLES
Friends with recent pneumonia experience confirmed this rather depressing outlook.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
I find this outlook for a guy in his mid-thirties possibly a red flag since I do consider marriage important.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Stern said he’s comfortable with the financial outlook for the new facility, especially after some good revenue years for the institution.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 前景，展望; 观点，见解; 景色; 眺望处
v. 瞪着看，瞧; 比…漂亮; 用目光压倒
分布：前景(68%)，展望(17%)，观点(10%)，景色(5%)
→out-,向外，look,看。引申词义观点，风解。
n.景色,风光;观点,见解;展望,前景The business outlook for next year is favorable.明年的事业展望是乐观的.
noun
FUTURE SITUATION 未来的情况
 ADVANCED only singular
■the likely future situation 前景；展望
• The outlook for the economy is bleak. 经济前景暗淡。
• The outlook for today is cloudy and dry at first with showers later. 今天多云，气候干燥，晚些时候有阵雨。
['aʊt.lʊk] noun
OPINION 观点
countable usually singular
■a person's way of understanding and thinking about something 观点，看法
• He has a fairly positive outlook on life. 他的人生观相当积极。
['aʊt.lʊk] noun
VIEW 景色
countable usually singular formal
■a view 景色，风光，景致
• From the top of the tower, the outlook over the city was breathtaking. 从塔顶俯视，这座城市的景色令人叹为观止。
outlook, expectation, prospect, hope
这组词都有“期望，指望”的意思，其区别是：
outlook: 多指根据征兆或分析对要发生的事情的愿望或预料。
expectation: 指期待某事发生或假设某事能发生，多含揣想的意味。
prospect: 与outlook的含义相近，但侧重对成功、利润和舒适生活等方面的期待。
hope: 通常指建立在愿望基础上的期待。这种期待有可能发生或实现，但也可能相反。
n. 展望；观点；景色
 - viewpoint, scenery, perspective, picture, eye

Word: treat
Front: treat
[tri:t] (高研四六托 960/856 -K4)
Vocabulary: treat
(once / 33 pages)
1v 2vn 3v 4v 5v
If you've been working hard and living thriftily for months on end, give yourself a treat: take the night off and go out to dinner and a movie.
One sense of treat has to do with pleasures and special occasions. You might treat your mother to a pedicure, or give your dog a tasty treat. Treat can also mean "to carry on negotiations," (the meaning that feeds into treaty), or "to take care of." A doctor treats your illness with medication. If you treat a boy as an adult, that means you act as though he is one, even if he's only 16. Treat him carefully!
WORD FAMILY
treat: entreat, ill-treat, mistreat, treated, treater, treating, treatment, treats+/ entreat: entreated, entreating, entreats/ill-treat: ill-treating/ mistreat: mistreated, mistreating, mistreatment, mistreats/ mistreatment: mistreatments/treated: ill-treated, retreated, untreated/treater: treaters/ treatment: ill-treatment, treatments
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Under international standards, construction companies in the Gulf are not only responsible for how they treat their direct employees,” Lynch said.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Hence, I oversee our dental residents as they treat patients at the urgent-care clinic.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
He is a genuine person who lives by a strict moral code, and he expects to be treated fairly.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 款待; 招待; 乐事; 乐趣
v. 对待; 治疗; 处理; 款待
时态：treated, treating, treats
分布：治疗(53%)，对待(19%)，处理(10%)，请客(7%)，款待(6%)，视为(2%)，探讨(2%)，宴飨(1%)
→来自古法语 traitier,处理，来自拉丁语 tractare,管理，引导，来自拉丁语 trahere 的反复格动词 形式，词源同 tract,entreat.引申词义对待，治疗，款待等。拼写比较 fact,feat.
v.对待;治疗;论述;款待,请客n.款待,请客In the theater I threatened to treat the treaty with retreat.在剧院里,我威胁要以退却来对待条约.
verb
DEAL WITH 对付
 ESSENTIAL transitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to behave towards someone or deal with something in a particular way 对待
• My parents treated us all the same when we were kids. 小时候，父母对我们一视同仁。
• He treated his wife very badly. 他对妻子很不好。
• It's wrong to treat animals as if they had no feelings. 把动物当成没有感情的东西来对待是错误的。
• I treat remarks like that with the contempt that they deserve. 那种说法根本不值一提，我对此嗤之以鼻。
[tri:t] verb
GIVE MEDICAL CARE 给予治疗
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to use drugs, exercises, etc. to cure a person of a disease or heal an injury 治疗，医治
• He is being treated for a rare skin disease. 他患了一种罕见的皮肤病，正在接受治疗。
• Western medicine tends to treat the symptoms and not the cause. 西医往往治标不治本。
[tri:t] verb
PAY FOR 为…付款
transitive
■to buy or pay for something for another person 请（客）；款待
• Put your money away - I'm going to treat you (to this). 把钱收起来吧——（这次）我请你。
• I'm going to treat my self to (= buy for myself) a new pair of sandals. 我要给自己买一双新凉鞋。
[tri:t] verb
PUT ON 涂抹
transitive
■to put a special substance on material such as wood, cloth, metal, etc. or put it through a special process, in order to protect it from damage or decay （用特殊物质）涂抹，处理
• The material has been treated with resin to make it waterproof. 这种材料涂上了树脂以防水。
[tri:t] verb
treat sb like dirt
■to treat someone extremely badly 把（某人）不当人看，把（某人）视为草芥
• For years I allowed him to treat me like dirt. 多年来，他一直不把我当人看，我都一直忍着。
[tri:t] verb
treat sb like royalty
■to treat someone extremely well 以最高标准招待（某人）
• The staff in the hotel treated us like royalty. 饭店工作人员把我们当作贵宾接待。
[tri:t] noun
SPECIAL EXPERIENCE 特殊经历
countable
■a special and enjoyable occasion or experience 乐事；享受；特别款待
• We're going to Italy for the weekend - it's my birthday treat. 我们要去义大利度周末——为我庆祝生日。
• As a special treat, I'll take you to my favourite tea-shop. 我要带你到我最喜欢的茶馆去，这是个特别待遇。
[tri:t] noun
PAY FOR 为…付款
my/your etc. treat
only singular
■something that I/you etc. buy or pay for for another person 请（客）；款待
• No, you paid for dinner last time - this is my treat. 不，上次吃饭是你付钱——这次我请客。
[tri:t] noun
a treat UK informal
■very well; with good results 很好；效果不错
• To prevent red wine from staining, put some salt on it - it works a treat. 要想不让红葡萄酒留下污渍，在污渍处洒些盐——效果很不错。
• That soup went down a treat (= tasted very good) ! 那汤很好喝！
• I polished that old desk of grandma's and it came up a treat (= its appearance improved). 我把奶奶的那张旧书桌擦了擦，马上就焕然一新。
remedy, heal, cure, treat
这组词都有“治疗、医治”的意思，其区别是：
remedy: 着重用药物对病人进行治疗。
heal: 侧重指治愈伤口、伤痛如灼伤等。
cure: 主要指治愈疾病。
treat: 普通用词，指接受并诊治病人。
vt. 治疗；对待；探讨；视为
 - cure, help
vi. 探讨；请客；协商
 - arrange, confer with
n. 请客；款待
 - entertainment, delectation

Word: above
Front: above
[əˈbʌv] (中高 893/733 -K4)
Vocabulary: above
(once / 22 pages)
1adv 2adjn
Above means higher than or overhead. On the fourth of July, many Americans like to sit on the ground and watch fireworks above them in the sky.
The adverb above is good for describing something that happens over your head or something that's up beyond something else. The full moon shines up above you in the night sky, and when your little brother scampers up the monkey bars, he is also above you. The root of above is the Old English word abufan, which combines a, "on," and bufan, or "over."
WORD FAMILY
above: aboves
USAGE EXAMPLES
For cash deals above 100,000 francs, a Swiss retailer must now confirm customers’ identities and report suspicious transactions.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
He called on leaders from both political parties to rise above partisanship, to work together and to be role models for the next generation.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Clarets remain 11th, eight points above the drop and well above par for the season so far.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: prep. 在…上面; 超过; 大于; 不至于
adv. 在上面; 超过; 更大; 上文
adj. 上述的
分布：上面的(31%)，超过(19%)，高于(17%)，在上面(16%)，以上的(11%)，上面的东西(3%)，在 ... 上面(1%)，上文地(1%)，更重要地(1%)
→来自古英语onbufan, -uf同up.
a.上述的ad.在上面prep.在..之上,高于By the spoon you'll soon see the smooth tooth of the moon above the booth.借助勺子你可以立刻看到电话亭上方月亮的光滑牙齿.
adverb preposition
HIGHER POSITION 更高的位置
 ESSENTIAL
■in or to a higher position than something else 在或向…上面；在或向…较高处
• There's a mirror above the washbasin. 洗脸盆上方有面镜子。
• He waved the letter excitedly above his head. 他兴奋地把信举过头顶挥舞着。
• She's rented a room above a shop. 她在一家店铺的楼上租了个房间。
• Her name comes above mine on the list. 名单上她的名字列在我的前面。
• The helicopter was hovering above the building. 直升机在大楼上空盘旋。
• It's on the shelf just above your head. 它就在你头顶上方的架子上。
• A crack had started to appear just above the light fitting. 灯具配件上方已经出现了一道裂缝。
[ə'bʌv] adverb preposition
MORE 更多
 ESSENTIAL
■more than an amount or level 多于；大于；高于；超过
• It says on the box it's for children aged three and above. 包装盒上标明适合三岁或以上的儿童使用。
• Rates of pay are above average. 工资高于平均水准。
• Temperatures rarely rise above zero in winter. 冬季气温很少高于零度。
• She values her job above her family. 她把工作看得比家庭重要。
• They value their freedom above (and beyond) all else. 他们把自由看得比甚么都重要。
above all
 ADVANCED
■most importantly 最重要的是；尤其是；首先
• Above all, I'd like to thank my family. 首先，我要感谢我的家人。
• Above all, I'd say I value kindness. 我认为仁慈是最重要的（情操）。
[ə'bʌv] adverb preposition
RANK 等级
 ADVANCED
■in a more important or advanced position than someone else 高于
• Sally's a grade above me. 萨莉比我高一年级。
[ə'bʌv] adverb preposition
TOO IMPORTANT 太重要的
■too good or important for something （因太好或太重要而）超越，不受…影响，免于，不至于
• No one is above suspicion in this matter. 这件事情上没有人可以避开嫌疑。
• He's not above lying (= he sometimes lies) to protect himself. 为了保护自己，他还是不免要撒谎。
[ə'bʌv] adverb adjective
ON PAGE 在书页上
 IMPROVER
■When used in a piece of writing, above means higher on the page, or on a previous page （同页中）上面提到的（地）；上文（的），前文（的）
• Please send the articles to the address given above. 请把文章寄到上述位址。
• The letter was sent to the above address. 信件已寄至上述位址。
the above
 ADVANCED
■all the people or things listed earlier 前面列出的所有人（或事物）
• All of the above should be invited. 上面列出的所有人都应该得到邀请。
• Once we've finished all of the above we can start on the next project. 我们一完成上述所有事情，就可以立刻开始下一个专案计划。
over, on, above
over: 在正上方 fly over the hill
on: 在上面，接触，
above: 在上面，不接触，
prep. 超过；在……上面；在……之上
 - beyond, without, than
adv. 在上面；在上文
 - hereinabove, thereinbefore

Word: bout
Front: bout
[baʊt] (宝 5865/7659 -2)
Vocabulary: bout
(once / 484 pages)
1n 2n
A bout is a fight. If you want to be a boxer, start with some easy bouts before challenging the champ.
A bout is a period of time in which something intense happens, like fighting, binging, or being sick, and comes from the word for bending, or going round in a circle. We usually use it these days for something you wouldn't want to go on for too long of a time. If the full moon makes you crazy, you might suffer a bout of madness.
WORD FAMILY
bout: bouts
USAGE EXAMPLES
It seemed his first duty was keeping a constant smile, even as he battled through what is now his third bout with cancer, Long said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The latest bout of air pollution began on Friday.
Reuters(Jan 01, 2017)
That bout of smog saw 460 million people, a population greater than North America, breathing toxic air, according to Greenpeace.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 拳击（或摔跤）比赛; 一段（工作）; （尤指坏事的）一通; （疾病的）发作
分布：一场(35%)，回合(31%)，发作(25%)，一阵(9%)
→词源不确定，可能来自拟声词。
【记】1）原指农夫来回犁地，现在指带有反复性的活动。参：boutique（n 专卖流行衣服的小商店）－妇女反复走的地方2）读：抱他。在拳击比赛中，当一回合快结束得时候，如果有其中的一方体力不支，就会采取抱住对方得手段，可以拖延时间，等到一回合结束后，他就可以休息了。
noun countable
SHORT PERIOD 短时期
■a short period of illness or involvement in an activity （疾病的）发作；（某活动的）一段，一阵，一场
• She had a bout of flu over Christmas. 圣诞节期间她得了一场流感。
• He suffered from periodic bouts of insanity. 他得过阵发性精神错乱。
• a drinking bout (= short period of drinking a lot of alcohol) 一场狂饮
[baʊt] noun countable
SPORT 体育
■a boxing or wrestling match （拳击或摔跤）比赛，较量
• He's a former heavyweight champion and is expected to win the bout easily. 他是前重量级冠军，估计会轻松拿下这场比赛。
n. 回合；较量；发作；一阵
 - blast, fit

Word: laptop
Front: laptop
[ˈlæptɒp] (研 5866/25826)
Vocabulary: laptop
(once / 2320 pages)
n
Laptop is short for laptop computer. The big computer on your desk is a desktop, and the small one on your lap is a laptop. See what they did there? Now shoo that lapdog and get to work!
There are other kinds of portable computers, but a laptop usually has a screen that folds over the keyboard when you’re not using it. The earliest versions of laptops were made in the 1970s, and they've become lighter, thinner, more portable, and much more popular since then. The word laptop was coined in 1984, based on — you guessed it — desktop, which describes the heavier, non-portable computer.
WORD FAMILY
laptop: laptops
USAGE EXAMPLES
The company said in its statement that the laptop was not connected to its grid systems.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
This time, he says, concerning the newly discovered emails on Anthony Weiner’s laptop: never mind.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Mr. Lethem’s archive also includes two computer hard drives, a laptop and other digital materials, especially from more recent years.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 便携式电脑
分布：笔记本电脑(94%)，便携式电脑(6%)
→lap,大腿，top,上面。引申词义笔记本电脑。
n.膝上型电脑
N-COUNT
便携式电脑；膝上（或手提）电脑
A laptop or a laptop computer is a small portable computer.
例：She used to work at her laptop until four in the morning.她从前经常用手提电脑一直工作到凌晨4点。
例：...a laptop computer he called Magic Slate.一台被他称作“魔幻书写板”的便携式电脑

Word: sniff
Front: sniff
[snɪf] (高研六托 5870/5455 -2)
Vocabulary: sniff
(once / 696 pages)
vn
Smell that cake baking? No? Take a sniff. A sniff is when you take air in through your nose to smell something.
Dogs sniff a lot. It's how they get to know the world. Imagine this when you see the figurative use for sniff meaning to snoop as in, "The detective was sniffing around for clues." Sniff is one of those words that sound like what they mean. Take a big sniff and listen, you'll see. If you have a cold, and you keep sniffing, you have what's known as the sniffles.
WORD FAMILY
sniff: sniffed, sniffer, sniffing, sniffs+/sniffer: sniffers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Sniffing and coughing, he visibly drains over the course of our two-hour conversation.
The Guardian(Dec 20, 2016)
Then they plunge a 2-meter-long metal rod into the earth, bring it up, and sniff the tip for the stench of decomposition.
Science Magazine(Dec 14, 2016)
Afterward, Schmetzer praised them all, right down to the reserves who never saw a sniff of game action.
Seattle Times(Dec 11, 2016)
Back: vt. 鄙视地说; 嗅; 深深吸入; 发现; 忿忿不平地说
vi. 鄙视; 嗅，闻; 呼哧地吸气; 寻找，好奇地查看
n. 吸气，擤鼻声; 一股气味
时态：sniffed, sniffing, sniffs
分布：嗅(64%)，嗤之以鼻(11%)，气味(9%)，吸气(6%)，嗅到(3%)，找出(3%)，嗤之以鼻地说(2%)，吸入(2%)
→来自辅音丛 sn-,鼻子，闻，嗅，发鼻音，比较 sneer,snore,snicker,sniff,snuff.
vi.嗅...味道;抽鼻涕;对嗤之以鼻,蔑视The dog sniffed at the bone.那只狗嗅着那根骨头.
verb
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to smell something by taking air in through your nose 嗅，闻
• He sniffed his socks to see if they needed washing. 他嗅了嗅自己的袜子，看是否需要洗了。
• Dogs love sniffing each other. 狗喜欢相互嗅闻。
• She sniffed at her glass of wine before tasting it. 品尝那杯酒之前，她先闻了闻。
• Dogs are sometimes used at airports to sniff out (= find by smelling) drugs in people's luggage. 有时候，狗被用来在机场嗅查人们的行李中是否有毒品。
• He was expelled from school for sniffing glue (= taking in the gas from glue because of the feelings of pleasure that this gives). 他因吸食强力胶毒而被学校开除。
 ADVANCED intransitive
■to take air in quickly through your nose, usually to stop the liquid inside the nose from flowing out （鼻塞）抽鼻子
• You were sniffing a lot - I presumed you had a cold. 你不停地抽鼻子——我觉得你感冒了
transitive
■to speak in an unpleasant way, showing that you have a low opinion of something 嗤之以鼻地说，轻蔑地说
• [+ speech] "They didn't even serve wine at dinner!" she sniffed. “他们在正餐时间竟然不供应酒！”她轻蔑地说。
[snɪf] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  sniff at sth
DISAPPROVE
■to show disapproval or a low opinion of something 蔑视，轻视，对…不屑
• The men at City Hall, sniffing at anything too ideological, insist that big cuts are just not practical. 市政府的官员们对一切过于意识形态的东西都嗤之以鼻，他们坚持认为大幅删减根本不实际。
SHOW INTEREST (also sniff around (sth))
■to show that you are interested in something 对…表现出兴趣，对…感兴趣
• A few computer firms are sniffing at the project already. 已经有几家电脑公司对这一企划案表现出兴趣。
• Chief executive David Prosser said the takeover speculation was wrong and no one was sniffing around. 首席执行官戴维‧普罗瑟认为该收购想法行不通，没有人对此感兴趣。
not to be sniffed at informal
■valuable or worth having 不可蔑视的；值得认真对待的
• A two million pound profit is not to be sniffed at. 200万英镑的利润不可轻视。
[snɪf] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] sniff sth out
■to search for and discover something 发现；搜寻出
• Her job is to go round the big fashion shows sniffing out talent for a modelling agency. 她的工作就是观赏大型时装发表会，为模特儿经纪公司发掘人才。
[snɪf] noun countable
■a quick breath in through the nose to smell something, or to stop liquid in the nose from coming out 吸气；闻；抽鼻子
• Have a sniff of this medicine - it smells revolting, doesn't it? 闻闻这种药——有一股让人作呕的味道，对吗？
• "I don't think much of that idea," she said with a sniff (= an expression of a low opinion). “我觉得这主意不怎么样。”她吸了吸鼻子轻蔑地说。
vi. 嗅；嗤之以鼻
 - smell, snuff at
vt. 嗅；闻；用力吸；发觉
 - smell, nose, discover
n. 吸，闻；嗤之以鼻；气味；以鼻吸气；吸气声
 - suction, smell, wind

Word: reproductive
Front: reproductive
[ˌri:prəˈdʌktɪv] (托 5864/7402 -1)
Vocabulary: reproductive
(once / 3071 pages)
adj
Anything reproductive has to do with creating babies or other new life. If you get a pair of pet rabbits but soon have twenty, then you know those bunnies are in good reproductive health. Congratulations.
When animals have babies, they reproduce. Anything related to reproduction can be described as reproductive. There is sexual and asexual reproduction — dandelions that pop up all over the yard are being reproductive all by themselves. Scientists who study reproductive habits of animals analyze how they bear offspring. Fertility doctors help people who are having reproductive problems. When people fight for reproductive rights, they want the freedom to decide when and how they have babies.
WORD FAMILY
reproductive: reproductively+/ reproduce: reproduced, reproducer, reproduces, reproducing, reproduction, reproductive /reproducer: reproducers/ reproduction: reproductions
USAGE EXAMPLES
Researchers in Ghana also found that text message quizzes improved girls’ understanding of reproductive health, resulting in fewer reported pregnancies.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
A spokesman for West Virginia University said his consulting work “was based on his 42 years of experience with reproductive neuroendocrinology.”
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Gonadal material throws light on the cetacean's reproductive health, blubber thickness reflects the animal's general health while gut contents reveal much about a cetacean's diet.
BBC(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 生殖的; 再生产的; 复制的
分布：生殖的(54%)，复制的(46%)
adjective
■relating to the process of producing babies or young animals and plants 生殖；生育；繁殖
• reproductive organs 生殖器官
• reproductive behaviour 生殖行为
adj. 生殖的；再生的；复制的
 - generative, regenerative

Word: varying
Front: varying
['veərɪŋ] (5871/4725)
Vocabulary: varying
(once / 455 pages)
adj
The adjective varying describes something that changes in size, strength, number, or nature, like the varying wind speeds that make it fun to fly a kite.
Varying rhymes with ferrying or burying. You probably know the verb vary, which means "to change or introduce differences." Varying is the adjective form of vary and is used to describe things that change or include different elements. If you vary your diet, for example, that means you eat a wide variety of foods, not the same old thing every day.
WORD FAMILY
varying: unvarying, varyingly+/ invariable: invariability, invariableness, invariables, invariably /invariant: invariance, invariants/unvaried: unvariedly, unvariedness/ unvarying: unvaryingly/ variability: variabilities/ variable: invariable, variability, variableness, variables, variably/ variance: variances/ variant: invariant, variance, variantly, variants/variate: bivariate, multivariate, variates/ variation: covariation, variations/ varied: unvaried, variedly, variedness/ vary: co-vary, variable, variant, variate, variation, varied, varies, varying
USAGE EXAMPLES
It’s been working for me, to varying degrees.
Washington Post(Dec 23, 2016)
When I spoke with Barrett, she noted that the traits we think of as gender-based generally depend on varying perception, not varying behavior.
The New Yorker(Dec 31, 2016)
When he moved to Folsom, Coach Kris Richardson ran the spread, which caused defenses to react in varying ways.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: v. 变化( vary的现在分词 ); [生物学]变异; 相应变化; 呈现不同
分布：不同的(100%)
VERB
不同;有差异
If things vary, they are different from each other in size, amount, or degree.
例：As they're handmade, each one varies slightly...由于它们是手工制作的，彼此都会有些微小的差异。
例：The text varies from the earlier versions...这一文本与较早的版本有些不同。
V-ERG
（使）变化;改变
If something varies or if you vary it, it becomes different or changed.
例：The cost of the alcohol duty varies according to the amount of wine in the bottle...酒税税额随酒瓶容量的大小而有所不同。
例：You are welcome to vary the diet.我们鼓励不时变换饮食。
adj. 不同的；变化的
 - different, diverse, unlike, changed, another
v. 变化，改变（vary的现在分词）
 - changing, shifting

Word: matrix
Front: matrix
[ˈmeɪtrɪks] (宝 5874/4065 -1)
Vocabulary: matrix
(once / 4747 pages)
1n 2n 3n 4n
At an archaeological dig, the matrix is the soil surrounding the site. Biologists use the phrase "nuclear matrix" to refer to the material left behind after DNA is extracted from a cell's nucleus. A matrix is an environment or structure in which something originates or develops.
Matrix, related to the Latin word for "mother," originally meant "pregnant animal" or "breeding female" and was later generalized to mean "womb." Today, matrix includes any nurturing or supportive setting or substance usually within the fields of math and the sciences — except in the cinematic trilogy starring Keanu Reeves, of course. Matrixes is an acceptable plural form, but you can use matrices if you want to show off your knowledge of Latin noun endings.
WORD FAMILY
matrix: matrices, matrixes
USAGE EXAMPLES
Plug me into one of those pink goo baths from The Matrix.
The Guardian(Dec 28, 2016)
Its interior is a matrix of dim hallways and soulless conference rooms.
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Acellular dermal matrices are commonly used in breast reconstruction procedures and complex hernia surgeries to provide soft tissue support.
Reuters(Dec 20, 2016)
Back: n. <数>矩阵; 模型; 基质; 母体，子宫
分布：矩阵(96%)，子宫(3%)，唱片模板(1%)
→来自拉丁语matrix,子宫，母体，来自mater,母亲。引申词义社会环境，并用于指科学术语矩阵。见电影《黑客帝国》。
母体;子宫(matri+x→母亲→母体)[matern,matr=mother,表示"母性,母亲"]
【记】matri＝mother，x，原指子宫，引申为模子和矩阵ma妈妈，tri＝try，x：妈妈努力学会X算算数－矩阵。
noun (plural matrices or matrixes)
DEVELOPMENT 发展
countable formal
■the set of conditions which provides a system in which something grows or develops （事物成长发展的）条件，环境
• Europe is remaking itself politically within the matrix of the European Community. 欧洲正在欧共体的氛围中重塑政治版图。
['meɪ.trɪks] noun (plural matrices or matrixes)
MATHEMATICS 数学
countable specialized
■a group of numbers or other symbols arranged in a rectangle which can be used together as a single unit to solve particular mathematical problems （数学上的）矩阵
['meɪ.trɪks] noun (plural matrices or matrixes)
SUBSTANCE 物质
countable or uncountable specialized
■a substance in which other things are fixed, buried, etc 基质；母岩；脉石
• The fossils lie embedded in a matrix of shale and sandstone. 化石牢牢嵌在页岩与砂岩形成的基质中。
n. [数] 矩阵；模型； [生物] [地质] 基质；母体；子宫；脉石
 - model, shape, former, substrate

Word: printer
Front: printer
[ˈprɪntə(r)] (高六 5875/3066 -K2)
Vocabulary: printer
(once / 591 pages)
n
A printer might be a person whose job is to make copies of printed material, or a machine that’s hooked up to a computer and prints on paper. With a 3D printer, you can even “print” a spatula!
A 3D printer creates a replica of an image sent to it from a computer, whether it’s a car part or a spatula. Most people have the regular kind of printer, though, that they use to print things like essays or articles. Or, you might hire a printer to make your wedding invitations. The original printers, circa 1500, were people who operated a moveable type printing press (invented in 1450), printing books and other texts in small quantities.
WORD FAMILY
printer: printers+/misprint: misprinted, misprinting, misprints/overprint: overprinted, overprinting, overprints/ print: misprint, overprint, printable, printed, printer, printing, prints, reprint /printable: unprintable/printing: printings/ reprint: reprinted, reprinting, reprints/reprinting: reprintings/unprintable: unprintably
USAGE EXAMPLES
As I waited to log on in my home office, I noticed a piece of paper on the printer.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Inks used in the process are heavier and produces a color that can’t be matched by electronic printers, she said.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Claims dating back to the summer piled up from peeved brewers, printers and tobacconists.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 打印机; 印刷机; 印刷商，印刷厂; 印刷业从业人员，印花工
分布：打印机(96%)，印刷工(4%)
US [-tˌɚ] noun countable
■a machine that is connected to a computer and prints onto paper using ink 印表机
• a bubble-jet/dot-matrix/laser printer 喷墨／点阵式／雷射印表机
■a person whose job is to print books, newspapers and magazines 印刷工
n. [印刷] [摄] [计] 打印机；印刷工；印花工
 - machineman, typothetae

Word: spatial
Front: spatial
[ˈspeɪʃl] (六托雅宝 5869/5216 -1)
Vocabulary: spatial
(once / 10775 pages)
adj
Spatial describes how objects fit together in space, either among the planets or down here on earth. There's a spatial relationship between Mars and Venus, as well as between the rose bushes in the backyard.
Spatial has to do with the distance between things, so mathematicians and computer scientists love using the word. "They measured the spatial relations of ping-pong balls in the gravity-free room." It can also refer to how people perceive the objects in front of them. If you're not wearing your glasses, your spatial perception might be off. If you're a space cadet, you might wander off into space. Not surprisingly, spatial is from the Latin word spatium for "space."
WORD FAMILY
spatial: nonspatial, spatiality+/ space: spaced, spaces, spacial, spacing, spacious, spacy, spatial, subspace/spaced: unspaced/spacial: spatially/spacing: spacings/ spacious: spaciously, spaciousness
USAGE EXAMPLES
They targeted the entorhinal cortex and hippocampus, two brain regions important for memory and spatial navigation.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 07, 2016)
In any kind of travel, people mentally adjust their spatial limits to their surroundings, be it a crowded subway car or an airplane.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 07, 2016)
The technology lets researchers take spatial and geographic data — whether it's the distance between cusps or between peaks — and then quantify and analyze it.
Washington Post(Nov 25, 2016)
Back: adj. 空间的; 存在于空间的; 受空间条件限制的; 占大篇幅的
分布：空间的(100%)
→来自拉丁语 spatium,空间，词源同 space,spacial.拼写比较 vice,vitiate.
adjective
■relating to the position, area and size of things 空间的
• This task is designed to test the child's spatial awareness (= understanding of where things are in relation to other things). 这一个任务是为测试孩子的空间概念而设计的。
adj. [数] 空间的；存在于空间的；受空间条件限制的
 - dimensional, spacial

Word: setup
Front: setup
['setʌp] (5868/17383)
Back: n. 计划; <口>组织; 姿势; <口>故意安排使一方易胜的比赛
分布：安装(92%)，计划(5%)，装备(3%)
设置,设立(词组set+up的合写)[up=up,over表示"向上"]
N-COUNT
体制;组织方式;建制
A particular set-up is a particular system or way of organizing something.
例：It appears to be an idyllic domestic set-up...这似乎是一种田园诗般的家庭组成格局。
例：I gradually got rather disillusioned with the whole setup of the university.渐渐地，我对大学的整个体制感到相当失望。
N-COUNT
陷害;栽赃
If you describe a situation as a set-up, you mean that people have planned it in order to deceive you or to make it look as if you have done something wrong.
例：He was asked to pick somebody up and bring them to a party, not realizing it was a setup.有人让他开车去接几个人来参加聚会，他并没有意识到这是个陷阱。
N-SING
(软件或硬件的)安装，设置
The set-up of computer hardware or software is the process of installing it and making it ready to use.
例：The worst part of the set-up is the poor instruction manual...安装时最糟糕就是操作指南讲述不够清楚。
例：... the setup program.安装程序
n. 设置；机构；组织；调整；计划；装备
 - organization, adjustment, machinery, fabric, equipment

Word: bored
Front: bored
[bɔ:d] (高 5873/4569 -K2)
Vocabulary: bored
(once / 532 pages)
adj
When you are bored, nothing is engaging you. If you're on a long flight, you forgot your book, and there's no movie, you might become bored.
The adjective bored comes from boredom, the state of being where nothing is interesting or exciting. If you only understand English, you'll probably get bored quickly listening to German talk radio. It's hard not to be bored by a six hour bus ride on a featureless interstate highway. If you are deeply, spiritually bored by the world, you are suffering from ennui — that's boredom in French!
WORD FAMILY
bored: boredly, boredom +/ bore: bored, borer, bores, boring, counterbore/ boredom: boredoms/borer: borers/ boring: boringly, boringness, borings/counterbore: counterbores
USAGE EXAMPLES
But he lives in America now, and he’s mostly retired and a little bored.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
“I got bored, to be honest,” he said.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Banner said he probably would’ve been bored with the long slate of practices were he preparing for a lesser bowl.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: adj. 无聊的，无趣的，烦人的
v. 令人厌烦( bore的过去式和过去分词 ); 挖; 掘; 钻
分布：无聊的(63%)，厌烦的(32%)，郁闷的(5%)
US [bɔ:rd] adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■feeling tired and unhappy because something is not interesting or because you have nothing to do 使人讨厌的；令人厌烦的
• It was a cold, wet day and the children were bored. 那是一个阴冷而潮湿的日子，孩子们都很无聊。
• He was getting bored with/of doing the same thing every day. 每天都做同样的事他感到很无聊。
UK [bɔ:d] US [bɔ:rd] adjective
bored stiff (also bored to death/tears) informal
■extremely unhappy because something is not interesting or because you have nothing to do 一点也不感兴趣；感到无聊透顶
adj. 无聊的；无趣的；烦人的
 - frivolous, tiresome

Word: cone
Front: cone
[kəʊn] (托宝 5878/7178 -1)
Vocabulary: cone
(once / 601 pages)
1nv 2n 3n
A cone is a shape that has a circle at the bottom and sides that narrow to a point, like a party hat, a rubber pylon at a construction site, or, yes, an ice cream cone.
Why is a cone called a cone? The Latin word conus means "the peak of a helmet," which must have described the shape of this type of hat in the 16th century. The Greek konos means "spinning top" and "pine cone." Both of these objects have one wider end that tapers to a point, describing a cone very accurately.
WORD FAMILY
cone: coned, conelike, cones, conic, conical, coning+/conic: conics/conical: conically
USAGE EXAMPLES
“If it continues, it might build a cone that is above seawater.”
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
This week, officers swept in and removed the cones, along with an unapproved bench and planters on the sidewalk outside the club’s front door.
Seattle Times(Dec 16, 2016)
The retina contains two types of photoreceptor: rods and cones.
Nature(Dec 06, 2016)
Back: n. 圆锥体; 球果; 圆锥形东西
vt. 使成锥形
时态：coned, coning, cones
分布：圆锥体(59%)，球果(29%)，锥形物(7%)，变成锥形(5%)
→来自ak, 尖，刺，词源同acid, coin, cuneiform.
【记】c想象成嘴，one一个（奶油圆筒）－锥形体和core（n 果核；核心）一起记
US [koʊn] noun countable
SHAPE 形状
■a shape with a flat, round or oval base and a top which becomes narrower until it forms a point 圆锥体
• a traffic cone 锥形交通路标
UK [kəʊn] US [koʊn] noun countable
TREE 树
■the hard oval-shaped fruit of a conifer （针叶松的）锥形毬果
UK [kəʊn] US [koʊn] noun countable
FOOD 食品
■a container made of very light thin biscuit, or one of these containing ice cream （盛霜淇淋的）锥形蛋筒
• an ice cream cone 锥形霜淇淋筒
UK [kəʊn] US [koʊn] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  cone sth off
■to prevent traffic from using a road or area by putting special objects that are shaped like cones on it 用锥形路标封闭（道路或区域）
• Part of the road had been coned off for repair work. 部分道路用锥形路标封闭起来以便维修。
n. 圆锥体，圆锥形； [植] 球果
 - conoid, strobilus
vt. 使成锥形
 - taper

Word: cleanup
Front: cleanup
['kli:nʌp] (5872/47597)
Back: n. 清扫; 清除 （污染物）; 清理; 整顿
分布：清除(87%)，大扫除(13%)
N-COUNT
打扫;清洗;肃清;整顿
A clean-up is the removing of dirt, pollution, crime, or corruption from somewhere.
例：...the need for a clean-up of Italian institutions...对意大利各机构进行整顿的必要性
例：The Governor has now called in the National Guard to assist the cleanup operation.总督已经调动了国民卫队协助清剿行动。
n. [计] 清除；暴利；清扫工作；第四防守位置
 - removel, liquidation

Word: runway
Front: runway
[ˈrʌnweɪ] (5877/7932 -1)
Back: n. 跑道; 河床; 滑道
分布：跑道(97%)，河床(1%)，悬索道(1%)，滑沟(1%)
noun countable
■a long level piece of ground with a specially prepared smooth hard surface on which aircraft take off and land （飞机）跑道
n. [航] 跑道；河床；滑道
 - raceway, lanes

Word: locally
Front: locally
['ləʊkəlɪ] (托 5879/3795 -K)
Vocabulary: locally
(once / 1663 pages)
adv
Things that happen locally occur close to a specific place — near your town, for example. Locally grown tomatoes are picked on nearby farms and sold at your neighborhood market.
If you shop locally, you support your neighbors' businesses whenever possible, buying things that are made and sold in your city or state. If there's been an increase in population locally, it means the total number of people living in your immediate area has gone up. This adverb can also describe things that occur only in one restricted part of the body: "Apply the ointment locally to the itchy spots."
WORD FAMILY
local: localise, localism, locality, localize, locally, locals+/delocalize: delocalized/localisation: localisations/localise: localisation, localised, localises, localising/ localism: localisms/ locality: localities/localization: localizations/localize: delocalize, localization, localized, localizes, localizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Another approach is “data localisation” requirements, which mandate that certain types of digital information must be stored locally or remain in the country.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
The money sent back usually gets reinvested locally, he said, "in better schooling for kids, better care for the elderly, and better housing."
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Locally based companies might find themselves less “burdened” by federal regulations.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adv. 在附近; 在本地; 当地地; 本地地
分布：在本地(58%)，局部地(28%)，地方性地(14%)
US ['loʊ-] adverb
■in the particular small area which you are talking about 在当地
• The shopkeeper said all his fruit and vegetables are grown locally. 店主说他店里所有的水果和蔬菜都是当地出产的。
• Do they live locally? 他们住在当地吗？

Word: armor
Front: armor
['ɑ:mə] (托 5785/-)
Vocabulary: armor
(once / 559 pages)
nv
The metal suit worn by knights as protection in battle is called armor. You can still see suits of armor in many museums today.
These days, soldiers still use armor to protect them from bullets and other weapons, though it's not usually made of metal. Modern armor, like bullet-proof vests, is made of extremely strong, dense fabric, while 13th century armor was typically made of steel. In the 14th century, the word itself meant "defensive covering worn in combat" and "means of protection," from the Old French armeure, "weapons or armor," with its Latin root, arma, "arms or gear."
WORD FAMILY
armor: armored, armorer, armoring, armors+/ arm: armament, armed, armful, arming, armless, armlet, armlike, armor, arms, disarm, forearm, overarm, re-arm, rearm, unarm, underarm/ armament: armaments/ armful: armfuls/arming: armings/armlet: armlets/armored: unarmored/armorer: armorers/ disarm: disarmament, disarmed, disarmer, disarming, disarms/disarmament: disarmaments/disarmer: disarmers/ disarming: disarmingly, disarmings/forearm: forearmed, forearming, forearms/rearm: rearmament, rearmed, rearming, rearms/rearmament: rearmaments/unarm: unarmed, unarming, unarms/underarm: underarms
USAGE EXAMPLES
Police in riot gear and armored vehicles blocked the area around the venue, the Associated Press reported.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Her thin dress, shifting in the air, seemed like little protection in the face of armored police officers.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
The Iraqi special forces are trying to compensate for lumbering armored military units.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 装甲; 盔甲; 保障; 装甲部队
vt. 为…穿盔甲（或加置装甲）; 为…提供防御
时态：armored, armoring, armors
分布：盔甲(58%)，装甲(42%)
盔甲(arm+or)[arm=weapon,表示"武器"]
n. [军] 装甲；盔甲
 - mail, helmets

Word: stroll
Front: stroll
[strəʊl] (研六托宝 5880/10056 -2)
Vocabulary: stroll
(once / 338 pages)
nv
As a noun, a stroll is a leisurely walk. After a heavy meal, you may want to go out for a stroll to help you work off some of the calories. You also will take a stroll on your day off and the weather is nice.
The word stroll originally came to English through the German word strollen, which means to wander aimlessly. The word stroll can also be used as a verb meaning to take a leisurely walk in which you do some wandering. You may enjoy a stroll through the park, along the beach, or down the city streets — take your time.
WORD FAMILY
stroll: strolled, stroller, strolling, strolls+/ stroller: strollers
USAGE EXAMPLES
While strolling the streets of “the real Bedford Falls,” I encountered a man with the same Seahawks beanie I was wearing.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
On a recent stroll through Olongapo, Mr. Cortez reflected fondly on the U.S. military’s rich history in the city and nearby Subic Bay.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Earlier this year, we were strolling along a marina in Portugal and a family passed us – a mother, father and daughter.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 闲逛; 漫步
vi. 散步; 奔波
vt. 溜达
时态：strolled, strolling, strolls
分布：漫步(75%)，闲逛(25%)
→俚语词，词源不确定，可能合成自 stray,偏离，或 street,街道，troll,闲逛，游荡。
n. & v.漫步;散步;游荡The enrolled jolly stroller polled on the trolley.被招收的快乐的散步者在无轨电车上投票.
【记】是street和roll（v 滚动；转圈）的组合－在大街上转圈－闲逛
【参】scroll（n 卷轴）
US [stroʊl] verb intransitive
■to walk in a slow relaxed manner, especially for pleasure 散步，蹓跶
• We could stroll into town if you like. 如果你愿意的话，我们可以去城里走走逛逛。
pace, stroll, strut, stride, walk
这组词都有“行走，徒步”的意思，其区别是：
pace: 指踱步，走步。
stroll: 多指走走停停，步子缓慢，悠闲自得，漫无目的。
strut: 指大摇大摆地走，含过分自信或自高自大意味。
stride: 着重步子大而且节奏有力，流露出匆忙、烦恼、得意等情绪。
walk: 最常用词，中性词，指除跑、跳之外所有移步的动作。
wander, stroll, roam, ramble
这组词都有“徘徊、漫游”的意思，其区别是：
wander: 指无目的地到处徘徊或闲荡。
stroll: 常指无明确目的他悠闲而缓慢地漫游。
roam: 常指在广阔地方以自得其乐的愉快心情作无固定目标的漫游。
ramble: 一般指走走停停，心情愉快，步履轻松。
n. 漫步；闲逛；巡回演出
 - tour, bummel
vi. 散步；闲逛；巡回演出
 - roam around, have a walk
vt. 散步；闲逛
 - roam around, have a walk

Word: uh-huh
Front: uh-huh
[ˈʌhʌ] None
Back: int. 啊哈（表示肯定答复的惊叹词）
/'ʌ.hʌ] informal
exclamation
■a written representation of the sound that people sometimes make in order to agree with or show understanding of something that has just been said 呃呵，嗯，喔，哦（表示肯定、赞成或理解的象声词）
• "Did you hear what I just said?" "Uh-huh." “你听见我刚说的话了吗?”“嗯。”
• "You know that strange guy we saw yesterday?" "Uh-huh." “你认识我们昨天见到的那个奇怪的家伙?”“嗯。”
• "I'll be back a little late because I'm going via town." "Uh-huh." “我回来会稍晚些，因为我要经过城里。”“嗯。”
int. 嗯，哼；啊哈
 - um, Mmm

Word: lineup
Front: lineup
['laɪnʌp] (5886/39128)
Back: n. （警察要见证人指出谁为嫌疑犯而让数人排成的）行列; 人（或物）的列队; 选手阵容; 电视节目时间表
分布：一组人(49%)，电视节目时间表(23%)，选手阵容(17%)，行列(11%)
N-COUNT
一组人；一批东西
A line-up is a group of people or a series of things that have been gathered together to be part of a particular event.
例：Ryan Giggs is likely to be in Wales's starting line-up for their World Cup qualifying match...瑞恩·吉格斯可能出现在威尔士队世界杯预选赛的首发阵容中。
例：The programme is back for a new series with a great line-up of musicians and comedy acts.该节目重新开播了，新系列中汇集了一大批音乐家和喜剧剧目。
N-COUNT
（为识别嫌疑犯）警方安排有待辨认的一列人
At a line-up, a witness to a crime tries to identify the criminal from among a line of people.
例：He failed to identify Graham from photographs, but later picked him out of a police line-up.他没能从疑犯照片中指认出格雷厄姆，但后来在警方安排的列队辨认中把他挑了出来。

Word: nitrogen
Front: nitrogen
[ˈnaɪtrədʒən] (研四六托雅 5881/6287 -1)
Back: n. [化]氮，氮气
分布：氮(100%)
→nitr-,硝，-gen,产生。因研究硝石化学性质时认识这种气体而得名。
n.[化]氮The nitrogen atoms combine instantaneously, simultaneously and spontaneously.氮原子瞬间同时自动化合.
noun uncountable
■a gas with no colour or taste which forms about 78% of the Earth's atmosphere and is a part of all things which live 氮（气）
n. [化学] 氮
 - azote

Word: rebound
Front: rebound
[rɪˈbaʊnd] (5885/18845 -1)
Vocabulary: rebound
(once / 563 pages)
vn
To rebound is to come back from a slump. You might rebound from an illness, or your country might rebound from an economic recession.
Like many words that start with the prefix re, rebound involves something happening again. In this case, to rebound is to bounce back to a previous state or condition. If you gain 20 pounds and then lose it, you rebound. If the stock market crashes and then returns to a healthy level, it rebounds.
WORD FAMILY
rebound: rebounded, rebounding, rebounds+/ bound: boundary, bounded, bounder, bounding, boundingly, boundless, bounds, inbound, rebound, unbound/ boundary: boundaries/bounded: boundedness, unbounded/bounder: bounderish, bounders/ boundless: boundlessly, boundlessness/unbound: unboundedly/unbounded: unboundedness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Trevor Booker led the Nets with 17 points and 15 rebounds.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Vikings held on for an overtime win against Langley Wednesday at the Governor’s Challenge, to rebound from last Tuesday’s 66-53 loss to McDonogh.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The Bulldogs rebounded from their loss to Wise with wins against Battlefield and Olympic at the Governor’s Challenge.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vi. 弹回; 从诸如衰败或失望中恢复过来; 回荡，回响; 抢得篮板球
vt. 使弹回; 使回升; 使回响
n. 弹回，跳回; 反弹球; 篮板球; 振作，反应
时态：rebounded, rebounding, rebounds
分布：弹回(57%)，篮板球(31%)，振作(8%)，反作用于(4%)
→re-,向后，往回，bound,弹回。
verb intransitive /ˌriːˈbaʊnd/
■to bounce back after hitting a hard surface 弹回；反弹；跳回
■If one of your actions rebounds on you, it does not have the effect you hoped for but has an unpleasant effect on you instead 产生事与愿违的结果；适得其反
• His continual demands for sympathy rebounded on him because his friends finally stopped listening. 他没完没了地希望从别人那里得到同情，结果却适得其反，因为最终他的朋友们都不愿再听他诉苦。
noun countable or uncountable /ˈriː.baʊnd/
■when something rebounds 弹回；反弹；跳回
• I hit the ball on the rebound (= after it had hit the wall or ground once). 球反弹回来时被我击中了。
noun countable or uncountable /ˈriː.baʊnd/
on the rebound informal
■unhappy and confused because a close, romantic relationship of yours has recently finished （因失恋而）处于心灰意懒的状态
• Five months after Nick had left her, she married another man on the rebound. 尼克离开她五个月后，她心灰意冷地嫁给了另外一个男人。
n. 回弹；篮板球
 - springback, ringback
vi. 回升；弹回
 - firm up, resile
vt. 使弹回
 - carom

Word: transparent
Front: transparent
[trænsˈpærənt] (高研四六托雅宝 5884/6902 -K1)
Vocabulary: transparent
(once / 457 pages)
adj
You can see right through something transparent. A window is transparent, but so are the intentions of a Peeping Tom looking through that window.
Obviously the glass of a window is transparent, but transparency is also a way to describe something that is clearly understood and lacks any deception or secrecy. Reporters use it these days to describe the ideal way for government to develop policy, where voters can see the process and how decisions are achieved. Some in government, however, would argue that the leaking of top-secret information takes it a step too far.
WORD FAMILY
transparent: semitransparent, transparence, transparency, transparently, transparentness+/semitransparent: semitransparency/ transparency: transparencies
USAGE EXAMPLES
“We need to understand what is collected and be transparent. We need some kind of oversight in place before the line gets pushed too far.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
In fact, they are axiomatic and, increasingly, transparent.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
“Ron,” said the other voice, with transparent disbelief.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 透明的; 清澈的; 易识破的; 显而易见的
分布：透明的(94%)，明显的(4%)，清晰的(2%)
→trans-,进入，穿过，-par,发光，透明，词源同 appear,apparent.
透明的(trans+par平等＋ent→横穿过去看得一样清楚→透明的)[trans-①表示"横过,越过"②表示"变换,改变,转移"]
透明的;明白的(trans穿过+par+ent→穿过去能看见→透明的)[par,pear=comeinsight,表示"看见"]
a.透明的,透光的;易理解的;明显的His parents apparently stare at the transparent cigarettes.他父母显然凝视着透明香烟.
【记】trans穿过，parent－光线可以穿过－透明的
【反】opaque（adj 不透明的）；deceitful（adj 欺诈的）；delusive（adj 欺骗的）
US [træn'sper-] adjective
 ADVANCED
■If a substance or object is transparent, you can see through it very clearly 透明的
• Grow the bulbs in a transparent plastic box, so the children can see the roots growing. 把球茎种在透明的塑胶盒里，这样孩子就能看到根的生长。
• Her blouse was practically transparent! 她的衬衫几乎是透明的！
Compare opaque ; translucent clear and easy to understand or recognize 清楚易懂的；显而易见的
• I think we should try to make the instructions more transparent. 我觉得我们应该尽可能使这些指示更清楚易懂些。
clear, transparent
这组词都有“透明的”的意思，其区别是：
clear: 指视力不受阻碍，强调清晰透澈。
transparent: 指某物完全透明状态，通过它能清楚看到其它东西。
adj. 透明的；显然的；坦率的；易懂的
 - apparent, honest, decided, crystal, open

Word: integral
Front: integral
[ˈɪntɪgrəl] (研六托雅宝 5882/5095 -1)
Vocabulary: integral
(once / 417 pages)
1adj 2nadj
Something that is integral is very important or necessary. If you are an integral part of the team, it means that the team cannot function without you.
An integral part is necessary to complete the whole. In this sense, the word essential is a near synonym. In mathematics, there are integrals of functions and equations. Integral is from Middle English, from Medieval Latin integralis "making up a whole," from Latin integer "untouched, entire."
WORD FAMILY
integral: integrality, integrally, integrals, integrate +/ disintegrate: disintegrable, disintegrated, disintegrates, disintegrating, disintegration, disintegrative/ disintegration: disintegrations/disintegrative: disintegratively/ integrate: disintegrate, integrated, integrates, integrating, integration, integrative, integrator, reintegrate/ integrated: nonintegrated, unintegrated/ integration: integrations/integrator: integrators/reintegrate: reintegrated, reintegrates, reintegrating
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Settlements are seen more and more by people as an integral part of Israel,” said Tamar Hermann, a senior fellow at the institute.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 30, 2016)
Surfing is an integral part of California culture.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Few other drummers were as integral to the development of fusion as Mr. Mouzon, who combined volcanic intensity with a brisk attunement to dynamic flow.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: adj. 完整的; 积分的; 必须的
n. 整体; 积分
分布：完整的(50%)，完整(44%)，构成整体所必需的(6%)
→in-,不，非，-teg,接触，词源同tangible,intact.即没有接触过的，整体的。
完整的(integr+al)[inter=whole,表示"完整"]
a.构成整体所必需的;完整的Steel is an integral part of a modern skyscraper.钢铁是现代摩天大厦的主干.
【记】in没有，tegr＝tang接触：没有接触－完整的
【参】integrate（vt 使成整体）
【反】superfluous＝redundant（adj 多余的）；fragmental（adj 破片的）
US [-tˌə-] adjective
■necessary and important as a part of, or contained within, a whole 构成整体所必需的；整体的
• He's an integral part of the team and we can't do without him. 他是球队不可或缺的一员，没有他我们可不行。
• Bars and terrace cafés are integral to the social life of the city. 酒吧和露天咖啡座是这个城市社交生活中不可缺少的一部分。
adj. [数] 积分的；完整的，整体的
 - whole, complete, full, intact
n. [数] 积分；部分；完整
 - proportion, part, portion, percent, fraction

Word: respective
Front: respective
[rɪˈspektɪv] (研四六托 5883/5015 -1)
Vocabulary: respective
(once / 246 pages)
adj
When two people each have something of their own, it's their respective thing. In a boxing match, the opponents each start in their respective or individual corners.
Respective comes from the Latin respectivus meaning "having regard for." Everyone has regard for what's respectively theirs. We have respective opinions, respective responsibilities, respective anxieties. It's basically another word for individual. Each of a set of twins probably has his respective bed, even though they might share a bedroom together.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
respectfully / respectively
If you kiss the mob boss's ring, do it respectfully, or full of respect and admiration. But respectively means "in the order given," so if you have to kiss up to the rest of the mob, make sure to shake hands and high five Jimmy Rags and Tommy Two Face, respectively because Jimmy prefers a handshake, but Tommy loves a good high five.
To show respect is to show how you admire something or someone, to show deference or obedience. Therefore, when you do something respectfully, you're being polite because you do it full of respect:
Mr. Ruck listened, as he always listened, respectfully. (Henry James)
"So tonight, we are respectfully asking the candidates to try to put aside the talking points," he says. (Time)
The servants bowed respectfully, and retired in silence. (Bernhard Severin Ingemann)
Respectively, on the other hand, means in a manner that treats several things individually, one by one, in a sequence. It's a way to keep lists parallel, and it rescues sentences from extra words:
By comparison, Mitalas said fellow Metro League schools Seattle Prep and Lakeside had 70 and 40 turn out, respectively. (Seattle Times)
That's easier to say than "Seattle Prep had a turn out of 70 and Lakeside had a turn out of 40." Same goes for this quote from an obituary of actor Cliff Robertson:
His TV performances in "Days of Wine and Roses" and "The Hustler," for example, were filmed with Jack Lemmon and Paul Newman, respectively. (Washington Post)
Sign your emails "respectfully yours" if you're full of respect for the person you're writing to, and save respectively for singling things out. The grammar mob appreciates your attention to these details.
WORD FAMILY
respective: irrespective, respectively
USAGE EXAMPLES
If there are no respective commitments between the parties, stop calling it “his agreement.”
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
The announcement follows a pledge by Xi and President Obama in September 2015 to end the domestic trade in ivory in their respective countries.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
And both Israel and the PLO referenced Resolution 181 in their respective declarations of independence.
Time(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: adj. 各自的，分别的
分布：各自的(91%)，分别的(9%)
→re-,再，-spect,看，词源同 specter,retrospect.即需要反复看，分开看的人或事物，引申词义分 别的，各自的。
各自的(re回+spect+ive→回头看[自己]→各自的)[spect,spic=look,see,表示"看"]
各自的(由respect尊敬转化而来,尊敬别人的隐私...各自的)[-ive 1.表形容词2.表名词后缀,"人或物"]
a.各自的,各个的Two suspicious aspects are suspected respectively.两个可疑的方面分别受到怀疑.
adjective [before noun]
■relating or belonging to each of the separate people or things you have just mentioned 各自的；各个的；分别的
• Everyone would go into the hall for assembly and then afterwards we'd go to our respective classes. 所有人都去礼堂参加集会，会后各自回各自的班级。
• Clinton and Zedillo ordered their respective Cabinets to devise a common counter-drug strategy. 克林顿和塞迪略命令他们各自的内阁制订两国共同的反毒品战略。
respectful, respected, respective, respectable
respectful: 指“充满敬意的”，是主动性的尊重他人。如：The students were very respectful towards the great man.(这些学生对这位伟人十分敬仰。)
respected: 表示受人尊敬的，可用于对年长的人，权威性的意见等。
respective: 表“各自分别的”，修饰名词时，名词一般用复数。如：They went back to their respective houses.(他们回了各自的家。)
respectable: 可尊敬的，值得尊重的。如：His parents were poor but respectable.(他父母虽穷却令人尊敬。)
adj. 分别的，各自的
 - several, each

Word: saying
Front: saying
[ˈseɪɪŋ] (高 5887/7543 -1)
Vocabulary: saying
(once / 35 pages)
n
A short, common, and easy-to-remember phrase is a saying. When class ends right before your turn to give a speech, you might use the saying, "Saved by the bell!"
A saying is basically the same as an aphorism, an adage, or a proverb, usually offering some kind of wisdom. If you accidentally break your sister's favorite teacup, you might think of the saying "To err is human, to forgive divine," which means that everyone makes mistakes but only truly remarkable people are able to forgive these mistakes. You should probably also remind yourself of the saying, "Honesty is the best policy."
WORD FAMILY
saying: sayings+/ said: saidest, unsaid/ say: said, saying, says, unsay/unsay: unsaying, unsays
USAGE EXAMPLES
Israel’s Justice Ministry later issued a statement saying Netanyahu was questioned “on suspicion of receiving benefits from business people.”
Time(Jan 02, 2017)
She should’ve followed the old saying: To thine own self be true.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Last month he also seemed to reset U.S. nuclear policy via Twitter, saying the country needs to update its nuclear posture.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 话; 说话; 谚语，格言
v. 说(say的ing形式)
分布：谚语(43%)，格言(35%)，俗话(17%)，动词say的现在分词.(5%)
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a well-known and wise statement, which often has a meaning that is different from the simple meanings of the words it contains 格言，警句，谚语
• As the saying goes , 'Don't count your chickens before they're hatched'. 正如俗语所说：“别太早打如意算盘。”
n. 话；谚语；言论
 - saw, proverb

Word: circulate
Front: circulate
[ˈsɜ:kjəleɪt] (高研四六托雅宝 5888/4483 -2)
Vocabulary: circulate
(once / 244 pages)
1v 2v
To circulate is to move continuously in a specific circuit, often in a circle. A ceiling fan circulates cool air around the room on a warm day.
Blood circulates through your body, pumped from your heart through veins and arteries — your circulatory system — and delivering oxygen to your tissues. This system is closed, meaning the blood stays in your body, bringing oxygenated blood back to your heart. People circulate when they move around a room at a party, chatting with different people, and rumors circulate when they're passed in a circle, from person to person. Circulate comes from the Latin circulare, "to form a circle."
WORD FAMILY
circulate: circulated, circulates, circulating, circulation, circulative, circulatory+/ circle: circled, circles, circlet, circling, circular, encircle, semicircle/ circlet: circlets/circular: circularise, circularity, circularize, circularly, circulars, circulate /circularise: circularisation, circularised, circularises, circularising/circularity: circularities/circularize: circularization, circularized, circularizing/circulation: circulations, recirculation/ encircle: encircled, encirclement, encircles, encircling/encirclement: encirclements/encircling: encirclingly/semicircle: semicircles, semicircular/semicircular: semicircularly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Police are interviewing witnesses and ask people to help circulate their call for tips and help in finding the shooter.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
During the 19 months he spent there, a rumor circulated among the guards that he would be released as part of a prisoner exchange.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
As a result, prominent patrons circulated a petition imploring Beethoven to keep the premiere in Vienna.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. （使）循环; （使）流通; （使）流传; 散布
vi. 传送，传递，传阅
时态：circulated, circulating, circulates
分布：循环(41%)，流通(34%)，传播(25%)
循环,流通(circ+ulate→绕圈走→循环)[circ,cycl=ring,circle,表示"圆,环"]
v.(使)循环,(使)流通The recruit made the current circulate in the circuit on the circumference.新兵使电流在周长上在电路内循环.
US ['sɝ:-] verb intransitive or transitive
■to move around or through something, or to make something move around or through something （使）循环；（使）流通；（使）传递；（使）散布
• Hot water circulates through the heating system. 热水在供暖系统中循环。
• I try to circulate (= move around and talk to a lot of people) at a party and not just stay with the friends I came with. 聚会上我尽量来回周旋广交朋友，而不仅仅只和跟我一道来的朋友呆在一起。
• I've circulated a good luck card for everyone to sign. 我拿了一张好运卡传着让每个人都签名。
distribute, propagate, spread, circulate
这组词都有“传播，散播”的意思，其区别是：
distribute: 指把一定数量的东西分成若干等份进行分发。
propagate: 指自觉地努力推广，也指宣传或散布。
spread: 普通用词，使用广泛。指传播疾病、思想、文化、习惯或谣言等。
circulate: 既指某物在一物体内循环流动，又可指在一定范围内传播物品、刊物或思想、语言等。
vi. 传播，流传；循环；流通
 - spread abroad, to disseminate
vt. 使循环；使流通；使传播
 - cycle

Word: forecast
Front: forecast
[ˈfɔ:kɑ:st] (高研四六托雅宝 5890/3980 -K3)
Vocabulary: forecast
(once / 443 pages)
nv
A forecast is a prediction of what will happen. If the weather forecast calls for sunny skies, consider leaving your umbrella at home. (But, since forecasts aren’t guaranteed to be right, don’t blame us if you get rained on.)
While often used in the context of weather, forecast can also be used for other types of predictions such as those related to financial or political outcomes. Note that a forecast is typically a prediction made by experts. So, while a financial analyst might forecast fourth-quarter profits, your prediction about whether your friend will pay back the five dollars he owes you is more of a hunch than a forecast.
WORD FAMILY
forecast: forecasted, forecaster, forecasting, forecasts+/forecaster: forecasters/forecasting: forecastings
USAGE EXAMPLES
The scientists, he explained, didn’t do a good job of communicating the nuances of their forecasts.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
"The relatively wide range for the forecast reflects the higher-than-normal degree of uncertainty regarding the prospects for the UK economy next year," he says.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
The weekend forecast for Pittsburgh calls for temperatures in the 20s.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 预报，预测; 预示
vi. 预报，预测
n. 预报; 预言
时态：forecast, forecasting, forecasts
分布：预测(68%)，预报(32%)
→fore-,在前。cast, 投射。用于天气预报。
预料(fore+cast扔→预先扔下→预料)[fore-表示"前面,预先"]
v./n.预测,预报The forecaster contrasted the cast castle with the vast desert.预言者将铸造的城堡与广阔的沙漠作了对比.
【记】fore前，cast扔－原指巫师扔一种叫障柄的东西预测天气cast第21个意思：占星，算命
US ['fɔ:r.kæst] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a statement of what is judged likely to happen in the future, especially in connection with a particular situation, or the expected weather conditions （尤指对特定形势或天气的）预测，预报
• economic forecasts 经济预测
• The weather forecast said it was going to rain later today. 天气预报说今天晚些时候有雨。
UK ['fɔ:.kɑ:st] US ['fɔ:r.kæst] verb transitive (forecast or forecasted, forecast or forecasted)
■to say what you expect to happen in the future 预测；预报
• They forecast a large drop in unemployment over the next two years. 他们预测今后两年失业人口会大幅下降。
• Snow has been forecast for tonight. 预报今晚有雪。
• [+ to infinitive] Oil prices are forecast to increase by less than 2% this year. 预计今年油价上涨不会超过2%。
foretell, forecast, predict, foresee
这组词都有“预言，预示，预告”的意思，其区别是：
foretell: 一般的通俗用语，往往指根据客观因素做出的预告，强调预先要发生的事。
forecast: 指对未来事件的预报、推测或设想，侧重最终可能出现的结果。
predict: 较正常的正式用词，通常用于人。指根据事实或自然规律进行推断后作出预告，隐含有科学的准确性。
foresee: 指提前、预先料到将要发生的事或指对未发生的事情形成一种概念或判断。
prophecy, forecast, prediction
prophecy: 根据个人感觉而作的预言
forecast: 预测，预报
prediction: 一般意义的预言，预告
vt. [气象] [通信] 预报，预测；预示
 - predict, indicate, calculate, shadow
n. 预测， [气象] [通信] 预报；预想
 - prediction, divination

Word: Easter
Front: Easter
['i:stə] (高研雅 5893/40125 -2)
Back: n. 复活节
分布：复活节(100%)
→来自aus, 光照，照耀，词源同aurora, aureate. 原为日耳曼春天女神，于春分举行庆祝仪式。因其庆祝日期以及其蕴含的意义恰好与耶稣复活相对应，最终该节日演变成复活节。
n.复活节On the eastern Easter feast, at least one beast's breasts were tested with yeast.在东部复活节宴会上,至少有一头牲畜的乳房被用酵母做了试验.
US [-stɚ] noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■a Christian religious holiday to celebrate Jesus Christ's return to life after he was killed 复活节（基督教纪念耶稣复活的节日）
• I get two weeks off school at Easter. 复活节我们学校放假两周。

Word: intriguing
Front: intriguing
[ɪnˈtri:gɪŋ] (研六托 5894/7603 -2)
Vocabulary: intriguing
(once / 1832 pages)
adj
Intriguing things or people arouse curiosity and have an indescribable draw. If you find the night sky intriguing and enjoy pondering the limitlessness of the universe, you should consider becoming an astronomer.
When this adjective was first recorded in the 1600’s, anything intriguing had something to do with “tricking, deceiving, or cheating.” It wasn't until much later that intriguing lost its sinister sense and became simply a word to describe something with alluring mystery. Synonyms for intriguing run the gamut from captivating and delightful to riveting and titillating.
WORD FAMILY
intriguing: intriguingly+/ intrigue: intrigued, intriguer, intrigues, intriguing /intriguer: intriguers
USAGE EXAMPLES
But a more intriguing development is wearables with built-in airbags.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
But when it most needs to be intriguing — at the start — it’s just ordinary.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
BIG BACKS: Along with the intriguing matchup of quarterbacks, two of the nation’s most interesting tailbacks will be at work in Pasadena.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 有趣的; 迷人的
v. 搞阴谋诡计(intrigue的现在分词); 激起…的好奇心
分布：有趣的(60%)，吸引人的(40%)
→来自intrigue,激发，激起好奇心。
adjective
■very interesting because of being unusual or mysterious 非常有趣的；引人入胜的；神秘的
• an intriguing possibility/question 极具吸引力的可能性／问题
• She has a really intriguing personality. 她的个性极具魅力。
adj. 有趣的；迷人的
 - colorful, funny, killing, taking
v. 引起…的兴趣；策划阴谋；私通（intrigue的ing形式）
 - brewing

Word: classification
Front: classification
[ˌklæsɪfɪˈkeɪʃn] (研四六托 5891/3753 -1)
Vocabulary: classification
(once / 974 pages)
1n 2n
Classification is the process of putting something into a category. Classification of all your clothes by color may make it easier for you to put together an outfit, especially if you favor a monochrome look.
Classification involves putting things into a class or group according to particular characteristics so it’s easier to make sense of them, whether you’re organizing your shoes, your stock portfolio, or a group of invertebrates. If you’re an international spy, you might know that classification also can mean a government’s system for keeping secrets. If you have a high level of security classification, then you know really top secret stuff.
WORD FAMILY
classification: classifications, reclassification+/ class: classed, classes, classify, classing, classless, classy, subclass, superclass, underclass/classifiable: classifiably, unclassifiable/classified: classifieds, unclassified/classifier: classifiers/ classify: classifiable, classification, classificatory, classified, classifier, classifies, classifying, declassify, reclassify / classy: classier, classiest, classily/declassify: declassification, declassified, declassifying/reclassification: reclassifications/ reclassify: reclassified, reclassifying/subclass: subclasses/underclass: underclasses
USAGE EXAMPLES
Hoang, a mother of three who worked at the salon for nearly a decade, organized 30 workers to sign a petition opposing the new classification.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In legal parlance, race is a “suspect classification” subject to “strict scrutiny.”
Wall Street Journal(Dec 23, 2016)
Instead, it just named a player of the year for the entire state and for each classification.
Seattle Times(Dec 22, 2016)
Back: n. 分类; 分级; 类别; （动植物等的）分类学
分布：分类(94%)，类别(6%)
分类(classify分类,class类别+ify)[-ion 1.表名词"动作或状态“2.表示"某种物,用品"]
n.分类,分级From the classical class, the classmate with glasses knows the classification of classics.戴眼镜的同学从古典文学课上知道了古典名著的分类.
noun
uncountable
■the act or process of dividing things into groups according to their type 将…分类，将…归类；把…分级
• Do you understand the system of classification used in ornithology? 你懂鸟类学的分类体系吗？
countable
■a group that something is divided into 类别，等级，门类
category, sort, species, classification, class, type, variety, kind
这组词都有“种，类，类型”的意思，其区别是：
category: 书面用词，特指有确切定义的群体。
sort: 普通用词，文体较kind随便，指对人或对事物进行的大概分类，有时含贬义。
species: 书面用词，单复数同形。指生物分类上的种。
classification: 指根据已经确定的类型对某一实物作鉴别和归类。
class: 正式用词，指门类、种类或优劣等级；用于指动植物的分类时，表示“纲”。
type: 指客观界限比较清楚，有相同本质特点的同类事物，或指大致相似的同类事物。
variety: 强调有各自的特点，形式不同，品质不同的种类。
kind: 指性质相同，而且特征很相似，足以归为一类的人或东西。
n. [生物] [图情] 分类；类别，等级
 - category, degree, grade, rate, rank

Word: breeding
Front: breeding
[ˈbri:dɪŋ] (雅 5898/3699)
Back: n. 生育; （动物的）饲养; 教养（尤指行为或礼貌方面）; <核>增殖
v. 生育( breed的现在分词 ); 繁殖; 孕育; 导致
分布：育种(63%)，繁殖(28%)，教养(8%)，血统(1%)
noun uncountable
ANIMALS 动物
■the keeping of animals or plants in order to breed from them （动物的）繁殖，饲养；（植物的）培植
• The family's business was horse-breeding. 这家人以养马为业。
• We used to keep pigs for breeding purposes. 我们曾经养过种猪。
■when animals have sex and reproduce 交配繁殖
• The penguins' breeding season has begun. 企鹅的繁殖季节开始了。
['bri:.dɪŋ] noun uncountable
BEHAVIOUR 举止 (also good breeding) old-fashioned
■polite and socially correct behaviour that someone has because they were taught it when they were a child 教养，礼貌
n. [生物] 繁殖；饲养；教养；再生
 - propagation, reproduction, feed, regeneration, husbandry
v. 生产；培育；使…繁殖（breed的ing形式）
 - producing, manufacturing

Word: paragraph
Front: paragraph
[ˈpærəgrɑ:f] (高研四六 5897/2495 -2)
Vocabulary: paragraph
(once / 399 pages)
nv
A full page of text with no visible breaks is hard to read. That’s why you break your ideas up into groups of sentences, called paragraphs. Each paragraph contains logically connected sentences about one main idea.
If your teacher asks you to write a paragraph on learning vocabulary words, you will write several sentences that describe how to learn vocabulary. Each sentence will add to the topic and will connect one to the other. The length of a paragraph will vary. Your teacher might require just three or four sentences to accurately describe vocabulary learning. Unless he’s a fan of James Joyce. Then your paragraph might need to extend for pages and pages.
WORD FAMILY
paragraph: paragraphed, paragrapher, paragraphing, paragraphs+/paragrapher: paragraphers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Williams would send him back multiple paragraphs, dense with technical insight and coaching lingo.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
The backs of each page contain several paragraphs of Kirzinger’s research, archival photos of agency personnel and other documents.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
Let me read you the lead paragraph from a New York Times story dated December 23rd.
Time(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 段落; 分段符号
vt. 将…分段; 写短文报导
时态：paragraphed, paragraphing, paragraphs
分布：段落(88%)，节(8%)，写短评(2%)，将 ... 分段(1%)，写短评报道(1%)
→para-,在旁，在周围，-graph,写。即在旁边写的，写在旁边的，引申词义分段符号，段落。
n.段,节;小新闻,短评The photographer put the graph in the paragraph on geographical geometry.摄影师将图表插到论述地理几何学的段落.
US ['per.ə.græf] (written abbreviation para)
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a short part of a text, consisting of at least one sentence and beginning on a new line. It usually deals with a single event, description, idea, etc. （文章的）段，段落

Word: advisor
Front: advisor
[əd'vaɪzə] (5896/8836)
Vocabulary: advisor
(once / 2954 pages)
n
An advisor is a person who gives advice or leads a group, like an advisor to the school yearbook club, guiding its members in putting together the pages, but not doing the work for them.
There are many situations in life when you may choose to seek the guidance of an advisor: a financial advisor can help you figure out what to do with all your money when you win the lottery, a tax advisor can help you pay the taxes on that money, a career advisor can counsel you in figuring out your dream job now that money is no object, and a travel advisor can help you decide where to spend vacation.
WORD FAMILY
advisor: advisors+/ advisable: advisability, advisabler, advisablest, advisably, inadvisable, unadvisable/ advise: advisable, advised, advisee, advisement, adviser, advises, advising, advisor, advisory, misadvise/advised: advisedly, ill-advised, unadvised/advisee: advisees/advisement: advisements/ adviser: advisers/ advisory: advisories/ inadvisable: inadvisability, inadvisably/misadvise: misadvised, misadvising/unadvisable: unadvisably/unadvised: unadvisedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
They say other Explorer scouts reported Ceballos to a deputy serving as an Explorer advisor and that started an investigation.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
One of the government’s top economic advisors compared the disruption to Hurricane Katrina’s effect on New Orleans, saying the economy would eventually rebuild.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Jabouri said he was working with an American advisor near the front line Thursday.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 顾问，劝告者; <美>（指导大学新生学科问题等的）指导教授
分布：顾问(100%)
n. 顾问；指导教师；劝告者
 - don, consultant, counselor

Word: thrust
Front: thrust
[θrʌst] (研四六托雅宝 5904/4582 -2)
Vocabulary: thrust
(once / 146 pages)
1vn 2v 3v 4n
To thrust is to push forward quickly and forcibly, like the way a pirate would plunge or thrust a sword into his enemy.
Thrust is often used when you're talking about knives or swords or jabbing someone with something. In fact, a thrust refers to a sharp blow or stab. Violence aside, thrust can be any kind of forceful push or driving force. Aggressive street vendors thrust their wares on you and young movie stars are thrust into the limelight at an early age — which may be disconcerting, but certainly is not as frightening a knife thrust in your direction.
WORD FAMILY
thrust: thrusted, thruster, thrusting, thrusts+/thruster: thrusters/thrusting: thrustings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Barkley was a fill-in who started the season on the practice squad, thrust into duty by injuries to Jay Cutler and Brian Hoyer.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The next year, they encouraged friends Rusty Wilson and Denise Simone to relocate their theater company to Idaho to perform on the Liberty’s thrust stage.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Born into the highest of privilege, greatness thrust upon her, yet limited by tradition and even her gender.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 猛推; 逼迫; 强行推入; 延伸
n. 刺; 推力; [军]突击; [地]逆断层
vi. 插入; 用力向某人刺去; 猛然或用力推
时态：thrust, thrusting, thrusts
分布：推力(80%)，刺(14%)，插入(5%)，要旨(1%)
→来自古诺斯语 thrysta,猛推，用力冲挤，来自 Proto-Germanic*thrustijanan,猛推，冲，可能来 自 treud,猛推，冲，词源同 threat,extrude.-st,表反复。
vt.插入;猛推n.插,推力vi.刺,戳,冲The exhausted man and the trustful guy thrust a knife into the rusty crust.精疲力竭的男子和深信不疑的家伙将一把刀子刺向生锈的外壳.
【记】th死，rust锈：用rust的剑thrust你。
verb intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep] (thrust, thrust)
■to push suddenly and strongly 推挤；刺；戳；插入
• She thrust the money into his hand. 她把钱塞进他手中。
• They thrust a microphone in front of me and fired questions at me. 他们把麦克风推到我面前，不断向我发问。
• She thrust the papers at me (= towards me). 她把报纸塞给我。
• The bodyguards thrust past the crowd to get at the cameraman. 保镖挤过人群直扑摄影师。
[θrʌst] verb intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep] (thrust, thrust)
  Phrasal Verbs  [often passive] thrust sth on/upon sb
■to force someone to accept or deal with something 强迫（某人）接受；强迫（某人）应对
• Fatherhood had been thrust on him. 他身不由己当了父亲。
[θrʌst] noun
IDEA 思想
only singular
■the main idea, subject or opinion that is discussed or written about 要点，要旨，中心点
• The main thrust of her argument was that women are compromised by the demands of childcare. 她的主要论点是妇女受到需要照顾孩子的拖累。
[θrʌst] noun
PUSH 推
countable
■a strong push 猛推；刺
uncountable specialized
■the driving force produced by, for example, an aircraft engine 牵引力，驱动力
thrust, pierce, penetrate, prick, stab
这组词都有“刺入，穿透”的意思，其区别是：
thrust: 本义是使某物进入或把某物刺进或使之穿透某物，有时侧重穿透、刺入。
pierce: 多指人为地用刀刺、剑等尖锐东西刺穿或刺入某物。
penetrate: 较正式用词，可指用任何工具穿入或穿透，也可指光线、声音等透过物体。
prick: 一般指用针等刺穿。
stab: 主要指利器刺入、刺伤，如用匕首、短刀等。
thrust, propel, shove, push
这组词都有“推、推动”的意思，其区别是：
thrust: 常指迅猛地一推或突然有力地推进，侧重速度。
propel: 侧重指靠外力把人或物稳定、持续地向前推进。
shove: 一般指猛或费力地推开或移动人或物。
push: 普通用词，指用突然的力量把人或物推向前进、推开或推到另一位置上。
n. [力] 推力；刺
 - pushing force, spine
vt. 插；插入；推挤
 - build in, plug in
vi. 插入；用向某人刺去；猛然或用力推
 - intervene, build in

Word: allied
Vocabulary: allied
(once / 589 pages)
adj
Allied means united or joined together. If two countries are allied, they are on the same side and have common interests.
When two people are allied, they are friendly — or at least cooperative. To be allied means to have an agreement to work together, so when politicians are allied on a bill, they've pledged to join forces and unite for a common cause. In a war, allied countries are fighting on the same side. Allied comes from ally, which first meant "join in marriage," from the Latin root alligare, "bind to."
WORD FAMILY
ally: Allies, alliance, allied, allies, allying, misally+/ alliance: alliances/misalliance: misalliances/misally: misalliance, misallied
USAGE EXAMPLES
On the one side, Syrian government forces, allied militias and the Russian military.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
Iran would also help monitor compliance by Mr. Assad’s government and by allied Shiite militias, including Hezbollah, he said.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
He and his group are from Raqqa, and though they are loosely allied with the SDF, they fly the flag of the Free Syrian Army.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)

Word: recreation
Front: recreation
[ˌrekriˈeɪʃn] (高研四六托雅 5867/5707 -2)
Vocabulary: recreation
(once / 762 pages)
n
The word recreation is a noun meaning just about anything you do for fun: bowling, flying a model airplane, or just swimming the English Channel. If you do it to relax, recharge your batteries, or just to amuse yourself, it's probably recreation.
You might think by looking at the word that recreation means remaking something, and, in a sense you'd be right. A person involved in recreation is "re-creating" themselves. The whole point of recreation, as the original Latin word recreare implies, is to refresh and renew. After a week behind a desk, you might be feeling worn down and tired. A weekend of recreation will help bring you back to life. So get out there and do the things you love to do!
WORD FAMILY
recreation: recreational, recreations+/ create: created, creates, creating, creation, creative, creator, creature, miscreate, re-create, recreate /created: re-created/ creation: creationism, creations, re-creation/ creative: creatively, creativeness, creativity, uncreative/ creator: creators/ creature: creatures/miscreate: miscreated, miscreating, miscreation/miscreation: miscreations/re-create: re-creating/ recreate: recreated, recreates, recreating, recreation / recreational: nonrecreational, recreationally/uncreative: uncreatively, uncreativeness
USAGE EXAMPLES
The city handed over the rest of McMorran to Nancy Winzer, city recreation director, and she is doing amazing things with it, too.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Evan Clark, who works in the Greensboro Parks and Recreation Department’s Trails Division, said several city employees participated in the class.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The crowd dispersed and arriving police found the man dead from a gunshot wound just outside the recreation building.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 消遣（方式）; 娱乐（方式）; 重建，重现
分布：娱乐(81%)，消遣(19%)
→来自 recreate,再创始。比喻用法。
娱乐,消遣(recreate+ion)[cre,creas=grow,make,表示"增长,产生"]
n.娱乐,消遣He created the great creature with concrete for recreation.他用混凝土创造了这个伟大的创造物作消遣.
noun countable or uncountable
ENJOYMENT 娱乐
 ADVANCED
■(a way of) enjoying yourself when you are not working 娱乐；消遣（方式）
• His favourite recreations are golf and playing Scrabble. 他最喜欢的消遣方式是打高尔夫球和玩拼字游戏。
• Emma's only form of recreation seems to be shopping. 埃玛唯一的消遣好像就是购物。
[ˌrek.ri'eɪ.ʃən] noun countable or uncountable
MAKE AGAIN 再造
■when you make something exist or happen again 使再现，使再次存在，使再度发生
• a recreation of one of the most famous events in history 再现历史上其中一个最著名的事件
fun, recreation, entertainment
fun: 嬉戏，玩耍
recreation: 多指在工作之后通过逗乐或刺激的活动使某人的身心得到恢复，强调自身的放松和消遣；
entertainment: 娱乐（业），供消遣的事物（尤指公众娱乐活动），侧重别人的款待或表演使你得到娱乐；
hoblly, pastime, recreation
这组词都有“嗜好，消遣，娱乐”的意思，其区别是：
hoblly: 指在某一具有知识性和趣味性的领域内从事的业余爱好活动。
pastime: 多指消遣，系空余时间的娱乐活动，常常不具什么内在价值或意义。
recreation: 通常指令人愉快的消遣或有节制的活动，侧重于游玩、游戏和消遣。
n. 娱乐；消遣；休养
 - entertainment, pleasure, sport, occupation, amusement

Word: footage
Front: footage
[ˈfʊtɪdʒ] (5899/14681 -2)
Vocabulary: footage
(once / 2318 pages)
1n 2n
Footage is a section of film or video that's been shot or recorded. A TV news station might play dramatic footage of a tornado's aftermath.
A film clip or a scene from a movie in production are both footage. Part of a film editor's job is combining all the best footage into a longer piece. Another kind of footage is a way to measure space — when you're selling a house, you'll need to advertise its size, or square footage. The film meaning dates from 1916, from foot as a unit of measurement, in this case of a length of film.
WORD FAMILY
footage
USAGE EXAMPLES
Television news footage shows the plane intact on a runway with its front end touching the tarmac.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
And the Highway Patrol said security footage caught two people splattering motor oil on the sidewalk and Capitol building on Halloween night.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The government said the footage was filmed in November as police conducted a "clearance operation" in Maungdaw after two police officers were shot dead.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 以英尺表示的长度或距离; （电影或电视的）片段的数量或长度; 连续镜头; 进尺
分布：连续镜头(90%)，尺数(10%)
→来自foot, 英尺。来自早期的35mm无声电影时代，16帧的画面约略为1英尺长度能放映1秒钟，因此该词就用做电影长度单位，后来词义通用化，用来指电影片段或镜头。
US ['fʊtˌ-] noun uncountable
■(a piece of) film especially one showing an event （尤指表现一个事件的）一段影片，片段
• Woody Allen's film 'Zelig' contains early newsreel footage. 伍迪‧艾伦的电影《变色龙》中有早期的新闻短片片断。

Word: absurd
Front: absurd
[əbˈsɜ:d] (高研六托雅宝 5901/5676 -2)
Vocabulary: absurd
(once / 167 pages)
adjn
Something absurd is really silly, absolutely ridiculous, or total nonsense. Thinking you can wear flip flops and a bikini to the North Pole is an absurd idea, for example.
If you run into someone dressed in an absurd outfit or watch a movie full of absurd jokes, you'll probably have a good laugh. But find yourself dealing with the absurd; you'll likely be stuck in a depressing existential crisis. The absurd describes a state of being where human life has no purpose and everything is completely irrational.
WORD FAMILY
absurd: absurder, absurdest, absurdity, absurdly, absurdness+/ absurdity: absurdities
USAGE EXAMPLES
It’s absurd how many cars and trucks are driving with only one functioning headlight.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“This was my subway stop, and the fact that they were turning it into 42nd Street seemed absurd,” Mr. Lethem recalled.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Sure, the previous sentence looks absurd when read in isolation, because that’s quite a list of occurrences.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 荒谬的; 荒唐的; 无理性的，杂乱无章的; 荒诞主义的，荒诞的
n. 无价值，无意义
分布：荒唐(45%)，可笑的(26%)，荒唐的(21%)，不合理的(8%)
→前缀ab-,此处用于强调义。词根sur, 模糊不清的说话，拟声词，见susurration,沙沙声，杂音。此处词义由杂音扩大为听不清，听不懂，荒谬。
a.荒谬的,荒诞的,荒唐可笑的;不合理的It is absurd to argue about this.争论这个问题是不合情理的.
US [-'sɝ:d] adjective
 ADVANCED
■stupid or unreasonable; silly in a humorous way 荒谬的，荒唐的；愚蠢的；可笑的
• What an absurd thing to say! 这话多荒唐啊！
• Don't be so absurd! Of course I want you to come. 别说傻话了！我当然想让你来。
• It's an absurd situation - neither of them will talk to the other. 这情形真是让人哭笑不得——他们谁也不愿意理谁。
• Do I look absurd in this hat? 我戴这顶帽子是不是很滑稽？
the absurd
 ADVANCED
■things that happen that are stupid or unreasonable 荒诞（的事物）；悖理
• The whole situation borders on the absurd. 整个局面几乎到了荒诞不经的地步。
• She has a keen sense of the absurd. 她对荒诞事物有敏锐的识别能力。
absurd, ridiclous
这两个形容词均含有“荒谬的”之意
absurd: 普通用词，强调指违背常理的荒谬。
ridiclous: 强调荒谬到令人发笑的地步。
ridiculous, silly, absurd
这组词都有“愚蠢，可笑”的意思，其区别是：
ridiculous: a.荒唐可笑的，指因为愚昧无知而令人发笑并成为笑柄，含有蔑视成分。
 • It is ridiculous to judge a foreign culture only by its food.   仅仅根据一个国家的饮食来评价该国家的文化是荒唐可笑的。
silly: a.愚蠢的，傻的，指由于单纯或者头脑简单而显得愚蠢。
 • a silly little boy   傻小子
absurd: a.荒谬的，可笑的，指因不符合常识、违反真理或不合逻辑而令人发笑。
 • There was an absurd idea that the earth was flat and motionless.   过去曾经有一种荒谬的观点认为地球呈扁平状而且静止不动。
adj. 荒谬的；可笑的
 - ridiculous, preposterous

Word: preferred
Front: preferred
[prɪ'fəd] (5900/5286)
Vocabulary: preferred
(once / 237 pages)
adj
Something preferred is something you like to do or want to do more than something else: preferred things are valued above the rest.
Preferred things are more desirable than other things. If you like watching football more than basketball, you could say football is your preferred sport. You probably have a TV show that's preferred over almost any other show. When something is preferred, you prefer it — you like and value it over other things. In business, sometimes people get mad when one worker is preferred over others: that means they're being treated with favoritism, which is unfair.
WORD FAMILY
preferred: preferredly+/ prefer: preferable, preference, prefering, preferment, preferred, preferring, prefers/ preferable: preferably / preference: preferences, preferential / preferential: preferentially/preferment: preferments
USAGE EXAMPLES
He preferred the all-encompassing phrase “people on the move”.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
But he preferred talking one-on-one instead of in team settings.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
She said she preferred being treated with medications.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 首选的
v. 提出（请求、控诉等）( prefer的过去式和过去分词 ); 提升; 建议; 选择某事物（而不选择他事物）
分布：首选的(67%)，有优先权的(33%)
US [-'fɝ:d] adjective
 ADVANCED
■liked or wanted more than anything else 更合意的，更可取的，更好的
• The earlier train would be my preferred option. 搭早一点的火车更合我意。
adj. 优先的；首选的
 - prior, underlying

Word: say
Front: say
[seɪ] (中高雅 19/32 -K5)
Vocabulary: say
(once / 2 pages)
1vn 2v
To have your say means to get an opportunity to deliver your opinion on something. If you're at a loud and hostile town council meeting, you might not get a chance to have your say unless you shout it.
Say means to speak, so any time you utter a word, you're saying it. If you write an editorial about dogs in the paper, that's also a form of saying. Someone could quote you as saying "dogs should be worshipped." You can say something with your body language, too. Like most common words, say is very old, coming from the Old English sęcgan, meaning "to tell."
WORD FAMILY
say: said, saying, says, unsay+/ said: saidest, unsaid/ saying: sayings/unsay: unsaying, unsays
USAGE EXAMPLES
“I felt great,” White said before glancing down at his right arm.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Several media reports said the man was believed to be from a Central Asian nation.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Investigators say Gratton confronted the two men and shot them in the roadway.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: vi. 说， 讲; 表明，宣称; 假设; 约莫
vt. 表明; 念; 说明; 比方说
n. 发言权; 说话; 要说的话; 发言权
时态：said, saying, says
分布：说(88%)，讲(5%)，比如说(2%)，发言权(2%)，表明(2%)，意见(1%)
→来自古英语 secgan,说，告知，来自 Proto-Germanic*sagjanan,说，告知，来自 sekw,说， 告知，词源同 saga,saw.引申诸相关词义。
vt.说,讲;说明;比如说vi.说,发表意见Say your say.把想说的都说出来.
verb (said, said)
SPEAK 说话
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to pronounce words or sounds, to express a thought, opinion, or suggestion, or to state a fact or instruction 说；讲；陈述；表达；说明
• Small children find it difficult to say long words. 小孩子觉得长字不好说。
• She said goodbye to all her friends and left. 她跟所有的朋友道别后就离开了。
• Ben never forgets to say "Please" and "Thank you". 班从来不忘说“请”和“谢谢”。
• How do you say 'goodbye' in French? “法语里的‘再见’怎么说？”
• I'm sorry, what did you say? 对不起，你刚才说甚么？
• Do you know what she said to him? 你知道她对他说了甚么吗？
• What did they say about the house? 关于这栋房子他们怎么说？
• [+ speech] "I'm going out this evening, " she said. “今晚我要出去，”她说。
• [+ (that)] The doctors say (that) it will take him a few weeks to recover. 医生说他需要几周时间才能康复。
• [+ question word] She didn't say wh ether she was coming. 她没说她要不要来。
• Did she say (= tell you) wh y she wasn't coming? 她有告诉你为甚么不来了吗？
• [+ to infinitive] informal He said (= told me) to meet him here. 他说（叫我）在这里和他见面。
• I've got something to say to you. 我有些事要跟你讲。
• The offer was so good that I couldn't say no (= couldn't refuse). 这个价格太令人满意了，我无法拒绝。
  Common Learner Errors  say or tell? When talking about the truth, lies, jokes, news, stories or secrets, don't use 'say', use tell :
✗ I knew that he was saying the truth.
✗ Dave is always saying jokes and funny stories.
✗ I have some fantastic news to say you.
[seɪ] verb (said, said)
THINK 认为
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to think or believe 认为；相信
• [+ (that)] People/They say (that) he's over 100. 据说他已经100多岁了。
• "It's going to be a very hot summer." " So they say (= That is what people believe)." “今年夏天会很热。”“大家都这么说。”
• She is a firm leader, too firm, some might say (= some people believe that she is too firm). 她是一个严格的队长，有人可能会认为她太严格了。
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to give (as) an opinion or suggestion about something 发表意见；表达观点
• "Who do you think will get the job?" "I'd rather not say." “你认为谁会得到这份工作?”“我宁愿不发表意见。”
• What are you saying, exactly (= What do you mean) ? 你到底是甚么意思？
• [+ (that)] We've been driving all day - I say (that) we start looking for a hotel now. 我们已经开了一整天车——我觉得我们现在应该找一家旅馆了。
• informal What do you say we (= What do you think about the idea that we should) sell the car? 你觉得我们把车卖了怎么样？
transitive
■to show what you think without using words 表明；表现；显示
• [+ (that)] The look on his face said (= showed) (that) he knew what had happened. 他脸上的表情说明他知道发生了甚么事情。
transitive always passive
■When something or someone is said to be a particular thing, that is what people think or believe about them 据说，据信
• [+ (that)] It is said (that) Latin is a difficult language to learn. 据说拉丁语是一种很难学的语言。
• [+ to be + noun/adj] He's said to be over 100. 据说他100多岁了。
[seɪ] verb (said, said)
GIVE INFORMATION 提供资讯
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to give information in writing, numbers or signs 说明；指示
• My watch says 3 o'clock. 我的表是三点钟。
• Can you read what that notice says? 你看得清楚公告吗？
• [+ (that)] It says in the paper (that) they've found the man who did it. 报上说他们找到了做那件事的人。
• [+ to infinitive] It says on the bottle to take three tablets a day. 瓶上标签上写着一日服用三片。
[seɪ] verb (said, said)
before you can say Jack Robinson old-fashioned informal
■used to say that something happens very quickly 转瞬间，一眨眼
• Before you could say Jack Robinson, she'd jumped into the car and driven away. 一眨眼的功夫，她已经跳上汽车开走了。
[seɪ] verb (said, said)
does what it says on the tin UK informal
■If something does what it says on the tin, it does exactly what it is intended to do 说到做到，实际功能（或服务等）与声称的相符
• The hotel does exactly what it says on the tin and offers customers a relaxing break. 这家饭店果然能兑现承诺，让客人轻轻松松地享受假期。
[seɪ] verb (said, said)
have a lot to say for yourself informal disapproving
■to talk too much and seem to have a high opinion of yourself 自吹自擂
[seɪ] verb (said, said)
have nothing to say for yourself informal
■to not be willing to take part in conversations or express your opinions 不愿交谈，不愿表态
[seɪ] verb (said, said)
having said that
■despite what has just been said 尽管如此，话说回来
• He forgets most things, but having said that, he always remembers my birthday. 他很健忘，不过，他一直记得我的生日。
[seɪ] verb (said, said)
I must say
■I must admit 我必须说，我不得不承认
• I must say, I don't think much of her dress. 我不得不承认，我认为她的穿着不怎么样。
[seɪ] verb (said, said)
I wouldn't say no informal
■used to say that you would like something that is offered to you （表示想要某物）好的
• "Would you like another drink?" "I wouldn't say no." “再来一杯吗？”“好吧。”
[seɪ] verb (said, said)
I'll say! informal
■used to show that you agree very strongly with what has been said 当然！的确如此！
• "Does he eat a lot?" "I'll say!" “他吃得很多吗？”“当然！”
[seɪ] verb (said, said)
it goes without saying
■used to mean that something is obvious 不言而喻，不证自明，不用说
• Of course, it goes without saying that you'll be paid for the extra hours you work. 当然，不用说，你加班是有报酬的。
[seɪ] verb (said, said)
it says a lot for sb/sth
■used to show how determined someone or something is 很能说明决心（用于表达某人或某物如何坚定）
• It says a lot for her determination that she practises her cello so often. 她如此频繁地练习大提琴，可见得她的确下定了决心。
[seɪ] verb (said, said)
not say boo US informal
■to say nothing 甚么也没说，一言未发
• You didn't say boo to me about going to your mother's this weekend. 你从没和我提起过这个周末要去看你母亲的事情。
US (UK not say boo to a goose) informal
■to be very nervous and easily frightened 非常胆小
[seɪ] verb (said, said)
not to say
■and possibly even 虽不能说，即使说不上
• It would be unwise, not to say stupid, to leave your first job after only six months. 第一份工作才做六个月就辞掉，这虽说不上愚蠢，但也不明智。
[seɪ] verb (said, said)
(let's) say
■used to introduce a suggestion or possible example of something （用于引出建议或举例）
• Try and finish the work by, let's say, Friday. 我建议尽量在星期五前完成这项工作。
• Say/Let's say (= If we accept) (that) the journey takes three hours, you'll arrive at 2 o'clock. 假定这段路程需要三小时的话，你们将在两点钟到达。
[seɪ] verb (said, said)
say your piece
■to say what you are obviously wanting to say 直抒胸臆，直言不讳
• Just say your piece and then go. 只管说你想说的话，说完就离开。
[seɪ] verb (said, said)
say goodbye to sth
■to accept that you will not have something any more or that you will not get it 不再拥有；得不到
• If Europe fails to agree on this, we can say goodbye to any common foreign policy. 如果欧洲不能就此达成共识，我们就不会有任何共同的外交政策了。
[seɪ] verb (said, said)
say no more
■said to show that you understand exactly what the other person is suggesting 知道了，不用再讲了
• "I saw him coming out of her flat." "Say no more!" “我看见他从她的公寓里出来。”“明白了，不要再说了！”
[seɪ] verb (said, said)
say the word
■used to tell someone that you will do what they want at the time when they ask you 吩咐一下，说一声，表示一下
• You only have to/Just say the word, and I'll come and help. 你只要说一声，我就会来帮忙。
[seɪ] verb (said, said) say 1 say this/that much for sb/sth
* to say something good about someone or something considered to be bad 为…说好话，为…美言
• I'll say this much for Kay, she always agrees to help whenever we ask her. 我要帮凯说几句好话，只要我们提出来，她总是愿意伸出援手。
[seɪ] verb (said, said)
say uncle US informal
■to admit failure 承认失败，认输
[seɪ] verb (said, said)
say when
■said when you are pouring a drink for someone and you want them to tell you when to stop pouring 斟够了请说一声
[seɪ] verb (said, said)
says something about sb/sth (also says a lot about sb/sth)
■to show what a particular person or thing is like 说明，表明（某人或某物的个性特质、真正面貌）
• The way he drives says a lot about his character. 从他开车的方式很容易就看出他的性格。
[seɪ] verb (said, said)
that is to say ...
■or more exactly 更确切地讲；也就是说
• Our friends, that is to say our son's friends, will meet us at the airport. 我们的朋友，更确切地讲是我们儿子的朋友会到机场接我们。
[seɪ] verb (said, said)
That's not saying much.
■used to show that you do not think what someone has said is special 没甚么特别的；没甚么不同寻常的
[seɪ] verb (said, said)
there's little to be said for sth
■said to mean that something has disadvantages 不利；没有好处
• Personally, I think there's little to be said for such a policy. 我个人认为这样的政策没有甚么好处。
[seɪ] verb (said, said)
there's something to be said for (also there's a lot to be said for)
■said to mean that something has advantages 有利，有好处
• There's a lot to be said for living alone. 自己住有很多好处。
[seɪ] verb (said, said)
to say nothing of ...
■and in addition there is 更不用说；而且还； 遑论
• It would be an enormous amount of work, to say nothing of the cost. 工作量会很大，遑论费用了。
[seɪ] verb (said, said)
to say the least
■used to show that what you are describing is in fact much more serious or important than you have suggested 至少可以说
• It's going to be awkward, to say the least. 至少会很棘手。
[seɪ] verb (said, said)
what sb says, goes informal
■said to mean that you must do whatever a particular person says （某人）怎么说就得怎么做；服从（某人的）命令
• Around here, mate, what I say, goes! 老兄，在这里，我怎么说就怎么做！
[seɪ] verb (said, said)
What have you got to say for yourself ?
■used to ask someone to explain why they have done something bad 你还有甚么好说的？ 你如何解释？
• Well, you've ruined my car - what have you got to say for yourself? 噢，你把我的车弄坏了——你想怎么解释？
[seɪ] verb (said, said)
when all is said and done
■said when you are about to tell someone the most important fact they should remember in a situation 说到底，终究
• When all is said and done, you can only do your best. 终究你只能尽力而为。
[seɪ] verb (said, said)
Who can say?
■no one knows 谁能说得准？谁会知道？
• "Is it possible?" "Who can say?" “这可能吗?”“谁知道？”
[seɪ] verb (said, said)
You can say that again !
■used to show that you completely agree with what someone has said 你说得很对！一点也没错！
[seɪ] verb (said, said)
You can't say fairer than that. UK informal
■used to say that you think an offer or arrangement is good 价格再公道不过了；协定的条件已很优厚了
[seɪ] verb (said, said)
You don't say! informal
■used either to express surprise or lack of surprise in a humorous and slightly unkind way （表示惊讶）不会这样吧！不至于吧！（幽默且不太客气地表示并不惊讶）我就知道！
• "He's lost his job." "You don't say!" “他丢掉了工作。”“不会吧！”
[seɪ] verb (said, said)
You said it! informal
■used to say that you agree with what has just been said 你说对了！正是如此！没错！
• "How stupid of me to lend him that money!" "You said it!" “我借钱给他，真傻。”“没错！”
[seɪ] exclamation
■used to express surprise or pleasure, or to attract attention to what you are about to say （用以表示惊讶、惊喜或唤起听话人的注意）哎呀
• US Say, that's really good of you! 哎呀，你真好！
• US Say, how about going out tonight? 嗨，今晚出去玩吧！
• UK old-fashioned or humorous I say, what a splendid hat you're wearing! 呀，你的帽子真漂亮！
[seɪ] noun [S or U]
■(the right to give) an opinion about something 意见；决定权；发言权
• Can't you keep quiet for a minute and let me have my say. 你不能安静一会儿让我发表一下意见吗？
• The judge usually has the final say. 法官通常拥有最终的决定权。
[seɪ] noun [S or U]
have a/some, etc. say in sth
■to be involved in making a decision about something 在…方面有发言权
• When he's 18, he'll begin to have a/some say in the running of the family business. 等他到了18岁就可以在家族企业的经营中拥有发言权。
• The staff had little/no say in the restructuring of the company. 职员们在公司重组过程中几乎没有／没有发言权。
state, speak, say, tell, utter, talk
这组词都有“说、讲”的意思，其区别是：
state: 较正式用词，通常指用明确的语言或文字着重地叙述事实，既强调内容又注重语气。
speak: 侧重于说话动作的本身，着重说话的能力而不在内容，可以是长篇大论的演讲，也可以是三言两语的交谈，甚至指简单的开口发声说话。
say: 最普通常用词，指用语言表达思想，着重所说的内容。
tell: 普通用词，指把某事告诉或讲述给某人听，口语或书面语均可用。
utter: 着重说话的行为，常指声音的使用，突出用噪子发声。
talk: 普通用词，侧重指与人交谈时的连续说话，可指单方面较长谈话，和speak一样，着重说活动作而不侧重内容。
vt. 讲；说明；例如；声称；假设；指明
 - let, point out, suppose
vi. 讲；表示；念；假定；背诵
 - make a gesture, to express

Word: urge
Front: urge
[ɜ:dʒ] (高研四六托 2261/2262 -K4)
Vocabulary: urge
(once / 70 pages)
vn
If you have an urge to eat candy, you really want to eat those sweets. Your mother might urge you to wait until after dinner. As a noun, urge means a desire. As a verb, it means to strongly encourage.
Urge is related to the word, urgent, or 'pressing.' An urge is a pressing want, one that is almost a compulsion, like when you're so frustrated, you have the urge to scream. If you urge someone to do something, you feel strongly about it. You might urge a friend to wear an orange shirt not because you happen to like orange, but because they're walking in the woods during hunting season.
WORD FAMILY
urge: urged, urgent, urges, urging+/ urgency: urgencies/ urgent: urgency, urgentest, urgently/urging: urgings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Andre is indignant about the way he is treated, but urges his angry family to let him seek justice through the court.
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
More than 170 House Republicans signed a recent letter of which Mr. Price was an author, urging the administration to “stop experimenting with Americans’ health.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“We urge you to preserve this critical U.S. strategic asset,” the letter read.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 催促; 推进，驱策; 力劝，规劝; 极力主张
n. 刺激，冲动; 推动力
vi. 催促; 强烈要求，竭力主张
时态：urged, urging, urges
分布：冲动(47%)，催促(18%)，鼓励(14%)，驱策(9%)，极力主张(8%)，强烈愿望(2%)，力陈(2%)
→来自wreg, 推，驱动，词源同wreak, wrack.
vt.催促;怂恿;强调n.强烈欲望,迫切要求At the agency, the aged agent is urgently urged to go for surgery by the gentle surgeon.在办事处,温和的外科医生急切地催促年老的代理商做外科手术.
【记】源于：surge（n 汹涌；澎湃）想巨浪一样的催促urge。
US [ɝ:dʒ] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a strong wish, especially one which is difficult or impossible to control （尤指难以或无法控制的）欲望，冲动
• The two of them seem unable to control their sexual urges. 他们两个似乎欲火焚身。
• [+ to infinitive] The urge to steal is very strong in many of the young men we look after here. 我们这儿看管的年轻人中有很多人都有很强的偷窃欲望。
UK [ɜ:dʒ] US [ɝ:dʒ] verb intransitive or transitive
 ADVANCED
■to strongly advise or try to persuade someone to do a particular thing 敦促；驱策；力劝
• [+ to infinitive] Lawyers will urge the parents to take further legal action. 律师们会力劝家长们采取进一步的法律行动。
• [+ that] Investigators urged that safety procedures at the site should be improved. 调查人员敦促该工地改进安全规程。
• Police urged continued vigilance in the fight against crime. 警方呼吁继续保持警惕打击犯罪。
• The dogs are urged into fighting more fiercely by loud shouts from the crowd. 人群里发出的高声叫喊使这些狗咬斗得更凶了。
• We shall continue to urge for leniency to be shown to these prisoners. 我们将继续呼吁对这些犯人给予宽宥。
UK [ɜ:dʒ] US [ɝ:dʒ] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] urge sb on
■to encourage someone to do or achieve something 鼓励，激励；为（某人）加油
• The crowd was cheering and urging her on all through the race. 在整个比赛中，人们一直在为她加油，激励她鼓起劲儿。
expect, urge, promise, intend
expect: 要求，指望
urge: 敦促，力劝（某人做某事）
promise: 承诺，答应，保证
intend: 打算，计划，想要（做某事）
coax, urge, persuade, induce, counsel, convince
这组词都有“劝说，劝导，劝诱”的意思，其区别是：
coax: 指用好话善意或耐心劝诱、哄骗某人做某事。
urge: 语气强，指不断地热情地规劝诱导。
persuade: 普通用词，指通过劝说、感情交流等而使对方做劝说者所希望的事。
induce: 指用讲道理来使某人做某事。
counsel: 较正式用词，指对一些较重大事情所提出的劝告。有时也用于非正式场合，但仍强调严肃的一面。
convince: 指凭行动、事实或言语使他人从思想感情上信服。
vt. 力劝，催促；驱策，推进
 - crowd, rush up
n. 强烈的欲望，迫切要求；推动力
 - impulse, driving force
vi. 强烈要求
 - scream for

Word: temptation
Front: temptation
[tempˈteɪʃn] (高研四六雅宝 5906/4682 -2)
Vocabulary: temptation
(once / 254 pages)
n
Temptation is something you want to have or to do, even though you know you shouldn't. That bag of peanut butter cups on top of your fridge might be an example of a temptation.
The thing that you want despite knowing it's not good for you — like the cool sneakers you really can't afford — is a temptation. The feeling is also a temptation — so wanting those shoes is temptation. The Latin word temptare, or to taste, is where temptation comes from, which makes a lot of sense when you think of that bag of peanut butter cups calling to you from the kitchen.
WORD FAMILY
temptation: temptations+/ tempt: temptable, temptation, tempted, tempter, tempting, tempts/tempter: tempters/tempting: temptingly, temptingness, untempting/untempting: untemptingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
“We need to avoid the temptation of just saying ‘no’ for the sake of saying ‘no,’” Mock said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The ones who do show up, especially before Dec. 8, seemed to be more amused by the temptation of free chicken.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
The temptation will be, once again, to defend liberal values by reinforcing the institutions of liberalism.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 诱惑，引诱; 诱惑物
分布：诱惑(99%)，引诱物(1%)
n.引诱,诱惑;诱惑物That candy is a temptation.那糖果是一种诱惑.
noun
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■the wish to do or have something which you know you should not do or have 引诱；诱惑
• [+ to infinitive] As a young actress, she managed to resist the temptation to move to Hollywood. 作为一名年轻女演员，她抵挡住了前往好莱坞的诱惑。
 ADVANCED countable
■something that makes you want to do or have something that you know you should not 很有诱惑力的事物
• He knew it was wrong to steal, but the money just lying there was too great a temptation. 他知道偷盗是不对的，但钱就摆在那里，对他的诱惑实在太大了。
n. 引诱；诱惑物
 - invitation, allurement

Word: reservoir
Front: reservoir
[ˈrezəvwɑ:(r)] (研六托雅 5907/5419 -2)
Vocabulary: reservoir
(once / 1151 pages)
1n 2n 3n
The word reservoir refers to a place where large amounts of water get stored. It can also be used to describe great amounts of other things, such as when you refer to a trivia expert as a reservoir of useless knowledge.
The word reservoir comes from the French réservoir, which further derives from the Old French reserver, meaning "to reserve." Knowing this, it makes sense that the meaning evolved into a place, either man-made or natural, where water is stored or "reserved," usually for distribution for drinking, irrigating, and generating power. Remembering the related word reserve might also help in both the spelling and pronunciation of the word, as reserve is spelled (and pronounced) with "er," the same as "reservoir."
WORD FAMILY
reservoir: reservoirs
USAGE EXAMPLES
More rain fell in October than in three decades, raising the state’s major reservoirs in Northern California and hopes that the drought will soon end.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
We got enough precipitation to fill our reservoirs for the summer.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Binoculars are suggested, because Toronto Reservoir is often home to wintering bald eagles.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 蓄水池; 贮液器; 储藏; 蓄积
分布：水库(85%)，蓄水池(9%)，储藏(5%)，积蓄(1%)
水库;贮藏所(reserve保留+oir→保留[水]的地方)[serv=serve,keep表示"服务,保持"]
n.水库,蓄水池The reservoir in the reserved preserve is an obstacle to the obstinate observer.预留保护区内的水库对固执的观察者是一个障碍.
US [-ɚ.vwɑ:r] noun countable
■a place for storing liquid, especially a natural or artificial lake providing water for a city or other area 水库；蓄水池
■a large supply of something 储备；储藏；宝库
• The universities constitute a reservoir of expert knowledge. 大学是专业知识的宝库。
n. [水利] 水库；蓄水池
 - artificial lake

Word: feast
Front: feast
[fi:st] (高研四六雅 5910/5626 -2)
Vocabulary: feast
(once / 167 pages)
1nv 2nv
A feast is a huge, delicious meal that's served at a party or celebration. You might have a feast to celebrate the last day of school every year.
You can use the word feast in several different ways. It's good for describing the meal you eat at a party, or as a verb meaning "to eat in celebration." You might feast for several days during your family reunion. You can also use feast figuratively to mean a delight, as when you say, "Your garden is a feast for the eyes, Grandma." The Latin root, festa, means "holidays or feasts," from festus, "festive, joyful, or merry."
WORD FAMILY
feast: feasted, feasting, feasts+/feasting: feastings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Tuesday’s celebration included dance, song, prayer, drumming and ended with a feast to share the harvest.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Many who left Mosul hope that their city, battered by years of war and brutalized by IS, will retain its immoveable feast.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
You might as well be feasting in a Vegas casino, surrounded by desert.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 盛会; 宴会; 宗教节日; 使人欢快的事物（或活动）
vi. 大吃大喝，享用美食; 参加宴会
vt. 款待（某人），宴请（某人）
时态：feasted, feasting, feasts
分布：宴会(74%)，酒席(11%)，享乐(5%)，节会(4%)，请客(4%)，款宴(2%)
→来自festival, 宗教节日，节日。引申词义盛宴。
n.节日;宴会On the eastern Easter feast, at least one beast's breasts were tested with yeast.在东部复活节宴会上,至少有一头牲畜的乳房被用酵母做了试验.
noun
FOOD 食物
countable
■a special meal with very good food or a large meal for many people 盛宴；宴会
• "What a feast!" she said, surveying all the dishes on the table. “多丰盛的宴席啊！”她一边打量着桌上的菜肴，一边说道。
• a wedding feast 婚宴
[fi:st] noun
ENJOYABLE THING 享受的事物
only singular
■a very enjoyable experience for the senses, especially a visual or musical experience （感官）享受
• a visual feast 视觉盛宴
• His food is a feast for the eyes as well as the palate. 他做的菜既赏心悦目又让人大饱口福。
only singular
■a collection of something to be enjoyed 令人喜爱的事物
• The team contains a veritable feast of international talent. 这个团队里有一批名副其实的国际人才。
[fi:st] noun
CELEBRATION 庆祝
countable
■a day on which a religious event or person is remembered and celebrated （宗教）节日
• the Feast of St James/the Passover 圣雅各节／逾越节
• a Muslim feast day 一个穆斯林节日
[fi:st] verb
feast your eyes on sth/sb literary
■to look at someone or something with great enjoyment 尽情欣赏；看到…大饱眼福
• As you cruise the waterways, feast your eyes on the gorgeous views of the illuminated city. 沿水路乘船漫游时，尽管饱览城市灯火辉煌的绚丽景色吧。
[fi:st] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  feast on sth literary
■to eat a lot of good food and enjoy it very much 尽情享用（美味佳肴）
• We feasted on smoked salmon and champagne. 我们尽情享用了熏鲑鱼和香槟。
dinner, feast, banquet, party
这组词都有“宴会”的意思，其区别是：
dinner: 普通用词，含义广。本义指一日的主餐，但多用于指宴请客人的正式的一餐。
feast: 指筵席酒席，有时可与banquet换用，但前者强调共享欢乐的气氛。
banquet: 指正式而盛大的宴会或国宴。
party: 指一般的社交聚会，也引申指宴请或宴会。
vt. 享受；款待，宴请
 - enjoy, guest
n. 筵席，宴会；节日
 - festival, holiday
vi. 享受；参加宴会
 - banquet

Word: unfamiliar
Front: unfamiliar
[ˌʌnfəˈmɪliə(r)] (5911/6518 -1)
Vocabulary: unfamiliar
(once / 1145 pages)
adj
Unfamiliar things are unknown or unexplored. On your first day at a new school, every single face you see is unfamiliar.
Traveling in an unfamiliar city is easier with a map or a GPS, and meeting the unfamiliar people who live there is easier if you speak at least a few words of their language. Some people love eating unfamiliar food — things they've never tasted before — while others aren't fond of it. When something (or someone) is familiar, it's known to you — the word shares a Latin root with family. Add the "not" prefix un-, and you've got unfamiliar.
WORD FAMILY
unfamiliar: unfamiliarity, unfamiliarly+/ familiar: familiarise, familiarity, familiarize, familiarly, familiars, overfamiliar, unfamiliar /familiarise: familiarisation, familiarised, familiarises, familiarising/ familiarity: familiarities/ familiarize: familiarization, familiarized, familiarizes, familiarizing/unfamiliarity: unfamiliarities
USAGE EXAMPLES
Check the “about us” page of unfamiliar sites: is there actual staff?
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Sustaining its success, however, is leading the industry into unfamiliar territory.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 28, 2016)
A glossary allows children to look up the definitions of unfamiliar words.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: adj. 不熟悉的; 不常见的; 陌生的; 没有经验的
分布：不熟悉的(100%)
US [-jɚ] adjective
 ADVANCED
■not known to you 不熟悉的，陌生的
• I noticed several unfamiliar faces in the meeting room. 我注意到会议室里有好几张新面孔。
• His name was unfamiliar to me. 他的名字我很陌生。
be unfamiliar with sth
 ADVANCED
■to not have any knowledge or experience of something 对…不熟悉，不懂
• Many older people are unfamiliar with computers. 许多老年人不懂电脑。
adj. 不熟悉的；不常见的；没有经验的
 - young, unconversant

Word: analogy
Front: analogy
[əˈnælədʒi] (研六托雅宝 5913/5394 -1)
Vocabulary: analogy
(once / 473 pages)
n
When you draw an analogy between two things, you compare them for the purpose of explanation. The movie character Forrest Gump made a silly analogy famous: "Life is like a box of chocolates."
Some standardized tests still have "analogy questions," which are given in this format: A : B :: C : ___ (read "A is to B as C is to what?"). This is a more formalized version of something we do every day: compare one thing to another. It's a useful way of speaking — if a scientist explains that the earth's forests function as its lungs, we understand the analogy to mean that both trees and lungs take in important elements from the air. But when Forrest Gump says life is like a box of chocolates because you never know what you're going to get, that's a pretty brainless analogy.
WORD FAMILY
analogy: analogical, analogies, analogise, analogist, analogize, analogous +/ analogical: analogically/analogist: analogists/ analogize: analogizes, analogizing/ analogous: analogously
USAGE EXAMPLES
In some important respects, this is a bad analogy.
Slate(Dec 26, 2016)
But this is an inane analogy, I realize, because I do not want to touch the heart of the matter.
The New Yorker(Dec 25, 2016)
Paul Rankin’s Dec. 14 letter, “The science isn’t settled,” contained unsettling analogies.
Washington Post(Dec 19, 2016)
Back: n. 类似，相似; 比拟，类比; 类推
分布：类比(69%)，相似(16%)，类似(15%)
→前缀ana-, 向上，向后。词根log,说话，思考，同apology.
类比;类似(ana+logy讲话→再旁边讲→讲一样的东西→类似)[ana-表示"错误,在旁边,分开"]
类比;类似(ana一样+logy→说的一样→类比)[log,logu=speak,表示"说话"]
n.类似,相似,类比,类推The jogger made an analytical analogy between the ecology and geology.慢跑者在生态学和地质学之间进行了分析类比.
【记】ana并列，log说话－并起来说－相似，类比
【参】prologue（n 序言）；epilogue（n 尾声，后记）
【反】lacking similarity（缺乏相似性）；disparate（adj 全异的）－analogous（adj 类似的）
noun countable or uncountable
■a comparison between things which have similar features, often used to help explain a principle or idea 类似；类比；比拟；类推
• He drew an analogy between the brain and a vast computer. 他把大脑比作一台庞大的电脑。
• It is sometimes easier to illustrate an abstract concept by analogy with (= by comparing it with) something concrete. 有时用具体事物作比拟来阐释抽象概念会更容易些。
likeness, similarity, resemblance, analogy
这组词都有“相似，类似”的意思，其区别是：
likeness: 普通用词，指人或物从外观看去，有很明显的相似之处，或完全相似。
similarity: 指不同的人或事物在外表、特征、程度或性质等方面有某些相似之处。
resemblance: 指外观或性质有相似之处。
analogy: 指外表或实质均不相同的事物对比之下的类似之处。
n. 类比；类推；类似
 - similarity, parallelism

Word: conductor
Front: conductor
[kənˈdʌktə(r)] (高研四六托 5912/6176 -2)
Vocabulary: conductor
(once / 433 pages)
1n 2n 3n
A train conductor is the person who takes tickets, shouts "All aboard!" and might control the engine, while a musical conductor is the one who leads an orchestra. Same job title — not the same person.
From the Latin root conducere, meaning "bring together," a conductor does just that. A music conductor makes sure all the musicians come in at the right time and tempo, and a train conductor brings together all of the passengers. Another type of conductor is something that passes on electricity or heat, like a metal spoon, a conductor of heat when left in a pot that's simmering on the stove.
WORD FAMILY
conductor: conductors, nonconductor, semiconductor+/ conduct: conducted, conducting, conduction, conductive, conductor, conducts, misconduct /conducting: non-conducting, nonconducting, semiconducting/ conduction: conductions/conductive: conductively, conductivity, nonconductive, semiconductive/conductivity: conductivities, superconductivity/ misconduct: misconducted, misconducting, misconducts/nonconductor: nonconductors/semiconductor: semiconductors
USAGE EXAMPLES
Do you remember when you first decided you wanted to be a conductor?
Washington Post(Dec 20, 2016)
Rail travellers are facing yet more disruption as Southern conductors begin a further three-day strike at midnight.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
According to the Skagit County sheriff’s report, the train conductor and engineer saw the car approaching the crossing.
Seattle Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. <电>导体; 售票员; （乐队）指挥; 导管（套管的一种）
分布：指挥(42%)，导体(36%)，售票员(22%)
指挥家;乘务员(conduct+or)[duc,duct=lead,bring,表示"引导,带来"]
n.管理者;(汽车)售票员;领队,指挥;导体The conductor is reluctant to reduce the conductivity of the semiconductor.导演不情愿降低半导体的导电率.
US [-tɚ] noun countable
PUBLIC TRANSPORT 公共运输
■someone whose job is to sell tickets on a bus, train or other public vehicle 售票员
UK [kən'dʌk.tər] US [-tɚ] noun countable
MUSIC 音乐
■someone who directs the performance of musicians or a piece of music 音乐指挥
• The conductor raised his baton. 指挥举起了指挥棒。
• a guest conductor 嘉宾指挥
UK [kən'dʌk.tər] US [-tɚ] noun countable
SUBSTANCE 物质
■a substance that allows heat or electricity to go through it 导体
• Metal is a good conductor of heat. 金属是良好的热导体。
n. [电] 导体； [交] 售票员；领导者；管理人
 - leader, Moses, supervisor, administrator

Word: inhabitant
Front: inhabitant
[ɪnˈhæbɪtənt] (研四六托雅宝 5914/4166 -2)
Vocabulary: inhabitant
(once / 117 pages)
n
Someone who usually lives in a specific place — whether it's a mansion, a cave, or a beach house — is its inhabitant.
The old man who lives in the scary house down the street is its inhabitant, and the skunk that built a nest under your porch is — unfortunately — an inhabitant of your front yard. The noun inhabitant comes from the verb inhabit, or "to live in," which in turn is rooted in the Latin word inhabitare, "to dwell in or to live in."
WORD FAMILY
inhabitant: inhabitants+/ inhabit: inhabitable, inhabitancy, inhabitant, inhabitation, inhabited, inhabiting, inhabits/ inhabitable: uninhabitable/inhabitation: inhabitations/inhabited: uninhabited/uninhabitable: uninhabitably
USAGE EXAMPLES
If the mortality rates were similar to the rest of Honduras, ninety per cent of the inhabitants died of disease.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
This activity was viewed with bemusement by the camp’s inhabitants, but without the antagonism that photography provoked.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
The inhabitants certainly appear to be relatively wealthy.
BBC(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 居民，住户; （栖息在某地区的）动物
分布：居民(100%)
→来自inhabit,居住，栖息。
住户,居民(inhabit+ant)[habit=dwell,表示"居住"]
居民(inhabit居住)[-ant 1.表形容词"…的"2.表名词"…人"3.表名词"…剂"]
n.居民,住户On the orbit, the rabbits habitually inherited the merits of the inhabitants.在轨道上,兔子习惯性地继承了居民们的优点.
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a person or animal that lives in a particular place （某地的）居民，栖息动物
• a city of 5 million inhabitants 拥有500万居民的城市
citizen, native, civilian, resident, inhabitant
这组词都有“居民，公民”的意思，其区别是：
citizen: 指拥有某国国籍或有某地区合法身份的人，即公民。
native: 指土生土长的本地居民。
civilian: 指相对于军人或官员的平民百姓。
resident: 多指长期居住或暂时居住的民民，有时也指旅居者。
inhabitant: 最普通用词，一般指常住居民。
individual, native, people, inhabitant
individual: 个人，有某种特点的人
native: 本地人，出生于某国（或某地）的人
people: 民族，种族，部落
inhabitant: （某地的）居民
n. 居民；居住者
 - liver, resident, dweller, habitant

Word: strap
Front: strap
[stræp] (研四六托雅 5909/6536 -2)
Back: v. 用带捆扎; 用皮带抽打; 拼命工作
n. 带子; 皮带; 磨刀皮带; 鞭打
时态：strapped, strapping, straps
分布：皮带(58%)，带子(42%)
→拼写变体形式自 strope,带子，马具，挽马带，来自拉丁语 stroppus,带子，绑带，来自希腊语 strophos,带子，绳子，来自 strephein,弯，转，缠绕，来自 streb,弯，转，缠绕，词源同 strop,strophe,tropical,turn.引申诸相关词义。
n.皮带,带子v.用带扣住,束牢;用绷带包扎The mapper trapped in the gap tapped the tap wrapper with strap.陷在缝中的制图者用皮带轻击塞子套.
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a narrow piece of leather or other strong material used for fastening something or giving support 皮带；带子
• Could you help me fasten this strap around my suitcase? 你能帮我用这条带子把手提箱系紧吗？
 ADVANCED
■with this meaning as a combining form （用作构词成分）…带
• a watch strap 表带
• shoes with ankle straps 踝带鞋
■a strong strip of material hanging from the roof of a bus, train or other public vehicle for passengers to hold onto if they are standing 吊带（一种强韧的带状材料，从公共汽车、火车或其它公共车辆顶部悬下，便于顾客站着时抓握）
[stræp] verb transitive usually + adverb or preposition (-pp-)
■to fasten something in position by fixing a narrow piece of leather or other strong material around it 用带子系（或捆、绑）
• Are the kids strapped into their car seats? 给孩子系好坐椅安全带了吗？
• We strapped the surfboard to the car roof. 我们把冲浪板绑在汽车顶蓬上。
[stræp] verb transitive usually + adverb or preposition (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  strap sb in
■to fasten a seat belt around someone in a car, aircraft or other vehicle, for safety purposes 为（某人）系好安全带
• Are you kids strapped in back there? 孩子们，你们在后面系好安全带了吗？
[stræp] verb transitive usually + adverb or preposition (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M often passive] strap sth up UK (US tape sth up)
■to wrap a leg, arm or other part of the body in a bandage (= strip of material for wrapping around injuries) 包扎，给…缠绷带
• He'd just injured himself playing football and his arm was strapped up. 他踢足球受了伤，手臂缠了绷带。
vt. 用带捆绑；用皮条抽打；约束
 - restrict, hold in
n. 带； [机] 皮带；磨刀皮带；鞭打
 - belt, band, strip

Word: fund-raising
Front: fund-raising
None (雅)
Back: n. 筹款；募捐
分布：筹募资金活动(100%)
N-UNCOUNT
筹款;募捐
Fund-raising is the activity of collecting money to support a charity or political campaign or organization.
例：Encourage her to get involved in fund-raising for charity.鼓励她参加慈善募捐活动。

Word: determined
Front: determined
[dɪˈtɜ:mɪnd] (5917/4093 -K3)
Vocabulary: determined
(once / 68 pages)
adj
Olympic athletes are some of the most determined people you're going to meet. At that level, they've got to be driven to succeed. Otherwise, their opponents will surely beat them.
If you want to reach your goal, you must be determined to do so. To be determined is to be motivated, driven, or really focused on the task at hand — and that can be something as big as winning a prize or as small as fixing a squeaky door. No matter the task, the folks who get the job done are almost always the most determined. Determined can also mean "decided." For instance, a judge can determine what the sentence will be. If that sentence is "pre-determined," then it's already been decided.
WORD FAMILY
determined: determinedly, undetermined+/determinable: determinably, undeterminable/ determinant: determinants/ determination: determinations, indetermination, self-determination/ determine: determinable, determinant, determination, determined, determiner, determines, determining, determinism, predetermine, redetermine/determiner: determiners/determinism: determinisms, determinist, deterministic/determinist: determinists/predetermination: predeterminations/ predetermine: predetermination, predetermined, predetermines, predetermining/redetermine: redetermination, redetermined, redetermines/undetermined: undeterminedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The attorney general’s office did not say what those might be, only that its preliminary inquiry determined that more investigation was needed.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The university says a time frame for Merchant’s return to coaching hasn’t been determined.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
A district attorney determined the deputies acted in self-defense and ruled the shooting was justified.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 坚定的; 毅然的; 确定的
v. （使）下决心，（使）做出决定( determine的过去式和过去分词); 决定; 确定; 使决定
分布：坚决的(57%)，坚定的(30%)，果断的(13%)
下决心[termin=limit,表示"界限"]
US [-'tɝ:-] adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■wanting to do something very much and not allowing anyone or any difficulties to stop you 下定决心的，坚决的，决意的
• [+ to infinitive] I'm determined to get this piece of work finished today. 我决心今天完成这项工作。
• She's sure to get the job she wants - she's a very determined person. 她肯定会得到她想要的那份工作——她是个意志很坚定的人。
adj. 决定了的；坚决的
 - decided, resolute
v. 决定；断定（determine的过去分词）
 - resolved