Title: COCA-4K-6K (part 2)

Word: leave
Front: leave
[li:v] (中高雅 150/127 -K5)
Vocabulary: leave
(once / 17 pages)
1vn 2v 3vn
To leave is to go away or exit. You can leave the country, the house, or a job.
This has many meanings, most having to do with departing. Getting permission to take time off from work is taking a leave of absence. To not disturb something is to leave it alone. To abandon or forget something is to leave it behind. Giving someone leave to do something is giving them permission. Leaving can mean transmitting or passing on skills. Also, you can leave things to people in a will: you grandfather might leave you his favorite cufflinks.
WORD FAMILY
leave: leaved, leaver, leaving+/leaver: leavers/leaving: leavings
USAGE EXAMPLES
In the run-up to the 23 June referendum, banks warned about the consequences of a vote to leave the EU.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
The fire department ordered shoppers to leave the store, but some didn’t want to leave even as managers closed it.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
The fire department ordered shoppers to leave the store, but some didn't want to leave even as managers closed it.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 离开; 遗弃; 忘了带; 交托
vt. & vi. 离去; 出发; 舍弃
n. 准假; 假期; 辞别; 许可
时态：left, leaving, leaves
分布：离开(80%)，许可(4%)，留给(4%)，遗留(3%)，听任(2%)，委托(2%)，准假(2%)，告别(1%)，遗赠(1%)，生出叶子(1%)
→来自leubh,关心，爱，许可，词源同love,believe.引申词义许可，批准，准假。leave 丢下，遗赠，离开
v.离开;留下,忘带;让,听任;交付n.许可;假期The news left me cold.我听了那消息并没觉得怎样 [无动于衷]
verb (left, left)
GO AWAY 离开
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to go away from someone or something, for a short time or permanently 离开；离去；走开
• I'll be leaving at five o'clock tomorrow. 我明天早晨五点钟离开。
• He left the house by the back door. 他从房子的后门离开了。
• She left the group of people she was with and came over to speak to us. 她离开了人群，走过来和我们说话。
• The bus leaves in five minutes. 公车五分钟后开车。
  Common Learner Errors  leave or live? Warning: the verbs 'leave' and 'live' look and sound similar but have very different meanings. To talk about being alive or having a particular way of life, don't say 'leave', say live :
✗ The best way to improve your English is to leave with a family.
  Common Learner Errors  leave Warning: choose the correct preposition! To talk about going away from somewhere to go somewhere else, don't say 'leave to' a place, say leave for a place:
✗ Trains leave to London every 30 minutes. Trains leave for London every 30 minutes.
[li:v] verb (left, left)
NOT TAKE 不拿
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to not take something or someone with you when you go, either intentionally or by accident 留下；遗留，遗忘
• Hey, you've left your keys on the table. 喂，你把锁匙留在桌子上了。
• Can I leave a message for Sue? 我可以给休留个口信吗？
• Why don't you leave the kids with me on Friday? 周五你干吗不把孩子留给我照顾呢?
[li:v] verb (left, left)
REMAIN 留下
 ESSENTIAL
■If something leaves something else, a part or effect of it stays after it has gone or been used 留下；剩下
• His shoes left muddy marks on the floor. 他的鞋在地板上留下了泥印。
• There's some food left over from the party. 派对剩下了一些食物。
• [+ two objects] If I give you £10 that won't leave me enough cash to pay the bill. 如果我给你十英镑，我剩下的钱就不够付帐了。
• [+ obj + adj] Far from improving things the new law has left many people worse off (= they are now in a worse situation) than before. 这项新的法律不仅没有使生活条件得到改善反而使许多人的境遇更加糟糕了。
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■If you leave something in a particular condition you do not touch it, move it or act to change it in any way, so that it stays in the same condition 使保留；使保持（某种状态）
• Leave that chair where it is. 把那张椅子留在原处。
• He left most of his dinner (= did not eat much of it). 他的晚饭几乎一点也没动。
• [+ obj + adj] The family were left (= became and continued to be) homeless. 一家人流落街头。
• I'll have to go back - I think I've left the iron on. 我必须得回去——我觉得好像忘记关电熨斗了。
• You can leave the window open. 你可以让窗户开着。
• Leave your sister alone (= Stop annoying her). 不要打扰你姐姐。
 IMPROVER [T + obj + -ing verb]
■If you leave something or someone doing something, when you go away they are still doing it 离开时…继续做…
• I left the children watching television. 我走的时候，孩子们仍在看电视。
• He left the engine running. 他离开的时候没有关上引擎。
[li:v] verb (left, left)
STOP 停止
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to stop doing something, or to leave a place because you have finished an activity 离开；停止；完成
• Many children leave school at sixteen. 许多孩子16岁上完中学。
• He left work in June for health reasons. 因健康原因，他于六月份辞职了。
• She left home (= stopped living with her parents) at 18. 她18岁离开家独立生活。
• She's left her husband (= stopped living with him) and gone to live with another man. 她已经离开丈夫跟另一个男人同居了。
• Could we leave that subject (= stop discussing that subject) for the moment and go on to the next item on the agenda? 我们不要再讨论那个题目了，进行议程中的下一项内容好吗？
[li:v] verb (left, left)
WAIT 等待
 IMPROVER transitive
■If you leave (doing) something, you wait before you do it 等一段时间再做
• I'll leave these letters till Monday (= write them on Monday). 这些信我周一再写。
• Don't leave it too late (= Don't wait too long to do it). 别拖得太久了。
• [+ -ing verb] They left booking their holiday till/to the last minute. 他们拖到最后才去预订渡假旅游。
[li:v] verb (left, left)
AFTER DEATH 死后
 ADVANCED transitive
■To leave a wife, husband or other close family member is to die while these family members are still alive 死后留下，身后留下
• He left a wife and two children. 他身后留下了妻子和两个孩子。
 ADVANCED [+ two objects]
■If you leave money or things that you own to someone, you say they should receive it or them when you die 死后将…赠与；给（某人）留下（遗产）
• He left his nieces all his money./He left all his money to his nieces. 他把所有的钱都留给了他的侄女们。
[li:v] verb (left, left)
GIVE RESPONSIBILITY 赋予责任
transitive
■to allow someone to make a choice or decision about something, or to make someone responsible for something 让（某人）决定；允许（某人）选择；把…留交
• I left the decision (up) to her. 我让她来决定这件事情。
• [+ to infinitive] I left it to her to make the decision. 我让她来决定这件事情。
• Leave it (= the problem) with me, I'll see what I can do. 把它交给我吧，我来想办法处理。
• I'll leave it to chance (= wait and see what happens without planning). 我不管了，随它去吧。
[li:v] verb (left, left)
be left holding the baby (US be left holding the bag)
■to suddenly have to deal with a difficult situation because others have decided that they do not want the responsibility 被迫独立撑起局面，不得不承担起（别人丢下的）责任
• The other investors pulled out of the project and we were left holding the baby. 其他投资者从该专案里撤出后，我们不得不独立撑起局面。
[li:v] verb (left, left)
leave sb be
■to not worry someone, or to allow them to continue what they are doing 别管（某人），由（某人）去吧
• She's only having a bit of fun - leave her be. 她只是在取乐——由她去吧。
[li:v] verb (left, left)
leave sb cold
■to not make you feel interested or excited 提不起（某人）的兴趣，令（某人）感到乏味，无法唤起（某人）的热情
• I'm afraid opera leaves me cold. 歌剧恐怕提不起我的兴趣。
[li:v] verb (left, left)
leave sb in the lurch
■to leave someone at a time when they need you to stay and help them 丢下（某人）不管，撇下（某人）不管
[li:v] verb (left, left)
leave sb out in the cold
■to not allow someone to become part of a group or an activity 冷落（某人），把（某人）晾在一边
[li:v] verb (left, left)
leave sb standing (also leave sb on the sidelines)
■to be much better than other people or things of the same type 令（某人）望尘莫及，远远胜过（某人）
• Her voice is excellent - it leaves the others standing. 她的嗓音极好——令其他人望尘莫及。
[li:v] verb (left, left)
leave sb to their own devices
■to allow someone to make their own decisions about what to do 让（某人）自行决定
• He seemed to be a responsible person, so I left him to his own devices. 他好像是个很负责的人，因此我让他自己决定。
[li:v] verb (left, left)
leave a bad taste in your mouth
■If an experience leaves a bad taste in your mouth, you have an unpleasant memory of it 留下不愉快的记忆
• I think we all felt he'd been treated very unfairly and it left a bad taste in our mouths. 我想我们都觉得他受到了极不公平的待遇，这件事给我们留下了很不愉快的记忆。
[li:v] verb (left, left)
leave a lot to be desired
■to be much worse than you would like 还有很大改进余地，还有很大差距
• Apparently, Meg's cooking leaves a lot to be desired. 显然，梅格的厨艺还有很大的改进余地。
[li:v] verb (left, left)
leave go/hold of sth informal
■to stop holding on to something 放开，松开
• Leave go of my arm! 放开我的手臂！
[li:v] verb (left, left)
leave it at that
■to agree that there has been enough discussion, study, etc. and that it is time to stop 到此为止，告一段落
• Let's leave it at that for today and meet again tomorrow. 我们今天就到这里吧，明天再会面。
[li:v] verb (left, left)
Leave it out! UK slang
■stop doing or saying that 住手！别说了！
• Hey, leave it out! That hurt. 喂，住手！那很痛。
■I do not believe you 别胡说了！
• "I tell you, he was driving a sports car." "Leave it out!" “我跟你说，他当时开着一辆跑车。”“别胡扯了！”
[li:v] verb (left, left)
leave no stone unturned
■to do everything you can to achieve a good result, especially when looking for something （尤指寻找东西时）竭尽全力，不遗余力
• He left no stone unturned in his search for his natural mother. 他不遗余力地寻找自己的亲生母亲。
[li:v] verb (left, left)
leave well alone
■to allow something to stay as it is because doing more might make things worse 保持原来的样子，不要添乱
• It's going to get in a muddle if you carry on. I should just leave well alone if I were you. 你如果再这样继续下去就会把事情搞得一团糟。我要是你就会维持现状。
§/li:v/ leave 1 verb (left, left)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] leave sth aside
■to not discuss one subject so that you can discuss a different subject 将（话题等）搁置，将…放在一边
• Leaving aside the question of cost, how many people do we need on the job? 先不谈费用问题，这项工作我们需要多少人？
[li:v] verb (left, left)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] leave sth/sb behind
■to leave a place without taking someone or something with you 丢下，撇下，落下
• We left in a hurry and I must have left my keys behind. 我们走得太匆忙，我肯定是忘了拿锁匙。
• He was forced to leave the country, leaving behind his wife and children. 他被迫撇下妻儿离开了那个国家。
[li:v] verb (left, left)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] leave sth behind
■to cause a situation to exist after you have left a place 留下，遗留
• The army left a trail of destruction behind them. 军队走过的地方一路狼藉。
[li:v] verb (left, left)
  Phrasal Verbs  leave sth for/to sb
■to give someone responsibility for dealing with something 把…留给（某人）去处理
• I've left the paperwork for you. 我把文书作业留给了你。
• Leave it to me - I'll sort it out tomorrow. 留给我来做吧——明天我会把它处理好的。
[li:v] verb (left, left)
  Phrasal Verbs  leave sth/sb off sth
■to not include something or someone on a list 排除，不包括
• He left three people off the list by mistake. 他因疏忽未将三人列入名单。
[li:v] verb (left, left)
  Phrasal Verbs  leave off (sth/doing sth)
■to stop, or to stop doing something 停下，停止
• This film begins where the other one leaves off. 这部电影从另一部电影结束的地方开始接着演。
• I've decided to leave off eating meat for a while. 我已经决定暂时不吃肉了。
[li:v] verb (left, left)exclamation Leave off! old-fashioned informal
■used to tell someone to stop being annoying 别捣乱了！别烦人了！
• Hey, leave off! I hate people touching my hair. 喂，别烦我了！我讨厌别人碰我头发。
[li:v] verb (left, left)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] leave sb/sth out ADVANCED
■to not include someone or something 除去；撇开；忽略
• You can leave the butter out of this recipe if you're on a low-fat diet. 如果你正在节食可以把奶油从食谱中去掉。
• I've made a list of names - I hope I haven't left anyone out. 我列了一个名单——希望没有漏掉甚么人。
• None of the other children play with her, and I think she feels rather left out (= feels that no one wants to be her friend). 别的孩子没有一个和她玩，我觉得她很孤单。
[li:v] noun
HOLIDAY 假日
 ADVANCED uncountable
■time allowed away from work for holiday or illness 假，假日，假期
• How much annual/paid leave do you get? 你有多少天年假／带薪假期？
• She's (gone) on leave (= holiday). 她去休假了。
• I've asked if I can take a week's unpaid leave. 我已经问过能不能请一周无薪假期。
leave of absence
■formal permission to be away from work or studies 准假
[li:v] noun
PERMISSION 许可
uncountable formal
■permission or agreement 许可，允许，同意
• He did it without (my) leave. 他未经我同意就做了这件事。
• [+ to infinitive] Did you get leave to do that? 做那件事你得到允许了吗？
[li:v] noun
GOODBYE 再见
take leave
■to say goodbye 告别，告辞
• He decided the time had come to take leave of his home town. 他觉得该是告别家乡的时候了。
[li:v] noun
take leave of your senses
■to lose your good judgment 昏了头，失去理智
• You can't take the children out sailing in this weather! Have you completely taken leave of your senses? 你不能在这样的天气里带孩子们去划船！你疯了吗？
[li:v] noun
without so much as a by-your-leave old-fashioned disapproving
■without asking for permission 未经允许，擅自做主
• That's twice now he's just walked in here without so much as a by-your-leave and picked a book off the shelf! 他已经两次未经允许就走进来从书架上取书了！
authorize, leave, allow, let, permit
这组词都有“让、允许”的意思，其区别是：
authorize: 语气最强，指权威性的允许与认可。
leave: 侧重不加干涉。
allow: 普通用词，侧重听任、默许或不加阻止。在正式场合可用来表客气的请求。
let: 常用词，用于各种非正式场合，语气最弱，指允许或无力阻止某事，暗示漠不关心或听之任之。
permit: 正式用词，在多数场合可与allow换用，语义最强，指准许某人做某事，含权威或正式的意味。
desert, leave, give up, forsake, abandon
这组词都有“抛弃、放弃”的意思，其区别是：
desert: 着重指违背法律责任和义务，或自己的信仰与誓言的行为，多含非难的意味。
leave: 普通用词，指舍弃某事或某一职业，或终止同一某人的关系，但不涉及动机与果。
give up: 普通用语，侧重指没有希望或因外界压力而放弃。
forsake: 侧重断绝感情上的依恋，自愿抛弃所喜欢的人或物。也指抛弃信仰或改掉恶习。
abandon: 强调永远或完全放弃或抛弃人或事物等，这可能是被迫的，也可能是自愿的。
leave, start, depart, quit, set out, go
这组词都有“离开某处”的意思，其区别是：
leave: 侧重出发地而不是目的地。
start: 可与leave换用，强调目的地，但不及leave普通。
depart: 较正式用词，指经过周密考虑或郑重地离开，强调离开的起点。
quit: 侧重指离开令人烦恼的地方，或摆脱使人不快的人或事。
set out: 书面用词。
go: 一般用词，指从所在地到其它地方去，着重目的地而非出发地。
holiday, leave, vacation, festival
这组词都有“假日，节日”的意思，其区别是：
holiday: 指按规定不工作的各种假日，时间可长可短。在英国复数形式表示较长的假期。
leave: 主要指政府机关工作人员或军队人员获准的休假、假期。
vacation: 通常指时间较长的假期，如学校的寒暑假等。
festival: 指公众庆祝、欢度的节日。
leave, leave for
leave: 离开,
leave for: 前往 He left Beijing for Shanghai.
vt. 离开；留下；遗忘；委托
 - split, quit, refer, get out
vi. 离开，出发；留下
 - remain, split, quit, get out
n. 许可，同意；休假
 - agreement, permission, yes, liberty, Ok

Word: permit
Front: permit
[pəˈmɪt] (高研四六托雅 2109/2022 -K3)
Vocabulary: permit
(once / 51 pages)
1vn 2n
Permit means to allow. When you permit your brother to come into your room, you let him in. (You can always kick him back out if he messes with your stuff.)
To permit means to let someone do something. It comes from the Latin permittere which means "give up, allow to pass through." You might feel like you "gave up" when you permitted your brother to enter your room. As a noun, a permit is a document that lets you do something — like when you get a driver's permit to learn to drive, or a gun permit to carry a gun, or even a construction permit to build an addition to your house.
WORD FAMILY
permit: permissible, permission, permissive, permiting, permits, permitted, permitting+/ impermissible: impermissibility, impermissibly/ permissible: impermissible, permissibility, permissibly/ permission: permissions/ permissive: permissively, permissiveness, unpermissive/unpermissive: unpermissively, unpermissiveness
USAGE EXAMPLES
However, our modern, sedentary lifestyles mean that our secondary hearts tend to weaken, which permits excessive fluid pooling into the lower body.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Following his win, he agreed a deal with the manufacturer of the glasses permitting them to use his name.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
The lawsuit started when the planning commission revoked a permit.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 许可，准许; 默许，放任; 允许，容许
vi. 许可，允许
n. 许可，准许; 许可证，执照
时态：permitted, permitting, permits
分布：允许(41%)，许可(36%)，许可证(21%)，执照(2%)
→per-,通过，-mit,离开，送出，词源同emit,mission.
许可,允许(per始终＋mit→始终放出来→许可)[Miss,mit=send,cast,表示"送,放出"]
v.许可,允许n.许可证,执照I'm determined to permit the permanent term on detergent.我决心同意有关洗涤剂的永久条款.
US [pə˞-]
(-tt-)
 IMPROVER transitive slightly formal
■to allow something 允许，准许
• The regulations do not permit much flexibility. 这些规章不允许有太大的弹性空间。
• [+ -ing verb] The prison authorities permit visiting only once a month. 监狱部门只允许每月探监一次。
• [+ obj + to infinitive] The security system will not permit you to enter without the correct password. 密码不正确的话，保全系统是不会让你进入的。
• As it was such a special occasion, she permitted herself a small glass of champagne. 鉴于场合特殊，她破例喝了一小杯香槟。
• formal The law permits of no other interpretation. 法律不容许有其他解释。
 IMPROVER intransitive formal
■to make something possible 允许；使…有可能
• The Chancellor is looking to lower interest rates, when economic conditions permit. 经济条件许可时，财政部长准备降低利率。
• We have arranged to play tennis on Saturday, weather permitting (= if the weather is good enough). 如果天气好的话，我们准备周六去打网球。
noun countable UK [ˈpɜː.mɪt] US [ˈpɜ˞ː-/
■an official document that allows you to do something or go somewhere 许可证，特许证
• a work/travel/parking permit 工作／旅游／停车许可证
• She has managed to obtain a temporary residence permit. 她成功取得了暂时居留证。
• [+ to infinitive] Do you need a permit to work here? 你在这里工作需要许可证吗？
allow, grant, permit
allow: （一般意义上）允许
grant: （由于慷慨、仁慈）给予某物，(通常是上对下、官方正式地)允许
permit: (法律上、制度上)允许
authorize, leave, allow, let, permit
这组词都有“让、允许”的意思，其区别是：
authorize: 语气最强，指权威性的允许与认可。
leave: 侧重不加干涉。
allow: 普通用词，侧重听任、默许或不加阻止。在正式场合可用来表客气的请求。
let: 常用词，用于各种非正式场合，语气最弱，指允许或无力阻止某事，暗示漠不关心或听之任之。
permit: 正式用词，在多数场合可与allow换用，语义最强，指准许某人做某事，含权威或正式的意味。
vi. 许可；允许
 - to allow, make a promise
vt. 许可；允许
 - license, let, have, grant
n. 许可证，执照
 - license, patent

Word: sweater
Front: sweater
[ˈswetə(r)] (中高研四六雅 4789/6680 -K2)
Back: n. 毛衣，运动衫; 出汗（过多）的人，发汗剂; 榨取别人血汗的人（或工厂、公司等）
adj. 运动衫的; 运动衫式的
分布：毛衣(99%)，出汗者(1%)
n.毛衣,绒衣,厚运动衫The man in neat sweaty sweater seated himself in the rear.穿整洁的汗湿毛衣的男子在后面就坐.
US ['swetˌ.ɚ] (UK also jumper)
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a piece of clothing with long sleeves which is usually made from wool and worn on the upper part of the body 针织套衫，毛线衫
• Put a sweater on if you're cold. 如果你觉得冷就穿件毛线衫吧。
• a V-necked sweater V领针织衫
Compare cardigan
n. 毛线衣，运动衫；大量出汗的人，发汗剂
 - jersey, sports shirt

Word: rehabilitation
Front: rehabilitation
[ˌri:əˌbɪlɪ'teɪʃn] (托 4793/6184)
Vocabulary: rehabilitation
(once / 2698 pages)
1n 2n 3n
Rehabilitation is the act of restoring something to its original state, like the rehabilitation of the forest that had once been cleared for use as an amusement park.
The noun rehabilitation comes from the Latin prefix re-, meaning “again” and habitare, meaning “make fit.” When something falls in to disrepair and needs to be restored to a better condition, it needs rehabilitation. People seek rehabilitation after an accident or surgery to restore their strength, or to learn to live without drugs or other addictive substances or behaviors.
WORD FAMILY
rehabilitation: rehabilitations+/habilitate: habilitated, habilitating, rehabilitate / rehabilitate: rehabilitated, rehabilitates, rehabilitating, rehabilitation, rehabilitative
USAGE EXAMPLES
He said that he is supposed to begin his rehabilitation program towards the middle or end of January.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Hall said Monday morning that he is ahead of schedule in his rehabilitation.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
She is training to use the wearable robotic exoskeleton at North Mississippi Medical Center Outpatient Rehabilitation in preparation for using it at home.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 修复; 复兴; 复职; 恢复名誉
分布：修复(43%)，复原(28%)，复兴(16%)，恢复名誉(13%)
VERB
使康复;使戒毒(或戒酒);改造(罪犯)
To rehabilitate someone who has been ill or in prison means to help them to live a normal life again. To rehabilitate someone who has a drug or alcohol problem means to help them stop using drugs or alcohol.
例：Considerable efforts have been made to rehabilitate patients who have suffered in this way.为帮助遭受这种病痛折磨的病人康复付出了巨大努力。
VERB
使恢复名誉;给…平反昭雪
If someone is rehabilitated, they begin to be considered acceptable again after a period during which they have been rejected or severely criticized.
例：Ten years later, Dreyfus was rehabilitated...10年之后，德雷福斯的冤情得以昭雪。
例：His candidacy has divided the party; while most have scorned him, others have sought to rehabilitate him.他的候选资格使该党出现分化;其中大多数人都嘲弄他，而另外一些人则想办法为他恢复名誉。
VERB
复原，修葺，整修，修复(建筑物或某区域)
To rehabilitate a building or an area means to improve its condition so that it can be used again.
例：...a program for rehabilitating low-income housing.对低收入者的住房进行整修的项目
n. 复原
 - recovery, regression, redintegration

Word: rubber
Front: rubber
[ˈrʌbə(r)] (中高研四六雅 4791/5262 -K2)
Vocabulary: rubber
(once / 503 pages)
1nv 2adj
Rubber is the material that's used to make things like bouncy balls, rain boots, and car tires. Most rubber comes partly from rubber trees.
To make rubber, manufacturers harvest latex from rubber trees by tapping them — the process is similar to collecting sap from maple trees. It's then refined and processed, often with other materials, to make things ranging from conveyer belts in factories to balloons and the gloves doctors wear. When rubber first arrived in Europe in the 1700s, it was made into erasers, and the idea of rubbing out mistakes led to the word rubber being coined.
WORD FAMILY
rubber: rubbered, rubbering, rubberise, rubberize, rubberlike, rubbers, rubbery +/rubberize: rubberized, rubberizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Pipelines and infrastructure projects historically have been rubber stamped across the board,” says Sara Shor, Keep it in the Ground Campaign Manager at 350.org.
Time(Dec 01, 2016)
When mowing, wear rubber shoes and wash them and the mower off before moving from a severely infected patch to mow other areas.
Seattle Times(Dec 01, 2016)
The lightweight tree rubber gives the mats a slight slipperiness, which some yogis prefer.
Washington Post(Nov 29, 2016)
Back: n. 橡胶; 橡皮; 决胜局; 避孕套
adj. 橡胶制成的
vt. 涂橡胶于; 用橡胶制造
vi. 扭转脖子看; 好奇地引颈而望
时态：rubbered, rubbering, rubbers
分布：橡胶(70%)，橡皮(25%)，橡胶的(3%)，橡胶制品(2%)
→来自 rub,刮，擦，-er,表物。
n.橡皮,橡胶;橡胶制品,胶鞋The bulk of the ruby rubbish on the pebble bubbles when stirred by bulbed rubber club.小卵石上的大部分红宝石废料在用有球状突起的橡胶短棍搅动是会起泡.
【记】源于：rub（v 擦；摩擦）ber：橡皮；橡胶
US [-ɚ] noun
SUBSTANCE 物质
 ADVANCED uncountable
■an elastic substance (= that stretches) made either from the juice of particular tropical trees or artificially 橡胶；合成橡胶
• Tyres are almost always made of rubber. 几乎所有轮胎都是用橡胶制成的。
 ADVANCED countable UK * an eraser
countable US slang for * a condom
rubbers [plural] US old-fashioned for * overshoes
UK ['rʌb.ər] US [-ɚ] noun
GAME 比赛
countable
■a series of three or five games between two teams, especially in card games or cricket 多轮决胜负的比赛（尤指啤牌或板球三局两胜或五局三胜）
• We played a rubber of bridge. 我们进行了一次三局两胜制的桥牌比赛。
UK ['rʌb.ər] US [-ɚ] noun
a rubber check US humorous
■a cheque (= piece of paper from someone's bank that they sign and use for money) that is not worth anything because the person does not have enough money in the bank 空头支票（某人签署的、用于取钱的银行支票，但没有价值，因为这个人的银行帐户上没有足够的钱）
n. [橡胶] 橡胶；橡皮；合成橡胶；按摩师
 - India-rubber, gum

Word: retreat
Front: retreat
[rɪˈtri:t] (研四六托雅宝 4787/5347 -3)
Vocabulary: retreat
(once / 145 pages)
1nv 2nv 3n
The noun retreat means a place you can go to be alone, to get away from it all. A spot under a shady tree might be your favorite retreat from the sun, or your bedroom in the basement may serve as a retreat from your siblings.
In the military sense, the noun retreat means the withdrawal of troops. The British retreat after the Battles of Lexington and Concord gave the American colonists an early taste of victory during the American Revolution. As a verb, retreat means to back out of something — like a lawyer who is forced to retreat from his argument when the opposing evidence is too convincing.
WORD FAMILY
retreat: retreating, retreats
USAGE EXAMPLES
“The results are there: Daesh is in retreat and the battle of Mosul is engaged.”
Time(Jan 02, 2017)
“The loser in this game is Camp David,” said Brinkley, referring to the longtime presidential retreat in Maryland.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
“The loser in this game is Camp David,” said Mr. Brinkley, referring to the longtime presidential retreat in Maryland.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vi. 撤退，后退; 撤销，作罢; （眼睛等）凹进; [航]向后倾斜
n. 撤回; 静居处; 引退期间; 静思，静修
时态：retreated, retreating, retreats
分布：撤退(81%)，退避(9%)，改变(6%)，隐居处(3%)，缩回象棋的棋子(1%)
→re-,向后，往回，treat,拉，处理，词源同 tract.即回拉，引申词义撤退，退离。
后退,撤退(re+treat拉→拉回来→撤退)[re-①表示"向后,相反,不"②表示"一再,重新"]
退却;隐退(re回+treat→处理回去→退回去→隐退)[treat=handle,表示"处理"]
v.撤退,退却In the theater I threatened to treat the treaty with retreat.在剧院里,我威胁要以退却来对待条约.
【记】re反，treat＝tract拉－拉回－撤退
【反】incursion（n 袭击；侵入）
verb
POSITION 位置
 ADVANCED intransitive often + adverb or preposition
■to go away from a place or person in order to escape from fighting or danger 退却；撤退；后退
• Attacks by enemy aircraft forced the tanks to retreat (from the city). 敌机的轰炸迫使坦克（从这座城市）撤离。
• When she came towards me shouting, I retreated (behind my desk). 她大叫着冲向我时，我就后退（到了桌子后面）。
intransitive
■to go to a quiet safe place in order to avoid a difficult situation 退却；躲避；隐退
• When he's done something wrong, he retreats to his bedroom. 他要是做了甚么错事，就会躲到自己睡房里去。
[rɪ'tri:t] verb
DECISION 决定
intransitive often + adverb or preposition
■to decide not to do something, or to stop believing something, because it causes too many problems 改变主意；退缩；放弃信仰
• The government is retreating from its promises. 政府要收回其承诺。
[rɪ'tri:t] noun
POSITION 位置
countable usually singular uncountable
■a move back by soldiers or an army, either because they have been defeated or in order to avoid fighting （士兵或军队的）撤退，退却，后退
• the retreat from Dunkirk 敦刻尔克大撤退
• Enemy soldiers are now in (full) retreat. 敌军正在（全面）撤退
countable
■a private and safe place 退隐处；静居处；僻静处
• a country/mountain/lakeside retreat 乡间／山区／湖畔的幽静的住所
countable or uncountable
■a period of time used to pray and study quietly, or to think carefully, away from normal activities and duties 静修，静思（时间）
• We went on (a) retreat at/to a monastery in Wales. 我们去威尔士的一间修道院静修。
[rɪ'tri:t] noun
DECISION 决定
countable
■a change from previous beliefs or behaviour （信仰的）改变；退缩；放弃
• The professor's speech marked/signalled a retreat from his usual extreme views. 教授的演讲标志着／表明他已经放弃了他一贯的极端观点。
retreat, withdraw, retire
这组词都有“退下、退却”的意思，其区别是：
retreat: 含消极意味，多指被迫采取退下或退却的行动。
withdraw: 侧重因某种原因而有意离开，常含礼貌、谦恭等理由。也指军队的撤退。
retire: 指从公开或公共场合退下到私下场所，也指被免除职务或自动辞职、退役等。
n. 撤退；休息寓所；撤退
 - withdrawal, pullback
vi. 撤退；退避；向后倾
 - withdraw, bug out

Word: molecule
Front: molecule
[ˈmɒlɪkju:l] (研四六托雅宝 4785/3266 -3)
Vocabulary: molecule
(once / 964 pages)
n
A molecule, or the simplest structural unit of a substance that still keeps the properties of that substance, is a scientific word that gets used by the nonscientific, as in "Every single molecule in my body wants that chocolate cake!"
The only problem with molecules really, is that people confuse them with atoms. Here's the thing: a molecule retains the characteristic of the substance it is from, so a water molecule, which is made up of hydrogen and oxygen, is still water, while an atom — one of the tiny units that make up elements — only has the characteristics of its element, not the larger composition. Make sense? No? OK then, just remember a molecule is something really, really small, and an atom is even smaller — since a molecule is composed of atoms!
WORD FAMILY
molecule: molecular, molecules, supermolecule+/intramolecular: intramolecularly/ molecular: bimolecular, intermolecular, intramolecular, molecularly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Perhaps most remarkably, the researchers also found a particular substance in the runners’ brains that fended off the action of these obstructionist molecules.
New York Times(Jun 15, 2016)
Every molecule of carbon dioxide we release stays in the air for up to 100 years, all the while trapping heat on the planet’s surface.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Here’s how Tim Hunt, who won a Nobel Prize in 2001 for his work on protein molecules, explained the problem with “girls” in his world.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 分子; 微小颗粒
分布：分子(99%)，微粒(1%)
→来自拉丁语moles,大块，防洪堤，大工程，大建筑物，-cul,小词后缀。用于化学术语分子。
分子demolish破坏,摧毁(de去掉+mol+ish,把堆起来的东西毁掉)[mol=meal(饭)]
n.分子By the ruler's schedule, the molecule capsules will play an important role in the roller.根据统治者的时间表,这种分子胶囊将在滚筒上起重要作用.
US ['mɑ:.lɪ-] noun countable specialized
■the simplest unit of a chemical substance, usually a group of two or more atoms 分子
particle, atom, grain, speck, molecule
这组词都有“粒，微粒”的意思，其区别是：
particle: 指任何物质的微粒，引申指任何小的部分。
atom: 指元素的最小粒子，其体积比molecule小。
grain: 通常指能为肉眼清楚看到的颗粒，比上述几个词所表“粒”的体积大。
speck: 一般指“微点”或“微粒”，可引申指“斑点、污点”。
molecule: 指物质中保持原物质的一切化学性质，能独立存在的最小微粒，即分子。
n. [化学] 分子；微小颗粒，微粒
 - numerator of a fraction, microne

Word: freely
Front: freely
[ˈfri:li] (四六 4792/4080 -K2)
Vocabulary: freely
(once / 187 pages)
adv
When you do something freely, you act without restraint or control by anyone or anything. Weekends are best when you can freely choose when to wake up and what to do with your days.
Many people spend their childhoods yearning to be older so they can freely live their lives. On a smaller scale, if you let your backyard chickens roam unchecked around your property, they can move freely; and if you ice skate on a lake instead of a small indoor rink, you can move freely, in any direction, without being scolded. Freely comes from free, with its Old English root freo, "acting of one's own will."
WORD FAMILY
freely: freelys+/ free: freed, freeing, freely, freer, frees, freest, unfree/unfree: unfreer
USAGE EXAMPLES
“There are hundreds of thousands of Christians in Turkey who freely exercise their religion.”
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Williams’ backhand especially suffered, though she looked to move around the court freely.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
There are over 1,500 bison in Poland, mostly living freely in state-owned reserves but also on private farms.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adv. 自由地，随意地，免费地; 直率地; 免费地; 慷慨地
分布：自由地(34%)，大量地(22%)，免费地(22%)，直率地(22%)
adverb
NOT LIMITED 不受限制地
 ADVANCED
■without being controlled or limited 自由地；不受控制地；不受限制地
• For the first time in months she could move freely. 数月以来她第一次可以自由走动。
• Exotic foods are freely available in supermarkets. 超市里随时可以买到来自外国的食品。
• She freely (= willingly) admits that she's not as fast a runner as she used to be. 她爽快地承认不如以前跑得快了。
• We encourage the victims to talk freely (= talk a lot and honestly) about their experiences. 我们鼓励受害者坦率讲出他们的经历。
['fri:.li] adverb
ABLE TO MOVE EASILY 可轻易移动
■in a way which is not fixed or joined to anything, so able to move easily 可轻易移动地
• Remember to apply plenty of oil so that the wheel can rotate freely. 记住上足油，这样轮子才转得顺。
adv. 自由地；免费地；大量地；慷慨地；直率地
 - largely, importantly, big, heavy

Word: favorable
Front: favorable
['feɪvərəbl] (研四托宝 4790/-)
Vocabulary: favorable
(once / 253 pages)
adj
The word favorable describes something positive or promising, such as a two-thumbs-up movie review or the perfect conditions for golf.
When things are going well, or in your favor, they’re favorable. Favorable is an adjective that describes approval or good conditions for something. If you wrote a book, you’d want the reviews to be favorable. If the weather is favorable, it's sunny out and perfect for a picnic. If you wanted to go swimming, thunderstorms would be unfavorable: they would ruin your plans. Favorable situations make us smile.
WORD FAMILY
favorable: favorableness, favorablest, favorably, unfavorable+/ disfavor: disfavored, disfavoring, disfavors/ favor: disfavor, favorable, favored, favoring, favors/favored: favoredest, favoredly, ill-favored/unfavorable: unfavorableness, unfavorablest, unfavorably
USAGE EXAMPLES
Both seem like locks, but you're actually getting favorable odds.
Golf Digest(Jan 01, 2017)
This created a lottery of outcomes for Somalis in which America – with its tough justice system – was the least favorable destination.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Scientists deliver outcomes favorable to companies, while university research departments court corporate support.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 赞同的; 称赞的; 有利的; 讨人喜欢的
分布：有利的(52%)，良好的(41%)，赞同的(4%)，顺利的(3%)
a.(favourable)赞许的,有利的,讨人喜欢的Is he favorable to this plan?他赞成这个计划吗?
【反】untoward（adj 不吉利的；事与愿违的）
adj. 有利的；良好的；赞成的，赞许的；讨人喜欢的
 - beneficial, advantageous, pleasant, well

Word: steadily
Front: steadily
['stedɪlɪ] (四六 4794/3991 -K)
Vocabulary: steadily
(once / 202 pages)
adv
Something that happens steadily occurs at a predictable, reliable, unchanging pace. If it keeps raining for hours, it's been raining steadily. If you stand outside without an umbrella, you will steadily get drenched.
Anything that keeps happening at a regular clip is happening steadily. A politician who campaigns every day for months has been campaigning steadily. If you write an hour a day on a novel, the novel is growing steadily. The opposite of steadily is unsteadily, which would describe something that happens in an irregular, shaky, or unpredictable way. Anything done steadily goes on and on.
WORD FAMILY
steady: steadied, steadier, steadies, steadiest, steadily, steadiness, steadying, steadyingly, steadyly, unsteady+/steadiness: steadinesses/unsteadiness: unsteadinesses/unsteady: unsteadied, unsteadily, unsteadiness, unsteadyingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
There are currently 1,495 patients in the state registry but that number will steadily increase.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Over the years, her steadily expanding family of eight children all started their preschool years at the center, and they are thriving in school.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Scientists say that for the first time in years, more elephants are being killed than born, with the population steadily decreasing.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adv. 稳定地; 持续地; 稳固地
分布：稳定地(51%)，稳固地(37%)，逐步地(12%)
adverb
GRADUALLY 逐渐地；稳步地
■gradually 逐渐地；稳步地
• Prices have risen steadily. 物价持续上涨。
['sted.ɪ.li] adverb
CONTROLLED 受控制的
■calmly and in a controlled way 冷静地，镇定地
• She returned his gaze steadily. 她镇定地跟他对视。
adv. 稳定地；稳固地；有规则地
 - firmly, equably

Word: veteran
Front: veteran
[ˈvetərən] (研四六托雅宝 2389/6394 -3)
Vocabulary: veteran
(once / 257 pages)
nadj
Veteran commonly refers to someone who has fought in a war––think Veterans' Day, the Vietnam Veterans' Memorial––but, in fact, the word can mean anyone with experience in a particular field.
Many veterans of World War II went to college afterward, through the G.I. Bill, and pursued professional careers. At the end of those careers, it was not unusual to find among the ranks of veteran teachers or veteran attorneys or veteran doctors men who were also veterans of the war.
WORD FAMILY
veteran: veterans
USAGE EXAMPLES
A fourth-year veteran, Hyde intercepted a pass at the goal line intended for Golden Tate with 1:35 left in the game.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
When my husband, a veteran of the Iraq war, strangled me to the point of unconsciousness, I thought I was the only one.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Mr. Petraeus and retired astronaut Mark Kelly teamed up this year to launch the gun control advocacy group Veterans Coalition for Common Sense.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 经验丰富的人，老兵; 退伍军人
adj. 有作战经验的; 老兵的; [美国英语]退伍军人的; 老练的，资深的，经验丰富的
分布：老兵(62%)，老手(29%)，老练的(9%)
→来自wet,年，岁月，词源同wether.引申义有经验的，退役的老兵。
老兵[veter=old(老)]
n.老手,老兵The veteran in velvet found that the diameter of the thermometer was one metre.穿天鹅绒的老兵发现温度计的直径为一米.
【记】读：歪特ran＝ren人，身体特别歪的人－老人。
【区】veterinary（n 兽医；adj 医牲畜的），兽医需要经验所以与老人有关。
US ['ve.tˌɚ-] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a person who has had a lot of experience of a particular activity 经验丰富的人，老手
• a 20-year veteran of the New York Police Department 在纽约员警署任职20年的老员警
 ADVANCED (US informal vet)
■someone who has been in the armed forces during a war 老兵，退伍军人
• a Vietnam veteran 越战退伍军人
• the surviving veterans of World War II 仍健在的二战老兵
UK ['vet.ər.ən] US ['ve.tˌɚ-] adjective [before noun]
 ADVANCED
■having been involved in a particular activity for a long time 资深的，经验丰富的
• She's also a veteran campaigner for human rights. 她还是一位经验丰富的人权活动家。
■UK
■old 古老的
• He collects veteran cars (= cars made before 1905). 他收藏老爷车（1905年前生产的车）。
Compare vintage
n. 老兵；老手；富有经验的人
 - old moustache, warhorse
adj. 老兵的；经验丰富的
 - seasoned

Word: integrated
Front: integrated
[ˈɪntɪgreɪtɪd] (托 4800/4058)
Vocabulary: integrated
(once / 2490 pages)
1adj 2adj 3adj
Things or people that are integrated have been brought together, so that they live or work together. They're no longer apart or segregated.
When something is integrated, it's united — different things are now together, especially things that used to be apart. Schools haven't always been integrated in this country. At one point, kids were assigned to different schools based on their race, until education became integrated. Computer programs are integrated when they work together well with other programs. If a doctor and pharmacist have access to the same files, then their records are integrated. Integrated things are together.
WORD FAMILY
integrated: nonintegrated, unintegrated+/ disintegrate: disintegrable, disintegrated, disintegrates, disintegrating, disintegration, disintegrative/ disintegration: disintegrations/disintegrative: disintegratively/ integral: integrality, integrally, integrals, integrate / integrate: disintegrate, integrated, integrates, integrating, integration, integrative, integrator, reintegrate/ integration: integrations/integrator: integrators/reintegrate: reintegrated, reintegrates, reintegrating
USAGE EXAMPLES
He previously taught for three years at Integrated Arts Academy in Chaska.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“Technology should not be a division of a company, it should be integrated into every division,” he said.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Jaynes believed that the development of nerve fibres connecting the two hemispheres gradually integrated brain function.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 完整的; 整体的; 结合的; （各组成部分）和谐的
v. 使一体化( integrate的过去式和过去分词 ); 使整合; 使完整; 使结合成为整体
分布：综合的(49%)，整合的(33%)，融合的(11%)，动词integrate的过去式和过去分词.(7%)
ADJ
(机构)取消种族隔离的，平等对待的
An integrated institution is intended for use by all races or religious groups.
例：We believe that pupils of integrated schools will have more tolerant attitudes.我们相信在取消种族隔离的学校就读的学生会有更宽容的态度。
adj. 综合的；完整的；互相协调的
 - comprehensive, synthetic, whole, general, full

Word: ha
Front: ha
[hɑ:] (高 4798/2731 -1)
Back: int. （表示惊讶、欢乐、怀疑等）哈，嘿
分布：胜利等)(25%)，怀疑(25%)，哈！(表示惊异(25%)，愉快(25%)
→缩写自hectare.ha ’p’orth 微量
(also hah) [hɑ:] /hæ] exclamation mainly humorous
■used to express satisfaction that something bad has happened to someone who deserved it, or to express a feeling of victory 哈（对某人遭到应得的报应表示满意，或用来表示胜利）
• He's left her has he? Ha! That'll teach her to go chasing other women's husbands! 他把她甩了，是吗？哈！那是她勾引有妇之夫应得的教训。
• Ha! So I am right after all! 哈哈！结果还是我对了！
int. 哈！（表示惊异，愉快，怀疑，胜利等）
 - huh

Word: youngster
Front: youngster
[ˈjʌŋstə(r)] (研四六托雅 4797/3242 -3)
Vocabulary: youngster
(once / 536 pages)
n
Youngster is a good, generic way to talk about a person who's younger than you are, especially a child. If you babysit a neighborhood kid, you can describe him as a youngster.
The noun youngster is a casual word meaning "child," and its synonyms include tyke and small fry. Older people sometimes use it to refer to adults who are younger than they are: "You youngsters can keep playing cards, but I'm going to bed!" Youngster has been around since the 1500's, when it replaced the earlier youngling.
WORD FAMILY
youngster: youngsters
USAGE EXAMPLES
As a youngster he watched the B.Y.U. team practice and thought of becoming a football coach someday.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
And the family spread some festive cheer by delivering gowns to youngsters at the Princess Royal Hospital in Telford.
BBC(Dec 29, 2016)
Most days, the exuberant youngster offers high-fives and chatters happily with her teachers and fellow preschoolers at Wellspring Early Learning Center.
Seattle Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 年轻人; 小孩子; 少年
分布：少年(48%)，小伙子(18%)，年青人(17%)，幼小动物(10%)，儿童(7%)
n.小伙子,年轻人;少年,儿童That youngster is my brother.那个小孩是我的兄弟.
US [-stɚ] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a young person, usually an older child 年轻人；少年
• The scheme is for youngsters between the ages of 10 and 16. 该方案适用于年龄介乎10至16岁之间的少年儿童。
child, youngster, infant, baby
这组词都有“孩子”的意思，其区别是：
child: 普通用词，含义广，无感情色彩。泛指从胎儿、婴儿到10岁左右的儿童。
youngster: 泛指任何年龄的儿童或者少年，多指男孩，多为年长者的使用。
infant: 书面用词，狭义指出生后到两岁的小孩，广义指7岁以下的孩子；法律上则指未到法定年龄。
baby: 日常用词，一般指从刚出生的婴儿到满两岁的或非常小的孩子，常含钟爱意味。
n. 年轻人；少年
 - young adult, stripling

Word: broadcast
Front: broadcast
[ˈbrɔ:dkɑ:st] (高研四托 3617/5111 -K3)
Vocabulary: broadcast
(once / 287 pages)
vn
To broadcast is to air a program, especially on TV or radio. It also means to tell people about something. If you paint your one true love’s name on your car, you broadcast your feelings to the whole world!
The word broadcast used to have to do with spreading seed, but now it refers to spreading information. It can be a noun or verb — if you turn on the radio, you're hearing a broadcast, and the station is broadcasting that show. You don’t have to be in a studio to broadcast, though. Any time you let a lot of people know about something (whether they like it or not), you broadcast. When information is broadcast, it becomes widely known.
WORD FAMILY
broadcast: broadcasted, broadcaster, broadcasting, broadcasts, rebroadcast +/broadcaster: broadcasters/broadcasting: broadcastings/ rebroadcast: rebroadcasted, rebroadcasting, rebroadcasts
USAGE EXAMPLES
The video broadcast on Turkish television shows the alleged gunman filming himself with a cellphone at Istanbul’s Taksim square.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
The video broadcast on Turkish television Tuesday shows the alleged gunman filming himself at Taksim square.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Prosecutors say he rented the penthouse flat in China cheaply from a shareholder of broadcast company Wave Media.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 广播; 播放; 使广为人知; 尤指用手播（种）
vi. 播放节目; 参加电台、电视节目的演出; 发送传递信号，传播
n. 广播; 电台、电视节目; 播放时间; 播种
adj. 广播的; 播音的; 广泛散布的
时态：broadcast, broadcasting, broadcasts
分布：广播(93%)，广播节目(3%)，散布(2%)，撒播(2%)
v./n.广播(节目)The news about the broadened breadth is broadcast abroad.宽度加宽的消息被广播到国外.
US ['brɑ:d.kæst] verb intransitive or transitive (broadcast or US ALSO broadcasted, broadcast or US ALSO broadcasted)
 ADVANCED
■to send out a programme on television or radio 广播（电视或无线电节目）；播送
• Radio Caroline used to broadcast from a boat in the North Sea. 加罗林电台过去在北海的一艘船上广播。
• The tennis championship is broadcast live to several different countries. 网球锦标赛向几个国家现场直播。
• figurative I'm leaving but please don't broadcast (= tell everyone) the fact. 我要走了，但请不要到处说。
UK ['brɔ:d.kɑ:st] US ['brɑ:d.kæst] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a television or radio programme 电视节目；广播节目
• a radio/television broadcast 电台／电视节目
• We watched a live broadcast of the concert. 我们观看了音乐会的现场直播。
announce, declare, proclaim, pronounce, advertise, broadcast, publish
这些动词均含“宣布，公开”之意。
announce: 多指首次宣布大家感兴趣或可满足大家好奇心的事情。
declare: 侧重正式就某事清楚明白地宣布。
proclaim: 指官方宣布重大事件或施政方针，语体比announce正式。
pronounce: 词义与announce, declare接近，但较多用于指法律判决方面的宣布。
advertise: 指通过文字和图像资料等的反复宣传而引起公众的注意，有时隐含令人不快或言过其实的意味。
broadcast: 专指利用广播或电视传播消息或发表见解。
publish: 专指通过报刊或其它媒介向公众公布事情。
vt. 播送，播放；（无线电或电视）广播；播撒（种子）
 - play, send over
vi. 广播，播送；播放
 - send over
n. 广播；播音；广播节目
 - Pingback

Word: premium
Front: premium
[ˈpri:miəm] (研六托雅宝 4801/3744 -3)
Vocabulary: premium
(once / 601 pages)
1adjn 2n
Something that's premium is much better than average — it's excellent, in fact. A premium seat at a rock concert is right up front, with a great view of the stage.
When premium is a noun, it means the money you pay each month for your car insurance or a charge that's added on top of a standard payment. It also means a prize or reward. As an adjective, premium implies something of superior quality that probably costs more too. Premium comes straight out of Latin, meaning “reward.” It was first used as an adjective around 1925, in the phrase "premium butter."
WORD FAMILY
premium: premiums
USAGE EXAMPLES
She also recommends selling what you don’t need and cutting unnecessary expenses, such as premium cable.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
First up: Extend some financial help to shoppers on the individual health insurance market who face massive premium increases.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Two years ago, Panasonic swerved again, saying it was reviving the Technics brand to target the premium end of the audio market.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 额外费用; 保险费; 附加费
adj. 高昂的; 优质的
分布：保险费(64%)，额外费用(12%)，奖金(11%)，优质的(9%)，高价的(4%)
→来自拉丁语praemium,奖励，奖品，战利品，来自prae,在前，-em,拿，带，获得，词源同example,exempt.后用于形容词词义优质的，高端的，即额外的奖品。由该形容词词义又用于指经济学术语加价，溢价，保险费等。
奖品,奖金(pre前面+em+ium→在前面[的人]拿到→奖品)[em,empt,ampl=take,procure,表示"拿,获得"]
n.额外费用,奖金,奖赏,保险费He paid premiums on his life insurance last year.他去年付了人寿保险费.
【记】pre前，emium＝empt买－提前买下的东西－保险费
noun
EXTRA 额外的
 ADVANCED countable
■an amount which is more than usual 奖金，津贴；加价；附加费
• We're willing to pay a premium for the best location. 为了得到最好的地段，我们愿意多付些钱。
• Because of their location, these offices attract a premium. 由于地段好，这些办公室租金更高。
• The modified cars are available at a premium of 5% over the original price. 改装后的汽车的售价要比原价高5%。
• The busy shopper puts a premium on (= appreciates and will pay more for) finding everything in one big store. 时间有限的购物者若能在一家大商店买齐所有的东西，就算价钱高一点也是愿意的。
['pri:.mi.əm] noun
PAYMENT 付款
 ADVANCED countable
■an amount of money paid to get insurance 保险费
• Car insurance premiums have increased this year. 今年汽车保险费涨了。
• The premiums for healthcare plans are high. 保健计划的保险费很高。
['pri:.mi.əm] noun
FUEL 汽油
uncountable (also premium gas) US for
■ four-star (petrol)
['pri:.mi.əm] noun
be at a premium
■to be not common and therefore valuable 奇缺，非常稀罕
• Free time is at a premium for working parents. 对于上班的父母来说，空余时间非常宝贵。
['pri:.mi.əm] adjective
■describes something that is of higher than usual quality （品质）高级的；优质的；顶级的
• premium ice cream 顶级霜淇淋
• The building is on a premium site. 这幢大楼建在一块风水宝地上。
n. [保险] 保险费，额外费用； [劳经] 奖金
 - bonus, dividend

Word: accountability
Front: accountability
[əˌkaʊntə'bɪlətɪ] (宝 4799/5194)
Vocabulary: accountability
(once / 3744 pages)
n
If you take responsibility for your own actions, you show accountability. Stepping up and admitting it when you break something shows accountability.
Accountability is a noun that describes accepting responsibility, and it can be personal or very public. A government has accountability for decisions and laws affecting its citizens; an individual has accountability for acts and behaviors. Sometimes, though, taking accountability means admitting you made a mistake. Punishment may result, but accountability shows ownership and a willingness to admit mistakes.
WORD FAMILY
accountability: accountabilities+/ account: accountable, accountant, accounted, accounting, accounts/ accountable: accountability, accountably, unaccountable / accountant: accountancy, accountants, accountantship/ accounting: accountings/ unaccountable: unaccountablest, unaccountably
USAGE EXAMPLES
The goal should be accountability, not automatic opposition.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
This is where an accountability partner, someone who shares your resolution, is important.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
They spend $3.5 million yearly but “do not provide oversight or accountability,” the report said.
Washington Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 有责任，有义务，可说明性; 会计责任; 可计量性; 责任制
分布：有责任(80%)，有义务(20%)
【记】accountable（adj 应负责任的；有责任的）
ADJ-GRADED
有责任的；应作解释的
If you are accountable to someone for something that you do, you are responsible for it and must be prepared to justify your actions to that person.
例：Public officials can finally be held accountable for their actions...终于要对政府官员实行问责了。
例：The major service industries should be accountable to their customers.主要的服务行业应该对它们的顾客负责。
n. 有义务； [审计] 有责任；可说明性
 - duty bound

Word: overwhelm
Front: overwhelm
[ˌəʊvəˈwelm] (研六托雅宝 4804/6397 -2)
Vocabulary: overwhelm
(once / 219 pages)
v
Overwhelm means “give a person too much of something.” If your friend agrees to feed your pet fish while you’re on vacation, don’t overwhelm her with requests by also asking her to do your laundry and wash the dishes.
While it’s easy to be overwhelmed by chores or complaints, it’s also possible to be overwhelmed by good things — if they occur in large quantities. You might enjoy a stack of pancakes for breakfast, but you'd probably find a truckload of pancakes overwhelming. Sometimes people feel overwhelmed by emotion, and this can be a positive or negative experience, depending on the emotion. For example, you might feel overwhelmed by gratitude if your friend takes excellent care of your fish, but overwhelmed with grief if the fish is accidentally flushed in your absence.
WORD FAMILY
overwhelm: overwhelmed, overwhelming, overwhelms+/ overwhelming: overwhelmingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
After a year at cozy Williams, the empty dorm felt cavernous and overwhelming to the Robinson family.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“It’s amazing, overwhelming,” Long said afterward, wiping away tears.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
This was an overwhelming process that consumed her life, Grogan said, but she was determined to heal quickly.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: v. 使不知所措; 使难以承受; 征服; 击败
时态：overwhelmed, overwhelming, overwhelms
分布：压倒(51%)，淹没(32%)，打败(12%)，打击(3%)，使感动(2%)
→over-,在上，超过，whelm,淹没。即使淹没，引申词义使应接不暇。
压倒;泛滥(over+whelm推翻→翻过来→压倒)[over-①表示"过度,过分"②表示"在……之上"③表示"翻转"]
v.淹没,覆没,压倒,制服,使不知所措The overthrown president is overwhelmed by the controversy.被推翻的总统被辩论降服.
US [ˌoʊ.vɚ-] verb
FORCE 武力
transitive
■to defeat someone or something by using a lot of force （用武力）制服，击败，征服
• Government troops have overwhelmed the rebels and seized control of the capital. 政府军已击败了叛乱者，控制了首都。
UK [ˌəʊ.və'welm] US [ˌoʊ.vɚ-] verb
EMOTION 感情
transitive usually passive
■to cause someone to feel sudden strong emotion （强烈的感情）充溢，使难以承受，使不知所措
• They were overwhelmed with/by grief when their baby died. 婴儿夭折时他们悲痛欲绝。
• I was quite overwhelmed by all the flowers and letters of support I received. 收到这些鲜花和支持者的来信令我激动得不知所措。
UK [ˌəʊ.və'welm] US [ˌoʊ.vɚ-] verb
WATER 水
transitive literary
■If water overwhelms a place, it covers it suddenly and completely. （水）淹没，覆盖，漫过
vt. 压倒；淹没；受打击
 - flood, flow

Word: one-third
Front: one-third
None None
Back: 三分之一
分布：三分之一(100%)

Word: contemplate
Front: contemplate
[ˈkɒntəmpleɪt] (研六托雅宝 4802/3951 -2)
Vocabulary: contemplate
(once / 172 pages)
v
Before you accept a job offer, or a college's offer of admission, you should take time to contemplate the pros and cons of your decision. If you contemplate something, you think about it carefully.
Contemplate is from Latin contemplatus, past participle of contemplari "to gaze attentively, observe," from the prefix com- "together" plus templum "temple." The original meaning of Latin contemplari was "to mark out a space for observing auguries or omens," and the temple was a holy space reserved for this purpose.
WORD FAMILY
contemplate: contemplated, contemplates, contemplating, contemplation, contemplative +/ contemplation: contemplations, self-contemplation/ contemplative: contemplatively, contemplativeness, contemplatives
USAGE EXAMPLES
He contemplated a career in the N.F.L., but he tore his anterior cruciate ligament in practice and never regained top form.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
The artist prefers to ponder her subjects as they contemplate.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
David Pagel reviews a series of gallery shows to contemplate in the new year.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. 注视，凝视; 盘算，计议; 周密考虑
vi. 沉思，深思熟虑
时态：contemplated, contemplating, contemplates
分布：沉思(36%)，打算(33%)，注视(31%)
→con-, 强调。-tem，砍，切，词源同tome, anatomy，temple. 本义为一块保留（切下来）的用来占卜的神圣之地，后用来指思考的地方，沉思，考虑。
静思,深思(像庙中人一样深思)[templ=tmple(庙)]
vt.盘算,计议;周密考虑;注视,凝视They contemplated each other for some time.他们两人互相凝视了一会儿.
【记】con共同，temple（n 寺庙；太阳穴；鬓角），ate－庙里有一堆人专心注视着墙上的九阴真经，陷入仔细而长久的深思中，可是单词还是没有背会，该吃饭了！身体是考G的本钱！！
【参】contemplative（adj 沉思的）；contemplation（n 注视；沉思；企图）
US ['kɑ:n.tˌəm-] verb intransitive or transitive
 ADVANCED
■to spend time considering a possible future action, or to consider one particular thing for a long time in a serious and quiet way 盘算；沉思，冥想
• [+ -ing verb] I'm contemplating going abroad for a year. 我打算出国1年。
• You're not contemplating a change of job, are you? 你没考虑要换工作，是吗？
• It's too awful/horrific/dangerous to contemplate. 这件事太糟糕／可怕／危险，简直不敢想。
weigh, consider, study, contemplate, ponder
这组词都有“考虑、思考、估量”的意思，其区别是：
weigh: 指作出决策前把问题的各个方面进行比较，权衡利害得失，取有利的方面。
consider: 既指一时的对某事的考虑，也指长时间的深入的思考。
study: 普通用词，指对各方面考虑，在制订出计划或采取具体动作之前作认真检查。
contemplate: 通常指长时间思考某事，有时含无确定的实际目的。
ponder: 侧重仔细、深入、连续地考虑问题，以作出认真的估计和正确的抉择。
vt. 沉思；注视；思忖；预期
 - watch, behold
vi. 冥思苦想；深思熟虑
 - puzzle

Word: update
Front: update
[ˌʌpˈdeɪt] (研六雅 4803/3884 -2)
Vocabulary: update
(once / 416 pages)
vn
When you renovate or improve something, changing it to make it more modern, you can say you update it. The process of doing this can also be called an update.
If you decide to download the latest version of an app or program, you update it, and when you add recent information to your resume before starting a job search, you also update that. You might also update your friends about your job hunt, letting them know you're seeking employment — you're giving them the latest information, or an update. The verb dates from the 1940s.
WORD FAMILY
update: updated, updates, updating+/updating: updatings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Update from pilot….because customs computers are down…we are the 20th plane in line for a gate.
Time(Jan 03, 2017)
Dr. Michael E. Busha, a primary care physician at IU Health in Indianapolis, asked quietly as he updated Mr. Johnson’s electronic record.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Last month he also seemed to reset U.S. nuclear policy via Twitter, saying the country needs to update its nuclear posture.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 更新，使现代化; 校正，修正
n. 现代化; 更新的信息; 更新的行为或事例
时态：updated, updating, updates
分布：更新(97%)，升级(3%)
→即最新日期，更新。
v.更新,使现代化The catalogue is updated every year.目录每年更新.
verb transitive /ʌpˈdeɪt/
 ADVANCED
■to make something more modern or suitable for use now by adding new information or changing its design 更新；使升级；使现代化
• an updated version of the software 该软体的升级版
 ADVANCED
■to give someone the most recent information 为…提供最新资讯
• We'll update you on this news story throughout the day. 我们将全天向您报道该新闻事件的最新进展。
noun countable /ˈʌp.deɪt/
 ADVANCED
■when you update something or someone with new information 新资讯，新情况；更新
• Jo's just doing an update on the mailing list. 乔正在更新邮寄名单。
• I'll need regular updates on your progress. 我要定期了解你的最新进展。
■a new form of something which existed at an earlier time 新型；新版
• It's an update of an old 60's movie. 它翻拍自一部60年代的老电影。
update, upgrade, upholder, upset
update: 更新；
upgrade: 升级，提升；
upholder: 抬高，举起，支持，鼓励，赞同，拥护；
upset: 推翻，颠覆，使不安
vt. 更新；校正，修正；使现代化
 - renovate, refresh
n. 更新；现代化
 - modernization, renewal

Word: spark
Front: spark
[spɑ:k] (研四六托雅宝 4805/6367 -3)
Vocabulary: spark
(once / 399 pages)
nv
A spark is a small, glowing particle that's either thrown off of a fire or that starts a fire. Your dad might tell everyone to stand back from the bonfire so they don't get burned by a spark.
Sparks are burning fragments that pop up off a fire, but they're also bright flashes, like the sparks of light reflecting off your sunglasses or electrical sparks given off by an engine. Some small thing that promises to grow larger is yet another kind of spark — you might notice a spark of anger within yourself when you see someone being treated unfairly, for example. The word spark comes from the Old English root spearca, "glowing or fiery particle thrown off."
WORD FAMILY
spark: sparked, sparker, sparking, sparks+/sparker: sparkers
USAGE EXAMPLES
He said he hoped the case would spark renewed efforts towards enacting anti-discrimination legislation to protect more people like him.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
The riot was sparked by a clash between two gangs in the prison and reflects shifting allegiances among Brazil’s powerful narco-trafficking groups, authorities said.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The episode sparked anger in the Philippines and calls for the removal of all U.S. military personnel.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 燃烧的颗粒; 火星，火花，余火; （金属的）发光的颗粒; 电火花
vi. 发出火星，发出闪光; 热烈赞同; 正常运转
vt. 发动，触发; 激起运动，鼓舞
时态：sparked, sparking, sparks
分布：火星(36%)，引起(26%)，激发(13%)，闪烁(9%)，朝气(4%)，热情回应(4%)，俗丽的年轻人(2%)，情人(2%)，向...求爱(2%)，冒火花(2%)
→来自古英语 speraca,火花，火星，来自 Proto-Germanic*spark,火花，来自 sperg,播，洒， 溅，来自 sper,播，洒，词源同 sprinkle,sparse,sperm.引申比喻义才华，热情等。
n.火花,火星v.发火花,发电花In the sparking park, the darling dark dog barked at the embarked larks.在闪着火花的公园里,可爱的深色狗对着装载于船云雀吠叫.
【参】sparkle（v 发火花；n 火花）；sparkling（adj 闪烁的）
US [spɑ:rk] noun
CAUSE 原因
 ADVANCED only singular
■a first small event or problem which causes a much worse situation to develop 导火线，诱因
• That small incident was the spark that set off the street riots. 那件小事是引发街头暴动的导火线。
UK [spɑ:k] US [spɑ:rk] noun
FIRE/ELECTRICITY 火／电
countable
■a very small piece of fire which flies out from something that is burning or which is made by rubbing two hard things together, or a flash of light made by electricity 火花，火星；电火花
• Sparks were flying out of the bonfire and blowing everywhere. 营火中飞溅出很多火星，迸得到处都是。
• You can start a fire by rubbing two dry pieces of wood together until you produce a spark. 你可以透过摩擦两块干木头直到产生火花来点火。
spark of anger/inspiration/life, etc.
■a very small amount of a particular emotion or quality in a person 愤怒／灵感／生命的火花等
UK [spɑ:k] US [spɑ:rk] noun
sparks fly
■If sparks fly between two or more people, they argue angrily 激烈争论
• When they get together in a meeting the sparks really fly. 他们只要在开会时碰头，就会激烈争论。
UK [spɑ:k] US [spɑ:rk] verb transitive
■to cause the start of something, especially an argument or fighting 引起，导致，触发（尤指争论或打斗）
• This proposal will almost certainly spark another countrywide debate about how to organize the school system. 这项提议很可能会再一次引起全国性的关于如何组织学校体系的争论。
• The recent interest rises have sparked new problems for the Government. 近期利率的调升为政府带来了新问题。
• The visit of the all-white rugby team sparked off (= caused the start of) mass demonstrations. 这支全部由白人组成的橄榄球队的来访，引发了大规模示威游行。
n. [电] 火花；朝气；闪光
 - A FRAME, scintilla
vt. 发动；鼓舞；求婚
 - stimulate, launch, lift, drive, spirit
vi. 闪烁； [电] 发火花；求婚
 - offer, coruscate

Word: ironically
Front: ironically
[aɪ'rɒnɪklɪ] (六 4808/5611)
Vocabulary: ironically
(once / 1695 pages)
adv
When you see the word ironically, you know there's a disconnect between what is happening and what was expected to happen. You won the race, even though, ironically, you're the only one who didn't train.
Ironically and the noun it's related to — irony — come from the Greek eiron meaning "dissembler, someone who hides the truth." But irony isn’t exactly untruthful — it's just not what you expect. Your mother sent you off to camp so you could become a champion tennis player, but, ironically, you broke your leg the first day and spent the summer playing bridge instead. You didn’t get what you (or your mother) expected.
WORD FAMILY
ironical: ironically +/ironist: ironists/ irony: ironic, ironical, ironies, ironist
USAGE EXAMPLES
These are systems patterned after the way the human brain works but which, ironically, are almost entirely inscrutable to humans.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
But ironically the effort might be helped by Japanese workers' declining corporate loyalty.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
Ironically, the work of those immigrants in this country led to a massive increase in patent filings in their primary fields of science.
Salon(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: adv. 嘲讽地，挖苦地; 具有讽刺意味地
分布：讽刺地(60%)，说反话地(40%)
ADV-GRADED
具有讽刺意味的是;令人哭笑不得的是
You use ironically to draw attention to a situation which is odd or amusing because it involves a contrast.
例：Ironically, for a man who hated war, he would have made a superb war cameraman.具有讽刺意味的是,他这个痛恨战争的人曾有可能成为一个优秀的战地摄影师。
ADV-GRADED
讽刺挖苦地;说反话地
If you say something ironically, you do not mean it and are saying it as a joke.
例：Classmates at West Point had ironically dubbed him Beauty.西点军校的同学们曾挖苦地戏称他为“美人”。
adv. 讽刺地；说反话地
 - satirically, sarcastically

Word: fatigue
Front: fatigue
[fəˈti:g] (研四六托雅宝 4806/7858 -2)
Vocabulary: fatigue
(once / 249 pages)
1nv 2vn 3n
Swimming and playing volleyball at the beach can make you tired and pleasantly wiped out, but long hours filling and emptying a wheelbarrow of dirt on a hot day brings fatigue, a far more draining kind of exhaustion.
There is a noticeable difference between tiredness and fatigue. You can read a magazine or book before bed and get tired after a while, but if you work on math problems on a computer for a long time, you'll feel fatigue in your eyes, and maybe your brain will start to hurt. The Latin fatīgāre means to "tire out," "to fill to excess or to bursting." Even thinking about the Latin for fatigue brings some mental fatigue.
WORD FAMILY
fatigue: fatigued, fatigues, fatiguing, overfatigue+/ fatigued: fatiguedly/overfatigue: overfatigued, overfatiguing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Finally, as the turtle slowed down, he positioned the boat near the fatigued animal.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The nonprofit Jett Foundation collected data on falls, fatigue and other outcomes that the panel more or less ignored.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 31, 2016)
He played 31 minutes in the loss and Doc Rivers said Paul experienced some fatigue after that game.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 疲劳，疲乏; 劳务杂役; （士兵穿的）工作服
vt. 使疲劳; 使疲乏
vi. 疲劳
时态：fatigued, fatiguing, fatigues
分布：疲劳(91%)，疲乏(4%)，疲劳的(4%)，劳务杂役(1%)
→fat-, 来自拉丁语fatisci, 拟声词，破裂声，开始裂开，-isci,起始动词后缀。-ig, 做，驱动，词源同exigent, agent. 即快断裂的，接近极限点的，词义引申人的极度疲劳，极限。
疲劳[fatig=weary(疲倦)]
n./v.(使)疲劳The patient fatigues easily.病人容易疲劳.
【记】fat的人que缺乏锻炼就容易劳累
【反】indefatigable（adj 不知疲倦的）－soon tired（很快疲倦）；energetic（adj 精力充沛的）
noun
TIREDNESS/WEAKNESS 疲惫／虚弱
uncountable formal
■extreme tiredness 疲惫，劳累
• She was suffering from fatigue and a stress-related illness. 她劳累不堪，还患了与压力有关的疾病。
uncountable specialized
■weakness in something, such as a metal part or structure, often caused by repeated bending （金属部件的）疲劳
• The crash was caused by metal fatigue in one of the propeller blades. 坠机事件是因一片螺旋桨叶发生金属疲劳造成的。
⇒ See also compassion fatigue
[fə'ti:g] noun
ARMY 军队
fatigues [plural] specialized
■a loose brownish green uniform worn by soldiers （士兵穿的）工作服，劳动服（一种宽松的暗绿色制服）
• army fatigues 军用工作服
■work such as cleaning or cooking, done by soldiers, often as punishment （打扫、帮厨等）士兵杂役（常作为惩罚）
• Get dressed right now or you'll find yourself on fatigues. 马上整装，否则罚你做杂役。
[fə'ti:g] verb transitive old use or formal
■to make someone extremely tired 使极度疲劳
• The journey had fatigued him. 旅途令他劳累不堪。
n. [生理] [心理] [力] 疲劳，疲乏；杂役
 - tiredness, weariness
vt. [生理] [心理] [力] 使疲劳；使心智衰弱
 - wear down
vi. [生理] [心理] [力] 疲劳
 - tire

Word: beyond
Front: beyond
[bɪˈjɒnd] (中高研四 746/944 -K4)
Vocabulary: beyond
(once / 36 pages)
1adv 2adv
Beyond is an adverb that means “in addition” or “farther along." If you’re headed to the silo beyond the barn, that means you’re going to the silo that’s on the far side of the barn.
Beyond is related to the word yonder, which you might have heard in expressions like, “Over yonder hill, you’ll see a picket fence.” Yonder kind of means “that one over there, in the distance.” Beyond is past yonder. If you’re going above and beyond, it means you’re doing more than was expected. If you’re beyond Kelly in your math homework, it means you’ve done more than she has. And if the show was beyond your expectations, it was better than you had hoped.
WORD FAMILY
beyond: beyonds
USAGE EXAMPLES
Beyond education efforts, Brewer created by executive order the first state Ethics Commission.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Beyond defining its scope, there are competing ideas about what a convention should tackle.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In 2017 and beyond, we will be seeing cultural projects as urban projects – ones that engage with cities and their unrestrained, slightly messy, vibrancy.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: prep. 超过; 越过; 那一边; 在…较远的一边
adv. 在远处; 在更远处
n. 远处
分布：超出(65%)，在更远处(11%)，远处(8%)，来世(7%)，远于(4%)，另外(3%)，超出…之外(1%)，除 ... 之外(1%)
→前缀be-, 强调。yond, 那边，见yonder, 那边， 那里。
prep.在(或向)...的那边,远于;超出;The man beyond the bond is fond of the second wonderful diamond.那位不受约束的人喜欢第二颗奇异的钻石.
US [-'jɑ:nd] preposition adverb
FURTHER AWAY 更远
 ESSENTIAL
■further away in the distance (than something) 在…较远的一边；远于
• In the distance, beyond the river, was a small town. 在河对岸的远处有一座小镇。
• From the top of the hill we could see our house and the woods beyond. 站在这个小山头，能看到我们的房子和远处的森林。
UK [bi'jɒnd] US [-'jɑ:nd] preposition adverb
OUTSIDE A LIMIT 范围之外
 ESSENTIAL
■outside or after (a stated limit) （范围）超出；除…之外
• Few people live beyond the age of a hundred. 很少有人活过100岁。
• We cannot allow the work to continue beyond the end of the year. 我们不能允许这项工作拖延到下一年。
• I've got nothing to tell you beyond (= in addition to) what I told you earlier. 除了先前告诉你的事情，我没有别的可说了。
• The repercussions will be felt throughout the industry and beyond (= in other areas). 影响将波及整个产业及其他领域。
• Tonight's performance has been cancelled due to circumstances beyond our control (= events which we are unable to deal with). 由于出现了一些我们无法控制的情况，今晚的演出取消了。
• She has always lived beyond her means (= spent more than she has earned). 她生活总是入不敷出。
beyond belief/repair/ recognition, etc.
■too great or bad for anyone to believe/repair/recognize, etc. 太…而难以置信／无法修复／难以辨认等等
• His thoughtlessness is beyond belief. 他的轻率举止令人感到不可思议。
• He survived the accident, but his car was damaged beyond repair. 他在车祸中幸存，但他的车却彻底撞毁了。
beyond reasonable doubt UK and Australian English (US beyond a reasonable doubt)
■If a legal case or a person's guilt is proved beyond reasonable doubt, there is enough proof for the person accused of a crime to be judged guilty （案件或罪行）证据确凿的，确实的
• Her guilt was established beyond reasonable doubt. 她的罪行确凿无疑。
UK [bi'jɒnd] US [-'jɑ:nd] preposition adverb
NOT UNDERSTAND 无法理解 informal
■If something is beyond you, you are unable to understand it 令…无法理解；非…所能及
• I'm afraid physics is completely beyond me. 恐怕我根本就学不会物理学。
UK [bi'jɒnd] US [-'jɑ:nd] preposition adverb
beyond compare literary
■Something that is beyond compare is so great that nothing can be compared to it 无可比拟，无与伦比
• Her beauty is beyond compare. 她的美貌无可比拟。
UK [bi'jɒnd] US [-'jɑ:nd] preposition adverb
beyond your wildest dreams
■to a degree or in a way you had never thought possible 超出（某人）想像；出乎（某人）意料
• Suddenly she was rich beyond her wildest dreams. 她从未想过会突然发达。
• The scheme succeeded beyond my wildest dreams. 计划大获成功，完全出乎我的意料之外。
UK [bi'jɒnd] US [-'jɑ:nd] preposition adverb
beyond a joke
■If something is beyond a joke, it has stopped being funny and is now a serious matter 超出开玩笑的限度；令人极为难堪（或气愤）
• I used to think he was funny, but his behaviour has now gone way beyond a joke. 我曾经以为他滑稽有趣，但他现在所做的已不是开玩笑的问题了。
UK [bi'jɒnd] US [-'jɑ:nd] preposition adverb
beyond a shadow of a doubt
■If you know or believe something beyond a shadow of a doubt, you are certain that it is true 确实；不容置疑
• He is responsible beyond a shadow of a doubt. 毫无疑问，这应该由他负责。
UK [bi'jɒnd] US [-'jɑ:nd] preposition adverb
beyond the pale
■If someone's behaviour is beyond the pale, it is unacceptable 越轨的；无法接受的
• Her recent conduct is beyond the pale. 她最近的表现让人难以接受。
UK [bi'jɒnd] US [-'jɑ:nd] preposition adverb
from beyond the grave
■after a person has died 过世之后，去世之后
prep. 超过；越过；那一边；在...较远的一边
 - above, without, than, over, past
adv. 在远处；在更远处
 - away, afar
n. 远处
 - yon

Word: speculate
Front: speculate
[ˈspekjuleɪt] (研六托雅宝 4809/6395 -3)
Vocabulary: speculate
(once / 152 pages)
v
When you speculate, you use what you know to make a prediction about an outcome, like when you speculate that the injury of two key players will prevent your favorite team from going far in the playoffs this year.
The verb speculate has a specialized meaning in the world of finance — it means to take a financial risk, in the hopes of monetary gain. For example, a business owner may speculate that a brand-new kind of frozen yogurt will be really popular, so she buys a huge order of it for her ice cream store. Someone who speculates goes looking for next big thing, as seen in the word's Latin origin, speculatus, meaning "to spy out, examine."
WORD FAMILY
speculate: speculated, speculates, speculating, speculation, speculative, speculator +/ speculation: speculations/ speculative: speculatively, speculativeness/ speculator: speculators
USAGE EXAMPLES
“I speculated that they might exist in the embryos of dinosaurs as well,” Erickson says.
Science Magazine(Jan 02, 2017)
Some speculate that it represents temporal-lobe epilepsy, others schizophrenia; auditory hallucinations are common in both conditions.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Still, Maneker says it’s too soon to speculate on the art market under Trump.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 思索，猜测，推测
vi. 投机; 推测; 思索
时态：speculated, speculating, speculates
分布：推测(74%)，投机(25%)，深思(1%)
→来自拉丁语 speculari,看，观察，来自 specere,看，观察，词源同 spectate,aspect.引申诸相关 词义。
思索;投机(spec+ulate→看准了→思考,投机)[spect,spic=look,see,表示"看"]
vi.思索;推测vt.投机;思索,推测He speculated that this might lead to a success.他推测这可能会成功.
verb intransitive
GUESS 猜测
 ADVANCED
■to guess possible answers to a question when you do not have enough information to be certain 猜测；推测，推断
• I don't know why she did it - I'm just speculating. 我不知道她为甚么那么做——我只是猜测。
• A spokesperson declined to speculate on the cause of the train crash. 一位发言人拒绝就火车相撞事件的原因作出推测。
• Journalists are speculating about whether interest rates will be cut. 记者们在猜测是否会降息。
• [+ that] The newspapers have speculated that they will get married next year. 报纸猜测他们明年会结婚。
['spek.jʊ.leɪt] verb intransitive
TRADE 买卖
■to buy and sell in the hope that the value of what you buy will increase and that it can then be sold at a higher price in order to make a profit 投机，做投机买卖
• He made his money speculating on the London gold and silver markets. 他在伦敦黄金市场和白银市场上做投机生意赚了钱。
• The company has been speculating in property for years. 这家公司做房地产投机生意已经有好几年了。
think, reason, muse, speculate, meditate, deliberate, reflect
这组词都有“思考、判断、思索”的意思，其区别是：
think: 一般用词，指开动脑筋形成看法或得出结论的脑力活动。不着重结论是否正确，见解是否有用。
reason: 指根据资料、证据或事实进行推断，作出结论或判断的逻辑思维活动。
muse: 通常指漫无目的地猜想。
speculate: 指推论过程，隐含在证据不足的基础上作出推测或设想。
meditate: 语气较强，指认真地长时间集中精力进行思考。
deliberate: 指缓慢、按部就班地作仔细而认真的思考或判断。
reflect: 指回想或回顾，侧重认真而冷静地反复地思考某个问题，尤指对已发生事情的思索。
vi. 推测；投机；思索
 - guess, venture
vt. 推断
 - understand, conclude

Word: marker
Front: marker
[ˈmɑ:kə(r)] (4811/5007 -1)
Vocabulary: marker
(once / 3079 pages)
n
A marker is an ink-filled pen with a wide tip. Kids often use washable markers, while adults are usually trusted with the permanent type.
Permanent markers contain ink that can't be washed away, and they're useful for labeling and marking things like cardboard boxes and file folders. Another kind of marker is a highlighter, which you can use to make important words or phrases in a book stand out with a line of translucent neon ink. A different meaning of marker is "something that marks a route or specific place." Markers along a hiking trail help keep you from getting lost.
WORD FAMILY
marker: markers+/ mark: marked, marker, marking, marks/ marked: markedly, unmarked/marking: markings/unmarked: unmarkedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
When happy with the initial sketch, she transfers the design to metal, often with a fine-point marker.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
He and his colleagues counted daily growth markers in the teeth, calculating that tooth growth accounted for about 40 percent of incubation time.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Architectural nods to the old lodge create a “rustic, industrial look,” said Kevin Gosche, general manager for Thomas & Marker Construction.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 标识，标记; 记号笔，阅卷人; 防守队员; 特征
分布：标记(94%)，记分员(5%)，做记号的人(1%)
US ['mɑ:r.kɚ] noun countable
SYMBOL 标志
■a sign which shows where something is 标识，标志
• I've put in some markers where I planted the seeds. 我在播种的地方放了些标志物。
• She reached the 500-metre marker in record time. 她以破纪录的时间到达了500米标志线。
UK ['mɑ:.kər] US ['mɑ:r.kɚ] noun countable
PEN 笔 (also marker pen)
■a thick pen for writing or drawing 记号笔
n. 记分员；书签；标识物；作记号的人
 - scorer, bookmark

Word: low
Front: low
[ləʊ] (中高宝 360/318 -K5)
Vocabulary: low
(once / 22 pages)
1adjnadv 2adj 3adj 4adj 5v
When you travel through a low tunnel, you might be tempted to duck your head. Something that's low is short or shallow.
Things that are less than usual can be described with the adjective low. You might be low on gas in your car, for example, or wake up with a low amount of energy. A low ceiling can be dangerous for a very tall person, and a low voice can barely be heard. You can also talk about a gloomy mood as being low. And when cows moo, whether they're feeling low or not, you can cay that they low.
WORD FAMILY
low: lowed, lower, lowest, lowing, lowness, lows+/ lower: lowered, lowering, lowermost, lowers/lowering: loweringly, lowerings/lowest: lowests/lowness: lownesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
The soleus muscles are deep postural muscles and so require training of long duration and low intensity.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
For many of the patients we treat, daily life is such a struggle that brushing and flossing are a low priority.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
The probability of this is low as the area was secure and well-supervised.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
Back: adj. 低的，矮小的; 楼下的，低洼的; 沮丧的; 下贱的
adv. 低声地; 谦卑地; 底下地
n. 低点; 低水平; 牛的叫声
vi. （牛）哞哞叫
时态：lowed, lowing, lows
分布：低的(53%)，低水平(11%)，低价(10%)，少的(5%)，低声地(4%)，低地(4%)，哞哞叫(3%)，低谷(3%)，卑劣的(3%)，低下地(2%)，低落的(2%)
→来自legh,躺下，放置，词源同lie,lay.引申词义低的。low 牛哞哞叫
a.低,矮;低级的,下层的,卑贱的;低声的She is in low spirits.她情绪低落.
US [loʊ] adjective adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■not measuring much from the base to the top, or close to the ground or the bottom of something 低的（地），矮的（地）；在低处（的），不高（的）
• a low fence 矮栏栅
• a low ceiling. 低矮的天花板
• When we went skiing, I only went on the lower slopes. 我们去滑雪的时候，我只在较低的山坡上滑。
• The planes fly low across enemy territory. 飞机在敌占区飞得很低。
UK [ləʊ] US [loʊ] adjective adverb
the low man on the totem pole US
■someone who has the least important position in an organization （组织中）地位低微的人；基层；底层
• He started as the low man on the totem pole and worked his way up to be manager. 他从基层做起，辛勤的工作终于使他升任经理。
UK [ləʊ] US [loʊ] adjective
LEVEL 程度
 ESSENTIAL
■below the usual level （程度）低的
• Temperatures are very low for the time of year. 对于一年中的这个时候来说，现在气温已经很低了。
• The big supermarket offers the lowest prices in town. 这家大型超级市场里的商品价格全城最低。
• These people are living on relatively low incomes. 这些人的收入水准相对比较低。
• There is a tremendous need for more low -cost housing. 低成本住宅的需求量很大。
• a low -fat diet 低脂饮食
• low -alcohol beer 低酒精啤酒
• Vegetables are generally low in (= do not contain many) calories. 通常蔬菜所含的热量比较低。
 ESSENTIAL
■producing only a small amount of sound, heat or light （声、热或光）低的，暗的，小的，少的
• They spoke in low voices so I would not hear what they were saying. 他们说话的声音很低，我听不见他们在说甚么。
• Turn the oven to a low heat. 把烤箱调到低火。
• Soft music was playing and the lights were low. 乐声轻柔，灯光昏暗。
 ESSENTIAL
■of bad quality, especially when referring to something that is not as good as it should be 低劣的，劣等的
• low standards 低劣的水准
• I have rather a low opinion of him. 我对他评价不高。
• She has very low self-esteem. 她有很强的自卑感。
be/get/run low (on sth)
■to have nearly finished a supply of something 几乎用完了，快用光了
• We're running low on milk - could you buy some more? 我们的牛奶快喝完了——你再去买一些来好吗？
• The radio batteries are running low. 收音机的电池快用完了。
UK [ləʊ] US [loʊ] adjective
NOT IMPORTANT 不重要的
■not important because of being at or near the bottom of a range of things, especially jobs or social positions （尤指职位或社会地位）低下的，卑微的
• low status jobs 低级职位
• a low priority task 非紧急的任务
UK [ləʊ] US [loʊ] adjective
NOT HONEST 不诚实的
■not honest or fair 不诚实的；不公正的
• How low can you get? 你能堕落到甚么程度？
• That was a pretty low trick to play. 那是一种很卑鄙的伎俩。
UK [ləʊ] US [loʊ] adjective
SOUND 声音
■(of a sound or voice) near or at the bottom of the range of sounds （声音或嗓音）低的，低沉的
• He has a very low voice. 他的嗓音很低沉。
• Those low notes are played by the double bass. 那些低音是由低音提琴演奏的。
UK [ləʊ] US [loʊ] adjective
SAD 忧郁的
■unhappy 忧郁的，情绪低落的，消沉的
• Illness of any sort can leave you feeling low. 任何疾病都可能使人情绪低落。
• He seemed in low spirits. 他情绪似乎有些低落。
UK [ləʊ] US [loʊ] verb intransitive literary
■to make the deep, long sound of a cow （牛）哞哞叫
UK [ləʊ] US [loʊ] noun
■a bad time in someone's life （人生的）低谷，低潮
• the highs and lows of an acting career 演艺生涯的起起落落
a new/record/all-time low
■the lowest level 新低／有记录以来的最低点
• The dollar has hit an all-time low against the Japanese yen. 美元对日元汇率已经降到了最低点。
UK [ləʊ] US [loʊ] noun
the lowest of the low
■people who have no moral standards and no personal qualities 人渣，无赖
UK [ləʊ] US [loʊ] adverb
■at or to a low level 低，低下，低劣
• low-paid workers 低收入工人
• Turn the oven on low. 把烤箱调到低火。
mean, shabby, cheap, low
这组词都有“卑鄙的，卑贱的，卑下的”的意思，其区别是：
mean: 暗示狠毒、贪婪、缺乏尊严感等为人们所不耻的卑鄙、自私、渺小的行为。
shabby: 指行为的不公和卑劣而使人感到不屑和轻蔑。
cheap: 侧旨人或物的品质低劣下贱。
low: 指行为卑鄙、可耻、下文明，可引申指庸俗。
adj. 低的，浅的；卑贱的；粗俗的；消沉的
 - flat, shallow
adv. 低声地；谦卑地，低下地
 - sotto voce, shamefacedly
n. 低；低价；低点；牛叫声
 - keen price

Word: preach
Front: preach
[pri:tʃ] (研六托雅宝 4814/5238 -2)
Vocabulary: preach
(once / 98 pages)
v
To preach is to deliver a sermon or an otherwise powerful message. You may go to church to hear the minister preach, and you may preach tolerance to your friends.
Have you ever heard anyone say, "That's preaching to the choir"? That means you're wasting your words on somebody who already believes what you believe. If you're giving an impassioned speech about recycling to an audience dressed in reclaimed clothing and sandals made of old tires, you're likely to be preaching to the choir. The word preach comes from the Latin prae, "before," and dicare, "declare." When you preach, you're not just talking — you're declaring something with conviction.
WORD FAMILY
preach: preached, preacher, preaches, preaching, preachment+/ preacher: preachers/preaching: preachings/preachment: preachments
USAGE EXAMPLES
Outside Caesars Palace, a group of people preaching Christianity yelled judgments at the pedestrians with bullhorns.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
He’s teaching and preaching at the same time.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
The Rev. Lynn Jostes will preach on “Fearing, Hoping, Trusting,” and the sacraments of Communion and Baptism will be celebrated.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 布道，讲道; 宣扬; 说教; 讲（道）
n. 〈口〉讲道，说教
时态：preached, preaching, preaches
分布：说教(41%)，讲道(37%)，传道(18%)，训诫(4%)
→来自古英语predician,传道，布道，借自古法语preechier,传道，布道，来自拉丁语praedicare,公开宣称，通知，宣布，公告，来自prae,在前面，dicare,说，宣布，公告，词源同diction,predict.引申贬义词义说教。
v.宣讲(教义),布道;竭力鼓吹,宣传;说教The preacher preached to the teacher's teacup.传教士对着老师的茶杯说教.
verb
SPEAK IN CHURCH 在教堂里布道
intransitive or transitive
■(especially of a priest in a church) to give a religious speech （尤指牧师在教堂中）讲道，布道
• Father Martin preached to the assembled mourners. 马丁神父向聚集的哀悼者们布道。
• During the sermon, he preached about the need for forgiveness. 在布道期间，他宣讲了宽恕的必要性。
[pri:tʃ] verb
PERSUADE 说服
transitive
■to try to persuade other people to believe in a particular belief or follow a particular way of life 竭力劝说，竭力鼓吹
• They preach the abolition of established systems but propose nothing to replace them. 他们竭力鼓吹废除现行体制，但没有提出取代方案。
[pri:tʃ] verb
ADVISE 建议
intransitive disapproving
■to give unwanted advice, especially about moral matters, in a boring way 告诫；（尤指道德）说教
• He's such a pain - he's always preaching about the virtues of working hard and getting up early. 他很烦人——老在倡导努力工作和早起的美德。
• My mother's always preaching at/to me about keeping my room tidy. 我母亲老是告诫我保持房间整洁。
[pri:tʃ] verb
preach to the converted (also preach to the choir)
■to try to persuade people to believe things which they already believe 向已皈依者宣教布道；劝别人相信他们已经相信的东西：
• You needn't bother telling us how recycling helps the environment, because you're preaching to the converted. 你不必浪费唇舌告诉我们资源回收对环境有甚么好处，因为我们早就知道了。
grant, allow, preach, fund
grant: （正式或法律上）同意，准许，允许（某人提出的要求）；
allow: 允许，准许（某事）；
preach: 布道，宣讲（讲义，生活方式等）；
fund: 为…提供资金，拨款给
vt. 说教；讲道；鼓吹；传道；反复灌输
 - drum in
vi. 说教；讲道；鼓吹；宣扬
 - boost, sermonize
n. 说教
 - homily

Word: bucket
Front: bucket
[ˈbʌkɪt] (高研四六雅宝 4812/4494 -2)
Vocabulary: bucket
(once / 634 pages)
nv
An open, round container with a handle is a bucket. You might take a bucket and shovel to the beach for making sand castles.
Buckets are usually made of metal or plastic, and are typically used to carry liquids. A dairy farmer might catch milk in a metal bucket, announcing at the end of the morning, "I got six buckets of milk!" The expression "to kick the bucket" means to die — this particular meaning might stem from the French buquet, "balance," a beam that was used for hanging slaughtered animals.
WORD FAMILY
bucket: bucketed, bucketful, bucketing, buckets, bucketting+/bucketful: bucketfuls
USAGE EXAMPLES
Also on his retirement bucket list: a boat tour of Crater Lake and an overnight stay at the park lodge.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Wilson finished with a game-high 21 points after being held to two buckets in the first half.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
The fire department tweeted a photo of firefighters dousing the roof from a firetruck’s elevated bucket.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 水桶; 一桶（的量）; 大量; 〈俚〉交通工具
v. 用桶装，用桶运; 倾盆而下; 〈美俚〉骗; 猛开车，猛划船
时态：bucketed, bucketing, buckets
分布：大量(44%)，下倾盆大雨(28%)，颠簸行进(14%)，装在桶里(14%)
→来自PIE *bheu, 膨胀，鼓起来。词源同boast.
n.水桶,吊桶The lucky duck tucked in truck suddenly sucked the gas from the bucket.塞在卡车里的幸运鸭子突然从桶里吸汽油.
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a container with an open top and a handle, often used for carrying liquids （有把手的）桶
• Armed with a bucket and a mop, I started washing the floor. 提着桶和拖把，我开始拖地板。
• I took my two-year old nephew down to the beach with his bucket and spade. 我带两岁的小外甥去海滩，他拿着自己的小桶和铲子。
['bʌk.ɪt] noun countable
in buckets informal
■in great amounts 大量地
• The rain came down in buckets. 天下起了倾盆大雨。
['bʌk.ɪt] noun countable
sweat buckets informal
■to sweat a lot 汗流浃背，大汗淋漓
• It was my first interview and I was sweating buckets. 那是我第一次面试，我紧张得大汗淋漓。
['bʌk.ɪt] noun countable
weep buckets UK (US cry buckets) informal
■to cry a lot 大哭；泪如泉涌
• That was such a sad film - I wept buckets at the end of it. 那部电影太令人伤感了——结束时我哭得像个泪人儿似的。
['bʌk.ɪt] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  bucket down UK informal
■to rain heavily 大雨滂沱
• It's absolutely bucketing down. 正在下倾盆大雨。
n. 桶，水桶； [机] 铲斗；一桶的量
 - barrel, pail
v. 倾盆而下；颠簸着行进
 - pour down

Word: bomb
Front: bomb
[bɒm] (高研四六 1992/2266 -K4)
Back: n. 炸弹; 彻底的失败; [橄榄球] 长传; 高压贮罐
vt. 轰炸，投弹于
vi. 投弹; [俚语] 惨败; [俚语] 涂鸦
时态：bombed, bombing, bombs
分布：炸弹(85%)，轰炸(9%)，投弹(3%)，失败(2%)，投弹于(1%)
→拟声词，模仿炸弹爆炸的声音。
n.炸弹v.投弹于,轰炸With my own ears I clearly heard the heart beat of the nuclear bomb.我亲耳清楚地听到原子弹的心脏的跳动.
US [bɑ:m] noun
WEAPON 武器
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a weapon that explodes and is used to kill or hurt people or to damage buildings 炸弹；爆炸装置
• A 100-pound bomb exploded/went off today, injuring three people. 今天一枚100磅的炸弹爆炸了，导致三人受伤。
• The terrorists had planted a bomb near the police station. 恐怖分子在警察局附近设置了一枚炸弹。
• During the Second World War, the British dropped a huge number of bombs on Dresden. 二战期间，英国在德累斯顿城投下了大量炸弹。
the bomb
■one or more atom bombs 原子弹
• The US was the first country to have the bomb. 美国是第一个拥有原子弹的国家。
UK [bɒm] US [bɑ:m] noun
FAILURE 失败
only singular US informal
■something which has failed 失败的东西
• The play was a real bomb. 这部戏彻底演砸了。
UK [bɒm] US [bɑ:m] noun
MONEY 钱
a bomb UK informal
■a lot of money 大笔钱
• That coat must have cost a bomb. 那件外套一定花了很多钱。
UK [bɒm] US [bɑ:m] noun
go (like/down) a bomb UK informal
■to be very successful or popular 大获成功；极受欢迎
• The party's really going a bomb, isn't it? 派对真的很成功，对吧?
• Your fruit punch went down a bomb. 你的水果潘趣酒真好喝。
UK [bɒm] US [bɑ:m] noun
go like a bomb
■to move very quickly 疾行；飞速行驶
• His new car goes like a bomb. 他的新汽车跑起来飞快。
UK [bɒm] US [bɑ:m] verb
USE WEAPON 使用武器
 IMPROVER transitive
■to drop bombs on something 轰炸，投弹于
• Planes bombed the city every night. 飞机每晚都轰炸该市。
 IMPROVER transitive
■to destroy something by exploding a bomb inside it 炸毁
• This pub was bombed a few years ago. 这家酒吧几年前被炸毁了。
• The building was completely bombed out (= completely destroyed by a bomb). 这座大楼被彻底炸毁了。
UK [bɒm] US [bɑ:m] verb
GO FAST 疾行
intransitive + adverb or preposition informal
■to travel very fast in a vehicle 疾行；飞驰
• He was bombing along on his motorbike. 他正骑着摩托车飞驰。
UK [bɒm] US [bɑ:m] verb
FAIL 失败
intransitive US informal
■to fail 失败
• Her last book really bombed. 她最近这本书一败涂地。
vi. 轰炸，投弹；失败
 - founder, fail in
n. [军] 炸弹
 - crump

Word: blond
Front: blond
[blɒnd] (六雅 4817/9014)
Vocabulary: blond
(once / 1591 pages)
adjn
Blond isn't just a word used to describe pale yellow hair, it can also be used to describe a person with such hair. We'll leave it to you to decide whether or not blonds have more fun.
There's all kinds of blonds out there from bleached to platinum to strawberry to sandy. Some people, Brits especially, will add an e to the end of blonde depending on what gender they are talking about, so that a woman is blonde while a man is blond. The addition of the "e" in the feminine form of blonde is of course a holdover from its French origin. Not only fair-haired people are described as blond; you might have seen blond wood used in Scandinavian furniture. Ikea, anyone?
WORD FAMILY
blond: blondly, blondness, blonds
USAGE EXAMPLES
Actually, it’s something of a return to the world Ms. Peevey inhabited as a cute, blond 10-year-old from Oklahoma City.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
And in still another, a king’s daughter is said to be “as blond as lily pollen and the slightly gilded silver of ancient altar vases.”
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
And face it: Lively is at a disadvantage because she’s long-legged and blond in that California-girl way.
Time(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: adj. 亚麻色的，金色的; 浅色的; 白肤金发碧眼的
n. 肤色白皙的金发女人; 白肤金发碧眼人
级别：blonder, blondest
分布：金发的(82%)，金发的人(18%)
adj. 金发的
 - fair-haired

Word: confession
Front: confession
[kənˈfeʃn] (托 4818/5983 -2)
Vocabulary: confession
(once / 222 pages)
1n 2n
A confession is an admission of guilt, fault, or a mistake.
You’ve probably seen TV shows or movies where a detective says to a suspect "Confess!" The detective is trying to get a confession, which is a statement that admits some type of guilt. "I killed the mayor!" is a confession. "I forgot your birthday" is a confession. In some religions, confession is a sacrament where people admit their sins and seek forgiveness. When people have something painful to admit, they often start by saying, "I have a confession to make."
WORD FAMILY
confession: confessional, confessions+/ confess: confessed, confessedly, confesses, confessing, confession, confessor/confessed: self-confessed, unconfessed/confessional: confessionals/confessor: confessors/unconfessed: unconfessedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
His two-hour confession to the FBI seemed key to jurors’ deliberation.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But without evidence, they were unable to secure a confession.
BBC(Dec 25, 2016)
Despite tens of thousands of tips, Jacob’s disappearance remained unsolved until Heinrich’s confession.
Washington Times(Dec 24, 2016)
Back: n. 承认，自首; 忏悔; 供认状; 信条，教义
分布：忏悔(52%)，招供(23%)，自白(22%)，自认(3%)
坦白[fess=speak,表示"说"]
noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■when you admit that you have done something wrong or illegal 坦白；供认，招认；承认
• I've got a bit of a confession to make - I've lost that book you lent me. 我要承认一件事——我把你借给我的那本书丢了。
• I can't ask for help. It feels like a confession of failure. 我不能请求帮助，那感觉就像是承认失败。
• Confession is the first stage of coming to terms with what you've done. 坦白是你正视自己所作所为的第一步。
• He made a full confession to the police. 他向警方甚么都招了。
■when a Christian tells God or, especially in the Roman Catholic Church, tells a priest formally and privately, what they have done wrong so that they can be forgiven 忏悔，告罪
• Have you been to confession recently? 你最近进行过忏悔吗？
• The priest heard his confession. 神父听取了他的忏悔。
n. 忏悔，告解；供认
 - shrift, peccavi

Word: provoke
Front: provoke
[prəˈvəʊk] (研六托雅 4821/3558 -3)
Vocabulary: provoke
(once / 220 pages)
v
Anything that brings about a strong reaction can be said to provoke. You can provoke that lion if you want. But if he responds by attacking, don't come running to me.
Let's consider some people who have been known to provoke. Lenny Bruce, was more than just a comedian. He was a "provocateur" who used humor to deliver his controversial diatribes. Humor was his way to provoke people to think. Madonna made her name not only by producing a memorable catalogue of great pop songs, she proved herself to be a master at provoking people through her outrageous attire and lyrics. The moral of this story? It's possible to provoke both positive and negative responses.
WORD FAMILY
provoke: provocation, provocative, provoked, provoker, provokes, provoking+/ provocation: provocations/ provocative: provocatively, unprovocative/provoked: unprovoked /provoker: provokers/provoking: provokingest, provokingly, unprovoking/ unprovoked: unprovokedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Occasionally, the drugs provoke a severe auto-immune response, resulting in potential toxicities including inflammatory lung, liver and thyroid disorders.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
US material and weapons support for the YPG provoked Turkish protests.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
The essay was meant to provoke conservatives, and it succeeded.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 激起，挑起; 煽动; 招致; 触怒，使愤怒
时态：provoked, provoking, provokes
分布：激怒(66%)，惹起(22%)，驱使(12%)
→pro-,向前，-vok,说话，叫喊，词源同voice,invoke.引申词义挑衅，挑逗。
激怒,刺激(pro+voke喊→在[你]前面喊→激怒[你])[pro-①表示"向前,在前"②表示"很多…”③表示”赞同,亲..."]
触怒,煽动(pro前面+vok+e→到[别人]面前喊→激怒)[voc,vok=call,voice表示"叫喊,声音"]
v.挑动;激发;招惹Oppression provoked the people to rebellion.压迫激怒人民反叛.
【记】pro前，voke喊－在别人前面喊－激怒
【参】invoke（v 恳求）；revoke（v 撤回；取消）
【反】choleric（adj 易怒的）－difficult to provoke（很难被激怒的）；jejune（adj 无兴趣的）－thought-provoking（激发思想的）
US [-'voʊk] verb transitive
CAUSE REACTION 引起反应
 ADVANCED
■to cause a reaction, especially a negative one 激起，引起（尤指负面反应）
• The prospect of increased prices has already provoked an outcry. 物价上涨的预测已经引发了强烈抗议。
• Test results provoked worries that the reactor could overheat. 检测结果引发了核子反应炉可能过热的担忧。
UK [prə'vəʊk] US [-'voʊk] verb transitive
MAKE ANGRY 激怒
■to make or try to make a person or an animal angry 激怒，挑衅
• It was a vicious-looking dog and I didn't want to provoke it. 那只狗看起来很凶，我并不想招惹它。
• He was clearly trying to get at me but I refused to be provoked. 他分明想攻击我，但我就是不生气。
• I was provoked into the argument. 我被激怒，于是吵了起来。
provoke, aggravate, irritate
这组词都有“激怒”的意思，其区别是：
provoke: 指激起某人强烈的愤怒，以致令人作出反应。
aggravate: 口语用词。指因长时间的反复言行而引起不快、烦躁或恼怒。
irritate: 通常指因受到不愉快的刺激而失去耐性，变得烦燥或恼怒。
stimulate, provoke
stimulate: 刺激，一般指刺激某人对某事感兴趣
provoke: 刺激，指激起某人突然的情感
vt. 驱使；激怒；煽动；惹起
 - fan, egg, anger

Word: marble
Front: marble
[ˈmɑ:bl] (高研四六托雅宝 4819/4199 -2)
Vocabulary: marble
(once / 198 pages)
nv
Marble is a very hard rock that's a particular type of limestone. Fancy lobbies (and even bathrooms) are often lined with marble.
Marble's unique qualities make it a popular stone for artists and kitchen designers alike — the white stone statues you find in most museums, some of them dating back to ancient Greece and Rome, are carved from white marble. High-end kitchen counters are often made from polished slabs of darker colored marble. A single marble is a glass ball swirled with marble-like colors, and "to marble" is to paint with similar swirls and whorls.
WORD FAMILY
marble: marbled, marbleise, marbleize, marbles, marbling, marmoreal, marmorean+/marbleise: marbleisation, marbleised, marbleising/marbleize: marbleization, marbleized, marbleizing/marbling: marblings
USAGE EXAMPLES
There is a sumptuous mosaic ceiling, with marble columns and copper clay friezes.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
The Atlanta-based company stored its jets in a hangar next to a three-story waiting area with floors of Italian marble and a walk-in wine cooler.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 31, 2016)
Two locals were arrested with a marble tablet and stone seal from Nimrud, presumably to sell.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 大理石; 大理石制品; 弹子游戏; 理智，常识
adj. 大理石的; 冷酷无情的; 有大理石花纹的
v. 把（书边）弄上大理石花纹
时态：marbled, marbling, marbles
分布：大理石(99%)，使有大理石的花纹(1%)
→来自古法语marbre的拼写异化形式，来自拉丁语marmor,来自希腊语marmoros,大理石，明亮的石头，可能来自mer,发光，闪光，词源同mere,morning.后用于指用小石子磨成的弹子游戏，但后来随着玻璃技术的成熟，多用于指玻璃弹子。
n.大理石,云石The shark's remark on the marble mark in the market is remarkable.骗子关于市场上大理石标记的评论值得关注.
US ['mɑ:r-] noun
ROCK 岩石
uncountable
■a type of very hard rock which has a pattern of lines going through it, feels cold and becomes smooth and shiny when cut and polished 大理石
• a marble floor/statue 大理石地板／雕像
UK ['mɑ:.bl] US ['mɑ:r-] noun
GLASS BALL 玻璃球
countable
■a small ball usually made of coloured or transparent glass which is used in children's games （儿童游戏中用的）弹子
marbles uncountable
■a children's game in which small round glass balls are rolled along the floor 弹子游戏
n. [岩] 大理石；大理石制品；弹珠
 - mable, sarcophagus
adj. [岩] 大理石的；冷酷无情的
 - hard, coldhearted

Word: substantially
Front: substantially
[səbˈstænʃəli] (六托 4815/4042 -K2)
Vocabulary: substantially
(once / 956 pages)
adv
Substantially means "to a great extent." Your college fund was substantially increased by your grandfather's generous gift. What the heck, I'll throw in a quarter, too.
Substantially is a good word to know any time you want to establish something's extent. It basically suggests "a large part." Your raise made your life substantially easier. The word also suggests an essential nature, as in "Nothing was substantially changed by the new law." The word carries a great deal of weight, as can be seen in this quote by Albert Einstein: "We shall require a substantially new manner of thinking if mankind is to survive."
WORD FAMILY
substantial: insubstantial, substantialer, substantiality, substantially, substantialness, unsubstantial+/ insubstantial: insubstantiality, insubstantially/insubstantiality: insubstantialities/ substance: substances, substantial /substantiality: substantialities/unsubstantial: unsubstantialise, unsubstantialize, unsubstantially/unsubstantialise: unsubstantialised
USAGE EXAMPLES
That 1993 legislation, signed into law by a Democratic president, Bill Clinton, is meant to defend “persons whose religious exercise is substantially burdened by government”.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Under the new law, the new symbol must be used in all applicable buildings constructed, substantially renovated or expanded after Jan. 1.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Development costs and the success of exploration efforts differ substantially by region and type of operation.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 26, 2016)
Back: adv. 本质上，实质上; 大体上; 充分地; 相当多地
分布：实质上(44%)，大体上(42%)，非常(14%)
adverb
LARGE 大
 ADVANCED
■to a large degree 在很大程度上
• The new rules will substantially change how we do things. 新规则会很大程度地改变我们的做事方式。
[səb'stæn.ʃəl.i] adverb
GENERAL 大体
■generally 大体上；基本上
• This model has a few extra fittings, but the two cars are substantially the same. 这型号有几个附加装置，但两款车大体上是一样的。
adv. 实质上；大体上；充分地
 - mainly, fully, well, adequately, wide

Word: twist
Front: twist
[twɪst] (高研四六托雅 3759/3673 -K3)
Vocabulary: twist
(once / 179 pages)
1vn 2nv 3v 4n 5n
When you twist something, you turn it in a different direction. You might twist off a bottle cap, or you might even twist the plot of a story you are writing.
A kite's tail twists in the wind, curling around itself, and a baker twists a piece of dough into a pretzel shape. You can also twist out of someone's grasp (to escape your godmother's cheek pinching), or twist your ankle hurrying away. As a noun, twist means a bent and curved shape, like the twist of a curl or a twist of soft serve ice cream. In a book or movie plot, a twist is a shocking development.
WORD FAMILY
twist: twisted, twister, twisting, twists, untwist+/twisted: twistedest, twistedly/twister: supertwister, twisters/twisting: twistingly, twistings/untwist: untwisted, untwisting, untwists
USAGE EXAMPLES
But just like in any good TV script, a twist was in store.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
“I think we created something new, something of a twist on horror movies on the independent scale that we haven’t seen yet.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
There will doubtless be new twists on the fitness tracker too.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 扭成一束; 搓，捻; 绕，卷; 连结，交结
vi. 被搓揉; 蜿蜒，曲折; 扭曲身体，扭动; 旋转，转动
n. 揉搓之物; 丝线; 烟草卷; 旋转
时态：twisted, twisting, twists
分布：扭曲(38%)，捻(32%)，拧(12%)，搓(8%)，缠绕(5%)，弯曲处(3%)，盘旋(2%)
→可能来自 two,二，-st,表反复。引申词义缠绕在一起，旋转，转动等。
v.捻;拧;扭曲;蜿蜒曲折而行n.拧;歪曲;曲折On the Christmas the Christian's assistant fisted Pistol Piston and twisted his wrist.在圣诞节,基督徒的助手拳击了"手枪活塞"并扭了他的手腕.
verb
TURN 转动
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to turn something, especially repeatedly, or to turn or wrap one thing around another 转动，旋转；缠绕，盘绕
• The path twists and turns for over a mile. 这条小路弯弯曲曲，长达一英里多。
• She sat there nervously twisting the ring around on her finger. 她紧张地坐在那里，不停转着手指上的戒指。
• She twisted her head (round) so she could see what was happening. 她扭过头来，想看看发生了甚么事。
• Twist the rope tightly round that post over there. 把绳子紧紧缠在那根柱子上。
transitive
■If you twist a part of your body, such as your ankle , you injure it by suddenly turning it 扭伤（脚踝等）
• She slipped on the ice and twisted her knee. 她在冰上滑了一跤，结果扭伤了膝盖。
[twɪst] verb
CHANGE 改变
transitive disapproving
■to change information so that it gives the message you want it to give, especially in a way that is dishonest 曲解，歪曲
• This report shows how she twisted the truth to claim successes where none, in fact, existed. 这份报告表明她扭曲事实，她所宣称的那些成就其实根本不存在。
• You're twisting my words - that's not what I said at all. 你在扭曲我的话——我根本不是那样说的。
[twɪst] verb
twist sb's arm
■to persuade someone to do something they do not want to do 强迫（某人），向（某人）施加压力
• I didn't want to go but Linda twisted my arm. 我并不想去，可琳达非要我去不可。
[twɪst] verb
twist sb around/round your little finger
■to be able to persuade someone to do anything you want, usually because they like you so much 任意摆布，任意左右（通常指十分喜欢自己的人）
• He'd do anything for you. You've got him twisted around your little finger. 他会为你做一切。你已经完全左右了他。
[twɪst] noun
TURN 转动
countable
■when you twist something 扭动，转动
• She gave the cap another twist to make sure it was tight. 她又扭了一下盖子，以确保盖紧。
• an Elvis-style twist of the hips 猫王艾维斯式的臀部扭动
countable
■the shape of or a piece of something which has been twisted 螺旋状（物）；麻花状（物）；辫子形（物）
• a twist of hair 麻花辫
• a twist of lemon 螺旋柠檬皮
countable
■a tight bend 急转弯
• a path with many twists and turns 蜿蜒曲折的小路
[twɪst] noun
CHANGE 改变
countable
■a change in the way in which something happens 变化；转折；改变
• The story took a surprise twist today with media reports that the doctor had resigned. 媒体报道该医生已经辞职，使事情在今天有了惊人的转折。
• The incident was the latest twist in the continuing saga of fraud and high scandal in banks and stockbroking firms. 此事件是银行和股票经纪公司持续不断的诈骗和高层丑闻的最新发展。
• But for a cruel twist of fate/fortune , he could now be running his own business. 要不是时运不济，他现在可能正在经营自己的公司了。
• There's an unexpected twist in/to the plot towards the end of the film. 电影结尾部分的情节出人意料。
countable
■a complicated situation or plan of action 复杂的形势；复杂的行动计划
• the twists and turns of fate 命运的曲折变化
• It has proved very difficult to unravel the twists and turns and contradictions of the evidence. 事实已经证明，要理清复杂且矛盾丛生的证据的确不容易。
[twɪst] noun
DANCE 跳舞
the twist only singular
■a dance in which people stay in one place and twist their bodies from side to side to music 扭摆舞
[twɪst] noun
be/go round the twist (also send sb round the twist) old-fashioned
■to be, become or make someone else become angry or unable to behave in a reasonable way （使）愤怒，（使）发怒；（使）疯癫，（使）发疯
• If I'd stayed there any longer, I'd have gone round the twist. 如果我在那里再多留一会儿，我会发疯。
curve, crook, twist, bend, bow
这组词都有“弯、弯曲”的意思，其区别是：
curve: 指变成曲线或弧线状的动作或状态。
crook: 指不规则的弯曲，也指按照规则或模型弯曲某物。
twist: 指通过转动、拧或扭使某物成弯曲状。
bend: 普通用词，指把某物变成曲线或角形。用于人时，指头部或身躯弯下。
bow: 指把头部或上身弯向前方的动作，也指社交中的礼节性动作。
vt. 捻；拧；扭伤；编织；使苦恼
 - screw, harry
n. [力] 扭曲；拧；扭伤
 - distortion, strain
vi. 扭动；弯曲
 - bend, double up

Word: defender
Front: defender
[dɪˈfendə(r)] (4820/3732 -2)
Back: n. 防御者，守卫者; 辩护人; 拥护者; 卫冕者
分布：拥护者(49%)，辩护者(31%)，防卫者(20%)
US [-dɚ] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■someone who protects a place against attack, or who believes in and supports a person, idea, plan, etc. 守卫者，捍卫者；支持者
• The city's defenders were outnumbered by the besieging army. 在数量上，守城者不及围城的军队。
• So far they have found few defenders of their point of view on campus. 到目前为止，他们在学校里没找到几个支持他们观点的人。
 ADVANCED
■someone in a sports team who tries to prevent the other team from scoring points, goals, etc. 防守队员；后卫
• The Brazilian attack put France's defenders under pressure. 巴西队的进攻给法国队的后卫施加了很大的压力。
n. 防卫者，守卫者； [法] 辩护者；拥护者；卫冕者
 - champion, supporter

Word: fish
Front: fish
[fɪʃ] (中高雅 947/954 -K4)
Vocabulary: fish
(once / 65 pages)
1nv 2v
A fish is a cold-blooded aquatic vertebrate with scales and gills, like a shark, a trout, or a pike. To fish is to try to catch a fish.
Fish comes from an old German version of the Latin word for "fish," piscus, from which you might recognize the astrological sign Pisces. The word can describe either the creature or the meat from the creature. When fish is a verb, it can be used literally for the act of trying to catch a fish, or metaphorically for trying to find something, like fishing for someone's name in your memory.
WORD FAMILY
fish: fished, fisher, fishery, fishes, fishing, fishy +/fisher: fishers/fishery: fisheries/fishing: fishings/ fishy: fishier, fishiest, fishily
USAGE EXAMPLES
Most residents’ income is from catching and selling fish.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Small and medium-sized fish swim upwards when stressed, whereas larger fish tend to swim downwards.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Snagging for paddlefish at night in northeastern Oklahoma would end under a proposed fishing regulation for 2017, except for Riverview Park in Miami.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 鱼，鱼肉，鱼类; 〈口〉（特殊的）人物，家伙，东西; [建]接合板，夹片，鱼尾板; [航]钓锚器，撑夹桅杆的加固夹箍
vt. & vi. 捕鱼; 钓鱼; 摸出; 掏出
vt. 钓鱼，捕鱼; 搜寻; [航]加夹箍夹牢; [工]用接合板连接[加固]
vi. 捕鱼，钓鱼; 用钩捞取
时态：fished, fishing, fishes
分布：鱼(78%)，钓鱼(10%)，捕鱼(8%)，鱼肉(2%)，搜寻(1%)，笨蛋(1%)
→来自peisk, 鱼，词源同Pisces, piscivorous.进一步来自pa, 喂食，食物，词源同food.比较fur.
n.(pl.fish(es))鱼;鱼肉v.捕鱼;钓鱼The soda made the goddess nod by the fishing rod.苏打使女神在钓竿旁打盹.
noun (plural fish or fishes)
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■an animal which lives in water, is covered with scales , and which breathes by taking water in through its mouth, or the flesh of these animals eaten as food 鱼；鱼肉
• Several large fish live in the pond. 池塘里有几条大鱼。
• Sanjay caught the biggest fish I've ever seen. 桑杰伊捉到的鱼是我见过最大的。
• I don't like fish (= don't like to eat fish). 我不喜欢吃鱼。
an odd/queer fish mainly UK old-fashioned
■a strange person 怪人
[fɪʃ] noun (plural fish or fishes)
be a big fish in a small pond
■to have a lot of influence only over a small area 是小池中的大鱼；仅在小范围内很有影响力
[fɪʃ] noun (plural fish or fishes)
be like a fish out of water
■to feel awkward because you are in an situation which you have not experienced before or because you are very different from the people around you 如鱼离水，在陌生环境不得其所
[fɪʃ] noun (plural fish or fishes)
be neither fish nor fowl
■like one thing in some ways and like another thing in other ways 非驴非马；不伦不类
[fɪʃ] noun (plural fish or fishes)
have bigger / other fish to fry informal
■to have something more important to do 有更重要的事情要做
[fɪʃ] noun (plural fish or fishes)
There are plenty more fish in the sea.
■used to say that there are many other people or possibilities, especially when one person or thing has been unsuitable or unsuccessful 海里的鱼多的是；还有很多合适的人（或机会）
• Don't cry over Pierre - there are plenty more fish in the sea! 别为皮埃尔哭了，天下的好男人多的是！
[fɪʃ] verb
SEARCH 搜查
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to search, especially in difficult conditions （尤指在困难情况下）寻找
• She fished in her tool box for the right spanner. 她在工具箱里翻找合适的扳手。
• The director was fishing for information about our strategy. 那个主管正拐弯抹角地打听我们的策略。
• He's always fishing for compliments (= trying to make people say good things about him). 他总是旁敲侧击地想听到恭维话。
[fɪʃ] verb
ANIMAL 动物
intransitive or transitive
■to catch fish from a river, sea, lake, etc., or to try to do this 捕（鱼）；钓（鱼）
• They're fishing for tuna. 他们在捕鲔鱼。
• The sea here has been fished intensely over the last ten years. 在过去的十年间，这片海域一直遭到密集捕捞。
fished out
■If an area of water has been fished out, all or most of the fish in it have been caught. （水域）鱼被捕尽的
[fɪʃ] verb
a fishing expedition mainly US
■an attempt to discover the facts about something by collecting a lot of information, often secretly （通常秘密地）搜集资讯、资料（以求调查揭示真相）
• The investigators' request for the company's accounts is simply a fishing expedition - they have no real evidence of wrongdoing. 调查员要求查公司的账目只是一个收集资讯的手段——他们没有不法行为的确凿证据。
[fɪʃ] verb
fish in troubled waters UK
■to try to win an advantage from a difficult situation or from someone else's problems 浑水摸鱼
[fɪʃ] verb
fish or cut bait US informal
■used to tell someone to take action or to stop saying that they will 要么全力以赴，要么索性放弃；下定决心就别再动摇
• He's been promising voters that he'll support gun control, now it's time to fish or cut bait. 他一直向选民承诺他会支持枪械管制，现在是下定决心的时候了。
[fɪʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] fish sth out informal
■to pull something out of water or take something out of a bag or pocket （从水中）拖出；（从袋子或口袋中）拿出，取出
• Police fished a body out of the river this morning. 今晨，警方从河里打捞出一具尸体。
• He fished out a coin from his pocket. 他从口袋里摸出一枚硬币。
vi. 捕鱼，钓鱼；用钩捞取
 - angle
n. [鱼] 鱼，鱼类
 - ikan, fim
vt. 钓鱼，捕鱼；搜寻
 - search, hunt for

Word: explicit
Front: explicit
[ɪkˈsplɪsɪt] (高研六托雅宝 4826/3722 -2)
Vocabulary: explicit
(once / 723 pages)
adj
Anything explicit is very clear, whether it's instructions or a dirty movie.
Thanks to parental-advisory warnings about "explicit language" or "explicit violence," you might think this word only applies to things that are dirty, naughty, or adult in some way. That is a common meaning of explicit, but it's not the only meaning. This also means anything that is clear and easy to understand. Explicit orders are easy to carry out; explicit instructions are easy to follow. When someone is explicit, they're not beating around the bush or being confusing.
WORD FAMILY
explicit: explicitly, explicitness, inexplicit +/ inexplicit: inexplicitly, inexplicitness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Hamas and other radical factions are responsible for the most explicit forms of incitement to violence.
Time(Dec 28, 2016)
Prosecutors say the messages continued into 2016 and included explicit photographs that were also sent to everyone on the woman’s contact list.
Washington Times(Dec 24, 2016)
And there are no explicit programs in federal prisons to treat Youth Act offenders.
Washington Post(Dec 21, 2016)
Back: adj. 明确的，清楚的; 直言的; 详述的; 不隐瞒的
分布：明确的(82%)，清楚的(11%)，露骨的(5%)，清晰的(2%)
→来自explicate,解释清楚的。
明白的,直爽的(ex出+plic+it→[说话]不重叠的→直截了当的)[plic,pli,ply=fold,表示"重叠,折叠"]
a.详述的,明确的;坦率的;显然的The implicit implication about the deficit is not explicit.关于赤字的暗示的暗示不明确.
【源】explicate（v 说明）
【参】implicit（adj 暗示的；含蓄的；固有的）
【反】inchoate（adj 未形成的；不成熟的）；tacit（adj 默许的；含蓄的）；immanent（adj 内在的）；obscure（adj 模糊的）
adjective
■clear and exact 清楚明白的；明确的；不含糊的
• I gave her very explicit directions how to get here. 我明确地告诉她这里怎么走。
• She was very explicit about (= said very clearly and exactly) what she thought was wrong with the plans. 她明确地指出了计划中她认为有误的地方。
• I wasn't aware that I would be paying - you certainly didn't make it explicit (= state it clearly). 我不知道要付钱——很明显是因为你没说清楚。
Compare implicit showing or talking about sex or violence in a very detailed way （描绘性或暴力）赤裸裸的，露骨的
• a sexually explicit film 有露骨的性爱场面的电影
specific, explicit, definite, express
这组词都有“明确的”的意思，其区别是：
specific: 强调内容明确，毫不抽象、笼统。
explicit: 指清楚明白，毫不含糊其辞，因而无任何理解困难。
definite: 指对所提到的事的范围及其细节毫无疑问，含有明确和确定界限的意味。
express: 语气较强，较正式，指不但清楚明确，而且含有直截了当和有力等的意思。
adj. 明确的；清楚的；直率的；详述的
 - precise, decided, distinct, specific, express

Word: disturbing
Front: disturbing
[dɪˈstɜ:bɪŋ] (高 4827/5532 -K)
Vocabulary: disturbing
(once / 676 pages)
adj
When something really worries or upsets you, you can describe it as disturbing. War photography is usually disturbing.
It can be disturbing to see people be hurt, or a child going hungry: it troubles the person who is witnessing such difficulties. Some strange things are also often described as disturbing, such as bizarre clown art or people who walk around dressed in animal costumes. If it bothers and distresses you, it's disturbing. The Latin root, disturbare, combines dis, "completely," with turbare, "to disorder."
WORD FAMILY
disturbing: disturbingly+/ disturb: disturbance, disturbed, disturber, disturbing, disturbs/ disturbance: disturbances/disturbed: disturbedly, undisturbed/disturber: disturbers/undisturbed: undisturbedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
He cited drug dealing and other “disturbing behavior” in or near playgrounds.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
And then there is his disturbing belittling of possible Russian interference in the election.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
That’s not to deny the genuinely disturbing racism manifesting in the US and across Europe.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 烦扰的; 令人不安的
v. 打扰(disturb的现在分词)
分布：令人不安的(83%)，烦扰的(15%)，担心的(2%)
US [-'stɝ:-] adjective
 ADVANCED
■making you feel worried or upset 令人焦虑的，使人忧虑的；让人心烦的
• The Home Secretary described the latest crime figures as 'disturbing'. 内政部长声称最近的犯罪数目“令人担忧”。
• The following programme contains scenes that may be disturbing to some viewers. 以下节目可能会有一些使某些观众感到不适的场景。
adj. 令人不安的；烦扰的
 - disconcerting, worrisome
v. 干扰；打断（disturb的ing形式）
 - interrupting

Word: surveillance
Front: surveillance
[sɜ:ˈveɪləns] (宝 4825/6559 -2)
Vocabulary: surveillance
(once / 1729 pages)
n
Many times, a person suspected of something illegal by the authorities is placed under surveillance, meaning he or she is closely watched to see if their suspicions are well-founded.
If you break down the word surveillance you get the prefix sur, from the French word for "over" and the root veiller, meaning "to watch." All of which is a roundabout way of saying that if you are under surveillance, you are being closely watched — usually by the authorities, and usually not for a good reason! Those surveillance cameras in banks and stores are put there in the hopes of both preventing crimes and recognizing criminals after a crime has been committed.
WORD FAMILY
surveillance: surveillances
USAGE EXAMPLES
Learning of this through wiretaps and surveillance, Johnson was livid.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Some industry and government officials are concerned current surveillance is insufficient.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
The technology allows investigators to match photo or a surveillance video to databases of mug shots and driver’s licenses with accompanying identifying information.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 盯梢，监督; [法]管制，监视
分布：监视(75%)，监督(25%)
→来自法语 surveiller,监督，看管，来自 sur-,在上，veiller,看，看护，来自拉丁语 vigilare,看， 看护，词源同 vigil,wake.拼写比较 rail,regulate.后引申词义监视。
临视;看守(sur+veil看＋lance→在上面看→临视)[sur-表示"超过,在上面"]
【记】sur下面，veillance＝vigilance（n 警戒）：监视sur下面，veil（n 面纱），lance：脸的下面有面纱－蒙面大盗－监视别人
US [sɚ-] noun uncountable
■the careful watching of a person or place, especially by the police or army, because of a crime that has happened or is expected （尤指员警或军队的）监视，盯梢
• The police have kept the nightclub under surveillance because of suspected illegal drug activity. 这家夜总会因涉嫌非法贩毒而被警方监视。
• More banks are now installing surveillance cameras. 现在更多的银行开始安装监视录影机。
n. 监督；监视
 - supervision, observation, monitoring, watch, oversight

Word: magnetic
Front: magnetic
[mægˈnetɪk] (研四六托雅 4830/4418 -2)
Vocabulary: magnetic
(once / 560 pages)
adj
Things that are magnetic are attracted to metal. Also, people with charisma are called magnetic. If everything is attracted to you, whether you’re a refrigerator door or a rock star, you’re magnetic.
Magnetic literally refers to something that attracts metal, like iron or steel. Refrigerator doors are magnetic, so magnets stick to it. Also, someone who is very popular and attracts people has a magnetic personality. A powerful speaker who attracts many fans has a magnetic way of speaking. Magnetic people make you want to get closer, like you’re being pulled by their magical magnetic force. Both senses of magnetic have to do with attraction.
WORD FAMILY
magnetic: magnetically, magnetism, nonmagnetic+/demagnetise: demagnetisation, demagnetised, demagnetising/demagnetize: demagnetization, demagnetized, demagnetizes, demagnetizing/ magnet: magnetic, magnetise, magnetize, magnets/magnetise: demagnetise, magnetisation, magnetised, magnetises, magnetising/ magnetism: magnetisms/magnetize: demagnetize, magnetization, magnetized, magnetizes, magnetizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
With the larvae in a tank surrounded by the device, the scientists turned the earth’s normal magnetic north 120 degrees clockwise.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Even in the rather middling holiday comedy “Office Christmas Party,” McKinnon is magnetic, elevating the world around her with her specific brand of weird.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
“GPS does emit more magnetic interference than a mobile phone, and a mobile phone with a GPS is even more,” Mr. Jasper said.
New York Times(Dec 26, 2016)
Back: adj. 有磁性的，有吸引力的; 磁性的; 有吸引力的; 有魅力的
分布：有吸引力的(51%)，有磁性的(43%)，催眠术的(6%)
a.磁的,有磁性的;有吸引力的He has magnetic personality.他有吸引人的个性.
【记】来自magnet（n 吸铁石）
US [-'netˌ-] adjective
OBJECT 物件
■with the power of a magnet 磁的，有磁性的；磁化的
UK [mæg'net.ɪk] US [-'netˌ-] adjective
ATTRACTIVE 吸引的
■describes someone whose personality attracts a lot of people 有吸引力的，有魅力的
adj. 地磁的；有磁性的；有吸引力的
 - geomagnetic

Word: technician
Front: technician
[tekˈnɪʃn] (研四六雅 4831/6423 -2)
Vocabulary: technician
(once / 2046 pages)
n
A technician is someone who has knowledge and training in a technical process. If you are having trouble with your computer network, you might have to call in a network technician to get it sorted out.
A technician knows all of the ins and outs (the technicalities) of a specific process. A computer technician knows all about how computers work and how to fix them. Likewise an automotive technician (a mechanic) knows all about cars and how to fix them. Technician is not always associated with technology. If a painter or a musician is trained in various artistic, or musical techniques, he or she can also be called a technician.
WORD FAMILY
technician: technicians+/ technique: technician, techniques
USAGE EXAMPLES
I wait in the reception area for an hour before the X-ray technician calls my name.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
He enlisted in the Army in 1942 and served in England and France as a surgical technician with the 108th General Hospital, a medical unit.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Bill Broeksmit, a behind-the-scenes technician with an acute sense of the rights and wrongs in finance, was not.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 技术人员; 技师; 技巧纯熟的人
分布：技术员(62%)，技师(38%)
→来自 technical,技术的，-ian,人。
n.技术员,技师,技工Mary is training to be a technician.玛丽正在接受培训,准备成为一名技术员.
noun countable
■a worker trained with special skills, especially in science or engineering 技术员，技师
• a laboratory technician 实验室技术员
[tek'nɪʃ.ən] noun countable
■a person whose technique is very good 技艺精湛者，巧匠
n. [劳经] 技师，技术员；技巧纯熟的人
 - lab-technician

Word: mutter
Front: mutter
[ˈmʌtə(r)] (研四六雅宝 4837/3481 -2)
Vocabulary: mutter
(once / 158 pages)
vn
When you mutter, you mumble under your breath, often in an angry way. You might mutter to yourself as you clean graffiti off your garage, for example.
An irritable teenager might mutter when her parents make her get off the couch and mow the lawn, and your uncle might mutter at the television every night when he watches the news. When someone mutters, she speaks in a low voice, either to herself or to another person. Mutter was originally moteren in the fourteenth century, and it comes from a Proto-Indo-European root, mut, which was most likely imitative — in other words, it sounds like its meaning.
WORD FAMILY
mutter: muttered, mutterer, muttering, mutters+/mutterer: mutterers/muttering: mutterings
USAGE EXAMPLES
“How long you think he’s gonna talk for today?” one player muttered.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
After losses, some mutter, questioning plays and substitutions.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
I was then asked where I worked and I lied to my fellow journalists, muttering about a blog.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 轻声低语，咕哝地抱怨; 含糊地说; 自言自语地说
n. 咕哝; 小声低语，小声抱怨; 怨言
时态：muttered, muttering, mutters
分布：咕哝(40%)，抱怨(34%)，低语(19%)，嘟哝(7%)
→拟声词，模仿嘀咕的声音，-er,表反复。
喃喃自语[-er 1.表名词"…人"2.表名词"物品,机器"3.表名词"反复做"]
n.喃喃而语,小声低语;抱怨v.低声说,抱怨The button utters in mutter, "The butterfly likes the buttered earthnut/peanut."按钮咕哝着发出声音说:"蝴蝶喜欢涂了奶油的花生."
【记】读：（他）妈的－小声而含糊不清地抱怨
【区】mutton（n 羊肉）；beef（n 牛肉）；pork（n 猪肉）；venison（n 鹿肉）
【反】speak distinctly（清楚地说）
US ['mʌtˌ.ɚ] verb intransitive or transitive
 ADVANCED
■to speak quietly and in a low voice that is not easy to hear, often when you are worried or complaining about something 嘟囔，咕哝
• Stop muttering and speak up! 别咕哝了，大声说出来！
• He was muttering (away) to himself. 他在喃喃自语。
• Laurence muttered something about his wife and left. 劳伦斯低声说了他妻子的甚么事就离开了。
• He muttered something under his breath to the person next to him. 他压低声音对他身边的人咕哝了些甚么。
UK ['mʌt.ər] US ['mʌtˌ.ɚ] noun
QUIET WORDS 低语
only singular
■(the sound of) words being said very quietly 低语（声）
• I heard the soft mutter of voices in the next room. 我听到隔壁有人轻声低语。
UK ['mʌt.ər] US ['mʌtˌ.ɚ] noun
COMPLAINT 抱怨
countable
■a complaint which is made privately 嘀咕，小声抱怨
• There were mutters that other departments received more money than ours. 私下里有人发牢骚说其他部门比我们部门拿的钱多。
whisper, mutter, murmur
这组词都有“低语”的意思，其区别是：
whisper: 通常指耳语、窃窃私语。
mutter: 多指别人不易听到的低语。
murmur: 通常指人、微风或小溪等的低沉、柔和或连续的声音。
vi. 咕哝；喃喃自语
 - chunter
n. 咕哝；喃喃低语
 - grunt

Word: devastating
Front: devastating
[ˈdevəsteɪtɪŋ] (托雅 4834/6430 -2)
Vocabulary: devastating
(once / 1403 pages)
adj
Something that's shocking and distressing is devastating. Watching the local ice cream shop burn to the ground would be devastating to many neighborhood kids.
Incredibly destructive events like earthquakes are devastating, although anything that's tragic, even on a personal level, can also be devastating. It's also used informally to mean incredibly affecting or impressive, like a photographer's devastating images of urban poverty. This meaning came into use in the late 1800s — before that, devastating came right from the Latin word devastare, "to lay waste completely."
WORD FAMILY
devastating: devastatingly+/ devastate: devastated, devastates, devastating, devastation / devastation: devastations
USAGE EXAMPLES
“We’re putting Vaseline on these babies to potentially prevent a very devastating disease.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The running back’s early punishment sets up devastating play-action passes later.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“A right-wing demagogue in charge of the world’s most influential repository of democratic values,” wrote Financial Times columnist Martin Wolf, “is a devastating fact.”
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 毁灭性的，灾难性的; 惊人的，可怕的; 迷人的; 强大的
v. 彻底破坏( devastate的现在分词); 摧毁; 毁灭
分布：毁灭性的(69%)，破坏性的(27%)，惊人的(2%)，压倒性的(1%)，有魅力的(1%)
US [-tˌɪŋ] adjective
VERY HARMFUL 破坏性极大的
 ADVANCED
■causing a lot of damage or destruction 毁灭性的，破坏性极大的
• If the bomb had exploded in the main shopping area, it would have been devastating. 如果炸弹在主要商业区爆炸，将会造成毁灭性的后果。
• The drought has had devastating consequences/effects. 旱灾造成了极其严重的后果。
UK ['dev.ə.steɪ.tɪŋ] US [-tˌɪŋ] adjective
STRONG EFFECT 强烈影响的
 ADVANCED
■making someone very shocked and upset 令人震惊的；令人烦乱的
• devastating news 令人震惊的消息
■describes a personal quality that has a powerful effect 惊人的，令人震撼的，不凡的
• She had a devastating beauty/charm/smile that few men could resist. 她的美貌／魅力／笑容令人倾倒，几乎没有男人可以抗拒。
adj. 毁灭性的；全然的
 - fell, destructive, fatal
v. 摧毁（devastate的ing形式）；毁坏
 - annihilating, rubbling

Word: depart
Front: depart
[dɪˈpɑ:t] (研四六托雅 4829/4497 -2)
Vocabulary: depart
(once / 64 pages)
v
To depart is to go away or to choose a different direction. If you are catching a plane, you are soon to depart. And, if you are wearing a kilt instead of jeans, you depart from your usual look.
Airports and train stations have gates for arrivals and departures. Airplanes and people coming in "arrive" while those going out depart. You also can depart without going anywhere, as when you change your mind and depart from an earlier decision. To "depart from the norm" is an expression for doing something different than expected, like giggling during a tear-jerker of a movie.
WORD FAMILY
depart: departed, departer, departing, departs, departure +/departer: departers/ departure: departures
USAGE EXAMPLES
With few alternatives, the passengers sat hoping their flight would eventually depart.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Ms Chen is the latest in a string of high-profile Twitter executives to depart from the firm.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
After assessing the damage, airport authorities announce that departing flights will be delayed an average of four months, nearly twice as long as usual.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: v. 离开，出发; 去世; 离职; 脱轨
时态：departed, departing, departs
分布：离开(99%)，死亡(1%)
→de-, 向下，离开。part, 分开，部分。即离开，分开。
vi.离开,起程a.过去的,逝世的Apart from that apartment, the departed department leader was partly partial to this one.除了那套公寓外,已故系领导还有点偏爱这一套.
【记】de分开，part部分一使各个部分分开一离开
US [-'pɑ:rt] formal
verb intransitive
 ADVANCED
■to go away or leave, especially on a journey 出发，动身，启程
• The plane departs at 6.00 a.m. 那架飞机在早上六时起飞。
• The train for London departs from Platform 2. 前往伦敦的列车从2号月台开出。
UK [dɪ'pɑ:t] US [-'pɑ:rt] formal
verb intransitive
depart this life
■to die 去世，辞世，逝世
• In loving memory of my dear husband, who departed this life on May 5, 1978. 深切怀念我亲爱的丈夫，他于1978年5月5日辞世。
UK [dɪ'pɑ:t] US [-'pɑ:rt] formal
verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  depart from sth
■to be different from the usual or expected way of doing or thinking about something 脱离，背离，偏离
• I see no reason for us to depart from our usual practice. 我看不出有打破惯例的必要。
• At this point in the speech, the minister departed from his prepared text. 说到此处，部长脱离了事先准备好的讲稿。
leave, start, depart, quit, set out, go
这组词都有“离开某处”的意思，其区别是：
leave: 侧重出发地而不是目的地。
start: 可与leave换用，强调目的地，但不及leave普通。
depart: 较正式用词，指经过周密考虑或郑重地离开，强调离开的起点。
quit: 侧重指离开令人烦恼的地方，或摆脱使人不快的人或事。
set out: 书面用词。
go: 一般用词，指从所在地到其它地方去，着重目的地而非出发地。
vi. 离开；出发，起程；违反；去世
 - leave, split, vary, quit, get out

Word: arrow
Front: arrow
[ˈærəʊ] (高研四 4832/4127 -K2)
Vocabulary: arrow
(once / 211 pages)
n
An arrow is a pointed weapon that's shot with a bow. If you enjoy archery, you like to shoot arrows at a target.
A bow consists of a piece of wood, metal, or plastic that has a flexible string connected to each end, and an arrow is the smaller, sharp-ended projectile that's held as the string is stretched back. When the string is released, the arrow flies. The Old English source of arrow is earh, which most likely comes from an Old Norse root.
WORD FAMILY
arrow: arrows
USAGE EXAMPLES
In addition to his football exploits, Kaaya was tapped into Miami's “Iron Arrow” honor society earlier this year.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Amazingly, people move in an orderly fashion as they heed arrows that guide them up and down stairs and along sidewalks.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
“It’s kind of like shooting a bow and arrow. ‘Don’t hit the bullseye right down the middle, hit it six inches to the left.’”
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 矢，箭; 箭状物; 箭头记号; [天]天箭座
分布：箭(70%)，箭头(30%)
→来自arc, 弧，弓。拼写受row影响俗化。
n.箭,矢,箭状物;箭头符号I threw a row of arrows, which narrowly passed the narrow-minded man's eyebrows.我掷了一排箭,箭紧擦心胸狭窄的人的眉毛而过.
US ['er.oʊ] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a weapon that is like a long thin stick with a sharp point at one end and often feathers at the other, shot from a bow (= a long thin piece of wood bent into a curve by a piece of string) 箭；矢
• Robin Hood asked to be buried where his arrow landed. 罗宾汉让人们把他安葬在他的箭落下的位置。
Compare dart
 ADVANCED
■a sign consisting of a straight line with an upside down V shape at one end of it, which points in a particular direction, and is used to show where something is （指示方向的）箭号，箭头
• I followed the arrows to the car park. 我顺着箭头所指方向开到了停车场。

Word: trauma
Front: trauma
[ˈtrɔ:mə] (雅 4824/7569 -2)
Vocabulary: trauma
(once / 2218 pages)
n
A trauma is a shock to the body or spirit. A car accident can cause physical trauma like broken bones while losing your dog on a walk is an emotional trauma.
When you think of trauma think of blunt force. Trauma tends to come on all at once and be quite serious. Someone who experiences trauma will have either a traumatic injury or traumatic distress. Try not to use this term lightly. If you say that having to wait twenty minutes for a burger was a trauma, people will rightly accuse you of drama.
WORD FAMILY
trauma: traumas, traumata, traumatic, traumatise, traumatize +/ traumatic: traumatically/traumatise: traumatised/ traumatize: traumatized, traumatizes, traumatizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
When officers got to the scene, they say they found a man with obvious gunshot trauma.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
A separate entrance for emergency care directly into the hospital means a high level of discretion for trauma cases.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The mother was treated and released from Maryland Shock Trauma Center in Baltimore.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 创伤（由心理创伤造成精神上的异常）; 损伤; 痛苦经历; 挫折
分布：创伤(66%)，外伤(34%)
→来自希腊语 trauma,创伤，伤害，来自 trau,扩展自 tere,转动，刮擦，词源同 turn,torment. 引申词义精神创伤，痛苦，挫折等。
【记】读：臭骂，造成精神创伤
【参】traumatic（adj 外伤的；创伤的）
UK ['traʊ-] US ['trɑ:-] noun countable or uncountable
SHOCK 震惊
■(a) severe emotional shock and pain caused by an extremely upsetting experience 精神创伤，心理创伤
• the trauma of marriage breakdown 婚姻破裂带来的心理创伤
• He had psychotherapy to help him deal with his childhood traumas. 他进行了心理治疗来医治童年时代受到的心理创伤。
UK ['trɔ:.mə] UK ['traʊ-] US ['trɑ:-] noun countable or uncountable
INJURY 损伤 specialized
■(a) severe injury, usually caused by a violent attack or an accident （通常由猛烈攻击或事故造成的）严重外伤，损伤
n. [外科] 创伤（由心理创伤造成精神上的异常）；外伤
 - wound, vulnus

Word: neighboring
Front: neighboring
['neɪbərɪŋ] (雅 4833/-)
Vocabulary: neighboring
(once / 489 pages)
adj
An object that's neighboring is right next to something else. Neighboring countries share a common border, and neighboring cars are parked side-by-side.
In a restaurant, if someone at the neighboring table starts telling terrible jokes, you'll have to listen, since they're adjacent to your table. And if you live in Maine, New Hampshire is the only neighboring state. The adjective neighboring comes from the verb form of neighbor, which is rooted in the Old English words neah, "near," and gebur, "dweller."
WORD FAMILY
neighbor: neighbored, neighborhood, neighboring, neighborly, neighbors+/ neighborhood: neighborhoods/ neighborly: neighborliness, unneighborly/unneighborly: unneighborliness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Fleeing the prospect of a tough race, Forbes ran in the neighboring Republican district, anchored by Virginia Beach.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Would any nation in its right mind support the positions of a neighboring entity calling for the nation’s destruction?
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Israel’s military conquered the West Bank in a matter of days 50 years ago this June in a war against neighboring Arab states.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 邻近的
v. <美>邻居，邻国( neighbor的现在分词 ); 邻近的，邻接的
分布：邻近的(62%)，附近的(30%)，邻接的(6%)，动词neighbor的现在分词形式.(2%)
adj. 邻近的；附近的（等于neighbouring）
 - adjacent, surrounding

Word: soak
Front: soak
[səʊk] (研四六雅宝 4835/5630 -2)
Back: vt. 浸泡，浸透; 吸入; 沉浸在（工作或学习中）; 湿透
vi. 浸泡; 渗透或浸透，渗出; 讲话者暂停了一下; [俚语] 酗酒
n. 湿透; 酒鬼; 浸湿性; [俚语]醉汉
时态：soaked, soaking, soaks
分布：浸(53%)，浸泡(34%)，湿透(4%)，渗透(3%)，吸入(2%)，使浸透(2%)，渗入(1%)，敲竹杠(1%)
→来自古英语 socian,浸泡，字面意思为吮吸，来自 Proto-Germanic*sukana,吮吸，来自 sug, 吮吸，来自 seue,汁液，液体，词源同 suck,soup.引申诸相关词义。
v.浸泡,浸湿,浸透;(常与in,up连用)吸收,吸入(液体,知识等);(与in,into,through连用)浸透,淋湿Cousin saw a group of couples in cloaks soak their souls in the soapy soup.表哥看见一群穿着斗篷的夫妇在肥皂汤里浸
US [soʊk] verb
intransitive + adverb or preposition transitive
■to make very wet, or (of liquid) to be absorbed in large amounts 浸湿，把…湿透；（液体）渗入，渗透
• The wind had blown the rain in and soaked the carpet. 雨被风吹进了屋里，打湿了地毯。
• You'd better wipe up that red wine you've spilt before it soaks (= is absorbed) into the carpet. 你最好把洒在地毯上的红酒擦掉，免得渗进地毯里。
• Blood had soaked through both bandages. 血已经把两条绷带都浸透了。
intransitive or transitive
■to leave something in liquid, especially in order to clean it, soften it, or change its flavour 浸泡，泡
• You can usually soak out a stain. 通常情况下你可以把污渍浸泡掉。
• Leave the beans to soak overnight./ Let the beans soak overnight. 把豆子浸泡一夜。
• Soak the fruit in brandy for a few hours before you add it to the mixture. 先把水果放在白兰地中浸泡几个小时，然后再把它加入混合料中。
UK [səʊk] US [soʊk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] soak sth up
LIQUID
■If a dry material or substance soaks up a liquid, it absorbs the liquid through its surface 吸收，吸掉（液体）
• I tried to soak up most of the spilt milk with a cloth. 我试图用布把洒出来的牛奶大致吸干净。
EXPERIENCE
■to enjoy the effects or experience of something as much as possible 尽情享受，充分体验
• I love to lie on the beach and soak up the sun. 我喜欢躺在海滩上尽情享受阳光。
• Just stroll around the bazaar and soak up the atmosphere. 在市集上随便走走，充分体验一下那里的气氛。
INFORMATION informal
■to understand and remember information well 吸取，吸收（资讯）
• Given the right environment, children are like sponges and will soak up information. 在适当的环境中，孩子们就会像海绵一样消化吸收接触到的资讯。
USE ALL
■to use up all or most of a supply of something, especially a supply of money 用完，耗尽（尤指金钱）
• The repairs on our house soaked up all our savings. 整修房子花光了我们所有的积蓄。
UK [səʊk] US [soʊk] noun countable
MAKE WET 湿
■when something is put into a liquid for a long period of time 浸泡，浸透
• Most dried beans need a soak before they're cooked. 大多数干豆子在烹饪之前都要经过浸泡。
• Showers are all right but there's nothing like a good long soak in the bath. 淋浴也不错，但根本不能跟在浴缸中舒舒服服地泡澡相比。
UK [səʊk] US [soʊk] noun countable
PERSON 人 old-fashioned informal
■a person who is often drunk 酒鬼，酗酒者
damp, soak, wet
这组词都有“使潮湿”的意思，其区别是：
damp: 指全部弄湿，侧重状态。
soak: 多指浸没，侧重最后结果。
wet: 普通用词，一般指水所发挥的作用。
vt. 吸收，吸入；沉浸在（工作或学习中）；使……上下湿透
 - absorb, drink in
vi. 浸泡；渗透
 - dip in, sink
n. 浸；湿透；大雨
 - drenching, downfall

Word: ribbon
Front: ribbon
[ˈrɪbən] (研四六托雅 4838/5617 -2)
Back: n. 带; （打印机的）色带; 绶带; 带状物
v. 把…撕成条带; 用缎带装饰; 形成带状
分布：缎带(56%)，色带(27%)，带状物(9%)，用丝带装饰(5%)，撕碎(3%)
→来自古法语 riban,丝带，来自 ruban 拼写变体，来自荷兰语 ringhband,项链，领结，可能来自 ring,环形，band,带子。引申诸相关词义。
n.缎带,丝带,带,带状物The ribbon of the rifle is fabricated with fibre.来复枪的带子是用纤维制作的.
noun
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■a long narrow strip of material used to tie things together or as a decoration （捆扎或装饰用的）带子，丝带，缎带
• Sandra often wears a ribbon in her hair. 桑德拉常在头发上扎条丝带。
• He tied up the present with ribbon. 他用缎带将礼物包扎起来。
a ribbon of sth literary
■a long narrow piece of something 一缕；一条；一排
• A ribbon of road stretched ahead of us across the desert. 沙漠中的一条路宛如一根细长的带子，一直向我们前方延伸。
countable
■a small piece of coloured material given to someone in the armed forces to show approval and admiration for their brave actions 勋带，绶带
countable specialized
■the narrow strip of material that contains the ink for a typewriter （打字机的）色带
• My typewriter needs a new ribbon. 我的打字机得换色带了。
['rɪb.ən] noun
cut/tear sth/sb to ribbons
■to destroy or badly damage something or someone by cutting or tearing them many times 将…割／撕成碎片
• Our new kitten has torn the living room curtains to ribbons. 我们刚养的小猫把起居室的窗帘撕成了碎片。
• figurative The attacking soldiers were cut to ribbons (= killed) by machine-gun fire. 进攻的士兵被机枪打得血肉横飞。
['rɪb.ən] noun
in ribbons
■torn into narrow strips 粉碎；破烂；破碎成一条条
• Her coat was in ribbons. 她的外套被撕成一条一条的。
• His shirt hung in tattered ribbons. 他的衬衫破烂不堪，就像一堆碎布条挂在身上。
n. 带；缎带；（勋章等的）绶带；带状物；勋表
 - belt, band, strip

Word: meantime
Front: meantime
[ˈmi:ntaɪm] (研四六 4813/4457 -2)
Vocabulary: meantime
(once / 215 pages)
nadv
The meantime is the time between two events. You might be waiting for the second half of a soccer game to begin, and in the meantime call your best friend to tell her the score.
You'll most often see the word meantime in the phrase "in the meantime," and it can be used in a similar way to meanwhile. You could say, "I have to go to the store soon. In the meantime, I'm playing with the dog." This word has been around since the fourteenth century, although it was originally two separate words, mean time. Its root is the word mean, which means "middle or intermediate."
WORD FAMILY
meantime: meantimes
USAGE EXAMPLES
But in the meantime, Trump’s election added another wrinkle to the company’s ownership situation.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But in the meantime, other companies are expanding from Seattle to the Eastside or expanding their Eastside presence.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
In the meantime, her husband was charged with espionage and transferred to a prison medical ward.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 其时，其间
adv. 同时，其间
分布：同时(71%)，与此同时(26%)，其间(3%)
→mean,中间的，其间，time,时间。引申词义同时。
n.(meanwhile)其间,其时ad.同时,当时I mean he used mean means in the meantime on the ocean.我的意思是其间在海洋上他用了卑鄙手法.
noun
in the meantime
 ADVANCED
■until something expected happens, or while something else is happening 在此期间；（与此）同时
• Your computer won't be arriving till Thursday. In the meantime, you can use Jude's. 你的电脑星期四才到。在这段时间里你可以用祖德的。
adv. 同时；其间
 - together, simul

Word: transmit
Front: transmit
[trænsˈmɪt] (研四六托宝 4836/4532 -2)
Vocabulary: transmit
(once / 256 pages)
v
If you’re an international spy, you might transmit secret messages using a special code written in invisible ink. If you aren’t a spy, you could probably just use email. Whatever your circumstances, when you transmit information, you send.
You can transmit things from person to person or from one thing to another. The airwaves can be used to transmit radio or TV signals, for example, and computers can transmit messages over a network. This verb often describes messages or data being sent, but you can also transmit ideas, beliefs, or attitude. In addition, transmit can describe the spread of disease, like mosquitoes that can transmit disease when they bite.
WORD FAMILY
transmit: retransmit, transmissible, transmission, transmits, transmittable, transmittal, transmitted, transmitter, transmitting+/retransmit: retransmitted, retransmitting/transmissible: nontransmissible/ transmission: transmissions/transmittal: transmittals/transmitter: transmitters
USAGE EXAMPLES
But what if you need to quickly transmit a sensitive message across, say, the coasts?
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The nation’s electrical grid is not a physical entity, but rather a series of networks that generate, transmit and distribute electricity.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
They transmit data wirelessly to an adapter that plugs into the car’s diagnostic port near the steering wheel.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 传输; 传送，传递; 发射; 传染
vi. 发送信号
时态：transmitted, transmitting, transmits
分布：传送(67%)，传染(18%)，传达(14%)，代代相传(1%)
→trans-,转移，-mit,送出，词源同 emit,mission.
传送,传播(trans+mit送→横着送消息→传播)[trans-①表示"横过,越过"②表示"变换,改变,转移"]
寄送;传达(trans横＋mit→横送过去→传达)[Miss,mit=send,cast,表示"送,放出"]
vt.传输/导;转送;发射vi.发射信号;发报The missionary transmitted emission emitted lately.传教士传播了新近散发出来的散发物.
US [træns-] (-tt-)
verb
RADIO/TELEVISION 广播／电视
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to broadcast something, or to send out or carry signals using radio, television, etc. 播送，发射，传送（信号）
• Radio Seven transmits on 201 medium wave (= uses those particular radio waves to broadcast on). 广播七台透过中波201千赫广播。
• The information is transmitted electronically to the central computer. 这些资讯以电子化的方式传送到中央电脑。
UK [trænz'mɪt] US [træns-] (-tt-)
verb
PASS 传递
 ADVANCED transitive
■to pass something from one person or place to another 传递；传播
• a sexually transmitted disease 性传播疾病
• Cholera is transmitted through contaminated water. 霍乱是透过受污染的水传播。
• Some diseases are transmitted from one generation to the next. 有些疾病是世代遗传的。
• [R] Somehow your panic and fear transmits itself to the horse that you're riding. 不知怎么的，你的恐惧会传染给你骑的马。
transmit, send, forward, deliver, ship, dispatch
这组词都有“送出，发送，传送”的意思，其区别是：
transmit: 指将文件、消息等的内容或类似的东西发至某地或传达给他人。
send: 普通最常用词，含义广。指把人或物由一地送往另一地，而不涉及事物的内容或 送的方式。
forward: 指经过其他人或手段把东西转送给某人。
deliver: 指把信件、包裹等物寄发出去或交到某地，或直接交与某人，着重发送这一行为。
ship: 把通过水运、陆运或空运等方式运送东西。现常指商业上的运货，或将物品托运。
dispatch: 指为特殊目的而发送或派遣，强调紧急或快速。
transmit, transfer, transcend, transport, translate
transmit: 发射，播送；传播，传染；留传，遗传；
transfer: 转移，迁移；
transcend: 超过，翻越；
transport: 运输，运送，输送；
translate: 翻译；说明，使变成
vt. 传输；传播；发射；传达；遗传
 - release, send, communicate, project, let go

Word: screen
Front: screen
[skri:n] (中高研四六托 1252/1648 -K4)
Back: n. 屏幕; 银幕; 屏风
vt. 掩藏; 庇护; 检查; 放映
时态：screened, screening, screens
分布：屏幕(57%)，筛(24%)，屏风(4%)，检查(4%)，放映(3%)，银幕(3%)，纱门(1%)，纱窗(1%)，隔板(1%)，掩蔽(1%)，包庇(1%)
→来自中古英语 scren,挡风屏，炉挡，火炉栏，来自 Proto-Germanic*skirmiz,挡开，屏障，保护， 来自 sker,砍，切，分开，词源同 shear,share.引申诸相关词义及比喻义银屏，电影等。
n.屏幕,屏风;帘v.掩蔽,包庇;筛选The teenagers in the canteen are keen to see the queen sitting between the green screens in the greenhouse.食堂里的少年们巴望见到坐在温室里的绿色屏风间的女王.
noun countable
PICTURE 影像
 ESSENTIAL
■a flat surface in a cinema, on a television or a computer system on which pictures or words are shown 银幕；萤幕
• Our television has a 19-inch screen. 我们的电视萤幕是19吋的。
• Coming to your screens (= cinemas) shortly, the amazing adventures of 'Robin Hood'. 请马上来电影院欣赏“罗宾汉”的神奇冒险吧。
• Her ambition is to write for the screen (= for television and films). 她的理想是给电影、电视写剧本。
• Write the letter on the computer, then you can make changes easily on screen. 用电脑写信，你可以很轻易地在萤幕上作修改。
the small screen
■television 电视
• He's made several films for the small screen. 他已经制作了好几部电视电影。
the big screen
■cinema 电影
• So this is your first appearance on the big screen? 这是你第一次拍电影，是吗？
[skri:n] noun countable
SEPARATING 分隔
■a vertical structure which is used to separate one area from another, especially to hide something or to protect you from something unpleasant or dangerous 屏风；挡板；遮蔽物
• The nurse pulled a screen around the bed so that the doctor could examine the patient in private. 护士在病人床边拉上了屏风，使医生可以单独为病人检查。
• A screen of trees at the bottom of the garden hid the ugly factory walls. 花园尽头的一排树木把工厂难看的外墙遮住了。
■mainly US
■an activity which is not dangerous or illegal but which is used to hide something which is （危险或不法活动的）庇护（所），掩蔽（物）
• That café's just a screen for their criminal activities. 那家咖啡馆不过是作为他们犯罪活动的掩护。
[skri:n] verb transitive
EXAMINE 检查
■to test or examine someone or something to discover if there is anything wrong with them 测试；检查
• All women over 50 will be screened for breast cancer. 所有50岁以上的妇女都要作乳癌筛检。
• Completely unsuitable candidates were screened out (= tested and refused) at the first interview. 完全不合格的求职者在第一轮面试时就被筛选掉了。
screen your calls
■to delay your decision to speak to someone who is ringing you on the telephone until you can discover who they are, either by listening to them leaving a message on your answering machine or by seeing their telephone number shown on your telephone 过滤来电（以决定是否接听）
• I always screen my calls while I'm eating dinner. 吃晚饭的时候有电话我总是先看来电显示再决定是否接听。
[skri:n] verb transitive
PICTURE 影像
■to show or broadcast a film or television programme 放映；播出
• The programme was not screened on British television. 这个节目没有在英国电视上播出过。
[skri:n] verb transitive
PROTECT 保护
■to protect or hide 保护；遮掩；遮蔽
• She raised her hand to screen her eyes from the bright light. 她抬手遮住耀眼的亮光。
■mainly US
■to protect someone by taking the blame yourself 为…打掩护；代…受过
• The husband says he's the murderer but we think it was his wife - he's just screening her. 丈夫说自己是凶手，但我们认为他妻子才是凶手——他只是在替她掩饰。
[skri:n] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] screen sth off
■to separate one area from another using a wall or other vertical structure （用墙等）隔开
• We can screen off part of the room and use it as a temporary office. 我们可以把这个房间分隔出一部分，作为临时办公室。
screen, hide, conceal
这组词都有“隐藏，隐蔽”的意思，其区别是：
screen: 指把处于被发现的人或物掩盖起来，使其不被发现。
hide: 普通用词，既可指有意地隐藏，又可指无意或偶然地藏匿。
conceal: 正式用词，多强调有目的、有意识，巧妙地进行隐藏或隐瞒。
n. 屏，幕； [家具] 屏风
 - curtain, creen
vt. 筛；拍摄；放映；掩蔽
 - project, ree
vi. 拍电影
 - shoot, make a film

Word: harvest
Front: harvest
[ˈhɑ:vɪst] (高研四六托 4839/5250 -2)
Vocabulary: harvest
(once / 291 pages)
nv
The harvest is the time when you reap what you sow. As a verb, to harvest something means that you pick or gather it. You might harvest your sweet corn late in the summer.
As a noun, harvest means the time of year when crops are ripe and ready to be gathered. The picked crop is also called a harvest: a bumper crop is a plentiful harvest, and a poor harvest is when things didn’t grow as well as expected. As a verb, to harvest something is to gather, trap, or cull it. You can harvest a soybean crop, you can harvest beaver pelts, or you can harvest tissues or organs for transplants.
WORD FAMILY
harvest: harvested, harvester, harvesting, harvests+/harvester: harvesters/harvesting: harvestings
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Fiji government imposed a temporary ban on turtle harvesting in 1995 to halt the decline.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Then there’s the matter of illegally harvested and traded specimens.
The New Yorker(Jan 02, 2017)
They were probably planted in the ‘60s to be harvested later, Petree said. “They are past maturity and starting to decline,” he said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 收割; 收获季节; 收成; 结果
vt. & vi. 收割，收成
vt. 收到; 收割（庄稼），捕猎（动物、鱼）
时态：harvested, harvesting, harvests
分布：收获(46%)，收割(25%)，收成(25%)，成果(3%)，后果(1%)
→来自kerp,切，割，收集，词源同shear,sharp,carpel.引申词义收割粮食，果实，收获季节，秋天。
n.收获,收成;成果,后果v.收获,收割"What a marvelous carving!" the starveling harvester in vest said."好一件神奇的雕刻!"挨饿的穿着背心的收割者说.
US ['hɑ:r-] noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■the time of year when crops are cut and collected from the fields, or the activity of cutting and collecting them, or the crops which are cut and collected 收获时节；收割，收获；收成
• the grain/potato/grape harvest 谷物／马铃薯／葡萄收获期
• We had a good harvest this year. 今年我们收成不错。
• Farmers are reporting a bumper (= very big) harvest this year. 农民说今年的收成非常好。
• It won't be long now till harvest (time). 现在离收获时节不远了。
UK ['hɑ:.vɪst] US ['hɑ:r-] verb intransitive or transitive
CROPS 庄稼（收获；采收物）
■to pick and collect crops, or to collect plants, animals or fish to eat 收割，收获，捕获
• In the US, winter wheat is harvested in the early summer. 在美国，冬小麦一般在初夏收割。
UK ['hɑ:.vɪst] US ['hɑ:r-] verb intransitive or transitive
BODY PARTS 身体部位
■to take cells or other body parts from someone for medical use 采集（细胞或器官以作医学用途）
• The donor organ is harvested at the accident scene and rushed to a hospital. 意外现场采集的捐献器官被迅速送往医院。
• There is a lot of controversy surrounding the harvesting of stem cells. 干细胞的采集备受争议。
yield, harvest, crop
这组词都有“收成”的意思，其区别是：
yield: 指生产物，农作物的总产量。
harvest: 主要指农作物或水果的收获量，有时也指收割的行为。
crop: 普通用词，侧重指农作物一次收割或一季的收成。
n. 收获；产量；结果
 - outcome, product, event, crop, result
vt. 收割；得到
 - gather, crop, net
vi. 收割庄稼
 - mow

Word: consecutive
Front: consecutive
[kənˈsekjətɪv] (研六托雅 4845/7149 -2)
Vocabulary: consecutive
(once / 744 pages)
adjadv
If things are consecutive, they happen one after the other with no break. If there are five consecutive snowstorms on five consecutive days, you'll have to shovel your way out on day six.
Consecutive comes from the Latin consecutus, meaning "following closely" with no gap. Just like those snowstorms — one storm happened each day, back to back, for five days in a row. Consecutive numbers also follow each other, or advance in the right order. For example, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 are consecutive numbers. You should number the pages on a term paper to keep them consecutive so the teacher doesn't get confused.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
concurrent / consecutive
Bad guys don't like these words because they often describe jail terms: concurrent means at the same time, and consecutive means one after the other in a series. Con artists would rather serve concurrent terms and get them over with, instead of consecutive ones.
Concurrent events happen at the same time, like when thieves make a plan to rob two houses at midnight. Here are some examples from the Times. Don't try to read them all at once:
Most patients ultimately require at least two concurrent treatments to achieve remission of their depression, he said. (New York Times)
A second Esquire promotion, meanwhile, is concurrent with its Brooklyn Decker effort, with both running through Feb. 28. (New York Times)
He was given 20 concurrent life sentences, and has been held for nearly 30 years in the Broadmoor high-security psychiatric hospital west of London. (New York Times)
The adjective consecutive, on the other hand, means one after the other, like little ducks all in a row. Thieves go from one house to the next on down the block if they're robbing consecutive houses. Sports fans like the word consecutive, especially when their team is winning. Here are some consecutive examples, read them one at a time:
Harvard also won its 19th consecutive game at home. (Seattle Times)
Each team will have to play on three consecutive nights at least once. (Seattle Times)
South Korea's factory activity shrank for a fourth consecutive month. (Reuters)
If the robbers served time consecutively, they'd serve first two months for robbing houses, and then another two months for stealing a car. If they served time concurrently, they'd be out in just two months. Woohoo!
WORD FAMILY
consecutive: consecutively, consecutives
USAGE EXAMPLES
Bucks: Starting G Matthew Dellavedova missed his third consecutive game with a strained right hamstring.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He also recently finished a career as the United States men’s national team coach, winning three consecutive Olympic gold medals.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Mr. Netanyahu, the leader of the conservative Likud Party, is serving his third consecutive term in office, and his fourth overall.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 连续的，连贯的; [语]表示结果的
分布：连续的(79%)，连贯的(21%)
→con-, 强调。-sec, 连接，连续，词源同sequence, persecute.
连贯的,连续的(con全部+secu+tive→一个接一个跟随)[secut,sequ=follow表示"跟随"]
a.连续的;连贯的;顺序的The streets of New York are numbered in consecutive order.纽约的街是按序编号的.
US [-tˌɪv] adjective
 ADVANCED
■describes events, numbers, etc. that follow one after another without an interruption 连续的，连贯的，无间断的
• This is the fifth consecutive weekend that I've spent working, and I'm a bit fed up with it. 这是我连续第五个周末加班，我有点厌倦了。
consecutive, successive
consecutive: 按顺序来的，连续不断的
successive: 一连串的
adj. 连贯的；连续不断的
 - connected, coherent

Word: republican
Vocabulary: republican
(once / 803 pages)
1adjn 2adj
The adjective republican describes a government made up of representatives who are elected by the citizens. If you live in the United States, you’re part of a republican system of government.
In a republican government, citizens have a lot of power — their vote determines who is running the government. The word republican has a noun and an adjective form. The noun is for a person who supports that style of government, and the adjective describes something with those characteristics. But if you see republican with a capital letter “r” — “Republican” — then that refers to a specific type of republican, one who’s a member of the Republican Party.
WORD FAMILY
republican: republicanism, republicanly, republicans+/ republic: republican, republics/republicanism: republicanisms
USAGE EXAMPLES
Our greatest obligation will be to defend democracy itself, along with republican norms for governing and the openness that free societies require.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
The surveillance operation was part of a security drive on October 2014 against dissident Irish republican activity in the county, the court heard.
The Guardian(Dec 20, 2016)
The devices were found in an advanced state of preparation and in an area of dissident republican activity, police said.
BBC(Dec 20, 2016)
Republican
(once / 112 pages)
1n 2n
A Republican is a member of one of the two major political parties in the United States. George W. Bush, the forty-fourth US president, is a Republican.
Use the word Republican — with a capital R — when you're talking about a member of the more conservative of the main political groups in the US. Republicans are known for their conservative views on economic and social issues, as well as policies that reduce taxes and government services. If you spell the word with a lower-case r, it simply means someone who believes in a government by the people and their elected representatives.
WORD FAMILY
Republican: Republicans
USAGE EXAMPLES
But some lawmakers, particularly Republicans and those representing more rural parts of the state, say they are not enthusiastic about increasing child-care aid.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
Fleeing the prospect of a tough race, Forbes ran in the neighboring Republican district, anchored by Virginia Beach.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Such delays would upend Republican hopes of quickly holding hearings and confirming most of Trump’s top picks on Inauguration Day.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)

Word: coordinate
Front: coordinate
[kəʊ'ɔ:dɪneɪt] (研四六托雅宝 4847/7991 -2)
Vocabulary: coordinate
(once / 566 pages)
1adj 2v 3n
The word coordinate is all about getting things in order. Are your ducks in a row? Well, then you know what it means to coordinate something. And if you know exactly where to drop the bomb, then you know what the coordinates are.
Coordinate is one of those words that can mean very different things but is rarely misunderstood in context. It’s a great way to describe the work of organizing, planning, and strategizing. When synchronizing the needs of two distinct groups, for instance, it is necessary to coordinate priorities and schedules. And as you speed down the highway, listening to the serene voice on your GPS announce the coordinates of your destination, chances are you don’t think she’s organizing resources.
WORD FAMILY
coordinate: coordinated, coordinately, coordinates, coordinating, coordination, coordinative, coordinator +/ coordinated: uncoordinated/ coordination: coordinations, incoordination/ coordinator: coordinators/uncoordinated: uncoordinatedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The federal government and private insurers are rewarding health care providers that work together to coordinate care and avoid unnecessary expenses.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The goal is to promote quality and contain costs by encouraging doctors, hospitals and rehab centers to coordinate care.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
At least one was apparently coordinating with a Malaysian in Syria.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 使协调，使调和; 整合; 使（身体各部份）动作协调; （衣服、布料等）搭配
vi. 协调; 协同; 成为同等; 被归入同一类别
时态：coordinated, coordinating, coordinates
分布：坐标(96%)，同等的(2%)，配套服装(1%)，同等的人物(1%)
→co-, 强调。-ord, 秩序，词源同order.
协调:同等的(co+ordin顺序+ate→顺序一样→同等的引申为平等;协调)[co-表示"共同",通常放在元音词根前]
协作a.同等的;坐标的(co共同+ordin+ate→共同顺序→同等的)[ordin=order,表示"命令,顺序"]
a.同等的n.同等者,坐标vt.协作,协调The subordinate coordinates are in accordance with that set by the cordial chorus.从属坐标与热心的合唱团的设定值一致.
【记】co共同，ordin＝order顺序－有共同顺序－协调的比较好
【参】coordination（n 同等；调和）
US [koʊˈɔːr-]
COMBINE 联合 (ALSO UK also co-ordinate) transitive
■to make various different things work effectively as a whole 协调；使相配合；调节
• We need someone to coordinate the whole campaign. 我们需要有个人来协调整个活动。
• A number of charities are coordinating their efforts to distribute food to the region. 几家慈善机构通力协作为该地区分发食品。
verb UK [kəʊˈɔː.dɪ.neɪt] US [koʊˈɔːr-]
MATCH 相配
intransitive
■to match; to look attractive together 相配，相称；协调
• The bed linen coordinates with the bedroom curtains. 床单和睡房的窗帘很相配。
• a coordinating jacket and skirt 搭配得体的上衣和裙子
noun UK [kəʊˈɔː.dɪ.nət] US [koʊˈɔːr-]
POINT 点
countable usually plural
■one of a pair of numbers and/or letters that show the exact position of a point on a map or graph 座标
noun UK [kəʊˈɔː.dɪ.nət] US [koʊˈɔːr-]
MATCHING 协调
coordinates [plural]
■clothes, especially for women, which are made in matching colours or styles so that they can be worn together （尤指颜色、样式协调的女性）配套服装，套装
adj. 并列的； [物化] 同等的
 - paratactic, tantamount
vt. 调整；整合
 - adjust, restructure
vi. 协调
 - sort, concert

Word: within
Front: within
[wɪˈðɪn] (高研四六 352/190 -K5)
Vocabulary: within
(once / 22 pages)
adv
Use the adverb within when you need to say that something is on the inside. If you find that the door to your brother’s room is locked from within, that means it’s locked from the inside and he really doesn't want you to enter.
Within often refers to something on the inside of an object or structure — like those screams coming from within the haunted house. You can also use the word more figuratively to describe something that’s in your soul or mind — something that’s internal. For example, you might feel a fire within you as you start getting excited about playing in the big game.
WORD FAMILY
within
USAGE EXAMPLES
Within months, he also authorizes airstrikes against Isis positions in Syria.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
The deal, while still imperfect, was signed and ratified within a year.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
He also points to mismanagement, corruption and red tape within a complex web of urban planning authorities.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: adv. 在内，在里面; 在屋内; 在心中，心里是
prep. 不超过，在…的范围内; 在…能达到的地方; 在…内，在…里面
n. 内部，里面
分布：内部(74%)，在…里面(26%)
→with,和，与，in,在里面。
prep.在...里面,在...以内ad.在内The witty witness withdraws his words within minutes without any reason.诙谐的证人在几分钟之内无故地收回了他说的话.
preposition adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■inside or not further than an area or period of time 在…里，在…内；不超过
• Two-thirds of Californians live within 15 miles of the coast. 三分之二的加州人居住在离海岸15英里以内的地区。
• In 1992 cross-border controls within the EU were dismantled. 1992年，欧盟内部取消了边境通行管制。
• For orders within the UK, please enclose £2.50 for post and packing. 英国国内的订货，请附上2.5英镑的邮资及包装费用。
• The resort lies within easy reach of (= not far from) the ski slopes. 该景点距离滑雪坡道不远。
• We recommend that this wine should be consumed within six months. 我们建议该酒在六个月内饮用完毕。
• Within hours of the tragedy happening, an emergency rescue team had been assembled. 悲剧发生后几小时之内，就集结起来一支紧急救援队伍。
• The tickets should reach you within the week (= before the end of this week). 票将在本周内送到你处。
• He's very highly regarded within his profession. 他在业内得到很高的评价。
• She managed to complete her last film well within budget. 她设法在预算内拍完她的最新电影。
• The target was now within range and so she took aim and fired. 当时目标正处于射程范围内，于是她瞄准并开火。
• He could sense that his goal was within reach (= it could be reached). 他可以感觉到他的目标能够实现。
• The cathedral spire was now within sight (= it could be seen). 已经可以看到教堂的尖顶了。
• I was acting within the law (= legally). 我在法律允许范围内行事。
• We came within five points of beating them (= We would have beaten them if we had had five more points). 我们要是再多拿五分就可以击败他们了。
[wɪ'ðɪn] preposition adverb
from within
■by the people who belong to an organization and not by people from outside it 从内部
• If things are to change, the company must be reformed from within. 如果要改变现状，这家公司必须从内部进行改革。
prep. 在…之内
 - in, inside
adv. 在内部
 - interiorly, inwardly
n. 里面
 - inside

Word: spy
Front: spy
[spaɪ] (高研四六 4846/6072 -2)
Back: n. 间谍; 密探
vt. 看见; 秘密监视; 精心调查
vi. 当间谍; 从事间谍活动; 暗中监视; 详察
时态：spied, spying, spies
分布：间谍(75%)，监视(10%)，侦察(8%)，侦探(4%)，看到(2%)，找出(1%)
→来自古法语 espiier,观察，仔细看，偷看，来自 Proto-Germanic*spehona,注视，观察，来自 spek,看，观看，词源同 spectate,telescope.引申词义间谍，密探。
n.间谍v.当间谍,刺探;察觉,发现The spy is shy of taking shelter on the shelf of the shell-like shed.间谍怕在壳子一样的棚里的架子上栖身.
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a person who secretly collects and reports information about the activities of another country or organization 间谍，密探
[spaɪ] verb
FIND SECRETS 搜集情报
intransitive
■to secretly collect and report information about the activities of another country or organization 搜集情报；从事间谍活动
• He was arrested for spying on missile sites. 他因搜集有关飞弹基地的情报而被捕。
spy out informal
■to get knowledge secretly, especially of a place 探清（尤指场所）的情况，查明
• I generally like to spy out restaurants before I go to eat in them. 我一般喜欢在去某家餐馆吃饭之前，先了解一下那里的情况。
[spaɪ] verb
SEE 看
transitive old-fashioned or humorous
■to see or notice someone or something usually when it involves looking hard （通常指一番搜寻后）看见，注意到
• I think I've just spied Andrew in the crowd. 我想我刚才在人群中看到了安德鲁。
[spaɪ] verb
spy out the land
■If you spy out the land, you try to get knowledge of something before you do something 事先探清楚情况
• We drove around the area where our new house is to spy out the land. 我们开车在新房子的周遭地区绕了一圈，了解一下环境。
[spaɪ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  spy on sb/sth
■to watch someone or something secretly, often in order to discover information about them 暗中监视；窥探
• He was spying on her through the keyhole. 他从锁孔里窥探着她。
vt. 侦察；发现；暗中监视
 - detect, scout around
vi. 侦察； [军] 当间谍
 - scout around, keek
n. [军] 间谍；密探
 - illegal, espionage

Word: slot
Front: slot
[slɒt] (研六雅宝 4842/5604 -2)
Back: n. 位置; 狭槽，水沟; [人名] 斯洛特; 硬币投币口
vt. 跟踪，跟着足迹追赶; 开槽于
时态：slotted, slotting, slots
分布：槽(78%)，插入(9%)，投币口(4%)，狭缝(4%)，时间段(2%)，放置(1%)，留细长的孔(1%)，职位(1%)
n.狭缝;空位vt.放入狭缝中;把...纳入Please put a coin in the slot of this machine.请把硬币放进这台机器的一个投币口.
US [slɑ:t] noun countable
LONG HOLE 长洞口
■a long narrow hole, especially one for putting coins into or for fitting a separate piece into 狭缝；（尤指）投币口，狭槽
• I put my money in the slot and pressed the button but nothing came out. 我把钱放入投币口，按了按钮，但没有东西出来。
• The holder has slots for 100 CDs. 这个CD架的凹槽可以放100张CD。
UK [slɒt] US [slɑ:t] noun countable
AMOUNT OF TIME 时间段
■an amount of time which is officially allowed for a single event in a planned order of activities or events （为某活动安排的）时段
• The programme will occupy that half-hour slot before the nine o'clock news. 那个节目将在九点新闻前的半小时这一时段播出。
UK [slɒt] US [slɑ:t] verb intransitive or transitive [+ adv/prep] (-tt-)
■to put something into a slot or fit together using slots 放于狭槽中，或用狭槽配合在一起
• The legs of the chair are meant to slot into the holes at the back. 椅子脚要插到后面的洞里。
• Do these two pieces slot together ? 这两个零件能插在一起吗?
• Slot piece A into piece B, taking care to keep the two pieces at right angles. 把 A 件插入 B 件，注意使二者保持直角。
UK [slɒt] US [slɑ:t] verb intransitive or transitive [+ adv/prep] (-tt-)
  Phrasal Verbs  slot sb/sth in
■to find time to see someone or do something between various other arrangements that have already been made 为…安排时间；把…安排进计划
• Doctor Meredith is busy this morning, but she might be able to slot you in around one o'clock. 今天上午马里帝兹医生很忙，但她也许可以安排在一点钟左右见你。
n. 位置；狭槽；水沟；硬币投币口
 - location, situation, site, lie
vt. 跟踪；开槽于
 - dog, follow up the scent

Word: riot
Front: riot
[ˈraɪət] (研六托雅宝 4848/3784 -3)
Vocabulary: riot
(once / 303 pages)
1nv 2nv 3n
A riot is a violent outburst by a crowd. When the principal didn't declare a snow day, even with five inches on the ground already, students rioted, gathering outside and throwing snowballs.
The meaning of riot has stretched over the years. You would say "She is a riot" about a funny or outrageous person. A loud clothing combination might represent a riot of texture and color. When something runs riot, it has been allowed to get out of control.
WORD FAMILY
riot: rioted, rioter, rioting, riotous, riots+/ rioter: rioters/rioting: riotings/ riotous: riotously
USAGE EXAMPLES
The riot was sparked by a clash between two gangs in the prison and reflects shifting allegiances among Brazil’s powerful narco-trafficking groups, authorities said.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Deadly riots the following year in China’s far west left authorities even more convinced that it was time to step up their controls over society.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
It was the deadliest prison riot in Brazil in years.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 骚乱，暴动，暴乱，骚动，混乱; 放荡，闹饮，嘈闹的宴会，喝酒狂闹; 五色缤纷，喧嚣嘈杂; （想像，感情等的）奔放
vi. 暴动，闹事; 放荡
vt. 浪费; 挥霍
时态：rioted, rioting, riots
分布：骚乱(44%)，暴乱(41%)，闹事(11%)，喧闹(4%)
→来自古法语 riote,争论，争吵，词源不详。可能来自拉丁语 riota,争辩，争吵，暴乱，骚乱， 来自 rugire,怒吼，嚎叫，拟声词，词源同 rut,rutting.
n.暴(骚)乱,蔓延,彩色缤纷v.骚乱,暴动There was a riot when the workers were told they had lost their jobs.当工人们听说他们失业时,他们进行了暴动.
【记】ri，o殴（打），t他：殴打他－暴动源于：roar（v / n 吼叫）
【参】riotous（adj 暴动的；狂欢的）
【反】sedate（adj 安静的；v 使镇静）
noun
 IMPROVER countable
■a noisy, violent, and uncontrolled public meeting 暴乱；骚乱；聚众闹事
• Inner-city riots erupted when a local man was shot by police. 在市中心的贫民区，由于一名当地男子被员警开枪打死而突然引发了暴乱。
only singular old-fashioned informal
■a very funny or entertaining occasion or person 非常有趣的人（或事物）；令人愉快的场合（或人）
• "How was the party?" "It was great - we had a riot." “派对怎么样？”“好极了——我们都很开心。”
• I met Mike's brother for the first time - he's a riot. 我是第一次见到麦克的哥哥——他真是风趣极了。
['raɪ.ət] noun
a riot of colour
■extremely colourful and bright 绚丽多彩；色彩斑斓
• Jim's rose garden is a riot of colour. 占姆的玫瑰园五彩缤纷。
['raɪ.ət] noun
run riot
■If people run riot, they behave in a way that is not controlled, running in all directions or being noisy or violent 喧闹；嘈杂（人们的行为举止不受控制，四处乱跑，变得吵闹或暴力）
• I dread them coming round because they let their kids run riot. 我害怕他们到访，因为他们任由孩子胡闹。
■If your imagination runs riot, you have a lot of strange, exciting or surprising thoughts 放纵于，沉缅于（惊奇、刺激的思想）
• My imagination was running riot, thinking of all the ways that I could spend the money. 我的思维像匹脱缰的野马，放任地想着花掉那笔钱的种种方法。
['raɪ.ət] verb intransitive
■to take part in a riot 暴乱；骚乱；聚众闹事
• Students are rioting in the streets of the capital. 首都街头发生了学生骚乱。
revolt, riot, rebellion
这组词都有“造反、叛乱、骚乱”的意思，其区别是：
revolt: 指规模相对较小的，持续时间较短，侧重对压迫或不能容忍的情况的反抗。
riot: 多指没有组织的一群人突然掀起的闹事。也可指暴乱或暴动。
rebellion: 通常指有组织、公开地大规模武断叛乱，着以失败而告终。
n. 暴乱；放纵；蔓延
 - loose, commotion
vi. 骚乱；放荡
 - sow one's wild oats, easy virtue
vt. 浪费，挥霍
 - lose, spend, consume

Word: nutrient
Front: nutrient
[ˈnju:triənt] (六托宝 4849/7424 -2)
Vocabulary: nutrient
(once / 4008 pages)
nadj
A nutrient is anything that nourishes a living being. We humans get our nutrients from what we eat, plants get theirs from the soil. While the best nutrients are natural, we can also get them from vitamins in a bottle.
The words nutrient and nourish both come from the Latin word nūtrīre, "to feed, nurse, support, preserve." Although usually used as a noun, the word nutrient started out in 1650 as an adjective meaning "providing nourishment." It's important to your health to get the proper nutrients, so the food pyramid was developed by nutritionists to show you the balance of foods you need each day.
WORD FAMILY
nutrient: nutrients+/nutrify: nutrient, nutrition / nutrition: nutritional, nutritionist, nutritions, nutritious /nutritional: nutritionally/nutritionist: nutritionists/ nutritious: nutritiously, nutritiousness
USAGE EXAMPLES
That’s because the ecosystem already established in your gut determines how it absorbs and processes nutrients.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Conservation tillage also reduces erosion and loss of nutrients and sediment from farm fields.
Washington Post(Dec 23, 2016)
Waterways carry the nutrients to lakes or coastal areas, where they feed blooms of one-celled plants and animals.
Washington Times(Dec 24, 2016)
Back: n. 营养物，营养品，养分，养料; 滋养物
adj. 营养的，滋养的
分布：营养物(60%)，营养的(17%)，营养品(14%)，滋养的(9%)
→来自拉丁语nutrire,滋养，抚养，喂奶，词源同nourish,nurse.引申词义营养物，营养品。
营养品[nutrit,nutri=nourish,表示"营养"]
US ['nu:-] specialized
noun countable
■any substance which plants or animals need in order to live and grow 养分；营养物，滋养物
• It's good soil - full of nutrients. 这土壤肥沃——养分很充足。
• A healthy diet should provide all your essential nutrients. 健康的饮食应该提供所有必需的营养。
n. [生物] 营养物；滋养物
 - nurture
adj. [生物] 营养的；滋养的
 - trophic, alimentary

Word: citizenship
Front: citizenship
[ˈsɪtɪzənʃɪp] (托 4851/6242 -1)
Vocabulary: citizenship
(once / 1034 pages)
n
Citizenship is the status of being a citizen. If you have citizenship in a country, you have the right to live there, work, vote, and pay taxes!
Citizenship comes from the Latin word for city, because in the earlier days of human governments, people identified themselves as belonging to cities more than countries. Citizenship is more than merely living somewhere. If you have citizenship, you have a whole set of rights that non-citizens might not have. Usually you have citizenship in the country you're born in, but if you're an immigrant from somewhere else, you have to apply for it.
WORD FAMILY
citizenship: citizenships+/ citizen: citizens, citizenship, noncitizen/noncitizen: noncitizens
USAGE EXAMPLES
Nebraska State Tax Commissioner Tony Fulton said Amazon is “exhibiting responsible corporate citizenship. “The tax is owed,” he said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Critics, however, blast the practice as a way to gain citizenship for children by unfairly gaming the immigration system.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Bush administration, rewards foreign investors with a path to citizenship if they put money into a job-creating economic development project.
Washington Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 公民身份; 公民权
分布：国籍(65%)，公民权(34%)，公民的身份(1%)
公民身份(citizen公民)[-ship 1.表示某种关系或状态2.表示某种技能]
US ['sɪtˌ-] noun uncountable
■the state of being a member of a particular country and having rights because of it 公民身份；公民资格
• He was granted Canadian citizenship. 他取得了加拿大国籍。
• He holds joint citizenship in Sweden and Peru. 他拥有瑞典和秘鲁双重国籍。
■the state of living in a particular area or town and behaving in a way that other people who live there expect of you 市民义务；公民义务
n. [法] 公民身份，公民资格；国籍；公民权
 - nationality, civil status

Word: severely
Front: severely
[sə'vɪrlɪ] (四六 4850/3818 -K)
Back: adv. 严格地; 严重地; 严厉地; 严肃地
分布：严厉地(38%)，严格地(23%)，严重地(23%)，严肃地(11%)，朴实地(5%)
US [-'vɪr-] adverb
VERY SERIOUSLY 非常严重地
 IMPROVER
■very seriously 严重地
• Their daughter was severely injured in a car accident. 他们的女儿在一次车祸中受了重伤。
• severely disabled/handicapped 严重残疾
• Job opportunities are severely limited/restricted at the moment. 目前工作机会非常短缺。
UK [sɪ'vɪə.li] US [-'vɪr-] adverb
NOT KINDLY 不和善地
■not kindly or sympathetically 严厉地
• I was severely reprimanded by my boss. 我被老板狠狠地斥责了一顿。
• "I will not allow that kind of behaviour in my class, " the teacher said severely. “我不会允许在我班上出现这种行为，”老师厉声说道。
UK [sɪ'vɪə.li] US [-'vɪr-] adverb
PLAINLY 朴素地
■completely plainly 简洁地
• She dresses very severely. 她穿着非常朴素。
adv. 严重地；严格地，严厉地；纯朴地
 - strictly, seriously, badly

Word: sovereignty
Front: sovereignty
[ˈsɒvrənti] (托宝 4852/5195 -2)
Vocabulary: sovereignty
(once / 508 pages)
n
Sovereignty can describe the power of one state or thing over another or the freedom a state or thing has to control itself.
Look closely at the word sovereignty, and you will see it is all about who reigns, or rules. Although sovereignty is usually used in a political sense — particularly the power of nations, it can be used to describe personal control as well: If your mother insists upon your wearing wool hats in summertime, you might declare complete sovereignty over your wardrobe. The word is also occasionally used for the power of royalty, like a queen.
WORD FAMILY
sovereignty: sovereignties
USAGE EXAMPLES
As a ubiquitous, cross-border commons, it often defies notions of state sovereignty.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
He said the omission was part of a campaign by Mr Macri's government to "place a priority on bilateral trade" over the sovereignty claim.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
“Cuba will not abandon a single one of its principles ... not its independence and not its sovereignty,” she said.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 国家的主权; 君权，最高统治权; 独立自主; 主权国家
分布：主权(99%)，独立国(1%)
→sovereign,最高统治权的，主权的，-ty,名词后缀。
【记】s，over，reign（v /n 统治），ty：over统治－至高无上的统治－主权，统治权。
US ['sɑ:v.rən.i] noun uncountable
■the power of a country to control its own government 主权，统治权
• Talks are being held about who should have sovereignty over the island. 关于该岛主权归属问题的会谈正在进行。
n. [法] 主权；主权国家；君主；独立国
 - emperor, dominion

Word: ridge
Front: ridge
[rɪdʒ] (研四六托雅宝 4853/4003 -2)
Vocabulary: ridge
(once / 217 pages)
1nv 2v
A ridge is a long, narrow, elevated strip of land or any raised strip or band. A ridge is a line that rises above what it is attached to.
Think of a ridge as a combination between rim and edge. From the Old English hrycg, meaning “back of the man or beast” or “the top or crest” of something (combined, the senses mean “backbone”), ridge is often used for the beam that joins the parts of a sloping roof. Ridge also refers to the line formed by hills or mountains, as in the Blue Ridge Mountains. The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is made up of mountains that lie underneath the Atlantic Ocean.
WORD FAMILY
ridge: ridged, ridges, ridging
USAGE EXAMPLES
Bank Stadium operator SMG said in a statement that they apparently climbed over a guard rail to access the ridge truss.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In a statement, stadium operator SMG says two people climbed over a guard rail to access the ridge truss.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
In November 2014, two months before Garfield started shooting Silence, Mel Gibson approached him about a role in Hacksaw Ridge.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 背脊，峰，隆起线; 山脊，山脉，海脊; 高压脊; 皱摺，田埂
vt. 使成脊状，使隆起
vi. 使成脊状
时态：ridged, ridging, ridges
分布：脊(72%)，山脊(21%)，山脉(6%)，隆起部(1%)
→来 自 古 英 语 hrycg, 人 的 背 部 ， 驮 畜 的 背 部 ， 来 自 Proto-Germanic*hrugjaz, 背 ， 来 自 skreuk,*sker,弯，转，词源同 ring,curve.后引申词义山脊，山脉。
n.岭,山脉;屋脊;鼻梁Riding on the ridge of the bridge, the proud bride shouts loudly to the cloud.骄傲的新娘骑在桥脊上对着云大声喊.
noun countable
■a long narrow raised part of a surface, especially a high edge along a mountain 脊；垄；尤指山脊
• We walked along the narrow mountain ridge. 我们沿着狭窄的山脊行进。
• figurative A ridge (= narrow area) of high pressure will bring good weather this afternoon. 今天下午高压脊将会带来好天气。
■the part of a roof where the sloping sides join at the top 屋脊
[rɪdʒ] noun countable
have been around the ridges Australian
■If you have been around the ridges, you have a lot of experience. 有丰富的经验
n. [地理] 山脊；山脉； [建] 屋脊
 - mountain range, cordillera

Word: brave
Front: brave
[breɪv] (中高研四 4854/3800 -K3)
Vocabulary: brave
(once / 66 pages)
1adjnv 2adj 3n
Courageous, dauntless, perhaps a little bit daring, a person who is brave faces dangerous or difficult situations with courage.
The adjective brave can be used to describe anyone or anything that displays courage, such as a brave firefighter, a brave guide dog, or even brave holiday shoppers. In addition to its adjective form, the word brave can also act as a verb. Use the verb brave when you want to say that someone is facing a dangerous or unpleasant situation courageously: “Only the hardiest skiers were able to brave the icy conditions and complete the course.” Both adjective and verb forms of the word share a common meaning — the sense of having courage or acting fearlessly.
WORD FAMILY
brave: braved, bravely, braveness, braver, bravery, braves, bravest, braving+/ bravery: braveries
USAGE EXAMPLES
Bartolo Colon, playing first base for Braves, knocks 20th homer of season.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Hanchar recalled his aunt trying to keep up a brave front that night.
New York Times(Jan 12, 2012)
But mostly, he’s been a scout - a role he still fills for the Atlanta Braves at age 91.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 勇敢的; 需要勇气的; 华丽的; 漂亮的
vt. 勇敢面对，不怕，不顾
n. 勇士; 美洲印第安武士
时态：braved, braving, braves
分布：勇敢的(86%)，英勇的(9%)，勇敢地面对(5%)
→来自拉丁词barbarus, 见barbarian，野蛮的。后词义褒义化。
a.勇敢的v.勇敢地面对(危险等)On Revenue avenue, the grave traveler jumped the gravestone bravely.在税收大道上,严肃的旅行者勇敢地跳过墓碑.
adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■showing no fear of dangerous or difficult things 勇敢的，无畏的
• a brave soldier 勇敢的士兵
• It was a brave decision to quit her job and start her own business. 她辞职自己创业是个大胆的决定。
• She was very brave to learn to ski at fifty. 她50岁开始学滑雪可真勇敢。
• Of the three organizations criticized, only one was brave enough to face the press. 三家受到批评的机构中，只有一家敢于面对媒体。
• Richards has made a brave attempt to answer his critics. 理察斯勇敢地回应那些批评他的人。
• This action will cause problems, despite the bank's brave talk/words about carrying on as if nothing had happened. 尽管银行貌似若无其事，大言不惭地说要坚持下去，这种行为还是会产生问题。
[breɪv] adjective
put on a brave face (also put a brave face on it)
■to behave as if a problem is not important or does not worry you 强装勇敢，装作不在乎
• She seems all right but I suspect she's just putting on a brave face. 她似乎没甚么，但我怀疑她只是假装不在乎。
[breɪv] verb transitive
■to deal with an unpleasant or difficult situation 勇敢面对；冒（风险）
• Shall we brave the snow and go for a walk (= go for a walk although it is snowing) ? 我们冒雪去散步好吗？
• literary She braved the wrath of her parents by refusing to marry the man they had chosen. 她不顾父母的不满，拒绝与他们选中的男人结婚。
[breɪv] noun countable old-fashioned
■a young Native American warrior (= fighting man). This is usually considered offensive. 美洲印第安武士（通常具有冒犯意味）
brave, bold, daring, heroic, fearless, courageous
这组词都有“勇敢的”的意思，其区别是：
brave: 含义广泛，指天生的勇敢，无所畏惧地面对困难与危险，侧重胆识与果断。
bold: 侧重指面对困难或危险时勇往直前，勇于进取的勇敢精神。
daring: 强调面临意外或危险时胆大心细，头脑冷静。褒义贬义均可用，贬义指胆大妄为。
heroic: 正式用词，多指在战争或重大危险时，为他人为事业忘我献身的英雄气概。
fearless: 语气肯定，侧重在危险时无所畏惧，毫无动摇。
courageous: 正式用词，侧重指在一切情况下都有胆量，无所畏惧，强调基于道德信念，经深思熟虑后所产生的勇敢。
adj. 勇敢的；华丽的
 - game, magnificent, gorgeous
vt. 勇敢地面对
 - face up to, outbrave
n. 勇士
 - warrior, lionheart

Word: lighting
Front: lighting
[ˈlaɪtɪŋ] (4855/3921 -2)
Back: n. 照明，照明设备; 点火; 舞台灯光; 布光，灯光安排
v. 照明; 点燃(light的ing形式)
分布：照明(58%)，照明设备(36%)，人工照明(6%)
→来自light,发光，照明。
US [-tˌɪŋ] noun uncountable
■the arrangement of lights used in a room, house, theatre, etc. （房间、房屋、剧院等处的）照明，灯光设计
v. [电] 照明；点燃（light的ing形式）
 - firing

Word: specify
Front: specify
[ˈspesɪfaɪ] (研四六托 4860/2230 -2)
Vocabulary: specify
(once / 522 pages)
v
To explicitly name something or state a particular detail, you specify that thing. So, when you have a craving for dessert and you send someone to the store to buy ice cream, you may want to specify a flavor.
If you assign something for a particular purpose, this verb means that you specify. Your parents can specify for safety's sake that you can only ride your bicycle on the sidewalk and not on the street. Another use of the verb specify is to give a set of requirements. If you have your grandmother's old recipe for snickerdoodle cookies, you may wonder what the recipe means when it specifies that you should add "a smidgen of molasses."
WORD FAMILY
specify: specifiable, specification, specified, specifier, specifies, specifying+/ specification: specifications/ specified: unspecified
USAGE EXAMPLES
To this day the limited case documentation provided to the family doesn’t specify which “terror” organization the pastor supposedly joined.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
The Wildcats coach did not specify during his weekly radio show Monday night when the previously-taped talk with Pitino would air.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Benefits accruing to the United States proved more difficult to specify.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 指定; 详述; 提出…的条件; 使具有特性
vi. 明确提出，详细说明
时态：specified, specifying, specifies
分布：指定(96%)，详细说明(3%)，阐述(1%)
→specific,明确的，具体的，-fy,使。引申词义明确说明，具体规定等。 specimen 样本，样品，标本
v.指定,详细说明The specialist specifically specified a special pacific means especially.专家特地明确指定了一种和解的特殊方法.
verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to state or describe something clearly and exactly 具体说明；明确指出
• He said we should meet but didn't specify a time. 他说我们应该见个面，但没说具体时间。
• The peace treaty clearly specifies the terms for the withdrawal of troops. 和平条约明确规定了撤军的条件。
• [+ question word] The newspaper report did not specify how the men were killed. 该报的报道并未说明被害人是如何被杀害的。
• [+ (that)] My contract specifies (that) I must give a month's notice if I leave my job. 我的合约上明确规定，如果我打算辞职，必须提前一个月告知。
• The loan must be repaid within a specified period/by a specified date. 贷款必须在指定期限内／指定日期前偿还。
vt. 指定；详细说明；列举；把…列入说明书
 - name, appoint

Word: contributor
Front: contributor
[kənˈtrɪbjətə(r)] (4857/7168)
Vocabulary: contributor
(once / 1197 pages)
n
A contributor is someone who takes part in something or makes a contribution. Writers and people who donate money in particular are called contributors.
Writers whose work is included in a book, magazine, or newspaper are called contributors. Some have specific titles like "contributing editor" or "contributing writer." If you give money for a cause or a company, that contribution also makes you a contributor. This word is used mainly for writing and donating, but it can be used in other cases for people who help with something. The surest way not to be called a contributor is to do nothing: contributors have to contribute.
WORD FAMILY
contributor: contributors+/ contribute: contributed, contributes, contributing, contribution, contributive, contributor, contributory/ contribution: contributions/contributive: contributively
USAGE EXAMPLES
Branstad spokesman Ben Hammes says the group’s accountant is still gathering information on the contributors and plans to file an amended return disclosing them.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Contributors to “The Road Ahead: Stories of the Forever War,” will discuss their work.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
But just a few of the 44 contributors to this show at the Watergate Gallery offer art that must be plugged in.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 贡献者; 捐助者; 投稿者
分布：贡献者(59%)，原因(20%)，捐助者(11%)，投稿人(9%)，赠送者(1%)
贡献者(contribute+or)[tribut=give,表示"给予"]
US [-jə.tˌɚ] noun countable
■a person who gives something, especially money, in order to provide or achieve something together with other people 捐献者；捐助者；捐款人
• At the back of the programme, there is a list of contributors to the theatre appeal. 节目单背面是对剧院的求助作出回应的捐款人的名单。
■someone who writes articles for a newspaper, magazine or book 撰稿人，供稿者
n. 贡献者；投稿者； [经] 捐助者
 - benefactor, doner

Word: frustrate
Front: frustrate
[frʌˈstreɪt] (研四六托雅宝 4856/7553 -3)
Vocabulary: frustrate
(once / 423 pages)
1v 2v
When you frustrate someone, you do your best to annoy, confuse, or even torment that poor person. Maybe you constantly change your mind — that's sure to frustrate anyone who tries to make plans with you.
If you have ever been frustrated while writing, you may have dropped your pen — or pushed away your keyboard — and stared angrily out the window, thinking, "How will I ever do this?" Well, that pent-up doubting that has made you stop is a sure sign you are frustrated. Plans, too, can be frustrated, like the snow that frustrates our efforts to run our errands.
WORD FAMILY
frustrate: frustrated, frustrates, frustrating, frustration, frustrative+/ frustrated: frustratedly/ frustrating: frustratingly/ frustration: frustrations
USAGE EXAMPLES
For people targeted by Internet “trolls,” the absence of a clear solution is often the most frustrating part.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Labor groups, frustrated by the Republican Congress, will no doubt intensify their push for city and county minimum wages instead.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
We understood his appeal to people frustrated with gridlock in Washington or convinced that a well-fed establishment is oblivious to their struggles.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 挫败; 阻挠; 使受挫折
adj. 无益的，无效的
时态：frustrated, frustrating, frustrates
分布：挫败(46%)，使灰心(10%)，挫败的(10%)，使沮丧(10%)，无益的(10%)，挫折的(8%)，击败(6%)
→来自fraud, 欺骗，伤害。即被欺骗的，被伤害的，受到挫折的。
挫败(frustr犯错误+ate)[-ate 1.表动词"做,造成"2.表形容词"具有…的"3.表名词"人或地位"]
vt.挫败,阻挠,使灰心The dust in the industrial zone frustrated the industrious man.工业区里的灰尘使勤勉的人灰心.
【反】abet（vt 教唆；支持）
verb transitive
DISCOURAGE 使气馁
■to make someone feel annoyed or less confident because they cannot achieve what they want 使灰心；使气馁
• It frustrates me that I'm not able to put any of my ideas into practice. 我的任何想法都无法付诸实践，这让我很灰心。
[frʌs'treɪt] verb transitive
PREVENT 阻止
■to prevent the plans or efforts of someone or something from being achieved 阻挠；阻止；挫败
• The continuing civil war is frustrating the efforts of relief agencies. 持续的内战使救济机构的努力受挫。
vt. 挫败；阻挠；使感到灰心
 - defeat, discomfit
vi. 失败；受挫
 - founder, come to naught
adj. 挫败的；无益的
 - thwarted, unprofitable

Word: crowd
Front: crowd
[kraʊd] (高研四六托 1270/1686 -K4)
Vocabulary: crowd
(once / 44 pages)
1nv 2v
A lot of people or things in a large group make up a crowd. The masses of performers with painted faces, big shoes, and squeaky noses filling up the streets during your town's annual clown parade can be described as a crowd of clowns.
A crowd of people might gather for a party, concert, or demonstration, with the word crowd implying that there's something a little disorderly — noisy or unruly — about the group. Crowd can also mean "the mass of ordinary people," which is the way you're using the word when you say you want to "stand out from the crowd." You want to be seen as a distinct, individual person, rather than part of a larger mass of regular folks.
WORD FAMILY
crowd: crowded, crowding, crowds, overcrowd+/ crowded: crowdedly, uncrowded/crowding: crowdings/overcrowd: overcrowded, overcrowding, overcrowds
USAGE EXAMPLES
The new line is expected to offer long-needed relief to subways on the East Side of Manhattan, the most crowded lines in the nation.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Amid the thunderous crowd, he fell to musing.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
An angry crowd cursed the government, even after a representative of Mr. Sadr tried to calm them.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 人群; 群众; 一群
vi. 拥挤，聚集
vt. 挤满; 将…塞进; 催逼
时态：crowded, crowding, crowds
分布：人群(67%)，群众(14%)，拥挤(8%)，挤满(4%)，大群(3%)，涌入(2%)，逼迫(1%)，朋友(1%)
→来自ger, 围，群，块，词源同cram, group.
n.人群;一群,一伙v.聚集,群集;挤满,拥挤The grown-up growled at a crowd of crows.那个成年人对着一群公鸡咆哮.
noun [+ sing/pl verb]
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a large group of people who have come together 人群；群众
• A crowd of about 15,000 attended the concert. 大约有15000人出席了音乐会。
only singular informal
■a group of friends or a group of people with similar interests （有共同爱好的）一帮朋友，一伙人，一群人
• She goes about with a friendly crowd. 她常和一群朋友结伴外出。
• "Who was there?" "Oh, the usual crowd, Dave, Mike and Fiona." “有谁在那里？”“噢，还是往常那伙人，戴夫、麦克和菲奥娜。”
[kraʊd] noun [+ sing/pl verb]
follow the crowd disapproving
■to do what most other people do 随大流，随波逐流，人云亦云
• Think for yourself, don't just follow the crowd. 要独立思考，不要只是人云亦云。
[kraʊd] verb transitive informal
■to make someone feel uncomfortable by standing too close to them or by watching them all the time 挤；靠近；盯着
• I need some time to do this work properly, so don't crowd me. 我需要些时间把这工作做好，所以别总盯着我。
[kraʊd] verb transitive informal
  Phrasal Verbs  crowd (sth) into sth
■If people crowd or are crowded into a place, they fill it completely （把…）挤进，塞满
• Hordes of commuters crowded into the train. 一群群通勤的乘客涌进了火车。
[kraʊd] verb transitive informal
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] crowd sb/sth out
■to not allow a person or thing any space or opportunity to grow or develop 把…挤出；排挤；阻碍
• Small local businesses have been crowded out by large multinationals. 当地的小公司已被大跨国公司排挤出局。
[kraʊd] verb transitive informal
  Phrasal Verbs  crowd round/around (sb/sth)
■to come together closely in a crowd around someone or something 围聚，围挤；聚集在…周围；团团围住
• As soon as he appeared, reporters crowded round. 他一出现就被记者们团团围住。
mob, through, masses, crowd, people
这组词都有“人们，人群”的意思，其区别是：
mob: 含贬义，指乌合之众、暴民。
through: 与crowd含义很接近，常可换用，但侧重指向前运动的群众。
masses: 指群众或平民，在西方国家含贬义，在我国含褒义。
crowd: 本义指一大群紧紧聚集在一起的人群，现指群众整体，由个体结合的人群或大众。
people: 最普通用词，不带任何色彩，泛指不确定数量的人们。
band, mob, masses, gang, swarm, group, throug, crowd
这组词都有“群，帮，伙”的意思，其区别是：
band: 多指一群有明确宗旨，为共同目的而结合在一起的人，常含贬义。
mob: 指无组织、乱七八糟凑合在一起的乌合之众，或指聚集在一起寻衅滋事的人群，多为暴徒。
masses: 指群众或人民大众。
gang: 常指从事非法、暴力或敌对活动的帮派或团伙。有时呈中性，词义同group。
swarm: 指人数众多，杂乱无章，不停移动的一群人。
group: 普通用词，通常指有组织、有秩序的一群人，也可指无意汇集在一起的一群人。
throug: 书面用词，意义接近crowd，侧重密集地挤在一起的一群，含挤在一起向前推进之意。
crowd: 常指无组织地乱哄哄地挤在一起的人群。
people, masses, crowd, throng, mob
这些名词均有“人们，人群”之意。
people: 最普通用词，不带任何色彩，泛指不确定数量的人们。
masses: 指群众或平民，在西方国家含贬义，在我国含褒义。
crowd: 本义指一大群紧紧聚集在一起的人群，现指群众整体，由个体结合的人群或大众。
through: 与crowd含义很接近，常可换用，但侧重指向前运动的群众。
mob: 含贬义，指乌合之众、暴民。
vt. 挤满；将…塞进；催逼，催促
 - burst at the seams, be packed with
n. 人群；一堆；一帮
 - lot, band
vi. 拥挤，挤；聚集
 - concentrate, pile, collect, mass, pack

Word: articulate
Front: articulate
[ɑ:ˈtɪkjuleɪt] (研六托雅宝 4865/6482 -2)
Vocabulary: articulate
(once / 638 pages)
1vadj 2adjv
To articulate is to say something. And, if you say it well, someone might praise you by saying you are articulate. Confused yet? It's all in the pronunciation.
Reach for articulate when you need an adjective meaning "well-spoken" (pronounced ar-TIC-yuh-lit) or a verb (ar-TIC-yuh-late) meaning "to speak or express yourself clearly." The key to understanding articulate's many uses is to think of the related noun article: an articulate person clearly pronounces each article of his or her speech (that is, each word and syllable), and an articulated joint is divided up into distinct articles, or parts.
WORD FAMILY
articulate: articulated, articulately, articulateness, articulates, articulating, articulation, articulative, articulator, articulatory, disarticulate, inarticulate, unarticulate+/ articulated: unarticulated/ articulation: articulations/articulator: articulators/disarticulate: disarticulated, disarticulating/ inarticulate: inarticulately
USAGE EXAMPLES
“He’s more articulate than I am. All of our kids are teaching me so much right now,” Ms. Bening said.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Indeed, a mainstream strategy in cognitive behavioral therapy involves purposefully articulating thoughts to oneself in order to diminish pernicious habits of mind.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
The prosecutors are also likely to re-emphasize the considerable evidence of Mr. Roof’s premeditation and clearly articulated racial intent.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 发音清晰的; 善于表达的; 有关节的
vt. 清晰地发（音）; 言语表达; （用关节）连接
vi. 清楚地和清晰地讲; 发音; [解剖学] 连接
时态：articulated, articulating, articulates
分布：发音(29%)，有关节的(19%)，发音清晰的(19%)，善于表达的(17%)，清楚地讲话(13%)，以关节连接(3%)
→来自词根art-, 连贯，连结，词源同art, arm.
关节结合;咬字清楚[articul=joint(关节)]
a.善于表达的;有关节相连的v.清楚地讲话The articulate man's artistic cartoon startled the charterer.发音清晰者的艺术卡通使包租人大吃一惊.
【记】1）articul文章，ate吃的过去式－吃透文章－所以发音清晰2）articu文章，late后期。文章的后期制作。学过托福作文的同学一定深有体会，检查的时候应注重两方面，一、思想、内容表达清晰。二、句与句之间，段与段之间的接合是否连贯。3）articulate particular（特别的）清楚！
US [ɑːr-/
■able to express thoughts and feelings easily and clearly, or showing this quality 能表达清楚的，善于表达的；口齿伶俐的，有口才的
• an intelligent and highly articulate young woman 聪明过人且口齿伶俐的年轻女子
• She gave a witty, entertaining and articulate speech. 她的演讲机智幽默、引人入胜、明确有力。
verb transitive UK [ɑːˈtɪk.jʊ.leɪt] US [ɑːr-] formal
■to express in words 清楚地表达
• I found myself unable to articulate my feelings. 我感到无法用语言来表达我的感情。
• Many people are opposed to the new law, but have had no opportunity to articulate their opposition. 很多人不赞成这项新法律，但是却没有机会表达他们的反对意见。
■to pronounce 清晰地吐（字）；清晰地发（音）
• When children first learn to talk, there are some sounds that they find difficult to articulate. 小孩子刚学说话时，有一些音他们很难发出来。
vi. 发音；清楚地讲话；用关节连接起来
 - pronounce
adj. 发音清晰的；口才好的； [动] [生物] 有关节的
 - enunciative

Word: importantly
Front: importantly
[ɪm'pɔːtntli] (4858/4703 -K)
Vocabulary: importantly
(once / 3727 pages)
adv
The word importantly emphasizes something. It’s often used to call attention to something in a list, and most importantly, it comes from the word "important."
Indeed, importantly comes from the word important, which has roots in the Latin word for “being significant.” When you see the word importantly, you know something significant is being mentioned or emphasized. If your boss gives you a bunch of jobs, then says, "Most importantly, be careful with the Penske file," then that file is your priority. It often appears as most importantly to give it a little extra oomph.
WORD FAMILY
important: importance, importantest, importantly, self-important, unimportant+/ importance: importances, self-importance/unimportance: unimportances/unimportant: unimportance, unimportantly
USAGE EXAMPLES
It is this metabolic activity that keeps you alive and breathing and, very importantly, warm.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Cousins finished 22 of 35 for 285 yards and a touchdown, but more importantly the interceptions in the third and fourth quarters.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
He certainly needs to play well, and perhaps more importantly UW’s offensive line needs to be play well in front of him.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adv. 重要地
分布：重要地(100%)
ADJ-GRADED
重要的;必要的;非常有价值的
Something that is important is very significant, is highly valued, or is necessary.
例：Her sons are the most important thing in her life...她生命中最重要的是她的儿子们。
例：The planned general strike represents an important economic challenge to the government...这场有计划的总罢工是政府面临的一个重大经济挑战。
ADJ-GRADED
有声望的;有影响的;显要的
Someone who is important has influence or power within a society or a particular group.
例：He was the most important person on the island.他是岛上最有声望的人。
例：...an important figure in the media world.传媒界很有影响力的人物
adv. 重要地；大量地；有名望地；自命不凡地
 - largely, freely, big, heavy

Word: transit
Vocabulary: transit
(once / 310 pages)
1nv 2nv
Transit means “journey,” and saying you’re "in transit" means you’re on your way somewhere. Before we had cell phones, one of the upsides of being in transit was that no one could get in touch with you.
Transit may be familiar to you from the phrase mass transit. While it sometimes seems like “mass transit” is synonymous with “unreliable, crowded and inefficient,” the phrase just means "public transportation." The first instance of transit being used in this sense was in the 19th century, and people have been complaining ever since. Transit is related to the word transition, which refers to a change from one state or condition to another.
WORD FAMILY
transit: transited, transiting, transition, transits+/ transition: transitional, transitioned, transitioning, transitions/ transitional: transitionally
USAGE EXAMPLES
Transit police say they don’t suspect foul play was involved.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
That calls for 50 percent commuting by car, 25 percent by transit, 18 percent by cycling and 7 percent by walking.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Transit: Metro’s Gold Line opens downtown L.A. to Pasadena at 3 a.m.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)

Word: dense
Front: dense
[dens] (研四六托雅 4864/5996 -2)
Vocabulary: dense
(once / 255 pages)
1adj 2adj 3adj
When woods are dense, the trees grow close together. When fog is dense, you can't see through it. And if someone calls you dense, they think nothing can get into your thick skull.
Dense comes from the Latin densus which means thick and cloudy. In general, the word means packed tight and gives the sense that something is difficult to get through. Text can be dense in two different ways: when the words are packed closely together on the page, and when the text is filled with big words and complicated thoughts. Either way, reading dense text is just no fun.
WORD FAMILY
dense: densely, denseness, denser, densest, densification, density +/ density: densities
USAGE EXAMPLES
Dense fog is expected to develop by early Monday evening.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It’s as dense in nihilism as Schoolboy Q’s past work, but with a difference — the sliver of light.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Many galaxies of stars form spirals, where relatively few stars in the outer arms orbit around a dense mass of stars at the centre.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 密集的，稠密的; 浓密的，浓厚的; 愚钝的
分布：浓密的(39%)，密集的(36%)，稠密的(25%)
→来自dens, 厚的。
浓密的[dens=make thick表示"变浓厚"]
a.浓厚的,密集的,稠密的Traffic slowed down because of the dense fog.雾气太浓, 车辆只得减速行驶.
adjective
THICK 浓的
 ADVANCED
■thick; close together; difficult to go or see through 浓的，浓密的；浓厚的
• dense fog 浓雾
• a dense forest 密林
• The body was found hidden in dense undergrowth. 尸体被发时是藏在密密的树丛下面。
• a book with dense print (= with the words printed small and close together) 文字印刷紧凑的书
[dents] adjective
STUPID 笨的
 ADVANCED informal
■stupid 蠢的，笨的
• We've got some really dense people in our class. 我们班有些人特笨。
[dents] adjective
MATTER 物质 specialized
■(of a substance) containing a lot of matter in a small space 密度大的
• Plutonium is very dense. 钚的密度很大。
adj. [统计] 稠密的；浓厚的；愚钝的
 - crass, beef-witted

Word: seminar
Front: seminar
[ˈsemɪnɑ:(r)] (研四六雅 4862/3726 -2)
Vocabulary: seminar
(once / 4486 pages)
n
A seminar means a class or meeting, but it carries with it extra weight. An educational seminar indicates a small, advanced study, while a meeting labeled as such means an intense exchange of ideas.
The Latin seminarium originally referred to a plant nursery, a place of great growth. From this came the German seminar, referring to a formal educational group led by a professor. While university seminars are most frequently small-group studies of a particular issue, the word is also applied to large lectures and commercial pitches. Like the seminar you attended on how to get rich by selling carrot peelers to your neighbors.
WORD FAMILY
seminar: seminars
USAGE EXAMPLES
The seminar, which will start at 1 p.m.
Seattle Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Government is not an economics seminar, however—it’s the real world.
Time(Dec 22, 2016)
He agreed last month to pay $25 million to settle years-old fraud lawsuits aimed at his Trump University seminar series.
Washington Post(Dec 21, 2016)
Back: n. 研讨班，讲习会; 研讨小组; 研讨会; 培训会
分布：研讨会(100%)
→来自德语 Seminar,研讨会，讨论会，来自拉丁语 seminarium,育种室，来自 semen,种子，-arium, 表地方。
n.(大学的)研究班,研讨会The thermal therapy terminated after the terminal germ seminar.热疗在期末细菌研讨会后终止了.
US [-nɑ:r] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■an occasion when a teacher or expert and a group of people meet to study and discuss something 专题讨论会；研讨会
• I attended practically every lecture and seminar when I was a student. 我上学的时候，几乎参加了每一场讲座和研讨会。
• I'm giving a seminar on the latest developments in genetic engineering next week. 下周我将举行一个有关遗传工程最新进展的研讨会。
• a seminar room 会议室
Compare lecture
n. 讨论会，研讨班
 - forum, consultation, symposium

Word: electronics
Front: electronics
[ɪˌlekˈtrɒnɪks] (四六雅 4863/4397 -2)
Back: n. 电子学; 电子学应用，电子器件; 电子工业; 电子流行音乐
分布：电子学(87%)，电子器件(13%)
US [-'trɑ:.nɪks] noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■the scientific study of electric current and the technology that uses it 电子学
• a degree in electronics 电子学学位
• the electronics industry 电子工业
n. [电子] 电子学；电子工业
 - electronic industry

Word: sunny
Front: sunny
[ˈsʌni] (中高 4866/5585 -2)
Back: adj. 和煦的：照到阳光的; 快活的，性情开朗亲切的
级别：sunnier, sunniest
分布：明媚的(40%)，晴朗的(34%)，阳光充足的(16%)，快活的(10%)
adjective
BRIGHT 明亮的
 ADVANCED
■bright because of light from the sun 阳光明媚的，阳光普照的
• We're having the party in the garden, so I'm praying it'll be sunny. 我们要在花园里举行聚会，所以我正祈祷那天会阳光明媚。
['sʌn.i] adjective
HAPPY 快乐的
■describes someone who is usually happy and relaxed and does not usually get worried or angry （人）乐观开朗的，快乐的，阳光的
• She has a very sunny disposition. 她性情非常开朗。
adj. 阳光充足的，和煦的；快活的；性情开朗的
 - vernal, jocund

Word: shorts
Front: shorts
[ʃɔ:ts] (中高 4868/6534)
Back: n. （从事运动或天气炎热时穿的）短裤; <美>男人的短内裤; 电影短片; 短裤( short的名词复数 ); 短路; 缺乏
分布：短裤(100%)
noun [plural]
 ADVANCED
■trousers that end above the knee or reach the knee, which are often worn in hot weather or when playing a sport （常在热天或运动时穿的）短裤
• tennis shorts 网球短裤
• She put on a pair of shorts and a T-shirt. 她穿上短裤和T恤
US
■men's underpants 男性内裤
trousers, slacks, pants, jeans, shorts
这组词都有“裤子”的意思，其区别是：
trousers: 指长裤，用于较正式场合。
slacks: 美国指比较宽松的便裤，英国人指妇女外面穿的长裤。
pants: 常用词，在美国，泛指各类裤子，在英国指衬裤或短裤。
jeans: 指劳动布裤或牛仔裤。
shorts: 指短裤或裤衩。
n. 短裤
 - short pants, short trousers, pantie

Word: swell
Front: swell
[swel] (高研四六托雅宝 4867/5534 -K2)
Vocabulary: swell
(once / 143 pages)
1vn 2v 3vn 4adj 5n
To swell is to expand or grow larger. If your brother's face started to swell after he ate lobster for the first time, you'd probably guess that he's allergic to shellfish.
You can use the word swell to describe what happens to an injured body part, like a black eye that swells up, or in a figurative way, to describe a feeling of fullness, like when your heart swells with pride at your sister's big music performance. In the 1930s, swell became a popular slang term meaning great or excellent. But it also can describe a wealthy, elegant person, like a group of swells at a fancy restaurant.
WORD FAMILY
swell: swelled, swellest, swelling, swellingly, swells, swollen +/swelled: swelleder/swelling: swellings
USAGE EXAMPLES
He peered up at the mess caused by the swollen substance.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 29, 2016)
Officials say anyone with symptoms should not attend school until five days after their glands swell.
Washington Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Six-foot tall in her heels, she lifted a finger and prodded my swollen cheek.
The Guardian(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 增强; 肿胀; 膨胀; 充满（激情）
n. 汹涌; 重要人士; （尤指身体部位）凸起的形状; 声音渐强
adj. 极好的; 了不起的; 非常棒的
时态：swelled, swollen, swelling, swells
分布：膨胀(59%)，肿胀(21%)，增大(8%)，汹涌(5%)，一流的(4%)，时髦的(3%)
→来自古英语 swellan,膨胀，鼓起，来自 Proto-Germanic*swelnan,膨胀，可能来自 swel,照 耀，照射，使发热，词源同 swelter.引申诸相关词义。
n./v.肿胀;膨胀;增大;增加;Spell smell! Very well, the well-being for human being will swell.拼写气味(一词)!很好,人类的福利将会膨胀.
【记】s死，well（n 井）：死在井里面，身体被泡得膨胀。
verb (swelled, swollen or swelled)
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to become larger and rounder than usual; to (cause to) increase in size or amount 肿胀，肿，膨胀
• It was obvious she had broken her toe, because it immediately started to swell (up). 她的脚趾显然已经骨折，因为它开始肿胀了。
• Twenty-five employees have joined the union in this month alone, swelling its ranks (= increasing its size) to 110. 仅这个月就有25位员工加入工会，使工会的人数增加到110人。
• literary His heart/breast swelled with pride (= He felt very proud) as he stood watching his son graduate. 当他站在那里观看儿子的毕业典礼时，心中充满自豪。
intransitive
■If music swells, it becomes louder. （声音）变大，增大，变响亮
[swel] noun only singular
WAVES 波涛
■the slow up and down movement of the sea with large but smooth waves （缓慢的）波涛起伏
⇒ See also groundswell
[swel] noun only singular
SOUND 声音
■an increase in sound produced by a musical instrument or instruments 音量的增大
[swel] adjective US old-fashioned informal
■very good or pleasant 极好的
• That's a swell idea! 那个主意好极了！
[swel] adverb US old-fashioned informal
■very well 极好地，非常顺利地
• Everything's going real swell. 一切都很顺利。
vi. 膨胀；肿胀；隆起
 - fill, intumesce
vt. 使膨胀；使隆起
 - expand, plim
n. 肿胀；隆起
 - tumefaction, tumidness
adj. 漂亮的；一流的
 - pretty, smart, tony, cute

Word: accusation
Front: accusation
[ˌækjuˈzeɪʃn] (托 4870/5025 -2)
Vocabulary: accusation
(once / 424 pages)
n
When you say someone is guilty of doing something wrong you make an accusation, like your accusation that your brother used your computer without asking first.
Accusation comes from the verb accuse, which means to charge someone with a crime. It is important to remember that an accusation comes about when someone thinks another person has done something wrong or committed a crime. It doesn't mean, however, that the person is guilty. There needs to be proof — an investigation or trial, even admission of guilt — before a conviction, meaning the person really is guilty.
WORD FAMILY
accusation: accusations, accusatorial, self-accusation+/accusal: accusals/accusative: accusatives/accusatorial: accusatorially/ accuse: accusal, accusation, accusative, accusatory, accused, accuser, accuses, accusing, accusive/accuser: accusers/accusing: accusingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The public prosecutor said his arrest was part of an inquiry into accusations of officials receiving bribes.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
In another room, her husband was hearing the same chilling accusations.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Mr. Moon denied the accusation at a parliamentary hearing on Nov. 30.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 指责，谴责; 指控，控告; （被告发、控告的）罪名
分布：指控(68%)，控告(29%)，非难(3%)
noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■a statement saying that someone has done something morally wrong, illegal or unkind, or the fact of accusing someone 指控，控告；指责；谴责
• You can't just make wild accusations like that! 你不能那样胡乱指责人！
• He glared at me with an air of accusation. 他瞪着我，一脸责备的样子。
• [+ that] What do you say to the accusation that you are unfriendly and unhelpful? 别人指责你不友善、不乐于助人，对此你有甚么回应？
n. [法] 控告，指控；谴责
 - charge, incrimination

Word: soften
Front: soften
[ˈsɒfn] (六 4869/6090 -2)
Back: vt. （使）温和; 使缓和; 减轻; 变柔和
vi. 变软
时态：softened, softening, softens
分布：动词(100%)
→soft,软的，-en,使。 softener 软化器
US ['sɑ:.fən] verb intransitive or transitive
LESS HARD 软化
■to become soft, or to make something soft （使）变软，（使）软化
• You can soften the butter by warming it gently. 你可以把牛油稍微加热使其变软。
• These dried apples will soften (up) if you soak them in water. 如果你把这些苹果干浸在水中，它们就会软化。
UK ['sɒf.ən] US ['sɑ:.fən] verb intransitive or transitive
MORE GENTLE 更温和
■to become more gentle, or to make someone do this （使）变温和；（使）缓和
• The news will upset him - we must think of a way to soften the blow (= make the news less unpleasant for him). 这消息会让他伤心——我们得想个办法来缓和一下。
• Would you say the government's stance on law and order has softened? 你说政府在法律法规方面的态度有所软化了吗？
UK ['sɒf.ən] US ['sɑ:.fən] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] soften sb up
■to do things that will please someone so that they will do what you want 打动，取悦，讨好（某人）
• You're trying to soften me up so I'll drive you to Jodie's house, aren't you? 你这是想讨好我，这样我就可以开车把你送到乔迪家了，不是吗？
vt. 使温和；使缓和；使变柔软
 - comfort, gentle
vi. 减轻；变柔和；变柔软
 - tender, to alleviate

Word: photograph
Front: photograph
[ˈfəʊtəgrɑ:f] (中高四六托雅 1481/1611 -K4)
Vocabulary: photograph
(once / 116 pages)
nv
When you take a picture with a camera, the result is a photograph, a picture of your subject created by a special medium’s exposure to light. The first photographs were created on metal plates coated with a special chemical.
Although photography as we know it did not emerge until the 19th century, the word photograph evolved from the ancient Greek words phot-, "light," and graph-, "writing," which were combined to create the word for taking pictures — "light writing." Nowadays we take our photographs with electronic cameras, recording, transferring, and storing the pictures digitally. Times change, and while many people still enjoy using film cameras, they are becoming increasingly rare, and certain types of films are no longer produced.
WORD FAMILY
photograph: photographed, photographing, photographs, photography+/photographer: photographers/photographic: photographically/photography: photographer, photographic, photographies
USAGE EXAMPLES
Still another tabloid doctored photographs to suggest Mr. Gülen is a Roman Catholic prelate.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
The photographer began travelling the world armed with different-sized tents in which to photograph smaller animals like birds and lizards.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
The charming canine stories and photographs guided me through those dark years, to a happier job and happier days.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 照片，相片
vt. & vi. 为…拍照; 拍照，摄影; 成为拍照对象，在照片上显得
时态：photographed, photographing, photographs
分布：相片(92%)，给 ... 照相(4%)，被照相(4%)
→phot-,光，-graph,写，记录。即把光记录下来，引申词义照相，相片。
相片(photo光+graph→用光写→相片)[graph,gram=write,表示"写,图"]
【记】photo光，graph写－把光写在纸上－照片
【参】photosynthesis（n 光合作用）photo＋synthesis；photics（n 光学）
US ['foʊ.tˌoʊ.græf] noun countable (informal photo)
 ESSENTIAL
■a picture produced using a camera 照片，相片
• a colour/black-and-white photograph 彩色／黑白照片
• aerial photographs 空中照片
• nude photographs 裸体照片
• My parents took a lot of photographs of us when we were small. 我们小的时候，父母拍了很多我们的照片。
UK ['fəʊ.tə.grɑ:f] US ['foʊ.tˌoʊ.græf] verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to take a picture using a camera 摄影，照相
• I prefer photographing people rather than places. 与拍风景相比，我更喜欢拍人物照。
• [+ obj + -ing verb] MacKay was photographed leaving the building. 麦凯离开大楼时被拍了下来。
photograph well/badly
■to appear attractive/unattractive in photographs 上镜／不上镜
vi. 拍照；在照片上显得
 - take a photo, to take a picture
n. 照片， [摄] 相片
 - picture, pix

Word: straighten
Front: straighten
[ˈstreɪtn] (六 4877/5773 -1)
Back: vt. & vi. 变直，把…弄直; 整理，整顿; 使…改正; 使…好转
vi. 变好起来
时态：straightened, straightening, straightens
分布：整顿(46%)，弄直(29%)，挺直(21%)，使正确(4%)
→straight,直的，正的，-en,使。
US [-ən] verb
NOT CURVING 挺直
intransitive or transitive
■to become straight or to make something become straight （使）变直，（使）挺直，弄直
• He straightened his tie. 他把领带拉正。
• Her hair is naturally curly but she always straightens it. 她的头发是自然卷，但她老是把它拉直。
• The road straightens out after a few miles. 公路过了几英里后就直了。
UK ['streɪ.tən] US [-ən] verb
LEVEL 调正
transitive
■to make something level 使变平直；把…弄正
• The picture fell while I was trying to straighten it. 我想把画的位置调正，结果它掉下来了。
UK ['streɪ.tən] US [-ən] verb
TIDY 整齐的
transitive
■to make something tidy 整理；收拾整齐
• She stood up and straightened her clothes. 她站起来，把衣服整理一下。
• Pepe was careful to straighten his room before leaving. 佩佩很细心，走之前把房间收拾整齐。
UK ['streɪ.tən] US [-ən] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] straighten sb out informal
■to improve someone's behaviour 使（某人）改邪归正，使（某人）端正行为
• I thought that once he got a girlfriend that would straighten him out. 我认为他一旦有了女朋友就会迷途知返。
UK ['streɪ.tən] US [-ən] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] straighten sth out
SITUATION
■to solve a problem or to deal successfully with a confusing situation 解决（问题）；成功应付（困境）
• Once we get these problems straightened out, we should be all right. 我们一旦把这些问题解决掉，就会没事的。
PLACE
■to make something tidy or organized 整理好；把…清理干净；把…收拾整齐
• Could you straighten out these cupboards, please? 你能把碗橱收拾干净吗？
UK ['streɪ.tən] US [-ən] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  straighten up
POSITION
■to stand straight after bending at the waist 挺直身体，直起身
BEHAVIOUR US
■to behave well after behaving badly 改邪归正，改过自新
• You'd better straighten up or else! 你最好改邪归正，否则有你好看的！
UK ['streɪ.tən] US [-ən] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] straighten sth up
■to make a place tidy 整理好；清理干净；把…收拾整齐
• Mark and I managed to straighten up the house before our parents got home. 马克和我赶在爸爸妈妈回家之前收拾好了屋子。
vt. 整顿；使…改正；使…挺直；使…好转
 - set in order, untangle
vi. 变直；好转
 - change for the better, take a turn for the better

Word: terribly
Front: terribly
[ˈterəbli] (托 4872/4731 -K)
Back: adv. 很; 非常; 极; 非常糟糕地
分布：很(56%)，可怕地(44%)
adverb
VERY BADLY 很糟
 ADVANCED
■very badly 很糟；很不好
• I slept terribly last night. 我昨晚睡得很不好。
['ter.ə.bli] adverb
VERY MUCH 非常
 ADVANCED informal
■very 很，非常
• I'm terribly pleased to hear that you've got a job. 听说你找到了工作，我高兴坏了。
• She was terribly sorry not to have seen you last Saturday. 上周六没有见到你，她感到非常遗憾。
adv. 非常；可怕地；极度地
 - extremely, badly, highly, greatly, too

Word: cue
Front: cue
[kju:] (研四六托雅宝 4874/6463 -3)
Vocabulary: cue
(once / 1324 pages)
1nv 2n 3n
A cue is the long stick used for playing pool. A cue is also a reminder or stimulus to do something.
In pool, you use the cue to hit the white ball into the red ball, aiming for a pocket. Other cues make things happen too. In acting, a lighting change or another actor's line could be a cue for you to enter the stage. During rehearsal, the actors need to learn their cues to make sure their timing is right. A cue can also be a clue or reminder of something. Anytime someone has good timing, they're on cue.
WORD FAMILY
cue: cued, cues, cuing, miscue+/miscue: miscues
USAGE EXAMPLES
Cue tingles down spines, lumps in throats and tears in eyes all round.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
At the core of every habit is a neurological loop with three parts: A cue, a routine and a reward.
New York Times(Oct 18, 2016)
“Let the audience sing,” she urged, and she cued one of her dancers to grab her in a lift.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 暗示，提示; 线索; [台]球杆; 情绪，心情
vt. 把…插入演出; 给…暗示
时态：cued, cueing, cues
分布：提示(49%)，暗示(33%)，信号(16%)，给 ... 提示(1%)，把 ... 插入演出(1%)
→1.暗示，来自拉丁语quando,何时，来自kwa,疑问指示词干，词源同when,how,what. 2.台球杆，来自queue,尾巴。
暗示,提示,球杆Follow my cue.照我的样子.
noun countable
SIGNAL 信号
■a word or action in a play or film, which is used as a signal by a performer to begin saying or doing something （戏剧或电影中用来暗示演员开始说或做某事的）尾白，提示
■a signal for someone to do something 暗示；信号
• [+ to infinitive] They started washing up, so that was our cue to leave the party. 他们开始洗刷碗碟了，这就是暗示我们该离开派对了。
on cue
■If something happens on cue, it happens just after someone has said or thought it would happen 恰恰在这时，正好在此时
• I was just wondering where Sarah was, when, right on cue, she came in. 我正奇怪萨拉去哪了，恰在这时，她就进来了。
take your cue from sb
■to take notice of someone's words or behaviour so that you know what you should do 照（某人）的样子做；模仿（某人）；仿效（某人）
• She watched his lips carefully and took her cue from him. 她紧盯着他的嘴唇，照他的吩咐行事。
[kju:] noun countable
STICK 棍子
■a long thin wooden pole with a small piece of leather at one end, which is used for hitting the ball in games such as billiards or snooker （桌球等撞球游戏的）球杆
[kju:] noun countable
take your cue from sth/sb
■to be strongly influenced by something or someone 深受…的影响
• The architects took their cue for the design of the new pub from the nearby Jacobean house, Aston Hall. 建筑师们对新酒吧的设计深受附近詹姆斯一世时期的建筑——阿斯顿大厅的影响。
[kju:] verb transitive (cueing, cued, cued) (also cue in)
■to give someone a signal to do something 提示；暗示
• With a nod of his head, the drummer cued the lead singer in. 鼓手点了一下头，给领唱作了个暗示。
n. 提示，暗示；线索
 - connotation, implication, reminder

Word: sudden
Front: sudden
[ˈsʌdn] (中高研四六 2868/2250 -K3)
Back: adj. 突然的，未预见到的; 急躁的，仓促的; 快的，迅速的; 急剧
分布：突然的(96%)，出乎意料的(2%)，突发之事(2%)
→来自盎格鲁诺曼法语 sudein,改写自拉丁语 subitaneus,来自 subitus,突然的，来自 sub,在下， 向上，-it,走，词源同 exit,itinerary.即向上走来的，引申词义突然走来的，突然的。
a.出乎意料的,突然的The lucky duck tucked in truck suddenly sucked the gas from the bucket.塞在卡车里的幸运鸭子突然从桶里吸汽油.
adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■happening or done quickly and without warning 突然的，忽然的；意外的
• Drop the gun, put your hands in the air, and don't make any sudden movements. 把枪放下，手举起来，别轻举妄动。
• He had a sudden heart attack while he was on holiday. 他度假时心脏病突然发作。
• First they announce their engagement and then they tell me Angie's pregnant - it's all a bit sudden really. 他们先是宣布订婚，接着告诉我安吉怀孕了——一切都有点太突然。
['sʌd.ən] adjective
all of a sudden informal ADVANCED
■very quickly 一下子；突然间
• It seemed to happen all of a sudden - I felt dizzy and I just collapsed. 一切似乎都发生得很突然——我觉得头晕，然后就晕倒了。
adj. 突然的，意外的；快速的
 - unexpected, fast

Word: bride
Front: bride
[braɪd] (高研 4871/5104 -2)
Back: n. 新娘，即将（或刚刚）结婚的女子; 姑娘
分布：新娘(100%)
→词源同bread, 面包。女人结婚后工作职责之一。比较wife, 词源同weave.
n.新娘Riding on the ridge of the bridge, the proud bride shouts loudly to the cloud.骄傲的新娘骑在桥脊上对着云大声喊.
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a woman who is about to get married or has just got married 新娘；即将（或刚）结婚的女子
• He returned from New York with his lovely new bride. 他和漂亮的新娘一起从纽约回来了。
• The bride and groom posed for pictures outside the church. 新娘和新郎在教堂外摆姿势照相。
• As the mother of the bride, I feel obliged to wear something really spectacular. 作为新娘的母亲，我得穿戴得华丽一些。
n. 新娘；姑娘，女朋友
 - judy, colleen

Word: biography
Front: biography
[baɪˈɒgrəfi] (高研托雅 4875/5647 -2)
Vocabulary: biography
(once / 315 pages)
n
A biography is an account of somebody's life written by somebody else, complete with details of the most important parts.
These days, anyone, of any age, can be the subject of a biography: Justin Bieber, at the tender age of 17, had one written about his life. A biography is not to be confused with an autobiography, an account of someone's life written by the subject himself. You'll find biographies in printed form (remember books?), but also increasingly in the form of e-books, TV dramatizations, and cinematic "bio-docs."
WORD FAMILY
biography: biographer, biographical, biographies+/ biographer: biographers
USAGE EXAMPLES
She was a major scholar of Thomas Jefferson and wrote a brief biography of him, published in 2003.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In “20th Century Women,” the five main characters periodically narrate their own and one another’s biographies.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Her first book was a biography of his wife, Ruth Graham.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 传记; 档案; 传记体文学; 个人简介
分布：传记(100%)
→词根bio, 生命。词根graph, 写。
传记(bio+graphy写→写生命→传记)[bio,bi=life,表示"生命,生物"]
传记(文学)(bio生命+graph+y→写生命→传记)[graph,gram=write,表示"写,图"]
n.传记;传记文学By the biography, the biologist's playing the violet violin violently violated rules.据传记记载,生物学家猛奏紫罗兰色的小提琴违犯了规矩.
【记】bio生命，graphy写－写个人的生命－传记
US [-'ɑ:.grə-] noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■the life story of a person written by someone else 传记
• He wrote a biography of Winston Churchill. 他撰写了温斯顿‧丘吉尔的传记。
Compare autobiography ; hagiography
n. 传记；档案；个人简介
 - file, record

Word: hazard
Front: hazard
[ˈhæzəd] (研四六托雅宝 4876/4320 -2)
Vocabulary: hazard
(once / 294 pages)
nv
If something is a hazard, it is a potential source of danger. Balloons are fun, but they're a hazard for little kids who might put them in their mouths.
If you play miniature golf, you have to watch for hazards on the course — obstacles like the sand trap beside the dinosaur or the water hazard just past the windmill. As a verb, hazard means to take a risk, especially for the chance of a good return. You might hazard your chances at the roulette table or hazard a guess — that is, risk making a guess when you aren't certain.
WORD FAMILY
hazard: hazarded, hazarding, hazardous, hazards+/ hazardous: hazardously, hazardousness, unhazardous
USAGE EXAMPLES
It is perhaps an occupational hazard in Mr. Cohen’s line of work to see the world in light of its dangers.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
EPA Victoria publishes alerts on its website to help beachgoers around Port Phillip Bay avoid hazards like sewage spills and jellyfish.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
But in the editing room the film once more refused to cohere—an occupational hazard when you jettison plot.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 冒险; 使遭受危险
n. 危险; 冒险的事; 机会; 双骰子游戏
时态：hazarded, hazarding, hazards
分布：危险(48%)，危害(42%)，冒险(9%)，赌运气(1%)
→来自古法语hasard,来自西班牙语azar,骰子，掷骰子赌博，来自阿拉伯语zahr,骰子，拼写受后缀-ard影响俗化。由赌博引申词义危险，危害。参照dicey.
n.危险,冒险,危害v.冒险,拼命The guard guards the guarantee in the garden regardless of the hazard.卫兵不顾危险看守着花园里的抵押品.
【参】haphazard（adj 偶然的；随便的）；hazardous（adj 有危险的＝dangerous＝perilous；冒险的（靠运气的）＝risky）
US [-ɚd] noun countable
■something that is dangerous and likely to cause damage 危险物，危害物
• a health/fire hazard 健康／火灾隐忧
• The busy traffic entrance was a hazard to pedestrians. 那个繁忙的车辆入口处对行人来说很不安全。
UK ['hæz.əd] US [-ɚd] verb transitive
■to risk doing something, especially making a guess, suggestion, etc 冒险（尤指猜测、建议等）
• I wouldn't like to hazard a guess. 我不想冒险猜测。
■formal
■to risk doing something which might cause harm to someone or something else 使遭受危险
• The policy hazarded the islands and put the lives of the inhabitants at risk. 这项政策将这些岛屿和岛上的居民置于危险的境地。
risk, hazard, venture, chance, dare
这组词都有“敢于冒险”的意思，其区别是：
risk: 指不顾个人安危去干某事，侧重主动承担风险。
hazard: 主要指冒险作出某个选择，隐含碰运气意味。
venture: 指冒风险试一试，或指有礼貌的反抗或反对。
chance: 指碰运气、冒风险试试。
dare: 可与venture换用，但语气较强，着重挑战或违抗。
risk, danger, threat, menace, hazard, peril
这组词都有“危险、威胁”的意思，其区别是：
risk: 指有可能发生的危险，尤指主动进行某种活动或去碰运气而冒的危险。
danger: 含义广，普通用词，指能够造成伤害、损害或不利的任何情况。
threat: 普通用词，语气弱于menace，指任何公开侵犯对方的言行，给对方构成危险或威胁。
menace: 所指的危险性最严重，表示使用暴力或造成破坏性的可能。
hazard: 比risk正式，多指偶然发生的或无法控制的危险，常含较严重或有一定风险的意味。
peril: 指迫在眉睫很有可能发生的严重危险。
vt. 赌运气；冒…的危险，使遭受危险
 - risk
n. [安全] 危险，冒险；冒险的事
 - risk, throw, venture, adventure

Word: compelling
Front: compelling
[kəmˈpelɪŋ] (研宝 4879/9505 -2)
Vocabulary: compelling
(once / 868 pages)
adj
Compelling means attractive, or irresistible, or really, really convincing. You know your argument for backpacking across Europe is compelling when your parents not only let you go but also pay for all your expenses.
To compel is to drive or force into action––you mom could compel you to finish your homework by threatening not to feed you until it's done. A compelling argument compels you to agree with its logic––it's irresistible. That cute skirt you’ve been eyeing for months is now 75% off? The price is a compelling reason to buy the skirt.
WORD FAMILY
compelling: compellingly+/ compel: compelled, compelling, compels, compulsion, compulsive / compulsion: compulsions/ compulsive: compulsively, compulsiveness, compulsives, compulsivity
USAGE EXAMPLES
East Coast — compelling, nationwide viewing on a Saturday.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
But Mother Nature is nothing if not compelling, and my broodiness sat in my core like an ache.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
The bland, mouth-coating sensation of the powdered beans with which they are dusted is pleasant, but not compelling.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 引人入胜的; 扣人心弦的; 非常强烈的; 不可抗拒的
v. 强迫，使不得不( compel的现在分词)
分布：令人信服的(44%)，引人注目的(42%)，紧迫的(14%)
→来自compel, 强迫。
adjective
STRONG 很有说服力的
■If a reason, argument, etc. is compelling, it makes you believe it or accept it because it is so strong （理由、论证等）令人信服的，很有说服力的
• compelling evidence 强而有力的证据
• It's a fairly compelling argument for going. 去的理由很有说服力。
[kəm'pel.ɪŋ] adjective
EXCITING 扣人心弦的
■very exciting and interesting and making you want to watch or listen 引人入胜的；激动人心的；扣人心弦的
• I found the whole film very compelling. 我觉得整部影片都很引人入胜。
• a compelling story 扣人心弦的故事
adj. 引人注目的；强制的；激发兴趣的
 - attractive, dramatic
v. 强迫；以强力获得（compel的ing形式）
 - coercing

Word: seldom
Front: seldom
[ˈseldəm] (中高研四六托 4878/4326 -2)
Vocabulary: seldom
(once / 151 pages)
adv
If you seldom see your grandmother because she lives far away, you might be grateful for the opportunity to visit her over the summer. Use the adjective seldom to refer to things that don't happen very often.
A near synonym is rarely. Seldom is a Middle English word, from Old English seldum, a spelling alteration of seldan "strange, rare." In Old English, the spelling seldum came about by analogy with forms such as Old English hwilum "formerly, at one time," from hwil "time, while."
WORD FAMILY
seldom: seldoms
USAGE EXAMPLES
We’re always hearing about “firestorms of protest,” but they seldom involve actual fire.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Klawans frequently held cash while the market was rising; the fund seldom lost money, but often lagged the market.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Nation states seldom openly claim credit for hacking.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adv. 很少，罕见; 难得; 不大
分布：很少(56%)，难得(44%)
→来自古英语 seldum,改写自 seldan,少有，罕有，来自 Proto-Germanic*selda,罕有，反常，奇怪。
ad.很少,不常The cell seller seldom sees the bell belt melt.小单间的卖主很少见到铃铛带子融化.
adverb
■almost never 很少；几乎从来没有
• Now that we have a baby, we seldom get the chance to go to the cinema. 有了孩子以后，我们很少有机会看电影。
• formal Seldom do we receive any apology when mistakes are made. 出错的时候，我们很少收到道歉。
adv. 很少，不常
 - scarcely ever

Word: tile
Front: tile
[taɪl] (研六托雅 4880/4378 -2)
Back: n. 瓦片，瓷砖; 空心砖; 麻将牌
vt. 用瓦片、瓷砖等覆盖
时态：tiled, tiling, tiles
分布：瓷砖(76%)，瓦片(18%)，铺瓷砖(5%)，盖瓦(1%)
→来自（缩写自）拉丁语 tegula,瓦，来自 tegere,遮盖，覆盖，词源同 tegular,deck,protect.拼写 比较 regulate,rule.
n.瓦片,瓷砖vt.铺瓦于,贴砖于The reconciled reptiles rest on a fragile tile.和解的爬行动物歇在易碎的瓷砖上.
noun countable
■a thin, usually square or rectangular, piece of baked clay, plastic, etc. used for covering roofs, floors, walls, etc. 瓦片；瓷砖
• roof tiles 屋面瓦
• floor tiles 地砖
• ceramic tiles 瓷砖
• carpet tiles 地毯片
[taɪl] noun countable
be/go out on the tiles UK informal
■to enjoy yourself at night by going out to nightclubs , parties or bars （夜晚）去娱乐场所消遣
• I was out on the tiles last night and I've got such a headache this morning. 昨晚我出去玩了个痛快，可今早头痛得要命。
[taɪl] verb transitive
■to cover a wall or floor with tiles 给…铺瓦；给…贴瓷砖
• We're going to tile the bathroom. 我们要给浴室贴瓷砖。
n. [建] 瓷砖，瓦片
 - glazed brick

Word: economically
Front: economically
[ˌi:kəˈnɒmɪkli] (六 4883/5723)
Vocabulary: economically
(once / 1873 pages)
1adv 2adv
If you do something economically, you do it in an efficient manner. Acting economically wastes no money or effort.
Though variations of this word often relate to the economy — the financial system — to be economical also means to be thrifty in other senses. For example, if you do your homework economically, you do it quickly and correctly, without wasted energy or time. If you run errands economically, you take the shortest route and don't get sidetracked. If you take a road trip economically, you drive across the country as fast as possible and in a straightforward manner, without deviations.
WORD FAMILY
economic: economically, microeconomic, uneconomic+/ economical: uneconomical /economise: economised, economiser, economises, economising/economiser: economisers/ economist: economists/ economize: economized, economizer, economizes, economizing/economizer: economizers/ economy: economic, economical, economies, economise, economist, economize /uneconomic: uneconomically
USAGE EXAMPLES
A second phase is supposed to bring the line up to 125th Street, serving the less economically advantaged neighborhood of East Harlem.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
“But economically, Russia is still very weak, and politically, it is fragile.”
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Local officials say they hope Tioga Downs, located outside of Binghamton, leads to jobs and greater tourism in a region that’s long struggled economically.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adv. 节约地; 节省地; 经济地; 在经济上
分布：节约地(50%)，在经济上(50%)
US [-'nɑ:.mɪ-] adverb
SAVING MONEY 储蓄
■using little money, time, etc 经济地；节约地；节俭地
• As a student she lived very economically, rarely going out and buying very few clothes. 作为一名学生，她生活非常节俭，很少外出娱乐，也很少买衣服。
UK [ˌi:.kə'nɒm.ɪ.kli/ UK [ek.ə-] US [-'nɑ:.mɪ-] adverb
COUNTRY'S ECONOMY 国家经济的
■in a way that relates to a country's trade, industry and money 有关国家贸易、行业和财政地
• Economically the country has been improving steadily these past ten years. 在过去的十年中，这个国家的经济稳定发展。
adv. 经济地；在经济上；节俭地
 - sparingly, thriftily

Word: honestly
Front: honestly
[ˈɒnɪstli] (4881/4518 -K2)
Back: adv. 诚实地; 正直地; 老老实实; 老实说
分布：诚实地(45%)，的确(33%)，老实地(11%)，实在(11%)
US ['ɑ:.nɪst-] adverb
 IMPROVER
■in a way that is truthful 诚实地，正直地
• They have always dealt honestly and fairly with their customers. 他们一直诚实公道地对待顾客。
• I can't honestly say what time I'll be home. 我不确定甚么时候能回家。
• I'll do it tomorrow, honestly (= I promise that I will do it). 我明天会做，我发誓。
UK ['ɒn.ɪst.li] US ['ɑ:.nɪst-] adverb exclamation
■used to emphasize disapproval （用于强调不赞成）
• Honestly, you'd think she'd have asked you first! 真够呛，你还真的肯定她会先问问你！
adv. 真诚地；公正地
 - sincerely, truly, frankly, genuinely

Word: troubled
Front: troubled
[ˈtrʌbld] (4882/6982 -2)
Back: adj. 焦虑的; 担忧的; 混乱的; 存在诸多问题的
v. 费神，费心( trouble的过去式和过去分词)
分布：不安的(63%)，烦恼的(31%)，动词trouble的过去式和过去分词.(6%)
【记】trouble（n /v 烦恼；麻烦）
adjective
HAVING DIFFICULTIES 有麻烦
 ADVANCED
■having problems or difficulties 折磨，使有麻烦
• The survival package involves selling off the unprofitable parts of the troubled company. 求生存的一篮子计划中，包括卖掉这个陷入困境的公司中没有盈利的部分。
• This troubled region has had more than its fair share of wars over the the centuries. 几个世纪以来，这个不幸的地区遭受了太多战争的折磨。
• In these troubled times , it makes a change to hear some good news. 在这样动荡不安的时代，听到一些好消息可给人们心中带来一线转机。
['trʌb.ld] adjective
WORRIED 担心
■worried or nervous 忧虑的，神经质的
• He is clearly a very troubled man. 他显然是一个非常神经质的男人。
adj. 动乱的，不安的；混乱的；困惑的
 - chaotic, confused, uncomfortable

Word: twentieth
Front: twentieth
['twentɪəθ] (中高 4889/3802 -4)
Back: n. 二十分之一; （某月的）二十日
adj. 第二十的; 二十分之一的
num. 第二十
分布：第二十(69%)，二十分之一(31%)
US [-tˌi-] ordinal number
■20th written as a word 第二十（的）
UK ['twen.ti.əθ] US [-tˌi-] noun countable
■one of twenty equal parts of something 二十分之一（某物二十等份之其一）
• Divide it into twentieths. 把它分成二十等份。
adj. 第二十的；二十分之一的
 - vigesimal

Word: balanced
Front: balanced
[ˈbælənst] (托 4888/5345 -2)
Vocabulary: balanced
(once / 728 pages)
adj
If something is balanced, it has equal proportions or a stable sense of balance. A balanced yoga pose is one in which you're not falling over constantly.
A balanced gymnast won't fall off the balance beam, and a balanced team combines players' skills to form a stable, equitable group. Balanced information in a news report gives you the opposing sides of an issue, and a balanced diet includes some food from all the different nutritional groups. Balanced comes from the verb balance, "be equal with," from the noun form of the word, with its Old French root, balance, "scales for weighing."
WORD FAMILY
balanced: balancedly+/ balance: balanced, balancer, balances, balancing, counterbalance, imbalance, microbalance, overbalance, unbalance/balancer: balancers/balancing: balancings, self-balancing/counterbalance: counterbalanced, counterbalances, counterbalancing/ imbalance: imbalanced, imbalances/overbalance: overbalanced, overbalances, overbalancing/unbalance: unbalanced, unbalances, unbalancing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Many, including the State of Iowa, are legally required to approve budgets that are balanced.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
When they were balanced this season, Washington was one of the league’s most dangerous offenses.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
“We will work to repeal this top-down decision and replace it with one that garners local support and creates a balanced, win-win solution.”
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 平稳的，平衡的; 和谐的，有条不紊的; 安定的
v. “balance”的过去式和过去分词
分布：平衡的(54%)，均衡的(26%)，平稳的(20%)
adjective
 ADVANCED
■considering all sides or opinions equally 考虑周全，不偏不倚的
• The news programme prided itself on its balanced reporting. 该新闻节目以其报导立场不偏不倚而感到自豪。
■containing an equal amount or number of similar things or people 某人或某物数量保持相等的；平衡的
• The committee is evenly balanced, with six members from each party. 该委员会各党各派势均力敌，各有六名成员。
⇒ See also well-balanced
adj. 平衡的；和谐的；安定的
 - harmonious, quiet

Word: foreigner
Front: foreigner
[ˈfɒrənə(r)] (中高研四六 4887/4934 -3)
Vocabulary: foreigner
(once / 311 pages)
n
A foreigner is someone from another country. A foreigner is not from these parts.
Things that are foreign are different and unknown to people. Likewise, a foreigner is someone from a different country. An American visiting China is a foreigner. A German person visiting Canada is a foreigner. Foreigners are often tourists who check out the sights of other countries. If a foreigner decided to relocate to another country, they become an immigrant and perhaps eventually a citizen.
WORD FAMILY
foreigner: foreigners+/ foreign: foreigner, foreignest, foreignly, foreignness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Paid events are regularly organized in Poland for foreigners who want to hunt deer, wild boar, hares or other small wild animals.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
At least 39 people, mostly foreigners, were killed.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The checkpoint is close to United Nations offices and the Peace Hotel, which is often frequented by foreigners and officials.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 外国人; 外人，陌生人; 外来物，进口货物; （非本土的）外来动植物
分布：外国人(98%)，外人(2%)
n.外国人The resigned designer is designated to an assignment of reigning the foreigners.辞职的设计者被指派了一个去统治外国人的任务.
US ['fɔ:r.ə.nɚ] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a person who comes from another country 外国人
stranger, foreigner, alien, immigrant
这些名词均有“陌生人，外人”之意。
stranger: 指对当地的生活习惯、语言等不熟悉，或为某团体不熟的人，也指不认识的人。
foreigner: 指在异国作短期访问或长期居住的外国人。
alien: 指没有成为侨居国正式公民的移民。
immigrant: 指在别国定居并取得所在国国籍的外国人。
n. 外地人，外国人
 - provincial, stranger

Word: launch
Front: launch
[lɔ:ntʃ] (研四六托雅 1743/1427 -K4)
Vocabulary: launch
(once / 155 pages)
1vn 2n 3v
To launch something is to propel it or get it going, usually from a standing position. You can launch a rocket, a career, a product or even a watermelon. Either way, you're getting it off the ground.
Launch often means to start something, but to start it in a big way: "The launch of the shuttle was also the launch of a new era in space travel." Time was, when a singer finished making her record, the company would simply "release it." Eventually, though, that wasn't enough. Now a record needs "a launch" — a full-scale media blitz to get people excited enough to buy it.
WORD FAMILY
launch: launched, launcher, launches, launching+/launcher: launchers/launching: launchings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Meanwhile, Islamic State militants launched an attack on the main road from Baghdad to Mosul, a key military supply route.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
A booby-trapped drone launched by Islamic State militants killed two Kurdish Peshmerga fighters and wounded two French soldiers in October near Mosul.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Smarter Applications is launching a fridge webcam at CES that alerts owners to when food nears its expiry date.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 发射; [计算机]开始（应用程序）; 发动; 开展（活动、计划等）
vi. 投入; 着手进行; 热衷于…
n. 投掷; 大船上的小艇; 大型敞篷摩托艇
时态：launched, launching, launches
分布：发射(87%)，发起(12%)，产品推介(1%)
→来自lance,长矛，原指掷出长矛，引申词义发射，发动。
v.发射;使(船)下水,发动,开展n.发射,下水Uncle and aunt launched a laundry with the blunt hunter.伯伯和伯母与直率的猎人创办了一家洗衣店.
US [lɑ:ntʃ] noun countable
EVENT 事件
 ADVANCED
■an event to celebrate or introduce something new 启动仪式，发布会，发表会
• How much champagne will we need for the launch? 这次发表会我们需要多少香槟？
• Illness prevented her attending the launch party for her latest novel. 她因病无法出席为她新近推出的小说举办的庆祝派对。
UK [lɔ:ntʃ] US [lɑ:ntʃ] noun countable
LEAVE LAND 离开陆地
 ADVANCED
■when a ship is sent to see, or a rocket into space, for the first time 下水（船首次出航）；发射（火箭首次升空）
• The launch of the space shuttle was delayed for 24 hours because of bad weather. 因天气情况不佳，太空船的发射延迟了24个小时。
UK [lɔ:ntʃ] US [lɑ:ntʃ] noun countable
BOAT 船
■a boat which has an engine and carries passengers for short distances, especially on a lake or a river, or from the land to a larger boat （尤指河或湖上的）汽艇，游艇，摩托艇
UK [lɔ:ntʃ] US [lɑ:ntʃ] verb
BEGIN 开始
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to begin something such as a plan or introduce something new such as a product 启动，推出，发起
• The scheme was launched a year ago. 这项计划是一年前开始实施的。
• The airline will launch its new transatlantic service next month. 这家航空公司下个月将开辟一条新的跨越大西洋的航线。
• A devastating attack was launched on the rebel stronghold. 向叛军堡垒发起了猛烈的进攻。
• [+ adv/prep] UK After working for the company for several years she decided to launch out on her own and set up in business. 在该公司工作数年后，她决定在商界自立门户。
UK [lɔ:ntʃ] US [lɑ:ntʃ] verb
SEND 发送
 ADVANCED transitive
■to send something out, such as a new ship into water or a rocket into space 使（新船）下水；发射（火箭）
• A spokesman for the dockyard said they hoped to launch the first submarine within two years. 船厂发言人说他们希望在两年内让第一艘潜艇下水。
• to launch a missile 发射导弹
launch yourself mainly UK
■to jump with great force 猛跳，猛地一跃，猛扑
• The defender launched himself at the attacking player, bringing him to the ground. 防守队员猛地扑向进攻者，把他摔倒在地。
UK [lɔ:ntʃ] US [lɑ:ntʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  launch into sth
■to start saying something or criticizing something with a lot of energy or anger 发起，开始（评说、批评等）
• He launched into a verbal attack on her handling of the finances. 他对她的财务管理方式进行了一番抨击。
vt. [航] 发射（导弹、火箭等）；发起，发动；使…下水
 - release, send, project, drive, let go
vi. 开始；下水；起飞
 - proceed, start in
n. [航] 发射；发行，投放市场；下水；汽艇
 - emission, shot, sending, projection, loose

Word: convenience
Front: convenience
[kənˈvi:niəns] (高研四六托雅宝 4892/5559 -1)
Vocabulary: convenience
(once / 472 pages)
1n 2n
Even though the real reason you want the newest phone is that it's incredibly cool looking, you might pretend that what interests you is its convenience, or how easy and useful it will be.
The noun convenience is a quality of ease or accessibility. Just think of a convenience store, which is arranged to be easy to get in and out of, and sells things you might need to grab on your way home. Some things are referred to as a convenience if the whole reason for their existence is to make life easier in some way, like electricity, indoor plumbing, and microwaveable meals.
WORD FAMILY
convenience: conveniences+/ convenient: convenience, convenienter, convenientest, conveniently, inconvenient / inconvenience: inconvenienced, inconveniences, inconveniencing/ inconvenient: inconvenience, inconveniently
USAGE EXAMPLES
“The mystery of the busts is reduced to a storytelling convenience.”
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
“Four pesos is ridiculous in my view,” said 40-year-old Armando Galicia, who works at a convenience store in Mexico City.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 31, 2016)
Cook’s also operates as a sort of general store, where neighbors find convenience and comfort.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 方便，便利; 便利设施; 个人的舒适或利益; （公共）厕所
分布：便利(78%)，舒适(10%)，便利设施(8%)，适宜(2%)，方便的时间(2%)
方便,便利(con全部+ven来+ience→全部能来没有障碍→方便)[ven,vent=come,表示"来"]
n.便利,方便;(pl.)便利设备For convenience of intensive study, he has an intense intention of making friend with me.为便于强化学习,他有和我交朋友的强烈意向.
【记】con全部，vene来－全部能来没有障碍－方便
【参】convenient（adj 便利方便的）
【反】opportune（adj 适当的）－inconvenient（adj 不便的）
noun
EASY 方便
uncountable
■when something is convenient 方便，便利；合宜；近便
• I like the convenience of living so near work. 我喜欢住在工作地点附近，这样很方便。
• Just for convenience, I'm going to live at my mother's place until my new house is ready. 为了方便，我打算在我的新居收拾好之前先住在我母亲那里。
at your convenience
■when you want 在（某人）方便的时候
• The goods will be delivered at your convenience. 货物随传随到。
at your earliest convenience
■as soon as you like or can 尽快
• Please return the completed form at your earliest convenience. 请将填好的表格尽快交回。
[kən'vi:.ni.ənts] noun
MACHINE 装置
countable
■a device or machine, usually in the house, which operates quickly and needs little effort （通常指房子里的）便利设施；方便装置
• The house has every modern convenience. 这所房子里现代化便利设施一应俱全。
[kən'vi:.ni.ənts] noun
TOILET 厕所
countable usually plural (also public convenience) formal
■a public toilet 公共厕所
n. 便利；厕所；便利的事物
 - john, bathroom, toilet

Word: delight
Front: delight
[dɪˈlaɪt] (高研四六 4890/3393 -K3)
Vocabulary: delight
(once / 43 pages)
nv
When you like someone, you might say, "She is an absolute delight." You mean you think she's great: a delight is a source of joy, and to delight is to cause pleasure. Babies are particularly good at expressing delight in new things.
Delight is often associated with an initial impression—one says, "She continues to delight us," to suggest that the first impression continues. The word delight derives from the Latin delectare "to charm," which also gives us delectable, and the same lighthearted sense of pure, uncomplicated pleasure.
WORD FAMILY
delight: delighted, delightful, delighting, delights+/ delighted: delightedest, delightedly/ delightful: delightfulest, delightfully
USAGE EXAMPLES
Her allies were delighted that Trump raised the precedent of Ronald Reagan’s bond with Margaret Thatcher in his first phone call with May.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
To the delight of his fans, at least judging by the comments, his daughters often respond to his goofy antics with down-to-earth eye rolls.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
The parade delights spectators along downtown city streets and at home in front of their televisions broadcasting the popular festivity live.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 快乐，高兴; 使人高兴的东西或人
vt. 使高兴，使欣喜
vi. 感到高兴[快乐]
时态：delighted, delighting, delights
分布：高兴(76%)，快乐(24%)
→de-, 向下，强调。-lic, 抓住，诱惑，词源同lace, elicit, delicious. 即诱人的，使愉悦。
n.快乐,高兴v.(使)高兴,(使)欣喜I slightly delight in flight in the sunlight and lightning.我有点喜欢在阳光和闪电中飞行.
noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■(something or someone that gives) great pleasure, satisfaction or happiness 欣喜；满足；惬意
• My sister's little boy is a real delight. 我姐姐的小儿子很讨人喜欢。
• I read your letter with great delight. 我非常愉快地看了你的来信。
• The children squealed in delight when they saw all the presents under the Christmas tree. 孩子们看到圣诞树下的各种礼物时兴奋地叫了起来。
• He seems to take great delight in (= enjoys) teasing his sister. 他似乎觉得逗他妹妹玩很有趣。
the delights of sth
■the pleasures of something …的乐趣
• We're just discovering the delights of being retired. 我们刚刚开始体会到退休后的种种乐趣。
[dɪ'laɪt] verb transitive
■to give someone great pleasure or satisfaction 使高兴；使满足
• Peter's success at college delighted his family. 彼得在学校里的良好表现让全家人感到高兴。
[dɪ'laɪt] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  delight in sth
■to get a lot of pleasure from something, especially something unpleasant 从（尤指不愉快的事）中取乐
• Some people delight in the misfortunes of others. 有些人拿别人的不幸取乐。
• My brother always delights in telling me when I make a mistake. 每当我出错时，弟弟总是幸灾乐祸地给我指出来。
n. 高兴
 - joy, cheerfulness
vi. 高兴
 - pleasure, be pleased
vt. 使高兴
 - glad, pleasure, satisfy

Word: weave
Front: weave
[wi:v] (研四六托雅 4893/5272 -2)
Vocabulary: weave
(once / 320 pages)
nv
Weaving involves lacing strips of fabric, string, or some other material together to make something. You can weave wool to make a rug, or weave the details of a story together to make a great book.
While weave originally only meant to make cloth by interlacing material, it later came to also mean more generally “combine into a whole.” Think of a spider and how it weaves its web, or of how some songs expertly weave in unexpected elements, like the sound of a siren or the waves crashing. You can also use weave to describe a swaying motion, like that of a car darting through traffic when it’s trying to move ahead.
WORD FAMILY
weave: interweave, inweave, unweave, weaved, weaver, weaves, weaving, wove+/interweave: interweaved, interweaves, interweaving, interwove/inweave: inweaves, inweaving, inwove, inwoven/unweave: unweaves, unweaving/ weaver: weavers/weaving: weavings
USAGE EXAMPLES
As the football sailed through the air, Daniel Carter plunged down the field for St. Thomas, weaving around potential blockers.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
In Bennett’s classroom, as with others who use it, specific language and games weave their way into everyday activities that reinforce good behavior among students.
Washington Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Again, the handcuff gesture weaves its way through; again bodies fall, and other dancers run to them, to let them down gently.
The New Yorker(Dec 25, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 编，织; 迂回行进; 穿行（以避开障碍）
vt. 编排; （把…）编成
vi. 纺织，织布
n. 织物; 织法，编法; 编织式样
时态：wove, woven, weaving, weaves
分布：编织(58%)，织法(17%)，编法(9%)，编造(8%)，组合(5%)，迂回前进(3%)
→来自webh,转，编织，词源同web,weft.
v.编(织)n.编织法,编织式样The weaver will leave for the heavy heaven.那位纺织工将要到阴沉的天国里去.
verb
MAKE 织
intransitive or transitive (wove or US ALSO weaved, woven or US ALSO weaved)
■to make cloth by repeatedly crossing a single thread through two sets of long threads on a loom (= special frame) （在织布机上）织，编，编织
• This type of wool is woven into fabric which will make jackets. 这种羊毛被织成衣料，用来做外套。
transitive (wove or US ALSO weaved, woven or US ALSO weaved)
■to twist long objects together, or to make something by doing this 编，编织；编制，编成
• We were shown how to roughly weave ferns and grass together to make a temporary shelter. 有人给我们示范了如何将蕨类植物和草简单地编起来，搭成临时的栖身之所。
• It takes great skill to weave a basket from/out of rushes. 用灯心草编篮子需要很高技巧。
transitive (wove or US ALSO weaved, woven or US ALSO weaved) literary
■to form something from several different things or to combine several different things, in a complicated or skilled way （透过糅合不同的事物）编写，编造
• The biography is woven from the many accounts which exist of things she did. 该传记是根据大量现存对她的事迹的记载编写而成的。
[wi:v] verb
MOVE QUICKLY 快速移动
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition (weaved, weaved)
■to go or make a path by moving quickly and changing direction often, especially to avoid hitting things （尤指为避开障碍）迂回行进，穿行
• To escape from police officers the thief weaved through/between/in and out of stationary traffic on a bicycle. 为了逃脱员警的追赶，那个小偷骑着脚踏车在静止的车流中迂回穿行。
[wi:v] verb
get weaving UK old-fashioned informal
■If you tell someone to get weaving, you either want them to start something or to hurry what they are doing 开始行动；赶快
• We'd better get weaving - we've got a lot to do today. 我们最好加快速度——今天还有很多事要做呢。
[wi:v] noun countable usually singular
■the way in which cloth has been woven, for example with the threads pulled firmly together, or the pattern produced by this process 织法；编织式样
• a tight weave 密实的织法
• a striped/traditional weave 条纹／传统编织式样
weave, knit
这组词都有“编织”的意思，其区别是：
weave: 指用机器或手工编织物品。
knit: 指用织钟把毛线等编织成衣物等。
vt. [纺] 编织；编排；使迂回前进
 - pleach, complect
n. 织物； [纺] 织法；编织式样
 - cloth, web

Word: timber
Front: timber
[ˈtɪmbə(r)] (研四六托雅宝 4896/2972 -2)
Vocabulary: timber
(once / 241 pages)
1n 2n
Timber! That's the call of warning you hear before a tree falls. That's because those lumberjacks are going to use the tree to make timber, otherwise known as "lumber" or the wood used for construction.
Timber can actually be the trees used to make or build something, or the wood that comes from those trees, which you could also call "lumber." You might think that when a pirate yells "shiver me timbers!" he's referring to his wooden peg leg. But the timbers he's talking about are actually the boards and planks used to build the frame of a ship.
WORD FAMILY
timber: timbers
USAGE EXAMPLES
That’s the way they do things at Starker Forests, the Philomath timber company founded by Oregon Agricultural College forestry professor T.J.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
The resulting panels are lighter and less energy-intensive than concrete and steel and much faster to assemble on-site than regular timber, proponents say.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Cross Timbers State Park: The hike along the half-mile Post Oak Trail begins at 2 p.m.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 木材，木料; （用于建筑或制作物品的）树木; 用材林，林场; 素质
vt. 用木料支撑; 备以木材
分布：木材(88%)，木料(12%)
→来自古英语 timber,房屋，建筑物，来自 Proto-Germanic*timran,建筑物，来自 deme,建造， 修建，来自 dom,屋子，住所，词源同 dome,domicile.后引申词义建筑材料，树木，木材， 木料等。
n.木材,木料We must safeguard forest timber.我们必须保护森林.
【记】源于：lumber（n 木材）
【区】timbre（n 音色；音质）
US [-bɚ] noun
 ADVANCED uncountable
■trees that are grown so that the wood from them can be used for building 林木；树木
• a timber forest 材用林
• These trees are being grown for timber. 这些树是供材用而栽种的。
 ADVANCED uncountable UK (US lumber)
■wood used for building 木材
• a timber merchant 木材商
 ADVANCED countable
■a long piece of wood used for building, especially houses and ships 木料
• roof timbers 房檩
• a timber-framed building 木结构房屋
UK ['tɪm.bər] US [-bɚ] exclamation
■shouted when a tree which has been cut is about to fall （在被伐树木倒下前喊的）倒啦
timber, wood, lumber, log
这组词都有“木材”的意思，其区别是：
timber: 指经过匠人初步加要的备用木材，多用于英国英语。
wood: 最普通用词，含义广，除表示“木材，木”外，还可用复数形式表示森林。
lumber: 指伐下后未经削磨的木材，现多用于美国英语中。
log: 指原木或圆木。
n. [木] 木材；木料
 - wood, tree

Word: till
Front: till
[tɪl] (中高托 4897/2835 -K3)
Vocabulary: till
(once / 21 pages)
1vn 2n
The noun till means the same as "cash register." When you work at the store long enough, they'll let you operate the till.
When you pay taxes to your town, they go into the local till, or government fund, for community improvements. Till is also used as a verb, meaning to work the land, to get it ready for planting and harvesting. Till can also be used to mean "until," which makes things a bit confusing. So, technically, you could have a sentence like: Don't touch the till till you take the customer's money.
WORD FAMILY
till: tillable, tillage, tilled, tiller, tilling, tills+/tillage: tillages/tilled: untilled/ tiller: tillered, tillering, tillers/tilling: tillings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Frustrated vets summarize the VA’s position this way: “Delay, deny, wait till I die.”
Salon(Dec 31, 2016)
Maybe he's just pathologically naïve - like I was till very recently.
New York Times(Mar 27, 2013)
Later, the party shifts to the malecón, the harbour wall, and continues till dawn.
The Guardian(Dec 24, 2016)
Back: conj. 直到…时（为止）; 在…之前
vt. 耕种; 耕作
n. 钱柜，钱箱; 放钱的抽屉; [地]冰碛土（物）
prep. 直到
时态：tilled, tilling, tills
分布：耕作(33%)，放钱的抽屉(28%)，备用现金(25%)，直到 ... 为止(14%)
→来自古英语 til,朝向，直到，来自 Proto-Germanic*til,朝向，直到，来自 Proto-Germanic*tilan, 努力，终点，目标，可能来自 do,表方向，朝向，词源同 to.
prep.直到,直到...为止,与until意思相同He didn't return home till five.他直到五时才回家.
preposition conjunction
 IMPROVER
■up to (the time that); until 直到；到…为止
• We waited till half past six for you. 我们一直等你到六点半。
• Up till 1918, women in Britain were not allowed to vote. 在1918年以前，英国不允许妇女参加选举。
• How long is it till your baby is due? 你还有多久生孩子？
[tɪl] noun countable mainly UK (US usually register)
■the drawer in a cash register (= a machine which records sales in a shop, and in which money is kept) or the cash register itself 收银机的抽屉；收银机
• Next time you have the till open, could you give me some change? 下次打开收银机时，你给我些零钱好吗？
• I think these items have been rung up wrongly on the till. 我想这些商品在收银机上记错了。
[tɪl] verb transitive
■to prepare and use land for growing crops 耕，犁（土地）
• This piece of land has been tilled for hundreds of years. 这块土地已经被耕耘了几百年。
n. [地理] [水文] 冰碛；放钱的抽屉； [会计] 备用现金
 - glacial drift
prep. 直到
 - unto, hasta
vt. 耕种；犁
 - farm, plant crops
vi. 耕种；耕耘
 - plant crops

Word: accurately
Front: accurately
['ækjərətlɪ] (4898/4484 -K)
Vocabulary: accurately
(once / 677 pages)
adv
Anything done accurately is done correctly or with very few mistakes. Many things should be performed accurately, especially brain surgery.
When you're accurate, you're precise: you get things right. To do something accurately is to do it in a precise, correct, careful manner. A baseball player with a good batting average hits the ball accurately. An accountant who never makes mistakes juggles the numbers accurately. If you got 100 on a test, you performed accurately. The opposite of this word is inaccurately, which means you did something wrong, incorrectly, or with a lot of mistakes.
WORD FAMILY
accurate: accuracy, accurately, accuratest, inaccurate +/ accuracy: accuracies, inaccuracy / inaccuracy: inaccuracies/ inaccurate: inaccurately
USAGE EXAMPLES
That one question accurately sums up what the state must do.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
As one article I read put it – accurately, I believe – “If Nick Saban is a God, Paul ‘Bear’ Bryant is Zeus.”
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
In Lakers Coach Luke Walton’s eyes, though, those numbers did not reflect Russell’s performance accurately.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: adv. 正确无误地，准确地; 精确地; 如实
分布：准确地(58%)，精确地(42%)
ADJ-GRADED
（信息、测量、数据或仪器等）精确的，准确的
Accurate information, measurements, and statistics are correct to a very detailed level. An accurate instrument is able to give you information of this kind.
例：Police have stressed that this is the most accurate description of the killer to date...警方强调这是迄今对凶手最精确的描述。
例：This may provide a quick and accurate way of monitoring the amount of carbon dioxide in the air...这也许能提供一个监测空气中二氧化碳含量的既快又准的方法。
ADJ-GRADED
（说法、描述）确切的，恰当的
An accurate statement or account gives a true or fair judgment of something.
例：I think it may take sometime before we can have an accurate assessment of the damage...我认为我们对损失作出准确的估算可能需要一段时间。
例：They were accurate in their prediction that he would change her life drastically.他们预测得没错，他使她的生活发生了翻天覆地的变化。
ADJ-GRADED
（行动、模仿）正确的，到位的
You can use accurate to describe the results of someone's actions when they do or copy something correctly or exactly.
例：Marks were given for accurate spelling and punctuation.因拼写及标点正确而得分。
例：...his maliciously accurate imitation of Hubert de Burgh.他对休伯特·德伯格到位的恶搞模仿
ADJ-GRADED
（武器、投掷）精准的；（人）射击（或投掷）准的
An accurate weapon or throw reaches the exact point or target that it was intended to reach. You can also describe a person as accurate if they fire a weapon or throw something in this way.
例：The rifle was extremely accurate...这把步枪准头极高。
例：The pilots, however, were not as accurate as they should be.然而飞行员并不像他们该达到的水平那样精准。
adv. 精确地，准确地
 - precisely, exactly, true, spot

Word: plea
Front: plea
[pli:] (研六托雅 4894/4363 -2)
Vocabulary: plea
(once / 441 pages)
n
A plea is what you make when you're begging for something with a sense of urgency and emotion. While you wouldn't call asking for a hall pass a plea, you could make a plea for justice or world peace.
Plea also has a legal meaning. When you get a traffic ticket or if you're accused of a crime, you have to enter a plea of "guilty" or "not guilty." A "plea bargain" is when you make a deal with the prosecutor — you may plead guilty to a charge (by entering a guilty plea) that has less of a penalty and, in return, the prosecutor drops the more serious charge.
WORD FAMILY
plea: counterplea, pleas+/counterplea: counterpleas
USAGE EXAMPLES
Many cases with strong evidence against capital punishment for a defendant are resolved with plea bargains before ever reaching a jury, he added.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Sister Donna Gould closes that missive with a plea:
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Watson held his hands to the earflap of his helmet, but his pleas for noise fell on deaf ears.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 恳求，请求; （被告或被告律师的）抗辩，答辩; 借口，托辞; 请愿
分布：恳求(41%)，抗辩(33%)，借口(21%)，申诉(5%)
→来自盎格鲁法语plai,恳求，请求，来自古法语plait,诉讼，决定，法令，来自拉丁语placitum,诉讼，法令，来自placere,抚慰，安抚，使平静，词源同please,placate.引申诸相关词义。
n.(法律)抗辩;请求,恳求,托词,口实Her plea was that she did not see the signal.她的辩解是说她没看见信号.
noun countable
REQUEST 请求
 ADVANCED formal
■an urgent and emotional request 恳求，恳请
• He made a plea for help/mercy. 他恳求得到帮助／宽恕。
[pli:] noun countable
STATEMENT 陈述
 ADVANCED legal
■the answer that a person gives in court when they have been accused of committing a crime 申诉
• Mr Wilson entered a plea of not guilty. 威尔逊先生提出了无罪申诉。
n. 恳求，请求；辩解，辩护；借口，托辞
 - explanation, asking, request, prayer, excuse

Word: bulb
Front: bulb
[bʌlb] (研四六托雅宝 4901/5690 -2)
Vocabulary: bulb
(once / 1061 pages)
n
A bulb is the roundish, tear-shaped part of some plants. If you plant a bulb, a flower will pop up. Bulb is also short for light bulb. Don’t try planting that kind, though, because lamps don't grow on trees.
Garlic, onions, and shallots are all bulbs, and many flowering plants also grow from underground bulbs, like lilies and daffodils. A different type of bulb is a light bulb, which shares the rounded shape of the plant version. The meaning of bulb in the 16th century was simply "onion," from the Greek bolbos, "plant with round swelling on underground stem."
WORD FAMILY
bulb: bulbar, bulblet, bulblike, bulbous, bulbs+/bulblet: bulblets/ bulbous: bulbously
USAGE EXAMPLES
If they got the right answer, a circuit would be completed, lighting up a light bulb.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Guests mingled over drinks by the pool, which was framed by banquette tables lit from above by strings of bulbs.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
"It all happened organically - it was bit of a light bulb moment," he said.
BBC(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 球茎，块茎植物; 电灯泡; [解剖学]肿块
分布：电灯泡(69%)，球茎(23%)，球状物(8%)
→词源同ball, 膨胀，鼓起，球。
n.灯泡,球状物The bulk of the ruby rubbish on the pebble bubbles when stirred by bulbed rubber club.小卵石上的大部分红宝石废料在用有球状突起的橡胶短棍搅动是会起泡.
【参】bulbous（adj 球根的，球根长成的）；bulb作词根：圆
noun countable
PLANT 植物
■a round root of some plants from which the plant grows 球茎，鳞茎
• tulip bulbs 郁金香球茎
[bʌlb] noun countable
LIGHT 灯
■a light bulb
n. [电] 电灯泡； [植] 鳞茎；球状物
 - third wheel, electric lamp

Word: copy
Front: copy
[ˈkɒpi] (中高托雅 1927/1175 -K4)
Vocabulary: copy
(once / 69 pages)
1nv 2n
A copy is a reproduction of something — it looks identical to the original. You might ask your sister to make a copy of your nephew's adorable painting so you can hang it on your fridge.
You can use the word copy in several different ways. Your doctor's office may keep a copy of your insurance card on file, and they may copy it again every year. This verb form of copy means "to replicate or reproduce." You can also copy down what your teacher says in class — in this case, you're not making an identical copy, but writing the basic ideas. The Medieval Latin root, copia, "reproduction or transcript," comes from the Latin word copia, "plenty."
WORD FAMILY
copy: copied, copier, copies, copying, copyist, recopy+/copier: copiers/copying: copyings/copyist: copyists/recopy: recopied, recopying
USAGE EXAMPLES
He keeps copies of both checks in his books, seen by the AP, in case he is ever audited.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Whenever possible, records must be delivered in electronic form, rather than by hard copy.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Perhaps you simply want to use copies of the designs in a portfolio.
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: n. 复制品; 一份; （报刊等的）稿件; 准备排印的书面材料
vt. & vi. 复制; 抄写; 容许复制的
vt. 模仿; 仿造…的样式或图案; 抄写; 复制
时态：copied, copying, copies
分布：复制(54%)，副本(20%)，一份(16%)，抄袭(3%)，抄写(3%)，复制品(2%)，一册(1%)，抄本(1%)
→co-, 强调。-op, 做，劳作，词源同operate, opus.原指大量做出来的，后指复印出来的，副本。
n.抄本,摹本;(一)本vt.抄写;考试中抄袭I hope to make copper copies of the telescope and microscope for hobby in the lobby.我希望制作望远镜和显微镜的铜质复制品.
US ['kɑ:.pi] verb intransitive or transitive
 ESSENTIAL
■to produce something so that it is the same as an original piece of work, or to behave, dress, speak, etc. in a way that is intended to be like someone else, for example, because you admire them 复制；临摹；模仿，效仿
• They've copied the basic design from the Japanese model and added a few of their own refinements. 他们仿照日本模型的基本设计，又加上了一些自己的改良。
• Patricia's going to copy her novel onto disk and send it to me. 帕特里夏打算把她的小说复制到磁片上寄给我。
• He tends to copy his brother in the way he dresses. 他常常仿效哥哥的穿着。
• disapproving He was always copying from/off other children (= cheating by copying) , but never got caught. 他总是抄袭别的孩子，可从未被抓到过。
copy and paste
■If you copy and paste something on a computer screen, you move it from one area to another （在电脑上）复制和贴上
UK ['kɒp.i] US ['kɑ:.pi] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] copy sth down
■to write something that someone has said or written so that you can remember it 把…记录下来；把…抄写下来
UK ['kɒp.i] US ['kɑ:.pi] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] copy sb in
■to send someone a copy of an email that you are sending to someone else 把电子邮件抄送给某人，向某人加入电子邮件副本名单
• I'll copy you in on all emails relating to the project. 我会把与这个专案计划有关的所有邮件都寄一份副件给你。
UK ['kɒp.i] US ['kɑ:.pi] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] copy sth out UK
■If you copy out a piece of writing, you write it out again on a piece of paper 抄写，誊写
• Copy out the poem on page six. 把第六页的诗抄写下来。
UK ['kɒp.i] US ['kɑ:.pi] noun
MADE THE SAME 副本
 ESSENTIAL countable
■something that has been made to be exactly like something else 复制品，仿制品；副本
• This painting is only a copy - the original hangs in the Louvre. 这幅画只是摹本——原画挂在罗浮宫里。
• I always keep a copy of any official or important letters that I send off. 我寄发的任何公函或要函都会留一份复印件。
• Could you make a copy of (= use a special machine to copy) this for tomorrow's meeting, please? 这个明天开会用，你能复印一份吗？
countable
■a single book, newspaper, record or other printed or recorded text of which many have been produced （书报等印刷品或录制品的）一本，一册，一份
• Have you got a copy of last Saturday's 'Guardian', by any chance? 你或许有上星期六的《卫报》吧？
UK ['kɒp.i] US ['kɑ:.pi] noun
TEXT 文本
uncountable
■written text which is to be printed, or text which is intended to help with the sale of a product 稿件；文字说明，宣传说明
• We need someone who can write good copy for our publicity department. 我们需要有人能为我们的宣传部写些好的宣传报道。
model, facsimile, duplicate, reproduction, copy
这组词都有“复制品”的意思，其区别是：
model: 可指按某物式样制造、按比例缩小的模型，也可指某物未制成之前做出的模型。
facsimile: 含义与copy大体相同，但较文雅。
duplicate: 常指完全一模一样，可代替原件的复制品。
reproduction: 批按原物复制的产品，着重复制品与原物相似。
copy: 普通用词，含义广泛，指精确的或不精确的复制品。
duplicate, xerox, copy
这组词都有“复印、复制”的意思，其区别是：
duplicate: 指对原件进行复制或复印，侧重结果与原件一模一样。
xerox: 指用静电复印或用静电印刷术复制。
copy: 着重模仿者的有意识行为或模仿得尽可能接近原件。
edition, issue/number, version, copy
edition: 版数；
issue/number: 期数；
version: 译本，版本
copy: 册数；
vi. [印刷] [计] 复制；复印；抄袭
 - to duplicate, print off
vt. [印刷] [计] 复制；复印；抄袭
 - repeat, lift
n. [印刷] 副本；一册；摹仿
 - repeat, counterpart

Word: flying
Front: flying
[ˈflaɪɪŋ] (4902/3653 -K)
Back: adj. 飞行的; 会飞的; 迅速的
n. 飞行; 驾驶飞机
v. 飞(fly的现在分词)
分布：飞行(78%)，飞行的(14%)，会飞的(5%)，飞机驾驶(1%)，动词fly的现在分词.(1%)，飞似的(1%)
noun uncountable
■travel by air
• Annette's scared of flying. 安妮特害怕乘飞机。
adj. 飞行的
 - winged, aero
n. 飞行
 - flight, volation

Word: sustainable
Front: sustainable
[səˈsteɪnəbl] (4895/7345 -1)
Vocabulary: sustainable
(once / 2035 pages)
adj
If something is sustainable, then it can be maintained or continued. A 5-minute mile pace probably isn't sustainable for anyone other than Olympic marathon runners.
These days this adjective is often used to describe something that has a low long-term effect on the environment, like "sustainable agriculture" — a method of farming that doesn’t ravage the land, deplete resources permanently, or produce a great deal of pollution. Break down the word into two parts: sustain and able, to visualize and remember that you're able to sustain something sustainable.
WORD FAMILY
sustainable: sustainability, sustainably+/ sustain: sustainable, sustained, sustainer, sustaining, sustainment, sustains, sustenance / sustained: self-sustained, sustainedly/sustainer: sustainers/sustaining: self-sustaining/sustainment: sustainments/ sustenance: sustenances
USAGE EXAMPLES
Mr. Qarau hopes that his conservation work will create a sustainable harvest, enabling Fijians to eat turtles again.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
At least two new laws demonstrate the country’s gradual move toward more sustainable products.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The goal is to provide sustainable housing while addressing the causes of homelessness.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 可持续的; 可以忍受的; 可支撑的
分布：可持续的(83%)，养得起的(8%)，合理利用的(5%)，可承受的(4%)
→sustain,维持，保持，-able,形容词后缀。
adjective
■able to continue over a period of time 可持续的，能长期保持的
• That sort of extreme diet is not sustainable over a long period. 那种极端的饮食方式无法长期坚持。
■causing little or no damage to the environment and therefore able to continue for a long time （对环境没有损害或损害很小因而）可持续的，能长期维持的
• A large international meeting was held with the aim of promoting sustainable development in all countries. 一个旨在促进所有国家永续发展的大型国际会议召开了。

Word: devil
Front: devil
[ˈdevl] (研四六 4907/3542 -2)
Vocabulary: devil
(once / 155 pages)
1nv 2v
A devil is profoundly bad spirit, being, or monster. Your religious uncle might blame all bad behavior on the influence of the devil.
In Christianity, the devil (which is sometimes capitalized), is the essence of evil, also known as Satan. The word is also used to mean a very hateful or cruel human: "He must be a devil, to hurt a kitten like that," or sometimes a mischievous trickster: "What a little devil she is, always playing practical jokes." When you devil someone, you annoy or bother them: "We loved to devil the cranky old man next door."
WORD FAMILY
devil: deviled, deviling, devilise, devilish, devilize, devilled, devilling, devilment, devilry, devils, deviltry, diabolic +/ devilish: devilishly/devilment: devilments/devilry: devilries/deviltry: deviltries/ diabolic: diabolical, diabolically, diabolise, diabolize/diabolise: diabolised, diabolising/diabolize: diabolized, diabolizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
“But the devil is always in the details.”
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
He faces a devil’s choice between slogging through another season at the outdated Qualcomm Stadium or becoming the second team in Los Angeles.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 29, 2016)
“I think the worst was Hitler. And I kept thinking ‘I don't want to play the devil this time.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 26, 2016)
Back: n. 魔鬼; 家伙; 淘气鬼; 冒失鬼
vt. 虐待，折磨; （用扯碎机）扯碎; （替作家，律师等）做助手; 抹辣味料烤制或煎煮
时态：devilled, devilling, devils
分布：魔鬼(88%)，家伙(6%)，淘气鬼(2%)，困扰(1%)，坏人(1%)，添加辣味调料(1%)，棘手的事(1%)
→来自拉丁语diabolus, 穿过，诽谤，攻击，词源同diabolic.来自dia-，穿过，-ball, 投掷，词源同ballistic, kill. 后用于指魔鬼。devil ’s advocate 故意唱反调的人
n.魔鬼It's evident that the evil devil inevitably goes to ruin.很明显,邪恶的魔鬼必然灭亡.
noun
EVIL BEING 魔鬼
 ADVANCED countable
■an evil being, often represented in human form but with a tail and horns 魔鬼，恶魔，妖魔
the devil only singular (often the Devil)
■a powerful evil force and the enemy of God in Christianity and Judaism （基督教和犹太教中与上帝为敌的）魔鬼，撒旦
['dev.əl] noun
PERSON 人
countable informal
■someone, especially a child, who behaves badly 坏蛋，淘气鬼，捣蛋鬼（尤指孩子）
• Those little/young devils broke my window. 那些小淘气鬼打破了我的窗户。
countable informal humorous
■a person who enjoys doing things people might disapprove of 鬼东西，死鬼
• "I'm going to wear a short black skirt and thigh-length boots." "Ooh, you devil!" “我打算穿一条黑色短裙和及膝长靴。”“噢，你这个作死鬼！”
• Have another slice of cake - go on, be a devil! 再吃一件蛋糕——吃吧，豁出去了！
countable informal
■used with an adjective to describe someone and express your opinion about something that has happened to them （与形容词连用表示对某人的看法）人，家伙
• I hear you've got a new car, you lucky devil! 我听说你得了一辆新车，你这个走运的家伙！
• He's been ill for weeks, poor devil. 他已病了好几个星期了，可怜的家伙。
['dev.əl] noun
be between the devil and the deep blue sea
■to have two choices but both of them are equally unpleasant or not convenient 进退维谷，左右为难
['dev.əl] noun
The devil finds work for idle hands. saying
■said to show that you believe people who have nothing to do are more likely to get into trouble or commit a crime 无事之徒易犯事
['dev.əl] noun
the devil to pay old-fashioned
■a lot of trouble, difficulty, punishment, anger, etc. 严重后果、困难、惩罚、别人的愤怒等
• If he catches you going through his drawers there'll be the devil to pay! 如果他发现你翻他的抽屉，你会有大麻烦的。
['dev.əl] noun
the devil's own
■extremely difficult or bad 极为困难的；极坏的
• We had the devil's own job/time finding the place! 我们找这个地方可费了不少功夫／时间！
['dev.əl] noun
(to) give the devil his due
■said when you admit that someone you do not like or admire does have particular good qualities 平心而论，说句公道话
• I don't like the man but - give the devil his due - he works incredibly hard. 我不喜欢那个人，可是平心而论，他工作起来真是特别卖力。
['dev.əl] noun
go to the devil old-fashioned
■something you say to someone annoying or bad to tell them to go away forever 去死吧，见鬼去吧
['dev.əl] noun
speak/talk of the devil
■something you say when the person you were talking about appears unexpectedly 说到某人，某人就到
• Did you hear what happened to Anna yesterday - oh, speak of the devil, here she is. 你听说安娜昨天出的那件事了吗——噢，说曹操，曹操就到了。
['dev.əl] noun
the/a devil of a sth old-fashioned
■an extremely difficult or serious type of something 极为困难的；极其严重的
• a devil of a mess/problem 极为混乱的局面／极其严重的问题
• We had the devil of a job/time trying to find this place! 我们找这个地方可费了不少周折／时间！
['dev.əl] noun
what/where/how/why the devil old-fashioned informal
■used to give emphasis to a question （用于强调问题）到底，究竟
• What the devil are you doing? 你到底在做甚么？
• Where the devil have you been? 你究竟去了哪里？
n. 魔鬼；撒旦；家伙；恶棍
 - apple, customer, egg, fellow, guy
vt. 折磨
 - harry, worry, trouble, tear, torture

Word: bolt
Front: bolt
[bəʊlt] (研四六雅宝 4899/5051 -2)
Vocabulary: bolt
(once / 294 pages)
1nv 2n 3vn 4nv 5adv
We love words that sound like what they mean, and bolt is no exception. It's a quick, sharp word that either means to move quickly or refers to a stroke of lightning, as in "lightning bolt."
The god Zeus was fond of tossing bolts of lightning down upon mortals who angered him. If you were one of those mortals, you'd have been smart to bolt inside as soon as the rain began. To bolt is to run as quickly as you can. Racehorses are often described as bolting out of the gate. Other uses of bolt include the lock in your door, the act of locking that lock, and what a dog does when it gulps down his food.
WORD FAMILY
bolt: bolted, bolting, bolts, unbolt+/unbolt: unbolted, unbolting, unbolts
USAGE EXAMPLES
In the athletic competition, Jamaican sprinter Usain Bolt becomes the first athlete ever to win the men’s 100-meter final wearing flip-flops.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Sitting bolt upright, laboring to breathe, was the poet Robert Lowell.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Bolt then tweeted to confirm it was indeed him, with Henry replying to him apologising and telling him to call again soon.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 螺栓，螺钉; 闪电，雷电; 门闩; 弩箭
vt. 筛选; 囫囵吞下; （把门、窗等）闩上; 突然说出，脱口说出
vi. （门窗等）闩上，拴住; 冲出，跳出; （马等的）脱缰; 囫囵吞下
adv. 突然地; 像箭似地; 直立地
时态：bolted, bolting, bolts
分布：螺栓(80%)，门闩(10%)，狼吞虎咽(3%)，弩箭(3%)，闩住(1%)，挺直地(1%)，用螺栓固定(1%)，一卷布(1%)
→来自PIE *bheld, 击，打。可能同bill, 击，咬，鸟嘴。
n.螺栓,(门,窗的)插销v.闩(门),关窗,拴住The nursery teacher made the children sit bolt upright.幼儿园的老师让孩子们笔直地坐着.
【参】bolted（adj 脱离的＝separated）
US [boʊlt] noun countable
LOCK 锁
■a metal bar on a door or window that slides across to lock it closed （门窗上的）插销，闩
• I closed the window and drew the bolt (= slid the bolt across). 我关上窗户，拉上了插销。
UK [bəʊlt] US [boʊlt] noun countable
SCREW 螺栓
■a screw-like metal object without a point which is used with a nut to fasten things together 螺栓
UK [bəʊlt] US [boʊlt] noun countable
LIGHTNING 闪电
■a flash of lightning that looks like a white line against the sky 闪电，霹雳
• The house next to ours was struck by a bolt of lightning. 我们隔壁的房子被闪电击中了。
⇒ See also thunderbolt
UK [bəʊlt] US [boʊlt] noun countable
ROLL 卷
■a length or roll of cloth or wallpaper （布或墙纸的）一匹，一卷
UK [bəʊlt] US [boʊlt] noun countable
WEAPON 武器
■a type of short arrow shot from a crossbow (= a type of weapon) 弩箭；方镞箭
UK [bəʊlt] US [boʊlt] noun countable
QUICK MOVEMENT 快速行动
make a bolt for somewhere
■to try to escape by running towards something 逃向…
• The thief tried to make a bolt for the exit. 小偷想从安全出口溜走。
UK [bəʊlt] US [boʊlt] noun countable
a bolt from/out of the blue
■something completely unexpected that surprises you very much 出人意料的事情；睛天霹雳
• The news of his marriage was a bolt from the blue. 他结婚的消息真是出人意料。
UK [bəʊlt] US [boʊlt] verb
MOVE QUICKLY 快速移动
intransitive
■to move very fast, especially as a result of being frightened （尤指因受到惊吓而）奔跑，快跑
• Frightened by the car horn, the horse bolted. 那匹马受到汽车喇叭的惊吓，飞奔了起来。
UK [bəʊlt] US [boʊlt] verb
EAT 吃
transitive (also bolt down)
■to eat food very quickly 匆匆咽下；囫囵吞下
• Don't bolt your food like that - you'll get indigestion. 别那样狼吞虎咽——会消化不良的。
UK [bəʊlt] US [boʊlt] verb
LOCK 锁
intransitive or transitive
■to lock a door or window by sliding a bolt across 闩上（门或窗）
• Have you locked and bolted the door? 你把门锁上闩好了吗？
• The door bolts on the inside. 门从里面闩上。
UK [bəʊlt] US [boʊlt] verb
SCREW 螺栓
transitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to fasten something in position with a bolt 用螺栓固定
• On a ship the furniture is often bolted to the deck. 轮船上的家俱往往用螺栓固定在甲板上。
UK [bəʊlt] US [boʊlt] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  bolt sth on
■to add an extra part or feature 添加，增加
• Other insurers will allow you to bolt on critical illness cover to standard life cover. 其他保险公司允许在标准人寿保险承保范围中增加重大疾病。
n. [机] 螺栓；闪电；门闩；弩箭
 - lightning, levin
vi. 逃跑；冲出
 - do a guy, make a break for it
adv. 突然地；直立地
 - suddenly, sharp, abruptly

Word: cargo
Front: cargo
[ˈkɑ:gəʊ] (研四六托宝 4905/5662 -2)
Vocabulary: cargo
(once / 325 pages)
n
Cargo refers to goods carried by a large vehicle, like a plane, ship, train, or truck. See a giant truck on the highway piled high with boxes, lumber, or new cars? It's carrying cargo.
Cargo originates from the Latin word carricare which means "to load on a cart, or wagon." Cargo can be loaded on a cart, but it's usually loaded on something much bigger. On a ship, cargo is stacked up in huge, colorful metal containers. These containers can be full of all types of cargo, like food, furniture, or electronics. You'll rarely need the plural, but it's formed by adding an -s or more commonly, an -es (cargoes).
WORD FAMILY
cargo: cargoes, cargos, supercargo+/supercargo: supercargoes, supercargos
USAGE EXAMPLES
The statement says once at the gate, an employee of the airline’s ground handling vendor was found in the cargo area.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
SpaceX is tentatively aiming to resume cargo flights to the space station this month.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The corruption doesn’t stop once cargo leaves the port, according to truck drivers.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. （船或飞机装载的）货物; 负荷，荷重
分布：货物(95%)，船货(5%)
→来自拉丁词carricare, 装载，词源同car, charge.
n.船货,货物The career carpenter put the cargo on the carbon carpet.职业木匠把货物放到碳质地毯上.
US ['kɑ:r.goʊ] (plural cargoes or cargos)
noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■the goods carried by a ship, aircraft or other large vehicle （轮船、飞机等大型交通工具装载的）货物
• a cargo ship/plane 货船／货运飞机
• The ship was carrying a cargo of wool from England to France. 这艘船正将羊毛货品从英格兰运往法国。
burden, load, cargo
这组词都有“负担，负荷”的意思，其区别是：
burden: 指沉重、令人不快的负担；指精神负担时常有不堪忍受的意味。
load: 普通用词，含义广泛，指人、畜、车、船等负载的东西，指精神负担时，可与burden换用，但无感情色彩。
cargo: 指用轮船、车辆或飞机长距离运载的货物。
n. [贸易] 货物，船货
 - commodity, freight, merchandise

Word: spine
Front: spine
[spaɪn] (研托 4904/4409 -2)
Back: n. 脊柱; 脊椎; （动植物的）刺; 书脊
分布：脊柱(53%)，脊椎(37%)，书脊(9%)，尖刺(1%)
→来自拉丁语 spina,脊柱，脊椎，尖刺，来自 spei,刺，尖刺，词源同 spike,spire.
刺;勇气;脊椎[spin=thorn,表示"刺"]
n.脊柱,脊椎;(动植物的)刺;书脊He broke his spine in a fall from a horse.他从马上跌下摔断了脊梁骨.
noun countable
BONE 骨
 ADVANCED
■the line of bones down the centre of the back that provides support for the body and protects the spinal cord 脊柱；脊椎
• She injured her spine in a riding accident. 她在一次坠马事故中脊椎受伤。
• figurative The Apennine mountains form the spine (= central row of mountains) of Italy. 亚平宁山脉是义大利的中心山脉。
[spaɪn] noun countable
POINT 尖
■a long sharp point like a needle growing out of an animal such as a hedgehog or a plant such as a cactus （刺猬等动物的）刺毛；（仙人掌等植物的）刺
[spaɪn] noun countable
BOOK PART 书的部分
■the narrow strip where the cover of a book is joined to the pages, usually with the title and writer's name printed on it 书背
n. [解剖] 脊柱，脊椎； [生物] 刺； [印刷] [图情] 书脊
 - backbone, spinal column

Word: seller
Front: seller
[ˈselə(r)] (四六 4908/3158 -2)
Back: n. 卖者，卖方; 销售者，销售商; 销售物
分布：卖方(96%)，售货者(2%)，畅销品(2%)
US [-ɚ] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a person who is selling something 卖方，销售者
• flower/newspaper/souvenir sellers 卖花／卖报／卖纪念品的人
• Do you think the seller will accept £300, 000 for the house? 你觉得房屋卖主会接受30万英镑的价格吗？
 ADVANCED
■a product which a lot of people buy 畅销商品
• This car is our biggest seller at the moment. 这种汽车是我们目前卖得最好的一款。
n. 卖方，售货员
 - salesman, bargainor

Word: skilled
Front: skilled
[skɪld] (高研四六 4903/3807 -K2)
Vocabulary: skilled
(once / 534 pages)
adj
Anyone skilled has special abilities. A skilled mechanic from the future might build a flying car. Then a skilled rapper can write a cool song about it.
A skill is a well-earned talent, like being able to ride a bike, write a script, or spin a basketball on your finger. If you have skills, you're skilled! Congratulations. Being skilled in something usually requires practice. A skilled politician wins elections. A skilled hitter in baseball has a high batting average. A highly skilled job is one that requires special training. The opposite of skilled is unskilled, which would apply to someone without a particular talent.
WORD FAMILY
skilled: semiskilled, unskilled
USAGE EXAMPLES
Nixon said in a release that holding onto a skilled workforce “requires a long-term vision and commitment.”
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Of course, big talk played a crucial role in transforming Rousey from a skilled M.M.A. champion into a mainstream celebrity.
The New Yorker(Dec 30, 2016)
“Erik’s very patriotic to begin with, but he’s very skilled with understanding what the agency needed to pull this off,” said Walker, 84.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: adj. 熟练的，有技能的; 需要技能的; 娴
分布：熟练的(84%)，有技能的(16%)
a.(in)熟练的,有技能的;需要技能的A skilled technician takes years to train.一个熟练的技师需要数年时间才能培训出来.
adjective
 IMPROVER
■having the abilities needed to do an activity or job well 熟练的；有技术的
• My mother is very skilled at/in dressmaking. 我母亲很会做衣服。
 IMPROVER
■Skilled work needs someone who has had special training to do it （工作）需要特殊技能的，需要经过专门训练的
• Nursing is a highly skilled job. 护理工作是技术性要求很高的工作。
[skɪld] plural noun
the skilled
■people who have been trained for a job 熟练的；有技能的
expert, skilled, skillful, proficient
这组词都有“熟练的”的意思，其区别是：
expert: 特指有某项专长，有某方面经验。
skilled: 通常指已掌握某行业的专业技能或手段，或已有从事某一专门工作的本领或技术。
skillful: 指在工作或操作中表现出灵巧、熟练。
proficient: 多指擅长于某事，侧重技艺或科学方面。
adj. 熟练的；有技能的；需要技能的
 - experienced, accomplished, clever, practiced, master

Word: managing
Front: managing
['mænɪdʒɪŋ] (4906/3337)
Back: adj. 管理的，节约的
v. 使用( manage的现在分词 ); 完成（困难的事）; 经营; 明智地使用（金钱、时间、信息等）
分布：管理的(91%)，动词manage的现在分词.(9%)
VERB
管理;经营;掌管
If you manage an organization, business, or system, or the people who work in it, you are responsible for controlling them.
例：Within two years he was managing the store...不出两年他就开始管理这家店了。
例：Most factories in the area are obsolete and badly managed...这个地区的绝大多数工厂都十分陈旧，经营状况也非常糟糕。
VERB
谨慎地使用，好好地利用(时间、金钱等)
If you manage time, money, or other resources, you deal with them carefully and do not waste them.
例：In a busy world, managing your time is increasingly important...在忙碌的世界里，善于利用时间变得越来越重要。
例：Josh expects me to manage all the household expenses on very little.乔希指望我对每笔家庭支出都精打细算。
VERB
设法做到;成功完成
If you manage to do something, especially something difficult, you succeed in doing it.
例：Somehow, he'd managed to persuade Kay to buy one for him...不知用了什么方法，他成功说服凯给他买了一个。
例：I managed to pull myself up onto a wet, sloping ledge...我终于爬上了一块潮湿倾斜的暗礁。
VERB
成功对付;设法应对
If you manage, you succeed in coping with a difficult situation.
例：She had managed perfectly well without medication for three years...3年来，她一直没有服药却挺了过来。
例：I am managing, but I could not possibly give up work...我正在努力应付，但我不可能放弃工作。
VERB
抽出，腾出，安排出(时间、金钱等)
If you say that you can manage an amount of time or money for something, you mean that you can afford to spend that time or money on it.
例：This makes it ideal for those who can only manage a few hours in the morning or evening...对于那些只能在早晚抽出几个小时的人来说，这是最理想不过的了。
例：'All right, I can manage a fiver,' McMinn said with reluctance.麦克明不情愿地说：“好吧，我可以出5镑。”
VERB
勉强做出（微笑、寒暄等);强作
If you say that someone managed a particular response, such as a laugh or a greeting, you mean that it was difficult for them to do it because they were feeling sad or upset.
例：He looked dazed as he spoke to reporters, managing only a weak smile...跟记者谈话的时候，他只是勉强挤出一丝淡淡的微笑，显得非常恍惚。
例：He managed a few sentences about his visit to the prison...他勉强描述了一下探监情况。
CONVENTION
（对他人给予帮助的婉拒）我能对付，我能行
You say 'I can manage' or 'I'll manage' as a way of refusing someone's offer of help and insisting on doing something by yourself.
例：I know you mean well, but I can manage by myself...我知道您是一番好意，不过我一个人能行。
例：'I'll do it, Eleanor,' Angus said, quickly jumping up. But this time she only shook her head. 'I'll manage,' she said firmly.安格斯一跃而起道：“让我来，埃莉诺。”可是，这一次她只是摇了摇头，坚定地说：“我能应付。”
adj. [管理] 管理的；节约的；爱管闲事的
 - administrative, regulatory, economical, saving
v. 管理；设法对付（manage的ing形式）
 - engineering, controlling, guiding

Word: public
Front: public
[ˈpʌblɪk] (中高研四六雅 333/319 -K5)
Vocabulary: public
(once / 21 pages)
adjn
Something that affects the entire community — whether it's your town, your country, or the world — is public. Climate change, for example, is a public concern, as is finding a clean public bathroom.
You can use the word public as a noun, when you're talking about a large group of people. You might say that the public is getting tired of the inefficient bus system in your city, or that the new library branch is open to the public. The adjective public is good for discussing things that concern everyone. The Latin root word, publicus, means "of the people, of the state, common, or ordinary."
WORD FAMILY
public: nonpublic, publically, publicise, publicity, publicize, publicly, publics, semipublic+/publicise: publicised, publiciser, publicising/ publicist: publicists/ publicity: publicist, publicities/ publicize: publicized, publicizer, publicizes, publicizing/publicizer: publicizers/semipublic: semipublicly
USAGE EXAMPLES
In October, Lucas unveiled similar but competing designs for Los Angeles and San Francisco sites, turning the project into a public competition.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
One such teenager ends up being severely beaten while waiting for a public defender to help him appeal.
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
And they’re pushing their leaders to deny connection to the public sewage system the mosque would need.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 公众的，公共的; 公开的; 政府的; 人人知道的，知名的
n. 大众; 社会; 公共场所; （文学家等的）爱读者
分布：公众(62%)，公众的(15%)，大众(11%)，公开的(5%)，民众(4%)，公共的(3%)
→来自拉丁语publicus,人民的，普通人的，来自populus,人，人民，词源同people,popular.并引申诸词义。
公开的,公众的(publ[=popul]+ic)[Popul,publ=people,表示"人民"]
a.公共的,公用的;公开的,公然的n.公众,民众One of my relatives, a late translator, translated a book relating to public relations.我的一位亲戚,一个已故翻译,翻译了一本有关公共关系的书.
adjective
PEOPLE 人们
 ESSENTIAL
■relating to or involving people in general, rather than being limited to a particular group of people 民众的，大众的
• Public opinion (= the opinions of most people) has turned against him. 民意已不再支持他了。
• Is it really in the public interest (= useful to people) to publish this information? 公布这件消息真的对大众有利吗？
• We need to increase public awareness of the disease. 我们需要增强民众对这种疾病的认识。
• Peaceful demonstrations that do not cause a public nuisance (= do not harm other people) are a fundamental right in any truly democratic country. 对大众不造成任何伤害的和平示威在每个真正的民主国家都是一种基本权利。
• The government has had to bow to public pressure on the issue. 在这个问题上，政府不得不在舆论压力下作出让步。
• The information only became public after his death. 这件消息在他死后才公诸于世。
• The results will not be made public (= told to everyone) until tomorrow. 结果要到明天才会公布。
• We will not go public with (= tell people in general) the results until tomorrow. 我们要到明天才会公布结果。
['pʌb.lɪk] adjective
GOVERNMENT 政府
 ESSENTIAL
■provided by the government from taxes to be available to everyone 公立的，公共的
• public funds/services/spending 公共基金／事业／开支
• public buildings 公共建筑物
• a public library 公共图书馆
• He is unlikely to hold public office (= have an important job in national or local government). 他不太可能担任政府要职。
['pʌb.lɪk] adjective
PLACE 地点
■describes a place where a lot of people are 人很多的
• It's too public here - let's go back to my room to talk. 这里人太多，我们回我房间说吧。
['pʌb.lɪk] adjective
be in the public eye
■to be famous and written about in newspapers and magazines and seen on television （在报刊、电视上）频频出现；广为人知
['pʌb.lɪk] adjective
public enemy number one / No. 1
■someone or something that many people do not like or approve of 头号公敌；全民公敌
['pʌb.lɪk] noun uncountable [+ sing/pl verb]
the public
 ESSENTIAL
■all ordinary people 公众，大众
• The public has a right to know about this. 大众有权知道这件事。
• The palace and its grounds are open to the public (= people can visit) during the summer months. 在夏天的几个月里，这座宫殿及其庭院向大众开放。
• When will the product be available to the general public (= all ordinary people) ? 普通大众甚么时候能买到这种产品？
• Members of the public were asked about their shopping habits. 一些民众被问到他们的购物习惯。
■the group of people who are involved with you or your organization, especially in a business relationship （尤指存在商业关系的）大众
• Newspapers publish these outrageous stories because they know what their public wants. 报纸刊登这些耸人听闻的报道是因为他们知道读者想要看甚么。
in public
■in a place where people can see you 公开地，当众
• I'd never behave like that in public. 我在公共场合绝不会那样。
Compare in private at private
adj. 公众的；政府的；公用的；公立的
 - governmental, commonable
n. 公众；社会；公共场所
 - society, ambiente

Word: marine
Front: marine
[məˈri:n] (研四六托雅宝 4916/3580 -3)
Vocabulary: marine
(once / 295 pages)
adjn
If it has to do with the ocean or sea, you can call it marine. Your friend in US Armed Services who is a Marine probably spends a lot of time near the ocean.
Marine life is everything that lives in the water: plants, fish, sharks, algae, crabs, seahorses, giant squid, and the list goes on and on. When you study things that live in or near the sea, you are either a marine biologist or just really excited about ocean life. If you work in a field that deals with the ocean, boats, sailors or the navy you could be, for instance, a marine meteorologist.
WORD FAMILY
marine: marineer, submarine +/ antisubmarine: antisubmariner/ submarine: antisubmarine, submarined, submariner, submarines, submarining/submariner: submariners
USAGE EXAMPLES
Two years ago, Sieswerda discussed with the Guardian increased sightings around New York City of whales and other large marine creatures, including great white sharks.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Last session, he submitted a draft on combating Maine’s marine debris that eventually became law, and he plans to submit another draft on the issue.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Preserving the largest protected marine park in South Puget Sound for salmon, wildlife and public access on Anderson Island.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 海的; 海产的; 海军的; 海事的
n. 水兵; 海军陆战队士兵; 海事，海运业
分布：船舶(47%)，海的(13%)，海运业(9%)，海生的(9%)，海事的(8%)，航海的(8%)，水兵(6%)
→来自mare,海，-ine,形容词后缀。
海的(marin+e)[Marin=sea,表示"海洋"]
海的(mar海+ine)[-ine 1.表形容词"…的"2.表名词"人或女人"3.表名词"状态,药物等"]
a.海的,海生的;船舶的,航海的Seals and whales are marine animals.海豹和鲸鱼是海中的动物.
【记】submarine（n 潜水艇）sub下面，marine海
【参】maritime（adj 海上的；海员的）
adjective [before noun]
■related to the sea or sea transport 海（洋）的；航海的；海运的
• The oil slick seriously threatens marine life around the islands. 浮油严重威胁着岛屿周围的海洋生物。
• Marine biologists are concerned about the effects of untreated sewage that is flowing into coastal waters. 污水未经处理就排到近海海域，海洋生物学家对其后果十分担心。
• One plane, a marine F18, was lost in the raid. 突袭行动中损失了一架F18舰载战斗机。
• The Central harbour area will be closed to all marine traffic from 3.45 pm to 4.30 pm. 中央海港区将于下午3时45分至4时30分关闭，严禁所有海上船只进出停留。
⇒ See also maritime
[mə'ri:n] noun countable
■a soldier who works closely with the navy and is trained especially for military operations on land which begin from the sea 海军陆战队士兵
adj. 船舶的； [海洋] 海生的；海产的；航海的，海运的
 - nautical, sea-born
n. 海运业；舰队；水兵；（海军）士兵或军官
 - shipping industry, bluejacket

Word: dock
Front: dock
[dɒk] (研四六雅宝 4912/3530 -2)
Vocabulary: dock
(once / 442 pages)
1nv 2n 3n 4nv
A dock is a structure that's made for bringing boats or ships in to the shore and loading or unloading them of goods or passengers. The small dock behind your lake house might be mainly used for launching your canoe.
Smaller docks are wooden planks that jut into the water — boats can pull up and be tied or anchored there. Larger docks in harbors might have gates enclosing areas of water where ships can be repaired or cargo unloaded. When boats dock, they pull up to a dock or a pier. You can also use the verb form of dock to mean "cut off," as when a farmer docks an animal's tail or a boss docks a worker's wages.
WORD FAMILY
dock: dockage, docked, docker, docking, docks, undock+/docker: dockers/docking: dockings/undock: undocked, undocking
USAGE EXAMPLES
They say the contract was awarded competitively and will pay for replacement of part of dry dock number 3 at the shipyard.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
His body was found just off a dock.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
The man was brought to the boat dock at Silver Palm Park and flown to St. Mary’s Medical Center in West Palm Beach.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 码头; 被告席; 草本植物; 尾巴的骨肉部份
vt. & vi. （使）船停靠码头; 剪短（尾巴等）; 削减，缩减（工资等）; 在…设置船坞
vi. 入船坞
时态：docked, docking, docks
分布：码头(77%)，船坞(22%)，船埠(1%)
→来自词根duc, 引导，词源同duke, conduct. 用于指码头，船坞。
n.船坞,码头At the dock I'm shocked to see the pocket rocket made of a block of rock.在码头看到一块岩石做的小巧火箭,我感到震惊.
【源】原指：剪掉动物的尾巴而露出的骨头，其形状是一个小的突起，比较向码头延伸出来的样子，就引申为码头了。Doc：Word文档格式，k象一把张开的剪刀－简短
US [dɑ:k] noun
FOR SHIPS 船用
 IMPROVER countable
■an area of water in a port that can be closed off and that is used for putting goods onto and taking them off ships or repairing ships 泊位；船坞 Compare harbour
docks
[plural]
■a group of these areas of water in a port and the buildings around them 码头（包括多个泊位和四周的建筑）
• The strike has led to the cancellation of some ferry services and left hundreds of passengers stranded at the docks. 罢工导致部分轮度停业，数百名旅客滞留码头。
countable US
■a long platform built over water where passengers can get on or off a boat or where goods can be put on and taken off 码头
UK [dɒk] US [dɑ:k] noun
LAW 法律
the dock only singular mainly UK
■the place in a criminal law court where the accused person sits or stands during the trial 被告席
• The defendant seemed nervous as he left the dock and stepped up to the witness box. 被告人在离开被告席走向证人席时似乎有些紧张。
• The company will find itself in the dock (= in court) if it continues to ignore the pollution regulations. 如果该公司继续无视控制污染的规定，它就会被告上法庭。
UK [dɒk] US [dɑ:k] noun
PLANT 植物
countable or uncountable
■a common wild plant with large wide leaves which grows in some northern countries such as Britain 酸模
• Rubbing dock leaves on nettle stings helps to relieve the pain. 将酸模叶子揉碎抹在荨麻刺伤处有助于止痛。
UK [dɒk] US [dɑ:k] verb
REMOVE 拿走
transitive
■to remove part of something, especially money 克扣，扣发（尤指金钱）
• The University has docked lecturers' pay/wages by 20% because of their refusal to mark examination papers. 该大学由于教师们拒绝批改试卷扣发了他们20%的工资。
• The lambs' tails are docked (= cut short) for hygiene reasons. 出于卫生方面的考虑，羊的尾巴都被剪短了。
UK [dɒk] US [dɑ:k] verb
SHIP 船
intransitive or transitive
■If a ship docks, it arrives at a dock and if someone docks a ship, they bring it into a dock （使）靠岸，（使）停泊，（使）进港
• Hundreds of people turned up to see the ship dock at Southampton. 数百人前来观看该船驶入南安普敦港。
• The Russians and Americans docked (= joined together in space) (their spacecraft) just after one o'clock this morning. 俄国人和美国人（的太空船）今天凌晨一点刚过时实现了太空对接。
port, harbor, dock
port: 重心在陆地，包括其所在的城市，port city
harbor: 重心在水，指停泊船只、装卸货物的天然或人工港口，为避风港湾
dock: 码头
n. [水运] 码头； [船] 船坞；被告席；尾巴的骨肉部分
 - landing, pier
vt. 使靠码头；剪短
 - crop, bob

Word: organized
Front: organized
[ˈɔ:gənaɪzd] (4910/9035 -K3)
Vocabulary: organized
(once / 240 pages)
1adj 2adj
If something’s organized, it’s arranged in a systematic, orderly way. If you’ve got a zillion baseball cards, keeping them organized is a good idea, so you can find Hank Aaron when you need him.
If you're an organized person, you keep your desk clean, your house is neat, and you keep track what you need to accomplish and when. If you're a member of the circus workers' union, you're part of the organized labor movement. You and your fellow clowns can benefit from the fact that organized workers can bargain for higher wages as a group, and that generally works better than if you try to negotiate on your own. Even if you’re funny.
WORD FAMILY
organized: unorganized+/ disorganization: disorganizations/disorganize: disorganization, disorganized, disorganizes, disorganizing/ organization: organizational, organizations, self-organization/organizational: organizationally/ organize: disorganize, organization, organized, organizer, organizes, organizing, reorganize /organizer: organizers/ reorganization: reorganizations/ reorganize: reorganization, reorganized, reorganizes, reorganizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
He organized state computer operations into a centralized office - during the early computer era - creating a model that would be used decades later.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
His chapters are organized with the pleasing precision of a bento box.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Paid events are regularly organized in Poland for foreigners who want to hunt deer, wild boar, hares or other small wild animals.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 有组织的，有条理的
v. 组织( organize的过去式)
分布：组织(91%)，安排(8%)，筹办(1%)
US ['ɔ:r-] adjective
USING SYSTEM 使用系统
 ADVANCED
■arranged according to a particular system 安排有序的；有条理的
• The letters had been placed in organized piles, one for each letter of the alphabet. 信件已经按字母次序放得整整齐齐。
Opposite disorganized
 ADVANCED
■describes someone who is able to plan things carefully and keep things tidy （人）有条理的，有条不紊的
• She's not a very organized person and she always arrives late at meetings. 她不是个有条不紊的人，开会总是迟到。
(UK usually organised) UK ['ɔ:.gən.aɪzd] US ['ɔ:r-] adjective
PLANNED 有计划的
■(of travel, visits, activities, etc.) planned and arranged for you to do, especially as part of a group 有计划的、组织好的（旅游、参观、活动等），尤指团体的组织的
• I don't like going on organized tours. 我不喜欢参加团体旅游。
adj. [生物] 有组织的；安排有秩序的；做事有条理的
 - structured, methodic
v. 组织（organize的过去分词）
 - structured

Word: fog
Front: fog
[fɒg] (高研四六托 4913/5413 -2)
Vocabulary: fog
(once / 315 pages)
nv
Fog is a hazy, cloudy layer of water vapor very that hovers close to the ground. Driving in fog feels a bit like being inside a cloud.
Fog is just what it appears to be — a cloud lying low in the atmosphere, getting its moisture from a body of water like the ocean or a river. When fog is thick, it can be dangerous to drive in, and most cars have special "fog lights" to help drivers see the road. When you're deeply confused, you can call it a fog too, and when things are unclear (literally or figuratively), they're said to fog up."
WORD FAMILY
fog: defog, fogged, fogging, foggy, fogs+/defog: defogging/ foggy: foggier, foggiest, foggily, fogginess
USAGE EXAMPLES
Dense fog is expected to develop by early Monday evening.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
A spokeswoman for Gatwick Airport, which cancelled 140 flights flights on Friday, said: "Unfortunately we are still experiencing very heavy fog across the south east."
BBC(Dec 31, 2016)
Seventeen people were hurt when a coach veered off a motorway slip road and overturned while driving in heavy fog.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 雾; 烟雾; 迷惑; 割后再生的草
vt. 以雾包围; 使模糊; 使迷惑
vi. 为雾笼罩; 朦胧; 照片（模糊）
时态：fogged, fogging, fogs
分布：雾(93%)，迷惑(3%)，使模糊(2%)，以雾笼罩(1%)，朦胧(1%)
→词源不详。
n.雾气,雾v.以雾笼罩,被雾笼罩The slogan crier saw the dog and frog jump to and fro in the fog.呼口号者看见狗和青蛙在雾中来回跳.
US [fɑ:g] noun
WEATHER 天气
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■a weather condition in which very small drops of water come together to form a thick cloud close to the land or sea, making it difficult to see 雾
• Thick/Heavy/Dense fog has made driving conditions dangerous. 浓雾使开车颇为危险。
• Mists, freezing fogs and snow are common in this area. 薄雾、寒雾和雪在这个地区很常见。
• It took several hours for the fog to lift. 几个小时以后雾才散去。
UK [fɒg] US [fɑ:g] noun
CONFUSION 困惑
only singular informal
■a confused or uncertain state, usually mentally or emotionally 困惑；迷惘
• I went home in a fog of disbelief. 我心怀疑虑地回了家。
UK [fɒg] US [fɑ:g] verb transitive (-gg-)
■to make something or someone confused or uncertain 使困惑；使迷惘；使不清晰
• Alcohol fogs the brain. 酒精使头脑发昏。
• The minister's speech had merely fogged the issue. 部长的讲话只是让问题越发不清楚了。
UK [fɒg] US [fɑ:g] verb transitive (-gg-)
  Phrasal Verbs  fog up
■If a glass surface fogs up, a thin layer of liquid develops on it so that it is difficult to see through 布满雾气，蒙上雾
• I couldn't see a thing because my glasses had fogged up. 我的眼镜起了雾，我甚么也看不到。
fog, smog, mist
这组词都有“雾”的意思，其区别是：
fog: 指较浓的雾。
smog: 指工业区的烟和雾相混而造成的又黑又浓的烟雾。
mist: 指轻雾，气象学上称作霭。
n. [气象] [摄] 雾；烟雾，尘雾；迷惑
 - vapor, smog
vt. 使模糊；使困惑；以雾笼罩
 - obfuscate, befog
vi. 被雾笼罩；变模糊
 - mist

Word: diplomat
Front: diplomat
[ˈdɪpləmæt] (研雅 4918/6153 -3)
Vocabulary: diplomat
(once / 150 pages)
n
A diplomat is a person who helps people who have differing points of view find common ground. In government, a diplomat is an official who represents his or her country in other nations.
The noun diplomat is related to the word diploma, from the Greek diploun, meaning “to fold double.” A diploma is an official paper — something diplomats carry on behalf of their governments. They know about all sides of an issue, which is helpful in times of conflict. You are a diplomat, if caught between Yankees and Red Sox fans, you get them to talk about hockey instead.
WORD FAMILY
diplomat: diplomacy, diplomats+/ diplomacy: diplomacies, diplomatic, diplomatical, diplomatist/ diplomatic: diplomatically, undiplomatic, undiplomatically/diplomatist: diplomatists
USAGE EXAMPLES
“For the Russians, it’s just putting their foot down,” a foreign diplomat said.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Russian diplomats are expelled by the US president.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Russian diplomats who were expelled by Obama left Washington on Sunday, Russian news agencies reported, citing Russia's embassy.
Reuters(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 外交官; 有外交手腕的人; 善于交际的人; 处事圆滑机敏的人
分布：外交官(99%)，通权达变之人(1%)
【参】diplomatic（adj 外交的；老练的）
noun countable
 IMPROVER (old-fashioned diplomatist)
■an official whose job is to represent one country in another, and who usually works in an embassy （通常指使馆的）外交官
• a Spanish/British diplomat 西班牙／英国外交官
approving
■a person who is skilled at dealing with difficult situations in a way which does not offend people 善于社交的人，会与人打交道的人

Word: boring
Front: boring
[ˈbɔ:rɪŋ] (中高托宝 4915/4124 -K2)
Vocabulary: boring
(once / 1455 pages)
1adj 2n
As an adjective boring describes something (or someone) that is tedious, dull, and lacking in interest. As a noun, boring refers to the act of drilling a hole, or the hole itself.
When a geologist's powerful drill makes a boring into the earth, you can remove a sample and learn about the history of our planet just by seeing what's contained in the boring's layers. Of course, if you aren't interested in that kind of thing, you might find a two-hour lecture on the subject a bit boring.
WORD FAMILY
boring: boringly, boringness, borings+/ bore: bored, borer, bores, boring, counterbore/ bored: boredly, boredom / boredom: boredoms/borer: borers/counterbore: counterbores
USAGE EXAMPLES
Certainly Sherlock avoids the boring cliche of other TV shows where guns are waved around as a threat but never actually fired.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
You'd expect the British embassy to choose something more boring, like Sting...
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
An online humor site panned the four options and urged its readers to vote for what it considered the worst, a boring black-and-white option.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 无聊的，无趣的; 令人厌烦的; 单调的，乏味的
n. 钻孔; 钻屑
v. 令人厌烦(bore的现在分词)
分布：乏味的(70%)，令人厌烦的(30%)
【反】entrancing（adj 使人神魂颠倒的，使人入神的）
US ['bɔ:r.ɪŋ] adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■not interesting or exciting 烦人的；乏味的；无聊的
• She finds opera boring. 她觉得歌剧很乏味。
• It's boring to sit on the plane with nothing to read. 坐在飞机上没东西可读真是无聊。
• a boring lecture 枯燥的讲座
• The film was so boring I fell asleep. 这部电影非常乏味，我都睡着了。
adj. 无聊的；令人厌烦的
 - trying, frivolous
n. [机] 钻孔
 - drilling hole, bouche
v. [机] 钻孔；使厌烦；挖空（bore的ing形式）
 - drilling

Word: sometime
Front: sometime
[ˈsʌmtaɪm] (研四六 4914/7642 -2)
Back: adv. 将来某个时候; 过去某个时候; 改天; 来日
adj. （指某人曾经是…）从前的，一度的; 某一时间的
分布：改天(34%)，来日(25%)，以前的(25%)，某时(16%)
→some,有些，time,时间。
ad.将来(或过去)某个时候a.以前的Somewhere somebody sometimes does something good.在某处某人有时做某些好事.
adverb
■at a time in the future or the past which is not known or not stated （将来或过去的）某个时候
• sometime before June 六月份之前的某个时候
• We really should meet sometime soon to discuss the details. 我们的确应当尽快抽个时间讨论一下细节。
• sometime in the autumn 秋天的某个时候
['sʌm.taɪm] adverb
  Common Learner Errors  sometime or sometimes? Warning: choose the correct adverb! To talk about something that happens on some occasions but not always or often, don't say 'sometime', say sometimes :
✗ Being visited by relatives can sometime be exhausting. Being visited by relatives can sometimes be exhausting.
['sʌm.taɪm] adjective [before noun] formal
■(especially of a job or position) in the past but not any longer （尤指工作或职位）以前的，曾经的
• The enquiry will be headed by Lord Jones, sometime editor of the 'Daily News'. 《每日新闻》的前主编琼斯勋爵将主持这项调查。
some times, some time, sometimes, sometime
some times: 有几次。如：I have been to the Great Wall for some times.(我去 长城有好几次了。)
some time: 一段时间。如：I have been a teacher for some time.(我当老师已有些年头了。)
sometimes: 有时。如：I sometimes play tennis.(我有时打 网球。)
sometime: 某个时候，指过去或将来的不确定时间。如：I will buy a car sometime in the future.(将来我会买车的。)
adj. 以前的；某一时间的
 - previous, ago

Word: summary
Front: summary
[ˈsʌməri] (高研四六雅宝 4917/2708 -K2)
Vocabulary: summary
(once / 472 pages)
adjn
A summary gives a short overview, or the main points, of something longer. She talked for days about the 800-page romantic novel, but her boyfriend's summary was "Girl meets boy, boy meets girl, boy rides horse into sunset, girl meets new boy. The end."
Summary is a noun, and "summery" is an adjective, but they sound alike and both describe something short. A summer feels like a short piece of a long year, and a summary is a short statement about a longer piece. When a long speech or writing needs retelling in a short amount of time, a summary sums up the meaning in much fewer words. Often a book cover has a summary of what's inside, and an introduction has a summary of the main points in a chapter.
WORD FAMILY
summary: summaries, summarily, summarise, summarize +/summarise: summarisation, summarised, summarises, summarising/ summarize: summarization, summarized, summarizes, summarizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Here is a summary of some of the high points, from my perspective.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
In summary: the manager did his job, but was let down by the pesky players.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
British officials said they regarded Mr. Kerry’s speech as a thoughtful summary of longstanding British and European concerns about the direction of Israeli politics.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 摘要，概要; 总结，一览
adj. 概括的，总结的; 即刻的，立即的
分布：摘要(50%)，总结(47%)，概要的(1%)，简略的(1%)，即决的(1%)
→来自 sum,总结，概括，-ary,形容词后缀。
摘要：大纲{summ+ary→内容总和→摘要)[sum,summ=addup,表示"总,加"]
n.摘要,概要a.概括的,简略的The sum of the hammers is made in the summer summary.锤子总额在夏季总结里作了统计.
US [-ɚ-] noun countable (formal summation)
 IMPROVER
■a short clear description that gives the main facts or ideas about something 总结，概要，摘要
• At the end of the news, they often give you a summary of the main news stories. 在新闻结束的时候，他们常常会总结一下主要的新闻内容。
UK ['sʌm.ər.i] US [-ɚ-] adjective [before noun]
■done suddenly, without discussion or legal arrangements （未经讨论或法律程式）立即的，速决的，草率的
• summary arrest/dismissal/execution 立即逮捕／解散／执行
abstract, summary, resume, digest, outline
这组词都有“摘要、概要、概括”的意思，其区别是：
abstract: 指论文、书籍等正文前的内容摘要，尤指学术论文或法律文件的研究提要。
summary: 普通用词，指将书籍或文章等的内容，用寥寥数语作简明扼要的说明。
resume: 源于洁语，与summary极相近，通常可互换使用。
digest: 侧重对原文融汇贯通，重新谋篇布局，以简明扼要的语言，简短篇幅成文，展现原作精华。
outline: 指配以释议文字的提纲。
adj. 简易的；扼要的
 - condensed, terse
n. 概要， [图情] 摘要
 - abstract, brief, resume

Word: missionary
Front: missionary
[ˈmɪʃənri] (研六 4911/6018 -1)
Vocabulary: missionary
(once / 211 pages)
nadj
A missionary is a person whose mission is to go somewhere to help others. In many cases, the goal of a missionary is to teach about a religion so that the people convert to that faith.
Missionary can be a noun — the person who goes on a mission — or an adjective — the type of work done on such a trip. If your great-grandmother was a missionary for the Methodist church in Japan in the 1920’s, her purpose there was to convince people to abandon their religion for Methodism. Presumably she did this missionary work because she thought it would save their souls.
WORD FAMILY
missionary: missionaries+/ mission: missional, missionary, missioner, missions/missional: missionally/missioner: missioners
USAGE EXAMPLES
Counselors gather in New Northside Missionary Baptist Church and three other churches on Tuesday nights, hosting drop-in hours for those on the edge of violence.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
They include Hawaiian royalty, Inuit children, Aboriginal diplomats, a Native American missionary and Pocahontas herself.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
And the Mormon Church needs an Indian born missionary force.
BBC(Dec 26, 2016)
Back: n. 传教士; 宣传者
adj. 传教（士）的
分布：传教士(88%)，传教的(12%)
→来自mission,使命。即有使命的人，用于指传教士。
传道的n.教士(mission使命＋ary→［传教］使命的)[Miss,mit=send,cast,表示"送,放出"]
传教士(mission宗教使命)[-ary 1.表形容词"…的"2.表名词"人,场所,物"]
a.教会的,传教(士)的n.传教士The missionary transmitted emission emitted lately.传教士传播了新近散发出来的散发物.
US [-er.i] noun countable
■a person who has been sent to a foreign country to teach their religion to the people who live there 传教士
• He did missionary work for the Presbyterian Church in Alaska. 他曾在阿拉斯加为基督长老教会做传教工作。
n. 传教士
 - Boanerges, preacher

Word: epidemic
Front: epidemic
[ˌepɪˈdemɪk] (研六托雅宝 4919/7094 -2)
Vocabulary: epidemic
(once / 1092 pages)
nadj
An epidemic is a disease that spreads rapidly among many people in a community at the same time. In the 1980s, the fast-spreading AIDS epidemic transformed life on our planet.
Epidemic can be used figuratively to refer to something that spreads or grows rapidly: an epidemic of laziness has taken over the tenth grade. This word is from French épidémique, ultimately from Greek epidēmia "staying in one place, among the people." The related word pandemic refers to a disease that spreads throughout an entire country or throughout the world.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
endemic / epidemic
Endemic and epidemic are both words that diseases love, but something endemic is found in a certain placeand is ongoing, and epidemic describes a disease that's widespread.
A disease that is endemic is found in a certain geographic region or in a specific race of people. Malaria is endemic to parts of Africa because it's hot and skeeters love it. Tay-Sachs is a genetic disease endemic to Jews and French Canadians. On the brighter side, a plant or animal can also be described as endemic to a region. If it's in the system, it's endemic:
Many relief workers who came to Haiti lived in South Asia, where cholera was endemic. (New York Times)
Catalina endemic plants are species that occur naturally on Catalina Island and nowhere else in the world. (Catalina Island Conservancy)
Epidemic describes a disease that is widespread, affecting an "atypically large number of individuals within a population, community, or region at the same time," according to the Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary. The disease, however eventually subsides. Here are some epidemics:
The Sunshine Coast is in the midst of a whooping cough epidemic with an average of three new cases presenting every day this year. (Sunshine Coast Daily)
But we're still talking about a huge epidemic in this country where more than half a million babies are born each year preterm. (Time)
An endemic disease is restricted to a place, as with malaria, or a people, as with Tay-Sachs. An epidemic disease may happen in a specific place, but it can spread beyond that place, as with asthma or AIDS.
WORD FAMILY
epidemic: epidemically, epidemics
USAGE EXAMPLES
"While these sweet treats might be well meaning, they are also contributing to the current obesity epidemic and poor oral health," he added.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
“This epidemic hits everybody, and I think my situation exemplifies that.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Meanwhile, the nation is in the grip of a worsening heroin epidemic.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 流行病; 迅速的传播、生长或发展; 风尚等的流行
adj. 流行性的; 极为盛行的
分布：流行病(52%)，传染病(28%)，流行的(18%)，传染性的(2%)
→epi-, 在上，在中。-demo, 人民，词源同demotic, democracy.
[epi-在...之间,dem人民,-ic...的;"流行于人民之中的"→]流行的,传染的;流行病,时疫[popul-人民;dem(o)人民]
流行性的(epi+dem人民＋ic→在人民周围→流行的)[epi-表示"在…上,在...周围,在...后面"]
流行的;传染性的(epi在...周围+dem+ic→在人们周围→流行的)[dem(o)=people,表示"人民,人们"]
a.流行性的;传染的n.流行病;传播Violence is reaching epidemic levels.暴力达到了流行的程度.
【记】epi在…外，dem人民－在一群人之外－流行性的e出，pi，dem＝dam大坝：出门在大坝上方便－底下的人容易被疾病传染－传染性的，流行性的
【参】endemic（n 地方病；adj 地方性的）
noun
DISEASE 疾病
countable
■the appearance of a particular disease in a large number of people at the same time （疾病的）流行，传染
• a flu/AIDS epidemic 流感的传播／爱滋病的流行
[ˌep.ɪ'dem.ɪk] noun
PROBLEM 问题
countable usually singular
■a particular problem that seriously affects many people at the same time 泛滥；蔓延
• a crime/unemployment epidemic 犯罪频发／大范围失业
[ˌep.ɪ'dem.ɪk] adjective
■happening a lot and affecting many people 流行的；盛行的；肆虐的
• Poverty in this country has reached epidemic proportions. 这个国家很多人处于贫困之中。
• Crime and poverty are epidemic in the city. 犯罪和贫穷如瘟疫一般在这个城市肆虐。
disaster, dilemma, collapse, epidemic
disaster: 灾难
dilemma: 窘境，困境
collapse: 崩溃
epidemic: 流行病
adj. [医] 流行的；传染性的
 - popular, fashionable, going, ruling, pop
n. 传染病；流行病；风尚等的流行
 - infection, infectious disease

Word: fatal
Front: fatal
[ˈfeɪtl] (研四六托雅宝 4921/4463 -2)
Vocabulary: fatal
(once / 148 pages)
1adj 2adj
The adjective fatal describes something that is capable of causing death. Certain cleaning products, for instance, are labeled, “Could be fatal if swallowed.” Here's a helpful suggestion: don't swallow them.
Can you hear the word fate in fatal? In ancient times, people believed that the future was determined by a force called fate, and in the 14th century, the French used the word fatal to describe anything that fate had decreed, including death. By the next century the word had evolved to mean something that specifically causes death. Today the term is used more loosely. If your friend makes a fatal mistake on the tennis court, it doesn't mean that he'll literally die, just that he'll lose the game.
WORD FAMILY
fatal: fataler, fatalest, fatalism, fatality, fatally, nonfatal+/ fatalism: fatalisms, fatalist, fatalistic / fatalist: fatalists/ fatalistic: fatalistically/ fatality: fatalities/nonfatal: nonfatally
USAGE EXAMPLES
In Iowa, fatal crashes involving alcohol or drugs increased 27 percent between 2011 and 2015, while overall fatal traffic accidents fell.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In the ensuing brawl, a 26-year-old cook in the restaurant used his knife to deliver two fatal stabs to Daniel.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Detectives were investigating the fatal crash that occurred Sunday night.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 致命的，攸关的; 毁灭性的，严重的; 命中注定的; 重大的
分布：致命的(93%)，毁灭性的(6%)，决定性的(1%)
→来自fate, 命运。
a.致命的,毁灭性的The fateful up-to-date data of the gate have a fatal error.大门的决定性最新数据有一个致命错误.
【记】fat＝fate（n 命运；运气vt 注定）
【参】fatality（n 命运决定的事物；不幸；天命）
US [-tˌəl] adjective
 ADVANCED
■A fatal illness or accident, etc. causes death 致命的
• This illness is fatal in almost all cases. 这种病几乎是不治之症。
• the fatal shooting of an unarmed 15-year-old 对手无寸铁的15岁少年的致命枪击
 ADVANCED
■very serious and having an important bad effect in the future 灾难性的；毁灭性的
• He made the fatal mistake/error of believing what they told him. 他听信了他们的话，犯了灾难性的错误。
• It just shows how you should never say how well things are going for you - it's fatal (= it causes bad things to happen). 这件事恰恰说明你决不能说事情进展很顺利——这么讲会带来大麻烦。
mortal, fatal, lethal, deadly
这组词都有“致命的”的意思，其区别是：
mortal: 语气强，指导致死亡的直接原因。
fatal: 正式用词，强调死亡的不可避免性，多用于指伤或疾病等。
lethal: 指由于某物本身具有致命的性能。
deadly: 指能致命或实际已致命的事物，也可指企图致死他人的人。
adj. [生物] [医] 致命的；重大的；毁灭性的；命中注定的
 - important, significant, great, fell, kill

Word: trim
Front: trim
[trɪm] (研四六托雅宝 4920/5969 -2)
Back: vt. 修剪; 整理; 装饰
adj. 整齐的，整洁的; 修长的; 苗条的
n. 整齐; 修剪; 健康状态; 装束
vi. 削减
时态：trimmed, trimming, trims
分布：修剪(35%)，装饰(32%)，削减(21%)，整齐(7%)，整洁的(3%)，匀称的(1%)，调整帆以适应风向(1%)
→来自古英语 trymian,使整齐，安排，加强，来自 Proto-Germanic*trum,坚固的，固定的，deru, 稳定的，稳固的，词源同 tree,true.引申词义修剪树枝，修整，装饰等。
a.整齐的,整洁的v./n.整理,修整,装饰With a dim triumph, she trims the swimming-suit rim at the swimming-pool brim.她带着暗淡的喜悦在泳池边整理泳装的边缘.
verb transitive (-mm-)
CUT 剪
■to make something tidier or more level by cutting a small amount off it 修剪，修整
• to trim the hedge 修剪树篱
• My hair needs trimming. 我的头发需要剪一剪。
• Trim off the leafy ends of the vegetable before cooking. 烹饪之前，去掉菜多叶的一端。
[trɪm] verb transitive (-mm-)
REDUCE 减少
■to reduce the amount or size of something 消减，减少
• They're trying to trim their costs, so staff who leave are not being replaced. 他们正试图降低成本，所以没有安排填补离职员工的空缺。
[trɪm] adjective (trimmer, trimmest)
THIN 瘦的 approving
■thin in an attractive and healthy way 苗条的
• You're looking very trim - have you lost weight? 你看起来很苗条——你减肥了吗？
[trɪm] adjective (trimmer, trimmest)
TIDY 整齐的
■tidy and well-ordered 整齐的
• trim lawns and neat flower beds 平整的草坪和整洁的花坛
[trɪm] noun
CUT 剪
only singular
■when you make something, especially someone's hair, tidier or more level by cutting a small amount off it 修剪，修整
• I asked the hairdresser for a trim. 我请理发师给我修剪一下头发。
• Just give the ends a trim, please. 请把梢修一修就行。
[trɪm] noun
MATERIAL 材料
countable or uncountable
■ trimming
[trɪm] noun
PREPARED 准备好的
in trim informal
■physically prepared and ready, or in good condition 身体状况好；状态好
• Are you in trim for the run on Sunday? 星期天的赛跑你准备好了吗？
orderly, tidy, neat, trim
这组词都有“整齐的，整洁的”的意思，其区别是：
orderly: 语义比上述几个词强，最常用。指把复杂细微的东西按其内在联系安排整齐，侧重井井有条。
tidy: 侧重整齐，井然有序。
neat: 指人或物外表既清洁又整齐。
trim: 着重因线条清晰、比例匀称而使外观呈现出紧凑和精确、美观。
vt. 修剪；整理；装点
 - shear, arrange, crop
vi. 削减
 - cut to the bone, cut down to
n. 修剪；整齐；情形
 - status, shear, regularity
adj. 整齐的
 - ordered, regular, straight, soigne

Word: warehouse
Front: warehouse
[ˈweəhaʊs] (高研六托雅宝 4922/4490 -2)
Vocabulary: warehouse
(once / 841 pages)
nv
A warehouse is a place where a company stores things they are going to sell. If you order a book online, it is almost certainly shipped from a warehouse to your house.
When a business has to store a lot of items, they often use a warehouse, or a large building, to keep them safe and organized until they're sold or made into a finished product. You can use the word warehouse as a verb, too: "I need to warehouse all these roller skates, because they're not selling as fast as I'd hoped." Warehouse combines ware, or "manufactured goods," and house. In other words, it's a place to house your wares.
WORD FAMILY
warehouse: warehoused, warehouser, warehouses, warehousing+/warehouser: warehousers
USAGE EXAMPLES
These days it’s populated mainly by seagulls, boarded-up barracks, some art studios and old warehouses, but officials hope the museum triggers its transformation.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
King Spa opened here in 2003 in a converted warehouse and office building.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The bridge's two towers were built of Cornish granite and originally designed as five-storey warehouses.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 仓库，货栈; 批发商店; 福利库
vt. 把…放入或存入仓库; 把…存入保税仓库; 不良安置
时态：warehoused, warehousing, warehouses
分布：仓库(99%)，存入仓库(1%)
→ware,物品，house,屋子。即仓库。
n.仓库,货栈The warehouse is infested with rats.这个仓库里老鼠横行.
US ['wer-] UK (US storehouse)
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a large building for storing things before they are sold, used or sent out to shops, or a large shop selling a large number of a particular product at a cheap rate 货仓，仓库批发店；大型零售商店
• The goods have been sitting in a warehouse for months because a strike has prevented distribution. 因为罢工无法发货，货物已经堆在仓库里好几个月了。
• We bought both sofas from a big furniture warehouse that's just off the motorway. 这两张沙发都是我们在高速公路旁的一家大型家俱店里买的。
n. [建] [经] 仓库； [贸易] 货栈；大商店
 - stockroom, godown

Word: accelerate
Front: accelerate
[əkˈseləreɪt] (高研四六托雅宝 4925/5328 -2)
Vocabulary: accelerate
(once / 648 pages)
v
Accelerate means to speed up. A car accelerates when you step on the gas. You can accelerate the process of getting a visa if you happen to know someone who works in the consulate.
The fastest Amtrak trains are called the Acela line, a made-up word intended to suggest accelerate and therefore communicate that these trains are fast. If you are standing close to one when it zooms by, you may find yourself having an accelerated heart rate—they move pretty fast!
WORD FAMILY
accelerate: accelerated, accelerates, accelerating, acceleration, accelerative, accelerator, acceleratory+/ acceleration: accelerations/accelerative: acceleratively/ accelerator: accelerators
USAGE EXAMPLES
Police say Robert Stevens didn’t appear to be impaired by alcohol or drugs, and it wasn’t immediately clear what caused the car to accelerate.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
As travelers stay closer to home, that trend should continue to accelerate.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
The oddity is allowing this nifty little rebuilding project to accelerate and grow in stature.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. （使）加快，（使）增速; 加速，催促; 促进; 速度增加
vi. 加快，加速
时态：accelerated, accelerating, accelerates
分布：加速(97%)，提前(2%)，跳级(1%)
→前缀ac-同ad-.词根celer,加速，见celerity,迅速。
陪伴(ac+company伙伴→陪伴)[ab-,ac-,ad-,af-,ag-,an-,ap-,ar-,as-,at-等加在同辅音字母的词根前,表示"一再"等加强意]
加速器[celer=quick,speed,表示"快,速"]
v.使加速,使增速,促进vi.加快,增加He decided to accelerate his output.他决定增加产量.
【记】来自拉丁语accelerare，ac＝ad到+celerare加急（celer快，迅速）
【参】celerity（n 速度，迅速），decelerate（v 减速）
【反】retard（v 减速）
US [-ɚ.eɪt] verb
 ADVANCED intransitive
■When a vehicle or its driver accelerates, the speed of the vehicle increases （车辆或驾驶者）加速
• I accelerated to overtake the bus. 我加速超过了公车。
Compare decelerate
 ADVANCED intransitive
■If a person or object accelerates, it goes faster. （人或物的行动）加快
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to happen or make something happen sooner or faster （使）加快，（使）增速；促进；提前，（促使）早日发生
• Inflation is likely to accelerate this year, adding further upward pressure on interest rates. 今年通货膨胀可能会加剧，迫使利率持续上升。
• They use special chemicals to accelerate the growth of crops. 他们使用特殊的化学品来刺激农作物生长。
accelerate, hasten, rush, hurry, speed, quicken
这组词都有“加快，使加快”的意思，其区别是：
accelerate: 着重指频率或速率运转加快。
hasten: 指由于事的紧迫性或突然性而加速。
rush: 含义与hurry相近，但显得更仓促更慌乱。
hurry: 指赶紧或匆忙地做某事或催促别人做某事，隐含草率或混乱意味。
speed: 侧重实际的快速行动。
quicken: 普通用词，指增加速度、速率。
vi. 加速；促进；增加
 - improve, increase speed

Word: butterfly
Front: butterfly
[ˈbʌtəflaɪ] (中高研四托雅 4923/5314 -2)
Vocabulary: butterfly
(once / 508 pages)
1nv 2n 3v 4v
A butterfly is a flying insect with a small body and large, often colorful wings. Some gardeners plant specific flowers that attract butterflies.
Butterflies are closely related to moths, which also have wings that are large in proportion to their bodies and antennae. A butterfly is distinctive because of its relatively large size and lovely, patterned wings. After hatching, they start as caterpillars, and eventually build a chrysalis, inside of which they transform into — and emerge as — a butterfly. The origin of butterfly isn't certain, though it may come from some butterflies' pale yellow color.
WORD FAMILY
butterfly: butterflied, butterflies, butterflying
USAGE EXAMPLES
Lenses: The Lenses feature lets people augment their selfies with things like cartoon dog ears, floral hair wreaths and animated butterflies.
New York Times(Nov 30, 2016)
“We have a solid starter wine collection, and we have two Hunt Slonem pink butterfly paintings,” he says.
Wall Street Journal(Nov 29, 2016)
“Insects in Painting” pays delicate, fluttering tribute to two mid-19th-century hanging scrolls, “Butterflies” and “Dragonflies,” while still having some illusion-breaking fun.
Seattle Times(Nov 29, 2016)
Back: n. 蝴蝶; 蝶泳; 轻浮的人; 游手好闲的人
v. 切开摊平
时态：butterflied, butterflying, butterflies
分布：蝴蝶(89%)，蝶泳(10%)，蝶状物(1%)
→butter, 黄油。fly, 昆虫。形容蝴蝶黄油色的翅膀。
n.蝴蝶The button utters in mutter, "The butterfly likes the buttered earthnut/peanut."按钮咕哝着发出声音说:"蝴蝶喜欢涂了奶油的花生."
US ['bʌtˌ.ɚ-] noun countable
INSECT 昆虫
 ADVANCED
■a type of insect with large often brightly coloured wings 蝴蝶
UK ['bʌt.ə.flaɪ] US ['bʌtˌ.ɚ-] noun countable
PERSON 人 disapproving
■a person who is not responsible or serious, and who is likely to change activities easily or only be interested in pleasure 轻浮多变的人；追求享乐的人
• She's such a social butterfly. 她可真是个交际花。
UK ['bʌt.ə.flaɪ] US ['bʌtˌ.ɚ-] noun countable
JEWELLERY 首饰
■the small metal part put on the back of a stud (= piece of jewellery worn in the ear) that keeps it in place 耳环托
UK ['bʌt.ə.flaɪ] US ['bʌtˌ.ɚ-] noun countable
SWIMMING 游泳
[S or U]
■the butterfly stroke 蝶泳
UK ['bʌt.ə.flaɪ] US ['bʌtˌ.ɚ-] noun countable
have butterflies (in your stomach) informal
■to feel very nervous, usually about something you are going to do （通常指对将要做的事）感到非常紧张，觉得很心慌
• I had terrible butterflies before I gave that talk in Venice. 我那次在威尼斯讲话前感到异常紧张。
n. [昆] 蝴蝶；蝶泳；举止轻浮的人；追求享乐的人
 - scalewing, papilio

Word: bronze
Front: bronze
[brɒnz] (研四六托雅 4926/4024 -2)
Back: n. 青铜; 青铜色; 铜牌; 青铜艺术品
adj. 深红棕色的，青铜色的; 青铜制的
vt. 镀青铜于
vi. 变成青铜色，被晒黑
时态：bronzed, bronzing, bronzes
分布：青铜(67%)，铜牌(17%)，青铜色(5%)，青铜色的(4%)，青铜制的(3%)，青铜制品(3%)，使成青铜色(1%)
→词源不确定，可能同brass, 黄铜。
n.青铜;青铜色,古铜色;青铜制品,铜牌It was not the aluminum but the massive brass and bronze on the grass that embarrassed me.让我为难的不是铝而是草地上厚重的黄铜和青铜.
US [brɑ:nz] noun
 ADVANCED uncountable
■a brown metal made of copper and tin 青铜
• The church bells are made of bronze. 教堂大钟是青铜制成的。
 ADVANCED uncountable
■a dark orange-brown colour, like the metal bronze 古铜色，青铜色
countable
■a statue made of bronze 青铜塑像
countable (also bronze ^medal)
■a small round piece of bronze given to a person who finishes third in a competition 铜牌
• He got a bronze in the high jump. 他跳高得了铜牌。
UK [brɒnz] US [brɑ:nz] adjective
■being dark orange-brown in colour, like the metal bronze 古铜色的，青铜色的
n. [材] 青铜；古铜色；青铜制品
 - gunmetal
adj. 青铜色的；青铜制的
 - aeneous

Word: drown
Front: drown
[draʊn] (高研四六雅 4927/4492 -2)
Vocabulary: drown
(once / 206 pages)
v
The verb drown means to die from inhaling water into the lungs and being unable to breathe. It is possible to drown in a small amount of water — even an inch or two in a bathtub.
If you kill people by submerging your victims in liquid (especially water) until it fills their lungs and asphyxiates them, then you drown them. You can drown things in a less literal way as well. If you drink alcoholic beverages to forget your troubles, for example, you can say you're trying to "drown your sorrows." If you're submerged in a tidal wave of school assignments, then you are "drowning in work."
WORD FAMILY
drown: drowned, drowning, drowns
USAGE EXAMPLES
“I was very concerned about it because I really envisioned … panicking and drowning,” he said.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Some said there should be more awareness, but others spoke of the loss of their child to drowning as simply “God’s will”.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
On April 14, four months after a state judge returned the two children to their mother, Rylan drowned in a pond near the mobile home.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vt. 淹死; 浸没; 麻痹某人对…的意识; （一声音）淹没（另一声音）
vi. 淹死
时态：drowned, drowning, drowns
分布：淹死(53%)，淹没(47%)
→来自drench, 湿透，词义进一步恶化，淹死。
v.溺死,淹没At the dawn on the lawn the yawning drowned man began to frown.拂晓时在草坪上,打呵欠的溺水者开始皱眉头.
verb
DIE 死亡
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to (cause to) die by being unable to breathe under water （使）淹死，（使）溺死
• He drowned in a boating accident. 他在一次划船事故中溺水身亡。
• Many animals were drowned by the tidal wave. 许多动物被潮水淹死了。
[draʊn] verb
COVER 覆盖
transitive
■to cover or be covered, especially with a liquid （被）覆盖；（被）淹没，（被）没过
• A whole valley was drowned when the river was dammed. 河水被大坝拦住后，整个山谷都被淹没了。
• disapproving He drowned his food in/with tomato sauce. 他在食物上浇了很多番茄酱。
[draʊn] verb
drown your sorrows
■to drink alcohol in order to forget your problems 借酒浇愁
[draʊn] verb
A drowning man will clutch at a straw. saying
■said about someone who is in a very difficult situation, and who will take any available opportunity to improve it 只要能救命稻草也要抓。
[draʊn] verb
look like a drowned rat informal
■to be very wet, especially because you have been in heavy rain （尤指被雨淋得）像落汤鸡
[draʊn] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  drown in sth
■to have more of something than you are able to deal with 对…应接不暇
• I'm drowning in unpaid bills. 未付的帐单让我喘不过气。
[draʊn] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] drown sth out informal
■If a loud noise drowns out another noise, it prevents it from being heard. （噪音）盖过，淹没
vt. 淹没；把…淹死
 - flood, flow

Word: inherent
Front: inherent
[ɪnˈhɪərənt] (研六托雅 4924/4850 -2)
Vocabulary: inherent
(once / 782 pages)
adj
Use the adjective inherent for qualities that are considered permanent or cannot be separated from an essential character.
We use the adjective inherent to describe attributes that are part of the essential nature of something. It's different from you being tall, rather than being a description, it has to be a quality and this quality is unchangeable. So, for example, if you have never been able to eat spinach, you have an inherent dislike of it.
WORD FAMILY
inherent: inherency, inherently +/inhere: inhered, inherence, inherent, inheres, inhering/inherence: inherences/inherency: inherencies
USAGE EXAMPLES
But until your neurology learns to enjoy those endorphins and the other rewards inherent in exercise, you need to jump-start the process.
New York Times(Oct 18, 2016)
Rather, these tensions are inherent in our country.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
The impact of fatal crocodile attacks arguably lies as much in their inherent horror as their frequency.
The Guardian(Dec 26, 2016)
Back: adj. 固有的，内在的; 天生
分布：固有的(70%)，内在的(30%)
→来自inhere,内在，存在。
天赋的,生来的(in里面+her+ent→天生[与身体内]连着→天赋的)[her,hes=stick,表示"粘附"]
a.固有的,内在的,天生的Thereafter, I adhered to the coherence inherent to the theory.此后,我粘对理论固有的连贯性.
【记】源于inherit（vt 继承；遗传），引申为天生的in里面，here附着：附着在内部－固有的
【参】inheritor（n 继承人）
【反】extrinsic（adj 外在的；外来的）
US [-'hɪr.ənt] adjective
■existing as a natural or basic part of something 内在的；固有的，生来就有的
• There are dangers/risks inherent in almost every sport. 几乎每种运动本身都带有危险／风险。
• I have an inherent distrust of lawyers. 我生来对律师就有种不信任感。
inherent, essential
这组词都有“内在的、本质的”的意思，其区别是：
inherent: 指物体本身固有的、不能与该物体分割的某种特性。
essential: 指决定所属事物存在的关键因素。
adj. 内在的；固有的；与生俱来的
 - internal, native, intrinsic, immanent

Word: praise
Front: praise
[preɪz] (中高研四六托 3719/4285 -K3)
Vocabulary: praise
(once / 84 pages)
nv
Praise means "admiration or approval," and when you're on the receiving end of it, you feel great.
Whether it's used as a verb or a noun, praise means "approval." If you enthusiastically praise your dog, he's likely to wag his tail and expect a treat. What you've given him (in addition to the treat) is praise, the noun. In a religious context, the verb praise is interchangeable with worship, as when a minister says, "Praise God."
WORD FAMILY
praise: dispraise, overpraise, praised, praiseful, praises, praising, self-praise+/dispraise: dispraises/overpraise: overpraised, overpraises, overpraising/praiseful: praisefully/praising: praisingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
It is the same with Trump’s tasteless praise of Putin.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
For all the praise he receives for embracing 21st-century social media, the president-elect seems to understand little about modern technology.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
He praised the project’s managers for completing the first stage of the subway extension on time and on budget.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 赞扬，称赞; 崇拜; 赞词
v. 赞扬，赞美; 歌颂; 崇拜
时态：praised, praising, praises
分布：赞美(53%)，称赞(37%)，崇拜(10%)
→来自古法语prisier,称赞，赞美，评估，来自拉丁语preciare,估价，词源同price,appreciate.
v.赞扬,歌颂;表扬n.称赞,赞美;赞美的话The rising risk arises from the surprised fund raiser's praise of the appraisal.上升的风险起因于受惊的资金聚集者对评估的赞美.
【反】fulmination（n 大声斥责）；vituperate（v 谩骂）；excoriate（v 批判）
verb transitive
SHOW APPROVAL 表示赞成
 IMPROVER
■to express admiration or approval about the achievements or characteristics of a person or thing 赞扬，表扬
• He should be praised for his honesty. 他应该因为诚实而获得表扬。
• My parents always praised me when I did well at school. 我在学校里表现好时父母总是夸奖我。
• He was highly praised for his research on heart disease. 他因在心脏病方面的研究而受到高度赞扬。
[preɪz] verb transitive
GOD 神
■to honour, worship and express admiration for a god 赞颂，赞美（神）
• They sang hymns praising God. 他们唱颂歌来赞颂上帝。
[preɪz] noun uncountable
APPROVAL 赞扬
 ADVANCED
■when you say or show your admiration and approval for someone or something 赞扬，表扬
• They deserve praise for all their hard work. 他们如此辛苦地工作，理应受到表扬。
• His economic policies have won widespread praise for reducing government debt. 他的经济政策因减轻了政府的债务而受到广泛赞扬。
• Praise from Adrian is (high) praise indeed (= Praise from Adrian is particularly special because he rarely praises anyone). 能得到阿德里安的赞美可真是不容易。
[preɪz] noun uncountable
GOD 神 formal
■expression of respect and worship to a god 赞美，赞颂
• As we give praise to God, let us remember those who are less fortunate than ourselves. 在我们赞颂上帝时，让我们缅怀那些没我们幸运的人。
praise, applaud, commend, compliment
这些动词均有“赞扬、表扬、称赞”之意。
praise: 普通用词，指用语言或其它方式表示夸奖、赞扬。
applaud: 指出色的表演或高尚的行为等得到同声赞许、大声叫好或热烈鼓掌。
commend: 正式用词，指对具体功绩或成就等表示称赞或嘉奖。
compliment: 侧重客气和礼貌，有时含恭维之意。
applaud, clap, praise, commend
applaud: v.鼓掌，赞扬，指因精湛表演或某种行为得到别人的赞许，大声叫好或热烈鼓掌。
 • The boss applauded my efforts by praising my work.   老板表扬了我的工作，对我的努力表示赞许。
clap: v.拍打，其用法是clap one's hand=applaud,不能说applaud one's hands。
 • clap sb.   为某人鼓掌，clap sth.拍打某物
praise: v.为一般用词，用于对某人的优秀品质表示钦佩羡慕；赞颂，赞美。
 • A supervisor praised the employee for her good work.   一位主管称赞这位员工的工作做得不错。
 • Survivors of the crash praised God for saving them.   坠机事件的幸存者赞颂上帝使他们得救。
commend: v.为正式用词，用于对具体功绩或成就表示嘉奖，通常指上级对下级、长辈对晚辈的赞赏。
 • The teacher commended the student for doing well on the exam.   老师表扬学生们的考试成绩优异。
n. 赞扬；称赞；荣耀；崇拜
 - worship, favoring and praising
vt. 赞美，歌颂；表扬
 - celebrate, bless, admire
vi. 赞美；赞扬
 - speak highly of, talk up

Word: nationwide
Front: nationwide
[ˌneɪʃnˈwaɪd] (高托 4929/7933 -2)
Vocabulary: nationwide
(once / 1215 pages)
adjadv
Something nationwide refers to or covers the whole country. A nationwide shortage of wheat would affect everyone in every single state.
A gossipy news story about a presidential candidate might cause a nationwide scandal, if everyone in the whole country were talking about it. And if a drought seemed to be spreading nationwide, farmers from Maine to California would start to worry about that year's crops. Nationwide combines nation, from the Latin nationem, "origin" or "race of people," and wide, from its "extending through the whole of" meaning.
WORD FAMILY
nationwide
USAGE EXAMPLES
"Please be advised, @CustomsBorder outage is nationwide. They are working to restore. Thanks for your patience," Miami International Airport said on its Twitter feed.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Dahlin’s first project was a report denouncing the existence of an illegal nationwide network of secret detention facilities called “black jails”.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
A little over a month ago, Braxton told his parents he wanted to donate Legos to the other children at Nationwide.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 全国范围的; 全国性的
adv. 在全国范围内; 就全国而论
分布：全国性的(59%)，在全国范围内(41%)
adjective
 ADVANCED
■existing or happening in all parts of a particular country 全国性的，全国范围的
• a nationwide network/chain of shops 全国性网路／连锁商店
• a nationwide survey/referendum 全国性调查／全民公决
adj. 全国范围的；全国性的
 - countrywide

Word: spit
Front: spit
[spɪt] (高研四六雅 4932/5395 -2)
Back: vt. 吐，吐出
n. 唾沫; 口水; 烤肉叉
vi. 吐痰，吐口水; 发出劈啪声
时态：spat, spitting, spits
分布：吐出(49%)，吐口水(15%)，唾液(12%)，烤肉叉(9%)，下小雨(7%)，彻底的擦洗(3%)，厉声说出(1%)，酷似(1%)，小雨(1%)，彻底地擦洗设备(1%)，用烤肉叉叉住(1%)
→来自拟声词根辅音丛 sp-,吐，喷出，比较 spate,spew,spit,spout,sputter.spit 烤肉扦
v.吐(唾沫),吐痰n.唾液No spitting!不准随地吐痰!
verb (spitting, spat or US ALSO spit, spat or US ALSO spit)
FORCE OUT 用力弄出
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to force out the contents of the mouth, especially saliva 唾，吐（尤指唾液）
• Bob Ewell spat contemptuously right in the lawyer's face. 鲍勃‧尤厄尔轻蔑地朝律师脸上吐了口唾沫。
• He spat the meat out in disgust. 他厌恶地把肉吐了出来。
• They bought watermelons and ate them as they walked, spitting out the seeds. 他们买了西瓜，边走边吃，一路吐着西瓜籽。
intransitive or transitive literary
■to say or shout words quickly and angrily 怒斥，厉声说出
• [+ speech] 'Get out!' she spat, when Ace appeared in the doorway. 埃斯出现在门口时，她厉声说道，“出去！”
intransitive
■If something hot, such as a fire, spits, it produces short sharp noises and throws out little pieces. （炉火等）劈啪作响，爆出火花
[spɪt] verb (spitting, spat or US ALSO spit, spat or US ALSO spit)
RAIN 下雨
intransitive informal
■to rain very slightly 飘小雨；下毛毛细雨
• If it 's only spitting (with rain) , perhaps we don't need waterproofs. 如果只是一点毛毛细雨，也许我们不用穿雨衣。
[spɪt] verb (spitting, spat or US ALSO spit, spat or US ALSO spit)
be the spitting image of sb (also be the spit and (image) of sb)
■to look extremely similar to someone 和…极为相似
• Josie is the spitting image of her granny at the same age. 乔茜和她奶奶当年长得一模一样。
• The old man was the (dead) spit of Winston Churchill. 那位老人和温斯顿‧邱吉尔长得简直一模一样。
[spɪt] verb (spitting, spat or US ALSO spit, spat or US ALSO spit)
in/within spitting distance informal
■If something is in or within spitting distance, it is very close 非常近；一步之遥
• The house is within spitting distance of the sea. 这栋房子就在海边。
[spɪt] verb (spitting, spat or US ALSO spit, spat or US ALSO spit)
spit blood/venom (US also spit nails) (Australian also spit tacks)
■to speak in an angry way, or to show anger 怒气冲天（地说）；咬牙切齿（地说）
• I thought he was going to spit blood when he saw what had happened. 我想等他看到发生了甚么事时，一定会破口大骂。
[spɪt] verb (spitting, spat or US ALSO spit, spat or US ALSO spit)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] spit sth out
■to say something quickly and angrily 厉声说出
• He spat out an insult and marched out of the room. 他一边大步走出房间，一边骂了句脏话。
Spit it out! informal
■used to tell someone to start speaking or to speak more quickly, when they are unwilling to speak or are speaking slowly 有甚么尽管说出来！爽快点吧！
• Come on, spit it out, who told you about this? 说吧，爽快点，是谁告诉你这事的？
[spɪt] noun
STICK 叉
countable
■a long, thin, metal stick put through a piece of food, especially meat, so that it can be cooked above a fire （用于烧烤食物的）炙叉；（尤指）烤肉叉，烤肉针
• Roast the lamb on a spit. 把羊肉叉在烤肉叉上烤。
[spɪt] noun
LAND 陆地
countable
■a long, thin, flat beach which goes out into the sea 岬；沙嘴
[spɪt] noun
FROM MOUTH 从口内
uncountable (formal spittle) (Australian informal slag) informal
■ saliva , especially when it is outside the mouth （尤指吐出的）唾液，口水
• She used a little spit on a tissue to wipe the mirror clean. 她在纸巾上吐了点口水，把镜子擦拭干净。
[spɪt] noun
spit and polish informal
■careful cleaning and shining 仔细的清洁擦洗
• The car needs some spit and polish. 这辆汽车需要好好擦洗一下。
vi. 吐痰；吐口水；发出劈啪声
 - golly
vt. 吐，吐出；发出；发射
 - release, project, let go
n. 唾液
 - saliva, slabber

Word: kneel
Front: kneel
[ni:l] (研四六 4938/5449 -1)
Vocabulary: kneel
(once / 193 pages)
vn
When you kneel, you rest your bent knees on the ground. People kneel to pray, to work in the garden, and to do yoga.
Kids often kneel on the living room rug to play, and adults kneel to tie a child's shoelaces, to vacuum under the sofa, to play with a puppy, to exercise, and for many other reasons. A great thing about the word kneel is that its meaning is easy to see — the word knee is obvious when you look at it. The Old English root word, cnēowlian, simply means kneel, and it comes from cnēow, or "knee."
WORD FAMILY
kneel: kneeled, kneeler, kneeling, kneels, knelt+/kneeler: kneelers/kneeling: kneelings
USAGE EXAMPLES
The sergeant put on latex gloves, knelt and asked his name.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
He kneeled on it, hands on his thighs, looking around.
The New Yorker(Dec 21, 2016)
Mr. Mattaliano knelt at the gravestone and sprinkled the small bag of Irish soil in front of it.
New York Times(Dec 20, 2016)
Back: vi. 跪，下跪
时态：knelt, kneeling, kneels
分布：跪(100%)
→来自古英语cneowlian,下跪，跪下，来自knee,膝，-le,工具格后缀。
v.跪,下跪The feeble man feels an ache on his heels and knees when he kneels on the steel steering wheel.当虚弱男子跪在钢舵轮上时他的脚跟和双膝感到疼痛.
[ni:l] (knelt or kneeled, knelt or kneeled)
verb intransitive ADVANCED
■to go down into, or stay in, a position where one or both knees are on the ground 跪（下）
• She knelt (down) beside the child. 她在孩子身旁跪下。
• He knelt in front of the altar and prayed. 他跪在圣坛前祈祷。
vi. 跪下，跪
 - drop to one's knees, go down on one's knees

Word: vacuum
Front: vacuum
[ˈvækjuəm] (研四六托雅 4930/5526 -2)
Vocabulary: vacuum
(once / 1371 pages)
nv
A vacuum is essentially a great lack of something — a place where virtually all matter, even air, has been removed. It can describe something that's literally empty — or something that just seems that way, like a political vacuum.
You probably have a vacuum at home. A humble household appliance named after a principle of physics, the vacuum is a device for sucking up dirt off the ground. It works by creating a vacuum — that is, it sucks all the air out of a particular place so that the surrounding atmospheric pressure will flood in, taking with it all the nacho chips, dog hair, toast crumbs, and whatever else you have lying around your house.
WORD FAMILY
vacuum: vacua, vacuumed, vacuuming, vacuums
USAGE EXAMPLES
Another is Unibot, a robotic vacuum cleaner that trebles up as a mobile home security camera and an air purifier/humidifier.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
“ISIL thrived in a vacuum in Iraq and it pointed to a similar vacuum in Afghanistan,” Mr. Rhodes said.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
A contractor used vacuum trucks to begin cleaning the creek.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 真空; 空白; 空虚; 清洁
v. 用真空吸尘器清扫
时态：vacuumed, vacuuming, vacuums
分布：真空(85%)，真空吸尘器(12%)，空白(2%)，用吸尘器打扫(1%)
→词源同vacant,空着的，用于指真空。
空虚;真空(vac+uum表名词)[vac,van,void=empty表示"空"]
n.真空,真空吸尘器A vacuum flask keeps cool drinks cool and hot drinks hot.保温瓶使冷饮保冷,使热饮保温.
【记】vac空，uum：真空
noun
CLEANER
countable (also vacuum cleaner) (informal vac) (UK also trademark Hoover)
■a machine which cleans floors and other surfaces by sucking up dust and dirt 真空吸尘器
['væk.ju:m] noun
EMPTY SPACE 空间
countable or uncountable
■a space from which most or all of the air, gas or other material has been removed or is not present 真空
only singular
■a lack of something 缺乏，空白
• The withdrawal of troops from the area has created a security vacuum which will need to be filled. 部队撤军之后，那个地区出现了一个有待填补的安全性漏洞。
in a vacuum
■kept separate from other people and activities 似在真空中；与世隔绝
• No artist works in a vacuum - we are all of us influenced by others. 没有哪个艺术工作者可以脱离现实——我们都受到他人的影响。
['væk.ju:m] verb intransitive or transitive (UK also hoover)
■to use a vacuum cleaner to collect dust, dirt, etc 用吸尘器清扫
• Vacuum (up) the cake crumbs, would you? 请用吸尘器把蛋糕屑清理掉，好吗？
n. [真空] 真空；空间；真空吸尘器
 - room, gamma space

Word: selected
Front: selected
[sɪ'lektɪd] (4931/4591)
Vocabulary: selected
(once / 202 pages)
adj
Anything selected has been picked. A selected prize has been chosen instead of other prizes.
To select is to pick something. When you shop, you make lots of selections. Something selected has been consciously chosen instead of other things. A selected duty is one an employee chooses to do, not one they're ordered to do. A selected penalty is one that is picked, not forced on someone. In a sports draft, the #1 pick is a selected player who was picked before everyone else.
WORD FAMILY
selected: unselected+/ select: selected, selectest, selecting, selection, selective, selectly, selector, selects/ selection: selections/ selective: selectively, selectivity, unselective/selector: selectors/unselective: unselectively
USAGE EXAMPLES
He was selected in the first round, sixth overall by the New York Rangers at the 2004 draft.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Saints drafted Bush with the No. 2 overall pick, and he remains the last running back to be selected so high.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Eight goals were selected for a public vote with Mkhitaryan's effort - also against Sunderland, on 26 December - notching up 39.9%.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 经由选择的，挑选的
v. 选择，挑选( select的过去式和过去分词 )
分布：选定的(96%)，动词select的过去式和过去分词.(4%)
VERB
选择;挑选;选拔
If you select something, you choose it from a number of things of the same kind.
例：Voters are selecting candidates for both US Senate seats and for 52 congressional seats...选民正在为美国参议院议席和 52 个众议院议席挑选候选人。
例：With a difficult tee shot, select a club which will keep you short of the trouble...开球难度较大时，选一根好使的高尔夫球杆。
VERB
(在屏幕上)选定(某文件或某段文本以作特别处理)
If you select a file or a piece of text on a computer screen, you click on it so that it is marked in a different colour, usually in order for you to give the computer an instruction relating to that file or piece of text.
例：I selected a file and pressed the Delete key.我选定了一个文件，按下了删除键。
ADJ-GRADED
精选的;作为…精华的;优等的
A select group is a small group of some of the best people or things of their kind.
例：He was one of the small select group assembled by Penney, at the High Explosive Research centre.他是彭尼在烈性炸药研究中心召集的精英小组的一员。
例：...a select group of French cheeses...一组精选的法国奶酪
ADJ-GRADED
第一流的;只为富人(或上层人士)而设的;高级的
If you describe something as select, you mean it has many desirable features, but is available only to people who have a lot of money or who belong to a high social class.
例：Christian Lacroix is throwing a very lavish and very select party.克里斯汀·拉克鲁瓦正在举办一个非常豪华的上流聚会。
例：...a meeting of a very select club.富人俱乐部的聚会
adj. 挑选出来的
 - chosen

Word: dictate
Front: dictate
[dɪkˈteɪt] (研四六托雅宝 4933/4665 -2)
Vocabulary: dictate
(once / 208 pages)
nv
When you dictate something, you are giving orders — acting a bit like a dictator.
Dictate can also be used in a broader sense. Weather often dictates how many layers of clothes you wear, and the school rules dictate how you behave in and out of class. In a very different meaning, dictate means to say something out loud to a person or into a machine so it can be recorded. Up until fairly recently, bosses dictated letters and reports to secretaries who wrote them down.
WORD FAMILY
dictate: dictated, dictates, dictating, dictation, dictator +/ dictation: dictations/ dictator: dictatorial, dictators, dictatorship /dictatorial: dictatorially/ dictatorship: dictatorships
USAGE EXAMPLES
Geneva 1 dictates that there should be a governing body with full authority of the president, according to the Syrian constitution.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
The spokesman spoke anonymously as dictated by agency policy.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
My left hand dictates the steering wheel, while my right hand is clasped to Becca’s manicured fingers.
Salon(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: vt. 口述; 命令，指示; 使听写; 控制，支配
vi. 口述; 命令
时态：dictated, dictating, dictates
分布：规定(37%)，口授(24%)，听写(16%)，指挥(13%)，指令(10%)
→来自词根dict, 说，命令，词源同dictionary.
口授;命令;听写(dict+ate说话→口授,命令)[dict,dic=say,assert,表示"说话,断言"]
v.口授;(使)听写;指令,指示,命令;The teacher dictated to the whole class.老师给全班同学作了听写.
【记】dict讲话，命令；参：abdicate（v 退位；放弃）
【参】dictator（n 独裁者；口授令他人笔录者）；
US [ˈ--]
GIVE ORDERS 下命令
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to give orders, or state something exactly, with total authority 命令，下（令）；决定，规定
• The UN will dictate the terms of troop withdrawal from the region. 联合国将决定军队从该地区撤军的条件。
• [+ question word] He disagrees with the government dictating wh at children are taught in schools. 他不同意由政府来决定孩子在学校学习哪些课程。
• [+ that] The tennis club rules dictate that suitable footwear must be worn on the courts. 网球俱乐部的规则规定上场必须穿适当的运动鞋。
 ADVANCED transitive
■to influence something or make it necessary 影响；决定；要求
• The party's change of policy has been dictated by its need to win back the support of voters. 该党政策上的变化是由于它需要赢回选民的支持。
• [+ that] I wanted to take a year off, but my financial situation dictated that I got a job. 我想休息一年，但我的经济状况迫使我必须工作。
verb UK [dɪkˈteɪt] US [ˈ--]
SPEAK 说
intransitive or transitive
■to speak something aloud for a person or machine to record the words said, so that they can be written down 口述，口授
• I dictated my order over the phone. 我透过电话口述了命令。
• She spent the morning dictating letters to her secretary. 她花了一上午的时间向秘书口述信件。
verb UK [dɪkˈteɪt] US [ˈ--]
  Phrasal Verbs  dictate to sb
■to tell someone what to do 告诉（某人）怎么做，指挥（某人）
• The President is so powerful that he is able to dictate to the government. 总统的权力很大，他能够指挥政府。
• I will not be dictated to like that! 我不愿意那样受人摆布！
noun countable usually plural /ˈdɪk.teɪt/ formal
■an order which should be obeyed, often one which you give to yourself 命令；（对自身的）要求
• the dictates of conscience/common sense 良心／情理的驱使
Compare diktat
vt. 命令；口述；使听写
 - require, order, command
n. 命令；指示
 - instruction, order, bidding, telling, word

Word: stereotype
Front: stereotype
[ˈsteriətaɪp] (研六托雅宝 4936/7958 -2)
Vocabulary: stereotype
(once / 1880 pages)
nv
A stereotype is a preconceived notion, especially about a group of people. Many stereotypes are racist, sexist, or homophobic.
Have you ever heard someone say Irish people are all drunks, or African-American people are always late, or women are bad drivers? Those are stereotypes: commonly held ideas about specific groups. You most often hear about negative stereotypes, but some are positive. For example, there's a stereotype that Asian people do better in school. One of many problems with any stereotype is that even if it's true in some cases, it's certainly not true in all cases.
WORD FAMILY
stereotype: stereotyped, stereotypes, stereotypic, stereotypical, stereotyping+/ stereotypical: stereotypically
USAGE EXAMPLES
Or, “Do you realize what a stereotype that is?”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
I wrote about Asian Americans fighting to be seen and treated as whole people and fully American, rather than as stereotypes.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But Williams told the judge last week the comments must be viewed in the context of racial stereotypes.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 陈规旧习，旧规矩; 固定的形式; 铅版; 铅版制版法，铅板印刷
vt. 使成陈规; 把…浇铸成铅版; 使用铅版; 使固定
时态：stereotyped, stereotyping, stereotypes
分布：典型(34%)，铅版(21%)，模式化观念(15%)，对…形成模式化的看法(10%)，老一套(10%)，使用铅版(10%)
→stereo-,固定的，坚固的，type,印刷，打印。原指一种印刷方法，引申词义刻板印象，模式化 观念等。
n.陈规,老套,模式化vt.使定型,使模式化It's wrong to stereotype people.把人看作都是一样的是错误的.
['ster.i.ə.taɪp] disapproving
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a fixed idea that people have about what someone or something is like, especially an idea that is wrong （尤指错误的）刻板印象，老套俗见，成见
• racial/sexual stereotypes 陈旧的种族偏见／性别成见
• He doesn't conform to/fit/fill the national stereotype of a Frenchman. 他不符合一般人心目中法国人的形象。
• The characters in the book are just stereotypes. 书中的人物毫无新意。
['ster.i.ə.taɪp] disapproving
verb transitive
■to have a fixed idea about what a particular type of person is like, especially an idea that is wrong 对…形成刻板的看法；（尤指）对…有成见
• The study claims that British advertising stereotypes women. 这项研究声称英国的广告对女性抱有成见。
• We tried not to give the children sexually stereotyped toys. 我们尽量不给孩子玩带有性别成见的玩具。
n. 陈腔滥调，老套；铅版
 - truism, conventionality

Word: sensor
Front: sensor
[ˈsensə(r)] (六 4935/10071 -1)
Back: n. 传感器，灵敏元件
分布：传感器(99%)，探测器(1%)
→来自 sense,感觉，知觉，-or,表物。
US [-sɚ] noun countable
■a device which is used to record that something is present or that there are changes in something 感测器
• The security device has a heat sensor which detects the presence of people and animals. 保全装置中有一个热感测器，能探测人和动物的存在。
n. [自] 传感器
 - transducer, SEN

Word: laundry
Front: laundry
[ˈlɔ:ndri] (高研四六托雅 4940/7707 -1)
Vocabulary: laundry
(once / 1770 pages)
n
Laundry refers to the clothes and bedding that you can wash in your washing machine or at the laundromat. Nothing smells quite as good as clean laundry.
When you do your laundry, you wash your dirty clothes, as well as any towels, sheets, and other linens that could use a wash too. A laundry room is the place in an apartment building, business, or dormitory where there are washers and dryers. Sometimes people send their laundry out to a commercial laundry, where they pay someone else to wash their things. Laundry has a Latin root, lavare, "to wash."
WORD FAMILY
laundry: laundries+/ launder: laundered, laundering, launders, laundry /laundering: launderings
USAGE EXAMPLES
It was Don who transformed the establishment into the laundry equivalent of a trendy nightclub’s velvet-roped VIP area.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
“Laundry baskets” of letters arrived for him daily, Leah said.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
He works at a coin-op laundry, while his wife, 49, is a babysitter, a midwife and a nanny.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 洗衣店，洗衣房; 洗好的衣服; 待洗的衣服; 洗熨
分布：洗衣(85%)，洗衣店(12%)，要洗的衣服(3%)
→来自launder,洗熨衣物。
洗衣房(launder洗衣,浆洗)[-ry表名词,通常放在一个完整的单词后面1.表示"状态,性质"2.表示"行业,学科"3.表示集合名词4.表示"场地"]
n.洗衣房(店);待洗衣物,所洗衣物Uncle and aunt launched a laundry with the blunt hunter.伯伯和伯母与直率的猎人创办了一家洗衣店.
【记】以dry结尾，衣服洗完以后需要dry一下。
US ['lɑ:n-] noun
uncountable
■the dirty clothes and sheets which need to be, are being or have been washed 待洗（或正在洗涤、洗完）的衣物
• I've got to do (= wash) my laundry. 我要把衣服洗了。
countable
■a business which washes clothes, sheets, etc. for customers 洗衣店
UK ['lɔ:n.dri] US ['lɑ:n-] noun
a laundry list mainly US
■a long list of subjects 长篇的罗列
• It wasn't much of a speech - just a laundry list of accusations against the government. 这不算是演讲，只是在将一连串对政府的控诉罗列出来。
n. [贸易] 洗衣店，洗衣房；要洗的衣服；洗熨；洗好的衣服
 - cleaners, loundry

Word: manual
Front: manual
[ˈmænjuəl] (研四六托雅 4937/4380 -2)
Vocabulary: manual
(once / 591 pages)
adjn
Something manual is operated by human hands. Before Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin, picking cotton was a manual job. Nowadays, farmers might need to read a manual to know how to operate a cotton gin.
The word manual comes from Latin root words meaning "of the hand," and the adjective form of the word still maintains that meaning — "by hand or of the hands." The adjective definition is also extended a bit to mean something done by hand and not machine, and the implication is usually that it is physical work. As a noun, manual means "an instruction booklet or handbook."
WORD FAMILY
manual: bimanual, manually, manuals
USAGE EXAMPLES
The plot is only a little bit of what matters in a Manual Cinema show; the performers are entrancing merely doing what they do.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“Torture and cruel, inhuman, and degrading treatment is never a morally permissible option, even if lives depend on gaining information,” the manual said.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It’s page one of the showbiz manual but he put both in.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 用手的; 手制的，手工的; [法]占有的; 体力的
n. 手册; 指南; [乐]键盘; [军]刀枪操练
分布：手册(80%)，指南(8%)，手工的(6%)，键盘(3%)，体力的(3%)
→来自拉丁语manus,手，来自man,手，词源同manure,manufacture.即手制造的，手工的，后引申词义手册等。
手工的n。手册(man手+ual)[man,maun=hand,表示"手"]
a.手的,手工做的,体力的n.手册,指南The manufacturer manually manufactured many machines for the manufactory.制造商为工厂手工制造了很多机器.
adjective
 ADVANCED
■done with the hands 用手做的；手工的
• the manual sorting of letters 人工分拣信件
• She tried to cure the pain in my knee by putting manual pressure on the joint. 她尝试用手按压我的膝关节来治疗我的膝痛。
 ADVANCED
■describes a machine that is operated with the hands rather than by electricity or a motor （机器）用手操作的，手动的
• He still works on an old manual typewriter. 他还在用一台老式手动打字机。
 ADVANCED
■involving physical work rather than mental work 体力的
• unskilled manual labour 无需技能的体力劳动
• 750 manual workers will lose their jobs as a result of company cutbacks. 750名体力劳动者将因公司裁员而失业。
• Computer-controlled robots are taking over manual jobs in many industries. 在许多行业中，体力工作正逐步由电脑控制的机器人代劳。
['mæn.ju.əl] noun countable
■a book which gives you practical instructions on how to do something or how to use something, such as a machine 使用手册；说明书；指南
• a DIY manual “自己动手做”指南
• The computer comes with a 600-page instruction manual. 电脑附有一本600页的操作指南。
adj. 手工的；体力的
 - handmade, mechanic
n. 手册，指南
 - guide, handbook, notebook

Word: pistol
Front: pistol
[ˈpɪstl] (研四六宝 4943/5746 -2)
Vocabulary: pistol
(once / 230 pages)
n
A pistol is a small handgun. Unlike a shotgun or a rifle, you can hold and fire a pistol with one hand.
Sometimes the word pistol is used for any handgun, but many people distinguish between the pistol, with its single chamber, and the revolver, which has a cylinder that rotates and holds many bullets. The earliest pistols were used in sixteenth century Europe, and the English word comes from the Middle French pistolet, meaning both "small firearm" and "small dagger." You can also call someone who's full of energy a pistol.
WORD FAMILY
pistol: pistoleer, pistolled, pistolling, pistols
USAGE EXAMPLES
The men learn to fire a Kalashnikov rifle and Makarov pistol, apply a tourniquet and storm a room in tactical formation.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Deputies told State Police investigators that they gunned down Senegal after he pointed a pistol at them.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
When the gunman pointed the pistol at him, he told the teenager to run away.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 手枪
v. 用手枪射击
分布：手枪(100%)
→来自中古法语pistole,短火枪，可能来自德语Pistole,来自捷克语pis’tala,管子，枪管，火枪，来自pisteti,呼啸声，拟声词。引申词义手枪。
n.手枪On the Christmas the Christian's assistant fisted Pistol Piston and twisted his wrist.在圣诞节,基督徒的助手拳击了"手枪活塞"并扭了他的手腕.
【记】象声词，子弹飞出的声音。
noun countable
■a small gun which is held in and fired from one hand 手枪
• a loaded pistol 上膛手枪
• an automatic pistol 自动手枪
pistol, fifle, gun, cannon
这组词都有“枪，炮”的意思，其区别是：
pistol: 指手枪。
fifle: 指步枪类的枪。
gun: 系枪的通称。
cannon: 在军事上，现在gun指火炮，取代了cannon这一名词。
n. [军] 手枪；信号枪
 - handgun, betsy

Word: naval
Front: naval
[ˈneɪvl] (研四六托雅 4941/4376 -3)
Vocabulary: naval
(once / 226 pages)
adj
Naval means "about a navy or navies." If you are interested in naval history, you probably enjoy seeing ships used in sea battles.
Naval comes from the Latin word for ship, navis. Use the adjective naval whenever you're discussing a country's fleet of ships, especially ships intended for use during wartime. You might talk about a naval officer or a naval base, where ships are kept and naval personnel live. It's easy to confuse naval with its homophone navel, the belly button.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
naval / navel
Can you name this type of orange?
If you said a navel orange, give yourself a gold star (or a navel orange, if you're feeling peckish). Navel refers to the spot in the middle of your belly where the umbilical cord was once attached. The oranges are refer to as thus because they have a dimple that resembles, well, a navel. Some more examples of navel:
How to prevent navel piercing deformity when pregnant?
Navel orange production blossoms this season
Navel gazing refers to being obsessed with oneself or solely focused on one issue, generally a minor one:
Americans are incredibly self-absorbed navel gazers.
Now it seems many thirtysomethings find themselves succumbing to existential navel-gazing. 'What did I do with my life?' these relative whippersnappers ask.
Naval on the other hand, pertains to a navy, that branch of the military that operates at sea.
The Puget Sound Naval Shipyard and Intermediate Maintenance Facility has agreed to pay $56,000 for hazardous waste violations.
IDF naval forces recently boarded the yacht "Irene."
The amount owners had to spend on repairs and naval stores fell for all vessel types, with container ships again having the largest decline.
Remember, your navel is in the center of your belly, while naval ships belong out at sea.
WORD FAMILY
naval: navally+/ navy: naval, navies
USAGE EXAMPLES
The island was built for the 1939 World’s Fair, then used as a World War II naval base.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He’d like to see a beefed-up air and naval presence in the Persian Gulf to thwart Iran.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Tartus is home to a Russian naval base.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. （有）海军的，军舰的，船的
分布：海军的(69%)，军舰的(31%)
→来自navy,海军。
船的;海军的(nav+al)[nav,naus,naut=ship表示"船",naut引申为"海员"]
n.海军的,军舰的He is a retired naval officer.他是一位退役的海军军官.
adjective
 ADVANCED
■belonging to a country's navy, or relating to military ships 海军的；军舰的
• a naval officer 海军军官
• naval forces 海军
• a naval museum/battle 海军博物馆／海战

Word: plaintiff
Front: plaintiff
[ˈpleɪntɪf] (托宝 4939/2277 -1)
Vocabulary: plaintiff
(once / 1441 pages)
n
In a courtroom, the plaintiff is the person or group who is accusing another person or group of some wrongdoing. If you’re the plaintiff, you are claiming that a law was broken, and you’re in court to present your case.
The plaintiff accuses, the defendant tries to prove that accusation wrong. You’ve seen this relationship on television shows about lawyers, or maybe you’ve been to court yourself. The Old French root word translates as “complain” and the Latin root is literally “beating of the breast,” or explaining your grief in a dramatic way. Plaintiff shares roots with the adjective plaintive, which describes a sorrowful sound. The plaintiff made a plaintive cry when the defendant was declared not guilty.
WORD FAMILY
plaintiff: plaintiffs
USAGE EXAMPLES
The salon changed hands a fourth time after the women filed their lawsuit in 2015 and the new people in charge fired the fourth plaintiff.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Attorney David Lane, who represented the 14 plaintiffs, says the settlement was reached Thursday.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
"Plaintiff will suffer immediate and irreparable injury, loss, or damage" unless the infringements are stopped, according to the complaint filed in the U.S.
Reuters(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. <律>原告
分布：原告(100%)
→来自plaint,起诉，诉讼，-iff,形容词后缀，对应-ive.后词性由形容词变为名词，引申词义原告，起诉人。
原告(plaint+iff表名词,如：tariff关税)[plaint=complain,表示"抱怨"]
【记】源于：plaintive（adj 悲哀的；哀伤的），该词源于plaint（n 抱怨）plaint，iff：抱怨的一方－原告
US [-tˌɪf] legal
noun countable
■someone who makes a legal complaint against someone else in court 原告，起诉人 Compare defendant
n. 原告
 - claimant, demandant

Word: kid
Front: kid
[kɪd] (中高研四 312/1572 -K4)
Vocabulary: kid
(once / 244 pages)
1n 2n 3v
If a farmer offers to introduce you to her kid, you might not know if she means her child or her baby goat.
A kid is a child, informally, and it's also a young goat. Sometimes the word kid means a kind of soft leather made from goat skin. When kid is used as a verb, it means to tease or jokingly deceive someone — to kid them. Some sticklers for formality object to using kid to mean "child," but that meaning has been around since the 1590s. The "teasing" definition of kid comes from the sense of "treat like a child."
WORD FAMILY
kid: kidded, kidding, kids
USAGE EXAMPLES
They fought with jabs from a kid quarterback, roundhouses from acrobatic receivers and knockdowns by giant linemen.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Karen is hypercritical of the school’s teachers, the curriculum, the kids and the other parents, either because they’re absent or overly involved.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
And, hey, maybe the kid is unusually good at navigating the series of tubes.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. <口>小孩; 小山羊，小山羊皮制品
vt. & vi. 欺骗，戏弄，取笑
adj. 较年幼的; 小山羊皮制的
时态：kidded, kidding, kids
分布：小孩(67%)，开玩笑(7%)，小山羊(7%)，哄骗(6%)，较年幼的(5%)，年轻人(4%)，嘲弄(2%)，捉弄(1%)，小山羊皮制品(1%)
→来自中古英语kide,来自古诺斯语kith,羊羔，来自Proto-Germanic*kittina,小羊，羊羔，可能来自ghaid,羊，山羊，词源同goat.后用来指小偷或好斗的人，最终用于小孩昵称。
n.小孩,儿童v.戏弄,取笑His wicked trick is to get the kids to kick bricks and lick the cricket ticket.他的缺德恶作剧是让孩子们踢砖和舔板球门票.
noun
CHILD 孩子
 ESSENTIAL countable informal
■a child 小孩
• He took the kids to the park while I was working. 我工作时，他把孩子们带到公园去了。
countable informal
■a young person 年轻人
• He was only 16, just a kid really. 他才16岁，还是个年轻小子。
sb's kid sister/brother mainly US informal
■someone's younger sister or brother （某人的）妹妹／弟弟
be like a kid in a candy store US and Australian
■to be very happy and excited about the things around you, and often react to them in a way which is silly and not controlled 像进了糖果店的孩子（形容对周围的事物非常高兴、激动，以至于行为表现得可笑，难以控制）
• You should have seen him when they arrived. He was like a kid in a candy store. 你真应该看看他们来的时候他的样子，简直就像个进了糖果店的孩子。
  Common Learner Errors  kidRemember: kid is only used in informal English. In ordinary or more formal language, don't say 'kid', say child.
[kɪd] noun
ANIMAL 动物
countable
■a young goat 小山羊，小羚羊
uncountable
■very soft leather made from the skin of a young goat 小山羊皮革
• kid gloves 小山羊皮手套
[kɪd] noun
handle / treat sb with kid gloves
■to be very polite or kind to someone because you do not want to make them angry or upset 极有礼貌地对待（某人）；小心应付（某人）
[kɪd] verb intransitive or transitive (-dd-) informal
■to say something as a joke, often making someone believe something that is not true （与某人）开玩笑；哄骗
• Oh no, I've forgotten your birthday! Hey, just/only kidding! 啊，我把你的生日忘了！嘿，开玩笑而已！
• You won first prize? You're kidding! (= I'm really surprised.) 你得了第一名？开玩笑吧！
• I'm just kidding you! 我不过和你开个玩笑罢了！
kid yourself
■to believe something that is not true, usually because you want it to be true 欺骗自已
• He says there's a good chance she'll come back to him but I think he's kidding himself. 他说她很可能会回到他身边，但我觉得只是他自欺欺人。
[kɪd] verb intransitive or transitive (-dd-) informal
no kidding (also I kid you not)
■used when you are surprised by what someone has just said （表示惊讶）不是骗人的吧
• Dean was there? No kidding! 迪安在那里？我才不信呢！
[kɪd] verb intransitive or transitive (-dd-) informal
  Phrasal Verbs  kid around US informal
■to be silly or not serious 做傻事；戏谑
• Stop kidding around and listen to me! 别闹了，听我说！
n. 小孩； [畜牧] 小山羊
 - kiddie, pickin
vt. 欺骗；取笑；戏弄
 - sell, guy, fox
vi. 欺骗；取笑；戏弄
 - pull a fast one, give the shaft

Word: middle-class
Front: middle-class
[ˈmidlˈklɑ:s] None
Back: adj. 中层社会的，中产阶级的
分布：中产阶级的(100%)
adj. 中产阶级的；中层社会的
 - bourgeois

Word: apology
Front: apology
[əˈpɒlədʒi] (高研四托 4944/4950 -2)
Vocabulary: apology
(once / 173 pages)
1n 2n 3n
An apology is what you say or do when you want to let someone know (or fool them into thinking) that you regret something. An apology is nice, but chocolates or large bundles of cash are nicer. Always.
The noun apology has its roots in the Greek apologos, meaning a story. It entered the English language in the Middle Ages. If you broke your friend’s sword and then made up an elaborate story to get out of trouble, that was an apology. After a few decades, the general sense of the word shifted to its current meaning — what you say when you want to express real remorse.
WORD FAMILY
apology: apologetic, apologies, apologise, apologist, apologize +/ apologetic: apologetically, unapologetic / apologise: apologised, apologises, apologising/ apologist: apologists/ apologize: apologized, apologizes, apologizing/ unapologetic: unapologetically
USAGE EXAMPLES
However, it later reversed its decision and issued an apology, saying the company recognized “the history and global importance of this image”.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
But Taiwanese are starting to understand the impacts of displaying Nazi symbols, Yarden says, pointing to the presidential apology and the school principal’s resignation offer.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
On New Year’s Day on Twitter, Carey offered neither an apology nor much of an explanation.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 道歉认错，愧悔; 正式辩解，正式辩护; 解释; 〈口〉临时凑合的代用品
分布：道歉(98%)，辩解(2%)
→前缀apo-, 离开，远离，相对。词根log-, 说，词源同lecture. 原义指自辩，辩解。后指道歉(道歉本质上也是一种辩解）。
道歉,认错(apo离开+logy→退后一步说→道歉)[log,logu=speak,表示"说话"]
n.道歉,认错,辩解,辩护In the log lodge he said some illogical apologies.在木屋里他说了些不合逻辑的道歉话.
US [-'pɑ:.lə-] noun
SAYING SORRY 道歉
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■an act of saying sorry 道歉；认错；谢罪
• I have an apology to make to you - I'm afraid I opened your letter by mistake. 我必须向你道歉，我误拆了你的信。
• He's demanding a full apology from the newspaper for making untrue allegations about his personal life. 他要求这家报纸对关于他私生活的不实报导正式道歉。
• "Was he at all sorry for what he'd done?" "Oh he was full of apologies (= extremely sorry)." “他到底有没有对他的所作所为感到内疚？”“哦，他深感内疚。”
• She complained to the company about its awful service and they sent her a written apology. 就其低劣的服务品质，她向这家公司提出投诉，公司对她作出了书面道歉。
• I owe you an apology - I'm afraid I forgot to send Amanda that report. 我非向你道歉不可——我忘了把那份报告交给阿曼达了。
• a letter of apology 道歉信
UK [ə'pɒl.ə.dʒi] US [-'pɑ:.lə-] noun
MEETING 见面
(your) apologies [plural] formal
■a message politely telling someone that you cannot be present at their meeting or party （因不能出席会议或聚会而写的）道歉信
• The vice-chair has sent his apologies - he's abroad at present. 副主席寄来了道歉信——他目前在国外，不能出席。
• Apologies were received from Phil Baker and Malcolm Johnson. 菲尔‧贝克和马尔科姆‧詹森寄来道歉信告知他们不能出席。
UK [ə'pɒl.ə.dʒi] US [-'pɑ:.lə-] noun
EXPLANATION 解释
countable (also apologia) formal
■a formal explanation or defence of a belief or system, especially one that is unpopular （尤指对不受欢迎的政治信仰或制度的）辩护，辩解
UK [ə'pɒl.ə.dʒi] US [-'pɑ:.lə-] noun
be an apology for sth UK informal
■to be an extremely bad example of something 是极其拙劣的…，是坏得不能再坏的…
• You're not coming out because you're tired? That's an apology for an excuse! 你不出门是因为你累了？这个借口也太没水准了！
n. 道歉；谢罪；辩护；勉强的替代物
 - justification, advocacy

Word: bore
Front: bore
[bɔ:(r)] (研四六托雅宝 4946/5929 -K3)
Vocabulary: bore
(once / 88 pages)
1vn 2vn 3n
If your friends fall asleep every time you open your mouth, you might be a bore — someone who makes the people around them bored.
In 1738, Voltaire wisely wrote, “The secret of being a bore is to tell everything.” But the word bore is less boring than you think, since it can function as both noun and verb. You can bore a hole into something by drilling through it with a tool, and you can also bore people by being excessively dull, repetitive, or tedious to be around. And don't forget the bore of a needle or gun barrel, which is the same as its diameter.
WORD FAMILY
bore: bored, borer, bores, boring, counterbore+/ bored: boredly, boredom / boredom: boredoms/borer: borers/ boring: boringly, boringness, borings/counterbore: counterbores
USAGE EXAMPLES
Certainly Sherlock avoids the boring cliche of other TV shows where guns are waved around as a threat but never actually fired.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
You'd expect the British embassy to choose something more boring, like Sting...
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
There was no immediate claim of responsibility for the attack, which bore the hallmarks of Islamic militants.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 令人厌烦; 钻孔; 用钻、挖或掘的方式打通
vi. 挖洞; 钻孔; 稳步前进; 挤过去
n. 使人讨厌的人[物]; 高潮; 膛径，口径; 钻子
时态：bored, boring, bores
分布：钻孔(49%)，使厌烦(14%)，讨厌的人(11%)，涌潮(8%)，挖掘(5%)，盯着看(5%)，开凿(4%)，麻烦事(2%)，动词bear的过去式.(2%)
→来自PIE *bher , 砍，切，钻。词源同break.
v.钻(孔),挖(洞);烦扰n.讨厌的人,麻烦事The boring boy bored ashore for ore core at the score.讨厌的男孩在海岸上的刻线处钻探矿核.
【反】entrance（v 使狂喜，迷惑）
US [bɔ:r] verb
FAIL TO INTEREST 未能引起兴趣
transitive
■to talk or act in a way that makes someone lose interest and become tired 使厌烦，使讨厌
• "Am I boring you?" she asked anxiously. “我让你厌烦了吗?”她焦急地问道。
bore sb silly
■to make someone feel very bored 使某人觉得无聊透顶
• We were all bored silly by the play. 这出戏让我们觉得无聊得要死。
UK [bɔ:r] US [bɔ:r] verb
MAKE A HOLE 钻孔
intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep]
■to make a hole in something using a tool 钻，挖，凿（洞）
• He used a drill to bore a hole in the wall. 他用钻子在墙上凿了一个洞。
• The workmen bored through the rock. 工人们凿穿了岩石。
UK [bɔ:r] US [bɔ:r] verb
BEAR 承受 past simple of
■ bear
UK [bɔ:r] US [bɔ:r] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  bore into sb
■If someone's eyes bore into you, they look at you very hard and make you feel nervous. （令人紧张地）盯住（某人）
UK [bɔ:r] US [bɔ:r] noun
NOT INTERESTING 讨厌
countable disapproving
■someone who talks too much about boring subjects 令人讨厌的人
• I had to sit next to Michael at dinner - he's such a bore. 晚饭时我不得不坐在米高旁边——他这人真讨厌。
only singular informal
■an activity or situation that is annoying or unpleasant 使人厌烦的事（或情况）
• Ironing is such a bore. 熨衣服真烦人。
• [+ -ing verb] It's an awful bore cooking a meal every night. 每晚都做饭是件特别讨厌的事。
• [+ to infinitive] It's such a bore to have to write this out all over again. 非得将这重新写出来可真烦人。
UK [bɔ:r] US [bɔ:r] noun
HOLE 洞
countable (US usually gauge) specialized
■the cylindrical hole along the length of a pipe or tube, or the diameter (= measurement across the widest part) of this hole 内径，口径
• a narrow bore 窄口径
• a bore of 16 millimetres 16毫米的口径
UK [bɔ:r] US [bɔ:r] noun
WAVE 波浪
countable
■a very large wave that runs from the sea up a narrow river at particular times of year （海水涌入江河）涌潮，激潮
• the Severn Bore 塞文河（位于英国境内）涌潮
vi. [机] 钻孔
 - drill hole, counter sunk
vt. [机] 钻孔；使烦扰
 - drill hole, counter sunk
n. [机] 孔；令人讨厌的人
 - hole, aperture

Word: beloved
Front: beloved
[bɪˈlʌvd] (研四雅 4947/7142 -2)
Vocabulary: beloved
(once / 179 pages)
adjn
Your beloved is someone you love. You can also talk about a beloved pet or possession.
You probably have some things you really love: a bike, a skateboard, a book, a DVD, maybe a souvenir from a trip. Those are beloved possessions — you really like them a lot. People also talk about beloved family members, beloved pets, and beloved friends. This is a word for things and people you're crazy about. And if you're feeling really crazy on Valentine's Day, go ahead and tell your crush that she's your beloved.
WORD FAMILY
beloved: belovedest, belovedly, beloveds, unbeloved
USAGE EXAMPLES
News of Fisher’s death shocked fans into a new reality - one without their beloved Princess Leia.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
This channel’s Steinbeck-inspired marathon begins with Elia Kazan’s adaptation of one of Steinbeck’s most beloved novels.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
From page to page, this beloved woman is glimpsed only partially.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 被热爱的; 亲爱的; 为…所爱的
n. 心爱的人，可爱的人; 情人; 亲爱的教友
分布：心爱的(79%)，爱人(21%)
a./n.受爱戴的,敬爱的;爱人,被心爱的人The beloved novelist put her lovely gloves above the stove.敬爱的小说家把她美丽的手套放在火炉上方.
[bɪ'lʌv.ɪd] [-'lʌvd] slightly formal
adjective
■loved very much 深爱的；心爱的；热爱的
• Her beloved husband died last year. 她深爱的丈夫去年死了。
• She was forced to leave her beloved Paris and return to Lyon. 她被迫离开热爱的巴黎，回到里昂。
• Eric was a gifted teacher beloved by all those he taught over the years. 埃里克是位天才的教师，多年来他一直受到所有学生们的热爱。
[bɪ'lʌv.ɪd] [-'lʌvd] slightly formal
noun
my/her/your beloved
■someone that you love and who you have a romantic relationship with 我的／她的／你的爱人
• He's sending some flowers to his beloved. 他要送花给他的心上人。
adj. 心爱的；挚爱的
 - blue-eyed
n. 心爱的人；亲爱的教友
 - darling, the light of one's eyes

Word: website
Front: website
[ˈwebsaɪt] (中高雅 4950/- -K)
Back: n. [通信]网站
分布：网站(100%)
(also web site) ['web.saɪt] (also site)
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a set of pages of information on the Internet about a particular subject, which have been published by the same person or organization, and often contain colour pictures, video and sound 网站，网址
• For more information about other Cambridge publications, visit our website at www.cambridge.org. 欲知剑桥大学出版社其他图书详情，请访问我们的网站 www.cambridge.org。

Word: entertain
Front: entertain
[ˌentəˈteɪn] (研四六托 4949/4478 -K3)
Vocabulary: entertain
(once / 81 pages)
1v 2v
If you want to entertain, you've got to hold people's attention, usually with something amusing. Clowns, music, silly jokes, and a good game of charades can all be used to entertain.
Did you know you can actually entertain ideas? It's not quite the same as entertaining friends with a good home cooked meal or tickets to the ball game, but still an appropriate way to use the word. Entertaining an idea means to have it mind or under consideration. For example, you never thought of studying abroad, but after a professor said it was one of the most meaningful experiences of his life, you started to entertain the idea of living in a foreign country.
WORD FAMILY
entertain: entertained, entertainer, entertaining, entertainment, entertains+/ entertainer: entertainers/ entertaining: entertainingly/ entertainment: entertainments
USAGE EXAMPLES
There's a fine line between "entertaining" and "troublemaker".
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Ms. Peelle entertains in the novel in a folksy way that might lapse more frequently into hokey in a less confident writer’s hands.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
It is described on its publisher's website as "an honest, uncensored and highly entertaining diary of the campaign that changed the course of history".
Reuters(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 热情款待; 使有兴趣; 抱着，怀有; 考虑
vi. 热情款待
时态：entertained, entertaining, entertains
分布：娱乐(50%)，招待(30%)，考虑(12%)，抱有(4%)，容纳(2%)，使有兴趣(2%)
→enter-, 更里面，中间。-tain, 握，维持，词源同contain, tenable. 即招待客人，维持客户。
v.招待,款待;使娱乐;使欢乐;容纳,接受Having attained the entertaining center, the retained man was detained and sustained pain.到达娱乐中心后,聘请的男子遭到拘留并经受到痛苦.
US [-tˌɚ-] verb
AMUSE 使开心
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to keep a group of people interested or enjoying themselves 使有兴趣；使快乐
• We hired a magician to entertain the children. 我们请了一位魔术师表演节目让孩子们开心。
• Most children's television programmes aim to educate and entertain at the same time. 大多数儿童电视节目都旨在寓教于乐。
UK [en.tə'teɪn] US [-tˌɚ-] verb
INVITE 邀请
intransitive or transitive
■to invite someone to your house and give food and drink to them （在家）招待，款待，请客
• We entertain a lot of people, mainly business associates of my wife's. 我们经常在家请客，主要都是我妻子的业务伙伴。
• Now that I live on my own, I don't entertain much. 既然我自己一个人生活，我也就不常请人到家里做客。
UK [en.tə'teɪn] US [-tˌɚ-] verb
THINK ABOUT 考虑
transitive not continuous formal
■to hold in your mind or to be willing to consider or accept 怀着；抱有；心存；持有
• The General refused to entertain the possibility of defeat. 将军拒绝考虑失败的可能性。
amuse, please, interest, entertain
这组词都有“使人娱乐，消遣”的意思，其区别是：
amuse: 指使人通过注意某些有趣或悦人的事物而消遣，着重使人愉快的效果。
please: 多指愿望、兴趣得到满足后产生的强烈满意情绪。
interest: 普通用词，指出于任何原因使人兴奋或对某事物保持好奇心或注意力，侧重引起兴趣或注意。
entertain: 指通过给他人快乐感的消遣活动，使自己或他人从单调中解脱出来。
vt. 娱乐；招待；怀抱；容纳
 - serve, invite, attend, contain, accept
vi. 款待
 - welcome in

Word: chopped
Front: chopped
[tʃɒpt] (4951/9292)
Back: [医]剁碎的
分布：斩碎的(50%)，动词chop的过去式和过去分词.(50%)
VERB
砍;剁;劈;切
If you chop something, you cut it into pieces with strong downward movements of a knife or an axe.
例：Chop the butter into small pieces...把黄油切成小片。
例：Chop the onions very finely...把洋葱切碎。
N-COUNT
(羊或猪的)排骨
A chop is a small piece of meat cut from the ribs of a sheep or pig.
例：...grilled lamb chops.烤羊排
PHRASE
反复无常;不断变卦
When people chop and change, they keep changing their minds about what to do or how to act.
例：Don't ask me why they have chopped and changed so much.别问我为什么他们一会儿一个主意。
PHRASE
将被取消(或关闭);(人)将被解雇
If something is for the chop or is going to get the chop, it is going to be stopped or closed. If someone is for the chop, they are going to lose their job or position.
例：He won't say which programmes are for the chop...他不愿说哪些项目将被毙掉。
例：I was both disappointed and amazed when I got the chop from the Wales team.我被威尔士队解聘时，既失望又错愕。

Word: smoking
Front: smoking
[ˈsməʊkɪŋ] (高雅 4956/5035 -K)
Back: n. 吸烟，抽烟
v. 冒烟( smoke的现在分词); 抽烟; 用烟熏制; 吸（烟）
分布：吸烟(92%)，抽烟的(5%)，吸烟区(1%)，熏制的(1%)，动词smoke的现在分词.(1%)
US ['smoʊ-] noun uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■when someone smokes a cigarette, pipe, etc., or when someone regularly does this 吸烟，抽烟
• Smoking is not permitted anywhere in this theatre. 本戏院内任何地方都不准吸烟。
• The nicotine patches are designed to help people give up/quit/stop smoking. 尼古丁贴片旨在帮助人们戒烟。
• Cigarette smoking kills thousands of people every year. 每年有数千人死于抽烟。
• No smoking, please. 请不要吸烟。
• I avoid going to restaurants that don't have a UKno- smoking] USnon- smoking area. 我不去那些没有禁烟区的餐馆。
n. 抽烟；冒气
 - tobacco
v. 吸烟；冒烟（smoke的现在分词）
 - fuming

Word: bizarre
Front: bizarre
[bɪˈzɑ:(r)] (研六托雅宝 4957/5305 -2)
Vocabulary: bizarre
(once / 1553 pages)
adj
A person, object, or situation that's bizarre is very odd or unusual in appearance, style, or character. If your teacher walked into class wearing a purple boa, lime-green cowboy boots, and a scuba mask, you might comment, "How bizarre!"
Things that are bizarre often involve strange contrasts or unexpected elements. Bizarre was borrowed from French, from bizarro "angry, fierce, strange," from Spanish, "bold, like a knight." The Spanish word was probably influenced by Basque bizar "a beard," since beards were taken as signs of energy and spirit. Nowadays it takes more than a beard to get you labeled as bizarre. Unpredictable behavior is often called bizarre — like when your teacher conducts a lesson in Pig Latin.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
bazaar / bizarre
Bazaar and bizarre might sound alike but a bazaar is a market and bizarre describes something kooky. There could be a bizarre bazaar run by monkeys selling people feet.
A bazaar is usually a market in the Middle East. Picture lots of booths with merchants selling their wares. It's crowded, with haggling going on all around and pungent smells from the food vendors. Istanbul's Grand Bazaar is a good example. The American version of a bazaar is quite tame by comparison. It's a temporary (usually a day or two) market offering various goods for sale for a charitable cause, such as a church or school. Here are some examples of both:
Abdul Halim, an Afghan Special Forces sergeant, happened to be passing through the bazaar in his truck. (New York Times)
Arab Festival: Food, coffeehouse, children's activities, fashion show, bazaar, performances, panel discussions, noon-7 p.m. (Seattle Times)
Cochise College Adult Education will host a craft bazaar fundraiser from 10 am to 3 pm Wednesday, Nov. 17 at the Sierra Vista Campus. (Sierra Vista Herald)
The other half of our word pair, bizarre, is an adjective meaning strange or very unusual, wacky, odd:
Cain's bizarre ad had mustached campaign manager Mark Block blowing cigarette smoke at the camera. (New York Times)
The video, which was posted days ago but gained Internet traction on Tuesday, was called "bizarre" and "strange" in some media reports. (Reuters)
The only reason you might get bazaar and bizarre mixed up is that they sound the same. You won't find them together often, unless you're in the market for some human toes.
WORD FAMILY
bizarre: bizarrely, bizarreness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Another bizarre one in the final days of the campaign was a depiction of how President Obama treated a protester at a Clinton campaign rally:
Salon(Jan 01, 2017)
His bizarre ideas, already widely disseminated through his media platforms, now will enjoy access to the bully pulpit of the American presidency.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Unlike some of Trump’s other national security advisers, though, Kelly does not appear to be infected with bizarrely virulent anti-Muslim prejudice.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 离奇的; 奇特的（指态度，容貌，款式等）; 奇怪的; 奇幻
分布：奇异的(74%)，怪诞的(26%)
→词源不详。可能来自bizar, 胡子。一个地方认为长胡子帅，可能到另一个地方就被认为怪人。
adj.异乎寻常的,稀奇古怪的I like bizarre clothing.我喜欢奇装异服.
【记】1）bazaar（n 集市），集市上有各种古怪的东西2）读：pizza（比萨饼），一种奇异而古怪的饼。
US [-'zɑ:r] adjective
 ADVANCED
■very strange and unusual 怪诞的，罕见的；异乎寻常的
• a bizarre situation 异乎寻常的情形
• bizarre behaviour 怪诞的行为
adj. 奇异的（指态度，容貌，款式等）
 - fantastic, funny, fatastic

Word: overseas
Front: overseas
[ˌəʊvəˈsi:z] (研四六雅 4955/2990 -3)
Vocabulary: overseas
(once / 672 pages)
advadj
There's no trick to the meaning of overseas. If someone goes overseas, they've gone "over" the "seas" — to a foreign country.
When overseas came into use, there were no airplanes, so technically speaking, one traveled "across" or "on" the seas, in a ship. Nevertheless, one was thought to have made it "over the sea," hence overseas. When traveling overseas, make sure your phone works on the network in the country where you're headed. Also, the laws and customs overseas can be very different from the ones we have here, so be careful. What here at home you consider small potatoes legally might be a big deal overseas.
WORD FAMILY
sea: oversea, overseas, seas, undersea
USAGE EXAMPLES
Later, he taught overseas suppliers how to shield production lines and compartmentalize information to avoid leaks.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The region and its 500 million consumers are one of the companies’ most important overseas markets.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Consumer spending is strong, helped by $22 billion of remittances in the first 10 months from Filipinos overseas, a 4 percent rise.
Reuters(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adv. 在[向]海外，在[向]国外
adj. （在）海外的，（在）国外的; （向或来自）外国的
分布：在海外(58%)，海外的(42%)
→over-,在上，超过，sea,海。引申词义海外的。
a.外国的,海外的ad.在海外My brother lives overseas.我兄弟住在国外.
US [ˌoʊ.vɚ-] UK ['---] adjective adverb
 IMPROVER
■in, from or to other countries 在海外（的）；从国外来（的）；到国外（的）
• We need to open up overseas markets. 我们需要开拓海外市场。
• There are a lot of overseas students in Cambridge. 剑桥有许多外国留学生。
• My brother is a student overseas. 我哥哥在外国留学。
• Many more people go/travel/live/work overseas these days. 如今有更多的人出国／出国旅游／在国外生活／在国外工作。
adv. 在海外，海外
 - beyond the sea
adj. 海外的，国外的
 - transmarine, off-shore

Word: tribute
Front: tribute
[ˈtrɪbju:t] (研六托宝 4953/3939 -2)
Vocabulary: tribute
(once / 322 pages)
1n 2n
A tribute is a sign of respect or admiration, an award to honor a person's accomplishments. A famous director receives a lifetime achievement award as a tribute to his many successful films.
We're most familiar with the use of the word tribute meaning to honor someone with words or an award. You can hear a tribute if you're lucky enough to attend an entertainment awards ceremony, or need to attend a funeral. Students will give a retiring teacher flowers as a tribute to her years of service in education. Tribute can also mean a kind of payment that's given from one nation to another.
WORD FAMILY
tribute: tributes
USAGE EXAMPLES
Wardell coined a jokey phrase that - to put it one way - sarcastically encouraged people to expose themselves in tribute to the dead gorilla.
BBC(Dec 31, 2016)
According to the statement, the Art Directors Guild will present a tribute to Mr. Wong at its awards ceremony on Feb 11.
Reuters(Dec 31, 2016)
Sydney celebrated the end of 2016 with 120 tonnes of fireworks and a tribute to three of the year’s most high-profile celebrity deaths.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 致敬; 悼念; 贡品; 体现
分布：敬意(51%)，贡品(21%)，称赞(15%)，礼物(13%)
→来自拉丁语 tribuere,支付，分配，给予，部落间的财富分配或其它，来自 tribus,部落，词源 同 tribe.引申词义贡品，贡金等。
赠品;赞扬[tribut=give,表示"给予"]
n.贡品;颂词,称赞,(表示敬意的)礼物Trivial tributes constitute the attribute of constituent's report.琐屑的颂词形成选民的报告的属性.
【记】trib＝tribe（n 部落），ute：部落之间要相互赞颂。
【区】tribulation（n 苦难）；tributary（adj 进贡的；支流的；n 进贡国）
【反】denunciation（n 谴责；告发）；aspersion（n 洒水；诽谤；中伤）reprobation（n 斥责）
noun
RESPECTFUL ACTION 表示敬意的举动
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■something that you say, write or give which shows your respect and admiration for someone, especially on a formal occasion （尤指在正式场合表达敬意的）颂词，礼物
• Tributes have been pouring in from all over the world for the famous actor who died yesterday. 昨天，这位著名男演员去世，世界各国人士纷纷发来唁电表示哀悼。
• For wedding bouquets, floral tributes (= flowers sent to someone's funeral) and all your flower needs, call Mandy's Florists. 婚礼、葬礼以及其他各种用花需求，请致电曼迪花店。
pay tribute to sb/sth
 ADVANCED
■to praise someone or something 赞扬，称赞
• The minister paid tribute to the men who had fought the blaze. 部长高度赞扬奋力扑灭大火的勇士们。
['trɪb.ju:t] noun
BENEFICIAL EFFECT 好处
be a tribute to sth/sb
■to show clearly how good, strong or effective something or someone is 是（优秀、强大或有效性）的明证
• I've never known a 5-year-old as well-behaved as your son - he's a tribute to you! 我从没见过一个五岁的小孩像你儿子这么乖——你真行！
• It is a tribute to his determination over his 22 years that he has achieved where so many before him have failed. 在他之前，那么多人都失败了，他却取得成功，这充分证明他22年来的决心有多坚定。
n. 礼物； [税收] 贡物；颂词
 - gift, giving, present

Word: retrieve
Front: retrieve
[rɪˈtri:v] (研四六托雅宝 4952/5614 -2)
Vocabulary: retrieve
(once / 991 pages)
v
When you retrieve something, you bring it back. Lots of dogs love to retrieve tennis balls, bringing them back to you over and over again.
You might retrieve your cell phone from the car, or the toys a baby throws repeatedly on the floor. You can also retrieve a memory from the recesses of your mind, or struggle to remember someone's name and then suddenly retrieve it. A retriever is a dog that's bred to bring things back — in fact, this is the word's earliest use, from the fifteenth century. The Old French root is retreuver, "find again," from re-, "again," and trouver, "to find."
WORD FAMILY
retrieve: retrievable, retrieval, retrieved, retriever, retrieves, retrieving+/ irretrievable: irretrievably/retrievable: irretrievable, unretrievable/ retrieval: retrievals/retriever: retrievers
USAGE EXAMPLES
A police spokesman says the bomb squad retrieves old military munitions about once a month.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
A Toledo police spokesman says the bomb squad retrieves old military munitions about once a month.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
If you would like to retrieve it, look next to the hydrant on the southeast corner at 96th Street and Madison Avenue.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vt. 取回; 恢复; [计]检索; 重新得到
vi. 找回猎物
n. 恢复，挽回; 取回; [计]检索
时态：retrieved, retrieving, retrieves
分布：取回(38%)，恢复(30%)，挽回(22%)，救出险球(5%)，找回猎物(5%)
→来自古法语 retreuver,索回，找到，来自 re-,再，重新，trouver,找寻，找到，来自俗拉丁语*tropare, 找寻，词源同 trove,contrive.引申词义检索数据。
vt.重新得到,取回;挽回,补救;检索I should like to retrieve my umbrella which I left in the car.我想取回我留在车上忘记带走的雨伞.
【记】re再，trieve得到－重新得到－重新寻回
verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to find and bring back something 找回；取回；挽回
• We taught our dog to retrieve a ball. 我们教狗捡球。
• Computers are used to store and retrieve information efficiently. 电脑用于快速高效地存储和检索资讯。
vt. [计] 检索；恢复；重新得到
 - restore, repair
n. [计] 检索；恢复，取回
 - recovery, restoration, renewal

Word: devise
Front: devise
[dɪˈvaɪz] (研四六托雅宝 4960/3220 -2)
Vocabulary: devise
(once / 359 pages)
vn
To devise is to figure out a plan. Men twirling long mustaches might devise a plan to tie someone to the railroad tracks.
To devise a plan is more than just making one; there's a lot of figuring out to do, such as: "Phoebe devised a bus route that picked up kids in alphabetical order." There's a method to the madness of devising. The chemistry class devised a plan to make the fire alarm go off. Devise can be positive, too, meaning to find a creative solution: "The design team devised a plan to make the trailer home look like a medieval castle."
WORD FAMILY
devise: devised, devisee, deviser, devises, devising+/devisee: devisees/deviser: devisers/devising: devisings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Devising a nozzle for the aeroponic sprayer proved a tougher problem.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Daly says the league is devising two separate schedules for the 2017-18 season, one of which would feature an Olympic break.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
The year ahead will test how well the system devised by our founders works under stress.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: v. 设计; 发明; 策划; 想出
n. 遗赠; 遗赠的财产; 遗赠的条款
时态：devised, devising, devises
分布：设计(81%)，发明(12%)，遗赠(7%)
→来自拉丁语dividere,词源同divide。即分开，展开，后词义引申为发明，设计。
设计,想出(由古义"分开"转化而来)[vid,vis=separate,表示"分开"]
vt.设计;发明;图谋;作出(计划);想出(办法)The vice-adviser advised the reviser to devise a device for getting rid of vice.代理顾问建议校订者想出一个根除恶习的计策.
verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to invent a plan, system, object, etc., usually cleverly or using imagination 巧妙构思；巧妙设计；发明
• He's good at devising language games that you can play with students in class. 他善于设计可供师生在课堂上使用的语言游戏。
• The cartoon characters Snoopy and Charlie Brown were devised by Charles M. Schultz. 卡通人物史诺比和查理‧布朗是由查尔斯设计的。
formulate, devise, conceive
这组词都有“设计、设想”的意思，其区别是：
formulate: 与conceive相反，指在devise之后的具体设计活动。
devise: 侧重设计的临时性和权宜性，并隐含有更多的设想可用。
conceive: 强调在制定计划之前的先有设想构思。
vt. 设计；想出；发明；图谋；遗赠给
 - design, engineer, style, project, frame
n. 遗赠
 - legacy, bequest

Word: bomber
Front: bomber
[ˈbɒmə(r)] (4954/5456 -2)
Back: n. 轰炸机; 投弹手
分布：轰炸机(92%)，投弹手(8%)
US ['bɑ:.mɚ] noun countable
PERSON 人
 ADVANCED
■a person who uses bombs 投弹手；投掷炸弹者
• Rajiv Gandhi is believed to have been killed by a suicide bomber (= a person who carries a bomb on their body). 拉吉夫·甘地据信是被一名人体炸弹袭击者炸死的。
UK ['bɒm.ər] US ['bɑ:.mɚ] noun countable
AIRCRAFT 飞机
■an aircraft that drops bombs 轰炸机
• The invasion on land was supported by bombers in the air. 陆上入侵得到了空中轰炸机的支援。

Word: campaign
Front: campaign
[kæmˈpeɪn] (高研四六托雅宝 640/956 -K5)
Vocabulary: campaign
(once / 76 pages)
1nv 2n
A campaign is any series of actions or events that are meant to achieve a particular result, like an advertising campaign of television commercials and Internet ads that tries to convince kids to buy bubble gum-flavored toothpaste.
The noun campaign describes any group of actions that are done with an ultimate purpose in mind. The goal of a political campaign is to put a candidate in office. The goal of a military campaign might be to take over a city, as in General Sherman's Civil War campaign to capture Atlanta. Campaign can also be used as a verb, like when an environmental organization campaigns to prevent a developer from building a shopping mall by asking people to sign petitions and soliciting their members of congress.
WORD FAMILY
campaign: campaigned, campaigner, campaigning, campaigns+/campaigner: campaigners/campaigning: campaignings
USAGE EXAMPLES
“This covert action by the Nixon campaign,” he said, “laid the ground for the skulduggery of his presidency.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“Being in constant pain is no way to run a re-election campaign,” he said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
During the campaign, Mr. Trump called the Iran accord “the worst deal ever negotiated.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 运动; 竞选运动; 战役; 季节性竞赛
vi. 参加[发起]运动，参加竞选; 参战，参加战役; 作战
时态：campaigned, campaigning, campaigns
分布：运动(42%)，活动(38%)，战役(10%)，竞选运动(5%)，参加竞选(4%)，从事运动(1%)
→来自camp, 平地，战场。原指两军交战。
战役(camp+aign名词后缀→营地→战役)[camp=field表示"田野"]
n.战役;运动On the camp of the campus the campaign champion put the camera on the camel.在校园的营地上运动冠军将摄影机放在骆驼上.
【记】camp（n 田野，营地），aign名词后缀－营地－备战的地方
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a planned group of especially political, business or military activities which are intended to achieve a particular aim （尤指政治、商业或军事的）运动
• The protests were part of their campaign against the proposed building development in the area. 抗议是他们反对拟在该地区进行房地产开发的运动的一部分。
• This is the latest act of terrorism in a long-standing and bloody campaign of violence. 这是由来已久的血腥暴力运动中的最新一次恐怖活动。
• The endless public appearances are an inevitable part of an election campaign. 没完没了的公开露面是竞选活动不可或缺的组成部分。
• She's the campaign organizer for the Labour Party. 她是工党的竞选组织者。
• The government have just launched (= begun) their annual Christmas campaign to stop drunken driving. 政府刚刚展开其一年一度的制止酒后驾车的圣诞运动。
• a controversial new advertising campaign 备受争议的新的广告宣传活动
 IMPROVER
■a group of connected actions or movements that forms part of a war 战役，作战
• a bombing campaign 轰炸行动
[kæm'peɪn] verb intransitive
 IMPROVER
■to organize a series of activities to try to achieve something 从事活动；开展运动；发起运动
• [+ to infinitive] They've been campaigning for years to get him out of prison. 多年来为了让他出狱他们一直在积极活动。
• He's spending a lot of his time at the moment campaigning for/on behalf of the Conservative Party. 他目前将大量时间用于为／代表保守党奔走游说。
• They're busy campaigning against the building of a new motorway near here. 他们正积极发起行动，反对在附近新建高速公路。
battle, fight, struggle, combat, campaign, warfare, war, engagement
这组词都有“战斗，战争”的意思，其区别是：
battle: 侧重指战争中的一次较全面、时间较长的战斗，也指陆军或海军在某一特定地区进行的战斗，或个人之间的争斗。
fight: 最普通用词，含义广，指战斗、斗争或打斗。
struggle: 指激烈或时间持续长的战斗或奋力斗争。
combat: 泛指军事行动，尤指小规模的战斗，甚至是格斗。
campaign: 通常指在一场大的战争中在某一地区进行的一连串有既定目的的军事行动。也可作引申用。
warfare: 侧重指战争状态或具体的作战方法。
war: 是战争的总称，一般指包括多个战役的大规模战争。
engagement: 指交战，交火。
vi. 作战；参加竞选；参加活动
 - war, battle
n. 运动；活动；战役
 - movement, activity, exercise, sport, battle

Word: nominate
Front: nominate
[ˈnɒmɪneɪt] (研六托雅宝 4958/5687 -2)
Vocabulary: nominate
(once / 186 pages)
v
When you suggest a person for a position in the government, or propose a theme for your school's prom, you nominate that person or idea, especially if it's done in an official way.
In the United States, political parties hold primary elections and conventions to nominate candidates for president. The word nominate originally meant "to call by name," from the Latin word for "name," nomen , but by 1600 it began to be used to talk about politics.
WORD FAMILY
nominate: denominate, nominated, nominates, nominating, nomination, nominative, nominator+/denominate: denominated, denominates, denominating, denomination / denomination: denominational, denominations/denominational: denominationalism, denominationally, interdenominational, nondenominational, undenominational/interdenominational: interdenominationally/nomination: nominations/nominative: nominatively, nominatives/nominator: nominators
USAGE EXAMPLES
When I’m asked for my favourite inspirational scene, I nominate Tom Courtenay’s final, miserable act of defiance in The Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Those surprises are almost always supplied by Kennedy, 80, nominated to the court 29 years ago by a fellow Californian, Ronald Reagan.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
The strategy paid off, and the Republican Senate will consider whomever Trump nominates.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. 提名…为候选人; 任命; 挑选; 指定（时间、日期、名称等）
时态：nominated, nominating, nominates
分布：提名(96%)，指派(3%)，登记赛马参加比赛(1%)
→来自拉丁语nomen,名字，词源同name.引申词义提名。
提名;任命(nomin+ate表动词)[nomin=name,表示"名称,名字"]
v.提名,任命The dominant candidate is nominally nominated for president.占优势的候选人名义上被任命为总统.
US ['nɑ:.mə-] verb transitive
SUGGEST 建议
■to officially suggest someone for an election, job, position or honour （为选举、工作、职位或荣誉）提名，推荐
• He's been nominated by the Green Party as their candidate in the next election. 他被绿党提名为下届选举的候选人。
• Would you like to nominate anyone for/as director? 请您推荐一下经理的候选人，好吗？
■to state officially that a film, song, programme, etc. will be included in a competition for a prize 提名（电影、歌曲、节目等）
• The film was nominated for an Academy Award. 这部电影获得奥斯卡提名。
UK ['nɒm.ɪ.neɪt] US ['nɑ:.mə-] verb transitive
CHOOSE 选择
■to officially choose someone for a job or to do something 任命；指定
• She was nominated as the delegation's official interpreter. 她被任命为代表团的正式翻译员。
• [+ to infinitive] President Yeltsin nominated acting prime minister Sergei Kiriyenko to head the government. 叶利钦总统任命代总理谢尔盖．基里延科领导政府。
assign, designate, name, appoint, nominate
这组词都有“任命，委派”的意思，其区别是：
assign: 常指给一群人或个人分配、分派、指派或委派任务。
designate: 书面用语，侧重当权者或机构的选拔或任命，有时含强行指定的意味。
name: 普通用词，着重任命的结果，而不是过程。
appoint: 通常指不经过选择的官方委任。
nominate: 通常指为某一公职选择候选人，并将其提交给有决定权的人作最后决定。
vt. 推荐；提名；任命；指定
 - install, constitute, name, place, specify

Word: bargain
Front: bargain
[ˈbɑ:gən] (高研四六雅宝 4962/4926 -K3)
Vocabulary: bargain
(once / 249 pages)
1nv 2n
The table you bought at a yard sale for five dollars might seem like a bargain until you get it home and realize it only has three legs. A bargain is a good deal.
Inexpensive items are one type of bargain, and another kind of bargain is an agreement you make with someone — a deal or compromise. Two countries might strike a trade bargain, or you could make a bargain with your friend that you'll drive to the mall if she buys you a giant cinnamon roll. Bargain also means to negotiate the details of a purchase, which makes sense because the root word is bargaignier, French for "haggle over the price."
WORD FAMILY
bargain: bargained, bargainer, bargaining, bargains+/bargainer: bargainers/bargaining: bargainings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Women’s national soccer team finally agrees to new collective bargaining agreement when U.S.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Many cases with strong evidence against capital punishment for a defendant are resolved with plea bargains before ever reaching a jury, he added.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
They’re spending so much time looking for something different that they might miss the bargains in front of them.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 契约，协定; 交易; 特价商品; 便宜货
vt. 做交易
vi. 讨价还价; 达成协议
时态：bargained, bargaining, bargains
分布：讨价还价(44%)，交易(34%)，便宜货(14%)，契约(5%)，议价(3%)
→来自拉丁词barca, 驳船，同barge. 指驳船上装载货物进行的一种传统的交易方式。
n.廉价货;交易,契约,合同v.议价,成交In the bar the barber bargained for a jar of jam, then got over the barrier of barrels.在酒巴里理发师为一罐果酱讲了价然后越过桶作的屏障.
【记】bar酒吧，gain得到。想在酒吧获得东西，怎能不侃价，一杯酒好几十，成本才几块，跟他砍！！！
US ['bɑ:r-] noun countable
LOW PRICE 低价
 IMPROVER
■something on sale at a lower price than its true value 便宜货，廉价品
• This coat was half-price - a real bargain. 这件大衣是以半价购买的——真便宜。
• The airline regularly offers last-minute bookings at bargain prices. 航空公司定期提供最后时刻的廉价订票服务。
• The sales had started and the bargain hunters (= people looking for things at a low price) were out in force. 大减价开始了，那些到处搜寻便宜货的人倾巢而出。
UK ['bɑ:.gɪn] US ['bɑ:r-] noun countable
AGREEMENT 协议
■an agreement between two people or groups in which each promises to do something in exchange for something else 协议；交易
• "I'll tidy the kitchen if you clean the car." "OK, it's a bargain." “如果你洗车我就打扫厨房。”“好，就这么说定了！”
• The management and employees eventually struck/made a bargain (= reached an agreement). 劳资双方最终达成了协议。
UK ['bɑ:.gɪn] US ['bɑ:r-] noun countable
into the bargain (US also in the bargain)
■in addition to other facts previously mentioned 此外，而且
• He's intelligent, witty, a loving husband, and an excellent cook into the bargain. 他聪明诙谐，疼爱妻子，而且厨艺也很不错。
UK ['bɑ:.gɪn] US ['bɑ:r-] verb intransitive or transitive
■to try to make someone agree to give you something more favourable for you, such as a better price, or better wages or working conditions 讨价还价（如价格、工资或工作条件等）
• Unions bargain with employers for better rates of pay each year. 为了争取更高薪酬，工会每年都要与资方进行谈判。
UK ['bɑ:.gɪn] US ['bɑ:r-] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  bargain sth away
■to exchange something good for something of less value 以高价值物品交换低价值物品
• I realized that by trying to gain security I had bargained away my freedom. 我发觉我为了获得安全保障而轻易地牺牲了自由。
UK ['bɑ:.gɪn] US ['bɑ:r-] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  bargain for/on sth
■to expect or be prepared for something 期待；预计到；准备好
• We hadn't bargained on such a long wait. 我们没料到会等这么久。
• The strength of the opposition was rather more than she'd bargained for. 对手的实力远远超出了她的预期。
deal, trade, bargain, commerce, business
这组词都有“贸易，交易”的意思，其区别是：
deal: 口语用词，指买卖双方经过交涉达成协议成交。
trade: 普通用词，含义广。既可指某种具体的商业又可指广泛的贸易。
bargain: 多指买卖双方通过谈判、协商就商品质量、数量、价格等项达成协议所成的生意。
commerce: 多指大规模的买卖或易货关系。
business: 指包括售货、购货、换货在内的综合商业活动，方式可以是批发或零售。
agreement, contract, treaty, convention, bargain, understanding, accord
这些名词均含“协定，协议，契约，合同”之意。
agreement: 普通用词，含义最确定，泛指个人、团体或国家之间取得一致而达成的任何协议、协定或合同、契约等，可以是口头的，也可以是书面的。
contract: 侧重指双方或多方订立的具有法律效力的正式的书面合同或契约。
treaty: 指国家之间经外交谈判后依照国际法签订的正式条约。
convention: 比treaty更专门化，但不及treaty正式。也可指国家之间就有关事情签订的条约。
bargain: 通常指商业交往中的购销合同。
understanding: 指不具约束力的非正式的协议。
accord: 多指国际间的非正式协议。
n. 交易；契约；特价商品
 - trade, special, truck, compact
vi. 讨价还价；成交
 - bar tack, make a deal
vt. 讨价还价；拿…做交易
 - bar tack

Word: skeptical
Front: skeptical
['skeptɪkəl] (研六托 4963/-)
Vocabulary: skeptical
(once / 938 pages)
adj
If a friend told you that her family was perfect and they never had any problems, would you believe her? If not, you may be skeptical. Skeptical people look at the world with a certain amount of doubt.
This word comes from ancient Greece, where a philosopher named Pyrrho taught his followers that we can never really understand the true nature of things, only how they appear to us. (So basically, we should stop searching for the meaning of life and just relax.) In Pyrrho's view, the true sage was someone who realized that it was impossible to be certain about anything. His followers were called Skeptikoi, or Skeptics; the Greek word skeptikos means “given to asking questions.”
WORD FAMILY
skeptical: skeptically, skepticism +/ skeptic: skeptical, skeptics/ skepticism: skepticisms
USAGE EXAMPLES
There are two main reasons to be skeptical.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
“By the people, and foundations, for the people”? I’m skeptical.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
South Koreans are increasingly skeptical of the chaebol and the economic model they represent.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 怀疑性的，好怀疑的，<口>无神论的
分布：怀疑的(100%)
→skeptic,怀疑者，-al,形容词后缀。
怀疑的(skept怀疑+ical)[-ical表形容词"…的"]
a.怀疑的[英]scepticalHe is skeptical about everything.他对于一切事都持怀疑的态度.
adj. 怀疑的；怀疑论的，不可知论的
 - sceptical, suspicious

Word: scrutiny
Front: scrutiny
[ˈskru:təni] (研六托雅 4964/5038 -2)
Vocabulary: scrutiny
(once / 447 pages)
n
Scrutiny is when you look at something really closely, like when you are checking a test for mistakes. Scrutiny can also be an intense look, like when your mother looks at you — trying to tell if you might be lying.
Scrutiny comes from the Latin scrutari, which means “to search,” but which originally meant, “to sort trash.” The most common usage of scrutiny is in the phrase “under scrutiny." When your work is under scrutiny, it’s like your teacher is looking for any trash that can be edited out. If your outfit is under scrutiny, your mom is checking to see if your skirt is long enough for school; she’s making sure you don’t look trashy.
WORD FAMILY
scrutiny: scrutineer, scrutinies, scrutinise, scrutinize +/scrutineer: scrutineers/scrutinise: scrutinised, scrutiniser, scrutinises, scrutinising/scrutiniser: scrutinisers/ scrutinize: scrutinized, scrutinizer, scrutinizes, scrutinizing/scrutinizer: scrutinizers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Andrew Puzder, a restaurant executive set to serve as labor secretary, will face scrutiny for past comments on the minimum wage, among other policies.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
But, like any invisible authority, such systems should be open to scrutiny.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
But how the reprieve became public Thursday drew scrutiny from open-government advocates and others.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 细看，细阅; 仔细的观察; 监督
分布：监视(55%)，细看(39%)，周密的调查(6%)
→来自拉丁语 scrutinium,检查，搜查，查问，来自 scrutari,检查，搜查，来自 scruta,碎片，垃 圾，来自 skreu,扩大形式于 sker,砍，切，词源同 shear,shred,scrap.比喻用法，原义 为从垃圾堆里搜寻有用之物，引申诸相关词义。
n.周密的调查;仔细看;监视;选票复查Every product under goes a close scrutiny.每件产品都经过仔细的检查.
【反】casual glance（偶然一瞥）
US [-tˌən.i] noun uncountable
■the careful and detailed examination of something in order to get information about it 细看，仔细审查
• The Government's record will be subjected to/come under (close) scrutiny in the weeks before the election. 政府的作为将在选前几个星期接受审查。
n. 详细审查；监视；细看；选票复查
 - observation, monitoring, surveillance, watch

Word: suppress
Front: suppress
[səˈpres] (研六托雅 4965/4544 -2)
Vocabulary: suppress
(once / 227 pages)
v
To suppress something means to curb, inhibit, or even stop it. If the sound of your boss moving in his chair sounds like gas, you’re going to have to learn how to suppress your giggles.
In the strictest sense, suppress means to put an end to something by force, like a government that suppresses the right to free speech by shutting down the newspapers or the military suppressing an uprising by rebel forces. But we also use suppress in less serious terms to describe an attempt to muffle or stifle something, such as suppressing a sneeze in a quiet theater or suppressing your true emotions to not cause a teary scene.
WORD FAMILY
suppress: suppressed, suppresser, suppresses, suppressing, suppression, suppressive, suppressor+/ suppressed: suppressedly, unsuppressed/suppresser: suppressers/ suppression: suppressions/suppressor: suppressors
USAGE EXAMPLES
In November, it was reported that software developed with Mark Zuckerberg’s support will allow third parties to monitor and suppress the visibility of posts.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
The group repeatedly struck at Turkish cities in 2016 in retaliation for Ankara’s support for international efforts to suppress its activities in Syria and Iraq.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Firefighters risked their lives to suppress the flames and try to save those inside, said Knowles.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 镇压，压制; 止住，忍住; 禁止发表; 阻止…的生长（或发展）
时态：suppressed, suppressing, suppresses
分布：压制(48%)，镇压(31%)，禁止(12%)，隐瞒(6%)，止住(3%)
→sup-,在下，向下，press,压。引申诸相关词义。
镇压,压制(sup+press压→压下去)[suc-,suf-,sup-,sur-等在同辅音词根前表示"在…下面"]
镇压;忍住(眼泪等)(sup下去+press→压下去→忍住)[press=press表示"挤压"]
v.镇压,压制;抑制,忍住;查禁The oppressor suppressed his aggressive opinion about compressor.压制者制止了他的有关压缩机的挑衅性观点.
verb transitive
END BY FORCE 以武力结束
■to end something by force （用武力）镇压，压制，制止
• The Hungarian uprising in 1956 was suppressed by the Soviet Union. 1956年匈牙利起义受到苏联武力镇压的。
[sə'pres] verb transitive
PREVENT 抑制
■to prevent something from being seen or expressed or from operating 抑制，忍住，压抑；查禁
• She couldn't suppress her anger/annoyance/delight. 她无法抑制内心的愤怒／气恼／喜悦。
• His feelings of resentment have been suppressed for years. 他的怨恨之情已经压抑多年。
• The government tried to suppress the book because of the information it contained about the security services. 因为这本书的内容涉及安全部门的资讯，所以政府试图查禁它。
• The virus suppresses the body's immune system. 这种病毒抑制了人体的免疫系统。
oppress, suppress
这组词都有“压迫，镇压”的意思，其区别是：
oppress: 指用武力或权力等压迫、压制别人。
suppress: 通常指通过强力，迅速有力地制止某事，或用意志控制自己的感情。
vt. 抑制；镇压；废止
 - control, restrain, stay

Word: rape
Front: rape
[reɪp] (研 3416/3510 -3)
Vocabulary: rape
(once / 843 pages)
1nv 2n
Rape is a word for sexual assault — usually a man rapes a woman. This is one of the worst crimes there is. Rape can also mean to plunder or strip something of resources.
There are few words more powerful than rape, which is a horrifying crime most often done by a man to a woman. To rape someone is to force them to have sex with you. This word isn't an obscenity, but its meaning is. There are also some metaphorical meanings, like if a country is said to rape the land of a resource, like oil. Some countries might rape their rain forests by cutting them down. However it's used, rape is a violent and ugly word.
WORD FAMILY
rape: raped, rapeed, raper, rapes, raping, rapist+/raper: rapers/rapist: rapists
USAGE EXAMPLES
It says it has observed starvation, the burning of villages and rape being used as weapons of war across the country.
BBC(Dec 01, 2016)
In 1971, Whitsell was convicted of aggravated rape in two separate cases in Louisiana, according to the district attorney’s office.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Satoe still faces trial in February on two counts of rape and a count of aiding and abetting attempted rape.
Washington Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: vt. 掠夺，强夺; 强奸
n. 掠夺，强夺; [法]强奸; [植]油菜; 葡萄渣
时态：raped, raping, rapes
分布：强奸(92%)，掠夺(4%)，蹂躏(3%)，破坏(1%)
→来自拉丁语 rapere,抓住，抓取，来自 rep,reup,抓走，抢夺，词源同 rob,rip,rapid.引申词 义掠夺，强夺，后用于指强奸，强暴。
强奸;洗劫[Rap,rapt,rav=snatch,表示"捕,夺"]
n./vt.掠夺,蹂躏,强奸
verb intransitive or transitive
 IMPROVER
■to force someone to have sex when they are unwilling, using violence or threatening behaviour 强奸；强暴
• She was pulled from the car and raped. 她被拉出车外，遭到强奸。
• It's difficult to understand what causes a man to rape. 很难理解是甚么原因导致一个男人犯下强奸罪行。
[reɪp] noun
SEX CRIME 性犯罪
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■(an example of) the crime of forcefully having sex with someone against their wish 强奸（罪）
• He had committed several rapes. 他多次犯下强奸罪。
• He was convicted of rape. 他被判犯有强奸罪。
[reɪp] noun
DESTRUCTION 破坏
uncountable
■destruction of the natural world, often for profit （为谋利而对自然环境的）破坏，损害，糟蹋
• The road builders were accused of the rape of the countryside. 道路建筑商被指责肆意破坏乡村环境。
[reɪp] noun
PLANT 植物
uncountable (also oilseed rape, rapeseed)
■a plant with yellow flowers from which oil and animal food are produced 油菜
n. 强奸，掠夺； [园艺] 油菜；葡萄渣
 - violation, cole
vt. 强奸；掠夺，抢夺
 - harry, despoil

Word: brass
Front: brass
[brɑ:s] (研四托 4968/4119 -2)
Back: n. 黄铜; 铜管乐器; 钱; 黄铜饰品（尤指马挽具上的黄铜圆片）
v. 〈英〉付（款）; [冶]把…包铜; 〈口〉无耻地胡搞
分布：黄铜的(67%)，厚脸皮(33%)
→词源同burn, 燃烧。由铜和锡冶炼而成。
n.黄铜,铜器It was not the aluminum but the massive brass and bronze on the grass that embarrassed me.让我为难的不是铝而是草地上厚重的黄铜和青铜.
US [bræs] noun
METAL 金属
 ADVANCED uncountable
■a bright yellow metal made from copper and zinc 黄铜
• The door handles were made of brass. 门把手是黄铜做的。
countable
■a thin piece of brass on the floor or wall in a church, with a picture or writing cut into it （教堂地上或墙上，刻有雕像或文字的）黄铜纪念牌
• The church has several beautiful medieval brasses. 这个教堂有几块精美的中世纪黄铜纪念牌。
the brass only singular
■the group of brass instruments or players in a band or orchestra （乐队或管弦乐队的）铜管乐器部分，铜管乐器手
• The brass seems to me too loud in this recording. 我觉得这张唱片中铜管乐器部分似乎太响了。
UK [brɑ:s] US [bræs] noun
CONFIDENCE 信心
uncountable UK informal
■complete self-confidence and absence of fear 高度自信，无所畏惧；厚脸皮
• I don't know how she has the brass to do it. 我不懂她怎么有脸做那事。
UK [brɑ:s] US [bræs] noun
MONEY 钱；现金
uncountable UK old-fashioned informal
■money
UK [brɑ:s] US [bræs] noun
brass monkey weather UK informal
■extremely cold weather 极冷的天气
UK [brɑ:s] US [bræs] noun
get down to brass tacks
■to start talking about the most important or basic facts of a situation 讨论实质问题；考虑最基本的问题
• Let's get down to brass tacks. Who's paying for all this? 让我们先谈最基本的问题——谁为这一切付帐？
UK [brɑ:s] US [bræs] adjective [before noun]
■(of a musical instrument) made of metal and played by blowing 铜管乐器的
• The trumpet and trombone are brass instruments. 小号和长号是铜管乐器。
• He plays in the brass section of the orchestra. 他在管弦乐团的铜管乐器组当乐手。
Compare percussion ; woodwind
n. [材] 黄铜；黄铜制品；铜管乐器；厚脸皮
 - orichalc, yellow metal

Word: considering
Front: considering
[kənˈsɪdərɪŋ] (4967/6337 -3)
Back: prep. 考虑到，就…而论
adv. 〈口〉细想起来，认真说，委实
v. 考虑( consider的现在分词)
分布：考虑到(79%)，鉴于(19%)，就 ... 而言(2%)
US [-ɚ-] preposition conjunction adverb
 ADVANCED
■used to mention a particular condition or fact about something, usually a disadvantage 考虑到；就…而言
• Considering the weather, we got here quite quickly. 考虑到天气因素，我们到这里算够快的了。
• She did well to find the way, considering she'd only been there once before. 考虑到她只到过那里一次，能找到路已经很不错了。
prep. 考虑到；就...而论
 - given, saving
conj. 考虑到
 - when

Word: unfortunate
Front: unfortunate
[ʌnˈfɔ:tʃənət] (高四六 4970/4076 -K2)
Vocabulary: unfortunate
(once / 99 pages)
adjn
Something unfortunate is something that you wished had not happened — like that unfortunate incident that got you suspended from school. Let's not bring that up.
Unfortunate can also describe unlucky circumstances. A natural disaster like an earthquake or a tornado will always have unfortunate consequences. You can even use unfortunate as a noun to identify someone or something not favored by fortune — like the unfortunates whose lives were shattered by the earthquake.
WORD FAMILY
unfortunate: unfortunately, unfortunates+/ fortunate: fortunately, fortunatest, misfortunate, unfortunate / fortune: fortunate, fortunes, misfortune /misfortunate: misfortunately/ misfortune: misfortunes
USAGE EXAMPLES
“We thought this would be a way to get past the unfortunate bigotry,” Shalaby said.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The majority of the issues that shuffled off their mortal coil were some combination of uninspired, unloved, unlucky and unfortunate, and deserved their fate.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
That’s the unfortunate fate suffered by Daughter’s sophomore effort, “Not To Disappear,” whose chilly songs sound as desolate as a frozen tundra.
Salon(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 不幸的，倒霉的; 不吉利的; 不成功的; 可惜的，可叹的
n. 不幸的人
分布：不幸的(76%)，不幸的人(15%)，令人遗憾的(9%)
不幸的(un+fortunate幸运的)[un-①表示"不,无,非,没有"②表示"打开,解开,弄出"]
不幸的(un不+fortune+ate→运气不好)[furt=luck,表示"运气"]
US [-'fɔ:r-] adjective
UNLUCKY 不幸的
 ADVANCED
■unlucky or having bad effects 不幸的，倒楣的
• She has inherited her father's large nose, which is very unfortunate. 她遗传了父亲的大鼻子，真是太不幸了。
• [+ (that)] It was just unfortunate (that) he phoned exactly as our guests were arriving. 遗憾的是他恰好在我们的客人到达时打来电话。
UK [ʌn'fɔ:.tʃən.ət] US [-'fɔ:r-] adjective
NOT SUITABLE 不合适的 formal
■(of remarks or behaviour) unsuitable in a way which could cause embarrassment or offence （言论或行为）令人尴尬的，不恰当的，得罪人的
• The housing director's remark that 'the homeless could do more to help themselves' was unfortunate to say the least. 住房主任说的那句“无家可归者可以做更多的事来自助”至少是不恰当的。
UK [ʌn'fɔ:.tʃən.ət] US [-'fɔ:r-] noun countable formal or humorous
■an unlucky person who is in a bad situation 不幸之人；倒楣蛋
• He was one of the poor unfortunates who invested in the company and now finds himself a few thousand pounds poorer. 他是那些投资于这家公司的可怜倒楣蛋之一，现在已经亏了几千英镑。
unhappy, unfortunate, disastrous, unlucky
这组词都有“不幸的”的意思，其区别是：
unhappy: 多用于表示心理状态，指由于不满意或遇到一般性倒霉事而感到不愉快。
unfortunate: 语气较强，多指因命运不佳，意外不幸或事业失败、生活处于困境等而感到不幸。
disastrous: 着重不可避免和后果严重。
unlucky: 指因缺少或一时无机遇，虽作了努力，但事不从心，感到失意。
adj. 不幸的；令人遗憾的；不成功的
 - evil, failed, unlucky, tragic

Word: anchor
Front: anchor
[ˈæŋkə(r)] (研四六雅宝 4961/7686 -2)
Vocabulary: anchor
(once / 190 pages)
1nv 2n
On a boat, an anchor is a heavy object attached to a rope. You toss it overboard, it sinks to the bottom, and your vessel doesn't move. Anchor has the sense of what holds something in place.
When you anchor a bookshelf to the wall, you affix it to the wall so it won't come down. The anchor of a relay race is the last person to run. It's their job to hold the team's lead. And on televised news, the anchor is the person who is front and center delivering the current events, the one who draws viewers to the news on that particular station.
WORD FAMILY
anchor: anchorage, anchored, anchoring, anchors+/anchorage: anchorages
USAGE EXAMPLES
Instead of mini-moneymakers, though, the entire campus — potholed parking lots and all — needs anchors.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The appeal of the outdoor game lies in the sport's roots, anchored by romantic nostalgia and wintery charm.
Reuters(Jan 01, 2017)
Many people anchor their frame of reference to the financial crisis in March 2009 when markets crashed to their lows.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 锚; 锚状物; 靠山; 压阵队员
vt. 抛锚，抛锚泊船; 使固定，使稳固; 使稳定; 在…任节目主持人
vi. 抛锚，停泊; 固定; [体]任主要运动员; 主持节目
adj. 最后一棒的，末棒的
时态：anchored, anchoring, anchors
分布：锚(86%)，抛锚(7%)，停泊(3%)，新闻节目主播(1%)，锚状物(1%)，压阵队员(1%)，依靠(1%)
→同ankle, 弯钩，脚踝，锚。
n./v.锚;危难时可依靠的人或物;用锚泊船I bundled a bunch of branches and anchored it on the punching bench.我捆起一簇树枝,将它栓在冲压工作台上.
US [-kɚ] noun countable
BOAT 船
 ADVANCED
■a heavy metal object, usually shaped like a cross with curved arms, on a strong rope or chain, which is dropped from a boat into the water to prevent the boat from moving away 锚
• We dropped anchor (= lowered the anchor into the water) and stopped. 我们抛锚停船。
• It was time to weigh anchor (= pull up the anchor and sail away). 该是起锚开船的时候了。
UK ['æŋ.kər] US [-kɚ] noun countable
SUPPORT 支持
■someone or something that gives support when needed 可以依靠的人（或物）；精神支柱；靠山
• She was my anchor when things were difficult for me. 我身处困境时，她就是我的精神支柱。
• This treaty has been called the anchor (= strongest part) of their foreign policy. 该条约被称为他们外交政策的基石。
UK ['æŋ.kər] US [-kɚ] noun countable
BROADCASTER 播音员 mainly US an anchorman or anchorwoman （广播、电视节目的）主持人
UK ['æŋ.kər] US [-kɚ] verb
FASTEN 使固定
intransitive or transitive
■to lower an anchor into the water in order to stop a boat from moving away 抛锚，下锚
transitive
■to make something or someone stay in one position by fastening them firmly 把…系住（或扎牢）；使稳固，使固定
• We anchored ourselves to the rocks with a rope. 我们用绳子把自己固定在岩石上。
UK ['æŋ.kər] US [-kɚ] verb
BROADCAST 广播
transitive mainly US
■to act as the anchorman or anchorwoman of a programme 主持，担任（节目的）主持人
• She will anchor the new morning news show. 她将主持新的早间新闻节目。
n. [船] 锚；抛锚停泊；靠山；新闻节目主播
 - kelleg, backer patron
vt. 抛锚； [机] 使固定；主持节目
 - fix, nail

Word: hunt
Front: hunt
[hʌnt] (高研四六雅 3420/4330 -K3)
Vocabulary: hunt
(once / 81 pages)
1vn 2vn 3v 4v
To hunt is to track and kill an animal for fun or food. In Italy, they use pigs to hunt truffles. In the US, they use shotguns to hunt deer.
Some humans hunt animals with a gun or a bow and arrow, and some animals hunt smaller animals — the way a wolf hunts rabbits or a cat hunts birds. You can hunt in a non-lethal way as well, like when you hunt all over your house for your lost car keys, or your little brother hunts for you during a game of hide-and-seek. The Old English root of hunt is huntian, "chase game."
WORD FAMILY
hunt: hunted, hunter, hunting, hunts+/hunted: huntedly/ hunter: hunters/hunting: huntings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Mr. Cakautavatava described the old days of hunting turtles in a fiberglass boat and spearing them through the shell.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Native Americans used the land to hunt buffalo by guiding them over a sandstone cliff.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
They say limited hunting allows for a controlled elimination of weak animals, while earning funds for fodder and other care for the herds.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 打猎; 猎取
vt. 打猎; 追捕，猎杀; 在…处狩猎; 搜索
vi. 追逐猎物; 寻找; 前后摆动; 积极地寻找
n. 打猎; 狩猎旅行; 参加狩猎旅行的人
时态：hunted, hunting, hunts
分布：狩猎(31%)，打猎(23%)，追捕(19%)，搜寻(19%)，搜索(8%)
→来自古英语huntian,打猎，猎捕，来自Proto-Germanic*huntona,猎捕，捕获，来自kend,抓住，抓捕，词源同hint.
v./n.打猎,猎取;(for)搜索;寻找Uncle and aunt launched a laundry with the blunt hunter.伯伯和伯母与直率的猎人创办了一家洗衣店.
verb intransitive or transitive
CHASE 追赶
 ADVANCED
■to chase and try to catch and kill an animal or bird for food, sport or profit 打猎，捕猎
• Some animals hunt at night. 有些动物在夜间猎食。
• When lion cubs are young, the mother stays with them while the father hunts for food. 在幼狮的小时候，母狮会守在它身旁，而雄狮去觅食。
• Jack and Charlie like to hunt/go hunting (= chase and kill animals for sport) at weekends. 杰克和查理喜欢在周末去打猎。
• Cats like to hunt mice and birds. 猫喜欢捕食老鼠和鸟类。
• Elephants used to be hunted for the ivory from their tusks. 以前人们经常为了得到象牙而捕猎大象。
■in Britain, to chase and kill animals, especially foxes , using dogs and riding on horses （英国带着猎狗进行的）骑马打猎；（尤指）骑马猎狐
[hʌnt] verb intransitive or transitive
SEARCH 搜寻
 ADVANCED
■to search for something or someone; to try to find something or someone 搜寻；寻找
• I've hunted all over the place, but I can't find that book. 我在这个地方找了好几次，却找也找不到那本书。
• They are still hunting for the missing child. 他们仍在搜寻那个失踪的孩子。
• I've hunted high and low (= looked everywhere) for my gloves. 我已经四处找过我的手套。
• Police are hunting the terrorists who planted the bomb. 警方正在搜捕设置炸弹的恐怖分子。
• I'll try and hunt out (= find) those old photographs for you. 我会尽力帮你找到那些旧相片。
• They have spent months house-/job- hunting (= looking for a house/a job). 他们已经花了几个月时间找屋子／工作。
[hʌnt] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] hunt sb/sth down
■to search everywhere for someone or something until you find them 搜捕；找到
• The terrorists must be hunted down and brought to justice. 必须把恐怖分子缉捕归案、绳之于法。
[hʌnt] noun
SEARCH 搜寻
 ADVANCED countable usually singular
■a search for something or someone 搜寻；寻找
• After a long hunt we finally found a house we liked. 经过长时间的寻觅，我们终于找到一间喜欢的房子。
• The hunt for the injured climber continued throughout the night. 对那位受伤登山者的搜寻持续了整整一个晚上。
• Police are on the hunt (= searching) for the kidnappers. 警方正在搜捕绑匪。
• The hunt is on (= the search has started) for a successor to Sir James Gordon. 已经开始物色詹姆斯‧哥顿爵士的接班人了。
[hʌnt] noun
CHASE 追赶
 ADVANCED countable
■when people chase wild animals in order to kill them （人类的）狩猎，打猎
• to go on a fox/deer hunt 去猎狐／鹿
countable
■in Britain, a group of people who meet regularly in order to chase and kill animals, especially foxes （英国骑马狩猎的）狩猎队；（尤指）猎狐队
• They are members of the local hunt. 他们是当地狩猎队的成员。
explore, track, hunt, seek
这组词都有“搜索、寻找”的意思，其区别是：
explore: 一般指对未知事物或新生事物的探索、观察与研究。
track: 侧重按一定线索追查出结果。
hunt: 一般指寻找所需的物件，或对罪犯的搜寻，特指追猎。
seek: 语义庄重，语气强，使用广。多暗示做出很大努力去寻求某人或物。
pursue, trace, trail, track, hunt, chase, follow
这组词都有“跟随、追踪”的意思，其区别是：
pursue: 指坚持不懈、毫不动摇地紧跟、追赶某人、某物或某个事业。
trace: 指根据线索或足迹进行跟踪。用于抽象意义时指找到某事物的根源。
trail: 一般指跟踪追击。
track: 指沿着人或动物留下的印迹或行迹追踪。
hunt: 原义为“追猎、猎取”，现用于指追捕或搜寻逃犯等。
chase: 指快速追赶或决心追踪，褒义贬义均可用。
follow: 普遍用词，含义最广，多指跟随起引导作用的人或物，跟随的动机可以是善意的，也可能是恶意的。
vt. 打猎；搜索
 - seek, beat for
vi. 打猎；搜寻
 - search, nose about
n. 狩猎；搜寻
 - search, shoot

Word: zero
Front: zero
[ˈzɪərəʊ] (中高雅 4886/4296 -K2)
Vocabulary: zero
(once / 687 pages)
1nadj 2nvadj 3nv
Zero means nothing. When you add zero to the number one, you get the number one. If your mother says your new boyfriend is a zero, she thinks he's got nothing going for him.
You might know zero as 0, zilch, zip, nothing, or nada. While it is a number of no value, without it we wouldn't be able to count beyond 9. The temperature at which water freezes is zero degrees Celsius. And if you got a zero on a test, it means that you answered every single question wrong.
WORD FAMILY
zero: non-zero, zeroed, zeroes, zeroing, zeroly, zeros, zeroth
USAGE EXAMPLES
Maybe he hopes Mr. Putin will see him as a kindred spirit: Big hombre, instinctive nationalist, zero use for liberals and their pieties.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Dahlin’s first interrogation began about 2am that winter morning, as temperatures outside The Residence plunged to six degrees below zero.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
“In this area, let us adhere, clearly and faithfully, to ‘zero tolerance.'”
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. （数字）0; 零度
adj. 全无的，没有的
v. . 聚焦，集中
时态：zeroed, zeroing, zeroes
分布：零(87%)，零的(6%)，零度(4%)，瞄准(1%)，最低点(1%)，无价值的(1%)
→来自阿拉伯语sifr,零，空无，神秘，词源cipher,最终来自梵语。
n.零,零度num.零The poet's toes get out of his shoes. Here heroes are zeros.诗人的脚趾露出了鞋子.在这里英雄无足轻重.
US ['zɪr.oʊ] number (plural zeros or zeroes)
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■(the number) 0; nothing （数字）零；没有，全无
• Five, four, three, two, one, zero. 5，4，3，2，1，0。
• The number one million is written with a one and six zeroes (mainly UK alsonoughts). 数字100万要写一个1和六个0。
• Heavy rain has reduced visibility almost to zero (= its lowest point). 大雨已使能见度降到最低。
 ADVANCED uncountable
■on a set of numbers for comparing temperature in degrees Celsius, the level of temperature at which water freezes 零（摄氏）度
• The temperature is expected to drop to ten degrees below zero tonight. 今晚气温预计会降至零下十度。
UK ['zɪə.rəʊ] US ['zɪr.oʊ] adjective
■not any or no 全无的，没有的
• zero growth/inflation 零增长／通货膨胀
• informal He said that his chances of getting the job were zero (= he had no chance). 他说他得到这份工作的可能性为零。
UK ['zɪə.rəʊ] US ['zɪr.oʊ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  zero in on sth/sb
■to aim a weapon directly at something or someone （把武器）瞄准…，瞄向…
• Modern military aircraft use computers to help them zero in on their targets. 现代军用飞机运用电脑来帮助瞄准目标。
UK ['zɪə.rəʊ] US ['zɪr.oʊ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  zero in on sth
■to direct all your attention towards a particular thing 把注意力全部集中于
• We must decide on our target market, then zero in on it. 我们必须确定目标市场，然后将其锁定。
n. 零点， [物] 零度
 - nullity

Word: extract
Front: extract
[ˈekstrækt] (研六托雅宝 4971/3787 -2)
Vocabulary: extract
(once / 178 pages)
1vn 2vn 3v 4v
When you extract something, you remove it from a larger whole. You can extract a passage from a book, or a liquid essence from a vanilla bean—vanilla extract.
Ex- means out of, and when you extract, you draw something out of something else. When listening to a complicated and long-winded story, it can be difficult to extract the truly meaningful details.
WORD FAMILY
extract: extractable, extracted, extractible, extracting, extraction, extractor, extracts+/ extraction: extractions/extractor: extractors
USAGE EXAMPLES
From one of the embryos, the researchers extracted a tiny jawline with several teeth.
Science Magazine(Jan 02, 2017)
James would prove the last worker to die during the Post Office’s construction, but the building was not done extracting its blood toll.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Yet the president’s order allows locals who currently use the area to graze their livestock or extract minerals to keep their resource privileges.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 提取; （费力地）拔出; 选取; 获得
时态：extracted, extracting, extracts
分布：提取(84%)，摘录(7%)，榨出(3%)，拔出(2%)，精华(2%)，选取(1%)，榨出物(1%)
→ex-, 向外。-tract, 拉，词源同drag, contract. 即抽出来的一块，摘录。
抽出,拔出(ex+tract拉→拉出→拔出)[ex-①表示"出,出去"②表示"前面的,前任的"]
抽出;提炼出(ex出+tract→拉出来→提炼出)[tract=draw,表示"拉,拖"]
v./n.拔出,抽出;摘录n.抽取物;精华;选集The distracted reader can't be absorbed in the abstract extract.心神纷乱的读者无法专心于抽象的节录.
【记】ex出，tract拉－拔出
【反】embed（vt 使插入；使嵌入）变成in bed
verb transitive /ɪkˈstrækt/
 ADVANCED
■to remove or take out something 取出；拔出；提取
• They used to extract iron ore from this site. 他们曾经在这个地方开采铁矿。
• The oil which is extracted from olives is used for cooking. 这种橄揽油是用于烹饪的。
• The tooth was eventually extracted. 那只牙终于拔掉了。
■to make someone give you something when they do not want to 强索；设法获取
• After much persuasion they managed to extract the information from him. 花了好一阵力气说服之后，他们终于从他那里得到了情报。
noun]ˈek.strækt/
PLANT 植物
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■a substance taken from a plant, flower, etc. and used especially in food or medicine （尤指食物或药物的）提出物，精华，汁
• malt/yeast extract 麦芽精／酵母膏
• The cream contained extracts of/from several plants. 这种护肤霜中含有几种植物萃取精华。
noun]ˈek.strækt/
WRITING 文章
 ADVANCED countable
■a particular part of a book, poem, etc. that is chosen so that it can be used in a discussion, article, etc 摘录；选段；引文
• They published an extract from his autobiography. 他们刊登了他自传的一段节录。
quotation, extract
这组词都有“引文、引语”的意思，其区别是：
quotation: 常指篇幅较短的引语。
extract: 指选录或摘录，一般较长。
vt. 提取；取出； [图情] 摘录；榨取
 - abstract, milk, pop
n. 汁； [图情] 摘录； [化学] [药] [化工] 榨出物；选粹
 - juice, succus

Word: intensive
Front: intensive
[ɪnˈtensɪv] (研四六托雅 4973/3826 -2)
Vocabulary: intensive
(once / 2402 pages)
1adj 2nadj
Intensive describes things that are extreme, highly dramatic, or just plain thorough. An intensive chemistry course meets six days a week for five hours a day. If you're in intensive care, you're getting close medical scrutiny, 24/7.
Intensive is intense, which comes from the Latin for “high strung,” plus –ive, meaning “having the qualities of.” It’s an adjective that cranks up whatever it modifies. Doing too many intensive activities can make you high strung indeed, like taking that intensive chemistry class or participating in an intensive study on the effects of sleeplessness by staying awake for four days straight. That might get you put in intensive care.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
intense / intensive / intent
If your teacher offered you a choice between an intense course or an intensive one, which one would you choose? And would you wonder what his intent was?
Intense means of severe strength or force; having strong feelings. An intense course, then, would be an extremely tough course, such as advanced nuclear science. Intensive means focused on one subject or area for a short time; extremely thorough. So an intensive course would be very focused on one topic and would last short time, as with summer courses. The teacher's intent, his purpose or intention, might be to guide you to the best course for you. Or it might be to fill his summer course.
Searching online, you'll find that in particular intensive is used instead of intense:
Michigan Solar Panel Factory's Labor-Intensive Assembly Tasks
These hiking-intensive trips can, of course, be strenuous.
Implementation can be a time-intensive process in terms of training, data input, data conversion, and down time.
Some dictionaries point out that intense is usually connected with a subjective response, while intensive is generally connected to an objective description. Here are a few examples that get it right:
Intense heat sears Southern California for 4th day
‎Seaton's intent to lie, cheat is as serious as a felony‎
Professional mountain bike rider in intensive care after hit-and-run
WORD FAMILY
intensive: intensiveness, intensives
USAGE EXAMPLES
Within 24 hours, Quinlan was whisked away from their hospital to an intensive care unit at a nearby medical university.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
That summer, Erik completed an intensive treatment program that included frequent drug testing.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The occurrence rate was dramatically higher in intensive care units and neonatal wards, the body said.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 加强的，强烈的; [农]精耕细作的; [语]加强语意的; （农业方法）集约的
n. 加强器; [语]强义词，强调成份
分布：密集的(56%)，彻底的(26%)，强调的(14%)，精细的(4%)
→来自intense,剧烈的，强烈的。引申词义密集的，集约的。
a.加强的,集中的,深入细致的,精耕细作的For convenience of intensive study, he has an intense intention of making friend with me.为便于强化学习,他有和我交朋友的强烈意向.
adjective
 ADVANCED
■involving a lot of effort or activity in a short period of time 密集的，集中的；加强的；深入的
• two weeks of intensive training 两周的密集训练
• an intensive course in English 英语密集课程
• Intensive bombing had reduced the city to rubble. 密集轰炸曾把城市炸成一片瓦砾。
adj. 加强的； [经] 集中的；透彻的；加强语气的
 - enhanced, reinforced, concentrated, searching, mass

Word: betray
Front: betray
[bɪˈtreɪ] (高研四六托雅宝 4974/6030 -2)
Vocabulary: betray
(once / 147 pages)
v
When you betray someone or something, you provide information whether you mean to do it or not, like the loud growling of your stomach that betrays your hunger or the secret you tell about your friend that betrays her trust.
When you betray someone or something, you reveal something, like a secret or your true feelings. You may betray your impatience, for example, if you sit at your desk tapping your fingers. There is another meaning of betray that is just the opposite: lie. You betray your friend if you pretend that something is true just to trick him into doing what you want. In this case, betray means the same thing as deceive.
WORD FAMILY
betray: betrayal, betrayed, betrayer, betraying, betrays+/ betrayal: betrayals/betrayer: betrayers
USAGE EXAMPLES
But it will be soon, which saddens Gray, his secondary coach, who said he has seen no evidence of Newman’s body or mind betraying him.
New York Times(Nov 30, 2016)
Yet Mr. Hofer, 45, also flashes a boyish grin and can hardly help but betray an extra air of confidence these days.
New York Times(Nov 29, 2016)
A just and peaceful society depends on hypocrites who ultimately refuse to abandon the ideals they betray.
Washington Post(Nov 28, 2016)
Back: vt. 对…不忠; 背叛; 出卖; 泄露
时态：betrayed, betraying, betrays
分布：背叛(59%)，出卖(29%)，泄露(7%)，显露(5%)
→前缀be-, 强调。-tray, 背叛，同traitor, 来自拉丁词tradare, 前缀tra, 转，词根don, 给予。
v.背叛,出卖;暴露,流露,泄露The stray betrayer arrayed the sprayers on the road.偶然的背信者在道路上排列喷雾器.
【参】traitor（n 叛逆者，叛国者）
verb transitive
NOT LOYAL 不忠诚的
 ADVANCED
■to not be loyal to your country or a person, often by doing something harmful such as helping their enemies 背叛，出卖；对…不忠诚
• He was accused of betraying his country during the war. 他被指控在战争期间背叛了祖国。
• She felt betrayed by her mother's lack of support. 她觉得母亲背弃了她，因为母亲没有支持她。
• For years they betrayed Britain's secrets to Russia. 他们持续多年向俄国出卖英国的机密情报。
• formal He promised never to betray her (= never to leave her for another person). 他答应永远不离弃她。
■formal
■If someone betrays something such as a promise, they do not do what they said they would 食言；辜负
• The government has been accused of betraying its election promises. 政府因未能履行竞选诺言而遭到人们的遣责。
• By staying out so late, they have betrayed my trust (= disappointed me because I had trusted them to not be late). 他们在外面留到这么晚才回来，真是辜负了我的信任。
[bɪ'treɪ] verb transitive
SHOW 表露
■to show feelings, thoughts or a particular characteristic without intending to 暴露（想法）；流露（情感）
• If he is nervous on stage, he does not betray it. 他即使在舞台上十分紧张，也不会表露出来。
• Although she often seems quite cold and harsh, her smiling eyes betray her true nature. 虽然她看上去总是冷漠刻薄，但她微笑的双眼却显示出了真性情。
vt. 背叛；出卖；泄露（秘密）；露出…迹象
 - reveal, sell

Word: consistency
Front: consistency
[kənˈsɪstənsi] (托宝 4975/5721 -1)
Vocabulary: consistency
(once / 1132 pages)
1n 2n
Foods like puddings and gravies need to be the correct consistency — that is, the right thickness or texture — for the dish. It would not be good, for example, for gravy to have the consistency of cottage cheese.
The noun consistency also refers to uniformity or compatibility between things or parts. For example, you might need to check the consistency of spelling in a document or the consistency among eye-witness accounts of a crime. Consistency usually implies a positive sense of dependability. If you show consistency at the work place, your manager can depend on you.
WORD FAMILY
consistency: consistencies+/ consist: consisted, consistence, consistency, consisting, consists/consistence: consistences
USAGE EXAMPLES
"It really requires norms of coherence and consistency," he said.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
That, to me, is what’s holding him back from being a really good player is his consistency.”
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
If you would like more of a soupy consistency, add a little more stock.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 连贯; 符合; 前后一致; 浓度
分布：一致性(92%)，连贯(6%)，硬度(1%)，强度(1%)
noun
SUBSTANCE 物质
countable or uncountable
■the physical nature of a substance, especially a thick liquid, for example by being thick or thin, smooth or lumpy （尤指黏稠液体的）黏稠度，黏稠性
• She loved the creamy consistency of fresh paint. 她喜欢新鲜油漆鲜奶油状的黏性。
• Melt the chocolate to a pouring (= easy to pour) consistency. 把巧克力熔化成流体状。
[kən'sɪs.tənt.si] noun
BEING THE SAME 不变化的
uncountable
■when someone always behaves or performs in a similar way, or when something always happens in a similar way 连贯性；一致性
• They've won a few matches this season but they lack consistency. 这个赛季他们赢过几场比赛，可是表现不稳定。
• It's important to show some consistency in your work. 在工作中表现出连贯性很重要。
Opposite inconsistency
n. [计] [会计] 一致性； [流] 稠度；相容性
 - conformance, impending slough

Word: lift
Front: lift
[lɪft] (中高研四托雅 1343/1345 -K4)
Vocabulary: lift
(once / 58 pages)
1vn 2vn
To lift something is to pick it up, or raise it in the air. You'll need to lift a flag before you start waving it.
You can lift things literally, like when you lift your cat in the air to save it from your dog's slobbery tongue, or lift your glass for a New Year's Eve toast. You can also lift things figuratively, like when someone lifts your spirits, cheering you up, or when winning first prize in a contest lifts a writer from obscurity, elevating her position in the literary world. In Britain, lift is also another word for "elevator."
WORD FAMILY
lift: lifted, lifter, lifting, lifts+/lifter: lifters
USAGE EXAMPLES
Greaves, 23 in 1989, who now runs a courier company in his native Heswall, said the verdicts lifted a weight of 27 years.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
“I remember looking up from my phone and my body kind of lifting,” Grogan said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The temporary closure blocked all traffic except residents and lift ticket holders at the resort about 40 miles from Las Vegas.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 举起，抬起
vt. 举起; 提升; 鼓舞; 抬起
vi. 消散; 升起; 耸立
n. 电梯; 举起; 起重机; 搭车
时态：lifted, lifting, lifts
分布：举起(46%)，提升(17%)，电梯(10%)，帮助(8%)，取消(5%)，偷窃(4%)，搭便车(3%)，运送(3%)，升高(2%)，扒窃(1%)，载货量(1%)
→来自Proto-Germanic*luftuz,空气，天空，词源同loft.可能进一步来自legwh,轻的，举起，词源同lever,light.
v.升起,举起,消散n.电梯,上升,免费搭车The drifter swiftly shifted the gift to the left of the lift.那个漂泊者敏捷地将礼物换到电梯的左边.
verb
RAISE 举起
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to move something from a lower to a higher position 举起，提起，抬起，吊起
• Could you help me lift this table, please? 你能帮我抬一下桌子吗？
• Could you lift your chair a bit - I've got my bag caught under it. 你能把椅子稍微抬一下吗——我的袋子被压住了。
• She lifted the cigarette (up) to her lips. 她把香烟举到唇边。
• He lifted his eyes (= looked up) from the paper and glared. 他的目光从报纸上移开，抬起头来怒目而视。
transitive specialized
■to dig underground vegetables or plants out of the ground 把（蔬菜或植物）挖出来，刨出，拔出
• They're lifting potatoes. 他们正在挖马铃薯。
[lɪft] verb
TAKE HOLD 抓住
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep]
■to take hold of and raise in order to remove, carry or move to a different position 提起；抱起；移开
• She lifted the baby out of her chair. 她把婴儿从椅子上抱起来。
• He lifted the box carefully down from the shelf. 他小心地从架子上取下那个盒子。
[lɪft] verb
MAKE LOUD 使大声
transitive literary
■to make your voice louder, especially when performing （尤指在演出时）提高（声调）
[lɪft] verb
MAKE INTERESTING 使有趣
transitive informal
■to make something more interesting or enjoyable 使更有趣；增加…的趣味性
• The article is informative enough, but it's a bit dull - we need something to lift it. 这篇文章够资讯性，但有些枯燥——我们需要增强它的趣味性。
[lɪft] verb
MAKE HAPPY 使高兴
lift sb's spirits informal
■to make someone happier 提高（某人）的兴致
• Nothing - not even the prospect of dinner - could lift his spirits. 甚么都提不起他的兴致，甚至连吃饭也不例外。
[lɪft] verb
GO AWAY 离开
intransitive
■(of mist or fog) to go away until none is left （雾气）散去，散开，消散
• The morning mist had lifted and the sun was starting to come through. 晨雾已经散去，太阳开始放出光芒。
[lɪft] verb
END 终止
transitive
■to end a rule or law 取消，撤销（规定或法律）
• The restrictions on water usage have been lifted now that the river levels are normal. 河水的水位已经恢复正常，因此用水限制被取消了。
• At last they've lifted the ban on jeans at the club. 最终他们取消了在俱乐部禁止穿牛仔裤的规定。
[lɪft] verb
STEAL 偷
transitive informal
■to steal something 偷窃，偷盗
transitive informal
■to use someone else's writing, music or idea, pretending that it is your own 剽窃
• He'd lifted whole passages from a journal. 他从一本杂志上整段整段地剽窃文章。
[lɪft] noun
CARRYING DEVICE 载重装置
 ESSENTIAL countable UK (US elevator)
■a device like a box which moves up and down, carrying people or goods from one floor of a building to another or taking people up and down underground in a mine 电梯；升降机
• Take the lift to the sixth floor. 乘电梯到六楼。
[lɪft] noun
RAISE 举起
countable or uncountable
■an act of lifting or raising something 举，提，抬，吊
• Give it one more lift and we'll have it at the top of the stairs. 再抬一下我们就能把它抬到楼梯顶端了。
uncountable specialized
■the force on the wing of a bird or aircraft that keeps it in the air as it moves forward （鸟或飞行器的）升力，提升力
[lɪft] noun
JOURNEY 旅程
countable usually singular
■a free journey in another person's vehicle, especially a car 搭便车
• I'll give you a lift to the station if you like. 如果你愿意，我可以载你到车站。
• He hitched a lift (= stood by the road and made a signal asking a car to stop and take him) to Birmingham. 他搭便车去了伯明罕。
[lɪft] noun
MAKE HAPPY 使高兴
give sb a lift
■to make someone happier 提高（某人）的兴致
• She'd been feeling a bit low but hearing that she'd got the job gave her a lift. 她一直有些情绪低落，但一听说她得到了那份工作心情便好了起来。
elevate, raise, hoist, heave, lift, boost
这组词都有“升起，举起”的意思，其区别是：
elevate: 较正式用词，指位置、高度的升高，多作比喻用，指职位、品德等的提高。
raise: 较正式用词，常可与lift换用，但强调把某物举起或抬起到应有的高度。常用比喻。
hoist: 多指用绳索、滑轮等机械把重物升起。
heave: 指需花大力气或借外力才能举起或抬起重物。
lift: 指用人力或机械力把某物升到较高的位置。
boost: 原义指从后面或下面推起或提高，现常用于指提高价格、振作精神等抽象概念。
arise, raise, rise, lift
这组词都有“上升，举起”的意思，其区别是：
arise: 书面用词，多用于诗歌或比喻中，具有特殊的修辞色彩。
raise: 及物动词，常用词，多指把某物从低处升到高处，有时作引申用。
rise: 普通用词，指具体的或抽象的事物由低向高移动。
lift: 语气比raise强，指用体力或机械的力举起或抬起某物。
vt. 举起；提升；鼓舞；空运；抄袭
 - promote, stimulate, prefer, upgrade, spirit
vi. 消散；升起；耸立
 - evanesce, flee
n. 电梯；举起；起重机；搭车
 - elevator, up with

Word: videotape
Front: videotape
[ˈvɪdiəʊteɪp] (四雅 9894/21882 -2)
Back: n. 录像带，录影带
vt. 把…录在录像磁带上
时态：videotaped, videotaping, videotapes
分布：录像(59%)，录像带(41%)
US [-oʊ-] noun countable or uncountable
■(a) video (FILM) 盒（卡）式录影带
UK ['vɪd.i.əʊ.teɪp] US [-oʊ-] verb transitive
■to record a film, television programme or event on videotape 录制；把…录下来

Word: developed
Front: developed
[dɪˈveləpt] (4979/4393)
Vocabulary: developed
(once / 128 pages)
adj
Anything developed has evolved, getting more advanced, complete, or useful. A fully developed plan is ready for action. A well developed idea makes a good story. A developed country has paved roads and industry.
To develop something is to work on it and improve it. Things that are developed have gone through a process, and although it’s usually a good thing, it’s not so good if a cold developed into pneumonia, for example. On the bright side, phones are extremely developed compared to just ten years ago — so are computers and many other gadgets. Developed countries have more resources, technology, and wealth than undeveloped countries.
WORD FAMILY
developed: undeveloped+/ develop: developed, developer, developing, development, develops, redevelop, underdevelop/developer: developers/ development: developmental, developments, nondevelopment/ developmental: developmentally/redevelop: redeveloped, redeveloping, redevelopment/underdevelop: underdeveloped, underdeveloping, underdevelopment
USAGE EXAMPLES
In November, it was reported that software developed with Mark Zuckerberg’s support will allow third parties to monitor and suppress the visibility of posts.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Tucker teaches seven forms of lightsaber combat, which he said he developed using historical combat forms and skills that he thought to be somewhat similar.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
A specially developed machine drills tiny holes at strategic points in the undersides until they spin just right.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 先进的; 发达的（国家或地区）
分布：发达的(74%)，成熟的(21%)，动词develop的过去式和过去分词.(5%)
adjective
■advanced or powerful 高级的，发达的；强大的
• Sharks have a highly developed sense of smell. 鲨鱼有高度发达的嗅觉。
• less developed nations 不发达国家
⇒ See also well-developed
adj. 发达的（国家或地区）；成熟的
 - mature, adult

Word: bureaucracy
Front: bureaucracy
[bjʊəˈrɒkrəsi] (研六雅宝 4976/4420 -2)
Vocabulary: bureaucracy
(once / 1369 pages)
n
A bureaucracy is an organization made up of many departments and divisions that are administered by lots of people. If you've ever had to deal with health insurance or financial aid, you're familiar with the dark side of bureaucracy.
Bureaucracy has a bad reputation because it has come to mean an organization or government that is chin-deep in red tape and unnecessary procedures. When dealing with a bureaucracy, expect to fill out lots of forms and wait. Bureaucracies are mocked in the hilarious film "Brazil," where people have mind-numbing jobs they do while sitting at desks. Bureaucracy is an organization administered by people behind desks, or bureaus. Bureaus, get it?
WORD FAMILY
bureaucracy: bureaucracies, bureaucratic +/ bureaucrat: bureaucracy, bureaucrats/ bureaucratic: bureaucratically
USAGE EXAMPLES
There’s reason to be concerned about the ability of some of Trump’s Cabinet nominees to manage the large bureaucracies of their new agencies.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
“I’m not a wallowing behemoth with a giant bureaucracy,” Mr. Ford said.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Politicians promised that the Regents would consolidate some schools, eliminate others, reduce education bureaucracy and save public funds.
Washington Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 官僚主义; 官僚机构; 官僚政治
分布：官僚(75%)，官僚主义(22%)，官僚制度(3%)
→bureau, 办公室。cracy, 统治。
官僚政治(bureau政府机构+cracy)[cracy=rule,表示"统治或政体";crat=ruler,表示"统治者"]
n.官僚主义,官僚机构;(非民选的)委任官员Corruption is a pestilence of bureaucracy.贪污腐败是官僚主义的一种罪恶.
【记】bureau（办公室；政府的局、处等），cracy统治－官僚政治
【参】bureaucratic（adj 官僚的）；bureaucratization（n 官僚政治化）
US [bjʊ'rɑ:.krə-] mainly disapproving
noun countable or uncountable
■a system for controlling or managing a country, company or organization that is operated by a large number of officials who are employed to follow rules carefully 官僚作风；官僚主义；官僚体制
• I had to deal with the university's bureaucracy before I could change from one course to another. 我要想调换课程必须先应付大学里的官僚主义。

Word: clever
Front: clever
[ˈklevə(r)] (中高研四雅 4978/3025 -K3)
Vocabulary: clever
(once / 134 pages)
adj
Clever may seem like a compliment, but this adjective boasts a rather broad range of meanings—from "intelligent" and "imaginative" to "calculating" or "contrived."
The roots of the word clever, are unknown. It was in use colloquially long before it entered the literary record, and this may be a factor in the word's enduring suppleness. The earliest written examples of clever convey the idea of dexterity — that is, the term was used to describe someone who was good with his hands. Now, clever still means "agile" or "adroit," but it refers to mental, rather than physical, skill. Clever can also be used to describe the products of a nimble mind, such as a "clever scheme" or a "clever device."
WORD FAMILY
clever: cleverer, cleverest, cleverly, cleverness, smartly+/ cleverness: clevernesses/smartly: smartlys
USAGE EXAMPLES
She and her mother were both clever, heads-held-high victims of those laughably imperfect men.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
The staff selected three of the most clever reader submissions to receive $100 restaurant gift cards.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
“Fisher’s legacy includes her written words — cutting, clever, observant, self-aware and unbowed,” the science fiction writer John Scalzi wrote in The Los Angeles Times.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 聪明的，灵巧的; 英俊的，风采优雅的; 性情温良的; 油腔滑调的
级别：cleverer, cleverest
分布：聪明的(88%)，灵巧的(12%)
→来自gleibh,砍，劈，词源同cleft,glyph.进一步来自skel,砍，劈，词源同skill,scale. 引申词义有鉴别能力的，聪明的。比较science,来自skei,砍，劈。
a.聪明的,伶俐的,机敏的,精巧的However, Lever never fevers; nevertheless, he is clever forever.无论如何,杠杆从未发烧;尽管如此,他始终机灵.
US [-ɚ] adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■having or showing the ability to learn and understand things quickly and easily 聪明的；伶俐的；机灵的
• Judy has never been very clever, but she tries hard. 裘蒂向来不是很聪明，可是她很用功。
• Fiona is very clever at physics. 菲奥纳很擅长物理。
• Charlie has a clever idea / plan for getting us out of our present difficulties. 查利有个妙计可以使我们摆脱现在的困境。
 ESSENTIAL
■skilful 灵巧的；熟练的
• My mother is very clever with her hands. 我妈妈有一对灵巧的手。
 ESSENTIAL
■well-designed （设计）巧妙的，精巧的
• I've got a clever little gadget for opening jars. 我有个小巧的开罐器。
■disapproving
■showing intelligence, but not sincere, polite or serious 滑头的，油腔滑调的
• That's enough clever talk , young lady. 别跟我油嘴滑舌了，小姐。
UK ['klev.ər] US [-ɚ] adjective
be too clever by half
■to be too confident of your own intelligence in a way that annoys other people 聪明过头了
• She was too clever by half - always correcting the teacher or coming back with a smart answer. 她未免聪明过头了——总爱纠正老师或者回答问题时耍耍小聪明。
UK ['klev.ər] US [-ɚ] adjective
clever dick/clogs UK informal disapproving
■someone who shows that they are clever, in a way which annoys other people 自以为聪明的人；自以为是的人
• If you're such a clever dick, you finish the crossword puzzle. 要是你真的那么聪明，就把这个纵横填字游戏完成吧。
intelligent, bright, wise, ingenious, brilliant, clever, smart, shrewd
这组词都有“聪明的”的意思，其区别是：
intelligent: 正式用词，指在理解新的、抽象东西或处理解决问题时，智力超过一般常人。
bright: 口语常用词，多指年轻人，尤指小孩思路敏捷，理解力强，机灵等。
wise: 侧重不是一般的聪明伶俐，而是有远见，有智慧，能明智地处理问题。
ingenious: 指思路敏捷，并暗示有创造与发明的才能和技巧。
brilliant: 指人的才华出众，思路敏捷，常令人赞叹不已。
clever: 强调头脑灵活，接受新事物快，有智有谋，但不一定暗示全面妥当地考虑问题。
smart: 普通用词，与bright和clever的意思很相近，但更强调机灵。
shrewd: 指精明老练，有头脑，善于判断，把握有利机会。
adj. 聪明的；机灵的；熟练的
 - intelligent, experienced, wise, skilled, smart

Word: interactive
Front: interactive
[ˌɪntərˈæktɪv] (托 4977/6279 -1)
Vocabulary: interactive
(once / 2637 pages)
adj
Something that is interactive is something that you can communicate or interact with. The coolest thing about the Internet is how interactive it is. You're constantly putting information and getting other information back.
Think of interactive as the adjectival version of the verb "to interact." The inter- part of the word means "between, together, among," while the act- part means "to do." Put them together, and you get "to do together or among." Turn that verb into an adjective, and you get interactive. Interactive games are the most fun, because the more you and the game interact, the more interesting it is.
WORD FAMILY
interactive: interactively+/ act: actable, acted, acting, action, active, actor, actress, acts, actuate, counteract, enact, interact, overact, underact/actable: unactable/acting: actings, self-acting/ action: actionable, actioned, actions, inaction/ activate: activated, activates, activating, activation, activator, deactivate, reactivate /activating: self-activating/ activation: activations/activator: activators/ active: activate, actively, activeness, activer, actives, activest, activity, hyperactive, inactive, overactive, underactive/ activity: activities/ actor: actors/actress: actresses/ actuate: actuated, actuates, actuating, actuation, actuator/actuator: actuators/counteract: counteracted, counteracting, counteraction, counteractive, counteracts/counteraction: counteractions/deactivate: deactivated, deactivates, deactivating, deactivation/ enact: enacted, enacting, enactment, enacts, reenact/enactment: enactments/ hyperactive: hyperactively, hyperactivity/inaction: inactions/inactivate: inactivated, inactivates, inactivating, inactivation/ inactive: inactivate, inactively, inactiveness, inactivity / inactivity: inactivities/ interact: interacted, interacting, interaction, interactive, interacts/ interaction: interactional, interactions/overact: overacted, overacting, overacts/overacting: overactings/overactive: overactivity/ reactivate: reactivated, reactivates, reactivating/reenact: reenacted, reenacting, reenactment, reenacts/ reenactment: reenactments/underact: underacted, underacting, underacts
USAGE EXAMPLES
And she’s not opposed to using technology in museum exhibits, as long as interactive screens and other bells and whistles enhance the interpretation for visitors.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In Kenya, another interactive text message system offering support for teachers helped reduce student dropouts by 50 percent.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Here is a selection of the best in interactive and multimedia storytelling from the past year.
The New Yorker(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 互相作用的，相互影响的; [计]交互式的; 互动的
n. 交互式视频设备
分布：交互的(69%)，相互作用的(31%)
→来自interact,相互作用。
US [-tˌɚ-] adjective
 IMPROVER
■describes a system or computer program which is designed to involve the user in the exchange of information 交互的，人机对话的，互动的
• an interactive game/video 互动式游戏／视讯
• This is an interactive museum where children can actively manipulate the exhibits. 这是一个互动式博物馆，孩子可以亲手摆弄展品。
 IMPROVER
■involving communication between people 互动的
• interactive teaching methods 互动式教学法
adj. [计] 交互式的；相互作用的
 - coactive

Word: loser
Front: loser
[ˈlu:zə(r)] (4980/6851 -2)
Vocabulary: loser
(once / 1214 pages)
n
A loser is the team or person that did not win or succeed. In pond hockey, the loser has to hose down the ice to make it smooth again.
You may have heard loser used to insult someone who has not had a lot of success in life, someone who might not have many friends. This mean slang took root in the 1950s but it wasn't until the 1990s that kids who loved indie rock reclaimed it as an anti-hero badge of honor, wearing t-shirts with "Loser" written in huge letters across the front. This ironic gesture was meant to show the jocks who the real cool kids were.
WORD FAMILY
loser: losers+/ lose: loser, loses, losing, lost /losing: losings/ lost: loster, lostest, losts
USAGE EXAMPLES
As Sen. Deb Fischer said in 2013, “Government should not be in the business of picking ‘winners and losers.’
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Those winners face the losers of the first grouping in a loser-out game on the first day of the four-day state tournament.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The Seahawks will host the loser of Sunday night’s game between Detroit and Green Bay next week.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 受损失者; 失败者; 屡屡失败的人（尤指评价较低者）; 屌丝
分布：失败者(69%)，输家(29%)，遗失者(2%)
→来自lose,失去。
US [-zɚ] noun countable
NOT WINNER 负方
■a person or team that does not win a game or competition （比赛中的）输者，负方
• The losers of both games will play each other for third place. 两场比赛的负者将争夺第三名。
• He's a good / bad loser (= He behaves well/badly when he is defeated). 他是个输得起／输不起的人。
UK ['lu:.zər] US [-zɚ] noun countable
NOT SUCCESSFUL 不成功 informal
■a person who is always unsuccessful at everything they do 命运不济者，倒楣蛋
• He's a born loser. 他天生就是个倒楣蛋。
UK ['lu:.zər] US [-zɚ] noun countable
DISADVANTAGED 受害
■someone who is at a disadvantage as a result of something that has happened 受害者，遭殃者
• The latest price rises mean that the real loser, as usual, is the consumer. 与以往一样，最近这次涨价的真正受害者还是消费者。
UK ['lu:.zər] US [-zɚ] noun countable
SHARE VALUE
n. 失败者；遗失者
 - failure, underdog

Word: challenging
Front: challenging
[ˈtʃælɪndʒɪŋ] (高雅 4981/7647 -2)
Vocabulary: challenging
(once / 1078 pages)
1adj 2adj
If something is challenging, you better bring your "A game." It isn't going to be easy but you will get to test your skills as you push yourself, like completing a challenging crossword puzzle or a challenging hike up a mountain.
Another meaning of challenging is "causing to question values or assumptions," like a challenging movie that makes you re-evaluate your attitude about something. In other words, it challenges what you believe. People sometimes use challenging as a polite — and far more positive — substitute for troublesome or problematic, as in, "This challenging situation will require everyone's patience."
WORD FAMILY
challenging: challengingly+/ challenge: challengeable, challenged, challenger, challenges, challenging, counterchallenge/challengeable: unchallengeable/challenged: unchallenged/ challenger: challengers/unchallengeable: unchallengeably
USAGE EXAMPLES
He decided in 2004 to run for the state Senate, challenging incumbent John Hawkins, who won the race by a narrow margin.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“Even with clear standards, screening millions of posts on a case-by-case basis every week is challenging. “
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
This outstanding ability is widely implemented during one of the most neurologically challenging actions people are engaged with on a daily basis: driving.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 挑战性的; 引起兴趣的; 令人深思的
v. 挑战，质疑(challenge的现在分词)
分布：挑战性的(99%)，动词challenge的现在分词.(1%)
adjective
 ADVANCED
■difficult, in a way that tests your ability or determination 有难度的；具有挑战性的；考验人的
• This has been a challenging time for us all. 这对我们大家都是一个具有挑战性的时刻。
adj. 挑战的；引起挑战性兴趣的
 - defiant
v. 要求；质疑；反对；向…挑战；盘问（challenge的ing形式）
 - demanding, indicating

Word: skiing
Front: skiing
[ˈski:ɪŋ] (雅 4983/9053)
Back: n. 滑雪（运动）
v. 滑雪( ski的现在分词 )
分布：滑雪(73%)，滑雪术(27%)
→ski,滑雪，-ing,动名词后缀。
noun uncountable
■the activity or sport of moving on skis 滑雪；滑雪运动
• a skiing trip/instructor 滑雪旅行／教练

Word: critique
Front: critique
[krɪˈti:k] (托宝 4982/5890 -1)
Vocabulary: critique
(once / 2515 pages)
vn
As a verb, critique means to review or examine something critically. As a noun, a critique is that review or examination, like an art essay or a book report.
The French version of this word is spelled the same (meaning "the art of criticism") and came from the Greek kritike tekhne ("the critical art"). This shouldn't come as a great surprise, since it was the Greeks who gave us such masters of the critique as Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. Today, through book reports, argument papers, and critical essays, we carry on the tradition of the critique, which is one of the most important skills we'll ever learn in school.
WORD FAMILY
critique: critiqued, critiques, critiquing
USAGE EXAMPLES
While at Southern Command, Kelly invited critiques from human rights groups.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Both used their fame to critique fame—a repressive system that kept their real selves from the world.
Time(Dec 28, 2016)
“Criticism and critique are very much a part of our business,” Tomlin told reporters on Tuesday.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 评论文章，评论; 批评，批判
vt. 发表评论; 批判
时态：critiqued, critiquing, critiques
分布：批评(70%)，评论(29%)，批评法(1%)
→来自krei, 区分，筛选，判断，词源同crime, crisis. 即进行区分，判断，进行评论。
noun countable
■a report of something such as a political situation or system, or a person's work or ideas, which examines it and provides an often negative judgment 评论文章，评论（常指否定的评论）
• a Marxist critique of neo-liberal policy 以马克思主义观点评论新自由政策的文章
n. 批评；评论文章
 - comment, animadversion
vt. 批判；评论
 - observe on, to comment on

Word: congregation
Front: congregation
[ˌkɒŋgrɪˈgeɪʃn] (4989/5091 -1)
Vocabulary: congregation
(once / 355 pages)
n
Although the word is most usually assigned to the members of a church, any gathering might be called a congregation, including a gathering of animals. Come to think of it, a congregation of church members is often called a "flock."
The Latin root of congregation, which is greg, meaning "flock," easily becomes congregare, meaning "to gather together," and finally congregationen, giving the current meaning of “a group.” The meaning took on a religious quality when 16th Century Protestants took it to refer to the church itself, then refining it to mean church members. If you're not a churchgoer, you might still refer to your friends who show up to watch football as a congregation.
WORD FAMILY
congregation: congregational, congregations+/ congregate: congregated, congregates, congregating, congregation /congregating: congregatings/congregational: congregationally
USAGE EXAMPLES
Much like a local congregation, there is a sense of family that characterizes we “12s.”
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
While his congregation is comparatively small, Jones said, “God never used big armies.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Professor Smith soon became president of a Hindu society and associate minister of a Methodist congregation in St. Louis.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. （教堂里的）会众; 集会; 集合; 人群
分布：人群(43%)，集合(41%)，教堂会众(16%)
→来自congregate, 聚集。
US [ˌkɑ:ŋ-] noun countable [+ sing/pl verb]
■a group of people who have come together in a religious building for worship and prayer （在宗教场所参加膜拜、祈祷的）会众；信众
• The vicar asked the congregation to kneel. 牧师请信众跪下。
n. 集会；集合；圣会
 - assembly, concentration, convergence, meet, gathering

Word: delicious
Front: delicious
[dɪˈlɪʃəs] (中高研四托雅 4985/5437 -2)
Vocabulary: delicious
(once / 406 pages)
adj
Delicious is an adjective describing a tasty item. If you’re a chocolate fanatic, you will probably find triple chocolate fudge cake to be absolutely delicious.
The origins of delicious make perfect sense. The late Latin deliciae means "delight" or "pleasure," so you could say that delicious flavors and delicious foods give delight or pleasure to our taste buds. But let's not limit our pleasures to all things gastronomical. Things that delight your intellect can be delicious as well, especially when you're entertained by art, amused by wit, or delighted by irony. Thinking of the perfect comeback to an insult can be a particularly delicious experience.
WORD FAMILY
delicious: deliciouser, deliciousest, deliciously, deliciousness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Hanks pronounced it “friggin’ delicious” and said he would start voting Republican.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Grocery stores are packed with delicious, high calorie items that we end up buying despite our best intentions.
New York Times(May 02, 2016)
“It’s chocolate, it’s mint, it’s all the delicious together,” he says.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 美味的，可口的; 有趣的; ; 喷香
分布：美味的(63%)，可口的(37%)
→de-, 向下，强调。-lic, 抓住，诱惑，词源同lace, elicit. 引申义抓住胃的，美味的。
美味的,可口的(de一再+lic+ious→[食品]→一再引诱→美味的)[lic=allure,表示"引诱"]
a.美味的;美妙的;使人愉快的The complicated indicator is dedicated to the delicate delicious machine.这个复杂的指示器被奉献给精密而美妙的机器.
adjective
 ADVANCED
■having a very pleasant taste or smell 美味的；（味道或气味）诱人的
• a delicious cake 可口的蛋糕
• The delicious smell of freshly-made coffee came from the kitchen. 新煮好的咖啡的芳香从厨房里飘了出来。
• This wine is delicious. 这种酒味道很好。
■describes a situation or activity that gives you great pleasure 好玩的，有趣的，有意思的
• I've got some delicious gossip. 我听到了一些有趣的小道消息。
adj. [食品] 美味的；可口的
 - palatable, delectable

Word: aboard
Front: aboard
[əˈbɔ:d] (高研四托 4984/7625 -2)
Vocabulary: aboard
(once / 269 pages)
adv
The adverb aboard means on board, as in on a ship, train or plane. Usually the captain will welcome you aboard with a brief speech if you're lucky — or a long one if you're not.
Aboard comes from the French phrase à bord, which has the same meaning as the English word — on board. If you were just hired, your new manager might say "Welcome aboard" (the figurative company train). The phrase "All aboard!" is said as a warning before departure, especially before a ship or train leaves. It means, in essence: haul your keister up here quick or you'll be left behind!
WORD FAMILY
aboard: aboards
USAGE EXAMPLES
All 27 other passengers and crew aboard perished.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
His wife, their two teenage sons and two neighbors were aboard.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
His wife, Suzanne; their two teenage sons, John and Andrew; and two neighbors whose names were not immediately released were aboard.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: prep. 在（船、飞机、车）上，上（船、飞机、车）; 上车
adv. 在船（或飞机、车）上，上船（或飞机、车）; 靠船边; 在船上; 在火车上
分布：上船(38%)，在船上(21%)，上飞机(16%)，上车(10%)，在飞机上(9%)，在火车上(6%)
→来自古英语on board. 单词board, 板，代指船板，船。
ad. & prep.在船(飞机,车)上;ad.上船(飞机)The roaring oar hit the coarse keyboard on the cupboard aboard the boat.轰鸣的桨击中了船上碗柜上的粗糙键盘.
US [-'bɔ:rd] adverb preposition
 ADVANCED
■used when talking about getting onto a ship, aircraft, bus or train 上船（或飞机、公共汽车、火车）；在船（或飞机、公共汽车、火车）
• The flight attendant welcomed us aboard. 空服员迎候我们登机。
• Welcome aboard flight BA345 to Tokyo. 欢迎乘坐飞往东京的 BA345 航班。
• The train's about to leave. All aboard! 火车即将离站，请所有乘客上车！
• We spent two months aboard ship (= on the ship). 我们坐了两个月的船。
aboard, broad, abroad, board
aboard: 在船(或飞机，车)上。如：I never went aboard a ship.
broad: 为形容词，宽广的。如：He has very broad shoulders.
abroad: 副词，在国外或海外。如：He often goes abroad.
board: 为动词，上(船，飞机，车)。如：The passengers are boarding the plane now.
adv. [航] 在飞机上； [军] [船] [交] 在船上；在火车上
 - onboard, ashipboard

Word: reproduce
Front: reproduce
[ˌri:prəˈdju:s] (研四六托 4987/4151 -K2)
Vocabulary: reproduce
(once / 297 pages)
v
To reproduce is to make more, either by having babies or creating copies. Parents and copy machines both reproduce.
To produce is "to make something," and re means “again,” so reproduce literally means to “produce again.” When animals and plants make more of their own kind, they reproduce. Plants reproduce asexually, and people reproduce through childbirth. You can also reproduce a book by printing more copies or a computer file by copying it. Reproducing always creates more of something.
WORD FAMILY
reproduce: reproduced, reproducer, reproduces, reproducing, reproduction, reproductive +/reproducer: reproducers/ reproduction: reproductions/ reproductive: reproductively
USAGE EXAMPLES
This story was originally published by Wired and is reproduced here with permission via Climate Desk.
Slate(Dec 27, 2016)
Followers of the eugenics campaign believed that people they deemed genetically “unfit” shouldn’t be allowed to reproduce.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 26, 2016)
He faithfully reproduces snapshots, often from his own youth.
Washington Post(Dec 23, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 复制，重现，再版; 生殖，繁殖
vt. 使再次发生; 再现
时态：reproduced, reproducing, reproduces
分布：复制(63%)，生殖(21%)，再生(16%)
→re-,再，重新，produce,生产，繁殖。
v.生殖;翻版;繁殖;复制,仿造It's deduced that the induced fluctuation does no good to the reproducing productivity.据推断,诱导波动对复制生产率没有好处.
US [-'du:s] verb
COPY 复制
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to produce a copy of something, or to be copied in a production process 复制；翻印；复写
• His work was reproduced on posters, leaflets and magazines. 他的作品被翻印在海报、宣传页和杂志上。
• They said the printing was too faint to reproduce well. 他们说这材料印得太模糊，无法复印清楚。
transitive
■to show or do something again 重演；重现；重做
• The new design unfortunately reproduced some of the problems of the earlier model. 很遗憾，新的设计中又出现了原来型号的一些问题。
UK [ˌri:.prə'dju:s] US [-'du:s] verb
PRODUCE YOUNG 生育下一代
intransitive or transitive
■When living things reproduce, they produce young 生殖；生育；繁殖
• These plants can reproduce sexually and asexually. 这些植物既可以进行有性繁殖，也可以进行无性繁殖。
• [R] Some creatures were better at surviving and reproducing them selves than others. 有些生物的生存和繁殖能力比其他生物强。
vt. 复制；再生；生殖；使…在脑海中重现
 - generate, repeat
vi. 复制；繁殖
 - breed, increase

Word: march
Vocabulary: march
(once / 79 pages)
1vn 2nv
To march is to walk with deliberate, short steps that fall in a regular rhythm. You can take your time walking into school in the morning, or you can march right up the steps and through the door.
People can march just about anywhere they walk, although the verb brings to mind military processions of soldiers who march in unison. Marching bands are another example of people who march together this way. You can also use the word when you're talking about a group of demonstrators who decide to march in protest or support of a particular cause. March comes from the Middle French word marcher, which originally meant "to trample," and later came to mean "to walk."
WORD FAMILY
march: countermarch, marched, marcher, marching+/countermarch: countermarched, countermarches, countermarching/marcher: marchers/marching: marchings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Jimmy Carter watched haplessly as the Soviets marched into Afghanistan and the Iranians held America hostage for 444 days.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
The marching bands were the very soul of diversity.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
On Tuesday, march organizers announced that Gloria Steinem and Planned Parenthood would be official partners of the march.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)

Word: compassion
Front: compassion
[kəmˈpæʃn] (研托宝 4986/7736 -2)
Vocabulary: compassion
(once / 347 pages)
n
If someone shows kindness, caring, and a willingness to help others, they're showing compassion.
This is a word for a very positive emotion that has to do with being thoughtful and decent. Giving to a charity takes compassion. Volunteering to work with sick people or animals takes compassion. When you have compassion, you're putting yourself in someone else's shoes and really feeling for them. Anytime a disaster like a hurricane or earthquake hits, others will feel compassion for the victims. When you feel compassion for someone, you really want to help out.
WORD FAMILY
compassion: compassionate, compassions+/ compassionate: compassionated, compassionately, compassionateness, compassionates, compassionating, uncompassionate/uncompassionate: uncompassionately
USAGE EXAMPLES
And if we expect better from others, then we must expect better from ourselves, must find greater depths of forgiveness and compassion.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
So he thinks Gibson should be shown more compassion?
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
And she displayed such genuine compassion and kindness.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 怜悯，同情; 恻隐之心
分布：同情(70%)，怜悯(30%)
→com-, 强调。-pat, 情感，忍受，词源同patient, passion.
同情(com+passion爱国者→同胞)[com-,con-表示"共同"]
同情(com共同+pass+ion→共同感情→同情)[pass=felling表示"感情"]
n.同情;怜悯(for)Her heart was filled with compassion for the children.她对孩子们充满了怜悯心.
【记】com共同，passion（n 感情）－引起共同感情－同情
【参】dispassionate（adj 心平气和的）；impassive（adj 冷淡的）compassionate（adj 有同情心的＝sympathetic）
【反】indifference（n 不关心）
[kəm'pæʃ.ən] approving
noun uncountable
■a strong feeling of sympathy and sadness for the suffering or bad luck of others and a wish to help them 同情，怜悯，恻隐之心
• I was hoping she might show a little compassion. 我当时想她或许会表现出一点点同情心。
pity, sympathy, compassion, mercy
这组词都有“同情、怜悯”的意思，其区别是：
pity: 指对弱者、不幸者所表示的怜惜之情。
sympathy: 普通常用词，含义广。指志趣、看法上的一致，也指感情相投，带有深深的恻隐之心的亲切之情。
compassion: 较正式较庄重用词，指对同等人的同情与理解，常含急切愿意帮忙的意味。
mercy: 侧重指对应受惩罚或地位卑下者的慈悲或怜悯。
n. 同情；怜悯
 - feeling, sympathy, pity, mercy

Word: Iranian
Front: Iranian
[ɪ'reɪnɪən] (4994/6308)
Back: n. 伊朗人；伊朗语
adj. 伊朗的；伊朗人的；伊朗语的
分布：伊朗的(53%)，伊朗人(33%)，伊朗人的(7%)，伊朗语(5%)，伊朗语的(2%)
noun countable adjective
■Iranian 伊朗人／伊朗的

Word: contract
Front: contract
[ˈkɒntrækt] (研四六托雅宝 1269/628 -K4)
Vocabulary: contract
(once / 83 pages)
1nv 2v 3v 4n
When you and someone else have agreed on something and that agreement is both binding and enforceable by law, you have a contract. When you rent an apartment, you and your future landlord sign a rental contract.
You can also use the word in this sense as a verb meaning "to hire." Wouldn't you like to contract someone to clean your room for you? In other verbal uses of contract, place the accent on the second syllable — kun-TRAKT. If you contract a disease, you catch it, but only use this if it's something serious. You catch a cold, but contract malaria. Contract also means "shrink." When the economy contracts, consumers stop buying things, and people lose their jobs, and if you freeze water, it contracts too.
WORD FAMILY
contract: contractable, contracted, contracting, contraction, contractor, contracts, contractual, contracture, subcontract+/ contracted: contractedly/ contraction: contractions/ contractor: contractors/contractual: contractually/contracture: contractures/subcontract: subcontracted, subcontracting, subcontractor, subcontracts/subcontractor: subcontractors
USAGE EXAMPLES
It’s Cousins’ next-to-last pass — a defeat-clinching interception — that will be remembered and used as evidence against his case for a long-term contract.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Roughly two hours before the puck drop, they announced the signing of Alves to a professional tryout contract and issued him jersey No. 40.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The 26-year-old is under contract for next season after signing a two-year, $15 million free agent contract deal in March.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 合同; 契约; 协议
时态：contracted, contracting, contracts
分布：合同(78%)，契约(9%)，合约(8%)，订合同(2%)，婚约(1%)，缩小(1%)，缩短(1%)
→con-, 强调。-tract, 拉，拉紧，词源同attract, retreat. 引申义确立条款，签订合同。
契约v.收缩(con共同+tract→共同拉[回去]→收缩;对大家都有制约→合同)[tract=draw,表示"拉,拖"]
n.(承包)合同/契约v.订合同/契约;使缩小To make the contract attractive, the contractor subtracted a tractor from it.为了使合同有吸引力,承包商从中减去了一台拖拉机.
【记】con共同，tract拉－拉到一起－收缩；把人拉到一起－签合同
US [ˈkɑːn-]
 ESSENTIAL
■a legal document that states and explains a formal agreement between two different people or groups, or the agreement itself 合同；契约
• a contract of employment 雇用合同
• a temporary/building contract 临时／建筑合同
• They could take legal action against you if you break (the terms of) the contract. 如果你违反合同（条款），他们可以起诉你。
• My solicitor is drawing up (= writing) a contract. 我的律师正在起草一份合同。
• Don't sign/enter into any contract before examining its conditions carefully. 没有仔细核查合同条款，不要签定任何合同。
• [+ to infinitive] They're the firm of architects who won the contract to design the National Museum extension. 他们就是赢得国家博物馆扩建工程设计合同的那家建筑公司。
be under contract
■to have formally agreed to work for a company or person on a stated job for a stated period of time 签订合同（为某公司或某人工作）；有合同约束
verb[kənˈtrækt/
SHORTEN 缩短
intransitive or transitive
■to make or become shorter or narrower or generally smaller （使）收缩；（使）缩小；（使）缩短
• In spoken English, 'do not' often contracts to 'don't'. 在英语口语中，do not 常常缩略成 don't。
• As it cooled, the metal contracted. 金属冷却后收缩了。
verb[kənˈtrækt/
BECOME ILL 生病
transitive slightly formal
■to catch or become ill with a disease 患上，感染（疾病）
• He contracted malaria while he was travelling. 他旅行时染上了疟疾。
verb[kənˈtrækt/
AGREEMENT 协议
intransitive or transitive
■to make a legal agreement with someone to do work or to have work done for you （与…）订立合同；（与…）订契约
• [+ to infinitive] They have just contracted our company to build shelters for the homeless. 他们刚跟我们公司签订合同，为无家可归的人建造收容所。
verb[kənˈtrækt/
  Phrasal Verbs  contract in/out UK
■to formally agree to take part/stop taking part in an official plan or system 签约加入／退出；同意加入／退出
• Have you contracted in to the pension scheme? 你参加养老金计划了吗？
verb[kənˈtrækt/
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] contract sth out
■to formally arrange for other people to do a particular job 订合同把…承包出去，合同外包
• The government contracted out hospital cleaning to private companies. 政府将医院的清洁工作承包给了私营公司。
compress, contract, shrink, condense
这组词都有“收缩，压缩”的意思，其区别是：
compress: 指把乱而不成形的东西压成一定形状。
contract: 主要指以内、外部力量进行紧缩，也可用作引申。
shrink: 侧重指因收缩而达不到原有的长度、体积或容积。
condense: 指将东西压缩得更紧密、紧凑，但不失去原有的内容。
agreement, contract, treaty, convention, bargain, understanding, accord
这些名词均含“协定，协议，契约，合同”之意。
agreement: 普通用词，含义最确定，泛指个人、团体或国家之间取得一致而达成的任何协议、协定或合同、契约等，可以是口头的，也可以是书面的。
contract: 侧重指双方或多方订立的具有法律效力的正式的书面合同或契约。
treaty: 指国家之间经外交谈判后依照国际法签订的正式条约。
convention: 比treaty更专门化，但不及treaty正式。也可指国家之间就有关事情签订的条约。
bargain: 通常指商业交往中的购销合同。
understanding: 指不具约束力的非正式的协议。
accord: 多指国际间的非正式协议。
abstract, subtract, contract, attract
abstract: vt 抽取；
subtract: vt 减去
contract: vt 使缩小（招致，染上（疾病等））；
attract: vt 吸引；
vi. 收缩；感染；订约
 - communicate, shrink
vt. 感染；订约；使缩短
 - affect, catch, communicate
n. [经] 合同；婚约
 - compact, engagement

Word: exit
Front: exit
[ˈeksɪt] (高研四六托 3798/4923 -K2)
Vocabulary: exit
(once / 337 pages)
1vn 2nv 3v
To exit is to go out of or leave a place. When an actor exits, he moves off the stage and out of sight of the audience.
You can literally exit a room or a building, or exit in a more figurative way: "She decided to exit politics after two terms as Senator." The door or passage through which you exit can also be called an exit, like the emergency exit on a train or airplane. The stage direction, as in "exit, stage left," is the original English use of the word, from the Latin exitus, "a leaving, a going out."
WORD FAMILY
exit: exited, exiting, exits
USAGE EXAMPLES
He will spend Monday doing the customary exit interviews with players.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
As in hockey, players entered and exited in shifts.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
“It just don’t get any better,” the frustrated pop diva said sarcastically, exiting the stage.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 出口，通道; 退场; 退去，退出; 死亡
vi. 离开; 退出; 退场; 去世
时态：exited, exiting, exits
分布：退出(53%)，出口(37%)，退场(7%)，离去(3%)
→ex-, 向外。-it, 走，词源同ion, itinerary.
出口,出去(ex出+it→走出,出口)[it=go,表示"行走"]
n.出口,通道Where is the exit?哪儿是出口?
noun countable
DOOR 门
 ESSENTIAL
■the door through which you might leave a building or large vehicle, or the act of leaving especially a theatre stage （建筑物或大型交通工具的）出口，安全门；（尤指演员）退场
• a fire exit (= a door you can escape through if there is a fire) 消防出口
• an emergency exit 紧急出口
• He saw Emma arrive and made a quick exit. 他见到艾玛匆匆而来又匆匆离去。
• She made her exit from the stage to rapturous applause. 在观众热烈的掌声中，她退场走下舞台。
Compare entrance
['ek.sɪt] ['eg.zɪt] noun countable
ROAD 道路
■a smaller road used to leave a main road （驶出主干道的）出口，出路
• Come off the motorway at the Duxford exit. 从达克斯福德出口驶出高速公路。
['ek.sɪt] ['eg.zɪt] verb intransitive or transitive
LEAVE 离开
■to leave a building or large vehicle 离开（建筑物或大型交通工具）
• I exited quickly before anyone could see me. 趁没人看到，我赶快离开了。
• Please exit the theatre by the side doors. 请从侧门离开剧场。
['ek.sɪt] ['eg.zɪt] verb intransitive or transitive
COMPUTER 电脑
■to end a computer program that you are using 退出，终止（一个电脑程式）
• You have to exit the program before starting another. 你必须退出这个程式，才能打开另一个。
n. 出口，通道；退场
 - door, channel, route, way out
vi. [计] 退出；离去
 - to quit, back out

Word: GOP

Word: worm
Front: worm
[wɜ:m] (高研四六托 4993/5068 -2)
Back: n. 虫，蠕虫; （昆虫的）幼虫; 寄生虫; 懦夫
vt. & vi. 蠕动，曲折行进; 给（动物）驱肠虫; 使缓慢前进
时态：wormed, worming, worms
分布：虫(71%)，蠕虫(26%)，蠕动(2%)，驱虫(1%)
→来自wrmi,虫，来自wer,弯，转，扭曲，词源同wring,wriggle.
n.虫,蠕虫All the apples had worms in them.这些苹果里都有蛀虫.
US [wɝ:m] noun
 ADVANCED countable
■a small animal with a long narrow soft body without arms, legs or bones 蠕虫
• The kiwi eats worms, other invertebrates, and berries. 鹬鸵以蠕虫、其他无脊椎动物和浆果为食。
 ADVANCED countable
■the young of particular types of insect （某些昆虫的）幼虫
• It's distressing enough to find a worm in your apple but finding half of one is worse. 在苹果里发现一条虫子已经够叫人厌恶，如果发现半条就更糟了。
⇒ See also woodworm
countable
■a type of worm that lives in an animal's intestine , feeding on the food there, or on an animal's body, feeding off its blood 寄生虫
• a parasitic worm 寄生虫
• The vet says our dog has worms. 兽医说我们的狗体内有寄生虫。
⇒ See also tapeworm
only singular informal
■an unpleasant person who does not deserve respect 惹人讨厌的人；懦夫
• Don't be such a worm, you don't have to lie to me. 别这么懦弱，你不必向我撒谎。
UK [wɜ:m] US [wɝ:m] noun
the worm turns
■used to describe when a person or group of people who have been treated badly for a long time suddenly become forceful and stop accepting a difficult situation 兔子急了也咬人；人被逼急了也要反抗
• It seems the worm has turned - after years of silence local people are beginning to protest about waste emissions from the factory. 看来老实人被逼急了也要反抗——经过多年的沉默之后，当地的人们开始抗议那家工厂的废物排放。
UK [wɜ:m] US [wɝ:m] verb
MOVE 移动
intransitive or transitive [+ prep]
■to succeed in moving along in a difficult or crowded situation, by moving your body slowly and carefully 挤过，钻过
• Because he was so small, he could worm (his way)through the crowd. 他身形瘦小，所以可以挤过人群。
• [R] She wormed her self under the fence. 她从栅栏下面爬了过来。
UK [wɜ:m] US [wɝ:m] verb
ANIMAL 动物
transitive
■to give an animal, especially a pet dog or cat, medicine to kill any worms which might be living inside it （尤指为狗、猫等宠物）除肠虫
• Has your dog been wormed? 你的狗除过肠虫吗？
UK [wɜ:m] US [wɝ:m] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  worm yourself/your way into sth disapproving
■to gradually achieve a position of trust, possibly by being dishonest 逐渐骗取信任
• [R] He wormed himself into her affections without her ever suspecting he only did it for her money. 他逐步骗取了她的好感，而她丝毫没有怀疑他这样做只是为了她的钱。
UK [wɜ:m] US [wɝ:m] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  worm sth out of sb informal
■to try and get information from someone which they are trying to keep secret 从（某人）处套出（情报）
• He wasn't going to tell me, but I managed to worm it out of him. 他不想告诉我，可我设法从他嘴里套出了这件事。
worm, pest, bug, insect
这组词都有“虫，昆虫”的意思，其区别是：
worm: 侧重指蚯蚓、蚕、毛虫等小而无骨的虫。
pest: 指有害的昆虫或有害的小动物。
bug: 指小昆虫，尤指吸血的臭虫，也可指细菌。
insect: 含义广泛，多指蚂蚁、黄蜂、蝉等等。
n. [无脊椎] 虫， [基医] 蠕虫； [机] 蜗杆；螺纹；小人物
 - nobody, endless screw
vt. 使蠕动；给除虫；使缓慢前进
 - work
vi. 慢慢前进；蠕行
 - inch

Word: beneficial
Front: beneficial
[ˌbenɪˈfɪʃl] (高研四托雅 4991/4578 -2)
Vocabulary: beneficial
(once / 781 pages)
adj
If it's beneficial, then it's good for you — or for something. Studying is beneficial to your grades. Exercise is beneficial to your health.
Spend any time with Italians and you will hear the word bene over and over. It comes straight from Latin, and Italians use it as often as we use "good;" it can mean "fine," "okay," "yummy," or "kind and well behaved." Bene gives us beneficial, but also benefit, beneficent, benevolent and more well-meaning words.
WORD FAMILY
beneficial: beneficially+/ beneficence: beneficences/ beneficent: beneficence, beneficently/ benefit: beneficent, beneficial, benefited, benefiting, benefits, benefitted, benefitting
USAGE EXAMPLES
Coleridge believed the clean air on the hill at Highgate was beneficial in his attempts to cure himself of opium addiction.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
As he cleared trail, he said people understand that recreational use of forests is financially beneficial for communities.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Some report that sunlight and saltwater are beneficial.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 有利的，有益的; [法]可享受利益的
分布：有益的(80%)，有利的(20%)
→词根bene, 好。fic, 做，同fact.
有好处的(bene好+fic做+ial)[-ial表形容词"有…的"]
a.(to)有利的,有益的The situation is fit for profiting and beneficial to the shops situated nearby.这种形势适于获利且对坐落在附近的商铺有益.
【反】invidious（adj 招人嫉妒的）
adjective
 ADVANCED
■helpful, useful or good 有益的，有用的，有利的
• The improvement in sales figures had a beneficial effect /influence on the company as a whole. 销售额的上升使整间公司受益。
• A stay in the country will be beneficial to his health. 在乡下生活一段时间，对他的健康有利。
profitable, beneficial, advantageous
这组词都有“有益的，有利的”的意思，其区别是：
profitable: 多用于指能获得实用的或可获利的事。
beneficial: 侧重对健康、身心或事业有益。
advantageous: 多指能直接导致相对优势或有助于达到目的的事。
adj. 有益的，有利的；可享利益的
 - helpful, useful, favorable, advantageous, conducive

Word: awkward
Front: awkward
[ˈɔ:kwəd] (高研四六托雅宝 4992/4097 -K2)
Vocabulary: awkward
(once / 271 pages)
adj
If you are awkward, chances are you are uncomfortable. You could feel socially awkward, like when you forget the host's name. Or, you may feel physically awkward, like when you trip on your way to the podium.
Have you ever felt clumsy and that you had two left feet? That is how it is to feel awkward — literally that you are going in the wrong direction. Awkward is an example of a word literally meaning something and then figuratively meaning something related. Its Middle English roots are awke, meaning "backhanded," and -ward, to "go in the direction of." So, if you are feeling uncomfortable, or clumsy, it's probably because your hands are connected to you the wrong way!
WORD FAMILY
awkward: awkwarder, awkwardest, awkwardly, awkwardness+/awkwardness: awkwardnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
These awkward exchanges usually stem from ignorance rather than anti-Semitism or neo-Nazi ideals, academic experts and others say.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
And that created what was a momentarily awkward and uncomfortable scene as Reed pushed Clark and then Clark pushed back before teammates intervened.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Johnson injured his knee during an awkward tackle in the first quarter.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 令人尴尬的; 难对付的; 不方便的; 笨拙的
分布：尴尬的(69%)，笨拙的(31%)
→awk-,错误方向，-ward,朝向。引申词义笨拙的。
a.笨拙的,尴尬的;使用不便的,难处理的The awfully awkward warship is warned not to be awarded war reward.那艘非常拙劣的军舰受到不给予战争报酬的警告.
【反】svelte（adj 娇美的）；lithe（adj 柔软的；优雅的）；glib（adj 伶牙俐齿的）；deft（adj 灵巧的）
US ['ɑ:.kwɚd] adjective
DIFFICULT 困难的
 IMPROVER
■difficult to use, do, or deal with 难用的；棘手的；难处理的，难对付的
• It's an awkward corner to drive round, so take it slowly. 这个转弯不好过，开慢一点。
• Some of the questions were rather awkward. 有些问题是很难回答的。
• It was an awkward ascent, but we reached the top eventually. 那段上坡路很难走，但最后我们还是爬到了山顶。
• [+ to infinitive] My car's quite awkward to drive. 我的车很难开。
• He's an awkward customer (= a difficult person to deal with). 他是个很难应付的家伙。
UK ['ɔ:.kwəd] US ['ɑ:.kwɚd] adjective
EMBARRASSING 令人尴尬的
 IMPROVER
■causing problems, worry or embarrassment 令人尴尬的；使人难堪的
• an awkward position/situation 令人尴尬的位置／局面
• There followed an awkward silence while we all tried to think of something to say. 然后是一段令人尴尬的沉默，我们都绞尽脑汁地想说点甚么的。
• They'd chosen an awkward time to call as I'd just got into the bath. 他们偏偏在我刚开始洗澡的时候来电话，真不是时候。
• The police asked some awkward questions about where the money had come from. 警方围绕钱的来源问了一些让人很难回答的问题。
 IMPROVER
■embarrassed or nervous 尴尬的；局促不安的；为难的
• I always feel awkward when I'm with Chris - he's so difficult to talk to. 我跟克里斯在一起总感到为难——与他这人交谈太费劲了。
• He seemed a little awkward when I first met him. 我第一次见他时，他有点儿放不开。
UK ['ɔ:.kwəd] US ['ɑ:.kwɚd] adjective
NOT HELPFUL 没有助益的 mainly UK intentionally not helpful; uncooperative 难相处的；不合作的；故意为难的
• Just stop being so awkward and help me push the car, will you! 别再不合作了，快帮我推推车，好不好！
UK ['ɔ:.kwəd] US ['ɑ:.kwɚd] adjective
MOVEMENT 动作
■moving in a way that is not attractive 笨拙的；不灵活的；难看的
• His movements were slow and awkward. 他的动作迟缓笨拙。
UK ['ɔ:.kwəd] US ['ɑ:.kwɚd] adjective
the awkward gang informal
■in Britain, the group of MPs (= people elected to the government) in a party who often disagree with their leader 不服从党派领导的英国民选议员
sensible, conscious, awkward, aware, clumsy
这组词都有“笨拙的”的意思，其区别是：
sensible: 侧重通过直觉或理性感觉意识到某物的存在。 awkward, clumsy
conscious: 指内心的感觉，强调深刻的心理活动。
awkward: 侧重缺乏优雅、机敏和技巧。用于物时，指使用不便。
aware: 强调通过耳闻目睹或感觉而得到的信息，也指敏税的观察和推断。侧重感知，多与of一起用。
clumsy: 指人时，侧重行动笨拙；指物时，侧重制作粗陋或体积、重量过大而呈现笨重。
adj. 尴尬的；笨拙的；棘手的；不合适的
 - testing, embarrassed

Word: legendary
Front: legendary
[ˈledʒəndri] (托 4997/7101 -2)
Vocabulary: legendary
(once / 1277 pages)
adj
It's one thing to be famous. It's another thing altogether to be legendary, or like a legend. The Monkees were a famous band. The Beatles are legendary—for most people, they are almost mythical in their greatness.
There are a couple of ways to become legendary, but, however you get there, you have to become a legend. The first way is to be better at something than anyone else ever was. Michael Jordan, for example, is a legendary basketball player. The other way is to be known—and yet remain mysterious—for a very long time. The legendary Loch Ness Monster, for example, is very well known for a creature that (almost?) no one has ever actually seen.
WORD FAMILY
legendary: legendarily+/ legend: legendary, legends
USAGE EXAMPLES
But the founders also consciously rejected some of the less appealing aspects of life at Apple, like its legendary secrecy and top-down management style.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
"Legendary player," said fellow Ravens wide receiver Mike Wallace.
Reuters(Jan 01, 2017)
This year’s Rose Bowl will feature a legendary comeback, no matter what happens on the field between USC and Penn State.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 传说的; 传奇的; 极其著名的
n. 传说集; [宗]圣徒传
分布：传奇的(61%)，传说的(22%)，著名的(17%)
→来自legend,传奇。
传奇的,像传奇一样的(legend+ary)[lect,leg=speak,read,表示"讲,读"]
US [-der.i] adjective
FAMOUS 有名的
 ADVANCED
■very famous and admired or spoken about 名声显赫的；津津乐道的
• He became editor of the legendary Irish journal 'The Bell'. 他当上了著名的爱尔兰杂志《钟》的编辑。
• The British are legendary (= well known) for their incompetence with languages. 英国人语言能力欠佳是出了名的。
UK ['ledʒ.ən.dri] US [-der.i] adjective
FROM A STORY 故事
■from a legend 传说的，传奇的
• a legendary Greek hero 希腊传奇英雄
• Was King Arthur a real or a legendary character? 亚瑟王是确有其人还是一个传说中的人物？
adj. 传说的，传奇的
 - rumorous, fabulous
n. 传说集；圣徒传
 - hagiology

Word: complication
Front: complication
[ˌkɒmplɪˈkeɪʃn] (研六托雅 4995/4982 -2)
Back: n. [医]并发症; 错杂，纠纷; 混乱，精神错乱
分布：并发症(87%)，复杂(12%)，纠纷(1%)
混乱,复杂(complicate+ion)[plic,pli,ply=fold,表示"重叠,折叠"]
n.复杂,纠纷;并发症The complications of this machine make it difficult to handle.这部错综复杂的机器很难操作.
US [ˌkɑ:m-] noun
countable or uncountable
■something which makes a situation more difficult, or when it does this 使情况复杂化的事物；复杂化
• Dave couldn't find his passport at the airport and then there were further complications when Fiona lost her baggage. 戴夫在机场找不到护照了，后来事情越发麻烦，菲奥娜又把行李遗失了。
• If any complications arise , let me know and I'll help. 如果发生甚么麻烦事，告诉我一声，我会帮忙的。
countable
■an extra medical problem which makes it more difficult to treat an existing illness 并发症
• If there are no complications, the doctor says that she'll be able to come home within two weeks. 如果没有并发症的话，医生说她两周内就可以出院了。
complication, complexity
这组词都有“复杂”的意思，其区别是：
complication: 指纷乱复杂到令人难于理解的地步。
complexity: 着重指极度复杂而难于辨认的关系。
n. 并发症；复杂；复杂化；混乱
 - chaos, confusion, disorder, involvement, mix

Word: marijuana
Front: marijuana
[ˌmærəˈwɑ:nə] (4996/20224 -1)
Vocabulary: marijuana
(once / 2043 pages)
n
Marijuana is a commonly used illegal drug made from dried leaves of the hemp plant. Smoking marijuana creates a high.
Marijuana is a drug that is mostly smoked — in a joint, a bowl, a bong, or other device — but sometimes it can be eaten. Marijuana is illegal, but it is considered a "soft drug" — as opposed to hard drugs like heroin or cocaine, which are killers. People call marijuana "pot" and "weed" and a hundred other slang terms. There's also medical marijuana, which sick people, especially cancer patients, can get to relieve their pain.
WORD FAMILY
marijuana
USAGE EXAMPLES
At the same time, many doctors are unwilling to prescribe medical marijuana to children.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
They decided to see whether marijuana might help.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
He favors gay rights, says climate change is real and supports the decriminalization of marijuana in small amounts.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 大麻，大麻毒品; 野生烟草
分布：大麻(100%)
→来自墨西哥西班牙语marihuana,后受西班牙人名Maria Juana(Mary Jane)影响拼写俗化。
(also marihuana) [ˌmær.ə'wɑ:.nə] noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■a usually illegal drug made from the dried leaves and flowers of the hemp plant, which produces a feeling of pleasant relaxation if smoked or eaten 大麻
n. [植] [毒物] 大麻；大麻毒品
 - beng, ganja

Word: restoration
Front: restoration
[ˌrestəˈreɪʃn] (托 5002/3578 -2)
Vocabulary: restoration
(once / 733 pages)
1n 2n
A restoration is when you bring something back to what it was. A crumbling house that is lovingly-rebuilt in its original style, a king who was kicked off his throne only to get it back — these are restorations.
Notice the difference between renovation and restoration. If you restore a 1950s house, you use period materials and effects. A renovation might include new things. Restoration always means a putting back: if you've been ill, but get better, you might talk about your restoration of health.
WORD FAMILY
restoration: restorations+/ restorative: restoratives/ restore: restoration, restorative, restored, restorer, restores, restoring/restorer: restorers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Planned work on the 161-year-old home includes mechanical system upgrades, landscape and grounds improvements, security enhancements and interior and exterior restoration work.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Eventually, the group hopes to submit grant requests for a restoration project to create a passage for fish to navigate farther upstream.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Paul Schmidt, chairman of the Balboa Park Christmas Committee, and the restoration artist discovered the theft on Thursday.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. （规章制度等的）恢复; 复原; （遗失等物的）归还原主; 整修
分布：恢复(94%)，复位(4%)，归还(2%)
US [-tə'reɪ-] noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■the act or process of returning something to its earlier good condition or position 修复；恢复；重定
• The first task following the disaster was the restoration of clean water supplies. 灾难过后的首要任务就是要恢复清洁水的供应。
• Restoration work on the Sistine Chapel ceiling is now complete. 西斯廷教堂天花板的修复工程现已完工。
• A large majority of the population is demanding the restoration of the former government. 绝大多数人都要求恢复前政府。
n. 恢复；复位；王政复辟；归还
 - recovery, replacement, retrieval, renewal, resumption

Word: composer
Front: composer
[kəmˈpəʊzə(r)] (六宝 4999/4435 -2)
Vocabulary: composer
(once / 485 pages)
n
A composer is an artist who writes music to be played or performed by musicians. A classical composer might work by writing out musical notation and trying things out on the piano.
If you're a composer, you most likely write classical, jazz, music for film, or another type of primarily instrumental music, without lyrics. A writer of popular or rock music is more likely to be called a "songwriter." A composer might compose symphonies as a profession, or write short tunes as a hobby. In Old French, composer means "put together, arrange, or write," from com-, "with," and poser, "to place."
WORD FAMILY
composer: composers+/ component: components/ compose: component, composed, composer, composes, composing, composition, compositor, composure, decompose, discompose/ composed: composedly / composition: compositional, compositions/compositional: compositionally, decompositional/compositor: compositors/ composure: composures/decomposable: undecomposable/ decompose: decomposable, decomposed, decomposes, decomposing, decomposition / decomposition: decompositions/discompose: discomposed, discomposes, discomposing, discomposure/discomposed: discomposedly/discomposure: discomposures
USAGE EXAMPLES
Yet even here, and in Shore’s broader role creating the musical personality of the sketch-comedy giant, is evidence of the composer’s seriousness.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
At the heart of this 1885 operetta by the librettist William Gilbert and the composer Arthur Sullivan is a satire skewering British bureaucratic zeal.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
It’s difficult to fuse such contrasting styles, both for Mr. Marsalis as composer and the Philharmonic musicians.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. （尤指古典音乐）作曲家; 调停人; 设计者
分布：名词(100%)
→来自compose, 组成。
US [-'poʊ.zɚ] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a person who writes music, especially classical music （尤指古典音乐）作曲家
n. 作曲家；作家，著作者；设计者
 - writer, author, pen

Word: concession
Front: concession
[kənˈseʃn] (研六托雅宝 5001/3835 -3)
Vocabulary: concession
(once / 443 pages)
1n 2n
The noun concession comes in handy in negotiations — between countries, political parties, or even parents and their kids. Want a raise in your allowance? You may have to agree to do more chores as a concession before your parents will agree.
Although a concession in an argument is the act of yielding or granting something, don't get confused and think that a concession stand is called that because the workers are granting you popcorn at the baseball stadium. Concessions at a ballpark or at another venue are called that because the stadium has granted the right to sell food to a certain provider. Chew on that the next time you're munching on peanuts at a game.
WORD FAMILY
concession: concessions+/ concede: conceded, concedes, conceding, concession, concessive/concessive: concessively
USAGE EXAMPLES
It is also unclear whether the company received any federal concessions.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
But the papers won concessions that insured long-term profitability and eventual control over their own pressroom operations.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
The one concession will be that the game will be broadcast with a five-second delay — just enough time to censor any colorful language.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 让步，迁就; （尤指由政府或雇主给予的）特许权; 租借地; 承认或允许
分布：让步(71%)，特许权(14%)，妥协(8%)，租界(7%)
→来自concede, 让步。
让步;退位[ced,ceed,cess=go,表示"行走,前进"]
n.让步,妥协;特许(权);The accessory successor never made concessions to difficulties, so he succeeded in accessing successive successes.附属继承人从未向困难妥协,因此在走向连续的成功之路上成功了.
【记】concede（v 让步），con共同，cede走：两人共同走一步－让步
noun
SOMETHING ALLOWED 允许的事
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■something which is allowed or given up, often in order to end a disagreement, or the act of allowing or giving this （常指为结束争端而作出的）认可，让步，妥协
• Both sides involved in the conflict made some concessions in yesterday's talks. 在昨天的谈判中，冲突双方都作出了让步。
• He stated firmly that no concessions will be made to the strikers. 他强硬地宣称不会对罢工者作出任何让步。
⇒ See also concede
uncountable
■when someone admits defeat 认输
• The former president's concession came even before all the votes had been counted. 选票还没完全统计出来，前总统就承认落败了。
• a concession speech 承认失败的讲话
[kən'seʃ.ən] noun
LOWER PRICE 较低的价格
countable UK
■a reduction in the usual price of something, which is available to students or young, old or unemployed people （对学生、老少或失业人士的）价格优惠，减价
• You can get travel concessions if you are under 26. 26岁以下者乘车可以获得优惠。
[kən'seʃ.ən] noun
RIGHT 权利
countable
■a special right to property or land （财产、土地等的）特许权；许可使用权
countable
■the right to sell a product in a particular area 特许经营权；特许销售权
n. 让步；特许（权）；承认；退位
 - recognition, license

Word: militia
Front: militia
[məˈlɪʃə] (宝 4998/8236 -2)
Vocabulary: militia
(once / 509 pages)
n
If you live in a remote place that's under attack by an upstart band of thieves, start a militia. A militia is a band of civilians trained to do army type business, without officially joining the army.
Militia comes from mīlet-, Latin for "soldier," but the word now refers to a band of fighters who aren't officially soldiers. Sometimes militias add on to regular army forces, like the citizen's militias who fought alongside regular troops in the Revolutionary War. But you'll frequently hear militia if you're listening to news about dangerously violent parts of the world where, instead of voting for change, groups form militias and fight for political power. It's also a verb: to militia.
WORD FAMILY
militia: militias
USAGE EXAMPLES
The DRC’s restive east remains a battleground for rival ethnic militias, with a recent upsurge of violence there a concern to many experts.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
To reach it, one drives through checkpoints of multiple armed groups fighting IS — the Iraqi military, Shiite militias, Kurdish peshmerga and Christian fighters.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
On the one side, Syrian government forces, allied militias and the Russian military.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 民兵组织，民兵
分布：民兵组织(65%)，义勇军(19%)，国民军(16%)
→来自拉丁语militia,军队，战斗者，来自miles,战士，词源同military.后用于指民兵组织。
民兵,义勇军(milit+ia)[milit=soldier,表示"兵"]
自卫队,国民军(milit军队+ia)[-ia 1.表名词"某种病"2.表名词"总称,状态"]
noun countable [+ sing/pl verb]
■a military force which only operates for some of the time and whose members often have other jobs 民兵组织；预备役部队；国民卫队
• A UN force was sent in to stop fighting between three rival militias. 一支联合国部队被派去制止三个敌对的民兵组织之间的争斗。
• The government called out the militia to help cope with the rioting. 政府召集国民卫队来帮助应付骚乱。

Word: authentic
Front: authentic
[ɔ:ˈθentɪk] (高研六托雅宝 5000/6476 -2)
Vocabulary: authentic
(once / 600 pages)
adj
The adjective authentic describes something that is real or genuine and not counterfeit. Be careful when you are buying jewelry or watches. If you are going to buy a diamond ring, you want an authentic diamond and not glass. That would be authentic glass but a fake diamond!
In addition to describing something real, the adjective authentic describes something reliable, based on fact, and believable. If you have to write a research paper for school, be sure to use authentic facts and figures. The teacher is sure to check if you write, "My little sister told me that the Eiffel Tower is about 10,000 feet high," when in fact it's 1,063 feet tall.
WORD FAMILY
authentic: authentically, authenticity, inauthentic, unauthentic+/ authenticity: authenticities/ inauthentic: inauthentically
USAGE EXAMPLES
Another highlight is described in the report as the “acoustics, size, and incredibly ‘authentic’ character of the church.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
On the flip side, this may mean more competitive pricing on vacation experiences deemed less authentic, such as theme parks.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
It wasn’t immediately possible to verify whether Ms. Shevchenko’s Twitter account was authentic.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 真的，真正的; 可信的，可靠的; 有根据的; [法]认证了的
分布：真实的(38%)，真正的(34%)，可信的(15%)，可靠的(13%)
→来自author.
a.真的,真正的;可靠的,可信的,有根据的Is that an authentic painting from Piccaso?那幅油画是毕加索的真迹吗?
【记】源于author作者－属于原创作者的－真正的
【反】bogus（adj [美]伪造的）；apocryphal（adj 伪经的）；semblance（n 伪装）－authentic article（真实的物品）
US [ɑ:'θen.tˌɪk] adjective
 ADVANCED
■If something is authentic, it is real, true, or what people say it is 真的；真正的；可靠的；可信的
• an authentic 1920s dress 20世纪20年代女装真品
• authentic Italian food 正宗义大利食品
• He was there and saw what happened, so his is the only authentic account. 他在现场，并看到了事情的经过，所以他的叙述是唯一可靠的说法。
real, authentic, genuine, true, actual, factual
这组词都有“真的，真实的，实在的”的意思，其区别是：
real: 普通用词，含义较广，有时可与actual和genuine换用。指一切真实的或 表面看不出虚假的事物。
authentic: 常可与genuine换用，指与事实完全相符，强调准确可靠。
genuine: 普通常用词，指真正的，货真价实的，强调非人为或非虚假的。
true: 指同实际情况或标准完全一致。口语中多用。
actual: 指事物的实际存在，并非出自主观臆造。
factual: 与actual同义，但更测重根据事实，不扩大或缩小，不渲染。
adj. 真正的，真实的；可信的
 - actual, sincere, genuine, true, real

Word: tenure
Front: tenure
[ˈtenjə(r)] (宝 5004/7287 -1)
Vocabulary: tenure
(once / 1037 pages)
nv
Take the noun tenure for the period of time a person holds a position or office. Your tenure as a student ends when you graduate high school — unless, of course, you go on to college.
Tenure from the Latin tenere means "to hold" and refers to the period of time a person works at a particular job or in an office. A president might have to deal with a recession during his tenure in the White House. In university jargon, if you have tenure, you have a permanent teaching position or professorship. In this sense, tenure can also be used as a verb. You've got it made if you're tenured at age 29.
WORD FAMILY
tenure: tenured, tenures
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Niners became the first team in nearly four decades to follow coaches in successive seasons after only one-year tenures.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
During his tenure, Ashe earned national recognition for his innovative rehabilitation programs.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The art market boomed during the Reagan administration and through most of George W Bush’s tenure.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 占有（职位，不动产等）; 占有期; 终身职位
分布：任期(81%)，终身职位(11%)，保有(8%)
→ten-,持有，握住，-ure,名词后缀。
占有权;终身制(ten+ure→拿住状态→占有权)[tain,ten,tin=hold表示"拿住"]
【记】ten拿，ure－拿住职位的期限－任期
UK [-jʊər] US [-jɚ] UK [-jʊr] formal
noun uncountable
■being the legal owner of land, a job or an official public position, or the period of time during which you own it 占有；使用权；使用期；任期；保有期
• During his tenure as dean, he had a real influence on the students. 他当教务长期间，对学生们影响很大。
■the right to remain permanently in a job 终身职位
• She is one of the few lecturers in this department who has tenure. 她是该系少数几个获得终身职位的讲师之一。
n. 任期；占有
 - occupation, having

Word: rejection
Front: rejection
[rɪ'dʒekʃn] (六托 5003/4305)
Vocabulary: rejection
(once / 1170 pages)
1n 2n
The noun rejection can refer to the actual act of rejecting something or to the feeling one has after being rejected. In other words, you might have feelings of rejection after experiencing the rejection of others.
The Latin noun rēicere, which means "to throw back," is the ancestor of the word rejection. Nobody likes to feel the rejection of being excluded. The word rejection became popular in psychology in 1931, when parental rejection was seen as a motivation of bad behavior in children. The word found a medical meaning by 1943, as the body's refusal to accept a transplant.
WORD FAMILY
rejection: rejections+/ reject: rejected, rejecting, rejection, rejective, rejects
USAGE EXAMPLES
We believe that a rejection of peace and the promotion of settlements are also bad for Israel.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Rejection from a prestigious art academy in Japan strengthened his resolve to gain recognition for his individualized approach.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
The obstacle is Palestinian rejection of Israel’s right to exist as a Jewish state in any borders.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 拒绝; 摒弃; 剔除物; <医>排斥
分布：拒绝(99%)，被弃(1%)
拒绝(reject+ion)[ject=throw,cast,表示"投掷,扔"]
noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■when someone refuses to accept, use or believe someone or something 拒绝；拒收；摈弃；拒绝相信
• The government's rejection of the plans is a setback for us. 政府拒绝批准这些计划使我们大受挫折。
• I've applied for ten jobs, but all I've got is rejections/rejection letters. 我申请了十份工作，但都被拒绝了／但收到的都是回绝信。
• He never asked her to marry him out of fear of rejection. 他因为怕被拒绝，所以从未向她求婚。
n. 拒绝；抛弃；被抛弃的东西
 - refusal, denial

Word: thief
Front: thief
[θi:f] (高研四六雅 5007/3965 -K2)
Vocabulary: thief
(once / 222 pages)
n
A thief is someone who steals something. A thief can be anything from a cyberspace criminal mastermind who steals credit card information around the world, to the petty thief who picks people's pockets on the subway.
Some famous thieves (notice the -v- in the plural) include outlaws of the Old West, like Butch Cassidy and Jesse James, and those notorious bank robbers of the 1930s with the memorable names — "Baby Face" Nelson, "Pretty Boy" Floyd, Bonnie and Clyde, Ma Barker, "Machine Gun" Kelly, to name a few. They were so bold (and so brutal) that their activities became a major impetus for the beefing up of the FBI, under J. Edgar Hoover.
WORD FAMILY
thief: thiefs, thieves
USAGE EXAMPLES
But Marvin Williams, a crime prevention officer in the department, says thieves are more likely to target businesses they perceive as vulnerable.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
I’m a preschool teacher and I hope the thieves enjoy the greeting cards and gift cards the kids and families got me for Christmas.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Laundromat owner Rhonda Emerson says the thieves kicked a hole in the wall underneath the change machine and crawled into the locked office.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 小偷，盗贼; <口>（使蜡外流的）蜡烛心结的烛花
分布：小偷(64%)，贼(36%)
→来自古英语 theof,小偷，来自 Proto-Germanic*theubaz,小偷。词义比较 proof,prove.
n.(thieves)贼;小偷The thief chief achieved the theft of a handkerchief for mischief.贼首领完成了偷手帕的恶作剧.
[θi:f] (plural thieves)
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a person who steals 小偷，贼
• A post office was broken into last night, and the thieves got away with £120 000. 邮局昨晚被撬，窃贼盗走了12万英镑。
⇒ See also theft
[θi:f] (plural thieves)
noun countable
It takes a thief to catch a thief. saying
■used to mean that one dishonest person can guess what another dishonest person might do 以贼捕贼；以毒攻毒。
[θi:f] (plural thieves)
noun countable
like a thief in the night
■secretly or unexpectedly and without being seen 秘密地；出乎意料地
burglar, gangster, thief, bandit, robber, pirate
这组词都有“资贼、强盗”的意思，其区别是：
burglar: 指夜间撬窗破门行窃的人。
gangster: 指结伙进行各种非法活动的武装歹徒。
thief: 普通用词含义广泛，一般专指盗窍者。
bandit: 指在乡间或小林地区结帮活动，使用恐吓或暴力行窃的人。现指有组织或单独进行抢窃的盗匪。
robber: 指以暴力或威胁等手段强行夺取他人财物的人。
pirate: 指海盗。
n. 小偷，贼
 - pilferer, ganef

Word: dome
Front: dome
[dəʊm] (研六雅宝 5005/6106 -2)
Vocabulary: dome
(once / 506 pages)
n
A dome is a large hemispherical roof, like those seen on many capitol buildings. The Dome of the Rock, in Jerusalem, is a Muslim shrine with a golden dome that sits on a holy rock.
In Italian, duomo is the word for church or cathedral; it comes from the Latin domus, "house." Many Italian cathedrals feature prominent domes, and eventually the word dome became synonymous with that particular architectural feature. An umbrella works because its dome shape sheds the rain efficiently.
WORD FAMILY
dome: domes
USAGE EXAMPLES
“The Dome holds a special place in my heart. This is where I started my career.”
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Still, there is no doubt he was one of the greatest Falcons to play at the Georgia Dome during its 25-year history.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The dome was built with Universal Properties and Management Inc., which owns 7 Mile Crossing, a commercial building located within the college’s campus.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 圆屋顶; 像圆屋顶一样的东西; 圆顶体育场
vt. 加圆屋顶于…上
vi. 成圆顶状
分布：圆屋顶(63%)，成圆顶状(15%)，苍穹(10%)，使成圆屋顶(6%)，圆形的火山口(3%)，加圆屋顶于...上(3%)
→来自拉丁语domus, 家，词源同domain. 引申词义天主教教堂，穹顶。
圆屋顶;大厦[dom=house,表示"屋,家"]
n.圆屋顶"Homely food is wholesome," the comedist said on the dome."家常食品有益于健康,"喜剧作家在拱顶上说.
US [doʊm] noun countable
■a rounded roof on a building or a room, or a building with such a roof 穹顶；穹顶建筑
■a shape like one-half of a ball 半球形
• Gerald had a long grey beard and a shiny bald dome (= head). 杰拉尔德留着长长的灰色胡须，头上却秃得锃亮。
n. [建] 圆屋顶
 - cupola

Word: inadequate
Front: inadequate
[ɪnˈædɪkwət] (六托雅 5006/3218 -2)
Vocabulary: inadequate
(once / 676 pages)
adj
Something inadequate doesn't cut it. If you lack just a few centimeters to reach the low mark on the wooden sign, your height is inadequate for riding the big roller coaster. Wear heels next time.
The Latin root of adequate means "equal to," so inadequate refers to things that aren't equal to what is expected or needed. Something can be naturally inadequate, as in "inadequate rainfall to stop the fire," or it can result from lack of effort, as when someone avoids a question: "Your response was totally inadequate. Tell me what really happened."
WORD FAMILY
inadequate: inadequately, inadequateness+/ adequacy: adequacies, inadequacy / adequate: adequacy, adequately, adequateness, inadequate / inadequacy: inadequacies
USAGE EXAMPLES
The conservancy also alleges the project's environmental impact report was inadequate.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
A state audit released in September found the number of liquor stores in Utah so inadequate that adding 19 would just keep up with demand.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
There, many complain of rain and other severe winter conditions, or inadequate supplies of heating oil and medicines.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 不充足的; 不适当的; 不足胜任的; 信心不足的
分布：不充分的(54%)，不适当的(46%)
→in-,不，非，adequate,足够的。
adjective
■not good enough or too low in quality 不够好的；劣质的
• This work is woefully (= extremely) inadequate - you'll have to do it again. 这工作做得非常糟糕——你必须重做。
■too small in amount （数量）不够的
• She rejected the $2 million offer as totally inadequate. 她认为200万美元的出价完全不够，因而拒绝了。
■not confident enough to deal with a situation （处理事情）信心不足的
• Maddie's a real expert on art, so I feel completely inadequate whenever I talk to her about it. 麦迪在艺术方面是个真正的专家，因此每次和她谈论艺术我都觉得自己不够格。
adj. 不充分的，不适当的
 - deficient, unhappy, wrong, inappropriate, improper

Word: locker
Front: locker
[ˈlɒkə(r)] (研雅 5009/12007 -1)
Vocabulary: locker
(once / 936 pages)
n
A locker is a small closet or cabinet with a lock where you can keep your jacket and other possessions for a while. High school students typically have lockers for storing their books (and their smelly gym socks).
You might use a locker at school, when you're visiting a museum and need a place to leave your backpack, or at the gym. In fact, most gyms and swimming pools have "locker rooms," where you can change into your workout clothes and store your regular clothes and shoes, as well as your wallet, phone, and keys, in a locker. Locker has been used since the 14th century — and even earlier, although it originally meant "a lock."
WORD FAMILY
locker: lockers+/ forelock: forelocks/ interlock: interlocked, interlocking, interlocks/interlocking: interlockings/ lock: forelock, interlock, lockage, locked, locker, locking, locks, unlock/locking: lockings, self-locking/unlock: unlocked, unlocking, unlocks
USAGE EXAMPLES
He walked through the locker room briefly on Monday.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He, like several players, also was not in the locker room during the 3 ½ hours it was open to the media on Monday.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The mood around the locker room and during postgame interviews after Sunday's loss to the Toronto Raptors was generally positive.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 寄物柜; 上锁的人; 小橱; 冷藏间
分布：储物柜(63%)，上锁的人(16%)，更衣箱(12%)，冷藏室(9%)
→来自lock,锁，引申词义寄物柜。
n.有锁的橱柜存物柜;上锁人
US ['lɑ:.kɚ] noun countable
■a cupboard, often tall and made of metal, in which someone can keep their possessions, and leave them for a period of time 衣物存放柜，衣物柜
• We had several hours to wait for our train, so we left our bags in a (luggage) locker, and went to look around the town. 由于还得等好几个小时的火车，我们就把袋子存到衣物柜后到城里转了转。
n. 柜，箱；上锁的人；有锁的橱柜；锁扣装置；有锁的存物柜
 - box, case

Word: editorial
Front: editorial
[ˌedɪˈtɔ:riəl] (研四六雅 5008/7108 -3)
Vocabulary: editorial
(once / 331 pages)
1nadj 2adj
An editorial is an article that expresses the opinion of the person who or organization that wrote it. The president of the Llama Lovers Club wrote a scathing editorial in the Llama Times newspaper to protest the rash of llama thefts in her area.
Open up any newspaper, and you'll see page after page of articles. Most of these articles were written by journalists who assembled and reported the facts of the story. On the editorial page, however, you'll find nothing but opinion. That opinion might come from the editor of the paper, a local politician, or a concerned citizen who has found some important issue to discuss. Editorial can also refer to the editor of the paper, whose editorial decisions determine which articles — and editorials appear in each edition.
WORD FAMILY
editorial: editorialise, editorialist, editorialize, editorially, editorials+/ edit: edited, editing, editor, edits, subedit/ edited: unedited/ editor: editorial, editors, editorship/editorialist: editorialists/ editorialize: editorialized, editorializes, editorializing/editorship: editorships/subedit: subediting, subeditor/subeditor: subeditors
USAGE EXAMPLES
Editorials reflect the consensus of the Telegraph Herald Editorial Board.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Angry, traumatized protesters cry, march, shout, smash windows, set fires — and that’s just the New York Times editorial board.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Regarding the Dec. 30 editorial “Americans’ declining health”:
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 编辑的，主笔的; 〈美〉社论的
n. 社论（美）
分布：社论(90%)，编辑的(10%)
编辑的n.社论(editor编辑+ial)[don,dit=give,表示"给予"]
n.社论a.社论的;编辑上的It's incredible that the editor's editorial in this edition is edible.本版中的编辑社论可以食用让人难以置信.
US [-ə'tɔ:r.i-] noun countable (UK also leader) (leading article)
■an article in a newspaper which expresses the editor's opinion on a subject of particular interest at the present time 社论，社评
• All the papers deal with the same subject in their editorials. 所有的报纸都针对同一问题发表了社论。
UK [ˌed.ɪ'tɔ:.ri.əl] US [-ə'tɔ:r.i-] adjective
■relating to editors or editing, or to the editor of a newspaper or magazine 编辑的；主编的；编者的
• editorial staff 编辑人员
• Editorial decisions are generally made by senior editors. 通常由资深编辑们来决定编务事宜。
• It's plain reporting of the facts - there's not much editorial content (= opinion). 那只是纯粹的事实报道，没有多少评论内容。
adj. 编辑的；社论的
 - compilatory

Word: autumn
Front: autumn
[ˈɔ:təm] (中高 5010/2252 -K3)
Vocabulary: autumn
(once / 205 pages)
n
Autumn is the season after summer, when leaves fall from trees. It's also the season when the days get shorter and colder, and everything turns brown and drab, but people like it anyway, for the cocoa and cider, probably.
Autumn is the third season of the year, coming after summer and before winter, and coinciding with the dropping of leaves from the trees as they go into a winter rest, which is why it's also called fall. We also use autumn metaphorically to talk about the seasons of a person's life, like that luminous older actress in the autumn of her career: she's not yet playing roles in nursing homes, but neither is she scampering around in bikinis.
WORD FAMILY
autumn: autumnal, autumns+/ autumnal: autumnally
USAGE EXAMPLES
Goff was down there, somewhere, sacked by giants, handcuffed by his coaches, left lying in the limbo of a lost autumn.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
In the summer and autumn, she picked cotton in Arizona, and Raul worked alongside her, a child bent over in the fields.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
If their arms fail to bounce back in 2017, critics, including Chapman himself, will point to overuse this autumn.
The Guardian(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 秋; 秋天; 成熟期; 渐衰期
adj. 秋天的; 秋季的
分布：秋天(76%)，秋季(24%)
→词源不详。
n.秋,秋季;成熟期,渐衰期In the autumn the authorities automatically authorize me to buy highly mobile automobiles.秋天,当权者自动授权我买高机动性的汽车.
US ['ɑ:.tˌəm/ (US also fall)
noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■the season of the year between summer and winter, lasting from September to November north of the equator and from March to May south of the equator, when fruits and crops become ripe and are picked, and leaves fall 秋天，秋季
• We like to travel in the autumn when there are fewer tourists. 我们喜欢在秋天出游，那时游客较少。
• We always clear out the garage in early autumn. 我们总是在初秋季节清理车库。
• Last autumn we went to Germany. 去年秋天我们去了德国。
• autumn colours/leaves 秋天的色彩／落叶
UK ['ɔ:.təm] US ['ɑ:.tˌəm/ (US also fall)
noun countable or uncountable
autumn years literary
■Someone's autumn years are the later years of their life, especially after they have stopped working. （尤指退休后的）迟暮，暮年
autumn, fall
这组词都有“秋天”的意思，其区别是：
autumn: 使用地区的不同，英国用词
fall: 使用地区的不同，美国英语。
n. 秋天；成熟期；渐衰期，凋落期
 - fall, maturation phase
adj. 秋天的， [天] 秋季的
 - fall

Word: subsequently
Front: subsequently
[ˈsʌbsɪkwəntli] (六托 5011/2357)
Vocabulary: subsequently
(once / 376 pages)
adv
Subsequently means "afterward": You might be bummed if you bought a book for a friend and subsequently discovered that she'd already read it.
Subsequently derives from a Latin verb meaning "to follow." We use subsequently to describe something in time that follows something else. You ran off to Mexico with your boyfriend but subsequently discovered he was interested only in your sports car. Thousands of people showed up for the rock concert and the town subsequently changed its laws to prevent such large gatherings.
WORD FAMILY
subsequent: subsequence, subsequently, subsequentness+/subsequence: subsequences
USAGE EXAMPLES
He subsequently started an independent insurance business and sells insurance today.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Conrad, 30, rose to fame in the reality TV show Laguna Beach: The Real Orange County and subsequently got her own spinoff show, The Hills.
Time(Jan 01, 2017)
The supreme court subsequently declined to hear the case.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adv. 其后，随后，接着; “subsequent”的派生; 嗣后; 尔后
分布：随后(56%)，后来(44%)
ADJ
随后的;后来的
You use subsequent to describe something that happened or existed after the time or event that has just been referred to.
例：...the increase of population in subsequent years...随后几年人口的增长
例：Those concerns were overshadowed by subsequent events.随后发生的事使之前所关注的那些问题显得无足轻重。
PHRASE
在…之后;继…之后
If something happened subsequent to something else, it happened after that thing.
例：They won only one more game subsequent to their Cup semi-final win last year.继去年在杯赛半决赛中获胜后，他们仅又赢过一场比赛。
initially, afterward, subsequently, ultimately, lately, previously, eventually, shortly, presently
initially: 最初，开头
afterward: 以后，后来
subsequently: 随后，后来
ultimately: 最后，终于
lately: 最近，不久前
previously: 以前，先前
eventually: 终于，后来
shortly: 立刻，马上
presently: 马上，一会儿，很快
adv. 随后，其后；后来
 - after, since

Word: faithful
Front: faithful
[ˈfeɪθfl] (研四六托 5013/5544 -K2)
Vocabulary: faithful
(once / 90 pages)
adjn
Faithful describes someone who is reliable and consistent. If you're a faithful volunteer at the animal shelter, you show up every Saturday and work hard to help the animals.
A faithful friend is loyal and steadfast — it's no wonder that many people consider their dogs to be their most faithful companions. Though faithful usually describes a person, you can also use it to talk about a particularly reliable object, like your faithful hiking boots. There's another sense of faithful that means "remaining true to," like faithful believers who pray and attend religious services regularly.
WORD FAMILY
faithful: faithfuler, faithfulest, faithfully, faithfulness, faithfuls, unfaithful+/ faith: faithful, faithless, faiths, interfaith/ faithfulness: faithfulnesses, faithfulnesss/ faithless: faithlessly, faithlessness/unfaithful: unfaithfully, unfaithfulness/unfaithfulness: unfaithfulnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
His style of politics, from his mass rallies of the faithful after the election to his statements about himself, carries authoritarian overtones.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
In “The Elephant in the Room,” Ronson tracks Jones at Trump campaign events and steals occasional conversations with him, his entourage and his faithful.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
In this respect the president is a faithful product of his education.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 忠实的; 忠诚的; 正确的
n. 信徒
分布：忠实的(64%)，忠诚的(33%)，忠贞的(3%)
a.守信的,忠实的,如实的,可靠的In the faithful waiter's waist exists a list of the ten listeners.在忠实的侍者的腰里存有那十位听众的名单.
adjective
LOYAL 忠诚的
 ADVANCED
■loyal 忠诚的；忠实的
• a faithful friend 忠诚的朋友
• They are faithful supporters of the Labour Party. 他们是工党的忠实拥护者。
• His faithful old dog accompanied him everywhere he went. 无论去哪里，他那只忠诚的老狗总是陪伴左右。
 ADVANCED
■If your husband, wife or partner is faithful, they do not have a sexual relationship with anyone else （配偶或性伴侣）忠诚的，忠贞的
• Was your wife faithful during your marriage? 你的妻子婚后忠诚吗？
• He was faithful to his wife throughout their 30-year marriage. 在30年的婚姻生活中，他一直忠于妻子。
faithful to sth
■continuing to support or follow something 对…忠诚
• He remained faithful to the president's regime when so many others spoke out against it. 在很多人都公开反对这个总统执政时，他仍效忠于他。
• Despite persecution, she remained faithful to her beliefs. 尽管受到迫害，她仍忠于她的信仰。
['feɪθ.fəl] adjective
ACCURATE 准确的
■true or not changing any of the details, facts, style, etc. of the original 如实的，丝毫不作改动的
• She gave a faithful account of what had happened on that night. 她如实讲述了那晚发生的事情。
• I have tried to keep my translation as faithful as possible to the original book. 我尽力使我的翻译忠实于原著。
['feɪθ.fəl] adjective
RELIGIOUS 宗教
■following a particular religion 虔诚的
• faithful Christians 虔诚的基督徒
• faithful followers of Buddhism 佛教的忠实信徒
['feɪθ.fəl] noun
SUPPORTER 支持者
countable
■someone who continues to support someone or something 忠实支持者
• He gave a rousing speech to a room full of party faithfuls. 他向满屋子的该政党拥护者发表了激动人心的讲话。
['feɪθ.fəl] noun
RELIGIOUS PEOPLE 信徒
['feɪθ.fəl] plural noun
the faithful
■people who are always loyal to a particular group or organization, especially a political party 忠实信徒；（尤指政党的）忠诚支持者
• They asked for donations from the party faithful. 他们要求忠诚的党员捐款。
■the people who believe in a particular religion 虔诚信众，忠实信徒
• We heard bells calling the faithful to prayer. 我们听到召集信徒去祈祷的钟声。
loyal, constant, faithful, true
这组词都有“忠实的”的意思，其区别是：
loyal: 一般指对祖国、领袖的忠诚或对事业、原则、誓言的忠实，不动摇。
constant: 侧重指思想状态的稳定或信念的坚定，也指爱情或感情等的忠贞不渝。
faithful: 多指对人对事或对诺言、誓言的始终不渝，侧重在任何情况下都绝不改变。
true: 侧重个人感情上的忠实和不动摇。
adj. 忠实的，忠诚的；如实的；准确可靠的
 - loving, devoted

Word: merger
Front: merger
[ˈmɜ:dʒə(r)] (研托 5012/3475 -3)
Vocabulary: merger
(once / 951 pages)
n
When two companies become one company, they've had a merger. A merger is like a marriage for things other than people.
It might help you remember merger to think of something that happens on the highway: several lanes sometimes have to merge into one lane. Merging leads to more than one thing becoming one. Words that mean something similar to merger are unification and fusion. Separation and break-up are opposites of a merger.
WORD FAMILY
merger: mergers+/ merge: merged, merger, merges, merging/merging: mergings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Or trade secrets, and valuable inside information about mergers or drug trials.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The U.S. semiconductor industry is facing an unprecedented wave of consolidations, with mergers and acquisitions in the sector valued last year at over $100 billion.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
The merger last year was widely seen as an important step in the transfer of Samsung’s leadership from Lee Kun-hee to Jay Y. Lee.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. （两个公司的）合并; 联合体; 吸收
分布：名词(100%)
→来自merge,合并，融合。用于经济学术语，指两个公司的合并。
US ['mɝ:.dʒɚ] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■when two or more companies join together （公司、企业等的）合并
• She's an attorney who advises companies about mergers and takeovers. 她是一位律师，提供公司合并、收购方面的咨询服务。
• The merger of these two companies would create the world's biggest accounting firm. 这两家公司的合并将造就世界上最大的会计事务所的诞生。
n. （企业等的） [经] 合并；并购；吸收（如刑法中重罪吸收轻罪）
 - absorption, marriage, consolidation, coalition

Word: haunt
Front: haunt
[hɔ:nt] (六托雅宝 5014/6064 -2)
Vocabulary: haunt
(once / 202 pages)
vn
The verb to haunt means to appear as a ghost or some kind of supernatural phenomenon. Ebenezer Scrooge was haunted by the Ghosts of Christmases Past, Present and Future.
The first recorded usage of the word haunt is in William Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream, a play filled with supernatural characters running around scaring the knickers off each other. As Shakespeare knew, haunting is at its most effective in the passive voice, because there is much more drama in being haunted than haunting. Another use of the word haunt is as a noun, and it means "a place that is frequented often," like a popular hangout. The gym, a bar, a corner: these are all potential haunts. The dentist, the principal’s office, a busy intersection: these are not.
WORD FAMILY
haunt: haunted, haunting, haunts+/haunting: hauntingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Their expressions are shy and calm, yet the picture is haunting.
The New Yorker(Jan 02, 2017)
On Christmas Day, the Answer Wife suggested that Answer Man start a rumor that the Trump International Hotel is haunted.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
As 2017 dawns, the ghost of Lord Balfour still haunts us.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. 时常萦绕心头，使困窘; 常去; 以鬼魂形式出现; 时常出现在，弥漫
vi. 尤指鬼魂重回或常去
n. 〈方〉鬼或其它超自然物体; 常去的地方
时态：haunted, haunting, haunts
分布：常到(43%)，徘徊(23%)，缠住(19%)，常到的地方(15%)
→来自Proto-Germanic*haimaz,家，住所，词源同home.该词原指死后回家的灵魂，引申词义鬼魂出没，萦绕。拼写比较lamp,lantern.
【记】h＝home，aunt：姑奶奶家－常去的地方
【参】gaunt（adj 憔悴的）割aunt的肉；taunt（vt 嘲弄；奚落）踢aunt；vaunt（v 自夸）aunt伸出两个手指V
US [hɑ:nt] verb transitive
REPEATEDLY TROUBLE 反覆烦扰
 ADVANCED
■to cause repeated suffering or anxiety 使经常苦恼；不断困扰
• Fighting in Vietnam was an experience that would haunt him for the rest of his life. 越南战争的经历给他日后的生活留下了挥之不去的阴影。
• Thirty years after the fire he is still haunted by images of death and destruction. 那场火灾过去30年之后，死亡和毁灭的场景仍在他脑海中挥之不去。
UK [hɔ:nt] US [hɑ:nt] verb transitive
SPIRIT 幽灵
■(of a ghost) to appear in a place repeatedly （鬼魂）经常出没
• A ghostly lady is said to haunt the stairway looking for her children. 据说有一个女人像幽灵似的经常出现在楼梯上寻找她的孩子。
UK [hɔ:nt] US [hɑ:nt] noun countable
■a place often visited 常去的地方
• This pub used to be one of your old haunts, didn't it Jim? 这个酒吧你以前经常去，对不对，吉姆？
n. 栖息地；常去的地方
 - habitat, purlieu

Word: crude
Front: crude
[kru:d] (研四六托雅 5015/4502 -2)
Vocabulary: crude
(once / 364 pages)
1adj 2n
Is it gross? Unsophisticated? Totally tasteless and positively offensive? Then you can describe it as crude.
Crude is not rude when it’s used to describe unprocessed oil, which it first was associated with in 1865. From the Latin crudo, meaning "rough, raw," crude today can be used to describe anything or anyone that's unrefined and rough around the edges. So don’t be too insulted by the large-nosed portrait that cartoonist made for you. It’s just a quick, crude drawing meant to be funny.
WORD FAMILY
crude: crudely, crudeness, cruder, crudes, crudest, crudity+/crudeness: crudenesses/crudity: crudities
USAGE EXAMPLES
International Brent crude oil LCOc1 was yet to trade after closing up 68 cents at $56.82 per barrel on Friday.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Trading in several commodities, including crude oil, was closed on Monday.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
This format imposes a crude narrative structure on the day’s events, with peril ultimately usurped by a happy, or at least whimsical, conclusion.
The New Yorker(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 粗糙的，粗杂的; 粗鲁的; 天然的，未加工的; 简陋的
n. 原[生]材料，天然物质; 原油
级别：cruder, crudest
分布：原油(90%)，粗糙的(3%)，天然的(2%)，简陋的(2%)，粗鲁的(1%)，未加工的(1%)，天然的物质(1%)
→来自kreue, 生肉，带血肉，词源同raw。可能进一下来自sker, 砍，切，词源同shear,carnal.
粗糙的;原始的[crud=raw(生的)]
a.天然的,未加工的;未熟的;粗鲁的,粗野的This measure may preclude the exclusive agency from selling crucial crude oil.这个措施可以使专有的代理不能出售决定性的原油.
【记】crud粗糙－未提炼的
adjective
SIMPLE 简单的
 ADVANCED
■simple and not skilfully done or made 粗糙的；简陋的；粗制的；未加修饰的
• a crude device/weapon 简陋的装置／粗制的武器
[kru:d] adjective
RUDE 粗鲁的
■rude and offensive 粗俗的；粗野的；无礼的
• a crude remark/comment 粗俗的话／评论
[kru:d] noun uncountable (also crude oil)
■oil in a natural state that has not yet been treated 原油
gross, crude, coarse, vulgar
这组词都有“粗鲁的，粗俗的”的意思，其区别是：
gross: 语气强烈，指粗鲁、无礼貌，令人讨厌。
crude: 与vulgar同义，也指言谈举止粗俗，不文雅，缺乏教养。
coarse: 指缺乏教养，言谈粗俗，举止粗野，可与vulgar换用。
vulgar: 侧重指对听者的冒犯，往往强调粗野，言行、趣味不高，缺乏教养。
rude, crude, harsh, rough, coarse
这组词都有“粗糙的”的意思，其区别是：
rude: 指加工粗糙、不精细。也指某人的言行举止粗鲁无礼，缺乏修养。
crude: 主要指未经加工处理尚处于自然状态的物质；也可指人的言行粗鲁。
harsh: 指外表、性质、声音的粗糙、刺耳、刺目，强调使人不愉快的粗糙感。
rough: 普通用词，指某物纹理不精细，或表面凹凸不平，不光滑。
coarse: 指某物质地粗糙低劣或编织、加工等不精细、精巧。也指人的言谈举止粗鲁，不文雅。
adj. 粗糙的；天然的，未加工的；粗鲁的
 - rough, native, robust, raw, coarse

Word: sheriff
Front: sheriff
[ˈʃerɪf] (六宝 5016/5824 -1)
Vocabulary: sheriff
(once / 339 pages)
n
A sheriff is the top-ranking officer in a county police force. Unlike police in a city or town, the sheriff is an elected official.
In most states, the sheriff serves a four-year term, and she oversees a department of police officers. A sheriff's job varies from state to state, but it generally includes enforcing the law, making arrests within the county, traffic control, prisoner transportation, and crime investigation. The Old English root word is scirgerefa, "representative of royal authority in a shire." Sheriff has been used in the United States since the 1600's.
WORD FAMILY
sheriff: sheriffs
USAGE EXAMPLES
Parson, a cattle rancher and former sheriff, said in his statement that he is well and resting at his home in Bolivar.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The sheriff’s statement says Herzog stole vehicles and items across five counties in Michigan, Indiana and Ohio.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Okaloosa County Sheriff’s Office, fire department first responders, the Walton Sheriff’s Office, the Coast Guard and others assisted in searching for the man.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 州长; 执行吏; 治安官
分布：郡长(84%)，郡治安官(16%)
→来自古英语 scirgerefa,王室在郡设置的官员，郡督，来自 scir,郡，词源同 shire,gerefa,首领， 词源同 reeve,管家，长官，城镇治安官。
【记】sheriff＝stiff（adj 僵硬的），治安官的特点是僵硬的。
noun countable
■in the US, an official whose job is to be in charge of performing the orders of the law courts and making certain that the laws are obeyed within a particular county （美国的）郡保安官
■in England and Wales, a person who represents the king or queen in a particular county , and whose duties are mainly in official ceremonies （英格兰和威尔士的）郡长
■the most important judge of a county in Scotland （苏格兰的）郡法官
n. 州长；郡治安官；执行吏
 - Landeshauptmann, nomarch

Word: vague
Front: vague
[veɪg] (高研四六托宝 4885/4265 -2)
Vocabulary: vague
(once / 149 pages)
adj
If your grasp of physics is vague and you've got a test coming up, it's time to hit the books. When something is vague, it’s unclear, murky, and hard to understand.
Vague comes from the Latin vagus, which means wandering or rambling. Think of a vagabond, someone who wanders around the world with only a vague idea of where he's going. There are a few big, impressive words for vague, including ambiguous, nebulous, and tenebrous.
WORD FAMILY
vague: vaguely, vagueness, vaguer, vaguest+/vagueness: vaguenesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
Rather than vague vows to get in shape, resolve to walk half an hour every day after dinner.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Instead, we keep seeing the same vague flashes of flames and shadowy figures.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Running a marathon, say, would be too much for a non-runner to aim for, while a vague desire to 'get fit' is hard to measure.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 模糊的; （思想上）不清楚的; （表达或感知）含糊的; 暧昧的
n. 模糊不定状态
分布：模糊的(81%)，不明确的(15%)，茫然的(3%)，犹豫不决的(1%)
→来自拉丁语vagus, 漫游，偏离，引申词义模糊的。
含糊的(vag+ue→漫游而思想不集中→含糊的)[uag,uogr=wader,表示"漫游"]
a.不明确的,含糊的,暧昧的I didn't evaluate the blue glue due to the vague plague.因为不明确的瘟疫,我没有对蓝色胶水估价.
【反】lucid（adj 清晰的）；well-defined（adj 定义明确的）；trenchant（adj 清晰的）；express（adj 急速的；明确的）
adjective
 ADVANCED
■not clearly expressed, known, described or decided 含糊的，不明确的
• I do have a vague memory of meeting her many years ago. 我确实依稀记得多年前见过她。
• The patient had complained of vague pains and backache. 患者自述说隐约感到疼痛和背酸。
 ADVANCED
■not clear in shape, or not clearly seen （轮廓等）模糊的，不清楚的
• Through the mist I could just make out a vague figure. 透过雾霭，我只能看到一个模糊的身影。
■describes someone who is not able to think clearly, or who, sometimes as a way of hiding what they really think, does not express their opinions clearly （人）迷糊的，含糊其词的
• My aunt is incredibly vague - she can never remember where she's left things. 我的姨妈极其迷糊——她老是记不得自己把东西放在甚么地方。
• Their report is studiously vague (= intentionally not exact) on future economic prospects. 他们的报告故意对未来经济前景含糊其词。
faint, dim, indefinite, vague, obscure, ambiguous
这组词都有“不明确的，模糊的”的意思，其区别是：
faint: 指对某事物印象不深，或指声音微弱或希望的渺茫等。
dim: 侧重指或因光线暗淡，或因年代久远、身体欠佳等因素而产生视觉或察觉方面的困难。
indefinite: 指无明确定义或限定，重点或总体轮廓不明确。
vague: 多指因语言不确切，太笼统或因构思含糊、不完善而造成模糊难解。
obscure: 语气最强，指晦涩难懂。
ambiguous: 指文章或讲话中，意思可能有多种理解，令人捉摸不定。
dim, unclear, vague, obscure, ambiguous
这组词都有“模糊”的意思，其区别是：
dim: a.光线暗淡的，看不清的；记忆力模糊的；不大可能的。
 • Don't work in dim light.   不要在昏暗的光线下工作。
 • His changes of recovery from illness are dim.   他康复的可能性十分渺茫。
unclear: a.指句意、字迹不清楚，使人难以看懂；不肯定的。
 • Unclear writing is difficult to understand.   模糊的字迹使人难以辨认。
 • It is unclear whether the economy will get better.   经济是否好转仍不明朗。
vague: a.含混的，不清楚的，多用于比喻意义，用来表示因逻辑关系不清、言辞笼统而导致的意义不清楚，该词也可表示轮廓形状的不清楚和模糊。
 • He has some vague ideas about what to do, but nothing specific.   他大概知道他要做什么，但没有具体的计划。
obscure: a.用于表达因光线不足而使人看不清楚。该词的引申意义可以表示语法、文字、记忆等因复杂、深奥、模棱两可而使人看不懂和无法理解。
 • The poetry of Ezra Pound is sometimes difficult to understand because it contains so many obscure references.   艾兹拉·庞德的诗有时候难以理解，因为诗歌中含有许多令人费解的典故。
ambiguous: a.意义含糊的，有歧义的，指因字、词、句有歧义而使人感到模糊不清、难以理解和把握。
 • His ambiguous directions confused us; we did not know which of the two roads to take.   他的模棱两可的指导使我们很迷惑以至于我们不知道该走哪条路了。
dim, dark, vague, grey, obscure, black, gloomy
这组词都有“完全地或不完全地缺少光亮”的意思，其区别是：
dim: 指光线不足或视力较差，不能清晰地看见物体。
dark: 最普通用词，指缺乏自然光线或人工照明，使某物漆黑无光或光线十分微弱。
vague: 通常作借喻用，形容抽象事物。
grey: 与dark意思相近，但侧重阴暗单调的意味。
obscure: 指因光线不充足而使物体灰暗不清，失去光泽或若隐若现。作借喻时指因复杂、深奥或含糊而难于理解。
black: 侧重颜色是黑色的，有时也指无光的黑暗。
gloomy: 指光线不足或部分光线受阻而出现的阴暗。
adj. 模糊的；含糊的；不明确的；暧昧的
 - fuzzy, dark, uncertain

Word: trader
Front: trader
[ˈtreɪdə(r)] (六 5021/3829 -3)
Back: n. 商人; 商船; 交易者
分布：商人(86%)，商船(14%)
US [-dɚ] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a person who buys and sells things 商人，经商者，交易商
• a wool/sugar trader 毛料商／糖商
• His father is a market trader, selling fruit and vegetables. 他的父亲在市场做生意贩卖水果和蔬菜。
 IMPROVER
■a person who buys and sells company shares or money （股票、货币的）交易人
• a stock/currency/futures trader 股票／货币／期货交易人
• He is a well-known trader on the floor of the New York Stock Exchange. 他是纽约证券交易所有名的交易人。
dealer, businessman, merchant, tradesman, trader
这组词都有“商人”的意思，其区别是：
dealer: 指商人时多与表商店的字连用。
businessman: 指有经验、善于经营、从事各种买卖活动的买卖人、实业家或工商业家。
merchant: 指从事批发生意的大商人，尤指从事国际贸易的大商人，但在美国或苏格兰等地，也指一般商人。
tradesman: 指零卖商人，开小店的商人。
trader: 指从事贸易工作的人，也指贩子。
n. 交易者；商人； [船] [水运] 商船
 - bargainer, dealer

Word: evoke
Front: evoke
[ɪˈvəʊk] (研六托雅宝 5018/5736 -2)
Vocabulary: evoke
(once / 843 pages)
1v 2v
The verb evoke most commonly means to bring a feeling, memory, or picture into the mind. When you visit your old elementary school, the smells, sounds, and colors there can evoke memories from the past.
Similarly, a certain reaction can be evoked by words or actions, as in "His comments evoked anger in the community." A near synonym is elicit, as in "No matter how many different ways the detective questioned the suspect, he could not elicit any response. Evoke was borrowed from Latin evocare, from the prefix e- "out," plus vocare "to call."
WORD FAMILY
evoke: evocation, evocative, evoked, evokes, evoking+/ evocation: evocations/ evocative: evocatively
USAGE EXAMPLES
Yet he also sustains an underlying sense of tension, revealing a deeper musical structure that evokes an ever-intensifying spiritual struggle.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
But the passion evoked by these issues suggests that something more is at stake.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
The opening “Big Show” movement evokes, he says, the “brash, brassy, razzle-dazzle of our city.”
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 产生，引起; 唤起
时态：evoked, evoking, evokes
分布：唤起(64%)，引起(36%)
→e-, 向外。-vok, 叫，喊，词源同voice, invoke.
唤醒,唤起(e出+vok+e→喊出[思想等]→唤醒)[voc,vok=call,voice表示"叫喊,声音"]
vt.唤起(回忆,感情等);引起The book evoked memories of his boyhood.此书唤起了他对童年的回忆.
【记】e出，voke喊－喊出名字来－使想起
【参】provoke（vt 激怒；煽动；驱使）；revoke（vt 撤回；废除）
【反】fail to elicit（未能引起）
US [-'voʊk] verb transitive
■to make someone remember something or feel an emotion 引起，唤起（记忆或感情）
• That smell always evokes memories of my old school. 那种气味经常唤起我对母校的回忆。
• a detergent designed to evoke the fresh smell of summer meadows 主要是使人唤起夏天草地清爽气息的清洁剂
waken, evoke, wake, arouse, awake
这组词都有“唤醒,唤起”的意思，其区别是：
waken: vi.醒来,睡醒(up);觉醒,振奋 vt.唤醒,弄醒;使觉醒;使振奋,激发;激起
evoke: vt.唤起,引起,使人想到
wake: vi.醒来 vt.唤醒,唤起,激起,使认识到 wake (up) to 认识到,意识到
arouse: vt.引起,唤起,激起;唤醒=awaken
awake: adj.[用作表语]醒着的 vt.唤醒,觉醒 vi.醒,觉醒,意识到
vt. 引起，唤起；博得
 - earn, attract, cause, produce, occasion

Word: pal
Front: pal
[pæl] (六雅 5020/6585 -2)
Vocabulary: pal
(once / 995 pages)
nv
A pal is a good friend. When you're feeling nervous, sad, or lonely after moving to a new town, it can make you feel better to talk to a pal.
If you have a friend you think of as a buddy or a mate, that's a pal. Your earliest pals are often the kids in your neighborhood or at school. As you get older, you have the chance to meet more pals — and when you're friendly with these pals and hang out with them, you can say you "pal around" with them. Pal is originally a Romany word meaning "brother," from the Sanskrit bhrata, also "brother."
WORD FAMILY
pal: palish, pals
USAGE EXAMPLES
Bar, a candy named for his New York Yankees pal Reggie Jackson, and a wine called French Kiss.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
He was Ike’s pal, an expert pilot and an advertising giant, a matinee idol, a course designer and a charity leader.
Golf Digest(Dec 27, 2016)
When a pal grabbed hold of me as I fell into an unbanistered stairwell at a rave.
The Guardian(Dec 24, 2016)
Back: n. 朋友; 老兄，兄弟; 小子; （对男子的不友好的称呼）家伙
vi. （和某人）结伴，共度时光; 成为（某人的）朋友
时态：palled, palling, pals
分布：朋友(69%)，伙伴(29%)，结为友(2%)
→来自英式吉普赛语pal,兄弟，伙计，来自吉普赛语phral的简化形式，来自梵语bhrata,兄弟，词源同brother.比较buddy.
noun countable informal
■a friend 朋友，好友
• You're my best pal. 你是我最好的朋友。
• It's my old pal Pete! 那是我的老友彼特！
■sometimes used when talking to a man who is annoying you （有时用于称呼令人讨厌的男性）老兄，老弟
• Look, pal, you're asking for trouble. 我说，老兄，你是在自找麻烦。
[pæl] verb (-ll-)
[pæl] verb (-ll-)
  Phrasal Verbs  pal around US informal
■to spend time with someone that you are very friendly with 打成一片
• He used to pal around with one of the president's sons. 他过去经常和总裁的一个儿子打成一片。
[pæl] verb (-ll-)
  Phrasal Verbs  pal up UK old-fashioned
■to become friends with someone 成为好友
• I've palled up with some people from work and we're going on holiday together. 我和几个同事成了好朋友，准备一起去度假。
acquaintance, pal, mate, friend
这组词都有“朋友”的意思，其区别是：
acquaintance: 指彼此相识，但交往不甚密切，相互间没有深厚情感的人。
pal: 口语用词，指十分要好的朋友。
mate: 最普通用词，既可指好友、同事，又可指合伙人，还可指配偶的一方。
friend: 一般用词，指某人喜爱并乐意与之相交往的人。
n. 朋友，伙伴；同志
 - friend, partner, fellow, comrade

Word: objective
Front: objective
[əbˈdʒektɪv] (研四六托雅宝 2406/1322 -K3)
Vocabulary: objective
(once / 454 pages)
1n 2adj 3adj 4n
An objective is something you plan to achieve. A military objective is the overall plan for a mission. The objective for a bake sale is to raise money. If your objective is to learn a new word, you have succeeded.
An objective is the point of something. If you don’t understand the objective of a class, then you don’t know what you were supposed to learn. The word itself is often used in business or work. Another meaning of objective is “looking at things in a detached, impartial, fact-based way.” If a police officer falls in love with a witness, it might be hard for her to stay objective. The word comes from the Latin ob "against" + jacere "to throw.”
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
objective / subjective
Anything objective sticks to the facts, but anything subjective has feelings. Objective and subjective are opposites. Objective: It is raining. Subjective: I love the rain!
Objective is a busy word and that's a fact. An objective is a goal, but to be objective is to be unbiased. If you're objective about something, you have no personal feelings about it. In grammar land, objective relates to the object of a sentence. Anyway, people often try to be objective, but it's easier for robots. Here are examples:
"DNA testing and fingerprint analysis and all that technology stuff is objective, they declare confidently. The machine cannot be fooled." (Salon)
"Consider checking in with a third party, to get an objective opinion." (Wall Street Journal)
Subjective , on the other hand, has feelings. Anything subjective is subject to interpretation. In grammar land, this word relates to the subject of the sentence. Usually, subjective means influenced by emotions or opinions. Humans are a subjective bunch and we like it that way! Here's subjective in the wild:
"Because many of the decisions we made are subjective, there is the possibility of human error in our data set." (Slate)
"Now, I realize that is totally subjective because there is no standard unit of measurement for fun." (New York Times)
It's true that opposites attract. Here are some examples of both words cozying up in the same sentence:
"But now we, as a pathologists, need more objective measures because symptoms, to a certain degree, are subjective." ( Time)
"We take our unruly, subjective feelings about a year of television and groom them into something that looks mathematical and objective." (Slate)
Be objective when writing things like summaries or news articles, but feel free to be subjective for arguments and opinions.
WORD FAMILY
objective: nonobjective, objectively, objectiveness, objectives, objectivity, unobjective+/ objectivity: objectivities/unobjective: unobjectively
USAGE EXAMPLES
But it’s hard to be objective when the scale is still creaking beneath your feet.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
‘We are seeing new attempts by China to acquire companies and technology based on their government’s interests—not commercial objectives.’
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
One of their objectives is to try to prevent Republicans from repealing the ACA without also enacting a replacement.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 客观的，实体的; 目标的; [语]宾格的; [医]他觉的
n. 目标，任务; [光]物镜; [语]宾语，宾格; [事]出击目标
分布：目标(46%)，目的(39%)，客观的(14%)，真实的(1%)
→来自object,目标，物体，-ive,名词后缀。引申词义目标，宗旨等。
客观的n.目标(object+ive)[ject=throw,cast,表示"投掷,扔"]
n.目标,目的a.客观的,真实的The adjective injected new meaning into the objected objective object.这个形容词给受到反对的客观物体注入了新的意义.
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■something which you plan to do or achieve 目标；目的
• Her main/prime objective now is simply to stay in power. 她现在的主要目标就是继续掌权。
• Can the sales force achieve/meet its financial objectives? 销售人员能否完成财务目标？
[əb'dʒek.tɪv] adjective
■based on real facts and not influenced by personal beliefs or feelings 客观的；如实的；不带个人感情的
• an objective and impartial report 客观公正的报告
• I can't really be objective when I'm judging my daughter's work. 评价自己女儿的作品时，我的确无法做到客观。
Opposite subjective
just, impartial, objective, neutral, fair
这组词都有“公正的，公平的，不偏不倚的”的意思，其区别是：
just: 多用于庄重场合，指不受个人利益得失或感情倾向的影响，侧重按照公认的准则或标准处理问题。
impartial: 侧重对任何人或任何一方没有成见或偏袒。
objective: 着重客观、真实，不为个人偏见、兴趣、感情或看法所左右。
neutral: 强调持中立态度，不偏袒任何一方，甚至不作最后的裁决。
fair: 普通常用词，指不偏不倚地对待人和物，侧重不受个人感情、偏见或利益所影响。
obedient, objective, obstinate, obscure
obedient: 服从的，顺从的
objective: 客观的；
obstinate: 顽固的，顽强的；
obscure: 晦涩的，难理解的；
aim, goal, purpose, end, target, object, objective
这些名词均有“目标、目的”之意。
aim: 从本义“靶子”引申而来，侧重比较具体而明确的目标，但常指短期目标。
goal: 指经过考虑和选择，需经坚持不懈的努力奋斗才能达到的最终目标。
purpose: 普通用词，既指以坚决、审慎的行动去达到的目的，又指心中渴望要实际的目标。
end: 指心目中怀着的某种目的，强调结果而非过程。较正式用词。
target: 指射击的靶，军事攻击目标。引申指被攻击、批评或潮笑的目标。
object: 强调个人或需求而决定的目标、目的。
objective: 与object基本同义，但语义更广泛，指具体或很快能达到的目的，也可指军事目标。书面用词。
adj. [医] 客观的；目标的； [语] 宾格的
 - impersonal, accusatival
n. 目的；目标； [光] 物镜； [语] 宾格
 - intention, purpose, sake, target, goal

Word: completion
Front: completion
[kəmˈpli:ʃn] (六 5019/3047)
Vocabulary: completion
(once / 745 pages)
n
When something comes to completion, it's finished. In football, a pass that's been caught is called a completion.
If a wide receiver has a lot of completions, then he had a good day: that means he caught a lot of passes. But if the receiver is out of bounds or drops the ball, then there's no completion. Quarterbacks are judged by their completion rate, too. Off the gridiron, you can use the word completion to talk about anything that's been completed or achieved. Graduation day marks the completion of high school. The completion of a new building or a PhD can take years.
WORD FAMILY
completion: completions+/ complete: completed, completely, completeness, completes, completest, completing, completion, incomplete, uncomplete/completed: uncompleted/ incomplete: incompletely, incompleteness, incompleter, incompletest/incompleteness: incompletenesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
Kaaya leaves Miami as the school’s career record-holder in yards, completions and attempts.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Protesters camped in North Dakota for months to try to stop completion of the project.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Each student is tested and placed according to current levels, then moves through the ranks to program completion.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 完成，结束; 实现; [数]求全法; 期满
分布：完成(89%)，结束(11%)
成就;圆满(com+plet+ion)[ple,plen,plet,pli=full,fill,表示"满,填满"]
noun uncountable
 IMPROVER
■when something that you are doing or making is finished 完成；结束；完工
• You'll be paid on completion of the project. 工程完工后给你发工资。
• The road repair work is nearing completion (= almost finished). 道路维修工作已接近尾声。
n. 完成，结束；实现
 - achievement, realization, implementation, execution, finish

Word: vein
Front: vein
[veɪn] (研六托雅 5023/4355 -2)
Vocabulary: vein
(once / 240 pages)
nv
A vein is a blood vessel. If you've ever donated blood, you know that having a needle put in your vein by a health care worker is not nearly as scary as it sounds.
Although it mainly describes part of the body's circulatory system, vein can also refer to a pattern that looks like a vein in your body. For example, you can describe the streaks of color that run through blue cheese as veins of greenish-blue. Similarly, a theme or idea that continues appearing throughout a book could be called a vein. The trickiest thing about the word vein is trying not to confuse it with its homophones — vane (as in weather vane) and vain (as in conceited).
WORD FAMILY
vein: devein, midvein, veined, veining, veinlike, veins, venous+/devein: deveined/midvein: midveins
USAGE EXAMPLES
This education seemed to be conducted via a vein that formed between the naive and worldly slime molds after two or three hours of fusion.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
An AVM is a tangle of veins and arteries that looks very much like a confusion of branches and twigs.
Salon(Dec 24, 2016)
The multiple blazing flows resembled veins, and all around them was pahoehoe, a type of viscous lava that looks like scar tissue.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 22, 2016)
Back: n. 静脉; [地]矿脉，岩脉; [植]叶脉; 气质，倾向
v. 使有脉络; 使有纹理; 象脉络般分布于
时态：veined, veining, veins
分布：静脉(88%)，叶脉(4%)，岩脉(3%)，纹理(3%)，使有脉络(1%)，用脉络装饰(1%)
→来自拉丁语vena,水道，管道，血管，来自wegh,走，运送，词源同wagon,way,引申词义静脉。
n.血管;静脉;叶脉;纹理;情绪vt.使成脉络You can see blue veins on your forearms.在你的前臂上能看到蓝色的静脉.
noun
TUBE 管
 ADVANCED countable
■a tube that carries blood to the heart from the other parts of the body 静脉
countable
■the frame of a leaf or an insect's wing 叶脉；（昆虫的）翅脉
[veɪn] noun
LAYER 层
countable
■a narrow layer of a substance which forms in or fills a crack in rock 矿脉；矿层，岩脉
• A rich vein of iron ore was found in the hillside. 山坡上发现了储量丰富的铁矿矿脉。
only singular
■a particular quality or characteristic 特质；特征
• A vein of satirical anger runs through all his work. 在他的所有作品中，字里行间都充满了嬉笑怒骂。
• In its bid to be elected, the party is attempting to tap (= use) an underlying vein of nationalism in the country. 该党正试图利用国内潜在的民族主义倾向来竞选上台。
[veɪn] noun
MOOD 情绪
[S or U]
■a style or a temporary mood 风格；情绪
• The opening scene is very violent, and the rest of the film continues in (a) similar vein. 影片一开场就充满暴力，而其余部分也是类似风格。
• After laughing over the photo, they began to talk in (a) more serious vein about the damaging effect it could have on his career. 他们笑过那张照片之后，开始认真谈论它可能会对他的事业造成的破坏性影响。
n. 血管； [植] 叶脉； [地质] 岩脉； [木] 纹理； [昆] 翅脉；性情
 - vessel, texture, grain, nerve, disposition

Word: scar
Front: scar
[skɑ:(r)] (高研四六托雅宝 5026/7022 -2)
Vocabulary: scar
(once / 554 pages)
nv
A scar is a place where a wound healed but is still visible, or if you're little, it's a mark where a boo-boo was.
Scar is from the Greek word eskhara, a "scab formed after a burn." Sexy! It's all that and more. Scar can be a noun or a verb — you can have a scar on your knee after your skateboarding incident, and a bad round of chicken pox can scar you. Something scary can scar, you, too, like a horror movie or catching your parents in the act. Scars can be emotional. Take one letter off scare and you're left with a scar.
WORD FAMILY
scar: scarify, scarred, scarring, scars+/scarify: scarified, scarifies, scarifying
USAGE EXAMPLES
She hides her scars and walks as if nothing happened.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“There was so much scar tissue and damage, though, that that was unsuccessful.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But Jacobs also thought of something else, something that should resonate across a town whose sports seasons are measured by scabs and scars.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 伤痕; 精神上的创伤; 有损外观的地方; 砏岩，露岩，断崖，峭壁
vt. 使留下伤痕; 使留下长久性伤害的痕迹
vi. 结疤; 留下疤痕
时态：scarred, scarring, scars
分布：疤痕(73%)，伤痕(14%)，结疤(6%)，痊愈(4%)，断崖(3%)
→来自中古英语 skar,切口，裂缝，来自 Proto-Germanic*skardaz,切口，来自 sker,砍，切， 词源同 shear,score.引申词义伤痛，伤痕。
n.疤,疤痕;创伤v.使留下伤痕,创伤The careful man is scarcely scared by the scarce parcel.细心男子勉强被罕见的包裹吓了一下.
US [skɑ:r] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a mark left on part of the body after an injury, such as a cut, has healed 疤，伤疤，伤痕
• a prominent/noticeable/ugly scar 明显的／显眼的／丑陋的伤疤
• That burn will leave a nasty scar. 烫伤会留下严重的伤疤。
• scar tissue 瘢痕组织
Compare scab a sign of damage to a person's mental state 精神创伤
• His early years in the refugee camp left a deep psychological scar. 早年的难民营生活给他留下深深的心理创伤。
■a sign of physical destruction in a place 外观的破坏
• Every village bears the scars of war. 每一个村庄都布满了战争留下的疮痍。
UK [skɑ:r] US [skɑ:r] verb transitive often passive (-rr-)
■to have or leave a scar 结疤；留下伤疤
• He was scarred as a result of the fire. 那场大火给他留下伤疤。
• figurative His experiences in the army left him scarred for life (= had a serious mental effect on him for the rest of his life). 他的军旅生涯给他留下了终身的心灵创伤。
bruise, scar, cut, wound
这组词都有“伤口，损伤”的意思，其区别是：
bruise: 指表皮下面的组织受损，但没有破裂。但由于血流进组织，因而出现紫块。普通用词。
scar: 主要指伤口愈合而留下的伤疤。
cut: 指因尖利的器械的刺或割而造成的或深或浅的伤口。
wound: 通常指尖锐锋利的工具所致的伤口，多深及到表皮组织以下。可用作引申指打击或伤害。
vt. 伤害；给留下伤痕
 - knife, injure
vi. 结疤；痊愈
 - cure, heal up
n. 创伤；伤痕
 - wound, trauma

Word: progress
Front: progress
[ˈprəʊgres] (中高研四六托 1508/1265 -K4)
Vocabulary: progress
(once / 68 pages)
nv
The process of advancement and the way things move in the positive direction of improvement is called progress. If you got a B on your last test and a B+ on this one, that's progress.
If you're moving toward a goal, you're making progress too. On a long trip, it feels like you're barely making progress, but every hour you've driven another 60 miles towards your destination. Or, the news reported recent progress in peace talks between the two feuding nations. Have you ever heard someone say that you can't stop progress? That means that things keep advancing and getting more complicated. Place the accent on the second syllable if you use it as a verb. Let's progress to the next stage.
WORD FAMILY
progress: progressed, progresses, progressing, progression +/ progression: progressions
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Wisconsin Legislature’s website, https://legis.wisconsin.gov/, allows visitors to track bills’ progress.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
“They were using the wrong gauge to measure their progress.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Among the signposts of progress that the front office is noting:
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 进步; 前进; [生物学]进化; （向更高方向）增长
v. （使）进步，（使）进行; 发展; 促进
vi. 发展; （向更高方向）增进
时态：progressed, progressing, progresses
分布：进步(65%)，发展(20%)，前进(11%)，促进(3%)，缓速前进(1%)
→来自pro-,向前，朝向，-gress,走，词源同grade,aggressive.
进步(pro+gress走→向前走)[pro-①表示"向前,在前"②表示"很多…"③表示"赞同,亲..."]
进步;进行(pro向前+gress→向前走→前进)[gress=go,walk表示"行走"]
v./n.进步,进展;前进We are glad he has made such great progress.我们很高兴,他取得了这样大的进步.
US [ˈprɑː-]
 ESSENTIAL
■movement to an improved or more developed state, or to a forward position 进步，进展
• Technological progress has been so rapid over the last few years. 在最近几年中，科技进步如此迅猛。
• I'm not making much progress with my Spanish. 我的西班牙语没多大进步。
• The doctor said that she was making good progress (= getting better after a medical operation or illness). 医生说她的情况正在好转。
• The recent free elections mark the next step in the country's progress towards democracy. 最近的自由选举显示该国又朝民主迈进了一步。
• The yacht's crew said that they were making relatively slow progress north-easterly. 游艇上的船员说他们正以较为缓慢的速度向东北方向前进。
in progress
 ADVANCED formal
■happening or being done now 正在进行中
• Repair work is in progress on the south-bound lane of the motorway and will continue until June. 高速公路南下的车道正在维修，六月份才会完工。
verb intransitive /prəˈgres/
 ADVANCED
■to improve or develop in skills, knowledge, etc 进步；改进；进展
• My Spanish never really progressed beyond the stage of being able to order drinks at the bar. 我的西班牙语一点也没提升，真的，也就是只能在酒吧点饮料用用而已。
Compare regress
 ADVANCED
■to continue gradually 缓慢进行
• As the war progressed more and more countries became involved. 随着战争的推进，越来越多的国家卷入其中。
• We started off talking about the weather and gradually the conversation progressed to politics. 我们从谈论天气开始，话题逐渐转向政治。
advance, progress, proceed, move on, go
这些动词均含“前进，行进，进展”之意。
advance: 主要用于具体的人或物，也可指科学技术和运动等。
progress: 指按某一既定目标前进，取得发展，目的性很明确，强调经常和稳定地前进。
proceed: 侧重指继续前进。
move on: 非正式用语，侧重从某一停止点向某地前进，但不表示前进的目的地。
go: 最常用词，含义宽泛而不确切，依上文确定其具体意思。
n. 进步，发展；前进
 - development, growth, making, advancement
vi. 前进，进步；进行
 - wage, do, go ahead

Word: surrender
Front: surrender
[səˈrendə(r)] (研四六托雅宝 5024/5031 -3)
Vocabulary: surrender
(once / 170 pages)
vn
To surrender is to give up control of something to someone else. If you miss curfew, your parents might make you surrender the keys to the car. Okay, it's only a minivan, but it's still cooler than being on foot patrol.
If you want someone to give up, you might order them to surrender. The witch in the Wizard of Oz wrote "Surrender Dorothy!" in the sky above the Emerald City. You can use the noun surrender when you give up on a task. For example, if you are cleaning the house, but every time you finish a room, the kids mess up another, you can throw your hands up and declare, "I surrender!"
WORD FAMILY
surrender: surrendered, surrenderer, surrendering, surrenders
USAGE EXAMPLES
Two nights after yielding a season-worst 69 points in the first half to James Harden and Houston, the Knicks surrendered 67 to the Magic.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Negotiators were able to get the man to surrender shortly after 1 a.m.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The suspect fled the scene but later returned and surrendered.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vi. 投降; 屈服; 自首
vt. 使投降; 放弃; 交出; 听任
n. 投降; 放弃; 屈服; （保险的）解约
时态：surrendered, surrendering, surrenders
分布：投降(69%)，放弃(21%)，屈服(10%)
→sur-,在上，向上，render,给回，返还，给予，递交。原指放弃，交出，后引申词义投降，屈 服等，且成为主要词义。词义演变比较 give up.
投降,放弃(sur下面+render给予→给到下面→[把枪]放下→投降)[rend=givee,表示"给"]
vi.投降,屈服vt.放弃,交出n.投降,认输The tenderer surrendered her tremendously slender tender fingers.投标者交出了她异常纤细娇嫩的手指.
【记】sur上面，render给予－把枪放过头顶－投降
【反】appropriate（v 挪用；拨出）
US [sə'ren.dɚ] verb
ACCEPT DEFEAT 承认失败
 ADVANCED intransitive
■to stop fighting and admit defeat 投降
• They would rather die than surrender (to the invaders). 他们宁死也不（向侵略者）投降。
intransitive
■If you surrender to an experience or emotion, you stop trying to prevent or control it 任凭摆布，屈服
• I finally surrendered to temptation, and ate the last remaining chocolate. 我最后还是抵挡不住诱惑，吃掉剩下的最后一块巧克力。
UK [sər'en.dər] US [sə'ren.dɚ] verb
GIVE 给
transitive
■to give something that is yours to someone else because you have been forced to do so or because it is necessary to do so （被迫）交出，放弃
• The police demanded that the gang surrender their weapons. 警方要求那个团伙交出武器。
• Neither side is willing to surrender any territory/any of their claims. 双方都不愿意在领土上作出任何让步／坚持各自对所有权的主张，谁也不愿放弃。
UK [sər'en.dər] US [sə'ren.dɚ] noun countable or uncountable
■when you stop fighting and admit defeat 投降
• The rebels are on the point of surrender. 叛军很快就要投降了。
submit, yield, surrender
这组词都有“让步，屈服”的意思，其区别是：
submit: 表示“甘心忍受”，作及物动词时，宾语为反身代词，但一般为不及物动词，后接介词to 。
yield: “投降”，与surrender 大致同义，但是指“温和的让步”。
surrender: “投降”，强调“被迫投降，压力很大”，是不及物动词，后接介词to；用作及物动词时，表因战败或被迫“交出”，“放弃”某些事物。
vt. 使投降；放弃；交出；听任
 - desert, quit
vi. 投降；屈服；自首
 - give in to sb, throw up the sponge
n. 投降；放弃；交出；屈服
 - submission, Caved In

Word: surge
Front: surge
[sɜ:dʒ] (研六托雅宝 5029/6404 -2)
Vocabulary: surge
(once / 326 pages)
vn
A surge is a sudden strong swelling, like a tsunami wave that engulfs the land. Although a surge offers a fluid image, anything can experience a sudden surge, including emotions, political support, or an angry mob.
The original Latin word surgere, meaning “to spring up or rise,” serves as the basis for the word surge, which refers to a great sudden growth or swelling. If you are watching a sad movie and you experience a sudden surge of emotion, do you quietly reach for a tissue, pretend something's in your eye, or simply weep and sob with reckless abandon. Yeah, me too. Christmas shopping can be dangerous when there is a surge of interest in one toy and desperate shoppers surge into stores trying to grab it up.
WORD FAMILY
surge: resurge, surged, surges, surging+/ resurge: resurged, resurgent, resurges, resurging/ resurgence: resurgences/ resurgent: resurgence /surging: surginger, surgingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
But the number of U.S. cases of measles is now surging.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The 2016 French Open champion saved three set points to surge ahead and broke Stosur twice early in the second set.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Carter jumped up, his body surging with adrenaline; the returner did not.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 汹涌; 激增; 大量; 奔涌向前
v. 汹涌; 使强烈地感到; 激增; 飞涨
时态：surged, surging, surges
分布：激增(62%)，汹涌(19%)，波涛(7%)，猛增(7%)，涌起(5%)
→来自拉丁语 surgere,上升，升起，缩写自 surrigere,来自 sur-,在下，向上，regere,拉直，升直， 词源同 regulate,erect.引申词义涌动，浪涌，比喻义激增，飞涨。
浪潮;涌来[surg=rise,表示"升起"]
vi.汹涌;彭湃;蜂拥而至n.巨浪;汹涌;彭湃The floods surged over the valley.洪水在山谷中汹涌流过.
【记】insurgent（adj 叛乱的）：在里面in起了surge。
US [sɝ:dʒ] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a sudden and great increase 陡增，遽增，急遽上升
• An unexpected surge in electrical power caused the computer to crash. 突然出现的电压遽增导致电脑当机。
• There has been a surge in house prices recently. 最近房价飞涨。
⇒ See also resurgence
 ADVANCED
■a sudden and great movement forward 涌现，奔涌
• At the end of the game, there was a surge of fans onto the field. 比赛结束后，大群球迷涌向比赛场地。
• A tidal surge (= sudden and great rise in the level of the sea) caused severe flooding in coastal areas. 潮水猛涨在沿海地区引发严重水灾。
■a sudden increase of an emotion （情感的）涌起，翻涌
• She was overwhelmed by a surge of remorse. 悔恨一下子涌上她的心头。
UK [sɜ:dʒ] US [sɝ:dʒ] verb intransitive
 ADVANCED
■to increase suddenly and strongly 激增，陡增，剧烈上升
• The company's profits have surged. 公司的利润激增。
 ADVANCED
■to move quickly and powerfully 涌动，蜂拥向前
• An angry crowd surged through the gates of the president's palace. 愤怒的人群涌进了总统府的大门。
• A few metres before the end of the race, Jenkins surged into the lead. 就在离终点几公尺的地方，詹金斯突然发力猛冲到最前面。
■(of an emotion) to develop strongly and quickly （感情）涌起，涌现
• She felt a wave of resentment surging (up) inside her. 她感觉一阵悔恨涌上心头。
surge, wave, ripple
这组词都有“波浪、浪、波涛”的意思，其区别是：
surge: 词义较模糊，泛指巨浪、波涛或作比喻使用。
wave: 普通用词，指水面上移动的任何具有峰谷皱形的波动，尤指距离相等的波浪，也比喻任何类似的物体。
ripple: 多指微风吹过水面或石头投入水中所激起的涟漪或细浪。
n. 大浪；汹涌澎湃；巨涌
 - very rough seas
vi. 激增；汹涌
 - sharp rise, balloon
vt. 使颠簸
 - jolt, jounce

Word: affirmative
Front: affirmative
[əˈfɜ:mətɪv] (5022/19589 -1)
Vocabulary: affirmative
(once / 1130 pages)
adjn
Something affirmative expresses agreement or approval, like the affirmative nod your mother gives you when you ask to be excused from the dinner table. A formal way of saying "Yes" is "Affirmative!"
Anything affirmative is approving of something: affirmative words support someone or something. Being affirmative is the opposite of being negative or contradicting. A pat on the back is affirmative so is a signature you need to complete a form. Also, you can use affirmative as a formal way of saying yes to something. This is common in the military. It might sound a little odd, but if your teacher asked, "Does 10 plus 10 equal 20?" you could answer, "Affirmative!"
WORD FAMILY
affirmative: affirmatively, affirmativeness, affirmatives+/ affirm: affirmable, affirmation, affirmative, affirmatory, affirmer, affirming, affirms, reaffirm / affirmation: affirmations, disaffirmation/affirmer: affirmers/ reaffirm: reaffirmation, reaffirmed, reaffirming, reaffirms/reaffirmation: reaffirmations
USAGE EXAMPLES
These affirmative steps mean closing the door on failed efforts at stimulus and overreliance on monetary policy.
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Mr. Ellison also said a separate black state might be a better option for black Americans than affirmative action.
Washington Times(Dec 21, 2016)
That discipline followed an investigation by the school’s Office of Equal Opportunity and Affirmative Action into an incident from earlier in the semester.
Washington Post(Dec 17, 2016)
Back: adj. 肯定的; 赞成的，同意的; 积极的，乐观的
n. 肯定词，肯定语; 正方; 确言，赞成
分布：肯定(60%)，肯定的(31%)，赞成(5%)，肯定语(3%)，正面的(1%)
肯定的(affirm+ative)[firm=firm,表示"坚定"]
肯定的(affirm肯定)[-arive表形容词."有…倾向(性质)的"]
赞同的,肯定的(af+firm肯定...给予肯定)[-ive 1.表形容词2.表名词后缀,"人或物"]
US [-'fɝ:.mə.tˌɪv] adjective
■relating to a statement that shows agreement or says 'yes' 肯定的；同意的
• an affirmative answer/response 肯定的回答／答覆
Opposite negative
UK [ə'fɜ:.mə.tɪv] US [-'fɝ:.mə.tˌɪv] noun countable or uncountable
■a word or statement that shows agreement or says 'yes' 肯定；同意
• She asked the question expecting an affirmative. 她问这个问题是希望得到肯定的答覆。
• He replied in the affirmative (= He said yes). 他回答说是。
• mainly US "Were you in New York on March 3rd?" "Affirmative (= Yes)." “3月3号你在纽约吗？”“是的。”
adj. 肯定的；积极的
 - positive, active, energetic

Word: inspect
Front: inspect
[ɪnˈspekt] (高研四六托 5031/4286 -3)
Vocabulary: inspect
(once / 149 pages)
v
When you inspect something, you look at it carefully. When you're buying a used car, you should inspect it inside and out, and if you don't know much about what goes on under the hood, you should have a mechanic inspect it, too.
Inspect means literally "to look into," and includes the Latin root that you find in lots of other words related to "look" — spectacle, respect, and spectator for instance. If you work in a restaurant, you may see a health department official come to inspect the operation, to make sure everything is clean and the food is stored and cooked properly and that the restaurant doesn't have any health code violations that might make your diners sick.
WORD FAMILY
inspect: inspected, inspecting, inspection, inspector, inspects+/ inspection: inspections/ inspector: inspectors, inspectorship/inspectorship: inspectorships
USAGE EXAMPLES
Jason Klenklen, supervisor of transmission maintenance, says the drones currently are used primarily in rural areas to inspect transmission lines.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Medical examiners visually inspected the corpse, which was found dressed in a shirt, sweater and pants.
Reuters(Dec 30, 2016)
Once it’s received, the site inspects what you’ve got, and sends you cash—usually in the form of a PayPal transfer or a check.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 检查，检验; 视察
vi. 进行检查; 进行视察
时态：inspected, inspecting, inspects
分布：检查(86%)，视察(14%)
→in-,进入，使，-spect,看，词源同spectator,respect.引申词义检查，巡视。
检查;视察(in内+spect→看进去→视察)[spect,spic=look,see,表示"看"]
vt.检查,调查,视察He inspected the car for defects.他详细检查车子有无故障.
verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to look at something or someone carefully in order to discover information, especially about their quality or condition 检查；审视
• After the crash both drivers got out and inspected their cars for damage. 撞车后，两辆车的司机都下来检查各自的车有无损坏。
• She held the bank note up to the light and inspected it carefully. 她举起钞票，对着光仔细检查。
 ADVANCED
■to officially visit a place or a group of people in order to check that everything is correct and legal 视察；检阅
• An official from the Department of Health will be inspecting the restaurant this afternoon. 今天下午卫生部的一名官员要来视察这家餐馆。
• The King inspected the troops. 国王检阅了部队。
examine, scan, inspect, investigate
这组词都有“调查、检查”的意思，其区别是：
examine: 最普通用词，可指粗略地查看，也可指仔细观察或调查以确定事物的性质、功能、特点等。
scan: 原义是仔细地检查分析，现用于指细看或浏览。
inspect: 侧重按一定质量标准检查某物，找出不足或不同之处。
investigate: 指为发现事实真相或了解掌握情况而进行深入细致的现场考察。
vt. 检查；视察；检阅
 - examine, review, visit

Word: stroke
Front: stroke
[strəʊk] (研四六托雅宝 3108/3619 -K3)
Vocabulary: stroke
(once / 154 pages)
1nv 2nv 3nv 4n 5n 6n
It's a stroke of luck, or chance event, to find a terrific parking space on a rainy day, but no one feels lucky when their grandfather has a stroke, a sudden debilitating loss of oxygen to the brain.
Stroke is a high value word — many meanings, yet rarely misunderstood in context. You can swim a certain stroke (or just doggie paddle), you can stroke a cat's fur, you can figuratively stroke your boss's ego by flattering him, or you can have a stroke of brilliance and solve world hunger. Hopefully you won't suffer a stroke and need hospitalization. Its origin as a medical term goes back to the 1500s when it was shortened from "the Stroke of God's Hand."
WORD FAMILY
stroke: stroked, strokes, stroking+/stroking: strokings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Vuarnet died of a stroke, a statement by the committee said.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Vuarnet died of a stroke, a statement by the committee said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Mr Sadeghi's mother, who was also home at the time, reportedly suffered a stroke and later died.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 一击; 击球; 划水动作; 中风
vt. 划掉; 轻抚; 轻触; 敲击
vi. 击球; 作尾桨手，指挥划桨
时态：stroked, stroking, strokes
分布：中风(90%)，轻抚(6%)，击打(2%)，意外的运气(1%)，奉承(1%)
→来自 strike 对词形式，引申词义击球，击打，笔画等。
n.击;报时的钟声;一击/划/笔;中风v.抚摸The smoke choked the joking stroker at one stroke.烟一下呛住了开玩笑的抚摩者.
【记】源于：strike（v 打击；军事进攻；铸造；敲钟；罢工）
US [stroʊk] noun
ILLNESS 疾病
 ADVANCED countable
■a sudden change in the blood supply to a part of the brain, which can cause a loss of the ability to move particular parts of the body 中风
• She suffered/had a stroke which left her unable to speak. 她中风了，不能开口说话。
UK [strəʊk] US [stroʊk] noun
MARK 符号
countable
■(a line or mark made by) a movement of a pen or pencil when writing or a brush when painting （书写或绘画的）一笔，一画；笔画
• a brush stroke 毛笔的笔触
• With a few bold strokes, she signed her name. 她粗粗几笔签下名字。
countable UK
■used in spoken English to mean an oblique or slash in punctuation （用于口语中）斜杠，斜线
• Please complete form D7/8 (= 'D seven stroke eight'). 请填写表格D7/8。
UK [strəʊk] US [stroʊk] noun
HIT 击
countable
■an act of hitting a ball when playing a sport 击球
• She returned the volley with a powerful stroke to win the game. 她奋力将凌空球击回，赢得比赛的胜利。
countable slightly old-fashioned
■an act of hitting someone with a weapon （使用武器的）击，打
• The punishment was twenty strokes of the lash. 惩罚是抽20下鞭子。
UK [strəʊk] US [stroʊk] noun
SWIMMING 游泳动作
countable
■(a particular movement which is usually repeated in) a method of swimming 泳姿；（游泳的）划水动作
• What's your best stroke when you're swimming? 你最擅长哪种泳姿？
⇒ See also backstroke;breaststroke;sidestroke
UK [strəʊk] US [stroʊk] noun
EVENT 事件
a stroke of luck/genius, etc.
■when something happens or succeeds suddenly by luck, intelligence, etc 幸运／高明的举动等
• By a stroke of luck, someone else was walking along the path and heard my shouts for help. 幸运的是，刚好有人从小径经过，听到我的呼救。
UK [strəʊk] US [stroʊk] noun
WORK 工作
only singular informal
■a small amount of work 一点工作
• She's been gossiping and hasn't done a stroke (of work) all morning. 她整个上午都在闲聊，半点工作都没做。
UK [strəʊk] US [stroʊk] noun
ACTION 行动
countable
■a quick forceful action 断然之举
• Ending negotiations was seen as a bold stroke by many commentators. 终止谈判被很多评论者视为大胆妄然之举。
• By computerizing we could, at a (single)/in one stroke, improve efficiency and reduce costs. 电脑化能使我们一下子既提高效率，又降低成本。
UK [strəʊk] US [stroʊk] noun
CLOCK SOUND 钟表声
countable
■one of the sounds which some clocks make at particular times, especially by ringing a bell once for each number of the hour 钟声，钟鸣；（尤指）整点报时声
• How many strokes did you count? 你听见钟敲了几下？
UK [strəʊk] US [stroʊk] noun
TOUCH 触摸
countable
■an act of moving your hand, another part of the body or an object gently over something or someone, usually repeatedly and for pleasure 轻抚，抚摸
• Don't be frightened, just give the horse a stroke. 别怕，你去摸一摸那匹马。
UK [strəʊk] US [stroʊk] noun
at the stroke of a pen
■describes something that is done quickly and easily by someone, as if they were writing their name on a piece of paper 轻而易举（描述某人做某事快速而容易，好像在一张纸上签名一样）
• Politicians know they cannot create a lawful society simply at the stroke of a pen. 政治家们都知道，他们无法轻而易举地创建一个法制社会。
UK [strəʊk] US [stroʊk] noun
at/on the stroke of sth
■exactly at a particular time 刚好在…时，正当…的时候
• Fireworks started at the stroke of ten. 烟火在十点正开始燃放。
UK [strəʊk] US [stroʊk] verb transitive
TOUCH 触摸
 ADVANCED
■to move a hand, another part of the body or an object gently over something or someone, usually repeatedly and for pleasure 轻抚，抚摸
• Stroke the dog if you like, it won't bite. 想摸这条狗就摸，它不会咬人。
• She lovingly stroked Chris's face with the tips of her fingers. 她深情地用指尖抚摸着克里斯的脸庞。
UK [strəʊk] US [stroʊk] verb transitive
HIT 击
■to hit a ball 击球
• The batsman stroked the ball effortlessly to the boundary. 打击手毫不费力地将球击到边线上。
n. 中风；冲程；笔画；打击；尝试；轻抚
 - blow, shock, experiment, go, strike
vt. 抚摸；敲击；划尾桨；划掉
 - dong, daut
vi. 击球；作尾桨手；敲击键盘
 - hit the ball

Word: commentary
Front: commentary
[ˈkɒməntri] (六托雅宝 5032/5593 -2)
Vocabulary: commentary
(once / 623 pages)
n
When the language in a work of literature such as "Beowulf" is difficult to understand, it is helpful to read from an edition that includes a commentary — an explanation or expansion or criticism added to the original material.
Editorials go hand-in-hand with commentaries, since both express a writer's opinions. Commentary can be oral as well as written. Each year, following the President's State of the Union address, you can tune into the networks for commentary from respected news anchors. In fact, political commentary has become so pervasive in our media that some feel it has replaced reporting.
WORD FAMILY
commentary: commentaries+/ comment: commentary, commentate, commented, commenting, comments/commentate: commentated, commentates, commentating, commentator / commentator: commentators
USAGE EXAMPLES
There were disappointments, and a noteworthy absence of keen political satire/commentary, but also a spread of worthy productions and performances.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
I follow him on Twitter, where he issues great tweet-storms containing pictures and commentary about America.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 30, 2016)
It was difficult to ascertain what online commentary was permitted.
Seattle Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 解说词; 评论，评注; 注释，注解; 个人生平传记
分布：评论(89%)，注释(7%)，实况报道(3%)，现场解说(1%)
→来自comment, 评论。
US ['kɑ:.mən.ter-] noun countable or uncountable
■a spoken description of an event on the radio or television that is broadcast as the event happens （广播或电视所播事件的）评论，解说，实况报道
• The commentary on the Olympic games was much better on the other channel. 另一个频道对奥运比赛的实况报道好多了。
■a set of written remarks on an event, book or person which explains its subject or expresses an opinion on it 评论；评注；评述
• There's a good arts coverage in the newspaper, but not much political commentary. 报纸上有很多艺术方面的报道，可是政治时事评述却不多。
running commentary
■(a) continuous description of events as they are happening 实况追踪报道，现场评述
n. 评论；注释；评注；说明
 - notes, explanation, legend

Word: sailor
Front: sailor
[ˈseɪlə(r)] (高研四六 5030/5054 -K2)
Back: n. 水手，海员; 驾船人
分布：水手(81%)，海员(18%)，扁平的硬边草帽(1%)
→sail,航行，-or,人。引申词义水手，船员。
n.水手,海员The sailor was nailed on the rail for he failed to trail the mail.水手被钉在横木上,因为他未能跟踪邮件.
US [-lɚ] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a person who works on a ship, especially one who is not an officer 水手，船员
 ADVANCED
■a person who often takes part in the sport of using boats with sails 帆船运动员
a good/bad sailor
■someone who is not/often ill when they travel by boat 不晕船／晕船者
mariner, seaman, sailor
这组词都有“水手，船员”的意思，其区别是：
mariner: 多指直接从事航海和参与驾驶船只的水手。
seaman: 指商船船员或海军中的水兵，有时可与sailor换用。
sailor: 普通和词，指任何实际驾驶船只航海或在船上工作的人员。
n. 水手，海员；乘船者
 - matlo, matelot

Word: variance
Front: variance
[ˈveəriəns] (托宝 5027/7319 -1)
Vocabulary: variance
(once / 1780 pages)
n
A change to the norm is called a variance. It suggests a difference or shifting away from the expected or usual, an example being snow in July, which is a variance in the weather of the United States, even in Minnesota.
When the word variance is used in a comparison, it is usually preceded by the word "at," as in "Her values were at variance with her actions," meaning the two differed. This makes sense, as the word, first seen in Middle English, comes from the Latin verb variāre, which means "to change." If a contractor needs to go outside the standing building code, he needs to obtain a variance, which is legal permission to make a change from the norm.
WORD FAMILY
variance: variances+/ invariable: invariability, invariableness, invariables, invariably /invariant: invariance, invariants/unvaried: unvariedly, unvariedness/ unvarying: unvaryingly/ variability: variabilities/ variable: invariable, variability, variableness, variables, variably/ variant: invariant, variance, variantly, variants/variate: bivariate, multivariate, variates/ variation: covariation, variations/ varied: unvaried, variedly, variedness/ vary: co-vary, variable, variant, variate, variation, varied, varies, varying / varying: unvarying, varyingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
From the refrigerator temperature to how records are kept, there is little or no room for variance.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Developers will often seek variances for taller buildings, which typically offer more expensive apartments or condominiums.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 15, 2016)
But the request for a zoning variance proves that Cumberland is not immune from those economic pressures.
Washington Times(Dec 14, 2016)
Back: n. 变化，变动; 不一致; 分歧; <数>方差
分布：变化(81%)，不一致(19%)
变化;相异(vari+able)[uari=uary,change,表示"变化"]
【反】congruity（n 一致）
US ['ver.i-] noun
countable or uncountable slightly formal
■when two or more things are different, or the amount or number by which they are different 分歧；不同；差异
• There has been some unusual variance in temperature this month. 本月气温有些异常变化。
• I could detect subtle variances in fragrance as we strolled through the garden. 我们在花园散步时，我可以闻出不同香味间的细微差异。
countable US legal
■official permission to do something which is not normally allowed 特殊许可
• We had to get a (zoning) variance before we could build the extension on our house. 我们扩建房屋前必须获得（城市规划）特殊许可。
be at variance with sb/sth
■to be in disagreement with someone or something, or to be different from them 与…有分歧；与…存在差异
• Young people's reactions to world events are often at variance with those of their parents. 年轻人对国际大事的反应往往与父辈们存在差异。
• Most heavy metal fans are under 20 - this is at variance with the age of the bands themselves, who are often over 40. 大多数重金属摇滚乐迷年纪都不满20，这与乐队成员的年龄是大不相同——他们通常都已年过40。
n. [生物] 变异；变化；不一致；分歧； [数] 方差
 - differentiation, shift, change, diversification, turn

Word: follower
Front: follower
[ˈfɒləʊə(r)] (六 5033/5012 -2)
Vocabulary: follower
(once / 221 pages)
n
A follower is a person who believes in a particular cause, faith, or specific person. A follower of Hinduism, for example, usually worships many gods.
You might be a follower of Islam and also a follower of a popular self-help writer. In either case, you are devoted, loyal, and interested. You can also use the word follower to talk about someone who literally follows another person. When you play tag and the person who's "it" runs behind you as you dodge around trees, that person is a follower. The Old English root is folgere, "servant or disciple," from folgian, "follow, accompany, or pursue."
WORD FAMILY
follower: followers+/ follow: followed, follower, following, follows/ following: followingly, followings
USAGE EXAMPLES
The movement’s followers reject the idea that hearing voices is a sign of mental illness.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Many of them involve followers of the Hindu tradition, the one which Erickson begrudgingly says would be OK with him.
Salon(Dec 30, 2016)
He previously stopped the parole of two other Manson followers.
Washington Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 追随者，拥护者; 信奉者，信徒; 仆人; 属下
分布：追随者(88%)，属下(6%)，模仿者(3%)，狂热爱好者(3%)
US ['fɑ:.loʊ.ɚ] noun countable
SUPPORTER 支持者
■someone who has a great interest in something 支持者，拥护者
• They are keen followers of their local football team. 他们是当地足球队的死忠球迷。
■someone who supports, admires or believes in a particular person, group or idea 拥护者；信徒
• a follower of Jesus 基督的信徒
• followers of the Dalai Lama/Buddhism 达赖喇嘛（或佛教）的信徒
UK ['fɒl.əʊ.ər] US ['fɑ:.loʊ.ɚ] noun countable
PERSON WHO OBEYS 追随者
■a person who does what someone else does or tells them to do 遵从者；追随者
• Be a leader, not a follower! 做领导者，不做追随者！
n. 追随者；信徒；属下
 - Christian, old faithful

Word: imperial
Front: imperial
[ɪmˈpɪəriəl] (研六雅宝 5035/3131 -2)
Vocabulary: imperial
(once / 171 pages)
1adjn 2adj 3n
Imperial carries the implication of royalty, usually pertaining to an empire; the emperor or empress is referred to as "your imperial highness."
The word imperial has a lofty feel, and though it's often used of royalty, it is sometimes used to refer to anything extremely large or impressive. It was once the name of a large suitcase that was too big to fit inside a coach and so was tied on top. Think of something imperial as being something so upper-class that it's almost to the point of royalty — and sometimes almost to the point of being a joke.
WORD FAMILY
imperial: imperialism, imperially, imperials+/ imperialism: imperialisms, imperialist, imperialistic /imperialist: imperialists/ imperialistic: imperialistically
USAGE EXAMPLES
“I don’t share those kinds of extreme views,” he said, when asked about nationalism and the Russian Imperial Movement.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The southern Brawley Seismic Zone is close in proximity to the Imperial fault.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Balfour Declaration was issued at the height of the imperial age, when colonization was still in good odor.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 帝国的，皇帝的; 皇家的，庄严的; 特级的; 度量衡英制的
n. 纸张尺寸，通常是23×23英寸; 特大号，特级品; 一小绺胡须; 马车的车顶
分布：帝国的(36%)，皇帝(26%)，皇帝的(18%)，英制的(8%)，女皇(5%)，特大号(3%)，特大的(3%)，马车车顶(1%)
→词源同empire,帝国，帝权。
帝国的(imper帝国+ial)[emper,imper=command,表示"命令,统治"]
a.帝国的,帝王的;(度量衡)英制的His Imperial Majesty.国王陛下.
US [-'pɪr.i-] adjective
EMPIRE 帝国
 ADVANCED
■belonging or relating to an empire or the person or country that rules it 帝国的；皇帝的
• Imperial China 中华帝国
• Britain's imperial past 英国的帝国史
• the Imperial palace 皇宫
• imperial grandeur 帝国的辉煌
UK [ɪm'pɪə.ri.əl] US [-'pɪr.i-] adjective
MEASUREMENT 度量衡
■describes a system of measurement that uses units such as inches , miles and pints 英制的
• Imperial units have in many cases been replaced by metric ones in Britain. 在英国，很多情况下英制已经被公制取代。
Compare metric
imperious, imperial
imperious: a.傲慢的，专横的。
 • The strict father showed an imperious attitude toward his children.   那个严厉父亲对孩子的态度很专横。
imperial: a.帝国的，帝王的；帝王般的，威严的；英制的(非公制的度量衡制，如磅，加仑，品脱等)。
 • the imperial guards   帝国卫士
adj. [纸] 帝国的；皇帝的；至高无上的；威严的
 - august, sovereign

Word: suspension
Front: suspension
[səˈspenʃn] (高六雅 5034/4354 -2)
Vocabulary: suspension
(once / 824 pages)
n
A suspension is a temporary stoppage. If you receive one in school, you temporarily can't attend classes and if the referee gives you one, you have to sit out for the rest of the game.
If there is a suspension of diplomatic relations with another country or a suspension of sales of a product, these things are stopped too. When you are suspended in mid-air, you are hanging above the earth unable to use your feet. Think of floating like this as another sense of suspension. In your car, the suspension system stops the bumps in the road from knocking you around. In science, suspension is when particles that should sink are made buoyant by another substance and float, like bubbles, off the bottom of a vessel.
WORD FAMILY
suspension: suspensions+/resuspend: resuspended/ suspend: resuspend, suspended, suspender, suspending, suspends, suspension /suspender: suspenders
USAGE EXAMPLES
In an adjacent anteroom, there’s a stationary bike, 15-pound weights, a multipurpose fitness tower and a TRX suspension trainer hanging on the door.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
A 16th technical foul will result in an automatic one game suspension.
Reuters(Dec 31, 2016)
The junior shooting guard was averaging 16 points per game before his suspension.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 悬浮; 暂停; 悬架; 悬浮液
分布：暂停(38%)，悬挂(31%)，悬浮液(17%)，中止(14%)
→suspend,悬，挂，吊，-s,过去分词格，-ion,名词后缀。引申词义暂停，暂缓等。
中止;停学(suspend的名词)[pend,pens=hang,表示"悬挂"]
noun
STOP 停止
 ADVANCED uncountable
■when someone stops something happening, operating, etc. for a period of time 暂停，中止
• The suspension of fighting is to take effect at 6 am on Monday. 停战协定于周一早上六点生效。
• There have been calls for the drug's immediate suspension, following reports that it has dangerous side effects. 有报导指出，这种药物有危险的副作用后，人们呼吁立即停止使用该药。
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■when a person is temporarily not allowed to work, go to school or take part in an activity, as a punishment （作为处罚）暂令停职，暂令停学，暂令停止活动
• The union is protesting about the suspension of a restaurant worker. 工会因一名饭店员工被停职而在进行着抗议。
• The footballer is likely to receive a three-match suspension following an incident in yesterday's game. 这位球员可能会因为昨天比赛中发生的事件而被禁赛三场。
[sə'spen.ʃən] noun
VEHICLE 车辆
uncountable
■equipment fixed to the wheels of a vehicle which reduces the uncomfortable effects of going over road surfaces that are not even 悬架，减震装置
[sə'spen.ʃən] noun
LIQUID 液体
countable
■a liquid in which small pieces of solid are contained, but not dissolved 悬浮液
• a suspension of fine cornflour in corn oil 悬浮在玉米油中的精制玉米粉
n. [化工] [化学] [物化] 悬浮；暂停；停职
 - hang, weighing

Word: classic
Front: classic
[ˈklæsɪk] (高研四六雅 2616/2967 -K4)
Vocabulary: classic
(once / 160 pages)
1adjn 2adj
The noun classic means something that's very high quality, particularly if it has lasting value. The pristine Model T Ford that you keep in your garage is a classic, but the beat up old Honda you drive everyday is not.
Use the adjective classic to describe something that relates to ancient Greece or Rome. You can enjoy the classic Greek pillars on the outside of your house but still appreciate the modern plumbing on the inside of it. Classic also means excellent, of recognized authority, or definitive. Classic literature, for example, includes authors like Mark Twain and Jane Austin.
WORD FAMILY
classic: classical, classicise, classicism, classicize, classicly, classics, neoclassic+/ classical: classicalism, classically, classicals, neoclassical, nonclassical/classicise: classicised, classicising/classicism: classicisms, classicist, classicistic, neoclassicism/classicist: classicists/classicize: classicized, classicizes, classicizing/neoclassicism: neoclassicist, neoclassicistic/neoclassicist: neoclassicists
USAGE EXAMPLES
It was 46 degrees when play began before a sellout crowd of 46,556, the sixth largest for a Winter Classic.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Just like the old Glen Miller classic, the player looks upbeat and he gets you on your feet.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
After the first Winter Classic in Buffalo the league was hesitant to even confirm there would be a second one.
Reuters(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 典型的; 传统式样的; 著名的; 有趣的
n. 文豪; 文学名著; 优秀的典范; 古希腊与古罗马的文化研究（尤指对其语言与文学的研究）
分布：传统的(43%)，古典的(23%)，最优秀的(17%)，杰作(13%)，古典作品(2%)，第一流艺术家(2%)
→来自class,阶级。特别指古罗马有能力组织军队和响应军事号召的阶级，因此引申词义一等 阶级，最高级，或经典，一流。
n.(pl.)杰作,名著a.第一流的,不朽的From the classical class, the classmate with glasses knows the classification of classics.戴眼镜的同学从古典文学课上知道了古典名著的分类.
adjective
HIGH QUALITY 高品质
 ADVANCED
■having a high quality or standard against which other things are judged 经典的；优秀的；一流的
• Have you ever read Fielding's classic novel 'Tom Jones'? 你有没有读过菲尔丁的经典小说《汤姆‧琼斯》？
• Another classic goal there from Corley! 科利又踢进一个漂亮球！
■informal
■extremely or unusually funny, bad or annoying 特别滑稽的；极坏的；极其令人讨厌的
• Then she fell over backwards into the flowerbed - it was absolutely classic! 然后她仰面倒进了花坛——真是太滑稽了！
• That was classic! That van-driver signalled right, and then turned left. 太可恶了！那个货车司机打右转的讯号，可是却向左转了！
['klæs.ɪk] adjective
TYPICAL 典型的
 ADVANCED
■having all the characteristics or qualities that you expect 典型的；有代表性的
• He's a classic example of a kid who's clever but lazy. 他是个典型的聪明却懒惰的孩子。
• He had all the classic symptoms of the disease. 他具有这种病的所有典型症状。
■informal disapproving
■bad or unpleasant, but not very surprising or unexpected 糟糕的；讨厌的；倒楣的
• It's classic - you arrive at the station on time and find that the train's left early. 事情就是那样倒楣——你按时赶到车站却发现火车提早开走了。
['klæs.ɪk] adjective
TRADITIONAL 传统的
■having a simple, traditional style which is always fashionable 典雅的；古朴的；传统的
• She wore a classic navy suit. 她身穿一套传统式样的海军服。
['klæs.ɪk] noun
HIGH QUALITY 高品质
 ADVANCED countable
■a piece of writing, a musical recording or a film which is well-known and of a high standard and lasting value （书、音乐或电影的）经典作品，杰作
• Jane Austen's 'Pride and Prejudice' is a classic of English literature. 简‧奥斯汀的《傲慢与偏见》是英国文学中的经典作品。
• Many of the Rolling Stones' records have become rock classics. 滚石乐队的许多唱片已成为摇滚乐的经典之作。
the classics [plural]
■the most famous works of literature 古典文学名著
• I spent my childhood reading the classics. 我把童年花在阅读经典文学作品上了。
['klæs.ɪk] noun
STUDY 研究
classics uncountable
■the study of ancient Greek and Roman culture, especially their languages and literature 古希腊和古罗马文化研究（尤指语言与文学方面）
• She studied/read classics at Cambridge. 她在剑桥学习古希腊和古罗马文化研究。
• a classics scholar. 研究古希腊和古罗马文化的学者
['klæs.ɪk] noun
TRADITIONAL 传统的
countable
■a piece of clothing which is always fashionable 经典服装；永不过时的传统服装
• A long wool coat is a classic no wardrobe should be without. 羊毛大衣应该是衣橱里必不可少的经典服装。
classical, classic
classical: 古典的
classic: 第一流的；
adj. 经典的；古典的，传统的；最优秀的
 - traditional, conventional
n. 名著；经典著作；大艺术家
 - chefdoeuvre, scriptures

Word: caller
Front: caller
[ˈkɔ:lə(r)] (4421/7771 -2)
Back: n. 呼叫者; 召集者; 访问者; 打电话者
adj. 新鲜的
分布：呼叫者(60%)，打电话的人(31%)，来访者(9%)
US ['kɑ:.lɚ] noun countable
TELEPHONE 电话
■someone who makes a telephone call, especially a member of the public who telephones a radio or television programme while it is being broadcast （尤指给电台或电视台）打电话的人
• I'd just like to comment on what your previous caller was saying. 我只想就前一位打进电话的人所说的事情谈谈我的看法。
UK ['kɔ:.lər] US ['kɑ:.lɚ] noun countable
VISIT 拜访
■a visitor 来访者，拜访者
n. 访客； [通信] 呼叫者；打电话者；召集员
 - visitant
adj. 新鲜的
 - fresh, new

Word: ranking
Front: ranking
[ˈræŋkɪŋ] (5038/9081 -2)
Vocabulary: ranking
(once / 875 pages)
nadj
Your spot on a scale is your ranking. If your football team has a #10 ranking and you’re playing #1, well good luck. Your class ranking is how you measure up. The student with the highest ranking is the valedictorian.
All kinds of things have rankings, from the top 100 colleges in the US to a person's constantly updated list of favorite horror movies. Athletes and the teams they play for have rankings too. In the military, someone who has a higher rank, or position, than anyone else who's present might say, "As the ranking officer, I'll command the troops to retreat."
WORD FAMILY
ranking: rankings+/ rank: ranked, ranker, rankest, ranking, rankly, rankness, ranks/ranked: unranked/ranker: rankers/rankness: ranknesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
For example, the University of Wisconsin Population Health Institute does health rankings of counties in every state.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
The teams were regarded among the best in the region, according to MaxPreps.com’s computer rankings.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
As high-school basketball players return from the holiday break, they’ll find The Seattle Times state basketball rankings mostly the same — at least at the top.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 社会地位，社会阶层; 顺序，次序; 行列; 军队
adj. 头等的; 高级的; 超群的
分布：排(48%)，列(25%)，等级(13%)，排列(6%)，列为(3%)，阶层(2%)，繁茂的(1%)，讨厌的(1%)，分等级(1%)
noun countable
■a rank or level, for example in a competition 排名；名次；地位
• Last year Wiseman rose from 266 to 35 in the tennis world rankings. 去年怀斯曼在世界网坛的排名从第266位猛升至第35位。
• The city's housing costs were enough to earn it a ranking of 66th nationally. 该市的高房价使之在全国城市中排名第66。
['ræn.kɪŋ] adjective [before noun] US
■being the officer of highest rank present at a particular time （某一时候）地位最高的，最高级的
• General Steinberger was the ranking officer present at the meeting. 斯坦伯格将军是出席会议的级别最高的军官。
adj. 上级的；头等的；超群的
 - superior, top
n. 等级；地位
 - status, degree, classification, capacity, grade
v. 排列；归类于（rank的ing形式）
 - ranging

Word: compensate
Front: compensate
[ˈkɒmpenseɪt] (高研六托雅宝 5037/4464 -2)
Vocabulary: compensate
(once / 284 pages)
1v 2v
Compensate is about correcting for an imbalance. If you step in an unmarked pothole, the city may compensate you by paying your doctor bills treating a broken ankle.
Compensate can also mean "to adjust for." So, if you did stumble into the pothole and injure your left leg, then you might compensate by leaning heavily on your right leg. Increasingly, compensate is used in place of pay. Day laborers are paid for their time, but executives are more likely to be compensated with a suite that includes salary and other benefits––what is commonly referred to as a compensation package.
WORD FAMILY
compensate: compensable, compensated, compensates, compensating, compensation, overcompensate+/compensated: uncompensated/ compensation: compensations/overcompensate: overcompensated, overcompensates, overcompensating, overcompensation
USAGE EXAMPLES
Airlines are not obliged to compensate travelers with lodging or meals for delays because of extreme weather.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The second was added to compensate for a slowdown in the earth's rotation and helps to co-ordinate time-keeping among nations that use GMT.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
It was the tone-setting play on a night when Maryland’s swarming help defense forced 17 turnovers and compensated for a lack of height.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. 补偿，赔偿; 报酬; 抵消
vi. 补偿，弥补
时态：compensated, compensating, compensates
分布：补偿(63%)，赔偿(36%)，付报酬(1%)
→com-, 强调。-pend, 悬垂，称量，词源同pendulum, pound. 即称量使对等的，补偿。
赔偿;报酬(com全部+pens+ate→花费的钱全部[拿回来]→赔偿)[pend,pens,pond=weight,expend,表示"称重量,称银子",引申为"花费"]
v.(for)补偿,赔偿He repents having compensated the dispensable pension for fear of penalty.他后悔因害怕处罚而补偿了不必要的养老金.
【记】com共同，pens挂，花费，ate吃－一起花费一起吃，肯定是做了什么对不起别人的事情，而作出的赔偿；
【参】expense（n 费用，支出）；dispense（v 分发，分配）compensation（n 补偿，报偿）
US ['kɑ:m-] verb
PAY MONEY 付钱
transitive
■to pay someone money in exchange for something that has been lost or damaged or for some problem 赔偿；补偿
• Victims of the crash will be compensated for their injuries. 车祸的受害者会得到伤害赔偿。
UK ['kɒm.pən.seɪt] US ['kɑ:m-] verb
EXCHANGE 交换
intransitive
■to provide something good or useful in place of something or to make someone feel better about something that has failed or been lost or missed 弥补，补偿
• Nothing will ever compensate for his lost childhood. 甚么也不能弥补他失去的童年。
• His enthusiasm more than compensates for his lack of experience. 他的热情大大弥补了经验的不足。
• I took her swimming to compensate for having missed out on the cinema. 为弥补她错过了电影，我带她去游泳。
• We were late and I was driving fast to compensate. 我们迟到了，所以我开快车来赶时间。
UK ['kɒm.pən.seɪt] US ['kɑ:m-] verb
  Common Learner Errors  compensate When compensate is followed by a direct object, remember to use the preposition for. Don't say 'compensate something', say compensate for something :
✗ The beautiful weather compensates the difficult journey. The beautiful weather compensates for the difficult journey.
vi. 补偿，赔偿；抵消
 - make good, to make up for
vt. 补偿，赔偿；付报酬
 - make good, to make up for

Word: making
Front: making
[ˈmeɪkɪŋ] (雅 5042/4480 -2)
Back: n. 制造; 产生的过程; 成功改进的手段; 原料，材料
v. “make”的现在分词
分布：制成(44%)，动词make的现在分词形式.(28%)，成功之道(28%)
noun uncountable
■the activity or process of producing something 制造；制作；形成；产生
• the art of film making 电影制作艺术
• There's an article on the making of the series. 有一篇关于该系列片制作方面的文章。
['meɪ.kɪŋ] noun uncountable
be an actor/athlete/chef, etc. in the making
■to have the ability and interest to become an actor/athlete, etc. in the future 有成为演员／运动员／厨师等的素质
['meɪ.kɪŋ] noun uncountable
be the making of sb
■If something is the making of someone, it develops in them good qualities and characteristics which might not have developed without it 是成就（某人）的因素
• Five years in the army - that'll be the making of him! 五年的军中生活——这样的经历会把他造就成材！
['meɪ.kɪŋ] noun uncountable
have (all) the makings of sth
■to seem likely to develop into something 具备成为…的（所有）素质
• She has the makings of a great violinist. 她具备成为一名优秀小提琴手的所有素质。
['meɪ.kɪŋ] noun uncountable
in the making
■If something was a period of time in the making, it took that amount of time to make （花某一段时间）完成，制造成，制作成
• The film was several years in the making. 这部电影花了几年时间才制作完成。
['meɪ.kɪŋ] noun uncountable
of your own making
■your own fault （某人）自找的，（某人）自作自受的
• Any problems she has with that child are of her own making. 她和那个孩子之间的问题都是她自己造成的。
n. 发展；制造；形成
 - development, growth, formation, advance, progress
v. 制作（make的现在分词）
 - fabricating

Word: fossil
Front: fossil
[ˈfɒsl] (研六托雅 5043/4637 -2)
Vocabulary: fossil
(once / 681 pages)
1nadj 2n
Fossils are the really, really old remains of a plant or animal — so old they've turned to stone. Fossil is also an insult for an old or old-fashioned person.
Fossils are very important to scientists who study animals: they're one of the ways we learn about the beasts and critters of the past. A fossil is an imprint of the bones of that animal in rock or stone. If you see a reconstruction of a dinosaur in a museum, scientists used fossils to figure out how it should look. Also, calling someone a fossil is like calling them a geezer or old fogey. It's not a compliment.
WORD FAMILY
fossil: fossilise, fossilist, fossilize, fossils, microfossil+/fossilise: fossilisation, fossilised, fossilising/ fossilize: fossilization, fossilized, fossilizes, fossilizing/microfossil: microfossils
USAGE EXAMPLES
At the same time, for their role in driving this climate change, fossil fuels are increasingly becoming fuel source non-grata.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
This reflects economic pressures felt within the fossil fuel energy sector itself.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
From air and quite a lot of fossil fuels.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 化石; 僵化的事物; 老顽固，食古不化的人; 习语中保存的旧词
adj. 化石的; 陈腐的，守旧的
分布：化石(99%)，食古不化的人(1%)
→来自bhedh, 挖，劈开，词源同bed, 河床。
n.化石The gossip tossed the mossy blossom fossil.爱讲闲话者向上抛长满苔藓的花化石.
US ['fɑ:.səl] noun countable
■a bone, a shell or the shape of a plant or animal which has been preserved in rock for a very long period 化石
informal humorous
■an old person, especially one who will not accept new ideas 老人；（尤指）老顽固，思想僵化的人，老古董
n. [古生] 化石；僵化的事物；顽固不化的人
 - petrification, reliquiae
adj. [古生] 化石的；陈腐的，守旧的
 - banal, trite

Word: center
Front: center
['sentə] (雅 530/8131)
Vocabulary: center
(once / 39 pages)
1nvadj 2nv 3n 4n 5nadj
Whether you are the center of attention or hanging out at the recreation center, you are in the middle of it all.
You might think of a circle when you think of a center, but a center is also a building or group of buildings. One five-sided place, the Pentagon in the U.S., is actually a center of government activity. A recreation center is a place where a lot of recreation happens, just as a medical center is where a lot of doctors and nurses give medical treatment. These centers are buildings or complexes where a certain kind of activity takes place, and a word before center often tells you what the activity is. As a verb, you can center your attention on something or center a centerpiece in the middle of a table.
WORD FAMILY
center: centered, centeredly, centering, centers, central, centric, centrical+/centered: self-centered /centering: centerings/ central: centralise, centralism, centrality, centralize, centrally, centrals/centralisation: centralisations/centralise: centralisation, centralised, centralises, centralising, decentralise/centralised: decentralised/centralising: decentralising/centralism: centralist, centralistic/centrality: centralities/centralization: centralizations/centralize: centralization, centralized, centralizes, centralizing, decentralize/centric: bicentric, centrically/decentralise: decentralisation, decentralises/decentralize: decentralization, decentralized, decentralizes, decentralizing/ self-centered: self-centeredness
USAGE EXAMPLES
The system is merging the two hospitals into a $1 billion medical center focused heavily on outpatient care.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
As players arrived to collect their belongings from the team’s practice center, some exchanged goodbyes, unsure if they would be back here in the spring.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Respected policy centers and thinktanks on both sides of the Atlantic are beginning to think along these lines.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 中心; （球队的） 中锋; 中心区; 中枢
adj. 中央的，位于正中的; （在）中心的
vt. 集中; 使聚集在一点; 定中心; 居中
vi. 居中，有中心，被置于中心
时态：centered, centering, centers
分布：中心(95%)，居中(4%)，使集中(1%)
→来自kent, 刺，词根ac的现在分词，词源同acid, cone, amniocentesis(羊膜穿刺术). 原指圆规的固定点，中心点。
US [-tˌɚ] noun verb US for centre
midst, center, heart, core, middle
这组词都有“中心”的意思，其区别是：
midst: 书面语用词，指在一个群体的深处或在某活动的进程中。
center: 指三维空间的中心点，也可比喻抽象事物的中心。
heart: 指事物最内部或最重要的部分，表地理位置时可与center换用。
core: 指某事物固定的中心部分或最重要的核心部分。比喻意义指某物的精华。
middle: 一般指时间、空间或过程两端间等距的部分。
n. 中心，中央；中锋；中心点
 - focus, hub, middle
vi. 居中，被置于中心
 - mediate
vt. 集中，使聚集在一点；定中心
 - concentrate, localise
adj. 中央的，位在正中的
 - mid, ental

Word: stunning
Front: stunning
[ˈstʌnɪŋ] (研托宝 5045/6073 -2)
Vocabulary: stunning
(once / 1357 pages)
adj
Someone who is strikingly beautiful can be described as stunning. There's something magical about weddings that makes every bride look stunning.
The adjective stunning also means causing astonishment, shock, or disbelief. If your basketball team suffers a stunning defeat, it comes at the hands of a rival team you were positive you would beat. Stunning is rooted in the Old French verb estoner, meaning to stun or shock, and it was used in the 1800s as a synonym for excellent. It's still used this way, particularly when something is really impressive, like the school mime troupe's stunning performance.
WORD FAMILY
stunning: stunningest, stunningly+/ stun: stunned, stunner, stunning, stuns/stunner: stunners
USAGE EXAMPLES
For the Seahawks, though, this season marked a somewhat stunning change in offensive personality.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Floral patterns abound, on stunning floor-length gowns and crisp suit jackets.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
There are stunning vistas of rugged, bucolic coastal inlets.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 令人晕倒（吃惊）的，震耳欲聋的; 极好的，出色的; 令人震惊的
v. 击晕(stun的现在分词)
分布：令人震惊的(85%)，极漂亮的(15%)
→stun,使震惊，-ing,形容词后缀。
adjective
BEAUTIFUL 漂亮的
 ADVANCED
■extremely beautiful or attractive 极漂亮的，极迷人的
• a stunning dress 漂亮的连衣裙
• a stunning view over the bay of Saint Tropez 俯瞰圣特罗佩湾的迷人景色
['stʌn.ɪŋ] adjective
SHOCKING 震惊的
■shocking or very impressive 震惊；惊讶
• All the ideas have a stunning simplicity. 所有想法都简单得出奇。
adj. 极好的；使人晕倒的；震耳欲聋的
 - wonderful, excellent, famous, super, great

Word: hover
Front: hover
[ˈhɒvə(r)] (研六托雅宝 5041/6116 -2)
Vocabulary: hover
(once / 433 pages)
1v 2v
A hover craft flies low over the ground or water — it hovers. Hover can also mean waver. Think of someone that can’t decide exactly where to land.
To help remember the meaning of hover, think of it as containing the preposition over: things that hover hang over. A temperature can hover around forty degrees, a grade in a class can hover around a B.
WORD FAMILY
hover: hovered, hovering, hovers
USAGE EXAMPLES
The moniker was ridiculed by Republicans as the unemployment rate still hovered around 9.5%.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Last year, a Kentucky man did just that to a neighbor’s drone after it hovered over his property one too many times.
Salon(Dec 30, 2016)
From an “airborne fulfillment center” hovering near the stadium, Amazon would dispatch a drone with your purchase.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vi. 盘旋; 徘徊; 犹豫
n. 徘徊; 盘旋
时态：hovered, hovering, hovers
分布：盘旋(55%)，徘徊(45%)
→可能来自中古英语hoven,逗留，等待，招待，词源同hovel,简陋的住所。由逗留引申词义盘旋，翱翔。
vi.(鸟)盘旋,翱翔,(人)逗留在附近徘徊A hawk was hovering over its prey.一只老鹰在其猎物上空盘旋.
【参】hovercraft（n 气垫船）
US ['hɑ:.vɚ] verb
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to stay in one place in the air, usually by moving the wings quickly 盘旋；翱翔；悬停
• A hawk hovered in the sky, waiting to swoop down on its prey. 一只老鹰在天空中盘旋，要伺机俯冲捕捉猎物。
• I heard the noise of a helicopter hovering overhead. 我听到头顶上直升机盘旋的声音。
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to stand somewhere, especially near another person, eagerly or nervously waiting for their attention 徘徊；守候
• A waiter hovered at the table, ready to take our order. 一名侍者守在桌子旁，等着我们点菜。
• I could sense him behind me, hovering and building up the courage to ask me a question. 我能感觉到他在我身后犹豫徘徊，想鼓起勇气问我一个问题。
intransitive + adverb or preposition
■to stay at or near a particular level （在某一个标准附近）徘徊
• Inflation is hovering at 3%. 通货膨胀率在3%左右徘徊。
vi. 盘旋，翱翔；徘徊
 - plane, orbit
n. 徘徊；盘旋；犹豫
 - vibration, spinning around
vt. 孵；徘徊在…近旁
 - brood, hatch

Word: voice
Front: voice
[vɔɪs] (中高研四六 465/487 -K4)
Vocabulary: voice
(once / 17 pages)
1nv 2nv 3n 4n
Literally, your voice is the sound coming out of your mouth. Metaphorically, voice can also mean the way people express themselves.
People have high voices, low voices, quiet voices, and loud voices — but the concept of voice goes well beyond people talking or singing. Writers talk about finding their voice, which means they've developed a unique identity or style. A lawyer can be your voice in court, where he can speak to the judge about your concerns. If you are shut out of some process, then you have no voice in that process.
WORD FAMILY
voice: devoice, voiced, voiceless, voicer, voices, voicing+/devoice: devoiced/voiced: unvoiced/voiceless: voicelessly, voicelessness/voicer: voicers/voicing: voicings
USAGE EXAMPLES
“I got it in 1952 when I was 6 years old,” I respond in a staccato voice.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
ProtectUMD is a coalition of organizations throughout the University of Maryland’s campus dedicated to uniting the different voices into one voice for change.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
“I am pleased that now voters’ voices matter and that, at least in this instance, votes count.”
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 嗓音; （动词的）语态; 呼声，发言权; 歌唱才能
vt. 发音; 表达，说出; 给（一部乐曲）配上声部; 给（如管风琴音管）整声
时态：voiced, voicing, voices
分布：声音(73%)，嗓音(13%)，表达(6%)，发言权(4%)，意见(4%)
→来自拉丁语vox,声音，发声，来自wekw,说话，发声，词源同invoke,vowel,evocative.
n.声音;嗓音;发音能力;意见,发言权;语态Her rejoicing voice is void of something avoidable.她那令人高兴的声音缺少某种可避免的东西.
noun
SOUNDS 声音
 ESSENTIAL countable
■the sounds that are made when people speak or sing 说话声；嗓音
• She has a loud/quiet/soft voice. 她说话声音很大／很轻／很柔。
• a low-pitched/high-pitched voice 低沉／高而尖的嗓音
• a booming/breathy/clear/deep/fruity/gravelly/husky/squeaky voice 低沉／带喘息声／清脆／深沉／圆润／粗哑／沙哑／尖细的嗓音
• a baritone/soprano singing voice 男中音／女高音歌喉
• You could tell from her voice that she wasn't pleased. 你可以从她的声音里听出来她不高兴。
• "I don't know what you mean," said Fran in a quavering voice. “我不知道你是甚么意思，”弗兰颤声说道。
• She lowered her voice to a whisper. 她放低声音，轻声耳语。
• You'll have to raise your voice (= speak louder) if you want to be heard in here. 在这里你如果想要别人听见那就得大声点儿。
• I've got a cold and I think I'm losing my voice (= becoming unable to speak). 我感冒了，而且觉得嗓子要哑了。
• He's at that age when his voice is breaking (= changing from a boy's to a man's). 他正处在变声的年龄。
• She's done a lot of work with voice- activated computers. 她已经用语音操纵的电脑做了很多工作。
be in good voice
■to be singing well 唱得好
• Well, choir, we seem to be in good voice today! 合唱团的各位成员，我们今天唱得很好！
[vɔɪs] noun
OPINION 观点
[C often singular] uncountable
■(the right to) an expression of opinion 意见的表达；发言权；表达意见的权利
• There was only one dissenting voice during the discussion. 讨论中只有一个不同的声音。
• Unfortunately a strike was the only way to make our voices heard. 不幸的是，罢工是唯一能让人听到我们呼声的方法。
• The committee represents the voice of the students. 那个委员会代表了学生的意愿。
• Developing countries are demanding a stronger voice (= right to express opinions) in the debate. 发展中国家正要求在辩论中拥有更多的发言权。
only singular
■an important quality or opinion which someone expresses, or the person who is able to express it 意见；观点；愿望；发表意见的人
• She just won't listen to the voice of reason. 她就是不愿意倾听理智的声音。
• I wouldn't work for Peter if I were you - this is the voice of experience talking! 我要是你的话就不会为彼得工作——这可是经验之谈！
[vɔɪs] noun
give voice to sth
■to express your thoughts or feelings in words 表达（观点或情感）
• I always had doubts about the scheme but I never gave voice to them. 我一直对那个计划存有疑虑，但我从来没有说出来。
[vɔɪs] noun
voice within you
■your conscience (= the part of you which tells you when you are doing something wrong) 良心；理智
• Suddenly this voice within her told her to stop being so stupid. 突然心里有个声音对她说别再那么傻了。
[vɔɪs] noun
with one voice formal
■If a group of people express an opinion or decide something with one voice, they all agree 一致；全部同意
• The committee decided with one voice to accept the proposal. 委员会一致同意接受该提议。
[vɔɪs] verb transitive
■to say what you think about a particular subject, especially to express a doubt, complaint, etc. that you have about it 表达；吐露；（尤指）表示（质疑、抱怨）
• I have voiced my objections to the plan to management. 我已经向管理层提出了对那个计划的反对意见。
voice, sound, noise
voice: 人的嗓音,
sound: 自然界各种各样的声音,
noise: 噪音I hate the loud noise outside.
n. [声] 声音；嗓音；发言权；愿望
 - organ, sound, dream, throat
vt. 表达；吐露
 - put, to express

Word: trout
Front: trout
[traʊt] (5046/7309 -1)
Back: n. 鲑鳟鱼
v. 钓[捕]鳟鱼
分布：鳟鱼(58%)，鳟鱼肉(42%)
→来自古英语 truht,鲑，鳟鱼，来自拉丁语 tructa,鲑，鳟鱼，可能来自希腊语 troktes,一种海鱼， 来自 trogein,啃，咬，挖洞，来自 ter,转，刮，磨，词源同 turn,troglodyte.因这种鱼生活 于水底泥砂层而得名。
noun
FISH 鱼
countable or uncountable (plural trout or trouts)
■a fish that is a popular food, especially a brown type that lives in rivers and lakes or a silver type that lives in the sea but returns to rivers to reproduce 鲑鱼，鳟鱼
• Thousands of young salmon and trout have been killed by the pollution. 成千上万条大麻哈鱼和鲑鱼的幼鱼因污染而死亡。
• Loch Leven is famous for its trout fishing. 利文湖是以捕鲑鱼而闻名的地方。
uncountable
■the flesh of this fish eaten as food 鲑鱼肉，鳟鱼肉
• I love smoked trout, don't you? 我喜欢吃熏鲑鱼，你呢？
[traʊt] noun
PERSON 人
countable (plural trouts) UK informal
■an old person, especially a woman, who is unpleasant or not attractive 老家伙；（尤指）讨厌的婆娘，恶婆子
• She's a miserable old trout who complains about everything. 她是个令人讨厌、满腹牢骚的老太婆。
n. [鱼] 鲑鱼，鲑鳟鱼
 - salmon, red fish

Word: inappropriate
Front: inappropriate
[ˌɪnəˈprəʊpriət] (托 5047/4790 -2)
Vocabulary: inappropriate
(once / 1376 pages)
adj
The word "appropriate" means correct or proper and since the little prefix "in" turns its meaning around, something inappropriate is considered not proper or suitable.
Nowadays, it seems, anything goes. Yet good manners and standards prevail, and some things are simply inappropriate — such as taking a toddler to a violent movie, or making jokes at someone else's expense. You wouldn't show your future father-in-law naked pictures of his daughter or wear a bathing suit to a state dinner. Those actions are simply inappropriate.
WORD FAMILY
inappropriate: inappropriately, inappropriateness+/ wrong: wronged, wronger, wrongest, wrongful, wronging, wrongly, wrongness, wrongs/wrongful: wrongfully, wrongfulness/wrongness: inappropriate, wrongnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
Loud, inappropriate and unruly behavior is not tolerated in our luxury resorts.”
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Q: I can’t get a refund from Amtrak for its totally inappropriate “handicapped” room on the Empire Builder from Chicago to Glacier National Park.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
If they do something really inappropriate, for example hit another child, you seem to be incapable of reacting with the seriousness such behaviour warrants.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 不恰当的，不适宜的; 不合适; 不宜; 不妥
分布：不适当的(97%)，不合宜的(3%)
→in-,不，非，appropriate,合适的。
【记】appropriate（adj 适当的）
【反】germane（adj 有密切关系的；恰当的）；apt（adj 适当的）
US [-'proʊ-] adjective
■unsuitable 不适合的；不恰当的
• His casual behaviour was wholly inappropriate for such a formal occasion. 他随便的举止在这样正式的场合十分不恰当。
• I think it would be inappropriate (for you) to invite her to a party so soon after her husband's death. 我认为（你）在她丈夫刚去世不久就邀请她参加聚会是不合适的。
adj. 不适当的；不相称的
 - inadequate, unhappy, wrong, improper

Word: fuck
Front: fuck
[fʌk] (5040/5222)
Vocabulary: fuck
(once / 5339 pages)
nv
Fuck is one of the most common words in English — it's also one of the most offensive. It's main meaning is "have sex," but it has hundreds of other uses.
This slang term for sexual intercourse is not a word to be used lightly — it's an obscenity that, if used on some television networks, could cost the person who "dropped the f-bomb" thousands of dollars. Despite all the people who don't want to hear it, fuck is one of the most common obscenities, and can be used as a noun, verb, adjective, and adverb. It's often used as a modifier to add emphasis to another word, as in "that's so fucking stupid!"
WORD FAMILY
fuck: fucked, fucker, fucking, fucks+/fucker: fuckers
USAGE EXAMPLES
“I would go from a sense of serene contentment to being exhilarated to being incredibly despondent and thinking, ‘Fuck, this is it.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
He added, softly, “The five-year-old me never goes away. Why can’t I sit through my movie on opening night? Because I think I fucking suck.”
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Clifford groped inside his shirt, threw the mic on the floor and walked out, shouting, “You can all fuck off!”
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 与（某人）性交; （表示气愤、厌恶、惊奇的粗话）他妈的
n. 性交; 杂种，讨厌透顶的人; 一丁点儿
vi. 鬼混; 乱弄（常与with连用）
vt. 不公道地（或粗暴地、生硬地）对待; 欺骗; （笨手笨脚地）搞坏; 粗制滥造（常与up连用）
int. 他妈的，滚开，混账（常后接you）
时态：fucked, fucking, fucks
分布：他妈的(36%)，性交(31%)，诅咒(12%)，欺骗(9%)，利用(6%)，性对象(3%)，与 ... 发生性关系(3%)
→词源不详，长期以来作为禁忌语避免使用。可能来自pug, 击打，拳击，词源同pugilist, puncture.
[fʌk] offensive
verb intransitive or transitive
■to have sex with someone 私通；通奸
[fʌk] offensive
verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  fuck about/around
■to behave stupidly, or to waste time doing things which are not important 瞎胡闹；闲混
• Stop fucking around! 别瞎闹了！
[fʌk] offensive
verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  fuck sb about
■to treat someone badly by wasting their time or causing them problems 浪费（某人）的时间；粗暴对待（某人）
• I'm warning you, don't fuck me about! 我警告你，别浪费我的时间！
[fʌk] offensive
verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  fuck off
■to leave or go away, used especially as a rude way of telling someone to go away 滚开；走开
• Just fuck off and leave me alone! 滚开，让我一个人呆一会儿！
• He's fucked off somewhere and left me to do all the work. 他滚到别的地方去了，留下我一个人干所有的工作。
[fʌk] offensive
verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] fuck sb off
■to annoy or upset someone very much 惹恼（某人）；使（某人）心烦意乱
• You speak to me as if I'm stupid and it really fucks me off. 你那样跟我说话，就好像我是个白痴，真把我气坏了。
[fʌk] offensive
verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] fuck (sth) up
■to damage, harm or upset someone or something, or to do something very badly 毁掉；伤害；使苦恼；搞砸
• Her parents' divorce really fucked her up. 她父母的离婚使她很苦恼。
• I fucked up the interview. 我把面试搞砸了。
• The exam was a disaster - I really fucked up. 那次考试真是场灾难——我考得一塌糊涂。
[fʌk] offensive
exclamation
■used when expressing extreme anger, or to add force to what is being said （用于表示极端的愤怒或恼火，或加重语气）妈的，见鬼
• Fuck - the bloody car won't start! 妈的——这破车打不着火了！
• Shut the fuck up! 你他妈的给我闭嘴！
• Who the fuck does she think she is, telling me what to do? 他妈的她觉得自己是老几呀，对我指手画脚的？
[fʌk] offensive
noun countable
■an act of having sex 性交
■a sexual partner 性伙伴，性交物件
n. 性交；杂种；一丁点儿
 - hybrid, gender
vt. 与...性交；诅咒；欺骗
 - sell, fox
vi. 性交；鬼混
 - have sex, sex act

Word: viable
Front: viable
[ˈvaɪəbl] (托雅宝 5049/5700 -2)
Vocabulary: viable
(once / 3048 pages)
1adj 2adj
When something is viable, it has the ability to grow or function properly. A viable seed can develop into a plant, while a viable company has the resources to succeed.
The adjective viable refers to something able to function properly and even grow. It is made up of the Latin roots vita which means "life," and the ending -able which means "to be possible." In terms of science or botany, when a plant is viable it can live and flourish in an environment such as a cactus in the desert. Consider also the Wright brothers, who were the first to develop a viable airplane after many tries and spectacular failures.
WORD FAMILY
viable: nonviable, viability, viably+/ vie: viable, vied, vieing, vies, vying
USAGE EXAMPLES
As those efforts proved unavailing, maintaining at least the appearance of a viable “peace process” became an end in itself.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
One viable path in that strategy would be a rematch with Holm, who is fighting for the title in the newly created featherweight division.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
“Theater is not commercially viable in and of itself, so art loses.”
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 切实可行的; 能养活的; 能自行生产发育的; 有望实现的
分布：可行的(98%)，能生存的(2%)
→来自拉丁语vita,生命，存活，字母t脱落，词源同vital,vitamin.
能活的(vi+able)[vivvitvig=life,表示"生命"]
【记】via路，ble：有路可走－可行的via活，ble：能活下去的
【参】viaduct（n 高架桥）via路，duct引导。Aqueduct（n 沟渠）
adjective
 ADVANCED
■able to work as intended or able to succeed 可以实施的；可望成功的
• In order to make the company viable, it will unfortunately be necessary to reduce staffing levels. 很遗憾，为使公司继续运转下去，将不得不裁员。
• I am afraid your plan is not commercially/economically/financially/politically viable. 恐怕你的计划在商业／经济／财政／政治上行不通。
■specialized
■able to continue to exist as or develop into a living being 能生长发育的；可以存活的
• There is a continuing debate about the age at which a human fetus can be considered viable. 关于人类胎儿在何时可被视为已有生命的问题仍处于争论中。
adj. 可行的；能养活的；能生育的
 - feasible, working

Word: ray
Front: ray
[reɪ] (高研四六托 4432/3865 -3)
Vocabulary: ray
(once / 136 pages)
1nv 2n 3n 4n
A ray is a beam of light or radiation. Even on cloudy days, you sometimes see a ray of sunlight shine through the clouds.
In physics, a ray is a line or column of light, heat, or electromagnetic radiation (like an x-ray), while in math a ray is a line that passes through a specific point. A marine biologist would define a ray as a big fish that's related to sharks and has a wide, flat body and a long tail. The root of the first two kinds of rays is the Latin word radius, "spoke" or "staff."
WORD FAMILY
ray: rayed, raying, rayless, rays
USAGE EXAMPLES
Banning Ranch Conservancy Executive Director Steve Ray said his group was always prepared for the lawsuit to reach the state's highest court.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
“The major things are refilling prescriptions without doctors’ orders,” Ray said about one of the more typical mistakes by a pharmacy.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
For it was here, at the preserved Lorraine Motel, that Martin Luther King Jr. was shot and killed by James Earl Ray April 4, 1968.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. （热或其他能量的）射线; 光束，光线; 微量; 伞形花序柄
vt. 放射; 照射; （思想，希望等）闪现; 发光
时态：rayed, raying, rays
分布：射线(59%)，光线(29%)，辐射(6%)，发光(3%)，用光线装饰(2%)，释放射线(1%)
→来自古法语 rai,光线，来自拉丁语 radius,光线，辐轴，词源同 radius,radio.引申词义射线。
n.光线,射线Having canceled X-ray scan, the cancerous candidate on the canvas ate the idle candles in the candy can.取消X线扫描后,帆布上的癌症候选人吃了糖果罐里的闲置蜡烛.
noun
BEAM 光束
 ADVANCED countable
■a narrow beam of light, heat, etc. travelling in a straight line from its place of origin 光线，光束；（热能等的）辐射线
• A ray of sunshine shone through a gap in the clouds. 一缕阳光透过云隙照射下来。
• Light rays bend as they pass from air to water. 光线从空气射入水中会发生折射。
[reɪ] noun
SMALL AMOUNT 一丝
 ADVANCED countable
■a small amount of a feeling that makes you feel happier or more hopeful 一线，少量的（正面情感）
• There's still a ray of hope that the missing child will be found alive. 失踪的孩子尚有一丝被活着找到的希望。
[reɪ] noun
FISH 鱼
countable
■a large flat sea fish with a long narrow tail 鳐
[reɪ] noun
MUSIC 音乐
uncountable
■another spelling of re 2 长音阶第二音；C大调第二音
[reɪ] noun
ray of sunshine
■a happy person who makes others feel happy, especially in a difficult situation （尤指在困境中）给人带来欢乐的人，给人以希望者
• We love looking after our grandchild. He's a ray of sunshine! 我们喜欢照顾孙儿，他给我们带来了快乐！
n. [物] 射线； [光] 光线
 - stream, radial
vt. 放射；显出
 - emit, bore out
vi. 放射光线；浮现
 - to emerge

Word: cowboy
Front: cowboy
[ˈkaʊbɔɪ] (高托 5048/8757 -2)
Vocabulary: cowboy
(once / 621 pages)
1n 2n
A cowboy is a ranch worker whose job is to herd or tend cattle while riding a horse. If you visit a ranch, you may get to watch cowboys doing tricks with lassos.
Cowboys work hard caring for herds of cattle, and they are experts at doing their jobs on horseback. Many cowboys also perform in rodeos, either for money or just for fun. A cowboy is traditionally male, and while there are women who do the same work on ranches, they're typically called cowgirls. The word cowboy dates from the early 1800s in the Western United States — sometimes these ranch workers were called cowhands or cowpokes.
WORD FAMILY
cowboy: cowboys
USAGE EXAMPLES
That includes a three-game losing streak to end the year in which the Lions were outscored by the Giants, Cowboys and Packers 90-51.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It’s splitting hairs, but Howard was working in an offense that was nowhere near that of the Cowboys.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Cowboys will open against Green Bay, New York or Detroit on Jan. 15 at 4:40 p.m.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 牛仔; 牧童; 富有冒险精神的英雄; [俚语]莽撞的人
分布：牛仔(100%)
→来自cow和boy的组合词。
noun countable
FARM WORKER 农场工人 (also cowhand)
■a person, especially in the western US, whose job is to take care of cattle , and who usually rides a horse, or a similar character in a film （尤指美国西部的）牛仔，牧人
• The ranch employed ten or twelve cowboys. 牧场雇了十一二个牛仔。
• He was wearing cowboy boots and a cowboy hat. 他脚蹬牛仔靴，头戴牛仔帽。
• I don't much like cowboy films/movies. 我不大喜欢看牛仔片。
['kaʊ.bɔɪ] noun countable
DISHONEST PERSON 不诚实的人 UK informal
■someone who is not honest, careful or skilful in their trade or business, or someone who ignores rules that most people obey and is therefore not considered to be responsible 弄虚作假的商人；粗心大意的人；不负责任的人，莽撞鬼
• Those builders are a bunch of cowboys - they made a terrible job of our extension. 那些建筑商是一帮不负责任的奸商——他们把我们的扩建工程弄得一团糟。
n. 牛仔；牧童；莽撞的人
 - buckaroo, cowpuncher

Word: sketch
Front: sketch
[sketʃ] (研四六托雅 5051/4945 -2)
Vocabulary: sketch
(once / 184 pages)
nv
A sketch is a rough or brief outline of something. If you hand in a sketch, instead of your full paper, don't expect to get a very high grade!
The word sketch can be used when talking about something visual, particularly a drawing. An artist might sketch a friend in an hour, and then go home and take weeks to complete the portrait. A sketch can also refer to a short verbal or narrative account. You might want to give your friend a brief sketch of what happened to you today, instead of boring her with every last detail, including the hours you spent washing and then folding your laundry.
WORD FAMILY
sketch: sketched, sketcher, sketches, sketching, sketchy +/sketcher: sketchers/ sketchy: sketchier, sketchiest, sketchily, sketchiness
USAGE EXAMPLES
When happy with the initial sketch, she transfers the design to metal, often with a fine-point marker.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
A lot of Sue’s work begins with a sketch, whether it is to create a new flower arrangement, insect or a design for a customer.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Mr. Wong was unofficially promoted to the rank of inspirational sketch artist.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 草图; 素描; 梗概
v. 草拟; 速写; 简述
时态：sketched, sketching, sketches
分布：素描(44%)，草图(37%)，速写(10%)，概述(5%)，草拟(4%)
→来自拉丁语 schedium,临时作品，来自希腊语 skhedios,临时做的，来自 segh,持有，握住， 想出，词源同 schema,scheme.引申诸相关词义。
n.素描;略图,草图;梗概v.绘略图,速写,写生When I fetched the sketch on the stretcher I found the secretary's secret.当我拿来担架上的素描时我发现了秘书的秘密.
noun countable
SIMPLE SHAPE/FORM 简单的形状／形式
 ADVANCED
■a simple, quickly-made drawing which does not have many details 草图，速写；素描
• My mother made a (pencil) sketch of my brother reading a book. 我母亲画了一张我弟弟在读书的（铅笔）素描。
■a short written or spoken story which does not have many details 短文；短剧
[sketʃ] noun countable
HUMOROUS PERFORMANCE 幽默的表演
■a short humorous part of a longer show on stage, television or radio 幽默短剧，滑稽小品
• I thought the sketch about Queen Victoria was very funny. 我觉得那部有关维多利亚女王的短剧非常有趣。
[sketʃ] verb intransitive or transitive
■to make a sketch of something （给…）画素描；（为…）画草图
• The art students were told to sketch the landscape. 艺术专业的学生被告知要画一张实地风景素描。
• When I have some spare time, I like to sketch. 有空闲的时候，我喜欢画素描。
• The artist has sketched out a design for the new school. 这位艺术家已勾勒出了新学校的设计图。
[sketʃ] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  sketch sth out
■to give a short description of something, containing few details 概述；草拟；勾勒
• She sketched out the plan in a few brief sentences. 她用寥寥几句话概述了计划的进行。
picture, sketch, describe, represent
这组词都有“描写、描述”的意思，其区别是：
picture: 着重能够栩栩如生地把事物或场景等描绘出来。
sketch: 指快速地勾勒或概略地叙述。
describe: 侧重指描述细节，给读者或听众提供清晰的视觉图像。
represent: 指有代表性或象征性地描述或讲述。
sketch, draft, blueprint, diagram, outline, plot
这组词都有“绘制”的意思，其区别是：
sketch: 指用图、模型或语言描述来表示某一事物的整体情况。
draft: 用作动词时指按准确比例设计或打样；作名词时专指精确的草图或草案。
blueprint: 主要指绘制蓝图或制定纲领或规划。这个词引申用来指详细而具体的行动计划。
diagram: 侧重指用图形、图表等来说明。
outline: 主要给出事物要点或轮廓，强调简化了的整体。
plot: 可与draft和diagram换用，但侧重于表示具体的点、面、部分或目标，从而使相互关系以及和整体的关系得以明确。
picture, sketch, cartoon, illustration, diagram, painting, portrait, drawing
这组词都有“画，图”的意思，其区别是：
picture: 指广义的“图画”，现多用来指相片、画像。
sketch: 通常指只画出物体主要特征的图画。
cartoon: 指幽默或讽刺性漫画。
illustration: 指插入书页之间帮助说明的任何插图或图解。
diagram: 多指科技书籍或文献中具有概括解说作用的图表、图样或略图。
painting: 指着色的画。
portrait: 指肖像，只用于指人。
drawing: 指用线条或色彩绘成的图画。
n. 素描；略图；梗概
 - outline, croquis

Word: clarify
Front: clarify
[ˈklærəfaɪ] (高研四六托雅宝 5050/4552 -2)
Vocabulary: clarify
(once / 1661 pages)
v
Clarify means to clear up confusion and make it all understandable. In a heart-breaking text, she clarified that she never ever wanted to see him again. It's also means to remove impurities in a liquid; you clarify butter by gently heating it.
Clarify and clear are related, of course, and clear means you can see right through it. If you clarify your intention or your meaning, others will understand it clearly. If you aren't clear at the outset, you might find the need to clarify what you want later.
WORD FAMILY
clarify: clarification, clarified, clarifies, clarifying+/ clarification: clarifications
USAGE EXAMPLES
Writing down your meals, snacks and daily stressors helps clarify your true habits, and set healthy, reachable goals.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Bentonite helps with everything from clarifying wine to keeping landfills from leaking.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Once that was clarified, Nelson said, the professional response was “overwhelmingly positive”.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 使清楚，澄清
vt. （尤指通过加热使黄油）纯净; 说明; 使（头脑、神智等）清醒
vi. （液体）变得澄清; 净化; 变得清楚
时态：clarified, clarifying, clarifies
分布：澄清(60%)，阐明(37%)，净化(3%)
→来自clar-,清晰的，词源同clear.
澄清,弄清[clear,clar,clair=clear,bright,表示"清楚,明白"]
v.澄清,阐明The deputy chairman of the charity clarified the importance of clarity and purity.慈善的副会长验证明了和纯洁的重要性.
【记】clar＝clear（adj 清楚的，明白的），ify使…－澄清
【反】roil（v 激怒）；obfuscate（v 使模糊）
US ['kler-] verb transitive
EXPLAIN 解释
■to make something clear or easier to understand by giving more details or a simpler explanation 澄清；阐明；使更清晰易懂
• Could you clarify the first point please? I don't understand it completely. 请你把第一点再阐释一下，好吗？我一点也不明白。
• The position of all shareholders will be clarified next month when we finalize our proposals. 下月我们将计划书定下后，所有股东的立场便清晰明确了。
UK ['klær.ɪ.faɪ] US ['kler-] verb transitive
COOKING 烹饪 specialized
■to remove water and unwanted substances from fat, such as butter, by heating it （透过加热奶油等脂肪）使澄清，使纯净，使净化
clarify, interpret, account, explain, illustrate
这组词都有“说明”的意思，其区别是：
clarify: 指把已发生的事件。情况和现状说清楚。
interpret: 着重以特殊的知识、经验来解释难理解的事情。
account: 说明某事物如何符合自然法则或逻辑。
explain: 含义广，最普通用词，指把某事向原来不了解、不清楚的人解释明白、说清楚等。
illustrate: 多指用实例或插图、图表加以说明。
vt. 澄清；阐明
 - illustrate, elucidate

Word: chat
Front: chat
[tʃæt] (高研托雅 5055/4730 -K3)
Vocabulary: chat
(once / 326 pages)
1vn 2n
When you chat, you have a brief, casual conversation. You might chat with your mail carrier when she delivers a package to your door.
If you're in a talkative mood, you can chat with your roommate, the bus driver, your boss, and a drugstore cashier all before lunchtime. The conversation that happens when you chat is also called a chat: "Let's sit down and have a chat sometime this week." The earliest meaning of chat was "frivolous talk," which now is more likely to be called chatter or chitchat.
WORD FAMILY
chat: chats, chatted, chatting, chatty+/chatty: chattier, chattiest, chattily
USAGE EXAMPLES
Above the noise, a man I’ll call Ivan, a new friend, began chatting with me about something he was working on.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
A few hours in, Mills chatted with Lindsey Jacobs, his on-set dresser—the person who wrangled the furniture and the props.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
During a hospitalization in 1954, he often chatted to Ezra Pound, who was a friend—but not actually there.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vi. 聊天; 闲谈; 参加网络闲聊
n. （尤指非正式的）谈话; 鸣禽; [植] 柔荑花序（如柳絮）
vt. 与…攀谈; 与…搭讪（或调情）
时态：chatted, chatting, chats
分布：聊天(91%)，闲谈(8%)，谈天(1%)
→拟声词。
v./n.闲谈,聊天We chatted happily in the lobby.我们在休息室愉快地聊天.
verb intransitive (-tt-)
 IMPROVER
■to talk to someone in a friendly informal way 闲谈，聊天，闲聊
• She spends hours on the phone chatting to her friends. 她会花上几个小时跟朋友电话聊天。
• We were just chatting about what we did last weekend. 我们正在聊上个周末做了些甚么。
• Whenever I walk in, I always find the two of them chatting away (= talking eagerly). 每次我走进去都会发现他俩正聊得起劲。
■to take part in a discussion with someone on the Internet （在网际网路上）聊天
[tʃæt] verb intransitive (-tt-)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] chat sb up UK informal
■to talk to someone in a way that shows them that you are sexually attracted to them 与（某人）搭讪；与（某人）调情
• He spent all evening chatting her up and buying her drinks. 他整个晚上都在跟她调情，给她买酒。
[tʃæt] noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■a friendly, informal conversation 闲谈，聊天，闲侃
• Why don't you give me a call and we'll have a chat? 为甚么你不给我打个电话，我们好好聊一聊呢？
• I had a chat with my boss today about a possible salary increase. 今天我和老板随便聊了一下可能涨工资的事。
• It was the usual idle chat (= conversation about unimportant things). 那不过是普通的闲聊。
⇒ See also chit-chat
dialogue, conversation, chat, talk
这组词都有“交谈”的意思，其区别是：
dialogue: 指“对话”。
conversation: 一般用词，指两个或更多人互相交换意见的交谈。
chat: 指熟人之间非常随便的交谈，强调谈话的亲密和非正式性。
talk: 普通用词，可与conversation换用，指正式交谈。
vi. 聊天；闲谈
 - visit with, chew the fat
n. 聊天；闲谈
 - chinwag, chit-chat

Word: countless
Front: countless
[ˈkaʊntləs] (托 5052/7613 -2)
Vocabulary: countless
(once / 576 pages)
adj
Countless means more than you could possibly count. If you have countless reasons why you love living in New York, there are so many reasons that you can't list them all.
Countless is a good adjective to use when you want to emphasize how endless, huge, or immeasurable something is. Your could say that smoke detectors save countless lives each year, or that your principal has tried countless times to ban soda at school, only to be outvoted by the student council over and over. The word dates from the 16th century, from the verb count, with its Old French root, conter, "add up."
WORD FAMILY
countless: countlessly, countlessness+/ count: countable, counted, counter, counting, countless, counts, miscount, recount /counted: uncounted/ counter: countered, countering, counters, encounter /counting: countings/ encounter: encountered, encountering, encounters/miscount: miscounted, miscounting, miscounts/ recount: recounted, recounting, recounts/recounting: recountings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Michael Clemens, who studies remittances and migration at the Center for Global Development, says that "for countless towns like Ixmiquilpan, remittances are an economic lifeline."
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
A gentle and wry bow-tied lawyer and stalwart of countless civic boards, Tom Lewis wears his gentility lightly.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Since then, he’s gotten countless calls and texts asking for Mix.
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 无数的，多得数不清的; 恒河沙数; 指不胜屈; 数不胜数
分布：无数的(99%)，多的数不清的(1%)
adjective
■very many; too many to be counted 无数的；数不清的
• There are countless arguments against this ridiculous proposal. 这项荒谬的提议招来无数批驳意见。
• I've heard it played countless times on the radio. 这首歌我听电台播过无数次了。
adj. 无数的；数不尽的
 - thousand, million, infinite, innumerable

Word: good
Front: good
[gʊd] (中高雅 110/73 -K5)
Vocabulary: good
(once / 4 pages)
1adjnadv 2adjadv 3adj 4n
We all know what good means as an adjective––pleasing, favorable, nice. But did you know that good is also a noun, meaning something that can be sold? This means a shopkeeper’s ideal is to have really good goods.
Good comes from an old German root for gathering, and in its original sense it means that something fits well. If something is good for you, it fits you well, or is healthy for you to eat. A long walk through a crowded city is good for someone who likes people-watching, but if you are a misanthrope and you hate people, that wouldn't be so good. If food has spoiled, it’s no longer good.
TASTY MORSELS
A Personality Test: What Does "Good" Say About You?
Find out where the word good leads you in this tongue-in-cheek personality quiz flowchart from Vocabulary.com.
A good many of us use good a good deal too often...stand out from the pack with a new vocabulary list, 10 Opportune, Appropriate, and Downright Corking Ways to Say "Good".
WORD FAMILY
good: best, better, goodish, goodness, goods+/ best: bested, bester, bestest, besting, bests/ better: bettered, bettering, betterly, betterment, betters/betterment: betterments/goodness: goodnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Thunder are a significantly better defensive team than the Rockets.
New York Times(Jan 03, 2017)
“It was just two really good football teams playing at the highest level and competing until the absolute, very end,” USC coach Clay Helton said.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
If nothing else, policymakers say, such comparisons prompt discussions across borders to learn best practices in addressing particular health problems.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 好的; 优秀的; 有益的; 漂亮的，健全的
n. 好处，利益; 善良; 善行; 好人
adv. 同well
级别：better, best
分布：好的(78%)，好处(11%)，优秀的(7%)，善行(3%)，上等的(1%)
→来自ghedh, 连接，匹配，词源同gather. 与god没有词源关系。
a.好的;善良的;擅长的;乖的n.好处;利益He is very good at French.他精通法语.
adjective (better, best)
PLEASANT 令人愉快的
 ESSENTIAL
■very satisfactory, enjoyable, pleasant or interesting 令人满意的；令人愉快的；合意的；有趣的
• a good book 一本有趣的书
• Did you have a good time at the party? 你在派对上玩得开心吗？
• The weather has been really good for the time of year. 就这个季节而言，这段时间的天气真是难得的好。
• I've just had some very good news. 我刚得知一些令人特别开心的消息。
• It 's so good to see you after all this time! 分开这么长时间，见到你真是高兴！
 ESSENTIAL
■used in greetings （用于打招呼）好
• good morning/afternoon/evening 早上／下午／晚上好
  Common Learner Errors  good or well? Remember: good is not used as an adverb. To talk about something being done in a good way or to a high standard, don't say 'good', say well :
✗ She did her work very good, but she was often late. She did her work very well, but she was often late. Warning: Some US English speakers use 'good' as an adverb, but many people consider this incorrect and it should not be used in exams.
[gʊd] adjective (better, best)
HIGH QUALITY 高品质
 ESSENTIAL
■of a high quality or level 好的；出色的；优质的
• She speaks very good French. 她法语说得很好。
• I've heard it's a very good school. 我听说这是所很好的学校。
• The apple pie was as good as the one my grandmother used to make. 这苹果派就像我祖母以前做的一样好吃。
• This restaurant has a good reputation. 这家饭店声誉良好。
■used to express praise （表示赞赏）好的，值得称赞的
• Good man! Splendid catch. 高手！球接得太好了。
[gʊd] adjective (better, best)
SUCCESSFUL 成功的
 ESSENTIAL
■successful, or able to do something well 成功的；能干的；精通的；擅长的
• Kate's a good cook. 凯特厨艺很好。
• She's very good at Geography. 她地理学得很好。
• They have a good relationship. 他们关系很好。
• She's very good with children. 她很会照顾孩子。
be no good ADVANCED (also be not any/much good)
■to be of low quality or not useful 没用；很差劲
• Shoes are no good if they let in water. 鞋子如果透水的话，品质就不好。
• Food aid isn't much good until the fighting stops. 在战斗停止之前，食物援助是没有太大用处的。
get off to a good start
■to begin an activity successfully 有好的开始；顺利开始
• I didn't get off to a very good start this morning - I'd been at work five minutes and my computer stopped working! 我今天上午刚一开始工作就不顺——才工作了五分钟，电脑就死（当）机了！
[gʊd] adjective (better, best)
KIND 善良的
 ESSENTIAL
■kind or helpful 好心的，心地善良的；乐于助人的
• a good friend 一个好朋友
• It 's good of you to offer to help. 你主动提供帮助，真是太好了。
• He's very good to his mother. 他对他妈妈很孝顺体贴。
be so good as to (also be good enough to) formal
■used to make a polite request 请（做…）
• Be so good as to close the door when you leave. 你离开时，请关门。
do (sb) a good turn old-fashioned
■to do something kind which helps someone else 做（对某人）有利的事情
[gʊd] adjective (better, best)
MORALLY RIGHT 合乎道德的
 ESSENTIAL
■morally right or based on religious principles 高尚的；虔诚的；好心的；助人为乐的
• She led a good life. 她一生虔诚向善。
• Try to set a good example to the children. 要努力给孩子们做个好榜样。
[gʊd] adjective (better, best)
POSITIVE 正面
 ESSENTIAL
■having a positive or useful effect, especially on the health （尤指在健康方面）有益的，有好处的，有用的
• Make sure you eat plenty of good fresh food. 一定要吃大量有益健康的新鲜食物。
• Too much sugar in your diet isn't good for you. 饮食中含糖量过高，对你的身体没有好处。
• It's good for old people to stay active if they can. 尽量保持身心活跃对老年人是有益的。
[gʊd] adjective (better, best)
BEHAVIOUR 行为
 IMPROVER
■A good child or animal behaves well （儿童）乖的，守规矩的，不调皮的；（动物）温顺的
• If you're a good boy at the doctor's I'll take you swimming afterwards. 看医生的时候你要是听话，看完病我就带你去游泳。
■able to be trusted 可信赖的；有信誉的；有信用的
• Her credit is good (= She can be trusted to pay her debts). 她从不拖帐，信誉很好。
[gʊd] adjective (better, best)
SUITABLE 合适的
■suitable, convenient or satisfactory 合适的，方便的或令人满意的
• When would be a good time to phone? 甚么时候打电话合适呢？
[gʊd] adjective (better, best)
LARGE 大量
[before noun]
■used to emphasize the large number, amount or level of something 相当大的；相当多的；相当可观的
• We've walked a good distance today. 今天我们走了好长的一段路。
• There was a good-sized crowd at the airport waiting for the plane to land. 机场里有很多人在等候飞机降落。
• Not all of his films have been successful - there were a good few (= several) failures in the early years. 他拍的电影并非都是成功的——刚出道时他经历了许多次失败。
• Have a good think about it and let me know tomorrow. 好好想一想这件事，明天给我答覆。
• You have a good cry and you'll feel better after. 痛痛快快哭一场吧，哭过之后感觉就会好很多。
• There's a good chance the operation will be successful. 手术成功的可能性很大。
⇒ See also good money
a good deal of
■much 大量；许多
• The new law met with a good deal of opposition at local level. 新法律在当地遭到强烈反对。
a good ... (also a good ... 's)
■more than 多于；不少于
• It's a good half hour's walk to the station from here. 从这儿步行到车站足足有半个多小时。
• The police said a good twenty kilos of explosive were found during the raid. 员警说在突击搜查行动中发现了至少20公斤的炸药。
• Driving through the deserted town we saw a good many (= a lot of) burnt-out houses. 从被遗弃的城镇中开车驶过时，我们看到很多烧毁的房屋。
[gʊd] adjective (better, best)
SATISFACTION 满意
■said when you are satisfied or pleased about something, or to show agreement with a decision 表示同意；满意
• Oh good, he's arrived at last. 好，他总算来了。
• Good, I'll tell her it's all arranged, then. 好，那我就跟她说，一切已安排妥当。
[gʊd] adjective (better, best)
be a good job/thing ADVANCED
■used to mean 'it is lucky' 幸好，幸亏
• It's a good job they didn't go camping last weekend - the weather was awful. 幸亏他们上个周末没去野营——天气糟透了。
[gʊd] adjective (better, best)
all in good time mainly UK
■used to tell someone to be patient because the thing they are eager for will happen when the time is right 来得及，快了，别急
• Be patient, you'll hear the result all in good time. 耐心点，到时候你会听到结果的。
[gʊd] adjective (better, best)
as good as
■almost 几乎；简直是
• The decorating is as good as finished - I just need to finish off the painting. 装修接近完工——我只需要涂完油漆就大功告成了。
[gʊd] adjective (better, best)
be (as) good as gold
■(of a child) to behave very well （儿童）乖，守规矩
• She's been as good as gold all morning. 她整个上午都很乖。
[gʊd] adjective (better, best)
be (as) good as new
■to be in very good condition 状况很好；状态极佳；功能良好
• A coat of paint and it will be as good as new. 只要涂上一层漆，就会跟新的一样了。
[gʊd] adjective (better, best)
be as good as your word
■to do everything that you promise someone you will 守信用；信守诺言
• He said he'd call every day and he was as good as his word. 他说会每天打电话，结果真的没有食言。
[gʊd] adjective (better, best)
be good for sth informal
■to be able and willing to provide something 能提供…；乐意给…
• Bette is always good for a laugh. 贝特任何时候都是个开心果。
• Dad will probably be good for a few pounds, if we ask him. 如果我们问爸爸拿，他或许会给我们几英镑的。
[gʊd] adjective (better, best)
be good to go US informal
■to be prepared and ready to do something 准备好
• Let me grab a jacket and then I'm good to go. 我再拿件外套就可以了。
[gʊd] adjective (better, best)
Be good, and if you can't be good, be careful. humorous saying
■said to someone to tell them to enjoy themselves at an event or during an activity, but to be sensible, too 可以玩得尽兴，但不可任性胡来。
§/gʊd/ good 1 adjective (better, best)
for good measure
■in addition 另外
• The concert was excellent - there were lots of well-known songs with some new ones thrown in for good measure. 音乐会很精彩——演唱了好多家喻户晓的名曲，此外还加演了一些新歌。
[gʊd] adjective (better, best)
good and ... informal
■very 很，非常
• Drink your coffee while it's good and hot. 趁热把咖啡喝了。
[gʊd] adjective (better, best)
good and proper informal
■completely 完全地；彻底地
• The table is broken good and proper. 桌子已经完全坏了。
[gʊd] adjective (better, best)
Good for you ! (Australian also Good on you !) ADVANCED
■used to show approval for someone's success or good luck 干得好！真棒！太幸运了！：
• You passed your exam - good for you! 你通过考试了——真好！
[gʊd] adjective (better, best)
Good heavens/grief/gracious! (also Good God/Lord!) ADVANCED
■used to emphasize how surprised, angry, shocked, etc. you are （惊奇、愤怒或震惊时用于加强语气）（我的）天哪！
[gʊd] adjective (better, best)
the good old days
■If you talk about the good old days, you mean a time in the past when you believe life was better 美好的往昔
• I wish my grandma would stop going on about the good old days. 我希望祖母不要把那些美好的陈年往事如数家珍地讲个不停。
[gʊd] adjective (better, best)
good show UK old-fashioned
■used as an expression of approval 太好了；真棒
• Good show chaps, you completed the course in the time allowed. 做得不错，小伙子们，你们在规定时间内修完了这个课程。
[gʊd] adjective (better, best)
have a good innings UK informal
■If you say that someone has had a good innings, you mean that they have had a long and successful life 长寿且一帆风顺；寿长福大
• He was 86 when he died so I suppose he'd had a good innings. 他去世时86岁，所以我觉得他一生称得上是多福多寿了。
[gʊd] adjective (better, best)
in good faith
■If something is done in good faith, it is done sincerely and honestly 真诚地；诚实地
• She was acting in good faith for her client. 她真诚地为客户服务。
[gʊd] adjective (better, best)
in good time mainly UK
■early 及早；有充裕时间地
• We'll be at the airport in good time. 我们会早早赶到机场的。
[gʊd] adjective (better, best)
make good
■to succeed and become rich 获得成功；变富
• a working-class boy made good 获得成功的工人阶级家庭的孩子
■When someone makes good something, they either pay for it, or make it happen 偿付；支付；履行；成功
• The shortfall in the budget will be made good by selling further shares. 预算不足可以透过出售更多的股份来弥补。
[gʊd] adjective (better, best)
make good time
■to complete a journey quickly 在路上花的时间很短
[gʊd] noun
THINGS 物件
goods [plural]
 ESSENTIAL
■things for sale, or the things that you own 商品，货物；私人财产
• There is a 25% discount on all electrical goods until the end of the week. 周末前，所有电器商品全部七五折出售。
• The house insurance will not cover your personal goods. 这份房屋保险的承保范围不包括你的私人动产。
■UK
■things, but not people, which are transported by railway or road （铁路或公路）运载的货物
• a goods train 货运列车
[gʊd] noun
HELP 帮忙
 ADVANCED uncountable
■something that is an advantage or help to a person or situation 好处；益处；用处
• Even a small donation can do a lot of good. 即使一小笔捐助也可以帮上大忙。
• I'm telling you for your own good. 我告诉你这些都是为你好的。
[gʊd] noun
HEALTH 健康
 ADVANCED uncountable
■the state of being healthy or in a satisfactory condition; benefit 健康，健全；美满；好处，益处
• You should stop smoking for your own good (= for your health). 你应该为了自身健康而戒烟。
• He goes running every day for the good of his health. 他每天都跑步健身。
• Modernizing historic buildings can often do more harm than good. 对有历史意义的建筑物进行现代化改造常常是弊大于利。
• The rally has been cancelled for the good of all concerned. 考虑到所有相关人士的利益，这次集会被取消了。
do you good
 ADVANCED
■to improve your health or life 有利（你）的健康；对（你）有好处；对（你）有益处
• You can't work all the time - it does you good to go out and enjoy yourself sometimes. 你不能经常工作——有时也要出去享乐一下，这对你有好处。
• Take the medicine - it will do you (a power/world of) good (= improve your health a lot). 把药吃了——这对你身体（大）有好处。
[gʊd] noun
MORALLY RIGHT 符合道德
uncountable
■that which is morally right 善；符合道德的行为；正直的行为
• There is an eternal struggle between good (= the force which produces morally right action) and evil. 善恶之争永不停息。
• Ambition can sometimes be a force for good. 雄心有时也可以成为行善的驱动力。
the good [plural]
■all the people who are morally good 有道德的人；高尚的人；好人
• You can't buy your way into the ranks of the good. 做好人不是用钱买来的。
[gʊd] noun
TIME 时间
for good
■forever 永久地，永远地
• She's gone and this time it's for good. 她走了，这一次是永不回头了。
[gʊd] noun
be up to no good informal
■to be behaving in a dishonest or bad way 做坏事；做不光彩的事
• He certainly looked as if he was up to no good. 他看上去确实好像在做甚么坏事。
[gʊd] noun
come up with the goods (also deliver the goods) informal
■to produce what is wanted 履行诺言；达到要求；不负所望
• What they promise sounds impressive enough - let's see if they come up with the goods. 他们的承诺听起来很郑重——我们来看看他们是否会履行。
[gʊd] noun
no good informal old-fashioned
■morally bad 道德败坏的；品行恶劣的
• I'd keep away from him if I were you - he's no good. 我要是你的话就离他远点——他品行不端
[gʊd] noun
to the good
■generally helpful 大多数人有利的；有益于多数人的；普遍有好处的
• Greater international stability can surely only be to the good. 国际局势更加稳定当然只会使世人获益。
[gʊd] noun
what good is ... (also what's the good of ...) ADVANCED
■a way of asking what the purpose of (doing) something is …有甚么用
• What good is sitting alone in your room? 一个人孤零零地在家坐着又有甚么用？
good, well
good: 形容词,
well: 副词,但指身体状况是形容词 He is well again.
adj. 好的；优良的；愉快的；虔诚的
 - fine, Ok, great, religious, bright
n. 好处；善行；慷慨的行为
 - benefit, plus, mercy
adv. 好
 - okey

Word: copper
Front: copper
[ˈkɒpə(r)] (研四六托 5053/3656 -2)
Back: n. 铜; 铜币; 紫铜色; 警察
adj. 铜制的
vt. 镀铜
时态：coppered, coppering, coppers
分布：铜(92%)，铜币(3%)，镀铜(2%)，警察(2%)，紫铜色(1%)
→来自拉丁词Cyprian, 因产自Cyprus而得名。
n.铜;铜币,铜制器I hope to make copper copies of the telescope and microscope for hobby in the lobby.我希望制作望远镜和显微镜的铜质复制品.
US ['kɑ:.pɚ] noun
METAL 金属
 ADVANCED uncountable
■a reddish-brown metal used especially for making wire and coins, or the reddish brown colour of this metal 铜；红棕色，紫铜色
• copper wire/pipes 铜丝／管
• a copper alloy 铜合金
• Rosie's hair shone copper (= reddish brown) in the sunlight. 罗茜的头发在阳光下闪着红褐色。
countable usually plural UK informal
■a brown coin of low value 铜板，铜币
• I gave him a few coppers. 我给了他几个铜板。
UK ['kɒp.ər] US ['kɑ:.pɚ] noun
OFFICER 警官
countable UK old-fashioned informal
■a police officer
n. [化学] 铜；铜币；警察
 - police, pig
adj. 铜的
 - cupreous

Word: upcoming
Front: upcoming
[ˈʌpkʌmɪŋ] (5056/23149 -1)
Back: adj. 即将来到的，即将出现的; 即将到来
分布：即将来临的(91%)，预定将要(9%)
→即来到的，即将到来的。
mainly US (UK usually forthcoming)
adjective [before noun]
■happening soon 即将发生的
• Tickets are selling well for the group's upcoming concert tour. 该乐队即将举行的巡演门票销售情况良好。
adj. 即将来临的
 - imminent, forthcoming

Word: ninth
Front: ninth
[naɪnθ] (中高 5059/5636 -4)
Back: n. 第九; 九分之一
adj. 第九的; 九分之一的
分布：第九(94%)，九分之一(6%)
ordinal number
 ADVANCED
■9th written as a word 第九（的）
• The ninth letter of the alphabet is I. 字母表中第九个字母是 I。
• The school term ends on the ninth (of July). 学期（7月）9号结束。
[naɪntθ] noun countable
■one of nine equal parts of something 九分之一
• A ninth of 27 is 3. 27的9分之一为3。

Word: pupil
Front: pupil
[ˈpju:pl] (中高托雅 5057/952 -K3)
Vocabulary: pupil
(once / 176 pages)
1n 2n
A pupil is an old-fashioned word for a young person attending school, or it can be that black dot in the center of your eye's iris. As a pupil, your pupils may dilate when your teacher dims the lights.
If you are a pupil, you are a learner enrolled in an educational institution. As a pupil, you have mastered the act of looking interested while thinking about the beach. Your pupil is also the aperture or opening in the center of your eye that looks like a big black dot. Dilating pupils are a very subtle sign that you are interested, lying, or pretending — or just trying to see in poor lighting.
WORD FAMILY
pupil: pupillary, pupils
USAGE EXAMPLES
Electrodes were attached to the activist’s fingertips and small cameras trained on his pupils while he was asked questions.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Authorities say his pupils were dilated, and he seemed “amped up.”
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
The teachers also belong to the transgender community - a measure designed to protect and encourage the pupils.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 学生; [解]瞳孔; 未成年人; [法]被监护人
分布：小学生(77%)，弟子(23%)
→来自拉丁语pupillus,小男孩，来自pupus的小词形式，来自pupus,男孩，可能来自pup,鼓起，膨胀，拟声词，引申词义生长，或来自pau,小的，少的，词源同few,pedagogue.pupil 瞳孔，瞳仁
n.学生,小学生;瞳孔The pupils will fix with a mixture the fixed figure in the future.学生们将来要用一种混合物整修固定轮廓.
noun countable
STUDENT 学生
 ESSENTIAL
■a person, especially a child at school, who is being taught 学生，（尤指）小学生
• a second-year pupil 小学二年级学生
• a primary-school pupil 小学生
• The school has over 400 pupils. 这所学校有400多名小学生。
• There is a very relaxed atmosphere between staff and pupils at the school. 这所学校师生之间的气氛很轻松。
• Her school report described her as a very promising pupil. 她在成绩单中被描述成一个非常有前途的学生。
■someone who is being taught a skill, especially such as painting or music, by an expert 学徒；弟子；门徒
• The painting is believed to be by a pupil of Titian. 这幅画被认为是提香的一位门徒所作。
['pju:.pəl] noun countable
EYE 眼睛
■the circular black area in the centre of your eye, through which light enters 瞳孔
• Pupils contract in bright light, and dilate in darkness. 瞳孔在明亮的光线下会收缩，在黑暗中会扩大。
student, learner, pupil, scholar
这组词都有“学生”的意思，其区别是：
student: 普通用词，可指中学生，但主要指高等学校或专科学校的学生。
learner: 通俗用词，指某一门学问上的初学者，尤指成年的初学者。
pupil: 特指中小学生，尤其是小学生。
scholar: 可指一切学生，尤指学识渊博的某一学科的学者。
n. 学生； [解剖] 瞳孔；未成年人
 - student, minor

Word: combat
Front: combat
[ˈkɒmbæt] (研六雅宝 3412/5622 -3)
Vocabulary: combat
(once / 198 pages)
nv
Combat is fighting between two groups of armed forces. When you engage in combat, typically this means you engage in fighting that involves weapons.
Combat comes from the Latin com- meaning "together with" and battere meaning "to fight." Combat can be used as a modifier; for example, a combat zone is an area where fighting is taking place. The word combat can also be used to refer to the action of fighting against something to prevent it. An after-school program for kids is working to combat the issue of street violence by creating a safe space where kids can go as an alternative.
WORD FAMILY
combat: combatant, combated, combating, combative, combats, combatted, combatting+/combatant: combatants, noncombatant/ combative: combatively, combativeness/noncombatant: noncombatants
USAGE EXAMPLES
Tucker teaches seven forms of lightsaber combat, which he said he developed using historical combat forms and skills that he thought to be somewhat similar.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Energy-efficiency rules are desperately needed to improve air quality, combat global warming and to enable America to meet its domestic and international goals.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
For every hit like “Mortal Combat” or “Lara Croft: Tomb Raider,” there are a slew of duds such as “Warcraft” and “Prince of Persia.”
Time(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 格斗，搏斗，战斗; 〈美〉竞赛，比赛; 论战
vt. 与…战斗; 与…斗争; 防止; 减轻
时态：combated, combatted, combating, combats
分布：战斗(95%)，战斗的(3%)，试图解决(1%)，与 ... 斗争(1%)
→com-, 强调。-bat, 击，打，词源同beat, batter.
战斗(com共同+bal→共同→共同打→战斗)[bat=beat,表示"打,击"]
v./n.战斗,搏斗,格斗We combated for our rights.我们为了自己的权利而争斗.
【记】com共同，bat打，击－共同打－战斗com bat：共同生活的bat蝙蝠，免不了要combat
【参】combatant（n 战士）；combative（adj 好战的）
US [ˈkɑːm-]
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■a fight, especially during a war （尤指战争中的）战斗，搏斗
• There was fierce combat between the two sides. 双方展开了激烈的战斗。
• No one knew how many troops had died in combat. 没有人知道在战斗中死了多少士兵。
• The soldiers were engaged in hand-to-hand combat. 士兵展开了肉搏战。
• armed combat (= fighting with weapons) 武装斗争
• unarmed combat (= fighting without weapons) 非武装斗争
 ADVANCED countable
■a fight between two people or things 打斗；斗争；格斗
• The film explores the combat between good and evil. 影片探讨了善恶之间的较量。
verb transitive UK [kəmˈbæt] US [ˈkɑːm.bæt]
(-tt- or -t-)
 ADVANCED
■to try to stop something unpleasant or harmful from happening or increasing 与…战斗；与…作斗争；打击；制止
• to combat crime/terrorism/inflation/disease 打击犯罪／打击恐怖主义／抑制通货膨胀／与疾病搏斗
• The government is spending millions of dollars in its attempt to combat drug abuse. 政府正斥资数百万美元打击滥用毒品的行为。
• I have to combat this constant desire to eat chocolate. 我不得不克制自己老想吃巧克力的欲望。
battle, fight, struggle, combat, campaign, warfare, war, engagement
这组词都有“战斗，战争”的意思，其区别是：
battle: 侧重指战争中的一次较全面、时间较长的战斗，也指陆军或海军在某一特定地区进行的战斗，或个人之间的争斗。
fight: 最普通用词，含义广，指战斗、斗争或打斗。
struggle: 指激烈或时间持续长的战斗或奋力斗争。
combat: 泛指军事行动，尤指小规模的战斗，甚至是格斗。
campaign: 通常指在一场大的战争中在某一地区进行的一连串有既定目的的军事行动。也可作引申用。
warfare: 侧重指战争状态或具体的作战方法。
war: 是战争的总称，一般指包括多个战役的大规模战争。
engagement: 指交战，交火。
vt. 反对；与…战斗
 - sit down on, to oppose
vi. 战斗；搏斗
 - fight, conflict
n. 战斗；争论
 - action, fight, controversy
adj. 战斗的；为…斗争的
 - fighting

Word: strive
Front: strive
[straɪv] (研六托雅宝 5062/5540 -2)
Vocabulary: strive
(once / 173 pages)
v
To strive is to endeavor, reach, or strain for something above or beyond. We strive for self-improvement, a better world, or success in general.
The Old French origin of this word, estriver ("quarrel," "dispute"), had its 800th birthday not too long ago. Though it shares its roots with strife ("conflict"), it changed over the years (centuries, actually) to describe something more like a conflict with oneself, the attempt to overcome limitations and stay focused on a goal, regardless of whatever quarrels or disputes come up.
WORD FAMILY
strive: strived, striven, strives, striving, strove+/striving: strivings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Secondarily, they reflect a mind-set that perceives oral health as an optional milestone to strive for.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
A Navajo, he said, strives for hozho — balance — in a world where canyons, coyotes, the sky and turtles are considered equally alive.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
It also set off a race for a vaccine, as global health officials strive to avoid a repeat.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vi. 努力奋斗，力求; 斗争，力争
时态：strove, striven, striving, strives
分布：努力(71%)，奋斗(18%)，力求(9%)，斗争(2%)
→来自中古英语 striven,艰难尝试，努力，奋斗，来自古法语动词 estriver,争吵，争斗，来自古 法语名词 estrif,争吵，争斗，改写自 estrit,争吵，来自 Proto-Germanic*strido,纷争，斗争，战 斗，词源同 stride.后主要用于褒义词义努力，奋斗，原词义见名词 strife,纷争，冲突。
v.奋斗,努力The striver contrives to derive that privacy can't be deprived.奋斗者想方设法推导得出隐私(权)不可剥夺.
[straɪv] (strove or strived, striven or strived)
verb intransitive
 ADVANCED
■to try very hard to do something or to make something happen, especially for a long time or against difficulties （尤指长期或不畏艰难地）努力，奋斗，力争
• [+ to infinitive] Mr Roe has kindled expectations that he must now strive to live up to. 罗先生激发了人们的期望，现在他必须努力不辜负这种期望。
• In her writing she strove for a balance between innovation and familiar prose forms. 她在写作中力图在创新和传统散文形式之间取得平衡。
attempt, try, endeavour, strive
这些动词均含有“试图，努力，力图”之意。
attempt: 较正式用词，侧重已经开始，且希望完成，但常隐含着不一定有预期的结果。
try: 普通用词，可与attempt换用，但强调努力或尝试，后跟不定式表示努力或争取；后跟动名词表示尝试。
endeavour: 正式用词，指尽最大努力、认真地克服困难去做某事。
strive: 和endeavour一样，表示付出巨大努力，但strive侧重劳累与紧张，而不强调努力的结果。
vi. 努力；奋斗；抗争
 - apply oneself, struggle, labor

Word: lyrics
Front: lyrics
['lɪrɪks] (5061/-)
Back: n. 歌词
分布：歌词(90%)，抒情诗(10%)
N-COUNT
歌词
The lyrics of a song are its words.
例：...Kurt Weill's Broadway opera with lyrics by Langston Hughes.由兰斯顿·休斯作词的库尔特·韦尔的百老汇歌剧
ADJ
抒情（诗）的
Lyric poetry is written in a simple and direct style, and usually expresses personal emotions such as love.
例：...Lawrence's splendid short stories and lyric poetry.劳伦斯精彩的短篇小说和抒情诗

Word: neglect
Front: neglect
[nɪˈglekt] (研四六托雅 5063/4477 -2)
Vocabulary: neglect
(once / 133 pages)
vn
Neglect is worse than ignoring something. It's ignoring it, failing to care for it, and probably harming it in the process.
The word neglect comes from the Latin verb neglegere, which means "disregarded." You can neglect to do your chores, meaning fail to do them, but this word is usually reserved for cases when you willingly refuse to care for something appropriately. Child neglect is what parents get charged with when they fail to provide for their child's basic needs. If you go on vacation and neglect your plants, they may wither and die due to your lack of attention.
WORD FAMILY
neglect: neglected, neglecter, neglectful, neglecting, neglects+/ neglected: neglectedly/neglecter: neglecters/ neglectful: neglectfully, neglectfulness
USAGE EXAMPLES
His broken-down teeth seemed to bear testimony to years of neglect.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
The demands for bribes delay shipments, and state officials sometimes neglect to distribute what they import.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
When we neglect to decentralize it, it will be automatically centered.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 疏忽; 忽略; 遗漏; 疏于照顾
n. 玩忽; 被忽略的状态; 怠慢
时态：neglected, neglecting, neglects
分布：忽视(50%)，忽略(29%)，疏忽(21%)
→neg-,否定，没有，-lect,选择，词源同collect,elect.即没有选出来，忽视。
疏忽,轻视(neg没有+lect→没有选→疏忽)[lect,lig=choose,gather表示"选择,收集"]
忽视,不顾(neg+lect选择→不选择→忽视)[neg=deny,表示"否认"]
v./n.忽视;疏忽,漏做,忽略In the selection the lecturer neglected the negligible negative reflection on the election.在选集中演讲者忽视了对选举的微不足道的消极反思.
verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to give not enough care or attention to people or things that are your responsibility 疏忽照顾；忽视，疏忽
• to neglect your appearance/the garden 不修边幅／疏于整理花园
• He neglects that poor dog - he never takes him for walks or gives him any attention. 他对那只可怜的狗漠不关心——从不带它散步，也从不关心它。
• I'm afraid I've rather neglected my studies this week. 恐怕这个星期我忽略了自己的功课。
neglect to do sth
■to not do something, often because you forget 疏忽，疏漏，忘记做
• I'd neglected to give him the name of the hotel where I'd be staying. 我忘记告诉他我住的宾馆的名字。
• He neglected to mention the fact that we could lose money on the deal. 他忘记提及我们做这笔交易可能会亏本。
[nɪ'glekt] noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■when you do not give enough care or attention to someone or something, or the state of not receiving enough care or attention 疏忽，忽视；疏忽照顾
• Both parents were found guilty of neglect and their child was taken away from them. 父母双方均被判定对其子女未尽照顾义务，于是他们的孩子被带走了。
• Over the years the church has fallen into a state of neglect. 多年来，这座教堂已沦落到无人理会的地步。
overlook, disregard, omit, neglect, forget, ignore
这组词都有“疏忽，忽略”的意思，其区别是：
overlook: 指因匆忙而疏忽或视而不见。
disregard: 多指有意或自觉地不顾某事。
omit: 指有意或无意地忘记做某事，也指删去被视作不重要、不合意的东西。
neglect: 侧重指有意的忽略或忽视，也可指粗心与疏忽。
forget: 普通用词，侧重某事不重要或太复杂而未能记住，也指有意疏忽或忘掉。
ignore: 通常指有意不顾，或不理显而易见的事物。
vt. 疏忽，忽视；忽略
 - ignore, be forgetful of
n. 疏忽，忽视；怠慢
 - omission, oversight

Word: gambling
Front: gambling
[ˈgæmblɪŋ] (5064/9621 -K)
Back: n. 赌博，赌钱; 冒险; 投机
v. 赌博，冒风险(gamble的现在分词)
分布：赌博(96%)，投机(4%)
noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■the activity of betting money, for example in a game or on a horse race 赌博，打赌
• Gambling can be an addictive habit. 赌博是一种可以使人上瘾的习惯。
• He had to borrow money to pay off his gambling debts. 他不得不借钱偿还赌债。
n. 赌博；投机
 - speculation, gaming
v. 赌博；打赌（gamble的ing形式）
 - betting

Word: ward
Front: ward
[wɔ:d] (高研六托雅 5065/2949 -2)
Vocabulary: ward
(once / 89 pages)
nv
A ward is a group of rooms or a section in a hospital or prison; in a hospital, different wards deal with different needs, like the psychiatric ward or maternity ward.
Although ward is most often used in connection with hospitals and prisons, cities and towns can also be broken into wards. These are usually geographic areas that are used in elections: city council members often represent wards of the city. A ward is also the name given to a child who is watched over by someone other than his parents. Sometimes children are known as "wards of the state," meaning they have been taken from their homes.
WORD FAMILY
ward: reward, warded, warder, warding, wards+/ reward: rewarded, rewardful, rewarding, rewards/rewarded: unrewarded/ rewarding: rewardingly, unrewarding/unrewarding: unrewardingly/warder: warders, wardership
USAGE EXAMPLES
He’d like to see forces deployed in Poland and the Baltic States to ward off Russian hostilities.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
To ward off atrophy, buy a drawer organizer, suggested Ms. Lowenheim, who uses expandable drawer organizers from Staples in her own home.
New York Times(Dec 23, 2016)
Most involved state wards in foster homes, adoptive homes, state-licensed residential care facilities and the juvenile probation system.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 病房，病室; 监视，监督; 保卫; [法]受监护人
vt. 监护，守护; 挡住，架住; 避开; 收容
时态：warded, warding, wards
分布：病房(76%)，监护(10%)，守护(4%)，行政区(4%)，守卫(3%)，受监护人(2%)，躲开(1%)
→来自wer,覆盖，保护，看管，看护，词源同ware,warrant。引申义病房，病室。
n.病房;行政区;监护;被监护人v.挡住He managed to ward off the blow.他设法避过了那一击.
US [wɔ:rd] noun countable
HOSPITAL/PRISON 医院／监狱
 ADVANCED
■one of the parts or large rooms into which a hospital is divided, usually with beds for patients 病房，病室
• a geriatric/maternity/psychiatric ward 老年人／产科／精神病病房
■US
■one of the parts into which a prison is divided 牢房，囚室
UK [wɔ:d] US [wɔ:rd] noun countable
CITY AREA 城市区域
■(in many countries) one of the areas into which a city, town or village is divided, having its own elected political representative or its own organizations for managing services （城镇或村庄的）区，选区
UK [wɔ:d] US [wɔ:rd] noun countable
CHILD 儿童 legal
■a person, especially a child, who is legally put under the protection of a court of law or a guardian 被监护人（尤指儿童）
• The girl was made a ward of court to stop her father taking her out of the country. 这个女孩由法院监护，以防止她的父亲将她带出这个国家。
UK [wɔ:d] US [wɔ:rd] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] ward sth off
■to prevent something unpleasant from harming or coming close to you 避开；阻止；挡住
• In the winter I take vitamin C to ward off colds. 冬天我服用维他命C以预防感冒。
• She was given a magic charm to ward off evil spirits. 她被赠予一个魔法护身符，可以驱鬼避邪。
n. [医] 病房；保卫；监视
 - observation, safeguard, monitoring, surveillance, watch
vt. 避开；保卫；守护
 - avoid, guard, shun

Word: warfare
Front: warfare
[ˈwɔ:feə(r)] (研六托 5066/6384 -2)
Vocabulary: warfare
(once / 389 pages)
n
When two countries fight violently with each other, the conflict is called warfare.
Whenever a group engages in war or violence, it can be described with the noun warfare, which is another way of saying "the act of war." Terrorists might use guerrilla warfare tactics against their enemies, and governments may resort to warfare to put down revolutions. The word war originally comes from a Germanic root, werso, which means "to perplex or confuse."
WORD FAMILY
warfare: warfares
USAGE EXAMPLES
The subtitle of Banks' book is "Tales of Mischief, Mayhem and Guerrilla Warfare in the EU Referendum Campaign".
Reuters(Jan 01, 2017)
Mr Younger also warned that "hybrid warfare", which included cyber-attacks and subverting democracy, was becoming an "increasingly dangerous phenomenon".
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
The Super Hornet and its electronic warfare variant, the EA-18G Growler, employ thousands in St. Louis at Boeing and its contractors.
Seattle Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 战争，战争状态; 斗争，冲突; 军事行为; 兵火
分布：战争(89%)，冲突(11%)
→war,战争，fare,旅程，进行。
n.战争(状态);斗争;冲突"Beware the software in the warhouse during the warfare," hare said glaring at me.兔子怒视着我说："战争期间当心仓库里的软件."
US ['wɔ:r.fer] noun uncountable
■the activity of fighting a war, often including the weapons and methods that are used 战争；作战，交战
• guerrilla/naval/nuclear/trench warfare 游击战／海战／核战／堑壕战
battle, fight, struggle, combat, campaign, warfare, war, engagement
这组词都有“战斗，战争”的意思，其区别是：
battle: 侧重指战争中的一次较全面、时间较长的战斗，也指陆军或海军在某一特定地区进行的战斗，或个人之间的争斗。
fight: 最普通用词，含义广，指战斗、斗争或打斗。
struggle: 指激烈或时间持续长的战斗或奋力斗争。
combat: 泛指军事行动，尤指小规模的战斗，甚至是格斗。
campaign: 通常指在一场大的战争中在某一地区进行的一连串有既定目的的军事行动。也可作引申用。
warfare: 侧重指战争状态或具体的作战方法。
war: 是战争的总称，一般指包括多个战役的大规模战争。
engagement: 指交战，交火。
n. 战争；冲突
 - war, interference, sword, conflict, collision

Word: mound
Front: mound
[maʊnd] (5067/7100 -1)
Vocabulary: mound
(once / 504 pages)
nv
A mound is a heap or a pile of material or objects. You can make a mound of clothes by dumping your laundry onto your bed.
The noun mound is occasionally used to mean "a hill," but it most often describes a manmade pile, like a mound of stones or a mound of sand heaped on the beach, or a mound of snow that you sculpt into a rabbit. On a baseball diamond, the pitcher's mound is the little rise on which the pitcher stands to throw the ball. As a verb, mound means to pile something into a heaped shape.
WORD FAMILY
mound: mounded, mounding, mounds
USAGE EXAMPLES
On the mound with his face right up to Michael’s, he glanced at the runner on third and said, “Pick him off.”
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
The grass-fed meat, cooked long and slow with about 16 spices, sits atop a generous mound of rice, each tiny grain perfectly thin and fluffed.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
Those gaudy numbers, especially on the mound, represented two sides of the same coin to father Jim.
Washington Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: n. 土堆，土丘; 堆; [考古学] 坟墩; [棒球] 投球区土墩
时态：mounded, mounding, mounds
分布：土墩(43%)，一堆(32%)，筑堤(10%)，小丘(10%)，用土堆防卫(5%)
→来自中古英语mound,防御土墙，围墙，来自古英语mund,手，保护，监护权，来自man,手，词源同manual,manipulate.后引申词义土墩，土丘，词义可能受到mount影响。
noun countable
PILE 堆
■a large pile of earth, stones, etc. like a small hill 土堆，沙石堆；小丘
• a burial mound (= a place where people were buried in ancient times) 墓冢
■a large pile of something （一）堆，一（垛）
• a mound of potatoes/papers 一堆马铃薯／报纸
[maʊnd] noun countable
BASEBALL 棒球 US the raised area in baseball from which the pitcher throws the ball （棒球场内高出地面的）投球区土墩
n. 堆；高地；坟堆；护堤
 - height, pile, raise, altitude, rise
vt. 堆起；筑堤
 - heap up

Word: medieval
Front: medieval
[ˌmediˈi:vl] (研六托雅宝 5073/3041 -2)
Vocabulary: medieval
(once / 1246 pages)
adj
Use the adjective medieval to describe something from the Middle Ages, or something so backwards that it might as well be from the Middle Ages. A teacher once rapped your knuckles with a ruler as punishment? That’s practically medieval!
Medieval can also have positive connotations, since the Middle Ages are remembered as a time of knights and courtly love, when chivalry and honor were highly valued. If a guy doesn’t mind getting his feet wet lifting his girlfriend over a big puddle, that’s medieval in a nice way. However, if he then dies of the bubonic plague, that’s medieval in a less nice way.
WORD FAMILY
medieval: medievally
USAGE EXAMPLES
The magical world of Oz now features a medieval look with period dress wear for women and the men in tunics.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
The city’s medieval cathedral and City Hall are in the area to be sealed off.
Washington Times(Dec 24, 2016)
You still play as Geralt, a kind of freelance medieval detective-slash-pest-controller, employed to deal with everything from local territorial disputes to troll infestations.
The New Yorker(Dec 24, 2016)
Back: adj. 中古的，中世纪的
分布：中世纪的(100%)
→med-,中间，词源同middle,-ev,时期，年代，词源同age,longevity.用于指欧洲的中世纪。
中世纪的(medi中间+eval→中间时代的→中世纪的)[ev=age,表示"年龄,时代"]
a.中世纪的,中古(时代)的,老式的,原始的The medieval town was fortified with a high wall.这座中世纪的城市用高墙来加强防御.
(also mediaeval) [ˌmed.i'i:.vəl] adjective
 ADVANCED
■related to the Middle Ages (= the period in European history from about 600 AD to 1500 AD) 中世纪（约西元600年至1500年间）的，中古时代的
• a medieval building/painting/town 中世纪建筑／画作／城镇
• a medieval manuscript 中世纪的手稿
adj. 中世纪的；原始的；仿中世纪的；老式的
 - original, primitive

Word: rob
Front: rob
[rɒb] (高研四六 5071/5202 -K2)
Vocabulary: rob
(once / 95 pages)
v
To rob is to steal something using violence (or the threat of violence). A criminal might rob a bank by pretending to have a weapon.
Use the verb rob when you're talking about a crime — like when a bandit robs a train in the movies, or an outlaw robs the general store on TV. You can also use it to mean "deprive," as in "Having to ride my bike to school is only going to rob me of my energy by the time I get there." Rob comes from the Old French rober, "rob, steal, or ransack."
WORD FAMILY
rob: robbed, robber, robbery, robbing, robs+/ robber: robbers/ robbery: robberies
USAGE EXAMPLES
Company spokesman Rob Carlton stated in a Nov. 17 email that Koch revenue fluctuates with the price of commodities.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Yu said he spoke to an elderly woman who was robbed of her iPhone 7, cash and cosmetics by the suspects on Dec. 22.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Thursday in the Phoenix suburb of Peoria after a man robbed a convenience store.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 抢劫; 抢夺，掠夺; 非法剥夺; 使丧失
vi. 抢劫; 掠夺
时态：robbed, robbing, robs
分布：抢劫(80%)，掠夺(20%)
→来自 rueb,*reup,抓，抢，词源同 rape,rip,rupture.
v.(of)抢劫,盗取;非法剥夺The problem is that those who are out of jobs probably rob.问题是那些失业者们可能行劫.
US [rɑ:b] (-bb-)
verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to take money or property illegally from a place, organization or person, often using violence 抢劫，掠夺；盗取
• The terrorists financed themselves by robbing banks. 恐怖分子靠抢银行来获得资金。
• My wallet's gone! I've been robbed! 我的钱包没了！我被偷了！
• They robbed the company of £2 million. 他们从这间公司盗取了两百万英镑。
■If someone is robbed of something they deserve or want, it is taken away from them 使丧失；剥夺
• A last-minute injury robbed me of my place on the team. 我在紧要关头受了伤，失去了在球队中的位置。
UK [rɒb] US [rɑ:b] (-bb-)
verb transitive
rob Peter to pay Paul
■to borrow money from one person to pay back money you borrowed from someone else 拆东墙补西墙；借新债还旧债
rob, steal, deprive, plunder
这组词都有“偷，抢，夺”的意思，其区别是：
rob: 最常用词，指用暴力恐吓或哄骗等非法手段抢夺财物。
steal: 普通用词，指暗中行窃。
deprive: 多指夺去或扣留别人拥有或可能拥有的有价值或必需的东西，也可用于指抽象的事物。
plunder: 指大规模或大范围地掠夺。
vt. 抢劫；使…丧失；非法剥夺
 - hijack, spoliate
vi. 抢劫；掠夺
 - prey upon, pillage

Word: learner
Front: learner
[ˈlɜ:nə(r)] (5078/4900)
Back: n. 学习者，初学者
分布：学习者(100%)
→来自learn,学习。
US ['lɝ:.nɚ] noun countable
■a person who is still learning something 学习者
• He's a quick learner. 他学东西很快。
• mainly UK a learner driver 实习司机
student, learner, pupil, scholar
这组词都有“学生”的意思，其区别是：
student: 普通用词，可指中学生，但主要指高等学校或专科学校的学生。
learner: 通俗用词，指某一门学问上的初学者，尤指成年的初学者。
pupil: 特指中小学生，尤其是小学生。
scholar: 可指一切学生，尤指学识渊博的某一学科的学者。
n. 初学者，学习者
 - novice, beginner

Word: reasonably
Front: reasonably
[ˈri:znəbli] (5072/2641 -K)
Back: adv. 明辨道理地; 合理地; 有理性地; 相当地
分布：合理地(35%)，适度地(27%)，相当地(27%)，有理性地(11%)
adverb
 ADVANCED
■using good judgment 理性地；有理智地；通情达理地
• Stop shouting and let's discuss this reasonably. 别吵吵嚷嚷了，我们来理智地讨论一下此事。
 ADVANCED
■satisfactorily 合意地；尚好地，尚可地
• She writes reasonably good children's books. 她写的儿童书相当不错。
• I did reasonably well at school but nowhere near as well as my sister or brother. 我的学习成绩还不错，但和我的弟弟妹妹没法比。
■at a price which is not too expensive 价格划算
• You can eat out very reasonably these days. 目前，你外出吃饭是非常划算的。
• I bought a reasonably priced radio. 我买了一部价格很划算的收音机。
reasonably, specifically
reasonably: 相当的，适度的
specifically: 明确的，特定的
adv. 合理地；相当地；适度地
 - relatively, fairly, comparatively, pretty, considerably

Word: commercial
Front: commercial
[kəˈmɜ:ʃl] (研四六托雅 1027/1235 -K4)
Vocabulary: commercial
(once / 125 pages)
1adj 2n
Commercial is an adjective describing something with money-making and marketing intentions. If you’re a bit of a book snob, steer clear of commercial fiction, which is written for the widest enjoyment.
The adjective commercial first appeared in the 1680’s, long before television commercials, which is probably what you think of when you hear the word. An al was added to commerce, and it meant "pertaining to trade." It wasn’t until the 1870's that commercial meant “done for the sake of financial profit,” and then later in the 1930's, the noun form was refined to describe “an advertisement broadcast on radio or TV.”
WORD FAMILY
commercial: commercialise, commercialism, commercialize, commercially, commercials, noncommercial, uncommercial+/ commerce: commerces, commercial /commercialise: commercialisation, commercialised, commercialising/commercialised: uncommercialised/ commercialism: commercialisms/commercialize: commercialization, commercialized, commercializes, commercializing/commercialized: uncommercialized/noncommercial: noncommercially/uncommercial: uncommercially
USAGE EXAMPLES
‘We are seeing new attempts by China to acquire companies and technology based on their government’s interests—not commercial objectives.’
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
The zoning changes proposed along the trolley will allow relatively intense commercial and residential development there, which fits with the city’s climate action plan.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Now, America’s government and commercial space workforce waits to see, first, who Trump chooses to lead NASA.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 商业的; 贸易的; 营利的; 靠广告收入的
n. （电台或电视播放的）广告
分布：商业广告(53%)，商业的(47%)
→com-, 强调。-merc, 经商，商业，词源同market, merchandise.
商业的商业广告(com+merc+ial→共同交易的→商业的)[merc,merch=trade,表示"交易"]
商业的(commerce商业+ial)[-ial表形容词"有…的"]
a.商业的;商务的;可获利的n.广告节目Not for a moment has the comment on commercial phenomenon been mentioned.那个关于商业现象的评论从未被提及过.
US [-'mɝ:-] adjective
 IMPROVER
■related to buying and selling things 商业的；商务的；贸易的
• a commercial organization/venture/success 商业组织／企业／成功
• commercial law 商法
• The commercial future of the company looks very promising. 这家公司的商业前景看起来非常光明。
■disapproving
■describes a record, film, book, etc. that has been produced with the aim of making money and as a result has little artistic value （唱片、电影、书等）商业化的，以营利为目的的
[before noun]
■describes a product that can be bought by or is intended to be bought by the general public （产品）商品化的
UK [kə'mɜ:.ʃəl] US [-'mɝ:-] adjective
[before noun]
■describes radio or television that is paid for by advertisements which are broadcast between and during programmes （广播或电视）商业性的，靠广告收入维持的
UK [kə'mɜ:.ʃəl] US [-'mɝ:-] noun countable
■an advertisement which is broadcast on television or radio （电视或广播里的）商业广告
• a commercial break 插播广告
adj. [贸易] 商业的；营利的；靠广告收入的
 - merchant

Word: bang
Front: bang
[bæŋ] (高研四六托雅 5069/4572 -2)
Vocabulary: bang
(once / 423 pages)
1nv 2n 3n 4v 5adv
A bang is a loud noise, like a door slamming or something heavy being dropped on a wood floor. Hearing a bang outside your house at night might make your dog start barking.
The sharp sound of a bang might be made by someone pounding on your front door, or two cars colliding. A bang can also be a painful physical knock, like a bang on your head when you crash your bike. You can use it as a verb as well: "Don't bang your laptop down on the table — you'll break it!" Bang shares a Scandinavian root with the Old Norse banga, "to pound."
WORD FAMILY
bang: banged, banger, banging, bangs+/banger: bangers/banging: bangingly, bangings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Meyers banged the floor with his hand in disgust, earning a technical foul.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 01, 2016)
He dumps it into the post for Morris, who bangs his way into the paint and scores.
Washington Times(Dec 01, 2016)
They also announce their presence in the stadium by executing drills and salutes, through flags and chants, by banging drums and setting off flares.
The Guardian(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: n. 猛击; 猛撞; 巨响; 爆炸声
vt. 猛击，猛撞
vi. 发出砰的一声，砰砰作响，砰地敲[推，扔]; 男性和（女性）性交
adv. 正好，完全地
时态：banged, banging, bangs
分布：巨响(48%)，刘海(15%)，重击(14%)，准确地(8%)，突然巨响(7%)，剪成刘海(4%)，大声敲(2%)，正好地(2%)
→拟声词。
n.砰砰的声音;猛击v.砰地关上,猛撞,猛击The language angel hanged up the gang and banged them at the angle of the triangle.语文天使将那伙人吊起朝三角形的角上猛撞.
verb
NOISE 噪音
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to (cause something to) make a sudden very loud noise or noises 砰砰猛击，重击；（使）发出巨响
• She banged her fist angrily on the table. 她气愤地一拳打在桌子上。
• Outside a door was banging in the wind. 外面的一扇门被风吹得砰砰作响。
• He could hear someone banging at the door. 他听到有人在砰砰地敲门。
• I could hear her in the kitchen banging about (= doing things noisily). 我能听见她在厨房里弄得砰砰乱响。
[bæŋ] verb
HIT 撞
transitive
■to hit a part of the body against something by accident （身体部位）砰地撞上
• I banged my head against/on the shelf as I stood up. 我起身时头撞在架子上。
[bæŋ] verb
SEX 性行为
intransitive offensive
■to have sex 性交
[bæŋ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  bang on informal disapproving
■to talk about something for a long time, especially in a way that is boring to other people 喋喋不休，说个没完没了
• My parents are always banging on about how much better life was 20 years ago. 我父母总是没完没了地唠叨20年前的生活是多么多么的好。
[bæŋ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] bang sb up slang
■to lock someone up, especially in prison 监禁（某人）
• She's terrified of him and won't make a statement until we've got him banged up in the cells. 她很怕他，除非我们把他关进监狱，否则她是不会作任何供述的。
[bæŋ] noun countable
NOISE 噪音
 ADVANCED
■a sudden very loud noise 砰砰猛击，重击；（使）发出巨响
• The window slammed shut with a loud bang. 窗户砰的一声关上了。
[bæŋ] noun countable
HIT 撞
■a blow or hit 打击，撞击
• I think she must have got a bang on the head. 我想她肯定撞了头。
[bæŋ] noun countable
go with a bang UK (US go over with a bang) informal
■If a party or event goes with a bang, it is very exciting and successful. 非常顺利，极为成功
[bæŋ] noun countable
more bang for your buck (s) informal
■the best result for the smallest effort 以最小的代价获得最大的收益
[bæŋ] exclamation
■used to suggest the sound of a sudden loud noise, such as a gunshot or an explosion 突然的一声巨响（如枪声或爆炸声）
• "Bang! Bang! You're dead!" said the child, pointing a plastic gun at me. “砰！砰！你被打死了！”小孩用塑胶枪指着我说。
go bang
■to make a sudden loud noise （突然的一声）巨响，咚咚声，当当声，砰砰声
• The balloon went bang when it landed on the bush. 气球落在灌木丛中时发出砰的一声。
[bæŋ] exclamation
bang goes sth informal
■said when you have just lost the opportunity to do something …泡汤了，化为泡影
• He says I have to work late tonight - so bang goes my trip to the cinema. 他说我今晚要加班——所以看电影一事就泡汤了。
[bæŋ] adverb informal
■exactly or directly 恰好，正好
• The car came to a halt bang in the middle of the road. 那辆汽车正好停在了路中央。
• I live bang opposite the cinema. 我正好住在戏院对面。
• I turned the corner and walked slap bang into him. 我转过街角，与他撞个正着。
• software that is bang (= completely) up-to-date 最新的软体
[bæŋ] adverb informal
be bang on
■to be exactly right 完全正确
• What was your answer? 76? That's absolutely bang on! 你的答案是甚么？76？完全正确！
n. 刘海；重击；突然巨响
 - pound, devel
adv. 直接地；砰然地；突然巨响地
 - directly, immediately, straight, fair
vt. 重击；发巨响
 - pound on, body blow

Word: knot
Front: knot
[nɒt] (研四六雅 5079/5061 -K2)
Vocabulary: knot
(once / 283 pages)
1nv 2n 3n 4n 5n
A knot is a securely fastened loop of string, rope, or fabric. Before kids learn to tie their shoelaces, they first have to learn to tie a simple knot. If someone asks you to "tie the knot," give it some thought since they are asking you to get married.
Sailors need to know how to make many different rope knots, and doctors learn to tie knots with the thin sutures they use to stitch wounds closed. You can also talk about a group or tight gathering of people as a knot: "A knot of fans formed around the movie star as she walked down the street." When you knot something, you tie it into knots or make a situation more complicated and snarled.
WORD FAMILY
knot: knots, knotted, knotting, knotty, unknot+/ knotty: knottier, knottiest, knottily, knottiness/unknot: unknots, unknotted, unknotting
USAGE EXAMPLES
The knot of potential conflicts includes Icahn, the billionaire investor who will serve as a special adviser to Trump.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
The knot of potential conflicts includes Mr. Icahn, the billionaire investor who will serve as a special adviser to Mr. Trump.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
One mask depicts Yeats with a swoop of lustrous white hair, his jaw shut by knotted strings.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 结，绳结，结节，（装饰用的）花结，蝴蝶结; [航]节(=浬/小时)，浬，海里; （树木或木材上的）节疤，（人或动物身上的）硬块，节，瘤; 难事，难题，麻烦事，（问题的）要点，（戏剧，小说的）情节的征结
vt. & vi. 把…打结，把…连结，捆扎，包扎; 使密切结合; 使纠结; 皱（眉）
时态：knotted, knotting, knots
分布：结(80%)，打结(9%)，节(9%)，捆扎(1%)，系牢(1%)
→来自古英语cnotta,来自Proto-Germanic*knuttan,可能最终来自nod,绑，编织，打结，词源同net,node,newel.词义节来自过去在绳子末端绑上木块，并按照均等长度打结，通过数绳结的方式来计算航行速度，并成为航海速度单位。参照log.
n.(绳)结;(树)节;节(=海里/小时)v.打结The mocker knocked the stock with the knots on the stocking and sock.嘲笑者用长袜和短裤上的结鼓打存货.
US [nɑ:t] noun countable
FASTENING 系结物
 ADVANCED
■a join made by tying together the ends of a piece or pieces of string, rope, cloth, etc （绳等的）结
• to tie a knot 打个结
UK [nɒt] US [nɑ:t] noun countable
MASS 一团
■a tight mass, for example of hair or string 绞成一团的头发（或绳）
• Alice's hair is always full of knots and tangles. 爱丽斯的头发总是缠结在一起，乱作一团。
UK [nɒt] US [nɑ:t] noun countable
GROUP 群
■a small group of people standing close together 一小群人
• Knots of anxious people stood waiting in the hall. 一群群人焦虑不安地站在大厅里等候。
UK [nɒt] US [nɑ:t] noun countable
WOOD 木头
■a small hard area on a tree or piece of wood where a branch was joined to the tree 树瘤；节；（木板上的）节疤
UK [nɒt] US [nɑ:t] noun countable
MEASUREMENT 量度 specialized
■a measure of the speed of ships, aircraft or movements of water and air. One knot is approximately 1.85 kilometres per hour 节（航速和流速单位；1节约等于1.85公里／小时）
• a top speed of about 20 knots. 最高约为20节的航速
UK [nɒt] US [nɑ:t] noun countable
in knots informal
■If your stomach is in knots, it feels tight and uncomfortable because you are nervous or excited. （胃因紧张或兴奋）紧缩的，痉挛的
UK [nɒt] US [nɑ:t] verb (-tt-)
FASTEN 系结物
transitive
■to tie in or with a knot 打个结
• He caught the rope and knotted it around a post. 他抓住绳子，把它系在一根杆子上。
UK [nɒt] US [nɑ:t] verb (-tt-)
FORM MASS 形成一团
intransitive
■to form a tight, hard, rounded mass 形成硬结
• His muscles knotted (= swelled) with the strain. 他很使劲，连肌肉都鼓起来了。
UK [nɒt] US [nɑ:t] verb (-tt-)
Get knotted! UK old-fashioned slang
■a rude way of telling someone who is annoying you to go away 别烦我！滚开！
n. （绳等的）结；节瘤，疙瘩；海里/小时（航速单位）
 - ties, nodus
vt. 打结
 - tie off
vi. 打结
 - tie off

Word: bad
Front: bad
[bæd] (中高 282/349 -K5)
Vocabulary: bad
(once / 18 pages)
1adjn 2adjadv 3adj 4adj 5adj
When something is not good, it's bad. A bad dog goes to the bathroom in the house, and bad milk has gone sour.
Bad has slightly different meanings depending on what it's describing, but the overall idea is the same: not good. If you get a bad connection on the telephone, there's something wrong with the line or phone. If someone gives you a bad check, there's no money to back up the check. If you do a bad job on a test, you got a C if you're lucky. In movies, a villain is a bad guy. Also, when someone does something wrong, they might say "My bad!"
WORD FAMILY
bad: badly, badness, bads, worse, worst +/badness: badnesses/ worse: worsen, worser, worses/worsen: worsened, worsening, worsens/ worst: worster, worstest, worsting, worsts
USAGE EXAMPLES
For those of us who pay attention to economic statistics, Mr. Obama walked into the worst economic crisis in recent history.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“Potentially, this is worse than anything he did in Watergate.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Detroit got to the playoffs mostly by winning close games against mediocre or bad teams.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 坏的，不好的; 严重的; 不舒服的; 低劣的，有害的
n. 坏人，坏事
adv. 不好地，非常地
级别：worse, worst
分布：坏的(27%)，坏事(16%)，不好的(10%)，严重的(10%)，非常(10%)，坏人(10%)，有害的(7%)，不好地(4%)，低劣的(2%)，差的(2%)，不舒服的(2%)
→词源同boar, 野猪。古义指狂野的，邪恶的。
a.坏的;低劣的;不舒服的;腐败的;严重的I feel bad about the mistake.我对这个错误感到抱歉.
adjective
UNPLEASANT 不愉快的
 ESSENTIAL (worse, worst)
■unpleasant; causing difficulties or harm 坏的，不好的；令人不悦的
• Our holiday was spoiled by bad weather. 我们的假期全被坏天气给破坏了。
• We've just had some very bad news. 我们刚刚收到了一些非常坏的消息。
• I had a very bad night (= did not sleep well) last night. 我昨晚没有睡好。
• Watch out - he's in a bad mood (= being unpleasant to everyone). 小心——他的心情不好。
• She's just a bad loser (= She is unpleasant when she loses). 她这人输不起。
• The company has been getting a lot of bad publicity /getting a bad press (= harmful things have been written or said about it) recently. 该公司最近在媒体上有很多负面的新闻。
• The queues were so bad (= unpleasantly long) that I didn't bother waiting. 排队的人太多，我不想等了。
• The company's financial situation is looking rather bad at the moment. 公司现时的财务状况看来很不好。
• The damage caused by the storm was nothing like as/nowhere near as bad (= not as serious) as we'd feared it might be. 暴风雨造成的破坏没有我们原来想像的那样可怕。
• Breathing in other people's cigarette smoke is bad for you (= has a harmful effect on your health). 吸二手烟对身体有害。
• This is rather a bad (= not convenient or suitable) time for me to talk. Can I call you back later? 我现在不方便跟你通话。我等一下再回电话给你好吗？
not (too) bad informal
■quite good or satisfactory 还可以；很不错
• "How are things?" "Not too bad, thanks." “最近怎么样？”“还可以，谢谢。”
not bad informal
■very good 很好
• He was best in his age group - not bad, eh? 他是他那个年龄组别中最好的——很不错，对吧？
feel bad
■to feel ashamed and sorry 感到羞愧；感到抱歉；感到难过
• Knowing that I hurt her makes me feel really bad. 得知自己伤害了她，我感到很难受。
• I feel bad about letting them down. 我让他们失望了，感到很难过。
go from bad to worse
■If a situation goes from bad to worse, it was difficult and unpleasant, and is becoming even more so （情况）变得更糟，恶化
• Things have gone from bad to worse. 情况目前变得更糟了。
  Common Learner Errors  bad or badly? Warning: do not confuse the adjective bad with the adverb badly :
✗ The concert was bad organized. The concert was badly organized. Bad is sometimes used in informal US English to mean 'very much': I miss him real bad.
[bæd] adjective
LOW QUALITY 品质低劣
 ESSENTIAL (worse, worst)
■low quality; not acceptable 劣质的，很差的；不可接受的
• The plumber made rather a bad job of the repairs. 这名水管工的工作做得很糟。
• Are the company's current difficulties a result of bad (= harmful) luck or bad (= of low quality) judgment? 公司目前的困境是因为运气不好还是决策错误而造成的？
• He has some very bad habits. 他有一些坏习惯。
• In some parts of the world, it is considered bad manners to pick up food or cutlery with the left hand. 在世界上的某些地区，用左手进食或使用餐具会被认为是失礼的行为。
• He was sent home from school for bad behaviour. 他因为行为不检被学校开除了。
• That remark was in (rather) bad taste , wasn't it? 那句话很低俗，对吧？
• I'm very bad at cooking (= cannot do it very well). 我的厨艺很差。
[bæd] adjective
EVIL 邪恶的
 ADVANCED (worse, worst)
■(of people or actions) evil or morally unacceptable 邪恶的；道德败坏的
• There are a lot of bad people in the world. 世界上有很多的坏人。
• He's got his faults but he's not a bad person. 他是有缺点，但本性不坏。
[bæd] adjective
PAINFUL 痛苦的 (worse, worst)
■causing or experiencing pain 令人痛苦的；疼痛的
• She can't walk up all those steps, not with her bad leg! 她的腿痛成那样，上不了那么多阶梯！
• a bad cough 咳得厉害
[bæd] adjective
DECAYED 腐烂的
■harmful to eat because of being decayed 腐烂的，变质的
• We'd better eat this chicken before it goes bad. 我们最好趁鸡肉还没有变坏时，赶快把它吃掉吧。
[bæd] adjective
be in a bad way UK
■to be ill, unhappy, or in a bad state 生病；不高兴；状态不佳
• She was thin and tired-looking and generally in a bad way. 她看起来又瘦又疲惫，大体来说状态不佳。
• After 17 years of Conservative government, the country was in a bad way. 在保守党政府执政了17年之后，该国的状况很不乐观。
[bæd] adjective
give sth up as a bad job
■to stop doing something because you do not feel it is worth continuing （因为觉得不值得继续而）放弃
• After three attempts to mend it, I gave it up as a bad job. 尝试修理了三次以后，我就放弃了。
[bæd] adverb US informal for
■badly (= very much) 很，非常
• He needs the money real bad. 他非常需要这笔钱。
• My arm hurts so bad. 我的手臂痛得很厉害。
[bæd] adverb
have got it bad informal
■to be very much in love 处于热恋中
ill, poor, bad, evil, wicked
这组词都有“坏的”的意思，其区别是：
ill: 与evil意义接近，但语气弱一些，常指道德或性质方面的不良。
poor: 普通用词，侧重指事物的质量或数量低于标准或不合要求。用于指天气与食品时可与bad通用。
bad: 含义广泛，指任何不好的或不合需要的品质。
evil: 语气比bad强，强调道德上的邪恶不良，含狡猾凶险或危害他人的意味。
wicked: 语气比evil强，指居心叵测，任意违反道德标准，有意作恶。
badly, bad
badly: 副词,不好,但与need, want, require连用为"很,非常" I need the book badly.
bad: 形容词, go bad
adj. 坏的；严重的； [气象] 劣质的
 - acute, serious, ill
n. 坏事；坏人
 - wrong, rascality
adv. 很，非常；坏地；邪恶地
 - greatly, quite, badly, extremely, too, highly, far

Word: dragon
Front: dragon
[ˈdrægən] (研四六 5085/4842 -2)
Vocabulary: dragon
(once / 1156 pages)
1n 2n
A dragon is a fire-breathing mythological animal, a winged, flying, scaly creature. In many European legends, brave knights battle evil dragons.
The dragon shows up in the mythologies of many different cultures, usually breathing fire and resembling a giant reptile or serpent with wings. The monster in the ancient Mesopotamian poem the "Epic of Gilgamesh" is often called a dragon, and the Old English story "Beowulf" also features a fearsome dragon. In several Asian cultures, dragons represent wisdom, nature, and longevity. The Greek root is drakon, "serpent" or "giant seafish."
WORD FAMILY
dragon: dragons
USAGE EXAMPLES
One aria speaks of “you scum of the world,” of “dragon’s brood” spitting venom in the Saviour’s face.
The New Yorker(Dec 25, 2016)
Some children heard about them in a fantastical context, in which they were told that dragons or ghosts collect them.
Salon(Dec 22, 2016)
Like “Game of Thrones,” but with a sense of humor and more werewolves than dragons.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 15, 2016)
Back: n. 龙，龙船; [D-][天文学]天龙（星座）; [口语、贬义]脾气暴躁的人
分布：龙(100%)
→来自希腊语drakon, 海蛇，蛇怪，来自derk, 看，锐利，来自der的扩大形式，撕开，词源同tear.因蛇的令人恐惧的眼情而得名，后用于指传说中的龙，在西方文化里通常为邪恶的象征。为与中国文化中的龙加以区别，通常区分为European dragon, Chinese dragon.
n.龙Dragon is regarded as a symbol of power.龙被看作是权力的象征.
noun countable
ANIMAL 动物
■a large frightening imaginary animal, usually represented with wings, a long tail and fire coming out of its mouth 龙
■Australian
■any of various types of lizard 蜥蜴
['dræg.ən] noun countable
WOMAN 女人 informal
■an unfriendly and frightening woman 悍妇，恶婆
• She's a real old dragon. 她真是个老恶婆。
n. 龙；凶暴的人，凶恶的人；严厉而有警觉性的女人
 - tiger, wyrm

Word: advocacy
Front: advocacy
[ˈædvəkəsi] (宝 5074/10533 -1)
Vocabulary: advocacy
(once / 1997 pages)
n
When you give your active support to an idea or cause, you are showing your advocacy for that cause. Your advocacy for an animal rights group might help raise money to save stray pups.
The noun advocacy comes to English from a term used in Roman law. An advocate was a professional whose job was to plead cases in front of a court of law. That meaning led to the verb form advocate, as well as advocacy, to describe the work of an advocate. "The lunchroom staff were advocates for healthier school lunches; their advocacy was supported by parents and the school board; however, the students were reluctant to give up their cookies and chips."
WORD FAMILY
advocacy: advocacies+/ advocate: advocacy, advocated, advocates, advocating, advocator
USAGE EXAMPLES
Mr. Petraeus and retired astronaut Mark Kelly teamed up this year to launch the gun control advocacy group Veterans Coalition for Common Sense.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In the Philippines, he worked in research, advocacy and policy legislation, which led to the development of sustainable organic agriculture to feed the poor.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Environmental groups and other liberal advocacy organizations are hoping for more such moves by Mr. Obama, up until his last moments in office.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 支持; 辩护; 辩护术; 辩护业
分布：支持(52%)，拥护(32%)，鼓吹(16%)
N-SING
拥护；提倡；主张
Someone's advocacy of a particular action or plan is their act of recommending it publicly.
例：I support your advocacy of free trade.我支持你自由贸易的主张。
N-UNCOUNT
辩护；辩护术
Advocacy is the way in which lawyers deal with cases in court.
例：Sir Peter would also like to see the current adversarial system of advocacy examined by the royal commission.彼得爵士也乐于见到王室委员会审查当前对抗式的辩护制度。
N-UNCOUNT
（试图影响政府或其他权力机构决策的）游说（团体或组织）
An advocacy group or organization is one that tries to influence the decisions of a government or other authority.
例：Consumer advocacy groups are not so enthusiastic about removing restrictions on the telephone companies.保护消费者团体并不热衷于取消对电话公司的限制。
n. 主张；拥护；辩护
 - opinion, up with, affirmation

Word: tilt
Front: tilt
[tɪlt] (研六托雅宝 5070/6422 -2)
Vocabulary: tilt
(once / 780 pages)
1vn 2nv 3n
Tilt is both a noun and a verb. It has many shades of meaning, but most involve a slope or slant. When you're dizzy from eating too much, you might tilt when you walk away from the table.
The verb tilt can also indicate a slight preference for one thing over another. When Mavis and Marvin argue, you tend to tilt toward Marvin’s point of view, meaning you think he's probably right — you lean in that direction. As a noun tilt can mean a steep slant. When you climb Everest, you’ll find that the face of the mountain is at a dangerous tilt — it's very steep.
WORD FAMILY
tilt: tilted, tilter, tilting, tilts+/tilter: tilters
USAGE EXAMPLES
The vacancies reflect a long-term goal of McConnell and other leading Republicans to tilt the court system toward conservatives.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
At the end of the day, panelists vote on approval questions, and even here FDA tilts the outcome.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 31, 2016)
In the U.S., officials at some colleges say it’s clear Trump’s election is tilting enrollment patterns.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 使倾斜; （在马上）拿枪扎; 抨击，攻击
vi. 倾斜; 〈美〉有倾向性，偏袒; 抨击
n. 倾斜，歪斜; 斜坡，坡度; 马上刺枪比赛; 跳动锤，落锤
时态：tilted, tilting, tilts
分布：倾斜(89%)，抨击(6%)，争论(3%)，车盖(1%)，以全速(1%)
→来自古英语 tealt,倾斜的，不稳的，来自 Proto-Germanic*taltaz,倾斜，摇晃。引申词义倾斜， 倾侧，可能进一步引申词义马上打斗，骑马比武，并抽象化为打击，抨击。
v.(使)倾侧;(使)倾斜n.倾侧;倾斜The tilted salt filters halt alternately for altering.倾斜的盐过滤器交替地停下以便改造.
verb
intransitive or transitive
■to (cause to) move into a sloping position （使）倾斜
• He tilted his chair backwards and put his feet up on his desk. 他把椅子向后倾，双脚搁在写字枱上。
• Anna looked up at him with her head tilted to one side. 安娜歪着脑袋，抬头望着他。
• The front seats of the car tilt. 汽车前座倾斜了。
[tɪlt] verb
tilt at windmills literary
■to fight enemies who do not really exist 向风车挑战；跟实际不存在的敌人战斗
[tɪlt] verb
tilt the balance/scales (also tip the balance/scales)
■If something tilts the balance, it is the thing which causes a particular situation to happen or a particular decision to be made when other situations or decisions are possible 打破平衡／使天平倾斜；起决定性作用
• This might just tilt the balance in the government's favour. 这样或许正好打破平衡，使形势有利于政府一方。
[tɪlt] noun countable usually singular
■when something is in a sloping position or when something moves in a particular direction, especially up or down 倾斜，倾侧
• She wore her hat at a tilt. 她歪戴着帽子。
• figurative There has been a tilt to/towards/away from the socialists among some groups of young people. 在一些青年团体中，存在着一种亲／反社会主义的倾向。
[tɪlt] noun countable usually singular
at full tilt
■as fast as possible 全速地；尽快
• The plant is operating at full tilt to cope with demand. 为应付需求，这家工厂全速生产。
tilt, slope, tip
这组词都有“倾斜”的意思，其区别是：
tilt: 指有意识地或长时间地使物体处于倾斜状态。
slope: 指向上或向下渐渐倾斜的表面，多用于山、屋顶等缓缓倾斜。
tip: 指向一边倾斜或向上翻转、失去平衡或完全翻转过来。
vi. [航] [气象] 倾斜；翘起；以言词或文字抨击
 - pitch, slope, lean
vt. [航] [气象] 使倾斜；使翘起
 - slope, lean
n. [航] [气象] 倾斜
 - slope, pitch, clino

Word: monetary
Front: monetary
[ˈmʌnɪtri] (研六托雅宝 5077/2863 -3)
Vocabulary: monetary
(once / 770 pages)
adj
If it has to do with money or currency, it’s monetary, like your childhood toy collection that has no monetary value, but you love it nonetheless.
The adjective monetary is related to a Latin word that means “mint,” which is not just a refreshing gum or ice cream flavor but, in this case, where money is made. Anything that pertains to money can be described as monetary, like a country whose monetary system consists of metal coins of different denominations or an antiques expert who can tell you the monetary value of the old things in our attic.
WORD FAMILY
monetary: monetarily, monetarism, monetise, monetize +/demonetise: demonetisation, demonetised, demonetises, demonetising/demonetize: demonetization, demonetized, demonetizing/monetarism: monetarist/monetarist: monetarists/monetise: demonetise, monetisation/ monetize: demonetize, monetization, monetized, monetizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
There’s also evidence that both monetary and nonmonetary compensation offer strong incentives for donation.
Slate(Dec 30, 2016)
The International Monetary Fund estimates that national output shrank 8 percent in 2016 and inflation was almost 500 percent.
Washington Times(Dec 29, 2016)
The investigation eventually determined that both nonmonetary and some monetary transactions were improperly recorded.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 货币的，金钱的; 钱的（尤指一国的金融）; 金融的; 财政的，财政（上）的
分布：货币的(70%)，金融的(30%)
→来自拉丁语moneta,硬币，铸币，铸币处，词源同mint,money.
a.金融的,货币的The monetary system of certain countries used to be based on gold.某些国家的货币制度过去一直是金本位的.
adjective
 ADVANCED
■relating to the money in a country 货币的，金融的
• monetary policy 货币政策
• monetary control 货币管制
• The monetary unit of the UK is the pound. 英国的货币单位是英镑。
adj. 货币的；财政的
 - financial, fiscal

Word: prosperity
Front: prosperity
[prɒˈsperəti] (研四六托宝 5082/5349 -2)
Vocabulary: prosperity
(once / 247 pages)
n
Use prosperity to refer to the state of being successful. In the US, the decades following World War II were characterized by rising prosperity, with large numbers moving into the middle class.
Prosperity usually means the type of success that comes from having a lot of money. Our modern English word derives from Middle English prosperite, borrowed through Old French from Latin prosperus "favorable." The Latin word also means "fortunate," and the word prosperity does have an element of good luck.
WORD FAMILY
prosperity: prosperities+/ prosperous: prosperity, prosperously
USAGE EXAMPLES
“At every event, I talk about how health is the cornerstone to our prosperity,” he said.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Not surprisingly, the supposed connection between greater prosperity and democratic politics failed to materialize.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
“All that we strive for as a human family — dignity and hope, progress and prosperity — depends on peace,” he said.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 繁荣; 兴旺，昌盛; 成功
分布：繁荣(94%)，兴旺(6%)
→来自prosper,使繁荣，昌盛。
繁荣昌盛(prosper+ity)[Sper=hope,表示"希望"]
n.繁荣,兴旺Peace brings prosperity.和平带来繁荣.
【记】源于：prosper（v 成功；兴隆）
US [prɑ:'sper.ə.tˌi] noun uncountable
■the state of being successful and having a lot of money 成功；（尤指经济上的）繁荣，昌盛
• A country's future prosperity depends, to an extent, upon the quality of education of its people. 一个国家未来的繁荣昌盛在一定程度上取决于国民的教育品质。
• The war was followed by a long period of peace and prosperity. 战争过后是长时间的和平与繁荣。
n. 繁荣，成功
 - success, victory, winning, up, hit

Word: antibiotic
Front: antibiotic
[ˌæntibaɪˈɒtɪk] (托雅宝 5080/7295 -2)
Vocabulary: antibiotic
(once / 4641 pages)
nadj
An antibiotic is a substance used to kill bacteria. If you're coughing up green stuff, the doctor might give you an antibiotic to fight the infection.
Since the prefix anti- means fighting, opposing, or killing, and bios is the Greek word for "life," antibiotic literally means life-killing. But doctors prescribes them primarily to kill the bacteria responsible for infections in the body. (A virus, on the other hand, cannot be treated with an antibiotic, so doctors are always making a distinction between a virus and a bacterial infection.) You can also use antibiotic as an adjective. Some plants have natural antibiotic effects when eaten.
WORD FAMILY
antibiotic: antibiotics+/ biotic: antibiotic
USAGE EXAMPLES
Everything is natural, and they don’t use antibiotics to treat their animals.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The price of Mutual’s generic antibiotic doxycycline soared more than 4,700% in the past five years, the report said.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 31, 2016)
Is Burger King's antibiotic policy less than meets the eye?
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 抗生素; 抗菌素
adj. 抗生的; 抗菌的; 抗菌作用的; 抗生素的
分布：抗生素(99%)，抗菌的(1%)
→前缀anti-, 相对。词根bio, 生命。
抗生素的(anti抗+bio生命+t+ic)[-ic 1.表形容词"…的"2.表名词"人或学科"3.表名词"某种病"]
抗生素(anti反+bio+生命+tic)[-ic 1.表形容词"…的"2.表名词"人或学科"3.表名词"某种病"]
【记】anti反，bio生命－反生命－抗生素
US [-tˌi.baɪ'ɑ:.tˌɪk] noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■a medicine or chemical that can destroy harmful bacteria in the body or limit their growth 抗生素，抗菌素
• I'm taking antibiotics for a throat infection. 因为喉咙发炎我正服用抗生素。
• a one-month course of antibiotics 一个月疗程的抗生素
• Some types of antibiotic are used to promote growth in farm animals. 某些种类的抗生素用于促进牲畜的生长。
• He's on antibiotics for an ear infection. 他耳朵发炎，正服用抗生素。
adj. [药] [微] 抗生的；抗菌的
 - germproof
n. [药] 抗生素， [微] 抗菌素
 - microbiotic, bacteriophage

Word: joint
Front: joint
[dʒɔɪnt] (研四六 2218/1489 -K4)
Vocabulary: joint
(once / 158 pages)
1nadjv 2nv 3n 4n
Whether it’s the bones making up a skeleton or the wooden sections on your breakfast table, the point where two things come together is called a joint.
The noun joint came into English through the French word joindre, meaning “to join.” Use joint to describe the point where two things connect, or join. A joint on your body allows for movement — you can look at your finger to see how that works. As an adjective, joint means "combined," like a joint gift to someone that was purchased with money combined from two or more people.
WORD FAMILY
joint: disjoint, jointed, jointedly, jointer, jointing, jointly, joints+/disjoint: disjointed, disjointing, disjointly, disjoints/ disjointed: disjointedly, disjointedness/ jointed: unjointed/jointer: jointers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Patients are generally asked to rest, drink plenty of fluids and take medication to bring down fever and reduce joint pains.
Reuters(Dec 01, 2016)
Naga, which will control the joint venture, said the platform would be launched between April and June next year.
Reuters(Dec 01, 2016)
Difficulties in breathing, stomach aches and joint pains are common.
The Guardian(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: adj. 共同的，联合的; 共享的; 两院的; 连带的，共同的
n. [解]关节; 接合处; 下流场所; 一块烤肉（英式英语）
vt. 结合，联合; 为…装上接头，使…有接缝
时态：jointed, jointing, joints
分布：关节(54%)，接头(13%)，连接(12%)，共同的(5%)，联合的(4%)，接缝(4%)，接合处(3%)，贴合(2%)，连带的(1%)，合资的(1%)，夜总会(1%)
→来自join的过去分词。
关节;连接[junct,join=join,表示"结合,连接"]
n.接合处,接头;关节a.联合的,共同的,连接的I pointed out the joint on the coin at the disappointing appointment.在令人失望的约会上,我指出了硬币上的接头.
【记】join作为词根是结合的意思
adjective
 IMPROVER
■belonging to or shared between two or more people 共有的，共用的；共同的
• a joint bank account 共有的银行户头
• The project was a joint effort/venture between the two schools (= they worked on it together). 这个项目是两所学校共同合作的。
• The two Russian ice-skaters came joint second (= They were both given second prize) in the world championship. 两名俄罗斯溜冰运动员在世界锦标赛中并列第二。
• In court, the parents were awarded joint custody of their son (= the right to care for him was shared between them). 法庭上这对父母获判对他们的儿子共同拥有监护权。
• UK Adrian has a joint honours (Australiandouble honours)degree in English and philosophy (= He studied both subjects to the same standard). 阿德里安拥有英语和哲学的双荣誉学位。
[dʒɔɪnt] noun countable
BODY 身体
■a place in your body where two bones are connected 关节
• an elbow/hip/knee joint 肘／髋／膝关节
• As you become older, your joints get stiffer. 随着年龄增长，关节就会越发僵硬。
put sth out of joint
■to force a joint in the body out of its correct position by accident 使脱臼
• I put my shoulder out of joint last weekend lifting heavy boxes. 我上周末搬重箱子时肩膀脱臼了。
[dʒɔɪnt] noun countable
CONNECTION 连接
■a place where two things are fixed together 接头；接缝；结合处
• Damp has penetrated the joints in the wood panelling. 湿气已渗透到木板饰面的接缝处。
[dʒɔɪnt] noun countable
MEAT 肉
■a large piece of meat which is cooked in one piece 一大块烤肉
• a joint of beef/pork 一大块烤牛肉／烤猪肉
■a piece of meat for cooking, usually containing a bone 带骨的大块肉
• Fry four chicken joints in a pan with some mushrooms and garlic. 用平底锅将四大块带骨鸡肉与蘑菇和大蒜一起煎。
[dʒɔɪnt] noun countable
PLACE 地方 informal
■a bar or restaurant which serves cheap food and drink （卖廉价饮食的）酒吧（或餐馆）
• We had lunch at a hamburger joint and then went to see a movie. 我们在一家汉堡包店吃了午餐，然后去看电影。
■slang
■a place where people go for entertainment and which often has a bad reputation 不良场所（尤指声誉不佳的娱乐场所）
• He owned several bars in the city and ran an illegal gambling joint. 他在市内拥有好几家酒吧，还经营着一个非法赌场。
• We arrived at the club just before midnight and the joint was already jumping (= busy). 我们在将近午夜时到达俱乐部，那里已经人声鼎沸了。
[dʒɔɪnt] noun countable
DRUG 毒品 slang
■a cigarette containing the drug cannabis 大麻烟卷
[dʒɔɪnt] noun countable
put sth out of joint
■to prevent a plan from working correctly 使混乱；使无秩序
• Our whole schedule was put out of joint by the designs arriving a week late. 设计图晚了一周才送来，我们整个计划都被打乱了。
[dʒɔɪnt] verb transitive
■to cut meat into large pieces ready for cooking 把（肉）切成大块（供烹调用）
reciprocal, joint, mutual, common
这组词都有“共同的，相互的”的意思，其区别是：
reciprocal: 着重互惠，有来有往。
joint: 强调至少两人或两方共同占用，侧重指一个统一体。
mutual: 着重彼此共有或共享，局限于双方的关系。
common: 侧重两人或多人共有共同，但不暗示彼此间存在的等价关系。
n. [解剖] 关节； [建] 接缝；接合处，接合点；（牛，羊等的腿）大块肉
 - seam, junction
adj. 共同的；连接的；联合的，合办的
 - mutual, corporate, common, linked, connected
vt. 连接，贴合； [建] 接合；使有接头
 - cement, piece, couple

Word: time
Front: time
[taɪm] (中高雅 52/50 -K5)
Vocabulary: time
(once / 4 pages)
1n 2nv 3nv 4n 5n
Time is the movement from past to present to future. You can tell time with a clock, and it takes time to do anything.
You can have a great time at a party, serve time in jail, or keep time while making music. You can time the runners in a race by keeping track of how long it takes them to finish. Time flies when you're having fun, but sometimes it feels like you have all the time in the world. It's hard to find the right time for some things — like proposing marriage. When you die, your time has run out.
WORD FAMILY
time: mistime, overtime, timed, timeless, timely, timer, times, timing+/mistime: mistimed, mistimes, mistiming/ overtime: overtimes/timed: ill-timed, timedly/ timeless: timelessly, timelessness/ timely: timelier, timeliest, timelily, timeliness, untimely /timer: timers/times: timeses/timing: timings/ untimely: untimeliness
USAGE EXAMPLES
You’re three time more likely to eat the first food you see than the fifth one.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
The school announced the procedure is scheduled for Friday, with an anticipated recovery time of four weeks.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
“This is the first time that something like this is being done in the country.”
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: n. 时间; 时刻; 时代; 次
vt. 为…安排时间; 测定…的时间; 调准（机械的）速度; 拨准（钟、表）的快慢
vi. 合拍; 和谐; 打拍子
adj. 定时的; 定期的; [美国英语]分期（付款）的
int. [体育]时间到，（一场或一局等的）比赛时限，暂停
时态：timed, timing, times
分布：时间(88%)，时代(4%)，时间的(3%)，时期(2%)，计时(1%)，倍(1%)，节拍(1%)
→来自古英语 tima,一段时间，限时，来自 Proto-Germanic*timon,一段时间，来自 di-mon, 来自*da,分开，切分，词源同 tide,democracy,*mon,名词后缀，即-men,-ment.后引申诸相关词 义，并由一段时间引申词义次，回。
n.时间,时刻;次,回;时代,时期;倍,乘With time elapsing, the flaps collapse up on his clapper's lap.随着时间流逝,袋盖在拍手者的膝上堆叠起来.
noun
MINUTES/DAYS/YEARS 分／日／年
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■that part of existence which is measured in seconds, minutes, hours, days, weeks, months, years, etc., or this process considered as a whole 时间
• He wants to spend more time with his family. 他想多花时间陪家人。
• Time passes so quickly when you're enjoying yourself. 玩得高兴时，时间过得特别快。
• She grew more and more fascinated by the subject as time went on/by. 随着时间推移，她对这学科越来越着迷。
• The curtains have faded over/with time (= as years have gone past). 年深日久，窗帘已经褪色了。
• You'll forget her in time (= in the future). 你迟早会忘记她的。
• Over the course of time (= as years have gone past) , holes have formed in the rock. 随着岁月的流逝，岩石上出现了洞眼。
• I only worked there for a short period of time. 我只在那里工作过一段短时间。
• I'd like to visit them all but time is short (= there is little time left). 所有地方我都想参观，可时间不够。
all the time IMPROVER
■continuously 不停，一直
• I wish you'd stop criticizing me all the time. 我希望你别再没完没了地批评我。
waste time IMPROVER
■to not make good use of the hours, etc. that you have available 浪费时间
• If you'd got on with your work instead of wasting time chatting, you'd be finished by now. 如果你当时继续工作而不是浪费时间去聊天，你现在已经完成任务了。
in no time (also in next to no time)
■very quickly or very soon 很快，马上，立刻
• The children ate their dinner in no time. 孩子们很快吃完了饭。
• We'll be home in next to no time. 我们将立刻回家。
no time to lose
■If you say there is or that you have no time to lose, it means that you must do quickly whatever it is that you want to do 没时间耽搁
• Come on, there's no time to lose, we must get home before John finds out. 赶快，没有时间耽搁了，我们必须在约翰发现之前赶到家。
for all time literary
■always 总是
• I will love you for all time. 我会永远爱你。
of all time
■that has ever lived or existed 有史以来
• She's been called the greatest opera singer of all time. 她被称为有史以来最伟大的歌剧演唱家。
[taɪm] noun
ABLE TO DO STH 可做些东西
have time
 ESSENTIAL
■If you have got time, you have enough time to do something 有时间
• We haven't got much time before the train leaves. 在火车开动之前，我们的时间不多了。
• Have you got time for a quick drink after work? 下班后你有没有时间小酌一杯？
• I'd like to learn to sail, but I haven't the time (= I am too busy). 我想学驾帆船，可我没时间。
• [+ to infinitive] I haven't got time to go to the shops today. 我今天没有时间去商店购物。
run out of time IMPROVER
■to not have enough hours, etc. available to finish something you are trying to do 时间不够
• She ran out of time and didn't finish the last question. 她时间不够，最后一道题没有答完。
be (all) out of time mainly US informal
■to not have enough minutes, etc. available 没有足够的时间
• I'd like to continue this discussion but we're all out of time. 我很想继续这讨论，但我们的时间不够。
time's up informal
■there are no more minutes, hours, etc. available 时间到了
• OK everyone, time's up for this week - see you all again at next week's class. 好了，各位，这星期的课就上到这里——下星期上课再见。
[taɪm] noun
PERIOD 时期
 ESSENTIAL [S or U]
■a particular period of seconds, minutes, hours, days, weeks, months, years, etc. for which something has been happening, or which is needed for something, or which is available for something 一段时间
• I enjoyed my course at first, but after a time I got bored with it. 起初我很喜欢修习这课程，但过了一段时间后就厌烦了。
• They stayed with us for a short time. 他们和我们在一起呆了一会儿。
• That was the best restaurant I've been to for/in a long time (= a long period has gone past since I went to such a good restaurant). 那是我很长一段时间以来去过最好的餐厅。
• It was some time ago that I last heard from her. 我最后一次收到她的信已有一段时间了。
• We're going on holiday in two weeks' time (= after two weeks have gone past). 我们过两周要去渡假。
• During her time (= While she was) in office, the Prime Minister introduced a large number of changes. 首相在执政期间推行了多项改革。
• When Paula was ill, I took her some magazines to help her pass the time (= to try to make the hours, etc. feel as if they were going past less slowly). 宝拉生病时，我给她带去一些杂志帮她消磨时间。
• If you'd taken more time with/over (= spent more hours doing) this essay, you could have done it much better. 如果你在这篇文章上多花些时间，本可以写得好得多。
• It takes a long time (= many hours are needed) to get from London to Sydney. 从伦敦到雪梨要花很长时间。
• We'd save time on our journey (= It would be quicker) if we went by train. 如果我们坐火车去，就会在旅程上节省时间。
• What do you like doing in your spare/free time (= the time when you're not working) ? 你闲暇时间喜欢做甚么？
• I don't know how you find time to do all the things you do. 我不知道你是怎么抽出时间做所有这些事情的。
• I thought we'd give her a bit more time (= allow her more time) to get the job done. 我原以为我们会给她多一点时间完成工作。
at the time IMPROVER
■at the particular point when something was thought of or done 在当时
• It seemed like a good idea at the time. 在当时这似乎是个好主意。
have/take time off
 ADVANCED
■to stop work, in order to do something else 抽出时间
• I asked my boss if I could have some time off (from work) to go to the dentist. 我问老板我能不能抽出一些时间去看牙医。
for a time
 ADVANCED
■for a short period 一些时候，一小段时间
• For a time, we all thought that Sheila and Frank would get married. 我们都一度认为希拉和弗兰克会结婚。
for the time being
 ADVANCED
■for a limited period 暂时，暂且
• Leave the ironing for the time being - I'll do it later. 暂且放一放烫衣服的工作——我晚些来烫。
at any time
 ADVANCED
■ever 在任何时候
• Parking is not allowed here at any time. 这里任何时候都不得停车。
from time to time
 ADVANCED
■sometimes but not often 偶尔，有时
• From time to time I still think of her. 我偶尔还会想起她。
time after time
■again and again 一次又一次
• Time after time she gets involved in relationships with unsuitable men. 她一次次地与不般配的男人陷入情感纠葛。
time and (time) again
■very often 屡次，经常
• I've told you time and time again - look before you cross the road. 我多次跟你说——过马路之前要先看一看。
at your time of life
■at a person's present age 在…的年纪
• At his time of life, he ought to be taking things easy. 他这样年纪应该享享清福了。
[taɪm] noun
PARTICULAR POINT 特定的时间点
 ESSENTIAL countable or only singular or uncountable
■a particular point in the day, as expressed in hours and minutes or shown on a clock, or a particular point in the day, week, month or year, etc 时刻；时间点；钟点
• "What's the time?" "It's ten o'clock." “现在甚么时间？”“十点。”
• What time is it? 现在几点了？
• What time do you finish work? 你甚么时候完成工作？
• Have you got the time (on you) (= Do you know what time it is) ? 你知道几点吗？
• He's teaching his daughter to tell the time (= to recognize what time it is by looking at a clock). 他在教女儿看钟表。
• Did you find out the times of the trains to London (= the particular points in the day at which they leave) ? 你查到去伦敦的火车的开车时间吗？
• The estimated time of arrival/departure of this flight is 11.15. 这次航班估计在11点15分到达／起飞。
• Oh dear, is that the (right) time (= Is it that late) ? 哦，天哪，有这么晚了吗？
• The kitchen clock is gaining/losing time (= is showing a particular point in the day that is increasingly later or earlier than the real one). 厨房的钟快／慢了。
• My watch has never kept very good time (= been correct in showing what particular point in the day it is). 我的手表从来都不准。
• We always have dinner at the same time every day. 我们每天总是在同一时间吃晚饭。
• I was exhausted by the time (= when) I got home. 我到家时已经筋疲力尽了。
• "What would be the best time of day for us to deliver the table?" "Oh, any time will be OK." “我们甚么时候送桌子最合适？”“哦，甚么时候都行。”
• Today's temperatures will be normal for the time of year (= will be as they are expected to be at this particular point in the year). 今天的气温会和往年此时的平均气温一样。
• Just think, this time (= at the same particular point during) next week we'll be in Mauritius. 想想吧，下星期这个时候我们就在模里西斯了。
• We regret that at the present time (US alsoat this time)(= for now, although it is hoped not in the future) we are unable to supply the goods you ordered. 很遗憾，我们现在无法供应您订的货。
• The time is fast drawing near/approaching when (= it will soon be the particular point at which) we'll have to make a decision one way or the other. 要么这样，要么那样，很快就到我们必须下决心的时刻。
uncountable
■the system of recording hours used in different parts of the world （世界各地不同的）计时体系
• Greenwich Mean Time 格林威治平均时
• daylight saving time 夏令时
[taɪm] noun
SUITABLE POINT 合适的时间点
 ESSENTIAL [S or U]
■a particular point of the day, week, month, year, etc. that is suitable for a particular activity, or at which something is expected to happen （从事特定活动或某事应该发生的）时间，时候
• holiday time 假期
• party time 玩乐时间
time 1 3. Put your toys away now, it's time for bed.
现在收拾好玩具，该睡觉了。
• It's time (that) I was leaving. 我该动身了。
• [+ to infinitive] Is it time to go home yet? 该回家了吗？
• When would be a good time for me to call you? 我甚么时候合适给你打电话？
• This is not the time (= not a suitable moment) to be thinking about buying a house. 现在不是考虑买房子的时候。
• This is no time (= not a suitable moment) to change your mind. 现在不是你改变主意的时候。
• I feel that the time has come (= now is a suitable moment) for me to move on. 我觉得是我离开的时候了。
• The repairs to the road were finished two weeks ahead of time (= sooner than was expected). 道路维修工程提前两星期完成。
• Why is it that the trains never run on time (= make their journeys in the expected number of hours, etc.) ? 为甚么火车从不准时？
• She's grown old before her time (= sooner than she might have been expected to have done). 她过早衰老。
in time IMPROVER
■early enough 及早，及时
• I got home just in time - it's starting to rain. 我正好及时赶到家——随后就开始下雨了。
• If we don't hurry up, we won't be in time to catch the train. 如果我们拖拖拉拉的，就不能及时赶上火车。
• We arrived in good time (= We arrived early) for the start of the match. 我们到得早，看到比赛的开头。
(bang/dead/right) on time informal
 IMPROVER
■happening or done at the particular moment that it was expected to happen or be done 极为准时
• The bus arrived dead on time. 公共汽车到站极为准时。
ahead of time mainly US
■earlier than a particular moment 提前
• Let's meet for lunch. I'll call you ahead of time to fix up exactly when and where. 我们见面吃个午饭吧。我会提前打电话跟你定时间和地点。
about time (also high time) informal
 ADVANCED
■If it is about time/high time that someone did something, it should have been done sooner or a long time ago 早该
• It's about time (that) the school improved its meals service. 学校早该改善膳食服务。
• It is high time for Europe to take responsibility for its own defence. 欧洲早该自行承担防御责任。
about time (too) (also not before time) informal
■said when someone does something or something happens that you think should have been done or have happened much sooner 早该
• "So Ben's finally found a job." "Yes, and about time too." “这么说，本终于找到工作了。”“对，早就该找到了。”
[taɪm] noun
OCCASION 时候
 ESSENTIAL countable
■an occasion or period, or the experience connected with it 次，回；时候；一段经历
• The last time we went to Paris, it rained every day. 上次我们去巴黎的时候，每天都下雨。
• Every time] Each time I ask you to do something, you always say you're too busy. 每次我叫你做事，你都说太忙。
• They go swimming three or four times a week. 他们每周去游泳三四次。
• There are times when I wish I didn't live where I do. 有时我真希望我不是住在现在的地方。
• The UKfour-times/ USfour-time champion (= the person who had been the winner on four occasions in the past) was unexpectedly defeated in the second round of the competition. 这名曾四度夺冠的选手出人意料地在比赛的第二轮就被打败了。
• If I'd known at the time (= then) that she was his former wife, I'd never have said what I did. 我当时要是知道她是他前妻的话，我就不会那样说了。
• Sometimes I enjoy my English lessons, but at other times (= on other occasions) I find them really boring. 有时我很喜欢英语课，但有时也感觉很枯燥。
• For the umpteenth/hundredth/thousandth time, (= I've told you on many occasions to) stop hitting your sister. 我无数次／上百次／上千次告诉过你，别再打你妹妹。
• Did you have a bad/good time (= an unenjoyable/enjoyable experience) at the conference? 你在大会上感到不舒服／舒服吗？
• She had an easy/hard time of it (= a comfortable/uncomfortable experience) with the birth of her second baby. 她生第二个孩子时很顺利／艰难。
at all times
■continuously 一直，总是
• When you're at the airport, you should make sure you have your luggage with you at all times. 在机场，要把行李一直带在你身边。
at (any) one time (also at a time) (also at any given time)
■at or during any particular point or moment in the day 每次；任何时候
• Only a certain number of people are allowed in the building at any one time. 该建筑任何时候都只允许一定数量的人员在内。
• I'm sorry, but I'm too busy to help you now - I can only do one thing at a time. 对不起，我现在太忙了，不能帮你——我一次只能做一件事。
at times
■sometimes 有时
• You can be really annoying at times, you know. 要知道，你有时很令人恼火。
the times UK
■on many occasions 多次
• The times I've told you, ask before you borrow my clothes. 我已经告诉你许多次了，在借用我的衣服之前要先问一声。
[taɪm] noun
HISTORICAL PERIOD 历史时期
 ADVANCED countable (also times)
■a period in history 历史时期；时代
• Charles Dickens' novel "A Tale of Two Cities" is set at the time of the French Revolution. 查理斯‧狄更斯的小说《双城记》是以法国大革命时期为背景的。
• In/During medieval times, women thought to be witches were burnt at the stake. 中世纪时期，人们把被认为是女巫的女人在火刑柱上烧死。
• In times gone by, all crops were harvested by hand. 在过去的时代，所有农作物都是人手收割。
• Times were hard (= The conditions of life were uncomfortable) when I was a boy. 我小时候日子很艰难。
• He is widely regarded as one of the best writers of modern/our times (= the present or very recent past). 人们普遍认为他是现代／我们这个时代最优秀的作家之一。
• I never thought it would happen in my time (= before I died). 我怎么也想不到这会在我有生之年发生。
• We sat and talked about old times (= things that had happened to us in the past.) 我们坐下来谈论往事。
at one time (also times)
 ADVANCED
■in the past 过去；一度
• At one time, George Eliot lived here. 乔治‧艾略特曾一度住在这里。
ahead of your time (UK also before your time)
■having new ideas, opinions or ways of living long before most other people do 领先时代的，超越时代的
before your time
■If something or someone is before your time, they happened or existed before you were born or were old enough to remember them 在…出生前；在…记事前
• I don't remember The Beatles - they were before my time. 我对披头四乐队没有甚么印象——那是我出生前的事。
⇒ See also ahead of time
time was
■said to mean that there was a period in the past when something used to happen or be true 在过去；想当年
• Time was (when) you could buy a loaf of bread for sixpence. 过去，你花六便士就能买到一条面包。
[taɪm] noun
RACE 比赛
countable or uncountable
■Your time in a race is the number of minutes, hours, etc. you take to complete it （赛跑中所用的）时间
• Her time for the marathon was just under three hours. 她的马拉松成绩差一点不到三小时。
• He won the 100 metres in record time. 他以创纪录的成绩赢得了100米赛跑。
[taɪm] noun
MUSIC 音乐
uncountable
■the number of beats in a bar of music, or the speed at which a piece of music is intended to be played 拍子；节奏
• This piece is written in 4/4 time. 这支曲子是四分之四拍的。
• Small children often have difficulty singing in time with the music (= at the same speed at which the music is being played). 幼儿唱歌时常常难以与音乐合拍。
• It seemed to me as if the violins were playing out of time (= at a different speed from the other instruments playing the same piece of music). 我觉得小提琴似乎不合拍。
• To beat time is to make a regular series of sounds at the same speed as a piece of music is intended to be played. 打拍子就是跟着音乐的节奏制造出一系列有规律的声响
• Watching the conductor will help you to keep time (= to play the music at the speed at which it is intended to be played). 看着指挥有助你跟上节拍。
[taɪm] noun
PRISON 监狱
do time informal
■to spend a period of weeks, months, years, etc. in prison （在监狱）服刑
• It's not always easy to find a job after you've done time. 出狱后要找到工作可不容易。
[taɪm] noun
DRINKING 喝
uncountable
■the particular point in the day at which people who are drinking in a bar in Britain have to finish their drinks and leave （英国酒吧的）打烊时间
• "Time, please," called the landlord. “对不起，要打烊了。”店主叫道。
• Is it time already? 已经到打烊的时间了吗？
[taɪm] noun
all the time in the world
■a large number of minutes, hours, etc. available 许多时间
• The doctor made me feel as if she had all the time in the world to listen to my problems. 这个医生让我觉得她似乎有很多时间来倾听我的问题。
[taɪm] noun
behind the times
■If someone or something is behind the times, they are old-fashioned. 落后于时代，过时
[taɪm] noun
be pressed for time
■to be in a hurry 时间紧迫
• I'd love to stop and chat but I'm rather pressed for time. 我真想停下来聊聊天，但我的时间太紧了。
[taɪm] noun
change with/keep up with/move with the times
■to change your ideas, opinions or way of living or working to make them modern 跟上时代潮流，与时俱进
• I don't really like working on a computer, but you have to move with the times, I suppose. 我实在不喜欢使用电脑工作，但我觉得人总得跟上时代潮流吧。
[taɪm] noun
give sb a hard time informal
■to make things difficult or unpleasant for someone 使（某人）日子不好过
• Her kids always give her a hard time when she takes them shopping. 她带孩子们去购物时，他们总是给她惹麻烦。
• My mother gave me a really hard time (= was angry with me) about staying out late. 我母亲对我在外面留到很晚感到很生气。
[taɪm] noun time 2 give sb the time of day
* If someone will not give you the time of day, they are unfriendly and refuse to speak to you 理睬，搭理（某人）
• We had an argument with our neighbours, and now they won't even give us the time of day. 我们和邻居吵了一架，到现在他们还不搭理我们。
[taɪm] noun
have a lot of time for sb informal
■to like someone and be interested in them 对（某人）有好感，喜欢（某人）
• She's really nice - I have a lot of time for Helen. 海伦人真好——我很喜欢她。
[taɪm] noun
have no time for sb
■to disapprove of someone and not want to be involved with them 对（某人）没好感，讨厌（某人）
• I've got no time for people who are always complaining. 我不喜欢老是抱怨的人。
[taɪm] noun
have time to kill
■to have nothing to do for a particular period 有时间可以消磨
• We've got some time to kill before our train arrives - shall we have a drink? 火车到达之前我们还有些时间可以打发——去喝一杯怎么样？
[taɪm] noun
a matter/question of time
■used when you think that something will happen at some point in the near future （只不过是）时间问题
• If you carry on driving like that, it'll only be a matter of time before you have an accident. 如果你老是那样开车，迟早会出事的。
[taɪm] noun
There's a time and a place (for everything). saying
■said when someone is behaving in a way which you do not think is suitable for the situation they are in （凡事）要讲究时间和场合。
[taɪm] noun
There's no time like the present. saying
■said to encourage someone to take action immediately instead of waiting 目前正是好时机。
[taɪm] noun
Time and tide wait for no man. UK literary saying
■said to emphasize that people cannot stop the passing of time, and therefore should not delay doing things 岁月不待人；时不我待
[taɪm] noun
Time flies. saying
■used to mean that time passes very and surprisingly quickly 时光飞逝
• Time flies when you're having fun. 玩得高兴的时候，时间过得飞快。
[taɪm] noun
Time hangs heavy. saying
■said when minutes, hours, weeks, etc. seem to go past very slowly 时间难以打发
• Time hangs heavy in prison. 在监狱里真是度日如年。
[taɪm] noun
Time is money. saying
■said to emphasize that you should not waste time, because you could be using it to earn money 时间就是金钱。
[taɪm] noun
Time is of the essence. formal saying
■said to encourage someone to hurry 时间是关键。
[taɪm] noun
time is on sb's side (also have time on your side)
■If you say that time is on your side, or that you have time on your side, you mean that you do not have to do quickly whatever it is that you want or have to do （某人）有充裕的时间
• We don't have to make a final decision till next week, so time is on our side. 下星期之前我们不必作出最后决定，因此我们有充裕时间。
[taɪm] noun
the time is ripe
■If you say that the time is ripe, you mean that it is a suitable point for a particular activity 时机成熟了
• I'm waiting till the time is ripe before I tell my parents that I failed my exams. 我要等到时机成熟后再告诉父母考试不及格的事。
[taɪm] noun
the time of your life
■an extremely enjoyable experience 极其快乐的时光
• We had the time of our lives at Ali's party. 在阿里家举行的派对上，我们渡过了极其快乐的时光。
[taɪm] noun
have time on your hands
■to have nothing to do 无事可做
• Now that her children are all at school, Mary has found that she has time on her hands, so she is taking a college course. 由于孩子都上学了，玛丽发现自己没事可做，所以她打算修一门大学课程。
[taɪm] noun
time stands still
■When time stands still, everything around you seems to stop 时间仿佛凝固了，周围的一切似乎凝住了
• I saw the car coming straight towards me, and for a moment time stood still. 我看见汽车朝我直开过来，一瞬间时间仿佛凝固了。
[taɪm] noun
(only) time will/can tell
■used to say that the truth or a result will only be known in the future after events have happened （只有）时间能证明
• Only time will tell whether we made the right decision. 只有时间才能证明我们的决定是否正确。
[taɪm] noun
Time's a great healer. (also Time heals (all wounds).) saying
■said to mean that a painful or difficult situation will seem less bad as time passes 时间是治愈创伤的良药。
[taɪm] noun
Times are changing. saying
■said to emphasize that society is very different from the way it was in the past 时代在变。
[taɪm] verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to decide that something will happen at a particular time 确定…的时间，为…安排时间
• [+ to infinitive] We timed our trip to coincide with my cousin's wedding. 我们把我们的旅行安排在表哥结婚的时候。
■to measure how long it takes for something to happen or for someone to do something 为…计时，测定…所需的时间
• Will you time me to see how long it takes me to swim a length? 请你给我测一下游一个单程要花多少时间好吗？
■to arrange something so that it happens at an exactly suitable time 掌握好…的时机
• If you time your departure carefully, you should be able to miss the worst of the traffic. 如果精心安排好出发的时间，你应该能够避开交通堵塞最严重的时段。
• She won the game with a brilliantly timed shot (= one played at exactly the right moment). 她掌握时机，用出色的一击赢得这场比赛。
n. [物] 时间；时代；次数；节拍；倍数
 - era, age, when, multiple
adj. 定时的；定期的；分期的
 - regular, stated, periodic, delayed

Word: creator
Front: creator
[kriˈeɪtə(r)] (5086/7103 -2)
Vocabulary: creator
(once / 1467 pages)
n
A person who invents, produces, or makes things is called a creator. If you are an author, you are the creator of the characters in your books.
The noun creator is from the Latin word creare, which means "to make or bring forth." When it is spelled with an upper-case c, Creator refers to God, and when spelled with a lowercase c, it is anyone who invents or makes something. If you are the creator of these fabulous cupcakes, I'm going to need the recipe. The creator of the latest toy craze is in town and you can hear him speak about the history of toys from the yoyo to modern gaming systems.
WORD FAMILY
creator: creators+/ create: created, creates, creating, creation, creative, creator, creature, miscreate, re-create, recreate /created: re-created/ creation: creationism, creations, re-creation/ creative: creatively, creativeness, creativity, uncreative/ creature: creatures/miscreate: miscreated, miscreating, miscreation/miscreation: miscreations/re-create: re-creating/ recreate: recreated, recreates, recreating, recreation / recreation: recreational, recreations/ recreational: nonrecreational, recreationally/uncreative: uncreatively, uncreativeness
USAGE EXAMPLES
In the waning years of the Depression, the school was a job creator and bright spot in the metro Kansas City area.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It would be hard to overplay how big a year it’s been for Lin-Manuel Miranda, the creator of Broadway’s Hamilton.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Rather than recreate the props of “At the Hawk’s Well,” Mr. Starling riffs on its creators and their colleagues in wartime Dublin, Paris and Tokyo.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 创造者，创作者
分布：创造者(86%)，上帝(14%)
US [-tˌɚ] noun countable
■someone who has invented something 创造者；创建者；创作者
• He's the creator of a successful cartoon series. 他成功地塑造了一系列卡通人物。
• Who was the creator of the miniskirt? 迷你裙的发明者是谁？
n. 创造者；创建者
 - coiner, inventor

Word: accumulate
Front: accumulate
[əˈkju:mjəleɪt] (高研四六托雅宝 5083/4997 -2)
Vocabulary: accumulate
(once / 304 pages)
v
To accumulate means to gather, usually in large quantities. Let's hope your boyfriend is not the type to accumulate girlfriends.
The root of accumulate is cumulus which means "mound" or "heap." You might have heard of cumulus clouds, those big fluffy clouds that look like giant piles of whipped cream. Think of these heaping helpings of clouds when you think of accumulate. The money in your savings account accumulates interest, though these days you won't accumulate much wealth that way! Police accumulate evidence until they have enough to charge someone with a crime.
WORD FAMILY
accumulate: accumulated, accumulates, accumulating, accumulation, accumulative+/ accumulation: accumulations/accumulative: accumulatively
USAGE EXAMPLES
For all the birdies accumulated by Woods through the four rounds of the Hero World Challenge, he also led the field with six double bogeys.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Mayoral races are the city’s most expensive and the wait will allow the voucher program more time to accumulate funds.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
The company slashed output by 30 percent in the January-March quarter this year due to accumulated inventory, the Nikkei reported.
Reuters(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 堆积，积累
vi. （数量）逐渐增加，（质量）渐渐提高
时态：accumulated, accumulating, accumulates
分布：积累(85%)，聚集(8%)，增加(7%)
→前缀ac-同ad-. 词根cum, 块，堆，见encumber,大块，阻碍。此处指堆积成块。
积累(ac+cumul堆积+ate→堆积起来→积累)[ab-,ac-,ad-,af-,ag-,an-,ap-,ar-,as-,at-等加在同辅音字母的词根前,表示"一再"等加强意]
积累[cmul=heap(堆积)]
vt.堆积,积累,积聚vi.累积,聚积Dust accumulated on the insulated simulator in the desolate lab.灰尘在孤独的实验室在被隔离的模拟器上堆积.
【反】dissipate（v 使消散，浪费）
verb
 ADVANCED transitive
■to collect a large number of things over a long period of time 积累；积聚；积攒
• As people accumulate more wealth, they tend to spend a greater proportion of their incomes. 人们积累了更多财富后，他们的花费占收入的比重也往往会增加。
• The company said the debt was accumulated during its acquisition of nine individual businesses. 该公司称其在收购九家个体公司的过程中，债务越积越多。
• We've accumulated so much rubbish over the years. 多年来我们已经堆积了这么多的垃圾。
intransitive
■to gradually increase in number or amount 逐渐增加；逐渐升高
• A thick layer of dust had accumulated in the room. 房间里积了厚厚一层灰尘。
• If you don't sort out the papers on your desk on a regular basis they just keep on accumulating. 如果你不去定期整理办公桌上的档，它们就会越积越多。
heap, gather, pile, accumulate, amass, collect
这组词都有“积聚，聚集，积累”的意思，其区别是：
heap: 主要指把沙、石、煤、草等堆高，不强调整齐。
gather: 普通用词，指人或物或抽象事物都可用。侧重于围绕一个中心的集合、聚集。
pile: 着重指比较整齐地把东西堆积在一起。
accumulate: 几乎可用于指任何事物量的增加，侧重连续不断地，一点一滴地聚积。
amass: 着重大量地积聚，尤指对如金钱、珠宝等有价值东西的大量积聚。
collect: 普通用词，多用于指物，侧重指有区别地作选择或有安排有计划地把零散物集中起来。
vi. 累积；积聚
 - store up
vt. 积攒
 - scrape up

Word: biologist
Front: biologist
[baɪˈɒlədʒɪst] (托 5075/9220)
Vocabulary: biologist
(once / 2610 pages)
n
A biologist is a scientist who focuses on living organisms, including plants and animals. Wildlife biologists might specialize in studying African elephants.
Biologists study a wide variety of life forms, from single-celled organisms to primates, and conduct research in many different areas, from the spreading of pathogens to the details of evolution. A marine biologist studies sea creatures and a microbiologist might study algae or bacteria. The word biologist is rooted in the Greek bios, or "life."
WORD FAMILY
biologist: biologists+/ biological: biologically/ biology: biologic, biological, biologies, biologist, microbiology/microbiologist: microbiologists/microbiology: microbiologist
USAGE EXAMPLES
But the transmitter eventually detached, likely because of old boat strike scars, so biologists didn’t attach another one.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
During the post-mortem examination, the marine biologist will be trying to establish if the whale's death was caused by humans.
BBC(Dec 29, 2016)
The biologists say they decided to name the darter after Obama because of his focus on clean energy and environmental protection.
Science Magazine(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 生物学家
分布：生物学家(100%)
US [-'ɑ:.lə-] noun countable
■a scientist who studies biology 生物学家

Word: electoral
Front: electoral
[ɪˈlektərəl] (5088/3357 -3)
Vocabulary: electoral
(once / 932 pages)
adj
The adjective electoral describes anything having to do with elections. When people talk about "electoral reform," they're referring to changing the way political elections work.
When you see the word electoral, you can be sure that the subject is politics and elections. An electoral district, for example, is a specific geographic area that elects a representative or has its votes counted separately, and electoral fraud means rigging votes or interfering with the process of an election. Electoral comes from the noun elector, or "voter in an election." In Latin, it means "chooser or selector," from the root eligere, "select."
WORD FAMILY
electoral: electorally+/ elect: elected, electing, election, elective, electly, elector, electorate, elects, reelect /elected: nonelected/ election: electioneer, elections, electoral /electioneer: electioneered, electioneering, electioneers/electioneering: electioneerings/ elective: electively, electives, non-elective, nonelective/elector: electors/ electorate: electorates/ reelect: reelected, reelecting, reelection, reelects/reelection: reelections
USAGE EXAMPLES
The policy was working here — until Mr. Duterte’s electoral victory last year upended the political landscape.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Perhaps the most consequential battles will be outside national electoral contests and within the movement itself.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
At least one theory is irrefutable: Popular votes don’t decide presidential contests in this country; the electoral college does.
Salon(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 选举的，选举人的; [史]选帝侯的
分布：选举的(74%)，选举人的(26%)
US [-tɚ-] adjective [before noun]
■relating to an election （有关）选举的
• the electoral system 选举制度
• electoral law/reform/gains/defeat 选举法／改革／取得的进展／失利
adj. 选举的；选举人的
 - constituent

Word: fishery
Front: fishery
[ˈfɪʃəri] (研宝 5973/6265 -2)
Back: n. 渔业，水产业; 渔场; 水产公司; 捕鱼权
分布：渔业(87%)，渔场(13%)
鱼场(fish鱼)[-ry表名词,通常放在一个完整的单词后面1.表示"状态,性质"2.表示"行业,学科"3.表示集合名词4.表示"场地"]
【记】fish鱼，ery＝ary表场所－渔场
【参】aviary（n 大型鸟舍）；apiary（n 养蜂场）
US [-ɚ.i] noun countable
■an area of water where fish are caught so they can be sold 渔场
• an offshore fishery 近海渔场
n. 渔业； [水产] 渔场；水产业
 - aquaculture, fishing ground

Word: prosecute
Front: prosecute
[ˈprɒsɪkju:t] (研托雅宝 5089/5409 -3)
Vocabulary: prosecute
(once / 184 pages)
v
To prosecute is to participate in or pursue something to completion, like a government’s intention to prosecute a war. Prosecute is most often used for bringing legal action against an accused person or group.
Prosecute comes from the Latin, “prosesutus,” meaning “follow after.” The legal sense of the word first appeared in the 1570s. A district attorney will often prosecute, by bringing legal charges and action against a person or group (watch any TV legal drama, and the prosecution will no doubt prosecute eventually). A company may prosecute by suing to protect against damages. Prosecute should not be confused with the word persecute, which means to harass or oppress.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
persecute / prosecute
But I firmly believe these particular bureaucrats have only one group they plan to monitor and persecute — I mean prosecute — on this issue.
What is it about pursuing legal action that makes people think of harassing someone? Although we're not sure, it turns out that people have been confusing persecute and prosecute from the start.
Prosecute entered English first: probably before 1425 from prosecuten (to follow up or pursue) in Polychronicon by Ranulf Higdon. Higdongot his term from the Latin prōsecūtus, whose root means to pursue. By 1579, prosecute had taken on the sense of pursuing legal action before a court:
His compassion and experience would allow him to prosecute cases that will make us all safer.
Persecute, on the other hand, entered English in 1450 meaning to pursue for the purpose of harming. Before 1450, it had often been confused with prosecuten from (you guessed it) Higdon's Polychronicon. Persecute, however, comes from the Middle French persécuter, to pursue, torment, or begin legal action. Today, persecute can mean harming, harassing, tormenting, or oppressing:
"It was actively involved in every operation to persecute, expel and exterminate the Jews from the very beginning," he said.
Given that persecute and prosecute once both meant shades of to pursue and to begin legal action, perhaps those who confuse the two should be neither prosecuted or persecuted.
WORD FAMILY
prosecute: prosecuted, prosecutes, prosecuting, prosecution, prosecutor +/ prosecution: prosecutions/ prosecutor: prosecutors
USAGE EXAMPLES
He called the police on his son’s dealer, who was prosecuted.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“If they want to prosecute FETO, they should start with themselves.”
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Some online called for them to be prosecuted for negligence.
BBC(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: v. 控告; 起诉; 继续从事; 担任控方律师
时态：prosecuted, prosecuting, prosecutes
分布：起诉(81%)，告发(9%)，从事(7%)，彻底进行(2%)，担任检察官(1%)
→pro-,向前，-sec,跟随，追随，词源同execute,sequence.引申诸相关词义。
检举;指控(pro+secu追随+ate→追随到[法院]前面→检举;指控)[pro-①表示"向前,在前"②表示"很多…"③表示"赞同,亲..."]
控告,起诉(pro在前+secute→跟随到[法官]前面→控告)[secut,sequ=follow表示"跟随"]
vt.实行,从事v.起诉,告发vi.作检察官Trespassers will be prosecuted.非法侵入者将被起诉.
US ['prɑ:.sɪ-] verb
LEGAL 法律的
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to officially accuse someone of committing a crime in a court of law, or (of a lawyer) to try to prove that a person accused of committing a crime is guilty of that crime 起诉；检举
• Shoplifters will be prosecuted. 商店扒手将遭到起诉。
• He was prosecuted for fraud. 他因诈骗而被起诉。
• Any manufacturer who does not conform to the standards could be prosecuted under the Consumers Protection Act, 1987. 对任何不遵守标准的生产商都可依据1987年通过的《消费者保护法》予以起诉。
• The victim has said that she will not prosecute. 受害者说她不会起诉。
Compare defend
UK ['prɒs.ɪ.kju:t] US ['prɑ:.sɪ-] verb
CONTINUE 继续
transitive formal
■to continue to take part in a planned group of activities, especially a war 把…进行到底，继续参与尤指战争
• He seemed convinced that the US would prosecute the war to its end. 他似乎确信美国会将这场战争进行到底。
vt. 检举；贯彻；从事；依法进行
 - carry out, undertake, pursue, address, have
vi. 起诉；告发；作检察官
 - law, take legal action

Word: embody
Front: embody
[ɪmˈbɒdi] (研六托雅宝 5093/5096 -1)
Vocabulary: embody
(once / 398 pages)
v
To embody a role is to fill it completely. If a high schooler seems to embody the character of Macbeth, his performance might make the audience forget they're watching a dorky 15-year-old with braces.
If you embody someone, you put him or her "in-body," as when an actor gives a complete and compelling representation of a character. You can also use embody to describe character traits you see in a person, like, “He embodies truth,” or, “She is the embodiment of goodness.”
WORD FAMILY
embody: disembody, embodied, embodies, embodiment, embodying+/disembody: disembodied, disembodying/embodied: unembodied/ embodiment: embodiments
USAGE EXAMPLES
Prescott appears born to do this, and his football team now embodies his impressive calm.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Beamer says the former player’s work with The Carpenter House and other charitable organizations to help those in need “truly embodied the Virginia Tech spirit.”
Washington Times(Dec 29, 2016)
She believes the process of embodying characters profoundly affects the people playing them.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vt. 表现，象征; 包含，收录; 使具体化; [军]组编
时态：embodied, embodying, embodies
分布：包含(70%)，使具体化(30%)
→em-, 进入，使。body, 身体，具象。
体现(em+body身体→(精神)进入身体→体现)[em-,en-①表示"进入…之中,包围"②表示"使…进入状态"]
vt.具体表达,使具体化;包含,收录The statue embodies the sentiment of the sculptor.这座雕像具体表现出雕刻家的情感.
【记】em，body（n 身体）－是变成身体－具体化
【参】embodiment（n 体现；具体化；化身）
US [-'bɑ:.di] formal
verb transitive
■to represent a quality or an idea exactly 具体表现；体现
• She embodied good sportsmanship on the playing field. 在运动场上，她展现了优秀的体育精神。
■to include as part of something 包括，包含；收录
• Kennett embodied in one man an unusual range of science, music and religion. 肯尼特集科学、音乐、宗教等方面一系列非凡成就于一身。
crystallize, embody
crystallize: 有“使思想、计划等具体化”的含义，但主要指“思想等变得清晰、明确”
embody: 指思想、感情等具体体现、具体表达；
vt. 体现，使具体化；具体表达
 - objectify, reify

Word: rug
Front: rug
[rʌg] (研四六 5095/4652 -2)
Vocabulary: rug
(once / 604 pages)
n
A rug is something made of woven fabric that covers a floor. If your downstairs neighbor is complaining about the noise, try buying a rug.
A rug is smaller than a carpet, which usually covers a room's entire floor — rugs leave parts of the floor exposed. Some are thick and dense, providing a cushiony area for walking or sitting. Rug also informally means "wig or toupee," so you could say, "Did you see that guy's terrible blonde rug?" And if you want to pretend something didn't happen, you'll have to colloquially "sweep it under the rug," or hide it.
WORD FAMILY
rug: rugs
USAGE EXAMPLES
Here you’ll find sleek pieces for your living room, dining room, bedroom and office, as well as decorative objects, rugs, wall art, lighting and mirrors.
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
Not the trailer for “Logan,” released in October, which sweeps all mentions of X-Men or Wolverine under the rug.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Or using black rugs near forbidden doorways, because patients often dislike stepping on black.
Washington Times(Dec 24, 2016)
Back: n. 小块地毯; 〈英〉（围盖膝的）围毯，车毯; 〈美俚男子假发
分布：地毯(82%)，毯子(16%)，旅行毯(2%)
→来自古诺斯语 rogg,粗毛，粗布，来自 Proto-Germanic*rawwa,粗糙的，皱的，来自 reue, 击，打，撕开，词源同 rag,rough.
n.(小)地毯;围毯The ugly druggist gauged the huge plug in the refugee's rug.丑陋的药剂师测量了难民毛毯中的巨大插头.
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a piece of thick heavy cloth smaller than a carpet, used for covering the floor or for decoration 小地毯；垫子
• My dog loves lying on the rug in front of the fire. 我的狗喜欢趴在炉火前的小地毯上。
■a soft cover that keeps you warm or comfortable 厚毯子，毛毯
slang for * toupée
blanket, rug, carpet
这组词都有“毛毯，地毯”的意思，其区别是：
blanket: 指厚实的棉、毛织品，用于铺床或披在身上保暖的毛毯。
rug: 指小地毯或旅行用的小毛毯。
carpet: 指用来铺地板或楼梯的厚实的棉、毛地毯。
n. 小地毯；毛皮地毯；男子假发
 - peruke, toupee

Word: dull
Front: dull
[dʌl] (高研四六托雅宝 5094/3799 -K2)
Vocabulary: dull
(once / 121 pages)
1adjv 2adjv 3adjv 4adjv 5adjv
To dull something means to take away its edge, its energy, or its excitement. "Watching that movie will dull your senses, until you fall asleep."
Let’s think of something interesting about dull. Hmm. It can be a verb or an adjective! So when you’re reading a dull or boring word description, for instance, it can dull or deaden your appetite for reading more word descriptions. That’s pretty fascinating, no? You can even use it for physical things, like a knife, which you can dull, that is, make it less sharp. You can even dull something visual, making it lacking in light, or use it describe pain — you know, the kind that is not sharp, just an ache. Exciting? No — dull.
WORD FAMILY
dull: dulled, duller, dullest, dulling, dullness, dulls, dully+/dullness: dullnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
The bottle’s purple label with floral images was designed to attract female shoppers’ attention in a wine aisle dominated by dull colors.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
The Queen's sister said there was "not a Trotskyite to argue with" at a "rather dull" debate about religion at the Cambridge Union Society.
BBC(Dec 29, 2016)
But life as a Marine on the ship, with its claustrophobic berthing areas and dull routine, was mind-numbing.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: adj. 钝的; 迟钝的; 呆滞的; 阴暗的
v. 缓和; 减轻; 使阴暗
时态：dulled, dulling, dulls
分布：迟钝(32%)，钝的(20%)，迟钝的(19%)，变钝(10%)，呆滞的(7%)，无趣的(7%)，暗的(5%)
→dheu, 烟尘，烟雾，词源同dust, deaf, dumb.
a.单调的;迟钝的,愚笨的;不锋利的The dull bull fully fulfilled pulling the bulletproof bulletin board.迟钝的公牛充分履行了拖防弹公告牌(的职责).
【参】dullard（n 愚人；笨蛋）
【反】perspicuous（adj 明白的；明了的）；resplendent（adj 辉煌灿烂的）；trenchant（adj 锋利的）；brilliance（n 显赫；光辉）－dullness；wit（n 机智的人）－dullard（n 愚人）
adjective
BORING 枯燥的
 IMPROVER
■not interesting or exciting in any way; boring 枯燥的，乏味的，无趣的
• She wrote dull, respectable articles for the local newspaper. 她为当地报纸写一些乏味的官样文章。
• He's pleasant enough, but deadly dull (= very boring). 他很和善，但太乏味。
[dʌl] adjective
NOT BRIGHT 不亮的
■not clear, bright or shiny; dark 模糊的；暗淡的；阴暗的
• We could just see a dull glow given off by the fire's last embers. 我们只能看见炉火的余烬发出的微弱的光。
• The first day of our holiday was dull (= cloudy). 我们渡假的第一天天空阴云密布。
[dʌl] adjective
NOT SHARP 不尖锐的
■describes a sound or pain that is not sharp or clear （声音）沉闷的；（疼痛）隐约的
• I heard a dull thud from the kitchen and realized she must have fainted. 听见厨房里传来砰的一声闷响，我意识到一定是她晕倒了。
• The dull rumble of traffic woke her. 来往车辆的低沉轰鸣声把她吵醒了。
• She felt a dull ache at the back of her head. 她感到后脑勺隐隐作痛。
■old-fashioned
■not intelligent 不聪明的，愚笨的
[dʌl] adjective
be (as) dull as ditchwater informal
■to be very boring 非常乏味
[dʌl] verb transitive
■to make something less severe 缓和，缓解；减轻
• Homeless children sniff glue to dull their hunger pains. 无家可归的孩子吸胶毒来减轻饥饿带来的痛苦。
dull, monotonous, tedious, dreary
这组词都有“单调的、乏味的、厌烦的”的意思，其区别是：
dull: 指缺乏鲜明、吸引力或情趣而显得乏味、沉闷。
monotonous: 指没有变化、重复单调的。
tedious: 侧重指文章、演讲、演出等冗长乏味或环境等单调、沉闷，缺乏活力，使感到不舒服。
dreary: 侧重无趣味的，不活泼的事或思想状态。
silly, dull, simple, stupid, foolish
这组词都有“愚蠢的，笨的，傻的”的意思，其区别是：
silly: 口语用词，可和foolish互换，但语气稍强。侧重指人的言行不合常规或不理智，强调单纯、低能和糊涂。
dull: 指对问题理解迟钝，缺乏灵敏机智头脑，可能是先下智力低下，也可能因疲倦或健康不佳所致。
simple: 强调头脑简单或缺少智慧。
stupid: 多指人或行为的愚蠢，尤指先天智能低下，或因某种原因失去正常的反应或感觉。有时也可与silly和foolish换用，但语气强，常含贬义。
foolish: 一般指人的无头脑、愚蠢，或缺乏常识与判断力，或指行动的愚蠢可笑。
adj. 钝的；迟钝的；无趣的；呆滞的；阴暗的
 - slow, blunt
vt. 使迟钝；使阴暗；缓和
 - relax, benumb
vi. 减少；变迟钝
 - to cut down, fall off

Word: intervene
Front: intervene
[ˌɪntəˈvi:n] (研六托雅宝 5091/3956 -2)
Vocabulary: intervene
(once / 266 pages)
1v 2v
From the Latin "intervenire," meaning “to come between,” the verb intervene means just that: to get involved, to jump in the middle of something, to interfere.
The verb intervene was first recorded around 1600. Since then there haven't been many interventions in its meaning or usage. You should probably intervene in a heated verbal fight between two of your friends before it escalates and gets physical. Especially if they're debating the United States’ habit of intervening in international conflicts.
WORD FAMILY
intervene: intervened, intervenes, intervening, intervenor, intervention +/intervenor: intervenors/ intervention: interventions, nonintervention
USAGE EXAMPLES
By intervening, however, the central government would risk reigniting the passions that flared in 2014 when demonstrators paralysed business districts with sit-ins for several weeks.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
In an interview, a journalist asked Mr Sitthisat whether the military might intervene after the election.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
And that created what was a momentarily awkward and uncomfortable scene as Reed pushed Clark and then Clark pushed back before teammates intervened.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vi. 阻碍; 出面; 插嘴; 介于…之间
时态：intervened, intervening, intervenes
分布：干预(60%)，介入(17%)，干涉(15%)，调停(5%)，插入(2%)，阻挠(1%)
→inter-,在内，在中间，相互，-ven,来到，词源同venal,advent.即来到中间的，引申词义干扰，干预。
干涉(inter+vene走→走在二者之间→干涉)[inter-表示"在…之间,相互"]
干涉,介入(inter中间+ven+e→走到中间来→干涉)[ven,vent=come,表示"来"]
v.(in)干涉,干预;插入,介入The man with mittens intermittently intervened the remittance.戴连指手套的人间歇地介入汇款.
【记】inter中间，vene来到－来到中间－干涉
【参】interference（n 冲突；干涉）；interlace（vt 使交织；使交错）
US [-tˌɚ-] verb intransitive
GET INVOLVED 卷入
 ADVANCED
■to intentionally become involved in a difficult situation in order to improve it or prevent it from getting worse 干涉，干预；调停
• The Central Bank intervened in the currency markets today to try to stabilize the exchange rate. 中央银行今天对货币市场进行了干预，试图稳定汇率。
• [+ to infinitive] The Minister intervened personally to stop the museum being closed. 部长亲自干预以阻止博物馆的关闭。
UK [ˌɪn.tə'vi:n] US [-tˌɚ-] verb intransitive
COME BETWEEN 发生于其间
■to happen between two times or between other events or activities 发生于其间
• Two decades intervened between the completion of the design and the opening of the theatre. 从设计完成到剧场投入使用相隔20年。
intervene, disturb, interrupt, interfere
这组词都有“干扰”的意思，其区别是：
intervene: v.干涉，干预，较为正式，常指带有行动的干预；此外，还有"调停"的意思。
 • Would you intervene if you saw a parent hit a child?   要是你看到家长打孩子你会干预吗？
disturb: v.打扰，妨碍。常指失去了正常的状态或导致困难产生。
 • Bad dreams disturbed her sleep.   噩梦妨碍她的睡眠。
interrupt: v.打扰，打断，阻碍。常有"使……停止(中断)"的意思。
 • His speech was constantly interrupted by applause.   他的讲话频频被掌声所打断。
interfere: v.干涉，妨碍。常指干涉或妨碍他人(的事)，着重指有影响，当"干涉"讲时，后多接in，当"妨碍，打扰"时后多接with。
 • It's unwise to interfere between husband and wife.   干涉别人夫妇间的事是不明智的
meddle, intervene, interfere
这组词都有“干涉，干预”的意思，其区别是：
meddle: 指干预与自己毫不相关的事或不属于自己职责范围的事，隐含未经许可或授权。可与interfere换用。
intervene: 书面用词，指介入争端，进行调停，也指干涉他人之事。
interfere: 侧重指无权或未获允许而妨碍、阻扰、干涉他人之事。
vi. 干涉；调停；插入
 - influence in, meddle in

Word: raid
Front: raid
[reɪd] (研四六托雅宝 5096/3428 -3)
Vocabulary: raid
(once / 302 pages)
1nv 2nv
A raid is a military attack, especially a quick surprise attack. The word comes from the military but has spread out — police might raid a shady nightclub to find bad guys, or a babysitter might raid the refrigerator.
When an army launches a raid, you can say they raid, or attack abruptly. This verb can also be used to mean "search" or "enter unexpectedly," as when police officers raid a suspect's home or summer campers' raid a neighboring cabin. The military meaning is the oldest, and the word comes from the Scottish rade, "a riding" or "a journey," from the Old English rad, which is also the root of road.
WORD FAMILY
raid: raided, raider, raiding, raids+/raider: raiders
USAGE EXAMPLES
Gariev said that as he and his allies turned their attention away from domestic politics, raids by the police also subsided.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The account said police, acting on a tip, then raided a village looking for the attackers.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Police raids to disrupt suspected holiday terror plots led to several shootouts in which five militants were killed and 20 arrested.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. （骑兵队等的）急袭，突然袭击，突击，（军舰等的）游击; 劫掠，劫夺，（盗贼，狐等的）侵入; 突然查抄[搜捕]，围捕
vi. 对…进行突然袭击; 进行奇袭
vt. 突然袭击[抢劫]; 突然搜查; 劫掠; 打劫
时态：raided, raiding, raids
分布：袭击(76%)，劫掠(10%)，突然袭击(8%)，突击搜捕(3%)，攫取(2%)，集体抛售(1%)
→来自古英语 rad,骑马，骑马抢劫，词源同 road,ride.引申词义突袭。
n/v..袭击,搜查Without my aid I'm afraid the maiden would have been raided.没有我的帮助我怕少女已遭到袭击.
【记】源于：ride（v /n 骑）原指一小队骑兵的奇袭。
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a short sudden attack, usually by a small group of people （通常由一小队人发起的）突袭，袭击
• The commandos made/staged/carried out a daring raid (on the enemy). 突击队大胆（向敌人）发起了突袭。
• planes on a bombing raid 执行空袭轰炸任务的飞机
 ADVANCED
■when people enter a place by force in order to steal from it 抢劫；打劫
• Millions of dollars were stolen in a bank raid last night. 昨晚一间银行被劫走数百万美元。
 ADVANCED
■when the police enter a place suddenly in order to find someone or something （警方）查抄，突然搜查
• The drugs were found during a police raid on the house. 这些毒品是在警方查抄这栋房子时发现的。
[reɪd] verb transitive
■to attack a place suddenly 突袭；突击
• The nomads raided the enemy camp and captured over 100 camels. 游牧部落突袭了敌人的营地，掠走了上百头骆驼。
■to enter a place illegally and usually violently, and steal from it 抢劫；洗劫；劫掠
• The post office was raided late at night. 昨晚深夜邮局遭到抢劫。
■(of the police) to enter a place suddenly in order to find someone or something （警方）突击检查，突然搜查
• Police officers from the organized crime branch have raided solicitors' offices in central London. 有组织罪案调查科的员警已经突击搜查了位于伦敦中心的一些律师事务所。
■informal
■to take something from a place, usually secretly （通常指偷偷地）从…把东西拿走，取走（某处的）东西
• I caught Toby raiding the fridge. 托比从冰箱里偷拿东西时被我撞上了。
n. [军] 袭击；突袭；搜捕；抢劫
 - robbery, assault
vt. [军] 袭击，突袭
 - hit, descend on

Word: glow
Front: glow
[gləʊ] (研四六雅宝 5092/6174 -2)
Vocabulary: glow
(once / 129 pages)
1vn 2vn
To glow is to shine with light. On a clear night when the moon is full, it glows in the sky.
A nightlight glows in a dark room, and a distant flashlight beam glows like a candle. Other things that glow include fireflies, TV screens, and city lights when seen from an airplane at night. A person's face can also be said to glow, when it's shining and flushed with health or happiness. The radiance of light or pleasure itself can also be called a glow, from the Old English glowan, "to shine as if red-hot."
WORD FAMILY
glow: counterglow, glowed, glowing, glows+/ glowing: glowingly, glowings
USAGE EXAMPLES
In the rows in front of me, I see supertitles glowing in German, in Spanish.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Despite this apparent open challenge to Putin, the museum received a glowing review from the state-run news agency.
Washington Post(Dec 23, 2016)
L.A. helps Havana's vintage neon signs glow again: 'It marks a new era, a return of the light, of hope'
Los Angeles Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: vi. 发光，灼热; 脸红; 洋溢，喜形于色
n. 白热，炽热; 色彩鲜艳，尤指红光; 激情; 热烈
时态：glowed, glowing, glows
分布：光辉(60%)，热情(16%)，赤热(14%)，发红光(6%)，红光焕发(4%)
→来自ghel, 照耀，发光，词源同glass, glisten.
v.发热,发光,发红n.白热The plowman slowly blows at the glowing globe.犁地者对着发红的球体慢慢吹气.
US [gloʊ] verb intransitive
■to produce a continuous light and sometimes heat 发光；发热
• A nightlight glowed dimly in the corner of the children's bedroom. 孩子们睡房的角落里有一盏小夜灯发出微光。
• This substance is so radioactive that it glows in the dark. 这种物质辐射性很强，在黑暗中都可以发出亮光。
■to look attractive because you are happy or healthy, especially with eyes that are shining （尤指因为眼睛放出光芒而）容光焕发，喜形于色
• The children's faces were glowing with excitement. 孩子们兴奋得满脸通红。
• They came back from their week by the sea, glowing with health. 他们在海边渡假一周，回来时个个都容光焕发。
be glowing
■to be hot or red from exercising 因锻炼而发热，发红
• When we got back from our walk in the snow, my whole body was glowing. 我们在雪中散步回来，我全身上下都热乎乎的。
UK [gləʊ] US [gloʊ] noun only singular
LIGHT 光
■when something produces a continuous light and/or heat 发光；发热；光亮；灼热
• the glow of the fire 火光
• Neon emits a characteristic red glow. 氖发出独特的红光。
UK [gləʊ] US [gloʊ] noun only singular
FEELING 感觉
■a positive feeling 喜悦；满足
• They felt a glow of pride as they watched their daughter collect the award. 看着女儿领奖，他们感到非常自豪。
• She felt a warm glow of satisfaction. 她感到心满意足，如沐春风。
flash, sparkle, glow, gleam, twinkle, glitter
这组词都有“闪光，闪烁，闪亮”的意思，其区别是：
flash: 指突然发出随即消失的闪光，如闪电的光。
sparkle: 指发出闪动的光或火星。
glow: 指像熔铁余烬等发出的明亮、强烈、夺目的光。
gleam: 指透过间隔物或映衬于较暗背景上的微弱光线。也指闪光。
twinkle: 指断断续续或摇晃不定的灿烂闪光。
glitter: 指连续发出的闪烁不定的光，有时含贬义。
flash, glare, blaze, glow, flare, light, twinkle, glitter, flame
这组词都有“火焰、烈火、光”的意思，其区别是：
flash: 指突然发出而随即消失的闪光。
glare: 指眩目的光。
blaze: 指猛烈燃烧所发生强烈的光。
glow: 指像冶炼铁和钢时发出的红光。
flare: 指摇曳的火焰。
light: 普通用词，指日、月、星或灯等的光。
twinkle: 指如星光等的闪烁。
glitter: 指连续发出闪烁不定的光。
flame: 指一条或多条火舌，多用复数形式，指由许多火舌构成的大火。
vi. 发热；洋溢；绚丽夺目
 - burn, fever heat
n. 灼热；色彩鲜艳；兴高采烈
 - calorescence, ardor

Word: crown
Front: crown
[kraʊn] (研四六雅宝 5097/1760 -K3)
Vocabulary: crown
(once / 118 pages)
1nv 2nv 3nv 4n
A crown is a fancy, round ornament worn on the heads of kings and queens. To crown someone is to declare them a monarch or a champion. A crown is also a boring old top of something, like a tooth.
Historically, a crown represented the country ruled by the monarch who wore it. In some cases, the person wearing a crown wasn't the king, but the head of a church, as most modern-day Catholic popes have done during certain ceremonies. Other kinds of crowns are the top of a hat or the top part of your head, and also the visible part of a tooth — or the artificial replacement made by a dentist.
WORD FAMILY
crown: coronate, crowned, crowning, crownless, crowns+/coronate: coronated, coronation / coronation: coronations/crowned: uncrowned/crowning: crowningly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The nascent republic soon shattered and Yuan crowned himself emperor.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
Packers: Swept Detroit to win NFC North, including Sunday night at Lions in showdown for division crown.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
A commentator declared, “Tonight, two high-school heavyweights square off in the city where champions are crowned.”
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 王冠; 花冠（有时象征胜利）; 王权; （某物的）顶部
vt. （尤指通过增添成就、成功等）使圆满; 为…加冕; 使圆满完成; 给…以荣誉
vi. 露顶
时态：crowned, crowning, crowns
分布：王冠(61%)，花冠(12%)，王权(8%)，加冕(6%)，齿冠(6%)，顶点(2%)，使圆满(2%)，使 ... 成王(1%)，居 ... 之顶(1%)，镶齿冠(1%)
→来自sker, 弯，转，编织，词源同cradle, corona.
n.王冠,冕;君权,君王v.为...加冕Kings and queens wear crowns at official ceremonies.国王和女王出席官方仪式时戴王冠.
noun countable
HEAD COVERING 戴于头顶之物
 IMPROVER
■a circular decoration for the head, usually made of gold and jewels (= precious stones) , and worn by a king or queen at official ceremonies 王冠，皇冠；冕
■the winning of a sports competition 冠军
• He plans to defend his Olympic crown. 他计划卫冕奥运会冠军。
[kraʊn] noun countable
TOP PART 顶部
■the top part of a head, hat or hill （头、帽或山的）顶部
• A pink ribbon had been tied around the crown of the hat. 帽子顶部系着一条粉色的缎带。
[kraʊn] noun countable
TOOTH 牙齿
■an artificial piece used to cover a damaged tooth （受损牙齿的）人造冠
[kraʊn] noun countable
COIN 硬币
■a British coin which is no longer used 克朗（英国旧币）
[kraʊn] verb transitive
HEAD COVERING 戴于头顶之物
■to put a crown on someone's head in an official ceremony that makes them king or queen 为…加冕；立…为君主
• Queen Elizabeth II was crowned (queen) (= made queen in a special ceremony) in 1953. 伊丽莎白女王二世于1953年加冕。
⇒ See also coronation
■If an event or achievement crowns something, it is the best or most successful part of it 使达到顶峰；使圆满
• an acting career crowned by her final Oscar-winning performance 她的演艺生涯以最终赢得奥斯卡奖而达到顶峰
[kraʊn] verb transitive
TOP PART 顶部 formal
■If something crowns something else, it is on or around the top of it 加顶于；覆盖…的顶部
• The church was crowned with golden domes. 教堂顶部是金色的穹顶。
■slang
■to hit someone on the head 打…的头部
[kraʊn] verb transitive
TOOTH 牙齿
■to fit a crown (= tooth covering) 在牙上镶齿冠
• She's had her two front teeth crowned. 她给两颗门牙镶了齿冠。
[kraʊn] verb transitive
to crown it all UK informal
■used to say that something is the worst thing to happen in a series of unpleasant events 最糟糕的是
• I had lost my ticket, was soaked to the skin, and, to crown it all, discovered that my purse had been stolen. 我把票弄丢了，又被淋得浑身湿透，最糟糕的是，我发现我的钱包被偷了。
n. [纸] 王冠；花冠；王权；顶点
 - height, sky, summit, peak, lei
vt. 加冕；居…之顶；表彰；使圆满完成
 - coronate, cite

Word: fake
Front: fake
[feɪk] (研六托雅宝 5098/9663 -2)
Vocabulary: fake
(once / 1125 pages)
nadjv
You should have known that copy of the "Declaration of Independence" was a fake when you saw it was signed by "Jon Hancrock" instead of "John Hancock." Something that's fake isn't authentic.
A person who falsely claims to be, feel, or do something can be said to be fake. When your friend acts sweet but spreads rumors about you behind your back, you can call her a fake. As a verb, fake means to take an action with the intent to deceive. If you've ever tried to fake a grade on your report card, you know that it's especially hard to change an F to an A.
WORD FAMILY
fake: faked, faker, fakery, fakes, faking+/faker: fakers/fakery: fakeries
USAGE EXAMPLES
And yes, Mark, this annual dinner column is fake news, but please don’t filter it!
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
If he couldn’t fill the job description, he said, there was no use trying to fake it.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
After this year of fake news in US politics and elsewhere, I am hopeful that consumers of news will become much more discerning.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 伪造; 篡改; 对…做手脚; 仿造
vt. & vi. 假装
n. 骗子; 冒牌货，赝品; [体]假动作; 冒充，诈骗
adj. 假的，冒充的
时态：faked, faking, fakes
分布：伪造(31%)，假的(25%)，假货(16%)，骗子(11%)，伪装(8%)，欺骗(6%)，假造(3%)
→犯罪分子俚语，词源不确定。可能来自词根fact, 做，词源同face, factitious. 即人为的，伪造的。
n.假货,赝品a.假的,冒充的v.伪造;伪装The painting looked old but was a recent fake.这幅画看上去年代久远,实际是最近的一幅赝品.
【记】玩过《红色警报》的同学都不会陌生，fake就是里边的假主基地。
noun countable
■an object which is made to look real or valuable in order to deceive people 赝品；假货
• Experts revealed that the painting was a fake. 专家透露那幅画是赝品。
• The gun in his hand was a fake. 他手里的枪是假的。
■someone who is not what or who they say they are 冒充者；骗子
• After working for ten years as a doctor, he was exposed as a fake. 行医十年后，他被揭发是个冒牌货。
[feɪk] adjective
■not real, but made to look or seem real 假的，伪造的
• He was charged with possessing a fake passport. 他被控持有假护照。
• fake fur/blood 人造毛皮／假血
[feɪk] verb
FEELING/ILLNESS 感情／病痛
intransitive or transitive
■to pretend that you have a feeling or illness 装出（某种感情）；假装（有病）
• to fake surprise 佯装惊讶
• to fake an orgasm 假装达到性高潮
• She didn't want to go out, so she faked a headache. 她不想出去，就假装头痛。
• He faked a heart attack and persuaded prison staff to take him to hospital. 他假装心脏病发作，说服狱警把他送到医院。
• He isn't really crying, he's just faking. 他不是真的在哭，只是在装哭。
[feɪk] verb
OBJECT 物体
transitive
■to make an object look real or valuable in order to deceive people 伪造
• to fake a document/signature 伪造文件／签名
sham, fake
这组词都有“冒牌货”的意思，其区别是：
sham: 指可以以假乱真的东西，尤指明显的欺骗。
fake: 通常指没有价值的冒牌货或代用品，但目的不一定全是为骗人。
false, fake
这组词都有“假的”的意思，其区别是：
false: 指说明某物与真的相像，强调看上去像真的，不一定用作冒充、谎骗。
fake: 指某物不是真的。

Word: illustration
Front: illustration
[ˌɪləˈstreɪʃn] (研四六托 4475/3384)
Vocabulary: illustration
(once / 150 pages)
n
When the written instructions get tough, look for an illustration — a picture — to figure out what to do. Assembling furniture? Numbered diagrams and other illustrations can help you avoid the dreaded pile of "leftover" pieces.
An illustration can also be a helpful example that isn't visual at all. A coworker who comes to work with a terrible cold and gives it to the whole office is an illustration of what happens when a boss discourages the use of sick days. You hope that the boss isn't an illustration of management at that company! If so, maybe these workers do need a visual: an illustration that shows hand-washing techniques and other ways to avoid germs.
WORD FAMILY
illustration: illustrations+/ illustrate: illustrated, illustrates, illustrating, illustration, illustrative, illustrator / illustrative: illustratively/ illustrator: illustrators
USAGE EXAMPLES
Maybe it’s the illustrations, simple black-and-white line drawings of slightly pudgy people in baggy T-shirts and pants doing really simple maneuvers.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Am I able to retain any rights to the illustrations?
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
Perhaps the best illustration of this tension is Pepe the Frog, the anti-Semitic cartoon mascot of “hipster Nazi” white nationalism.
Slate(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 说明; 例证; 图解; 插图
分布：插图(42%)，说明(34%)，例证(17%)，图解(7%)
→来自illustrate,解释，阐明。引申词义实例，插图等。
插图说明(illustrate+ion)[luc,lust=light,shine,表示"光,照亮"]
n.说明;例证,插图;举例说明The illustration illuminates the demonstrating Democrat's penetrating strategy.图解阐明了正在示威的民主党党员的渗透策略.
noun countable or uncountable
EXPLAIN
 ADVANCED
■an example that explains or proves something 例证，实例
• This delay is a perfect illustration of why we need a new computer system. 这次延误再好不过地说明了我们为甚么需要新的电脑系统。
• A couple of examples are included, by way of illustration (= to show the meaning more clearly). 聊举几例，以兹说明。
[ˌɪl.ə'streɪ.ʃən] noun countable or uncountable
PICTURES
 ADVANCED
■a picture in a book, magazine, etc. or the process of illustrating something 插图；图解，图示
• a full-page illustration 一幅整页的插图
• colour/black and white illustrations 彩色／黑白插图
specimen, illustration, case, example, instance, sample
这组词都有“例子、事例”的意思，其区别是：
specimen: 可与sample换用，但常指人或物中选出的有代表性部分，或指供科研、化验或检验用的标本。
illustration: 指用来说明、解释某种理论或看法而引用的例证。
case: 多指需要加以认真研究的实例，如病例，案例等。
example: 普通用词，指能代表同类事物性质或一般规律的典型例子。
instance: 多指用于说明、支持或反证一般事实或理论的事例。
sample: 通常指样品。
picture, sketch, cartoon, illustration, diagram, painting, portrait, drawing
这组词都有“画，图”的意思，其区别是：
picture: 指广义的“图画”，现多用来指相片、画像。
sketch: 通常指只画出物体主要特征的图画。
cartoon: 指幽默或讽刺性漫画。
illustration: 指插入书页之间帮助说明的任何插图或图解。
diagram: 多指科技书籍或文献中具有概括解说作用的图表、图样或略图。
painting: 指着色的画。
portrait: 指肖像，只用于指人。
drawing: 指用线条或色彩绘成的图画。
n. 说明； [印刷] 插图； [经] 例证；图解
 - explanation, notes, legend, diagram

Word: crab
Front: crab
[kræb] (研六托宝 5100/8024 -1)
Vocabulary: crab
(once / 1154 pages)
1nv 2n 3nv 4n
A crab is a stubby sea creature with a flat body, eight legs, and claws. You can sometimes find tiny crabs in the sand on the beach.
Crabs have a thick, shell-like covering called an "exoskeleton," and you can find them in both fresh and saltwater. Some types of crab are considered a delicacy, with sweet, delicate flesh often called "crab meat." There are many shelled sea creatures with crab in their names, like horseshoe crabs and hermit crabs, that aren't true crabs. The word crab comes from a Germanic root related to the Low German krabben, "to claw."
WORD FAMILY
crab: crabbed, crabbing, crabby, crabs+/ crabbed: crabbeder, crabbedest, crabbedly, crabbedness/ crabby: crabbier, crabbiest, crabbily, crabbiness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Moving into a new month there are still plenty of options to go fishing whether it’s for trout, Dungeness crab, squid or salmon.
Seattle Times(Nov 30, 2016)
Redfish are good in Redfish Bay on mullet and crabs.
Washington Times(Nov 30, 2016)
At Bad Saint, the leaves are kale, braised to a velvety tenderness and swaddled in Chesapeake crab meat.
New York Times(Nov 29, 2016)
Back: n. 蟹，蟹肉; 阴虱; 脾气乖戾的人; [植]沙果，沙果树
vi. 捕蟹; 发牢骚，抱怨; 偏航
vt. 发脾气; 破坏; 使偏航
时态：crabbed, crabbing, crabs
分布：蟹(94%)，捕蟹(2%)，抱怨(2%)，阴虱(1%)，使横行(1%)
→来自gerbh, 刮，刻，词源同carve.
n.螃蟹,蟹肉Old age had crabbed my nature.年老使我的性格变得乖戾.
【记】读：cay吧－哭吧。被螃蟹夹着了，哭吧！被人挑剔了，哭吧！
noun countable or uncountable
SEA ANIMAL 海洋生物
■a sea animal that has five pairs of legs and a round flat body covered by a shell, or its flesh eaten as food 蟹，螃蟹；蟹肉
• We walked along the beach collecting small crabs. 我们沿着海滩走，一路捡拾小螃蟹。
• All the shops on the seafront had crab for sale. 滨海区的所有商店都出售螃蟹。
• This crab meat/salad is delicious! 这份蟹肉／蟹肉色沙拉味道好极了！
[kræb] noun countable or uncountable
DISEASE 疾病
crabs [plural] (also crab lice)
■small insects that can live in the hair around the sex organs 阴虱
n. 螃蟹；蟹肉；脾气乖戾的人；起重机
 - crane, derrick
vt. 抱怨；破坏；使偏航
 - destroy, undermine
vi. 捕蟹；发牢骚；抱怨
 - whine about, pinge

Word: creep
Front: creep
[kri:p] (研四六托雅宝 5099/4156 -2)
Vocabulary: creep
(once / 126 pages)
1vn 2v 3n 4n
A beetle creeps along the ground. Moving slowly and silently, it creeps up on you. When you feel the touch of tiny insect legs on your skin, you shudder, because bugs give you the creeps.
Creep has a long history and a subtle variety of meanings. In its earliest recorded usage, it described the movement of legless creatures like snakes and worms. By the sixteenth century, creep meant "move slowly" and "move with stealth" like when you creep up to your brother to startle him. Charles Dickens coined the phrase, the creeps, to suggest the shuddering sensation you get when you see something gross and scary. A creep is a person who makes your skin crawl, a meaning that has been used in American English since 1935.
WORD FAMILY
creep: creeped, creeper, creeping, creeps, creepy, crept+/creeper: creepers/creeping: creepings/ creepy: creepier, creepiest, creepily, creepiness
USAGE EXAMPLES
“That’s where the mindfulness creeps in,” he said.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The downturn for Nebraska farms and ranches crept into small town main streets across the state.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It maintained it would cause "considerable harm" and "present a creeping domestication" to the surrounding area.
BBC(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vi. 爬行，匍匐; 缓慢地行进
n. 爬行，蠕动; 虫爬着似的感觉，毛骨悚然; 卑鄙小人，谄媚者
时态：crept, creeping, creeps
分布：爬(44%)，蔓延(16%)，蠕动(13%)，毛骨悚然(12%)，渐渐出现(6%)，卑鄙小人(4%)，蹑手蹑脚地走(3%)，徐行(2%)
→来自ger, 弯，转，词源同crook,crank.
v.爬,爬行;(植物)蔓延Step by step, the sleepy creeper crawled into my sleeve to sleep.昏昏欲睡的爬虫一步一步爬进我的袖子里睡觉.
【记】cr，ee看成两只眼睛，p：两只眼睛和p在同一条水平线上－匍匐
【反】move swiftly（快速移动）；quick movement（快速移动）
verb intransitive usually + adverb or preposition (crept, crept)
■to move slowly, quietly and carefully, usually in order to avoid being noticed （通常指为避免注意而）缓慢行进，悄悄移动，潜行
• She turned off the light and crept through the door. 她关上灯，悄悄溜出门。
• Someone was creeping around outside my window. 有人在我的窗户外潜行。
• The spider crept up the wall. 蜘蛛缓缓地爬上墙。
• The traffic was creeping along at a snail's pace. 车辆如蜗牛般缓慢移动。
[kri:p] verb intransitive usually + adverb or preposition (crept, crept)
  Phrasal Verbs  creep in/creep into sth mainly UK If mistakes creep in or creep into a piece of text, they are included despite efforts not to include them （错误）不知不觉地存在，无法避免地出现
• A few mistakes always creep in during the editing process. 在编辑过程中总会不小心出几个错。
• One or two typing errors crept into the report. 报告中有一两处不易察觉的打字错误。
■to gradually start to be noticeable 逐渐显现；逐渐引起注意
• Doubts began to creep into my mind about the likely success of the project. 我逐渐对这项计划成功的可能性产生了怀疑。
[kri:p] verb intransitive usually + adverb or preposition (crept, crept)
  Phrasal Verbs  creep over sb
■If a bad feeling creeps over someone, they gradually start to feel it （不好的感觉）渐渐向（某人）袭来
• A dangerous tiredness crept over her as she drove. 她驾车时一阵危险的倦意向她袭来。
[kri:p] verb intransitive usually + adverb or preposition (crept, crept)
  Phrasal Verbs  creep up
■If the value or amount of something creeps up, it slowly increases （价值或数量）慢慢增加，逐渐上升
• Over the last year, the rate of inflation has crept up to almost 7%. 过去一年里，通货膨胀率逐渐上升，几乎达到了7%。
[kri:p] verb intransitive usually + adverb or preposition (crept, crept)
  Phrasal Verbs  creep up on/behind sb
■to surprise someone by moving closer to them without them seeing or hearing you 从（某人）后面悄悄凑上去；蹑手蹑脚地从身后靠近（某人）
• Don't creep up on me like that! 别再那样悄没声地凑上来吓我一跳！
• We crept up behind her and yelled "Boo!" 我们蹑手蹑脚靠近她身后，大喊一声“哗！”。
[kri:p] verb intransitive usually + adverb or preposition (crept, crept)
  Phrasal Verbs  creep up on sb
■If a feeling or state creeps up on someone, they start to experience it so gradually that they do not realise it （某人）不知不觉中体验到（某种情感或状态）
• It was only after I turned 60 that old age began to creep up on me. 上了60岁之后，我才感觉自己在不知不觉中已开始变老了。
[kri:p] noun informal
PERSON 人
countable UK
■someone who tries to make someone more important like them by being very polite and helpful in a way that is not sincere 谄媚者，奴颜婢膝者，阿谀奉承者
• Making coffee for the boss again? You creep! 又在给老板冲咖啡？你这个马屁精！
countable
■an unpleasant person, especially a man 讨厌鬼，令人恶心的人（尤指男人）
• He was a real creep - he was always staring at me in the canteen. 他真是个讨厌鬼——在饭厅里他老盯着我看。
• [as form of address] Leave me alone, you creep! 让我一个人静一静，你这个讨厌鬼！
[kri:p] noun informal
give sb the creeps
■to cause someone to have uncomfortable feelings of nervousness or fear 使（某人）毛骨悚然；使（某人）紧张害怕
• Living next to a graveyard would give me the creeps. 住在墓地旁边会令我毛骨悚然。
climb, creep, crawl
这组词都有“爬”的意思，其区别是：
climb: 通常指用手或足爬上或爬下，也指飞机、日、月的上升，还可用作比喻。
creep: 多指人或四足动物匍匐爬行，尤指偷偷地或不出声地缓慢向前爬行。也指植物的蔓延生长等。
crawl: 指人或动物以身躯贴着地面缓慢地移动。
vi. 爬行；蔓延；慢慢地移动；起鸡皮疙瘩
 - to spread, to extend
n. 爬行；毛骨悚然的感觉；谄媚者
 - toadeater, kiss-ass

Word: worthy
Front: worthy
[ˈwɜ:ði] (高研四六托 5102/4663 -2)
Vocabulary: worthy
(once / 71 pages)
nadj
Use the adjective worthy to describe the good causes to which you donate a little money each year. Their admirable qualities are what make them worthy.
Something that deserves respect is worthy, whether it's a charity, a hard working tennis opponent, or a struggle to overcome a disability. If it's worth your admiration or has some inherent value, it's worthy. The word has been around since the thirteenth century, and it was especially common in the 1300's to use worthy as a noun meaning "person of merit."
WORD FAMILY
worthy: unworthy, worthier, worthies, worthiest, worthily, worthiness, worthyly+/unworthiness: unworthinesses/unworthy: unworthily, unworthiness/ worth: self-worth, worthful, worthless, worths, worthy /worthiness: worthinesses/ worthless: worthlessly, worthlessness / worthlessness: worthlessnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
But a moment later he added, “If we don’t get a nomination now, it is perceived as ‘You’re not worthy of seeing on Friday night.’ ”
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
In his letter to Paterson, he called her “the most worthy candidate for clemency that I’ve ever seen.”
New York Times(Jan 12, 2012)
There were disappointments, and a noteworthy absence of keen political satire/commentary, but also a spread of worthy productions and performances.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 应得某事物; 值得做某事; 可尊敬的; 配得上的，相称的
n. 杰出人物，伟人
级别：worthier, worthiest
分布：有价值的(43%)，值得的(18%)，杰出人物(13%)，配得上的(12%)，可尊敬的(8%)，知名人士(6%)
a.(of)值得...的,配得上...的;有价值的This book is worthy of being read.这本书值得一读.
US ['wɝ:-] adjective
DESERVING RESPECT 值得尊敬的
 ADVANCED formal
■deserving respect, admiration or support 值得尊敬的；值得钦佩的；值得支持的
• He is unlikely to succeed in getting his bill through Congress, however worthy it is. 无论他的提案多么有价值，他也不可能使其在国会上通过。
• Every year she makes a large donation to a worthy cause. 她每年都为一项高尚的事业捐一大笔钱。
worthy of attention/notice, etc. formal
 ADVANCED
■deserving to be given attention, noticed, etc 值得注意的
• Two points in this report are especially worthy of notice. 这份报告中有两点特别值得注意。
■formal
■describes something which should be admired for its good and useful qualities but which is not very interesting 有内在价值（但乏味）的
• a worthy book 有价值的书
UK ['wɜ:.ði] US ['wɝ:-] adjective
SUITABLE 合适的
worthy of sth
■suitable for, or characteristic of something 适合…的；有…典型特征的
• He threw a party worthy of a millionaire. 他举办了一场典型的百万富翁式的聚会。
UK ['wɜ:.ði] US ['wɝ:-] noun countable humorous
■a person who is important, especially in a small town （尤指小城镇中的）要人，大人物
• The front row of chairs was reserved for local worthies. 前面的一排椅子是为当地的要人预留。
worthwhile, worthless, worth, worthy
worthwhile: 值得的(可作定语和表语)。如：That is a worthwhile program.(那是一个值得听的节目。)So few movies are worthwhile nowadays.(当今有价值的电影很少。)
worthless: 无价值的，无用的(可作定语和表语，无比较级)。如：These stamps are worthless.(这些邮票无价值。)Don’t read worthless books.(不要读些没用的书。)
worth: 值……钱，值得……的。如：This house is worth a lot of money.(这房值很多钱。)The radio program is worth listening to. (这广播节目值得听。)
worthy: (1)有价值的，可尊敬的(常作定语)。如：The teacher was a worthy man.(那位老师是可尊敬的人。)(2)值得的(常作表语)。如：The man is worthy of praise.(这人值得称赞。)它的动词句式是be worthy to be done (be worth doing).
adj. 值得的；有价值的；配得上的，相称的；可尊敬的；应…的
 - valuable, matching
n. 杰出人物；知名人士
 - out-and-outer, dilly

Word: satisfied
Front: satisfied
[ˈsætɪsfaɪd] (5101/2638 -K3)
Vocabulary: satisfied
(once / 101 pages)
adj
If you’re satisfied, you’re contented, and you don’t need anything more. You're not overjoyed, but you're not complaining either.
When something is satisfied, the requirements have been met and nothing more needs to be done. When you pay back the money you owe on a loan, you have satisfied the debt. If you just had a delicious meal, your hunger is probably satisfied. If you’re an outlaw cowboy and your partner double crosses you, you won’t be satisfied until you’ve run him out of town.
WORD FAMILY
satisfied: satisfiedest, satisfiedly, self-satisfied, unsatisfied+/ dissatisfaction: dissatisfactions/dissatisfactory: dissatisfactorily/ dissatisfied: dissatisfiedly/ dissatisfy: dissatisfaction, dissatisfactory, dissatisfied, dissatisfies, dissatisfying/ satisfaction: satisfactions, self-satisfaction/ satisfactory: satisfactorily, satisfactoriness, unsatisfactory/satisfiable: unsatisfiable/satisfier: satisfiers/ satisfy: dissatisfy, satisfaction, satisfactory, satisfiable, satisfied, satisfier, satisfies, satisfying/satisfying: satisfyingly, unsatisfying/unsatisfactory: unsatisfactorily, unsatisfactoriness/unsatisfiable: unsatisfiably/unsatisfying: unsatisfyingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Although satisfied with the ruling, Chen vowed to continue legal challenges to force an apology.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
Answering a few questions will keep everyone satisfied — and duly enticed for the following week’s “live” performance.
Salon(Jan 01, 2017)
Affleck’s own ego is more than satisfied with acting and directing.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 满意的，满足的; 清偿过的; 确信的，毫无疑问的
v. 使满意( satisfy的过去式和过去分词)
分布：感到满意的(100%)
US ['sætˌ-] adjective
WANTING 想要
 IMPROVER
■pleased because you have got what you wanted, or because something has happened in the way that you wanted 满足的；满意的
• Some people are never satisfied! 有些人永远不会满足！
• a satisfied smile 满意的微笑
• Are you satisfied with the new arrangement? 你对新的安排满意吗？
UK ['sæt.ɪs.faɪd] US ['sætˌ-] adjective
BELIEVING 相信
[after verb] [+ (that)]
■If you are satisfied that something is true, you believe it 确信的，相信的
• The judge was satisfied (that) she was telling the truth. 法官相信她在说实话。

Word: hydrogen
Front: hydrogen
[ˈhaɪdrədʒən] (高研四六托雅 5103/5200 -2)
Back: n. <化>氢
分布：氢(100%)
→hydro-,水，-gen,生成，词源同generate.因氢接触氧气生成水而得名。
n.氢Her boyfriend fed a box of oxygen and hydrogen to the ox and fox.她男朋友给牛和狐狸喂了一盒子氧和氢.
noun uncountable
■the lightest gas, with no colour, taste or smell, that combines with oxygen to form water 氢，氢气

Word: capitalism
Front: capitalism
[ˈkæpɪtəlɪzəm] (研 5107/3758 -2)
Vocabulary: capitalism
(once / 480 pages)
n
Capitalism is an economic system featuring the private ownership of business wealth and the free and unfettered operation of trade markets.
Capital is usually understood to be money that is put into a business, accumulated by a business, or used in some way to produce more money. In a capitalist economy, the capital is owned by private individuals, as opposed to the government or state (as in socialism or communism). Another important aspect of capitalism is the "free market," where in theory natural competition always leads to innovation and price controls.
WORD FAMILY
capitalism: capitalist, capitalistic+/ capital: capitalise, capitalism, capitalize, capitally, capitals/capitalisation: capitalisations, overcapitalisation/capitalise: capitalisation, capitalised, capitalising, overcapitalise/ capitalist: capitalists/capitalistic: capitalistically/ capitalization: capitalizations/ capitalize: capitalization, capitalized, capitalizes, capitalizing, overcapitalize/overcapitalise: overcapitalising/overcapitalize: overcapitalization, overcapitalized
USAGE EXAMPLES
Berger was a lifelong Marxist, a vehement critic of capitalism.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
“I decided, I’m helping capitalism look benign,” he said, “so I bailed from the Directors Bureau.”
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
All over the world, pollsters report deep unhappiness with the institutions of liberal capitalism.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 资本主义（制度）; 资本（或财富）的拥有; 资本（私人占有和生产盈利）的支配地位
分布：资本主义(100%)
→来自capital, 资本。-ism, 抽象名词后缀，见Marxism.
n.资本主义
US [-tˌəl-] noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■an economic, political and social system based on private ownership of property, business and industry, and directed towards making the greatest possible profits for successful organizations and people 资本主义 Compare communism ; socialism

Word: farming
Front: farming
[ˈfɑ:mɪŋ] (雅 5105/3291 -K2)
Vocabulary: farming
(once / 744 pages)
nadj
Farming is the act or process of working the ground, planting seeds, and growing edible plants. You can also describe raising animals for milk or meat as farming.
Farming is a great way to describe the lifestyle and work of people whose jobs are in the agriculture industry. People often have a romantic idea of what farming is like — roosters crowing, farmers driving tractors and milking goats — although farming can be very hard work, dependent on food prices and weather. The noun farm originally meant "a lease on farm land," and it comes from the Medieval Latin firma, "fixed payment."
WORD FAMILY
farming: farmings+/ farm: farmed, farmer, farming, farms/ farmer: farmerette, farmers/farmerette: farmerettes
USAGE EXAMPLES
They’d be well advised to fire their Growth Hackers and start prioritizing intellectual integrity over content farming.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Mohammed’s father works seasonal farming jobs that pay only a few dollars a day.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He began using the term “vertical farming” in the second year.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 农事，耕作; 饲养（家禽）; （租税等的）包收
v. 耕种，出租(farm的ing形式)
分布：农业(79%)，养殖(16%)，农耕(4%)，动词farm的现在分词.(1%)
US ['fɑ:r-] noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■the activity of working on a farm or organizing the work there 务农；畜牧；养殖；农场经营
n. [农] 农业， [农学] 耕作
 - agriculture, cultivation
v. [农学] 耕种；出租（farm的ing形式）
 - tilling, renting

Word: probability
Front: probability
[ˌprɒbəˈbɪləti] (研四六 5104/3717 -1)
Vocabulary: probability
(once / 352 pages)
n
Probability has to do with how likely something is to happen. If there's a 50/50 chance, then the probability is 50%.
Probability is a part of math involving percentages and chance. The probability of a thing happening is the same as the odds or chances of something happening. When you watch a weather forecast, it might say there's a 30% chance of showers; that's probability. Gambling — on sports or something else — is also based on probability. Since most things in life are uncertain, it's helpful to know if the probability is high or low for things you want to do or try.
WORD FAMILY
probability: probabilities+/improbability: improbabilities/ improbable: improbability, improbableness, improbably/probabilism: probabilistic/probabilistic: probabilistically/ probable: improbable, probabilism, probability, probables, probably / probably: probablys
USAGE EXAMPLES
The probability of this is low as the area was secure and well-supervised.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
The plans did not place a high probability on such a collapse, but they did chart a course through it.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
This statistic is called championship probability added—and it was the metric The Wall Street Journal used to scrutinize the NBA’s most iconic baskets.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 20, 2016)
Back: n. 可能性; 几率，概率; 或然性
分布：可能性(80%)，机率(20%)
→来自probable,可能的，-ity,名词后缀。引申词义概率。
可能性(probable+ility)[prob,prov=test表示"测试,证明"]
n.可能性,或然性,概率There is every probability of his coming.他多半会来.
US [ˌprɑ:.bə'bɪl.ə.tˌi] noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■the level of possibility of something happening or being true; likelihood 可能性
• What is the probability of winning ? 获胜的可能性有多大？
• The probability of getting all the answers correct is about one in ten. 答案全部正确的可能性大约是1／10
• There's a high/strong probability (that) (= It is very likely that) she'll be here. 她很可能会来。
• Until yesterday, the project was just a possibility, but now it has become a real probability (= it is likely that it will happen). 到昨天为止这项计划还只是可能，但现在看来真的会实现。
in all probability
■used to mean that something is very likely 很有可能，十之八九
• She will, in all probability, have left before we arrive. 她十之八九会在我们到达之前就已经离开了。
n. 可能性；机率； [数] 或然率
 - possibility, feasibility, potential, maybe, chance

Word: vinegar
Front: vinegar
[ˈvɪnɪgə(r)] (高研四六托 5106/10241 -2)
Back: n. 醋; 乖戾，尖酸刻薄; <口>充沛的精力
分布：醋(100%)
→vin-,葡萄，葡萄酒，-egar,酸的，词源同acid。用来指醋。
n.醋;活力The sugared vinegar is refined from the sugarcane and pine.加糖的醋是从甘蔗和松木中精炼出来的.
US [-gɚ] noun uncountable
■a sharp-tasting liquid, made especially from sour wine, malt or cider , which is used to add flavour to or to preserve food 醋
• wine vinegar 酒醋
• Would you like oil and vinegar on your salad? 你要不要在沙拉里加油和醋？
n. [食品] 醋
 - acetum

Word: advisory
Front: advisory
[ədˈvaɪzəri] (5108/4233 -2)
Vocabulary: advisory
(once / 1591 pages)
nadj
An advisory is an announcement that often gives a warning, like a weather advisory about a blizzard. An advisory job involves giving advice.
People like to give advice: friends, family, writers, and TV personalities are constantly giving tips about saving money, losing weight, and finding love. An advisory is a type of advice that is specific and usually important, like an announcement of bad weather or a terrorist threat. Advisories are often issued by the government as warnings. Also, someone whose job is to give advice has an advisory position.
WORD FAMILY
advisory: advisories+/ advisable: advisability, advisabler, advisablest, advisably, inadvisable, unadvisable/ advise: advisable, advised, advisee, advisement, adviser, advises, advising, advisor, advisory, misadvise/advised: advisedly, ill-advised, unadvised/advisee: advisees/advisement: advisements/ adviser: advisers/ advisor: advisors/ inadvisable: inadvisability, inadvisably/misadvise: misadvised, misadvising/unadvisable: unadvisably/unadvised: unadvisedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Anchorage Office of Emergency Management says the advisory will be in effect until 6 a.m.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“We got together a community advisory group and asked them, ‘What do these objects mean to you today?’” she said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The issue was the topic of a December meeting organized by Timothy Jones of the Advisory Neighborhood Commission, where residents complained to Metro officials.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 劝告的，忠告的; 提供咨询的; 顾问的
n. 报告; 公告
分布：报告(35%)，顾问的(25%)，咨询的(22%)，劝告的(18%)
劝告的[vis,vid=see表示"看"]
劝告的(advise忠告)[-ory 1.表形容词"…的"2.表名词,指场所等]
US [-zɚ-] adjective
■giving advice
• She is employed by the president in an advisory capacity. 她被总裁聘为顾问。
UK [əd'vaɪ.zər.i] US [-zɚ-] noun countable usually plural US
■an official announcement that contains advice, information or a warning 报告；公告；警告
• weather/travel advisories 天气报告／旅游公告
• Television companies sometimes broadcast advisories before violent movies. 电视台在播放有暴力内容的电影前，有时会先作警示。
adj. 咨询的；顾问的；劝告的
 - consulting, directory
n. 报告；公告
 - report, announcement, declaration

Word: organizer
Front: organizer
['ɔ:ɡənaɪzə(r)] (雅 5109/10189)
Back: n. 组织者，编制者，发起人; [生]形成体; 〈口〉公文柜，（分类记事的）备忘记事簿; [计]整理器
分布：组织者(98%)，备忘记事本(2%)
US ['ɔ:r.gən.aɪ.zɚ] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■the person or group who plans and arranges an event or activity （竞赛、活动的）组织者；筹办者
• There aren't enough seats for all the guests - I must tell the organizers. 来宾座位不够——我得告诉筹备人员。
■a person who is able to plan things carefully 组织能力强的人
• We need someone who is a good organizer. 我们需要一个组织能力很好的人。
n. [胚] 组织者；承办单位； [生物] 组织导体
 - constitutor, systematizer

Word: bar
Front: bar
[bɑ:(r)] (高研四托雅宝 991/993 -K4)
Vocabulary: bar
(once / 112 pages)
1nv 2n 3nv 4n 5n 6n
If you bar a college student from entering a bar because he's too young to drink, it means that you prevent him from going into an establishment that serves alcoholic beverages.
Bar is one of those handy words with many different meanings. There's the kind of bar where you order coffee or a drink. There is also the bar that a bartender keeps close at hand in case she needs a weapon when patrons get rowdy — like a long piece of metal. And when you bar something, you make it inaccessible in some way. The word bar comes from the French word barre, which means "beam, gate, or barrier."
WORD FAMILY
bar: barred, barring, bars, unbar+/barring: barrings/bars: barss/unbar: unbared, unbaring, unbarred, unbarring, unbars
USAGE EXAMPLES
Directed by Lee Sunday Evans, the show puts us in a neighborhood bar as the arrival of a new face shakes up the regulars.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The white guy, who happened to be the only white guy at the bar besides the bartender, nudged me.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
International Olympic Committee gets tough, bars all Russian male golfers from participating in next Olympics.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 条，棒; （门、窗等的）闩; 障碍; 酒吧间
vt. 闩（门等）; 阻碍，封锁; 排除，去除
prep. 除…之外
时态：barred, barring, bars
分布：酒吧(63%)，条(28%)，禁止(3%)，横木(2%)，闩上(2%)，阻挠(1%)，栅(1%)
→词源不详。酒吧义来自酒馆木架陈列的待售酒类。律师义来自旧时条棒隔开律师与法官。
n.条,杆,闩;酒吧;栅,障碍(物)v.闩上,阻拦In the bar the barber bargained for a jar of jam, then got over the barrier of barrels.在酒巴里理发师为一罐果酱讲了价然后越过桶作的屏障.
US [bɑ:r] noun countable
DRINKING PLACE 喝酒的地方
 ESSENTIAL
■a place where especially alcoholic drinks are sold and drunk, or the area in such a place where the person serving the drinks stands 酒吧；酒吧的吧台
• They noticed him going into the hotel bar. 他们看见他走进饭店的酒吧里。
• There weren't any free tables, so I sat at the bar. 没有空位了，我只好坐在吧台旁。
• Why don't you ask the guy behind the bar (= serving drinks there) ? 你怎么不问一问吧台里的那个职员？
UK [bɑ:r] US [bɑ:r] noun countable
LONG PIECE 长条
 IMPROVER
■a straight stick made of metal 铁栅栏
• The gorilla rattled the bars of its cage. 大猩猩把笼子的铁栅栏弄得吱嘎吱嘎地响。
■ IMPROVER
■a substance that has been made into a solid, rectangular shape 条状物
• a bar of soap 一块肥皂
• a chocolate bar 一条巧克力棒
■The bar of an electric heater is a long thin wire in the shape of a spring which is wrapped tightly around a tube. When electricity passes through it, it produces heat and red light. （电炉上的）供热电阻丝
UK [bɑ:r] US [bɑ:r] noun countable
MUSIC 音乐 (US also measure)
■one of the small equal parts into which a piece of music is divided, containing a fixed number of beats （音乐的）小节；乐谱的小节线
• Waltzes have three beats in/to the bar (= in each bar). 华尔滋每小节有三拍。
UK [bɑ:r] US [bɑ:r] noun countable
UNIFORM 制服 US for stripe (MATERIAL)
UK [bɑ:r] US [bɑ:r] noun countable
PREVENT 阻挡
■something that prevents a particular event or development from happening 阻碍某事件发生或发展的东西
• A lack of formal education is no bar to becoming rich. 没有接受正规教育并不是致富的障碍。
UK [bɑ:r] US [bɑ:r] noun countable
behind bars
■in prison 在监狱里
• He's spent most of his life behind bars. 他一生中大部分时间是在监狱里度过的。
UK [bɑ:r] US [bɑ:r] verb transitive (-rr-)
PREVENT 阻挡
■to prevent something or someone from doing something or going somewhere, or to forbid (= refuse to allow) something 阻挡，阻挠；防止，禁止
• The centre of the town was barred to / US usuallybarred off to football supporters. 球迷不得进入城镇的市中心。
• The incident led to him being barred from the country/barred from playing for England. 这事件导致他被禁止进入该国／无法再为英国队效力。
• I tried to push past her but she barred my way/path (= stood in front of me and prevented me from getting past). 我试图从她旁边挤过去，但她还是挡住了我的去路。
UK [bɑ:r] US [bɑ:r] verb transitive (-rr-)
LONG PIECE 长条
■to put bars across something, especially to hold it shut 闩上、闩住某物（尤指使某物紧闭）
• We barred the door to stop anyone getting into the room. 我们把门闩上以防有人进入房间。
UK [bɑ:r] US [bɑ:r] preposition slightly formal
■except 除…外
• Everyone is leaving the village, bar the very old and ill. 除了年老体弱者，其他人都要离开村庄。
• They're the best songwriters of this century, bar none (= no one else is better). 他们是本世纪最优秀的作曲家，无人能比。
UK [bɑ:r] US [bɑ:r] preposition slightly formal
(all) over bar the shouting UK
■If an activity is all over bar the shouting, the result of it is known, but it has not been officially finished or stated, so people can still state that a different result is possible 基本已成定局
• With practically all the results declared, the Nationalist Party has 68% of the vote, so it's all over bar the shouting. 几乎所有的结果已宣布，国民党赢得了68%的选票，看来选举结果已成定局。
hamper, hinder, block, prevent, bar, obstruct
这组词都有“阻止、阻塞”的意思，其区别是：
hamper: 侧重因受到约束或阻碍而造成的行动困难。
hinder: 语气较轻，多指阻碍、拖延人或事，强调使进展速度缓慢下来。
block: 语气强烈，指有效堵住了通道，使人或物无法通过。
prevent: 含义广泛，指采取预防措施或设置障碍去阻止某人或某事。
bar: 含义与block很接近，指阻塞通道或禁止出入，但有对暗示不用障碍物的阻止或禁止。
obstruct: 正式用词，语气强，多指以干扰或设置障碍的方式阻碍交通，使不能自由畅通。
obstruction, barrier, hindrance, obstacle, bar
这组词都有“障碍(物)”的意思，其区别是：
obstruction: 常既指具体的障碍又可指抽象或喻意上的阻碍。
barrier: 常指临时的或者可能跨越的障碍。
hindrance: 指妨碍他人进步或做事的人或物。
obstacle: 指在达到目的或前进的过程中必须消除或绕过的障碍物，也指起阻碍作用等情况。
bar: 既可指阻止进出或通过的栅栏一类的障碍物，也可用于抽象意义障碍。
n. [金融] 条，棒； [建] 酒吧；障碍
 - rod, staff, obstacle, dam, let
vt. 禁止；阻拦
 - inhibit, forbid

Word: remedy
Front: remedy
[ˈremədi] (研四六托雅 5111/3157 -2)
Vocabulary: remedy
(once / 204 pages)
nv
A remedy is something that relieves or cures a problem or illness. Aloe vera is a common remedy for sunburn.
If you're having trouble sleeping, the first remedy you might try is a hot bath and a cup of chamomile tea. If that doesn't help, you may resort to something stronger, like a sedative. If a streetlight shining in your window is part of the problem, you can remedy the situation with some room-darkening shades. But if it's your upstairs neighbors and their all-night partying that's keeping you awake, you may have to consider a legal remedy.
WORD FAMILY
remedy: remedial, remediate, remedied, remedies, remedying+/ irremediable: irremediably/ remediable: irremediable / remedial: remedially/ remediate: remediable, remediated, remediation /remedied: unremedied
USAGE EXAMPLES
To remedy that, he sometimes groups a few of them together.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 01, 2017)
Whether the change will bring fresh remedies to the southern African country’s economic woes is open to question.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
They chuckled at some customers’ home remedies, such as pouring white wine on a red-wine stain.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 治疗法; 补救办法; 纠正办法; （硬币的）公差
vt. 改正，纠正，改进; 补救; 治疗
时态：remedied, remedying, remedies
分布：补救(49%)，治疗(33%)，药物(7%)，矫正(6%)，治疗法(5%)
→re-,表强调，-med,救治，词源同 medical,medicine.
n.药品;治疗措施v.治疗,医治;纠正,补救In the cinema the medicine immediately remedied the medium.在电影院里这种药立刻拯救了中间人.
【参】remediable（adj 可挽回的）
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a successful way of curing an illness or dealing with a problem or difficulty 疗法，治疗；补救（办法），纠正（办法）
• an effective herbal remedy for headaches 用草药治疗头痛的有效疗法
• The best remedy for grief is hard work. 排解忧伤的最好办法就是努力工作。
legal remedy legal
■a way of solving a problem or ordering someone to make a payment for harm or damage they have caused, using a decision made in a court of law （依法的）解决办法，救济
• We have exhausted all possible legal remedies for this injustice. 为了纠正这一不公正的行为，我们已经采取了一切法律手段。
['rem.ə.di] verb transitive formal
■to do something to correct or improve something that is wrong 补救；纠正；改进
• This mistake must be remedied immediately. 这一错误必须立即予以纠正。
medication, remedy, chemical, medicine, cure, drug
这组词都有“药”的意思，其区别是：
medication: 指医生开给病人用的一切药物，从最简单的阿斯匹林到最复杂的药物。
remedy: 普通用词，侧重指对恢复健康有效的药品或治疗方法。
chemical: 多指工业或化学中的药品，有时也指医药中的药品。
medicine: 普通用词，可指药物的总称，也指一切有利于健康的东西。
cure: 比remedy更强调使身体恢复健康的疗法或良药。
drug: 普通用词，含义广泛，可指任何用于预防或治疗肉体上或精神上疾病的药品。用复数形式，多指毒品。
remedy, heal, cure, treat
这组词都有“治疗、医治”的意思，其区别是：
remedy: 着重用药物对病人进行治疗。
heal: 侧重指治愈伤口、伤痛如灼伤等。
cure: 主要指治愈疾病。
treat: 普通用词，指接受并诊治病人。
remedy, correct, rectify, revise, amend
这组词都有“纠正，改正”的意思，其区别是：
remedy: 正式用词，通常指在局部范围内进行纠正，尤指对困难或棘手问题的解决。
correct: 指纠正或改正不正确、不真实或有缺点的东西。
rectify: 正式用词，意义较抽象，侧重指彻底改正偏离子正确标准或规则的东西。
revise: 指通过仔细阅读、反复思考后而进行改正、订正或修订，使趋于完善。
amend: 书面语用词。指进行更正或改变，使之更好，符合更高的要求。
vt. 补救；治疗；纠正
 - cure, help, repair
n. 补救；治疗；赔偿
 - therapy, satisfaction, cure

Word: manuscript
Front: manuscript
[ˈmænjuskrɪpt] (研六雅宝 5114/4595 -2)
Vocabulary: manuscript
(once / 287 pages)
n
A manuscript is a handwritten work. It's still a manuscript if it's typed — if a publisher asks for your manuscript, don't send her something scrawled on notebook paper!
The noun manuscript evolved from the Latin manu scriptus, meaning “written by hand.” Manu is “hand” and scriptus is “to write." It refers to old documents actually written by hand before books were made, but it can also refer to a writer's unpublished work whether it's handwritten or typed. Samuel Johnson said, “Your manuscript is both good and original, but the part that is good is not original and the part that is original is not good.” Harrumph!
WORD FAMILY
manuscript: manuscripts
USAGE EXAMPLES
The theft transformed the manuscript into an object of obsession, a kind of Maltese Falcon, for a coterie of Inquisition scholars and rare-book collectors.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
But when Ms. Faludi offers to let her read the book manuscript, she declines.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
The team set up a dedicated channel for the in-development manuscript, allowing the entire group to weigh in on the text and figures.
Nature(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 手稿; 原稿; 底稿; 手写本
adj. 手写的，手抄的
分布：手稿(72%)，原稿(27%)，手抄的(1%)
→manu-,手，-script,写，词源同script,describe.引申词义手稿，原稿。
手稿(manu手+script写→手写→手稿)[man,maun=hand,表示"手"]
手抄本;原稿(manu手+script)[scrib,script=write,表示"写"]
n.手稿,原稿The subtle subscriber found the prescription manuscript.敏锐的认购者找到处方原稿.
【记】manu手，script写－手写稿
noun countable
■the original copy of a book or article before it is printed 手稿；原稿
• He sent the 400-page manuscript to his publisher. 他将400页的手稿寄给他的出版商了。
■an old document or book written by hand in the times before printing was invented （印刷术发明前的）手写本，手抄本
• It is thought that the manuscript is the work of a monk and dates from the twelfth century. 一般认为那部手抄本出自12世纪一位僧侣手笔。
n. [图情] 手稿；原稿
 - scripture, autograph
adj. [图情] 手写的
 - handwritten

Word: inability
Front: inability
[ˌɪnəˈbɪləti] (托雅 5112/5324 -K2)
Vocabulary: inability
(once / 828 pages)
n
An inability refers to lacking the capacity to do something. A deaf person has an inability to hear.
If you know that abilities are things people can do — like the ability of a basketball player to dunk the ball — then you might already have figured out that an inability is something a person cannot do. Most people have an inability to dunk a basketball. People who eat too much have an inability to resist food. Often, this word refers to having mental limitations: an inability to think or figure something out. We all have different abilities and inabilities.
WORD FAMILY
inability: inabilities+/ ability: abilities, inability / able: ability, abler, ablest, ably, disable, enable, unable/ disability: disabilities/ disable: disabled, disablement, disables, disabling /disabled: disability /disablement: disablements/disenable: disenabled, disenabling/ enable: disenable, enabled, enables, enabling /unable: unablest, unably
USAGE EXAMPLES
Koni attributed his decision to the inability of the government to rule the country.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Still, it faced a terminal disease common to many small funds, the inability to attract assets.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
But again, this isn’t possible everywhere on the planet: many regions are already limited by their inability to adapt to urban encroachment.
The Guardian(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: n. 无能，无力; 无才能; 无能为力
分布：无力(57%)，无能(43%)
→in-,不，非，ability,能力。
US [-tˌi] noun [S or U]
■lack of ability to do something 无能；无力
• [+ to infinitive] Inability to use a computer is a serious disadvantage when you are applying for jobs. 不会使用电脑在求职时是个十分不利的条件。
Compare disability
n. 无能力；无才能
 - incapacity, incompetency

Word: smash
Front: smash
[smæʃ] (研四六托雅 5113/4350 -K3)
Vocabulary: smash
(once / 394 pages)
1vnadv 2vn 3v 4v 5n
To smash something is to hit or throw it so hard that it breaks or is hurt. It's important to pay careful attention while you're driving so you don't smash into the car in front of you.
A running child can smash into her friend and knock her down, and an angry chef can smash a plate by throwing it on the floor. In the latter example, there's the additional meaning of "break into pieces." A smash can be a car accident, but it can also be a "great big success," like a TV series that starts slow but turns out to be a smash. This "hit" meaning dates from 1920s reviews of Broadway plays.
WORD FAMILY
smash: smashed, smasher, smashes, smashing+/smasher: smashers/smashing: smashingly, smashings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Angry, traumatized protesters cry, march, shout, smash windows, set fires — and that’s just the New York Times editorial board.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Weirdly enough, it never occurred to me that smashing busts of Thatcher might be considered a little dig.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
By smashing subatomic particles together at high energies, the machines deepen scientists’ understanding of the most fundamental aspects of nature.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: v. 打碎; 撞击; 猛击; 扣球
n. 打碎; 撞车; 扣球; 十分走红的歌曲
时态：smashed, smashing, smashes
分布：粉碎(48%)，打碎(27%)，破碎(10%)，猛撞(7%)，撞击(6%)，极为成功的(1%)，轰动的演出(1%)
v./n.打碎,粉碎He dashed to smash the fashionable ashtray with cash.他猛冲过去用现金砸那个时髦的烟灰盘.
verb
BREAK NOISILY 打碎
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to cause something to break noisily into a lot of small pieces 打碎，摔碎
• Rioters ran through the city centre smashing windows and looting shops. 暴动者穿过市中心，砸碎商店橱窗，掠劫店铺里的东西。
• She dropped her cup and watched it smash to pieces/to smithereens on the stone floor. 她失手摔落了杯子，看着它在石地板上摔得粉碎。
[smæʃ] verb
MOVE FORCEFULLY 猛烈移动
intransitive or transitive [+ adv/prep]
■to cause something to move with great force against something hard, usually causing damage or injury 猛撞，猛冲，猛击（通常造成破坏或伤害）
• Several boats were smashed against the rocks during the storm. 暴风雨期间，几艘小船撞上了礁石。
• He tried to smash the door down to get to me. 他试图将门撞倒来抓我。
• The car was travelling very fast when it smashed into the tree. 汽车正在高速行驶时，猛然间撞到了树上。
• He threatened to smash my face in if I didn't give him the money. 他威胁说如果我不给钱他就要揍扁我的脸。
intransitive or transitive
■in tennis, to hit the ball down toward the ground quickly and forcefully （网球运动中）打高压球，猛扣（球）
[smæʃ] verb
DEFEAT 打败
transitive
■to defeat someone or to destroy something completely 击溃，摧毁，粉碎
• The government said it would do whatever was necessary to smash the rebellion. 政府表示将采取一切必要行动来粉碎叛乱。
[smæʃ] verb
DO BETTER 提高
transitive
■to do much better than the best or fastest result recorded previously （轻松）打破（纪录）
• Petersen smashed the 400m record by over half a second. 彼得森以快了半秒多的成绩轻松打破了400米纪录。
[smæʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] smash sth up
■to damage something in a violent and destructive way 捣毁，砸碎
• In the sixties he was famous for taking drugs and smashing up hotel rooms. 60年代，他因吸毒和砸毁旅馆房间而出名。
smashed-up /ˈsmæʃt.ʌp] adjective
• a smashed-up car 被砸毁的汽车
[smæʃ] noun
NOISE 声响
uncountable
■the sound of something being smashed 砸碎声，摔碎声
• I was woken by the smash of glass. 玻璃被砸碎的声音把我吵醒了。
countable
■the sound of something smashing against something 撞击声，破碎声
• The cars collided with a loud smash. 两车相撞，发出一声巨响。
[smæʃ] noun
ACCIDENT 意外
countable
■a smash-up
[smæʃ] noun
TENNIS 网球
countable
■(in tennis) a powerful downward hit which sends the ball forcefully over the net （网球运动中的）高压球，扣球
[smæʃ] noun
SUCCESSFUL FILM/SONG 成功的影片／歌曲
countable
■an extremely popular and successful song, play or film 大获成功的歌曲（或戏剧、电影）
• This CD contains all the latest smash hits. 这张 CD 里收录了所有最新热门歌曲。
• Her first movie was an international box-office smash. 她的第一部影片取得了国际票房的巨大成功。
grind, crush, crack, smash, clash, crash
grind: 磨碎
crush: 压碎，压坏；
crack: 破裂；
smash: 打碎；
clash: 着重声音；
crash: 着重破坏
break, crush, crack, shatter, smash, burst, fracture
这组词都有“打破、弄碎”的意思，其区别是：
break: 常用词，含义广泛，多指猛然用力将坚硬物打破或损坏。
crush: 指用力把东西压破或变形。
crack: 多指因长期使用或经受压力，物体表现呈现裂纹、裂口或破裂、裂开，但一般没成碎片。
shatter: 指破裂为许多支离破碎的碎片，多用指易碎事物。
smash: 指突然而猛烈地重击某物，使之破碎或完全变形。
burst: 指某物因内部外部压力过大而出现严重破裂、爆开或账破。
fracture: 比crack的破裂程度更深更严重，常指断裂，医学上指骨折。
vt. 粉碎；使破产；溃裂
 - comminute, pulverize
n. 破碎；扣球；冲突；大败
 - interference, conflict, cleaning, war, collision
vi. 粉碎；打碎
 - size reduction, to break up
adj. 了不起的；非常轰动的；出色的
 - cool, impressed, marvelous

Word: hopeful
Front: hopeful
[ˈhəʊpfl] (高研四六 5116/6877 -2)
Vocabulary: hopeful
(once / 324 pages)
adjn
If you're hopeful about something, you're optimistic. You think it's going to turn out OK. Your team has been doing well in practice, so you're hopeful that you'll win the finals.
Hopeful comes from the word hope, meaning "optimism about a future event," and the suffix -ful, meaning "full." So if you're hopeful, you're full of hope: you think something good is going to happen. You might be hopeful that you'll be offered a job after your great interview. Used as a noun, hopeful can describe a promising person who wants to succeed at a particular goal. The charismatic young politician is a hopeful for the next election.
WORD FAMILY
hopeful: hopefully, hopefulness, hopefuls, unhopeful+/ hope: hoped, hopeful, hopeless, hoper, hopes, hoping/hoped: unhoped/ hopeless: hopelesser, hopelessly, hopelessness/hopelessness: hopelessnesss/hoper: hopers/unhoped: unhopedly/unhopeful: unhopefully
USAGE EXAMPLES
He is not as hopeful of the South Carolina Senate.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
After this year of fake news in US politics and elsewhere, I am hopeful that consumers of news will become much more discerning.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
I’m hopeful that 2017 will see the flickering resurgence of outdoor civic spaces blossom into something more profound and lasting.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 抱有希望的; 给人以希望的
n. 有成功希望的人
分布：有希望的(100%)
有希望的(hope希望)[-ful 1.表形容词"有…的"2.表名词"满,量"]
a.给人希望的,抱有希望的I am hopeful that she will come tomorrow.我对她明天要来抱着希望.
US ['hoʊp-] adjective
 IMPROVER
■having hope 抱有希望的，充满希望的
• He was hopeful about the outcome of the meeting. 他对会议的结果充满希望。
• They were hopeful of a successful agreement. 他们对成功达成协议充满希望。
• I'm hopeful (that) we can reach a compromise. 我对我们能达成和解充满希望。
■giving hope 给人以希望的
• The green shoots were hopeful signs of spring. 绿色的嫩芽是春天充满希望的象征。
UK ['həʊp.fəl] US ['hoʊp-] noun countable usually plural
■a person who is trying to get a part in a film, play for a famous football team, etc. 希望成名的人（设法参与电影拍摄，戏剧演出，著名足球俱乐部等等）
• Over a thousand young hopefuls went to the Theatre Royal today to audition for a part in the new musical. 一千多名希望成名的年轻人今天去皇家剧院，参加那出新音乐剧其中一个角色的试镜。
hopeful, optimistic
这组词都有“充满希望的，乐观看”的意思，其区别是：
hopeful: 着重有根据的希望，充满自信。
optimistic: 指性格乐观，对未来充满希望，有时抱有不切实际的幻想。
adj. 有希望的；有前途的
 - promising, likely

Word: disagreement
Front: disagreement
[ˌdɪsəˈgri:mənt] (高六雅 5117/5048 -K2)
Vocabulary: disagreement
(once / 1463 pages)
n
A disagreement is a type of conflict, either between people or ideas. No it’s not! Yes it is! It’s an argument. If your opinion contradicts the facts, there's a disagreement.
When ideas conflict, there's disagreement. If you want to go to an action movie, but your friend wants to go to a romantic comedy, that's a disagreement. Statements, opinions, and claims can also disagree. If I say my grandmother was a sweet woman, and you say she was a horrible person, that's disagreement. If the IRS finds a disagreement between your taxes and your real income, you could be in trouble.
WORD FAMILY
disagreement: disagreements+/ agree: agreeable, agreed, agreeed, agreeing, agreement, agrees, disagree /agreeability: agreeabilities/ agreeable: agreeability, agreeableness, agreeabler, agreeablest, agreeably, disagreeable/agreeableness: agreeablenesses/ agreement: agreements/ disagree: disagreed, disagreeing, disagreement, disagrees/disagreeable: disagreeableness, disagreeabler, disagreeablest, disagreeably/disagreeableness: disagreeablenesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
There is disagreement as well on whether the Bible contains helpful accounts of ancient myths but is not literally true.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
There is even disagreement between Russia and the US about what these properties are.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
But the possibility that the reforms are at the heart of the disagreements is an issue that should be addressed.
Washington Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 分歧，意见不合; 异议，争论; 不一致; 不适合
分布：争论(46%)，不一致(35%)，不合(19%)
noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■an argument or a situation in which people do not have the same opinion 分歧；意见不合
• We had a disagreement about/over the fee for the work. 我们对这项工作的费用有争议。
• Literary critics were in total disagreement (about the value of the book). （关于这本书的价值）文学评论家的看法迥异。
n. 不一致；争论；意见不同
 - controversy, combat, variance, disparity

Word: fancy
Front: fancy
[ˈfænsi] (高研四六托雅 5118/3859 -K1)
Vocabulary: fancy
(once / 58 pages)
1adj 2vn 3nv
Fancy can be an adjective, noun, or a verb. As an adjective, it’s the opposite of plain. The noun names something that isn’t real. When someone likes or wants something, the verb can be used: “I fancy a cup of tea.” Doesn’t that sound fancy?
Fancy is an old contraction of the word fantasy. You’ll often see this word used in the phrase “flights of fancy.” This phrase refers to an unrealistic goal or idea such as, “He has flights of fancy about running off to Hollywood and becoming a movie star.” Fancy can also be used as an expression of affection. If you have a crush on someone, for instance, you could say that you “took a fancy” to him or her.
WORD FAMILY
fancy: fancied, fancier, fancies, fanciest, fanciful, fancily, fancying+/fancied: fanciedly/ fancier: fanciers/ fanciful: fancifully
USAGE EXAMPLES
Not a fancy car, mind you—a fifteen-year old Civic with 170,000 miles on it—but a car nonetheless.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Rookie Tyreek Hill showed some fancy footwork in returning a punt 95 yards for a touchdown in the final minute of the third quarter.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Rookie Tyreek Hill showed some fancy footwork in returning a punt 95 yards for a touchdown in the final minute of the third quarter.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 认为; 想象; 想要; 自命不凡
n. 想象的事物; 想象力; 爱好; 想要
adj. 精致的; 花哨的; 昂贵的; 异常复杂的
时态：fancied, fancying, fancies
分布：幻想(33%)，想象(19%)，昂贵的(13%)，喜爱(6%)，想像力(6%)，迷恋(6%)，好的(5%)，时髦的(4%)，希望(4%)，复杂的(3%)，华丽装饰的(1%)
→缩写自fantasy, 幻想，空想。
n.爱好,迷恋v.想象,幻想a.花式的,奇特的Fancy meeting you here!想不到在这儿见到你了!
verb
LIKE 喜欢
 IMPROVER transitive mainly UK
■to want to have or do something 想要；想做
• Do you fancy a drink this evening? 你今晚想喝一杯吗？
• [+ -ing verb] I didn't fancy swimming in that water. 我不想在那水里游泳。
transitive mainly UK informal
■to be sexually attracted to someone 爱慕，喜欢
• He could tell she fancied him. 他看得出她喜欢他。
fancy yourself mainly UK disapproving
■to think you are very attractive or important 自以为是；自命不凡
• That Dave really fancies himself, doesn't he? 那个戴夫挺自命不凡的，是吧？
['fænt.si] verb
IMAGINE 想像
intransitive or transitive
■to imagine or think that something is so 想像；认为
• [+ (that)] UK I fancied (that) I saw something moving in the corner. 我想我看见角落里有东西在动。
• [R] He fancies himself as a bit of a singer. 他认为自己多少是个歌手。
• [+ to infinitive] Who do you fancy to win the Cup this year? 你认为今年谁会赢得杯赛？
• UK old-fashioned This isn't the first time this has happened, I fancy. 我想，这不是第一次发生这种事了。
fancy! (also fancy that!) UK old-fashioned
■an expression of surprise （表示惊讶）真想不到！
• "They have eight children." "Fancy that! “他们有八个孩子。”“真想不到啊！”
['fænt.si] verb
fancy sb's chances mainly UK
■to think that someone is likely to succeed 认为（某人）会成功
• I don't fancy his chances of getting his novel published. 我认为他的小说能够出版的希望不大。
['fænt.si] adjective
DECORATIVE 装饰的
■decorative or complicated 装饰的；花哨的；复杂的
• I wanted a simple black dress, nothing fancy. 我想要一件简洁的黑色礼服，不要花哨的东西。
• The decor was rather fancy for my tastes. 这种装饰风格过于繁复，不合我的喜好。
• fancy cakes 花式蛋糕
['fænt.si] adjective
EXPENSIVE 昂贵的 informal
■expensive 昂贵的；豪华的
• We stayed in a fancy hotel near the Champs-Élysées. 我们住在香榭丽舍大道附近一家豪华的饭店里。
• a fancy restaurant 豪华餐厅
['fænt.si] noun
STH/SB YOU LIKE 你喜欢的事物／人
passing fancy
■something that you like very much for a short period 一时的兴趣（或爱好）
• But for me, parachuting was no passing fancy. 但是对我来说，跳伞可不是一时的兴趣。
take a fancy to sth/sb
■to start liking something or someone very much 喜欢上，爱上
• Laura's taken a fancy to Japanese food. 萝拉喜欢上日本料理。
take/tickle your fancy informal
■If something takes/tickles your fancy, you like it and want to have or do it 吸引（某人），中（某人的）意
• I looked in a lot of clothes shops but nothing really tickled my fancy. 我逛了很多服装店，但没甚么衣服让我中意。
['fænt.si] noun
IMAGINATION 想像力
uncountable literary
■the imagination 想像（力） See flight of fancy
realize, fancy, think, imagine, conceive
这组词都有“在思想中形成一个看法或观念”的意思，其区别是：
realize: 指领悟，通过生动的构思或想象从而抓住事物的本质。
fancy: 与imagine略不同，往往指的是不切实际的，属于梦幻般的想象。
think: 最普通用词，指想或思索，也指由反复思考而作出判断或得出结论等。
imagine: 比conceive更强调形象思维，指在头脑中形成一个清晰明确的意象。
conceive: 指在头脑中组织好自己的思想，在心中形成一个系统的思想或一个见解。
love, fancy, enjoy, prefer, like, adore
这组词都有“喜欢、喜爱”的意思，其区别是：
love: 不但表示强烈的喜欢，而且含依恋之情，因此多用于能激起深厚情感的人或物。
fancy: 指喜爱投合自己心意、嗜好或欲望等的人或物。
enjoy: 指对能提供感观或智力上满足或快乐的东西表示欣赏或喜爱。
prefer: 指有选择性或偏向性的喜欢。
like: 最常用词，往往只表不太强烈的兴趣或关注，不带强烈的感情，除非另加修饰语。
adore: 非正式用词，口语体。指非常喜爱，带强烈的感情色彩。
fantasy, fancy, imagination
这组词都有“想象，幻想”的意思，其区别是：
fantasy: 指与现实完全脱节，荒诞离谱、稀奇古怪的想象。
fancy: 指脱离实际的幻想或幻想力，常暗含所想象的东西近乎怪诞的意味。
imagination: 含义广，一般不含贬义。可指认真、带有启发性的想象，也可指凭记忆的想象或凭空想象事物的能力。
n. 幻想；想像力；爱好
 - interest, like, fantasy
adj. 想象的；奇特的；昂贵的；精选的
 - expensive, rich, ideal, picked, dear
vt. 想象；喜爱；设想；自负
 - enjoy, vision, image
vi. 幻想；想象
 - have vision of, to imagine

Word: mandatory
Front: mandatory
[ˈmændətəri] (托雅宝 5119/5806 -1)
Vocabulary: mandatory
(once / 3013 pages)
1adj 2n 3n
In the US, attending school through the twelfth grade, driving on the right side of the road, and obtaining a social security number are all mandatory. The phrase "mandatory requirement" is redundant.
A mandatory action is something that is required, obligatory, or compulsory. Like letting your Great Aunt Edna pinch your cheeks or passing gym to get your diploma. Mandatory is often used in opposition to optional. If you want to compete with the swim team at school, weeknight practices are mandatory, meaning you have to go, though the Saturday dawn swim practice remains optional, meaning it's up to you.
WORD FAMILY
mandatory: mandatories, mandatorily, nonmandatory+/mandatary: mandataries/ mandate: mandatary, mandated, mandates, mandating, mandatory
USAGE EXAMPLES
It will also be mandatory for establishments to hang posters with helpline details.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
The Indian Supreme Court employed this logic when it struck down the mandatory death sentence in the country’s penal code, in 1983.
The New Yorker(Dec 31, 2016)
He said detention is mandatory for most recent arrivals to the U.S.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 强制的; 命令的; 受委托的
n. 受托者
分布：强制性的(83%)，法定的(7%)，义务的(6%)，受托管理者(2%)，受委托的(2%)
→来自mandate,命令。即命令的，引申词义强制的，法定的。
命令性的(mand命令+atory)[-atory 1.表形容词"有…性质的"2.表名词"场所,地点"]
【记】源于：command（n /v 命令）
【参】countermand（v 取消；撤消）；maneuver（v 调遣；操纵）
【反】discretionary（adj 自由决定的）
US [-tɔ:r.i] adjective formal
■describes something which must be done, or which is demanded by law 强制的；必须履行的；法定的
• The minister is calling for mandatory prison sentences for people who assault police officers. 部长呼吁把袭警者须受的惩罚定为强制监禁。
• Athletes must undergo a mandatory drugs test before competing in the championship. 运动员在参加锦标赛前必须接受强制性药检。
• In 1991, the British government made it mandatory to wear rear seat belts in cars. 1991年，英国政府强制要求汽车后座乘客佩带安全带。
adj. 强制的；托管的；命令的
 - managed, compulsive
n. 受托者（等于mandatary）
 - bailee, consignee

Word: morality
Front: morality
[məˈræləti] (研六雅 5115/4740 -2)
Vocabulary: morality
(once / 341 pages)
n
Morality is a concern with what’s right or wrong. Your sense of morality prevents you from cheating on your school exams, on your taxes, or on your spouse.
You’ll notice the word moral is in morality. And you might remember reading fairy tales that ended with the phrase, “The moral of the story is…” That’s because stories for children are often intended to instruct kids as to what the good or right decision is in a situation. For example, Cinderella teaches kids that if their foot fits the glass slipper, they can end up marrying a prince. How's that for morality?
WORD FAMILY
morality: moralistic, moralities+/amoral: amoralism, amorality, amorally /amoralism: amoralist/amoralist: amoralists/ immoral: immorality, immorally/ immorality: immoralities/ moral: amoral, immoral, moralise, moralism, morality, moralize, morally, morals /moralisation: moralisations/moralise: moralisation, moralised, moralises, moralising/moralism: moralisms, moralist / moralist: moralists/moralistic: moralistically/moralization: moralizations/ moralize: moralization, moralized, moralizes, moralizing/moralizing: moralizings
USAGE EXAMPLES
They toured the Soviet sphere, and even further, and they projected a certain clean-cut morality and proper decorum, patriotism.
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
It did not matter because Allardyce is a traghettatore, and ultimately money trumps what ghosts of morality survive in elite soccer.
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
It is a scam admirable for its complexity, if not its morality.
New York Times(Dec 21, 2016)
Back: n. 道德; 道德准则; 品德高尚的行为; 道德观
分布：道德(88%)，道德观(6%)，品行(3%)，美德(3%)
→来自moral,道德的，-ity,名词后缀。引申词义道德，准则。
n.道德,美德We talked about the morality of euthanasia.我们谈论了安乐死的道德性.
【参】mores（n 风俗习惯；道德观念）
US [mɔ:'ræl.ə.tˌi] noun countable or uncountable
■a personal or social set of standards for good or bad behaviour and character, or the quality of being right, honest or acceptable 道德体系；道德观；道德；道义
• They argued for a new morality based on self-sacrifice and honesty. 他们大力宣扬一种以自我牺牲和诚实为基础的新道德观。
• I have to question the morality of forcing poor people to pay for their medical treatment. 对逼迫穷人自付医疗费是否符合道义原则，我不得不提出质疑。
morals, morality, ethics
这些名词均含“道德”之意。
morals: 多用于实践方面，指按习惯或社会公认的道德标准，尤指男女之间关系的道德。
morality: 指符合道德标准的行为，或用道德标准衡量某事，既指社会的又指个人的道德。
ethics: 多用于伦理方面，指符合于伦理学中所指的好的行为，常指公平正真地对人对事的品德。
goodness, purity, integrity, morality, virtue
这组词都有“美德”的意思，其区别是：
goodness: 含义最广，侧重固有的仁爱，慷慨等高尚的美德。
purity: 侧重于道德上无缺点。
integrity: 指品格的纯正，有高度是非感的美德。
morality: 强调符合道德标准的行为或用道德准则衡量某事，尤注重男女间的道德品行。
virtue: 一般用词，指符合道德准则的隐恶扬善行为或品行或指一种有意识去做善事的高尚道德。
n. 道德；品行，美德
 - virtue, excellence

Word: dive
Front: dive
[daɪv] (高研四六托 5121/5288 -2)
Vocabulary: dive
(once / 249 pages)
1nv 2n
To dive is to jump head first into the water. You might dare your friend to dive off a boat into a cold lake.
When you dive, you plunge into a pool or other body of water. A bird or airplane also dives when it descends suddenly. The plunge or drop itself is also a dive: "When the plane went into a dive I had to close my eyes." Since 1871, dive has also been used informally for a low-rent or slightly dangerous bar, possibly from the idea that descending to a basement-level establishment involved a "dive" of sorts.
WORD FAMILY
dive: dived, diver, dives, diving+/diver: divers/divers: diversly/diving: divings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Witnesses described diving under tables as he walked around spraying bullets from an automatic rifle.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
In April, Cassini will begin repeated dives through the narrow gap between Saturn and its rings.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
One of the thorniest decisions for referees to judge is diving.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vi. 潜水; 跳水; 急剧下降; （头朝下）跳入水中
n. 潜水; 跳水; 俯冲，（潜艇）下潜; （气温，股价等的）暴跌，跳水
vt. & vi. 突然下降，暴跌
时态：dived, diving, dives
分布：潜水(54%)，跳水(27%)，俯冲(17%)，潜心钻研(2%)
→词源同dip, 浸。用来指跳水。
v./n.潜水,跳水,俯冲From the fact, the shivering driver derives that the diver may thrive on river.发抖的司机从这个事实得出结论说跳水员可以靠河流繁荣.
verb (dived or US ALSO dove, dived or US ALSO dove)
IN WATER 水中
 ADVANCED intransitive
■to jump into water, especially with your head and arms going in first, or to move down under the water （尤指头和手臂先入水的）跳水；潜水
• Look at those children diving for oysters over there! 看那边那些潜水摸蚝的孩子们！
• They ran to the pool, dived in , and swam to the other side. 他们跑到池边，一头栽进水里，然后游到池子的另一侧。
• Mark dived off the bridge into the river. 马克从桥上跳进了河里。
• The submarine dived just in time to avoid the enemy attack. 潜艇及时下潜，刚好躲过了敌人的攻击。
⇒ See also nosedive
 ADVANCED intransitive
■to swim under water, usually with breathing equipment （通常指携带呼吸设备）潜水
[daɪv] verb (dived or US ALSO dove, dived or US ALSO dove)
BECOME LESS 变少
intransitive
■to fall in value suddenly and by a large amount 突然大幅贬值，暴跌
• The company's shares dived by 90p to 65p on the stock market yesterday. 昨天公司股票在证券市场上猛降90便士，跌到了65便士。
[daɪv] verb (dived or US ALSO dove, dived or US ALSO dove)
MOVE QUICKLY 快速移动
intransitive
■to go down very quickly 迅速下降；急剧下滑；快速下跌
• The plane dived towards the ground and exploded in a ball of flame. 飞机冲向地面后爆炸，化作一团火球。
• The goalkeeper dived for the ball (= tried to catch the ball by jumping towards it and falling on the ground). 守门员飞身扑球。
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to move quickly, often in order to avoid something （为躲避某物而）冲，奔，扑
• They dived for cover when they heard the shooting start. 他们一听到枪声就赶紧找地方躲起来。
[daɪv] verb (dived or US ALSO dove, dived or US ALSO dove)
  Phrasal Verbs  dive in/dive into sth
■to start doing something suddenly and energetically, often without stopping to think 贸然投入到…之中
• If neighbouring countries are having a war, you can't just dive in. 如果邻国发生战争，不能贸然介入。
[daɪv] noun
INTO WATER 水里
countable
■a jump into water with your head going in first 跳水
• the best dive of the competition 比赛中最精彩的一跳
[daɪv] noun
LOSS 亏损
only singular
■a sudden loss in value 贬值；下跌
• The firm's profits took a dive last month. 上个月公司的利润大幅下跌。
[daɪv] noun
QUICK MOVEMENT 快速的动作
countable
■a movement down onto the ground 俯冲
• The goalkeeper made a valiant dive for the ball, but couldn't stop it going in the net. 守门员奋力一扑，但没能挡住足球入网。
• The plane went into a dive. 飞机猛然俯冲。
countable
■in sports like football, when a player falls deliberately to try to win an advantage 假摔（足球等运动比赛中，球员故意摔倒以取得优势）
countable
■a sudden quick movement （动作）冲；钻
• He made a dive for the door. 他冲进了门。
[daɪv] noun
PLACE 地点
countable informal
■a restaurant, hotel, bar or place for entertainment or social activities that is unpleasant because of the condition of the building or the type of people that go there 低级的餐馆（或饭店、酒吧、娱乐场所）
• I know this place is a bit of a dive, but the drink's cheap and the food's great. 我知道这个地方有点儿不像样，但这里的酒很便宜，饭菜也很棒。
vi. [水运] 潜水；跳水； [航] 俯冲；急剧下降
 - pitch down
n. [水运] 潜水；跳水； [航] 俯冲；扑
 - phreatic water, underground water

Word: purely
Front: purely
[ˈpjʊəli] (四六 5120/2929 -K2)
Vocabulary: purely
(once / 319 pages)
adv
Anything described as purely is consistent or restricted in some way. Kids often think of their teachers purely as teachers and can’t imagine them outside the classroom. So they get purely confused when they see a teacher at the store.
Something pure is made up of only one thing, like a pure gold ring. When anything is described as purely occurring or existing, it is similarly strict. A purely business-related letter is only business. A purely platonic friendship is not romantic at all. A purely bred dog has been bred only with dogs of the same breed. Someone who wants a dog purely for the sake of companionship will not bother with a purely bred dog.
WORD FAMILY
pure: impure, purely, pureness, purer, purest, purism, purity +/impure: impurely, impureness, impurer, impurest, impurity / impurity: impurities/purism: purisms, purist / purist: purists/ purity: purities
USAGE EXAMPLES
In purely economic terms cutting corporation tax may do some good, but for post-Brexit Britain it is at best a distraction.
Economist(Dec 01, 2016)
The first four chapters attempt to deconstruct the purely materialist view of assets:
BBC(Dec 01, 2016)
He told us that he could never write purely romantic love songs, as Smokey Robinson and other masters could.
The New Yorker(Nov 30, 2016)
Back: adv. 完全地，十足地; 纯粹地; 纯洁地，贞淑地
分布：纯粹地(67%)，纯洁地(22%)，清白地(11%)
US [pjʊr-] adverb
 ADVANCED
■only 仅仅，纯粹地
• On a purely practical level, it is difficult to see how such proposals would work. 从纯粹实际的角度来看很难看出这些计划的可行性。
• We made this decision purely for financial reasons. 我们作出这个决定纯粹是出于财务原因。
purely and simply
■for only one reason or purpose 纯粹地，不折不扣地
• They decided to close the museum purely and simply because it cost too much to run. 他们决定关闭博物馆纯粹是因为管理的费用太高。
adv. 纯粹地；仅仅，只不过；完全地；贞淑地；清洁地
 - merely, simply, totally, entirely, completely, absolutely, thoroughly

Word: soda
Front: soda
[ˈsəʊdə] (研四六 5125/9939 -1)
Back: n. 苏打; 碳酸钠; 苏打水，汽水; 苏打点心
分布：苏打(72%)，汽水(28%)
n.苏打,汽水The soda made the goddess nod by the fishing rod.苏打使女神在钓竿旁打盹.
noun
countable US (also soda pop)
■any type of sweet fizzy (= with bubbles) drink which is not alcoholic 果汁汽水
countable or uncountable (also soda water) (US also club soda)
■a type of fizzy (= with bubbles) water, often mixed with alcoholic drinks 苏打水（常与酒混合）
n. [无化] 苏打；碳酸水
 - sodium carbonate decahydrate, carbonated water

Word: Iraqi
Front: Iraqi
[ɪ'rɑːki] (1651/4075)
Back: n. 伊拉克人
adj. 伊拉克的；伊拉克人的
分布：伊拉克人(49%)，伊拉克的(44%)，伊拉克人的(4%)，伊拉克语(3%)
US [-'ræ.ki] noun countable adjective
■Iraqi 伊拉克人／伊拉克的

Word: advertise
Front: advertise
[ˈædvətaɪz] (高研四六雅宝 5124/4085 -K3)
Vocabulary: advertise
(once / 121 pages)
v
The verb advertise means to publicize a service or product in order to try to get you to buy or use it. If you see people eating delicious-looking chocolate in a television commercial, for example, you'll probably want to buy it.
You don't have to use television, radio, or print media to advertise something — or even try to sell it at all. In fact, the word advertise can also simply mean to call attention to something. Your neighbors might advertise their lottery win by parking flashy cars in the driveway and having an endless supply of packages delivered to their house.
WORD FAMILY
advertise: advertised, advertisement, advertiser, advertises, advertising +/advertised: advertisedly/ advertisement: advertisements/advertiser: advertisers/ advertising: advertisings
USAGE EXAMPLES
After graduating from Stanford, in 1950, Joyce won a contest to work in the advertising department at Mademoiselle magazine, in New York.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
She said that distinguishes the brand from standard wine advertising, which involves bottles “in the kitchen with cheese.”
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Kellogg’s stopped advertising on Breitbart after being spotlighted by Sleeping Giants, a social-media campaign that is pushing brands to cut their ties to the site.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 做广告，做宣传; 通告，通知; 宣扬
vi. 登广告，做广告; 做宣传
时态：advertised, advertising, advertises
分布：宣传(62%)，登广告(33%)，告知(5%)
→前缀ad-, 去，往。词根vert, 转。吸引人们注意力的，广告。
做广告(at一再+vert+ise→转来转去做广告)[ver,ert=turn,表示"转"]
做广告(advert注意到,ad+vert转+ise)[-ise 1.表动词后缀,和-ize相同,是-ize的变体,"…化"2.表名词"物品,状态"]
vt.公告,公布;为...做广告vi.登广告The company advertised for a secretary.公司登广告招聘秘书.
US [-vɚ-] verb intransitive or transitive
 IMPROVER
■to make something known generally or in public, especially in order to sell it （尤指为了推销某物）登广告，做广告，宣传；公布；征聘
• We advertised our car (= published a description of it together with the price we wanted for it) in the local newspaper. 我们在当地报纸上登了广告出售我们的轿车。
• He advertises his services on the company notice board. 他在公司的布告版上张贴广告来宣传其服务业务。
• I'm going to advertise for (= put a notice in the newspaper, local shop, etc., asking for) someone to clean my house. 我打算登广告雇个人来做家庭清洁。
• There's no harm in applying for other jobs, but if I were you, I wouldn't advertise the fact (= make it generally known) at work. 去应征其他的工作没有害处。但如果是我的话，我就不会在上班时张扬这件事。
announce, declare, proclaim, pronounce, advertise, broadcast, publish
这些动词均含“宣布，公开”之意。
announce: 多指首次宣布大家感兴趣或可满足大家好奇心的事情。
declare: 侧重正式就某事清楚明白地宣布。
proclaim: 指官方宣布重大事件或施政方针，语体比announce正式。
pronounce: 词义与announce, declare接近，但较多用于指法律判决方面的宣布。
advertise: 指通过文字和图像资料等的反复宣传而引起公众的注意，有时隐含令人不快或言过其实的意味。
broadcast: 专指利用广播或电视传播消息或发表见解。
publish: 专指通过报刊或其它媒介向公众公布事情。
vt. 通知；为…做广告；使突出
 - message, instruct

Word: pick
Front: pick
[pɪk] (中高雅 517/664 -K3)
Vocabulary: pick
(once / 54 pages)
1vn 2vn 3nv 4nv 5v 6v 7v 8v 9n 10n
When you pick something, you choose it, the way you pick apples in the fall or when you pick a partner to work with in biology class. But if you pick on someone, you bug them in a mean way.
Something you pick can be called a pick, like the "pick of the litter,” the best dog of the bunch. You can also use a pick to chop ice or play guitar. You can pick at something, like a loose thread, or pick something up, like your new puppy. You could pick on someone, but that's a good way to pick a fight, or provoke an argument. Pick is an old word related to “peck, sting, and pinch.”
WORD FAMILY
pick: picked, picker, picking, picks, unpick+/picker: pickers/picking: pickings/unpick: unpicked, unpicking, unpicks
USAGE EXAMPLES
Such delays would upend Republican hopes of quickly holding hearings and confirming most of Trump’s top picks on Inauguration Day.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
“That was a huge play in the game. Plays like that and the pick six,” Beathard added.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Preserving the flexibility to pick and choose facts carries obvious strategic benefits.
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 挑选，挑拣; 挖，采，摘，剔，扒; 挑剔
n. 选择; 收获; 精华
时态：picked, picking, picks
分布：选择(30%)，挑选(25%)，捡(14%)，拾(10%)，镐(8%)，采摘(6%)，精华(3%)，鹤嘴锄(2%)，找茬(1%)，偶然学到(1%)
→来自中古英语picken,捡，适，采摘，来自古英语pician,刺，拔，来自Proto-Germanic*pikona,刺，啄，敲，捡，来自beu-,发出敲击声，拟声词，词源同peck,pike.
v.拾,采,摘;挑选,选择n.镐,鹤嘴锄The thin sick chicken picks the thick sticky stick quickly.瘦病鸡快速地啄粘乎乎的粗棍.
verb
CHOOSE 挑选
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to take some things and leave others; to choose 挑选；选择
• Pick a card from the pack. 从这副纸牌中挑出一张。
• One of my sisters has been picked for the Olympic team. 我的一个姐姐入选了奥运代表队。
• [+ obj + to infinitive] She was picked to play for the team. 她获选代表该队参赛。
• The police asked him if he could pick (out) the killer from a series of photos. 员警问他能否从一组照片中认出凶手。
• The fairest way to decide the winner is to pick a name out of a hat / at random (= without looking or choosing). 决定谁是优胜者最公平的办法是任意／随机选取一个名字。
• They picked their way (= carefully chose a route) down the broken steps. 他们小心翼翼地沿着断裂的台阶向下走。
• He's brilliant at picking winners (= choosing what will be successful). 他在判断谁能获胜这方面很有眼光。
pick and choose often disapproving
■to take some things but not others 挑三拣四；精挑细选
• The richest universities can pick and choose which students they take. 最有钱的大学可以对学生精挑细选。
[pɪk] verb
REMOVE 除去
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to remove separate things or small pieces from something, especially with the fingers 从…上剔除；采，摘
• Machines pick the fruit (from/off the trees). 机器把水果（从树上）摘下来。
• I picked a piece of fluff off my shiny black suit. 我从闪闪发亮的黑色套装上拔掉一根绒毛。
• The child continued picking (at) a sore on his leg (= trying to remove parts of it with his fingers). 那个孩子不停地抓他腿上的疮。
• [+ obj + adj] The carcass had been picked clean (= all the flesh had been removed) by other animals and birds. 动物尸体上的肉已被别的动物和鸟吃得干干净净。
• disapproving He kept picking his nose (= removing mucus from it with his finger). 他在不停地掏鼻孔。
transitive
■When you pick a string on a guitar or similar instrument, you pull it quickly and release it suddenly with your fingers to produce a note. 弹拨，弹奏（吉他等弦乐器）
[pɪk] verb
pick sb's brains
■to ask someone who knows a lot about a subject for information or their opinion 请教某人
• I was picking Simon's brains about which computer to buy. 我正请教西蒙该买哪台电脑。
[pɪk] verb
pick sb's pocket
■to steal small objects, especially money, from someone's pockets or bag 从（某人）的口袋里偷东西；扒窃
⇒ See also pickpocket
[pɪk] verb
pick yourself up off the floor
■to make improvements to your life after a bad period 振作起来；重整旗鼓
[pɪk] verb
pick a fight/quarrel/argument
■to start a fight/quarrel/argument with someone 寻衅，找麻烦
• He'd had too much to drink and tried to pick a fight with the bartender. 他酒喝得太多了，试图挑衅酒吧侍者。
[pɪk] verb
pick holes in sth disapproving
■to find mistakes in something someone has done or said, to show that it is not good or not correct 挑…的毛病，找…的漏洞；批评
[pɪk] verb
pick 'n' mix UK
■a system in a shop where you can choose a few of several different small things, especially sweets 自己选配（指在商店里挑选多种小商品，尤指糖果）
[pɪk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  pick at sth disapproving
■to eat only a little bit of your food, showing no interest or enjoyment while you eat it （因没胃口或不高兴而）一点一点地吃，挑挑拣拣地吃
• Charles picked at his food in a bored fashion. 查尔斯吃饭挑挑拣拣的，一点胃口也没有。
⇒ See also picky
[pɪk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] pick sb/sth off
SHOOT
■to shoot at one particular person, animal or vehicle which you have chosen from a group （有选择地）瞄准射中
• The snipers picked the soldiers off one by one as they ran for cover. 士兵们慌忙走避时，狙击手将他们逐个击毙。
TAKE THE BEST
■to take the best person or thing from a group 挑选最佳的人选或物件
• It is relatively easy for newcomers to pick off the most lucrative business and ignore the rest. 新来人员较易挑选最有利润的业务而忽略其他业务。
[pɪk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  pick on sb
 ADVANCED
■to criticize, punish or be unkind to the same person often and unfairly 找（某人）的漏洞；对（某人）刁难挑剔；找碴
• He gets picked on by the other boys because he's so small. 他因为个子小受到其他男孩欺负。
• Why don't you pick on someone your own size ? 你怎么不去欺负和你个头差不多的人？
pick on someone your own size
■said to someone who wants to fight a person who is smaller than them 找个个头和你差不多的人较量吧
• Just leave me alone, will you? Why don't you go and pick on someone your own size? 别惹我，好吗？你怎么不找一个个头和你差不多的呢？
[pɪk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] pick sb/sth out
RECOGNIZE
 ADVANCED
■to recognize, find or make a choice among different people or things in a group 辨认出，分辨出；认真挑选出
• Can you pick out the three deliberate mistakes in this paragraph? 你能找出这一段三个故意犯的错误吗？
• The critics picked him out as the outstanding male dancer of the decade. 评论家把他评为十年来最杰出的男舞蹈家。
EMPHASIZE
■to choose and emphasize, make clearer or highlight someone or something 强调；使突出；使显著
• The ship's name was picked out in bright gold letters along her stern. 在船的尾部，金色的船名清晰可见。
[pɪk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] pick sth out
■If you pick out a tune, you play it slowly or with difficulty, note by note （缓慢或困难地）弹奏（乐器）
• I can pick out a simple tune on the piano, but that's about it. 我能用钢琴弹奏简单的曲调，但仅此而已。
[pɪk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  pick over sth
■to look carefully at a group of things, choosing the ones you want or getting rid of the ones you do not want 挑拣；甄选，精选
• All the clothes at the sale had been thoroughly picked over and there was nothing nice left. 所有减价出售的衣服都被别人仔细挑过了，没剩下甚么好的了。
[pɪk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] pick sb/sth up
LIFT
 ESSENTIAL
■to lift someone or something using your hands 举起；抱起；提起
• If she starts to cry, pick her up and give her a cuddle. 如果她哭了的话，把她抱起来搂一搂。
• I picked up the kids' clothes that were lying on the floor. 我把地上孩子的衣服捡了起来。
• I went to pick up the phone/receiver, but it had stopped ringing. 我去接电话，但已经不响了。
COLLECT
 ADVANCED
■to collect, or to go and get, someone or something 接（某人）；取（某物）
• When you're in town could you pick up the books I ordered? 你进城时能帮我取一下我订购的书吗？
• Whose turn is it to pick the children up after school? 该谁去接放学的孩子？
• The crew of the sinking tanker were picked up (= saved from the sea) by helicopter. 油轮不断下沉，船上的船员都被直升机救了上来。
[pɪk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] pick sth up
LEARN
 ADVANCED
■to learn a new skill or language by practising it rather than being taught it （透过练习而）学会
• Don't bother with the computer manual - you'll pick it up as you go along. 别费神看电脑手册了——练练就会了。
• When you live in a country you soon pick up the language. 如果你住在某个国家的话，很快就能学会该国的语言。
■to learn interesting or useful information from someone or something 获悉；得知
• The nurse had picked up the information from a conversation she overheard. 护士是从偶然听到的谈话中得知这个消息的。
BUY
■to buy something cheaply （便宜地）买到
• She picked up some real bargains in the sale. 她在特价时买了几样非常便宜的东西。
WIN
■to win or get a prize or something that gives you an advantage, such as votes or support 赢得，获得（奖品、选票或支持）
• The People's Front expect to pick up a lot more votes in this year's elections. 人民阵线期望今年大选中获得的选票将能大幅增加。
SIGNAL
■(of a piece of electrical equipment) to receive a signal （电子设备）接收（讯号）
• Can you pick up (= receive broadcasts from) Moscow on your radio? 你的收音机能收到莫斯科的广播吗？
NOTICE
■to notice and react to something 注意到；察觉；看到
• Police dogs picked up the scent of the two men from clothes they had left behind. 警犬从那两名男子留下的衣服上闻出了他们的气味。
ILLNESS
■to catch an illness from someone or something, caused by bacteria or a virus 感染病毒；得了…病
• He picked up malaria when he was visiting the country on business. 他到该国出差时染上了疟疾。
pick up the phone informal
■to make a telephone call to someone 打电话
• If you need me, you just have to pick up the phone. 需要我的话，打个电话给我就可以了。
pick up the bill/tab (US also pick up the check) informal
■to pay for what has been bought, especially a meal in a restaurant （尤指在餐厅）付帐
pick up the pieces
■to try to return to a satisfactory situation 重整旗鼓；力求恢复正常
• The fire was a blow, but we were determined to pick up the pieces and get the business back on its feet. 火灾是个打击，但我们决心重整旗鼓，恢复经营。
pick up the thread(s)
■to start again after an interruption （中断后）恢复，继续
• Picking up the threads of our discussion, let's return to the topic of factory farming. 继续我们的讨论，还是回到工厂化农业的话题吧。
[pɪk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] pick (sth) up
■to start again after an interruption; to return to something 重新开始，继续
• The author picks the same theme up again on page ten. 作者在第十页又再次谈到那个主题。
• After lunch shall we pick up where we left off yesterday? 午餐后我们接着昨天的话题谈下去好吗？
[pɪk] verb pick 1 Phrasal Verbs  [M] pick sb up
POLICE UK informal
■(of the police) to stop someone and take them to a police station in order to question them or arrest them （员警）逮捕，拘捕
• He was picked up by the police for drug dealing. 他因贩毒被警方逮捕。
• The police picked her up just outside Canterbury. 她在坎特伯里城外不远处被警方抓住了。
MEET informal
■to start a sexual or romantic relationship with someone you do not know, by talking to them and giving them a lot of attention 勾搭（某人）；与（某人）调情
• He said he'd picked the woman up in a bar. 他说他在酒吧勾搭上那个女人。
[pɪk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  intransitive or transitive pick up
INCREASE
■to increase or improve 增加；提高；改进
• The truck picked up speed slowly. 卡车慢慢加速。
• The wind always picks up in the evening. 一到晚上，风就越刮越大。
• The number of applicants will pick up during the autumn. 在秋季，应征者的人数会增加。
• His spirits picked up when he got the good news. 他听到那个好消息后情绪好转了。
• Her career only began to pick up when she was in her forties. 她40多岁时事业才开始起步。
TELEPHONE
■to answer the telephone 接电话
• I tried his home number but he didn't pick up. 我拨了他家的号码，但他没接。
[pɪk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  pick sb up on sth
■to criticize someone about something they have said 在…上挑（某人）毛病，指出（某人）在…方面的错误
• "I want to pick you up on the point you made a few minutes ago about personal morality, Archbishop." “大主教，我对您刚才有关个人道德的观点有不同的意见。”
• His teacher picked him up on his pronunciation. 他的老师指出了他的发音错误。
[pɪk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  pick up on sth
RETURN
■to start talking again about something that someone said previously 重新回到，继续（某一话题）
• Can I just pick up on your first point again, please? 我能继续探讨你的第一个论点吗？
NOTICE
■to notice something that other people have not noticed 注意到（他人未注意到的事物）
• Only one newspaper picked up on the minister's statement. 只有一家报纸注意到部长的陈述。
[pɪk] noun
CHOICE 选择
uncountable
■choice 挑选；选择
• You can have first pick of the cakes. 你可以第一个挑选蛋糕。
have your pick
■to have a large choice available 可以挑选；任意挑选
• The plane was fairly empty so we had our pick of seats. 飞机上很空，所以我们可以自由选择座位。
take your pick
■to choose the one(s) you want from the different types available 挑选，选择
• The shirts come in five different colours - just take your pick. 这种衬衫有五种不同的颜色——你随便挑吧。
[pɪk] noun
TOOL 工具
countable
■a pickaxe
• picks and shovels 锄和铲
countable
■especially in combinations, a sharp pointed tool （尤用于复合词）
• a toothpick 牙签
[pɪk] noun
MUSIC 音乐
countable
■a plectrum
[pɪk] noun
the pick of sth (also the pick of the bunch)
■the best of a group of people or things （…的）精华；最好的东西；出类拔萃者
• The pick of this year's 3-year-old racehorses is Galileo. 今年三岁大的赛马中最棒的是加利莱奥。
• There were a lot of very amusing entries, but the pick of the bunch came from John Robinson. 有许多非常有趣的参赛作品，但最好的还是约翰‧鲁宾逊的。
elect, select, pick, prefer, choose, opt
这组词都有“选择”的意思，其区别是：
elect: 指按照一定的规章或法律，用投票等方式进行的认真慎重的选择。
select: 书面用词，具有庄严、正式的感情色彩。强调精选。
pick: 口语用词，多指从个人角度仔细挑选，也含任意挑选之意。
prefer: 强调个人偏爱，不一定有选择的行动。
choose: 普通用词，侧重根据个人意愿和判断从众多的对象中进行选择，着重被选者的优点。
opt: 多指在几种可能性之间进行选择。
vi. 挑选；采摘；挖
 - select, choose from
vt. 采摘；拾取；掘；精选
 - dig, handpick
n. 选择；挖； [农机] 鹤嘴锄
 - chose, selection, choice

Word: shiny
Front: shiny
[ˈʃaɪni] (托 5128/6457 -K2)
Vocabulary: shiny
(once / 1405 pages)
adj
Shiny describes something with a smooth, glossy surface. If you want to see your reflection in the glass table, you'll have to polish it to keep it shiny.
Something shiny has a shine, a brightness that comes from reflecting light. Are you into shiny new cars, or shiny diamonds? Or do you like shiny, happy people? Good synonyms are lustrous, sheeny and glossy.
WORD FAMILY
shiny: shinier, shiniest, shinily, shininess+/ shine: shined, shiner, shines, shining, shiny, shone/shiner: shiners/shining: shininger, shiningest, shiningly, shinings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Metro’s sleek new stainless steel rail cars are noticeably different from their clanking aluminum predecessors: They’re shiny, brightly lighted, far more modern.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
He settled each onto his workbench and rubbed beeswax into them until they darkened and turned shiny.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
“We are the shiny new toy, but we need to be the favorite toy,” said Kevin Demoff, the Rams’ chief operating officer.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 发光的，光亮的; 闪耀的; 磨亮的; 磨损的
级别：shinier, shiniest
分布：闪亮的(60%)，发光的(35%)，擦亮的(5%)
→来自 shine,照耀，发光，-y,形容词后缀。
adjective
 ADVANCED
■A shiny surface is bright because it reflects light （表面）有光泽的，光亮的
• beautiful shiny hair 美丽有光泽的头发
• shiny black shoes 闪亮的黑皮鞋
• a shiny silver dollar 一枚闪闪发亮的银币
adj. 有光泽的，擦亮的；闪耀的；晴朗的；磨损的
 - brilliant, wearing, fair, fine, clear

Word: bass
Front: bass
[beɪs] (5126/5886 -2)
Vocabulary: bass
(once / 633 pages)
1nadj 2n
A bass sound or instrument is the deepest. If a barbershop quartet sings “Happy Birthday” to you, the guy with the lowest voice is singing the bass part. A bass is also a type of saltwater fish.
The word bass has two main meanings with separate pronunciations — bass with a high vowel sound (like base) ironically refers to very low sounds — bass instruments and singers are in the lowest part of the musical range, like the low rumble of a bass guitar. If you say bass with a low vowel sound, it's a type of fish. That kind of bass doesn’t add much to a harmony but is delicious with mashed potatoes.
WORD FAMILY
bass: basses, bassist+/bassist: bassists
USAGE EXAMPLES
“It’s like the difference between a bass singer and a baritone,” she added.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
The Federal Trade Commission wants more information on the sporting goods retailer’s sale to rival Bass Pro Shops.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Cabela’s said that it still expects the FTC to clear the Bass Pro purchase in the first half of 2017.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 低音歌唱家，低音乐器; [鱼]欧洲鲈鱼; [植]椴树，椴属树木，美洲椴木
adj. 低音的
分布：鲈鱼(42%)，男低音(24%)，低音的(16%)，低沉的(10%)，低音部分(6%)，低音符(2%)
→词源同base, 低。bass 鲈
noun (plural basses)
MUSIC 音乐
countable or uncountable
■the lowest range of musical notes, or a man with a singing voice in this range 低音部；男低音
• He sings bass. 他唱男低音。
• Italy's leading bass 义大利头号男低音
uncountable
■the set of low musical sounds on a radio, music system, etc., or the button that controls them 低音；低音键
• Turn down the bass. 把低音调低。
countable * a double bass
countable (also bass guitar)
■an electric guitar with four strings that plays very low notes 低音吉他
• He plays (the) bass guitar. 他弹低音吉他。
[beɪs] adjective [before noun]
■playing, singing or producing the lowest range of musical notes 低音的
• a bass drum/guitar/trombone 低音鼓／吉他／长号
n. [鱼] 鲈鱼； [声] 男低音；低音部；椴树
 - perche, weever

Word: memo
Front: memo
[ˈmeməʊ] (研托 5129/8888 -1)
Vocabulary: memo
(once / 1724 pages)
n
A memo is a written message. Your boss may send around a memo in your office warning employees to not spend so much time socializing by the water cooler and to get back to work.
The intent of most memos is to help you remember something, or to remind another person of something. In a business or government setting, it's particularly important to keep written notes on decisions and communications between people. A written or emailed memo is one way to keep such a record. The word is short for memorandum, "thing to be recorded" in Latin, and a close linguistic relative of memory.
WORD FAMILY
memo: memos
USAGE EXAMPLES
That’s when The Des Moines Register got its hands on internal memos and emails between state officials and the insurers.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
She wrote in the suggestion by hand three times on a memo of 10 April listing options.
BBC(Dec 29, 2016)
The memo of the incident listed several failings, including:
BBC(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 备忘录; （美）内部通知
分布：备忘录(100%)
→缩写自memorandum.
n.(memorandum)备忘录
US [-oʊ] noun countable (plural memos) (formal memorandum)
 ADVANCED
■a message or other information in writing sent by one person or department to another in the same business organization 备忘录；备忘便条
• Did you get my memo about the meeting? 你收到我的会议备忘录了吗？
n. 备忘录
 - minute, notandum

Word: lesser
Front: lesser
[ˈlesə(r)] (5127/3789 -2)
Vocabulary: lesser
(once / 506 pages)
adj
Use the adjective lesser to describe something that's smaller than or inferior to something else. A lesser singer might sound fine in the context of a large chorus, but a solo performance could be tricky.
A young car thief might be charged with a lesser crime because of his age — trespassing instead of larceny, for example. He's also likely to end up with a lesser punishment in that case. Sometimes people talk about "the lesser of two evils," by which they mean the less bad of two bad choices, or describe something as "lesser-known," like a rarely studied poet or an unacknowledged scientist.
WORD FAMILY
less: lessen, lesser, lessly+/ lessen: lessened, lessening, lessens/lessening: lessenings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Two Marines, a major and a sergeant, were eventually convicted of lesser charges.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
A one-off concussion likely represents a lesser threat.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
By lesser measures, the actions are fairly substantial.
Slate(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 较小的; 较少的; 次要的
分布：较小的(52%)，较少的(30%)，次要的(18%)
→less,用于little的比较级，-er,比较级后缀。
US [-ɚ] adjective [before noun]
■used to describe something that is not as great in size, amount or importance as something else 较小的，较少的；次要的
• A lesser man (= a man who was not as strong or brave) might have given up at that point. 那时候稍微软弱一点的人就可能会放弃。
• The charge of murder was altered to the lesser (= less serious) charge of manslaughter. 谋杀的指控被改成了较轻的过失杀人的罪名。
• Ethiopia and, to a lesser extent/degree , Kenya will be badly affected by the drought. 衣索比亚将受到干旱的严重影响，其次是肯亚。
UK ['les.ər] US [-ɚ] noun
the lesser of two evils
■the less unpleasant of two choices, neither of which are good 两害相权之轻者
• But allowing a criminal to go free is perhaps the lesser of two evils if the alternative is imprisoning an innocent person. 放走一个罪犯也许比把一个无辜者关进监狱要好一些。
adj. 较少的；次要的；更小的
 - fewer, smaller, secondary, supporting, minor

Word: stun
Front: stun
[stʌn] (研六托宝 5131/11636 -2)
Vocabulary: stun
(once / 438 pages)
v
To stun is to knock unconscious or to shock. So getting hit in the head with a softball will stun you, but hearing that your favorite band is playing at the prom will also stun you.
If your cat catches a mouse, it may only stun the little animal and give you a chance to set it free. Being knocked hard enough in the head is generally what it takes to physically stun a person. It's more common for something that's astonishing to stun you, whether it's hearing terrible news or seeing something amazingly beautiful, like the northern lights or the Grand Canyon. Stun, in fact, shares a root with astonish.
WORD FAMILY
stun: stunned, stunner, stunning, stuns+/stunner: stunners/ stunning: stunningest, stunningly
USAGE EXAMPLES
I am in a shower when I find a lump in my left breast, and I am stunned.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
It’s not a coincidence that they were able to stun New England on national television this year.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
For the Seahawks, though, this season marked a somewhat stunning change in offensive personality.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 击晕，使昏厥; 使震聋; 使目瞪口呆; 使大吃一惊
n. 打击，刺激
时态：stunned, stunning, stuns
分布：震惊(30%)，使目瞪口呆(21%)，使昏迷(21%)，使震惊(15%)，晕眩(13%)
→来自古英语 stunian,打昏，震晕，大叫，猛击，来自 Proto-Germanic*stunona,大叫，轰鸣，来 自 stene,打雷，怒吼，词源同 stentorian,astonish,thunder.引申诸相关词义。
vt.使...失去知觉;使目瞪口呆,使吃惊They stunned him with a blow on the head.他们当头一击把他打昏过去.
【记】stun的人不能stand。
【参】stunning（adj 足以使人晕倒的；极好的）
[stʌn] (-nn-)
verb transitive
SHOCK 使震惊
■to shock or surprise someone very much 使震惊；使惊讶
• News of the disaster stunned people throughout the world. 灾难消息使全世界的人震惊。
• She was stunned by the amount of support she received from well-wishers. 居然有这么多人送上祝福，他们的支持令她受宠若惊。
[stʌn] (-nn-)
verb transitive
MAKE UNCONSCIOUS 使失去知觉
■to make a person or animal unconscious, or to cause them to lose the usual control of their mind, especially by hitting their head hard 使失去知觉，使昏迷；（尤指重击头部）把…打昏
• Stunned by the impact, he lay on the ground wondering what had happened. 遭重击昏倒后，他躺在地上想弄清楚发生了甚么事。
• This injection stuns the rhinoceros, so we can examine it. 这支注射针剂可以把犀牛弄晕，然后我们就可以对它进行检查。
stun, astound, astonish, surprise, amaze, startle
这组词都有“使惊愕，使惊讶，使惊奇”的意思，其区别是：
stun: 语气最强，指极度惊讶而目瞪口呆，不知所措。
astound: 语气强，指由于事情令人难以置信或实在罕见而使人感到震惊。
astonish: 语气较强，指出乎预料，意外发生，但又无法解释而感到惊奇。
surprise: 普通用词，多指因未预料或意外的事而引起的惊奇之感。
amaze: 语气较强，指因认为不可能或极少可能发生情况的出现而感到惊讶或迷惑不解。
startle: 指因突然的惊吓或意料不到的刺激等而使人惊跳或震惊。
vt. 使震惊；打昏；给以深刻的印象
 - shock, scandalize
n. 昏迷；打昏；惊倒；令人惊叹的事物
 - coma, stupor

Word: junk
Front: junk
[dʒʌŋk] (高研六雅 5130/7753 -2)
Vocabulary: junk
(once / 1287 pages)
1nv 2n
Junk is trash, debris, or garbage — it's something that's left behind or thrown away because it's not wanted. You might view the broken toaster as junk, while your sister sees it as an interesting repair project.
After an accident, your car might be junk, and if it's hauled off to a scrapyard, you can say you had to junk it, using the verb meaning "to throw it away." One person's junk, however, is another person's valuable metal that can be sold to recycling companies. A completely different, non-trashy kind of junk is a Chinese sailing ship. These uses are connected through the nautical origin of junk, originally spelled junke and meaning "old rope or cable."
WORD FAMILY
junk: junked, junking, junks
USAGE EXAMPLES
Some consumer groups argued that the letters looked like junk mail.
BBC(Dec 31, 2016)
I thought, “What kind of junk is this with all the sensational news about ‘fake news’?”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Corporate junk bond funds, which tend to fare well in good economies, are up a hefty 13% this year.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 废旧物品，破烂物; 中国式平底帆船; 便宜货，假货; 废话，哄骗
vt. 丢弃，废弃; 把…分成块
时态：junked, junking, junks
分布：垃圾(97%)，丢弃(2%)，废旧杂物(1%)
→来自中古英语junke,船上的旧缆绳或绳索，可能来自古法语junc,来自拉丁语juncus,芦苇，灯芯草，词源同junket.后引申词义船上的垃圾，废弃物。junk 中国式帆船
n.废物,旧货;舢板Stop eating juck food!别再吃垃圾食品了!
noun
RUBBISH 垃圾
uncountable
■things that are considered to be of no use or value, or of low quality 废弃的旧东西；破烂的东西；便宜货
• We ought to clear out this cupboard - it's full of junk. 我们应该清理一下这个橱柜——里面都是没用的东西。
• I can't stand watching the junk that's on TV these days. 我受不了现今电视上播放的那些乱七八糟的节目。
[dʒʌŋk] noun
DRUG 毒品
uncountable mainly US slang
■a dangerous drug, especially heroin 危险毒品；（尤指）海洛因
[dʒʌŋk] noun
SHIP 船
countable
■a Chinese ship with a flat bottom and square sails （平底方帆的）中国式帆船：戎克船
[dʒʌŋk] verb transitive informal
■to get rid of something because it is of no use or value 丢弃，扔掉（废物）
waste, debris, rubbish, litter, garbage, junk
这组词都有“废物，垃圾”的意思，其区别是：
waste: 普通用词，概念广泛，指任何被丢弃的东西。
debris: 着重指分解、分裂或破坏后剩下的碎片，也指零散的普通废品。
rubbish: 普通用词，指任何成堆的、破损的、用过的或无用的东西，尤指弃掉的垃圾堆。也可作引申用。
litter: 是四下乱丢物品的总称，尤指散落于地，有碍观瞻的废物。
garbage: 主要指有机废料，包括厨房的剩菜剩饭或不能再用的食物。也可作引申用。
junk: 指回收的旧汽车或大型机器，也指毫无实用价值，或破烂物体，但不指垃圾。
n. 垃圾，废物； [船] 舢板
 - refuse, garbage, waste, rubbish, trash

Word: devoted
Front: devoted
[dɪˈvəʊtɪd] (托宝 5132/4988 -K2)
Vocabulary: devoted
(once / 132 pages)
adj
Being devoted to something means being focused on that particular thing almost exclusively. When you are devoted to a cause, you work to achieve its goals. When you are devoted to a person, you place their needs above your own.
Being devoted doesn't have to refer only to personal relationships. It can focus on any area, activity, or passion. Cookbooks are devoted to presenting recipes, dog breeders are usually devoted to one specific type of dog, and tabloids are devoted to gossiping about celebrities. There's nothing wrong with being devoted to an activity or a person, as long as you don't lose track of everything else in your life. That’s when being devoted crosses over into being obsessed.
WORD FAMILY
devoted: devotedest, devotedly, devotedness+/ devote: devoted, devotee, devotes, devoting, devotion / devotee: devotees/ devotion: devotional, devotions/devotional: devotionally, devotionals
USAGE EXAMPLES
She devoted herself to her job at the Brinkmann cigarette factory.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Mr. Christopher devoted much of his life offscreen to caring for his autistic son, Ned, and to championing for the developmentally disabled and their families.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
It's also why he's devoted his life to keeping the memory of his donor, Jason Gosnell, alive.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 献身的; 忠诚的; 挚爱的; 专心的
v. 献身于…; 致力于…(devote的过去分词)
分布：全心全意的(37%)，投入的(27%)，深爱的(18%)，动词devote的过去式和过去分词.(18%)
【记】de加强语义，vote＝vow发誓－发誓热爱－献身
【参】votary（n 信徒；爱好者）；devote（vt 投入于；献身）
【反】dabble（v 涉足）－devote（vt 投入于；献身）
US [-'voʊ.tˌɪd] adjective
 ADVANCED
■extremely loving and loyal 挚爱的；忠实的，忠诚的
• a devoted fan/husband 忠实的支持者／忠诚的丈夫
• Lucy is devoted to her cats. 露西对她的猫十分疼爱。
adj. 献身的；忠诚的
 - loving, dedicated, faithful

Word: manufacture
Front: manufacture
[ˌmænjuˈfæktʃə(r)] (研四六托雅 5134/4506 -K3)
Vocabulary: manufacture
(once / 103 pages)
vn
To manufacture something, is to make or construct it, usually for industry and sale. Unless you make all your own clothes, a company probably had to manufacture them.
Manufacture is generally associated with industry and factories. Henry Ford, for instance, revolutionized industry by using assembly lines to manufacture Model Ts. But manufacture can also be used for the natural word, like bees that manufacture honey. Occasionally it use used more generally to mean to construct by putting parts together. And in a pinch, you can manufacture — or make — the truth, which is a creative way to say “lie.”
WORD FAMILY
manufacture: manufactured, manufacturer, manufactures, manufacturing +/ manufacturer: manufacturers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Some manufacturing companies are required to cut production and heavily polluting vehicles are banned from the roads.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
When authorities issue red alerts, some manufacturing companies are required to cut production and heavily polluting vehicles are banned from the roads.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But the country is now facing the limits of that model amid slowing growth, toxic pollution and the shift of manufacturing work to less-developed nations.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 制造，生产; 捏造，虚构; 加工; 从事制造
n. 制造; 制成品，产品; 工业，工厂; （文学作品等的）粗制滥造
时态：manufactured, manufacturing, manufactures
分布：制造(92%)，制造业(6%)，捏造(2%)
→manu-,手，-fact,制造。
制造(业)(manu手+fact+ure→手做→制造业(机器发明前用手做))前用的手做))[fac,fact,fect,fic,fig=make,do,表示"做,制作"]
制造;加工(manu+fact做+ure→用手做→制造)[man,maun=hand,表示"手"]
v.制造,加工n.制造,制造业;产品The manufacturer manually manufactured many machines for the manufactory.制造商为工厂手工制造了很多机器.
US [-tʃɚ] verb transitive
PRODUCE 制造
 ADVANCED
■to produce goods in large numbers, usually in a factory using machines （通常指工厂利用机械大量）制造，（大批）生产
• He works for a company that manufactures car parts. 他在一家生产汽车零件的公司工作。
• The report notes a rapid decline in manufactured goods. 报告指出工业产品数量迅速下滑。
UK [ˌmæn.jʊ'fæk.tʃər] US [-tʃɚ] verb transitive
INVENT 虚构
■to invent something, such as an excuse or story, in order to deceive someone 捏造；编造；虚构
• She insisted that every scandalous detail of the story had been manufactured. 她坚称报道中每一个骇人听闻的细节都是捏造出来的。
UK [ˌmæn.jʊ'fæk.tʃər] US [-tʃɚ] noun uncountable
■the process of producing goods 生产
• Oil is used in the manufacture of a number of fabrics. 石油用作生产多种纺织品。
• The amount of recycled glass used in manufacture doubled in five years. 用于制造业的回收玻璃数量在五年间上升了一倍。
manufacture, yield, contribute, create, produce
manufacture: （强调机器成批）生产
yield: 生出、产生或提供（自然产物、结果或利润等）
contribute: 贡献出
create: 引起，造成（感觉或印象）
produce: 制造，引起，导致，带来
manufacture, fabricate, make, produce
这组词都有“做，制造”的意思，其区别是：
manufacture: 正式用词，一般指用机器大规模地批量生产各种生活或生产用品。
fabricate: 特指按照标准样式制作或把材料或部件组合成一个整体。
make: 普通用词，很常用，含义广，既可指制造具体的东西，也可指完成一种行为。
produce: 普通用词，侧重大量地生产出各种生产用品和生活用品。强调结果。也用于引申。
product, manufacture, production, produce
这组词都有“产品，制品”的意思，其区别是：
product: 一般指工业产品，也可泛指各种各样的产品。
manufacture: 一般指机器大量制造的产品。
production: 含义广泛，不同场合有不同的意思，可表示“产品，产物”，尤指人类智力或艺术劳动的产品。
produce: 多指农产品(尤指蔬菜水果等)。
n. 制造；产品；制造业
 - machining, make, work, fabrication
vt. 制造；加工；捏造
 - process, make

Word: board
Front: board
[bɔ:d] (中高研四六托雅 667/611 -K4)
Vocabulary: board
(once / 37 pages)
1n 2nv 3v 4n
A board is a plank or surface, sometimes having buttons or controls. You can cut vegetables on a cutting board, post a flyer on a bulletin board, or cause a power outage on a circuit board.
The word board frequently finds itself as half of a compound word where the action takes place: You stand on a surfboard, type at a keyboard, or lose on a checkerboard. You can also sit on a board, meaning a team, of directors, or board, meaning stay, at a hotel. If you want to leave your hotel, you may board, or climb onto, your hovercraft. Remember: Being stiff as a board is not the same as being bored stiff.
WORD FAMILY
board: boarded, boarder, boarding, boards, overboard +/ boarder: boarders/boarding: boardings/ overboard: overboards
USAGE EXAMPLES
Reynolds and the Deadpool creative team are hard at work on the upcoming sequel, with John Wick’s David Leitch on board to direct.
Time(Jan 02, 2017)
It also switched the state superintendent of education from an elected position to one appointed by the board.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It was the fourth time in Magarity’s career she’s collected 17 boards.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 板; 董事会; 甲板; 膳食
vt. 上（船、车或飞机）; 收费供…膳宿; 使搭伙，使寄宿; 强行登（船）
vi. （火车、轮船、飞机等）接受乘客; 搭伙，寄宿
时态：boarded, boarding, boards
分布：董事会(68%)，木板(16%)，搭伙(4%)，伙食(3%)，舞台(3%)，布告板(3%)，接受乘客(1%)，用木板覆盖(1%)，船舷或机舱(1%)
→来自PIE *bherdh, 砍。可能最终词源同break. 指砍下的木板。并由木板引申出膳宿，委员会，登机，登船等诸多词义。
n.板,木板;全体委员;伙食v.上船(车,飞机)The dull bull fully fulfilled pulling the bulletproof bulletin board.迟钝的公牛充分履行了拖防弹公告牌(的职责).
US [bɔ:rd] noun
WOOD 木头
 IMPROVER countable
■a thin flat piece of cut wood or other hard material used for a particular purpose （有特定用途的）薄木板；板；牌子
• Cut the vegetables on a UK chopping / US cutting board. 在砧板上切菜。
• There was a 'For Sale' board outside the house. 房子外有一块“待售”牌。
⇒ See also above board;breadboard;soundboard
 IMPROVER countable
■a flat piece of wood or other hard material with a special pattern on it, used for playing games 棋盘
• a chess board 国际象棋棋盘
 IMPROVER countable * a blackboard or whiteboard
• The teacher wrote her name up on the board. 老师在黑板上写下了她的名字。
 IMPROVER countable * a noticeboard
• I stuck the notice (up) on the board. 我把通知贴在了布告栏上。
countable * a diving board
• I dived off the top board today, Dad. 爸爸，我今天是从最高的跳板跳水的。
the boards [plural]
■the wooden fence surrounding the ice surface in ice hockey （冰上曲棍球场周围的）护板
■old-fashioned
■the stage in a theatre 舞台
UK [bɔ:d] US [bɔ:rd] noun
PEOPLE 人
 ADVANCED countable usually singular [+ sing/pl verb]
■the group of people who are responsible for controlling and organizing a company or organization 董事会，理事会，委员会
• Every decision has to be passed by the board (of directors). 每项决定都必须由董事会通过。
• She started in the firm by making the tea and now she's on the board/a board member. 她最初在公司端茶送水，而现在已经是董事会成员了。
• The board of governors meet/meets once a month to discuss school policy. 学校董事会每月集会一次讨论学校政策。
boards US informal [plural]
■an official examination given by some medical and business organizations in the US （美国某些医疗、商业组织举行的）执业考试
• This is my last chance to pass the boards. 这是我最后一次通过执业考试的机会了。
UK [bɔ:d] US [bɔ:rd] noun
TRANSPORT 交通运输
on board
■on a boat, train or aircraft 在船（或火车、飞机）上
• As soon as I was on board, I began to have second thoughts about leaving. 我一上车就开始动摇要不要走了。
UK [bɔ:d] US [bɔ:rd] noun
STAY 住
uncountable
■meals provided when you are staying somewhere, usually for money （住宿处提供的）伙食，膳食（通常需付费）
UK [bɔ:d] US [bɔ:rd] noun
across the board
■happening or having an effect on people at every level and in every area 影响到各个领域和阶层的；全面的
• The improvement has been across the board, with all divisions either increasing profits or reducing losses. 情况全面好转，所有的部门不是盈利增加就是亏损减少。
• The initiative has across-the-board support. 该行动得到了各方面的支援。
UK [bɔ:d] US [bɔ:rd] noun
go by the board
■to be forgotten or not used 被遗忘；被忽视；落空
• Does this mean our holiday plans will have to go by the board? 这是不是意味着我们的假期计划将要告吹了？
UK [bɔ:d] US [bɔ:rd] noun
on board
■as part of a group or team, especially for a special purpose （尤指为了特殊目的而）参与
• Let's bring Rob on board for the Saudi deal - he's the expert. 让罗布也参与跟沙特做的这笔交易吧——他是这方面的专家。
UK [bɔ:d] US [bɔ:rd] noun
take sth on board
■to understand or accept an idea or a piece of information 理解；接受
• Banks need to take on board the views of their customers. 银行需要理解客户的想法。
UK [bɔ:d] US [bɔ:rd] verb
GET ON 登上
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to get onto or allow people to get onto a boat, train or aircraft （使）上（船、火车或飞机）
• At London airport she boarded a plane to Australia. 在伦敦机场她登上了去澳大利亚的飞机。
• Will passengers waiting to board please go to the ticket counter? 请各位候机的旅客去验票口。
UK [bɔ:d] US [bɔ:rd] verb
STAY 住
intransitive
■to pay to sleep and eat meals in someone's house 寄宿
• During his stay in England he boarded with a family in Bath. 他在英国逗留期间寄宿在巴斯的一户人家。
intransitive
■to sleep and eat at school during the school term （在学校）住校
• When you went to school were you a day-student or did you board? 你上学时是通勤还是住校？
transitive
■to arrange for a pet animal to be temporarily taken care of at a place other than its home 将（宠物）暂时寄养在他处
• He boards the dog out when he goes on business trips. 他出差时把狗寄养在别处。
UK [bɔ:d] US [bɔ:rd] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] board sth up
■to cover a door or window with wooden boards 用木板封闭（门窗）
• Shopkeepers are boarding up their windows in case rioting breaks out. 店主们将窗户用木板封起来，以防暴乱发生。
aboard, broad, abroad, board
aboard: 在船(或飞机，车)上。如：I never went aboard a ship.
broad: 为形容词，宽广的。如：He has very broad shoulders.
abroad: 副词，在国外或海外。如：He often goes abroad.
board: 为动词，上(船，飞机，车)。如：The passengers are boarding the plane now.
n. 董事会；木板；甲板；膳食
 - meal, directorate
vt. 上（飞机、车、船等）；用板盖上；给提供膳宿
 - attend
vi. 寄宿
 - guest, stay over

Word: poorly
Front: poorly
[ˈpɔ:li] (5136/6339 -1)
Back: adv. 穷困地; 差劲地; 看不起地
adj. 身体不舒服的; 健康欠佳的
分布：贫穷地(32%)，身体不舒服的(26%)，贫乏地(17%)，心情恶劣的(17%)，不充份地(8%)
US ['pʊr-] adverb
■not well 糟糕地，不好地
• A business as poorly managed as that one doesn't deserve to succeed. 像那样管理不善的企业就不该成功。
UK ['pɔ:.li] US ['pʊr-] adverb
think poorly of sb/sth old-fashioned
■to have a low opinion of someone or something 对…评价低；看不上
UK ['pɔ:.li] US ['pʊr-] adjective [after verb] UK informal
■ill 身体不舒服的，健康不佳的
• He says he's feeling poorly and he's going back to bed. 他说他觉得不舒服，要躺回床上去。
adv. 贫穷地；贫乏地；不充分地
 - barely, sparsely
adj. 身体不舒服的；心情恶劣的
 - off-colour, ailing

Word: affection
Front: affection
[əˈfekʃn] (高研四六托雅宝 5137/4103 -K2)
Vocabulary: affection
(once / 98 pages)
n
Affection is the positive feeling you may have or express for other people or things. Your grandma may show her affection for you by pinching your cheek, and you may show your affection for your dog by rubbing her belly.
Not everybody is good at showing affection to their loved ones, like old-school dads or tough guys in action movies. If people don't get enough affection, they crave it, and will go to great lengths to get it. You might say that affection is what Luke wanted from Darth Vader all along, in Star Wars.
WORD FAMILY
affection: affections
USAGE EXAMPLES
Experts cite a number of reasons for the Swiss affection for cash.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
From the outset, therefore, self-interest rather than affection governed Israel’s attitude toward the United States.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Lucia is the daughter of novelist James, a black hole who swallows both the world’s attention and domestic affection in industrial quantities.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 喜爱，慈爱; 情感或感情; 意向; 疾病，病情
分布：感情(47%)，影响(26%)，喜爱(16%)，慈爱(11%)
感情;友情(affect+ion→感动→感情)[fac,fact,fect,fic,fig=make,do,表示"做,制作"]
n.爱,喜爱;爱慕之情;感情;疾病,不适His affection for the defects is affected by the infectious perfect effect.他对缺点的钟爱受到具有感染力的完美效果的影响.
【反】antipathy（n 憎恶；反感）
noun
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■a feeling of liking for a person or place 喜爱；钟爱；挚爱
• He had a deep affection for his aunt. 他非常喜爱他的姑妈。
• She felt no affection for the child. 她一点都不疼爱这个孩子。
affections [plural]
■feelings of liking or love 钟爱之情，爱慕；爱情
• The former president still holds a place in the nation's affections. 前总统仍深得全国人民的爱戴。
• Sula seems to have transferred her affections from Jon to his brother. 苏拉好像移情别恋了，不再爱乔恩，而喜欢上了他的弟弟。
win sb's affections
■to succeed in persuading someone to love you 赢得（某人的）爱
affection, love, attachment
这些名词均含“爱、热爱”之意。
affection: 指对人的爱慕或深厚、温柔的感情，侧重感情的深沉。
love: 比affection的语气更强。表示一种难以控制的激情。
attachment: 通常用于书面文字中，既可指对某人某物的喜欢，又可指出自理智对某人或某物的热爱，尤指长时间的爱。
sentiment, affection, feeling, passion, emotion
这组词都有“感情”的意思，其区别是：
sentiment: 一般指由一种思想激起的感情，含较大的理智因素。
affection: 指对人的爱慕或深厚、温柔的感情。
feeling: 普通用词，含义广。多指具体的或内心的感受，或表露出来的强烈情感。
passion: 指极强烈的感情、尤指愤怒、爱好等。也常指两性间的爱情。
emotion: 普通用词，词义中性。泛指因外界刺激而引起思想情感从细微变化到最强烈的发作。
n. 喜爱， [心理] 感情；影响；感染
 - infection, impression, favor, effect, influence

Word: mature
Front: mature
[məˈtʃʊə(r)] (高研四六托雅宝 5133/4122 -2)
Vocabulary: mature
(once / 254 pages)
1adjv 2v 3v
Someone who is mature acts grown up, like an adult. However, when one sister says to another, "That's so mature," she's usually using the word sarcastically, because her sister has done something very immature, like sticking out her tongue.
The adjective mature doesn't only describe advancing age, although the residents of a senior citizens' home could definitely be considered mature. Anything that is fully developed, like an aged cheese or bottle of wine, can also be called mature. The word can also refer to something that is only appropriate for people who are considered legal adults, like the movie that is for "mature audiences only."
WORD FAMILY
mature: immature, maturate, matured, maturely, maturement, matureness, maturer, matures, maturest, maturing, maturity +/ immature: immaturely, immatureness, immaturity / immaturity: immaturities/maturate: maturates, maturating, maturation / maturation: maturational / maturity: maturities, post-maturity
USAGE EXAMPLES
“David is maturing. He picks his spots a little better.”
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
“In any other mature democracy, this would be nothing,” Mr. Fahmi said.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 30, 2016)
Tu’ikolovatu was one reason a young defensive line matured into a strength.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. （人、树木、鸟或动物）成熟的; 仔细考虑过的; 到期（应该支付）的; 成年人的
vi. 成熟，长成; （票据等）到期
vt. 使…成熟; 使…长成; 慎重拟定（计划等）
时态：matured, maturing, matures
分布：成熟(75%)，成熟的(23%)，长成(1%)，考虑周到的(1%)
→来自拉丁语maturare,开始成熟的，开始裂开，来自ma,好的，好时间的，词源同matins,matinee.原用于水果成熟的，后引申词义人成年的。
a.成熟的,熟的;成年人的v.(使)成熟You are a mature man now; you are no longer a boy.你现在是成人了,不再是孩子了.
【反】nascent（adj 初生的）
US [-'tʊr] adjective
LIKE AN ADULT 成熟的
 ADVANCED mainly approving
■Mature people behave like adults in a way that shows they are well developed emotionally 成熟的
• He's very mature for his age. 以他的年纪来说，他已非常成熟。
■A mature decision is one which is made after a lot of careful thought 慎重的，经深思熟虑的
• Upon mature reflection, we find the accused guilty. 经过慎重考虑，我们裁定被告有罪。
UK [mə'tjʊər] US [-'tʊr] adjective
PHYSICALLY GROWN 身体上已成长
 ADVANCED formal
■completely grown physically （身体上）发育成熟的，长成
• a mature adult 成年人
• sexually mature 性成熟的
• Mature male gorillas have silver-grey hairs on their backs. 成年雄性大猩猩背部有银灰色毛发。
• mature oak trees 成年橡树
UK [mə'tjʊər] US [-'tʊr] adjective
FOOD 食物
■having a flavour that is completely developed 味道醇厚的，酿熟的
• Do you prefer mild or mature cheddar? 你喜欢清淡的切达起司还是浓郁的？
UK [mə'tjʊər] US [-'tʊr] adjective
FINANCE 金融 specialized
■A mature investment is ready to be paid. （投资）获得回报的
UK [mə'tjʊər] US [-'tʊr] verb UK [məˈtjʊər] US [-ˈtʊr]
DEVELOP MENTALLY 精神上发展
intransitive or transitive mainly approving
■to become more developed mentally and emotionally and behave in a responsible way 变成熟
• Girls are said to mature faster than boys. 据说女孩比男孩成熟得快。
• He matured a lot while he was at college. 他在大学期间成熟了很多。
intransitive mainly approving
■If ideas, opinions, etc. mature, they reach an advanced or developed state 酝酿成熟，完善
• It took several years for her ideas to mature. 她的想法经过几年才酝酿成熟。
UK [mə'tjʊər] US [-'tʊr] verb UK [məˈtjʊər] US [-ˈtʊr]
GROW PHYSICALLY 身体上成长
intransitive
■to become completely grown physically （身体上）发育成熟，长成
• Humans take longer to mature than most other animals. 和大多数动物相比，人类要经过更长的时间才能发育成熟。
UK [mə'tjʊər] US [-'tʊr] verb UK [məˈtjʊər] US [-ˈtʊr]
FOOD 食物
intransitive or transitive
■to make food and wine old enough for the flavour to have developed completely 酿成，制成，发酵成熟
• The wine has been matured in oak vats. 葡萄酒已在橡木桶中发酵成熟。
• The cheese is left to mature for two years. 为使之发酵成熟，这些起司需放置两年。
UK [mə'tjʊər] US [-'tʊr] verb UK [məˈtjʊər] US [-ˈtʊr]
FINANCE 金融
intransitive specialized
■If an insurance agreement or an investment matures, it becomes ready to be paid （保险协议）期满；（投资）获得回报
• The policy matures after fifteen years. 这张保单15年后到期。
mature, age, develop, ripen
这组词都有“成熟、长成”的意思，其区别是：
mature: 指生物自然发育成熟或丰满或使其能起正常作用，还可指人获得智慧、经验或变得世故。
age: 一般指使人过早成熟，强调已走向衰老。
develop: 侧重使某一种类或个体潜在本能进化完全，词义比mature广泛。
ripen: 侧重已到长生成熟的顶点。
mature, ripe, adult, grown-up
mature: 泛指动植物的成熟
ripe: 主要用于果实成熟；
adult: 强调法律规定的成年人；
grown-up: 身体发育成熟；
adj. [农学] [地质] 成熟的；充分考虑的；到期的；成年人的
 - developed, adult, due
vi. [农学] [地质] 成熟；到期
 - age, flower

Word: stamp
Front: stamp
[stæmp] (中高托宝 5139/3923 -K3)
Vocabulary: stamp
(once / 179 pages)
1vn 2vn 3nv 4nv 5v
When you stamp, you step hard, either on the ground or on some object. If you're terrified of bugs, you might be tempted to stamp on a big, weird looking beetle.
You can stamp your foot when you're angry, or stamp out a small campfire after you've finished toasting marshmallows. Another way to stamp is to apply a mark or pattern to something — you might stamp your classmates' hands with ink as they enter the school dance, or stamp your return address onto an envelope. Stamp comes from Middle English, with a Germanic root — it's closely related to the German word stampfen, or "stamp with the foot."
WORD FAMILY
stamp: stamped, stamper, stamping, stamps+/stamper: stampers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Anti-poverty groups are now focused on preventing cuts to food stamp and welfare programs rather than trying to expand them as planned.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The family receives $68 in monthly food stamps and no other public assistance.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Everyone should read “Stamped from the Beginning: The Definitive History of Racist Ideas in America,” which shows how racism adapts to every anti-racist victory.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 邮票; 标志，印记; 跺脚; 特征
vt. 盖章于…; 贴邮票于…; 标记; 用脚踩踏
vi. 捣碎; 跺脚
时态：stamped, stamping, stamps
分布：邮票(59%)，印(26%)，跺脚(8%)，图章(4%)，盖章(3%)
→来 自 中 古 英 语 stampen, 踩 踏 ， 捣 ， 来 自 古 英 语 stempan, 捣 ， 碾 碎 ， 来 自 Proto-Germanic*stampijana,踩踏，击打，来自 stemp,踩踏，践踏，鼻音化自 stebh, 踩踏，词源同 step,stomp,stump.最终来自 sta,站立，词源同 stand.引申诸相关词义。
n.邮票;印;跺脚;标志v.跺脚,顿足;盖章He stamped on the stamps and slammed the lamp on the damp dam.他用脚踩邮票并将灯砰地摔在潮湿的坝上.
noun
LETTER 信函
 ESSENTIAL countable (formal postage stamp)
■a small piece of paper with a picture or pattern on it which is stuck onto a letter or parcel before it is posted to show that postage has been paid for 邮票
• I stuck a 50p stamp on the envelope. 我在信封上贴了一枚50便士的邮票。
countable UK
■A stamp is also a small piece of paper worth a particular amount of money which you can buy repeatedly as a way of paying for something over a period of time 印花（税票）
• vehicle licence stamps 机动车牌照印花税票
[stæmp] noun
MARK 标记
countable
■a tool for putting a mark on an object either by printing on it or pushing into it, or the mark made in this way 印，戳，章；印记，戳记
• A date stamp inside the front cover of a library book shows when it should be returned. 图书馆藏书封面背部上的日期戳标明了应还书日期。
[stæmp] noun
QUALITY 特性
uncountable
■a particular quality in something or someone, or a quality in something which shows it was done by a particular person or group of people 标记，特征；痕迹，烙印
• Although this painting clearly bears the stamp of genius, we don't know who painted it. 虽然这幅画明显是天才之作，但我们却不知其出自谁手。
• Each manager has left his or her own stamp on the way the company has evolved. 每一位经理都在公司的发展道路上留下了自己的印记。
[stæmp] noun
FOOT 脚
countable
■an act of putting the foot down on the ground hard, or the noise made in doing so （常指为表示生气）跺（脚）；重踏，重踩
• With a stamp of her foot she stormed out. 她一跺脚，冲了出去。
[stæmp] verb
MARK 标记
 ADVANCED transitive
■to put a mark on an object either by printing on it or pushing into it with a small tool 盖印；印上标记
• It is necessary to stamp your passport. 护照上必须盖章。
• Every carton of yoghurt is stamped with a sell-by date. 每盒酸乳酪上都盖有最迟销售日期。
[stæmp] verb
MOVE FOOT 脚的动作
intransitive or transitive (US also stomp)
■to put a foot down on the ground hard and quickly, making a loud noise, often to show anger （常指为表示生气）跺（脚）；重踏，重踩
• The little boy was stamping his foot and refusing to take his medicine. 那个小男孩跺着脚不肯吃药。
• She stood by the road, stamping her feet to stay warm. 她站在路边，跺着脚让自己暖和些。
• I wish those people upstairs would stop stamping (about/around). 我希望楼上那些人别再乱跺脚了。
• Why did you stamp on that insect? 你为甚么要踩那只虫子？
Compare stomp
[stæmp] verb
SHOW QUALITY 标示素质
transitive
■to mark with a particular quality or show that someone has a particular quality 归类；分类
• Our new administrator seems to be trying to stamp her authority on every aspect of the department. 我们的新主管似乎想在部门每个层面上都施展她的权威。
[stæmp] verb
stamped on sb's memory
■If a particular event, etc. is stamped on someone's memory, the person will always remember it 铭刻于（某人）的记忆中
• The awful sound of the crash will be stamped on her memory forever. 撞车时那可怕的声音将永远留在她的记忆中。
[stæmp] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  stamp on sth
■to use force to stop or prevent something that you consider to be wrong or harmful 压制；镇压
• Any opposition to the new government was immediately stamped on by the army. 对新政府的任何反抗都立即被军队镇压了下去。
[stæmp] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] stamp sth out
■to get rid of something that is wrong or harmful 消除，消灭
• The new legislation is intended to stamp out child prostitution. 新的立法旨在消除雏妓问题。
n. [邮] 邮票；印记；标志；跺脚
 - symbol, impression, print, seal, flag
vt. 铭记；标出；盖章于…；贴邮票于…；用脚踩踏
 - brand, heart
vi. 跺脚；捣碎；毁掉
 - break down, go to sticks and staves

Word: between
Front: between
[bɪˈtwi:n] (中高 140/97 -K5)
Vocabulary: between
(once / 12 pages)
adv
To be between two things is to be in the middle. In a picture, if you are between your sisters, one is on your left and the other is on your right.
The preposition between comes from the Old English word betweonum, meaning “among,” or “by turns.” If you are between jobs, you are not at your old job anymore and you haven’t yet found a new one — you are in the middle of your transition to something new, just as if you live between two feuding neighbors, you might feel caught in the middle. If you are stuck between a rock and a hard place, you are in some kind of trouble.
WORD FAMILY
between: betweens
USAGE EXAMPLES
It will also see the distance between Mars and Venus get smaller as Venus gets higher each night.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
The flotilla raised alarm in Japan when it steamed between the Japanese islands of Miyako and Okinawa.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Prior to his injury, Ross split time between receiver and cornerback due to depth concerns.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: prep. 在…之间; 私下，暗中; 在…中任择其一; 来往于…之间
adv. 当中，中间
分布：在中间(72%)，在 ... 之间(28%)
→前缀be-, 强调。tween, 二，词源同two.
prep.在...之间,在(两者)之间ad.在中间The teenagers in the canteen are keen to see the queen sitting between the green screens in the greenhouse.食堂里的少年们巴望见到坐在温室里的绿色屏风间的女王.
preposition adverb
SPACE 空间
 ESSENTIAL
■in or into the space which separates two places, people or objects （空间上）在…中间，在…之间
• The town lies halfway between Rome and Florence. 这城镇位于罗马和佛罗伦斯的中间。
• Standing between the two adults was a small child. 站在两个大人之间的是个小孩。
• She squeezed between the parked cars and ran out into the road. 她在停泊的车子间挤来挤去，最后跑到马路上。
• A narrow path ran in between the two houses. 一条狭窄的小路在两幢房子之间穿过。
[bɪ'twi:n] preposition adverb
AMOUNT 数量
 ESSENTIAL
■If something is between two amounts, it is greater than the first amount but smaller than the second （数量）介乎…之间
• She weighs between 55 and 60 kilograms. 她的体重在55到60公斤之间。
• The competition is open to children between six and twelve years of age. 比赛是为6至12岁的孩子而设的。
• The room was either extremely cold or hot, never anything in between (= in the middle). 这间房屋不是极冷就是极热，从来都没有不冷不热的时候。
[bɪ'twi:n] preposition adverb
TIME 时间
 ESSENTIAL (also in between)
■in the period of time which separates two different times or events （时间上）在…中间，在…之间
• You shouldn't eat between meals. 你不应该吃零食。
• There is a break of ten minutes between classes. 课堂间有十分钟的休息时间。
• The shop is closed for lunch between 12.30 and 1.30. 这间商店在午餐时间关门，时间是12点半到1点半。
• In between sobs, he managed to tell them what had happened. 他泣不成声，呜咽着向他们诉说所发生的一切。
[bɪ'twi:n] preposition adverb
between times
■during the periods between the separate events mentioned 在这期间
• If you only go to the supermarket once a month, what do you do between times? 如果你一个月只去一次超级市场，那么在不去那里的这段时间，在做甚么呢？
[bɪ'twi:n] preposition
AMONG 在…之间
 ESSENTIAL
■among two or more people or things 在（两个或两个以上的人或事）之间
• The money was divided equally between several worthy causes. 那笔钱被平均分配给几个有价值的项目。
• We drank two bottles of wine between four of us. 我们四个人喝了两瓶酒。
• Trade between the two countries (= Their trade with each other) has increased sharply in the past year. 在过去的一年间，两国之间的贸易额急剧增加。
• There is a great deal of similarity between Caroline and her mother (= They are very similar). 卡罗琳和她的母亲有很多相似之处。
• You'll have to choose between (= choose either) a holiday or a new washing machine. 你必须在渡假和买洗衣机之间作出选择。
• She was torn between loyalty to her father and love for her husband (= She could not decide which one to support). 对父亲的感情和对丈夫的爱不能两全，这让她左右为难。
 ESSENTIAL
■A discussion, argument or game between two or more people or groups of people involves both people or groups （讨论、争论或比赛）发生在…之间
• The negotiations between the union and management have broken down. 工会和资方的谈判已经破裂。
• There has always been a fierce rivalry between the two clubs. 这两个俱乐部之间的竞争一直很激烈。
• Tonight's game is between the New Orleans Saints and the Los Angeles Rams. 今晚举行的是新纽奥良圣徒队和洛杉矶公羊队之间的比赛。
[bɪ'twi:n] preposition
CONNECTING 连接
 ESSENTIAL
■connecting two or more places, things or people 来往于…之间；连接着…
• There is a regular train service between Glasgow and Edinburgh. 有定期列车往返格拉斯哥和爱丁堡。
• The survey shows a link between asthma and air pollution. 调查显示哮喘病与空气污染有关。
 ESSENTIAL
■from one place to another （地点）从…到…；往返于
• He commutes daily between Leeds and Manchester. 他每天往返于里兹和曼彻斯特。
[bɪ'twi:n] preposition
SEPARATING 分开
 ESSENTIAL
■separating two places or things 分隔着；区分…
• The wall between East and West Berlin came down in 1989. 将东西柏林隔开的柏林围墙于1989年被推倒了。
• The report states that the gap between the rich and the poor has increased dramatically over the past decade. 报告显示在过去十年间，贫富差距明显地变得更大。
[bɪ'twi:n] preposition
between you and me (US also between us)
■an expression used to tell someone that what you are about to say should be kept secret 作为你我之间的秘密
• Between you and me, I don't think she'll stay in this job very long. 不要告诉别人，我觉得她做这份工作不会太久。
among, between, amid, amongst
这些前置词均含“在……之间，在……之中”之意。
among: 指三者或三者以上的同类事物之间。
between: 多指两者之间，但现代英语中也可指三者或三者以上，表示彼此间清楚的独立的个体关系。
amid: 正式用词，侧重指在某个地方的中间或被某个东西包围着或在非同类人中间。
amongst: 与among同义，是among的变体。一般说来among总能替代amongst, 而amongst则不然。
prep. 在…之间
 - entre
adv. 在中间
 - intermediately

Word: silently
Front: silently
[ˈsaɪləntli] (5146/5191)
Back: adv. 寂静地，沉默地; 闷头儿
分布：寂静地(67%)，沉默地(33%)
ADJ-GRADED
沉默的;不说话的
Someone who is silent is not speaking.
例：Trish was silent because she was reluctant to put her thoughts into words...特里西一直不说话，因为她不愿意吐露内心的想法。
例：He spoke no English and was completely silent during the visit...他不会说英语，参观过程中一言未发。
ADJ-GRADED
寡言少语的;很少说话的;不爱说话的
If you describe someone as a silent person, you mean that they do not talk to people very much, and sometimes give the impression of being unfriendly.
例：He was a serious, silent man.他是个一本正经、寡言少语的人。
ADJ-GRADED
无声的;寂静的;不出声的
A place that is silent is completely quiet, with no sound at all. Something that is silent makes no sound at all.
例：The room was silent except for John's crunching...屋子里一片寂静，只有约翰发出的咀嚼声。
例：The heavy guns have again fallen silent.重型枪炮的声音又一次安静了下来。
ADJ-GRADED
只字不提的;不愿讲的
If someone is silent about something, they do not tell people anything about it, because they think it is a private matter or because they want to keep the information secret.
例：Douglas was noticeably silent about his feelings for his father...道格拉斯明显不愿提及自己对父亲的感情。
例：The administration has recently become silent about abuses in Haiti.最近政府对发生在海地的虐待事件绝口不提。
ADJ
(情感、行为等)无声的，不用言语表达的
A silent emotion or action is not expressed in speech.
例：The attacker still stood there, watching her with silent contempt...袭击者还站在那里，用一种鄙夷的眼神一言不发地看着她。
例：She offered a silent prayer of thanks.她默默祈祷以表谢意。
ADJ
(电影)无声的
A silent film has pictures usually accompanied by music but does not have the actors' voices or any other sounds.
例：...one of the famous silent films of Charlie Chaplin.查理·卓别林著名的默片之一
例：...comedy stars of the silent era.默片时代的喜剧明星们
ADJ
(单词中的字母)不发音的
A silent letter in a word is written but not pronounced. For example, the 'k' in the word 'know' is silent.
adv. 默默地；静静地
 - dumbly, softly

Word: colored
Front: colored
['kʌləd] (5142/48423)
Back: adj. <美>有色的，彩色的
分布：有色的(39%)，彩色的(28%)，有色人种(16%)，有色人种的(9%)，混血种的(4%)，动词color的过去式和过去分词.(4%)
adj. 有色的；着色的；有色人种的
 - painted, non-ferrous

Word: warming
Front: warming
[ˈwɔ:mɪŋ] (雅 5138/7388)
Back: adj. （比赛前的）准备动作的，热身的
n. 加温，升温
v. （使）变暖，被加热，暖和起来( warm的现在分词 ); （使）变得更友好，变得更可爱
分布：加温(33%)，升温(27%)，暖和(25%)，热身的(8%)，暖和的(4%)，动词warm的现在分词.(3%)
US ['wɔ:r-] approving
adjective
■describes a type of food or drink that makes you feel warm （食物或饮料）暖乎乎的，温热的
• Have a nice warming bowl of soup. 喝一碗热乎乎的汤吧。
n. 加温，暖和；气温升高
 - moderateness
v. 加温；兴奋；同情（warm的ing形式）
 - sympathizing

Word: philosopher
Front: philosopher
[fəˈlɒsəfə(r)] (研四六托 5141/4797 -2)
Vocabulary: philosopher
(once / 197 pages)
n
A philosopher is someone engaged in the study of philosophy. Have you ever wondered about the meaning of life? This is the type of weighty question a philosopher tackles.
In ancient Greek, the word philosopho meant a “lover of wisdom.” Thales of Miletus, who lived in the 7th century B.C., generally gets credit for being the first western philosopher, though he is much less well known than Socrates, Plato or Aristotle. René Descartes, famous for his declaration, “I think, therefore I am,” is considered the first modern philosopher, though he lived in the 17th century.
WORD FAMILY
philosopher: philosophers+/ philosophical: philosophically/philosophise: philosophised, philosophiser, philosophises, philosophising/philosophiser: philosophisers/ philosophize: philosophized, philosophizer, philosophizes, philosophizing/philosophizer: philosophizers/philosophizing: philosophizings/ philosophy: philosopher, philosophic, philosophical, philosophies, philosophise, philosophize
USAGE EXAMPLES
The philosopher Roger Scruton, writing in this newspaper, thoroughly undid this argument simply by asking, “But what created the laws of physics?”
Wall Street Journal(Dec 29, 2016)
Hoover Institution senior fellow and prominent libertarian conservative philosopher Thomas Sowell announced his retirement in a final column Tuesday morning.
Washington Times(Dec 27, 2016)
In The Implosion of Meaning in the Media, the philosopher Jean Baudrillard describes this kind of voter alienation as a tactic.
The Guardian(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: n. 哲学家，哲人; 思想家，学者; 豁达的人; 爱卖弄大道理者
分布：哲学家(94%)，思想家(5%)，达观者(1%)
→来自philosophy,哲学。
n.哲学家,哲人The physician made a physical examination to the sophisticated philosopher and physicist.医生给世故的哲学家和物理学家作了体检.
【记】phil喜欢，osoph知识，er人：喜欢知识的人－哲学家
【区】philology（n 语言学）
US [-'lɑ:.sə.fɚ] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■someone who studies or writes about the meaning of life 哲学家
• Plato was a Greek philosopher. 柏拉图是古希腊哲学家。
n. 哲学家；哲人
 - wise man, rishi

Word: clutch
Front: clutch
[klʌtʃ] (研六托雅 5145/4855 -2)
Vocabulary: clutch
(once / 371 pages)
1vn 2vn 3n 4n 5n
To clutch is to grasp or hold on to tightly. Some people clutch the safety bar on the roller coaster for dear life; others throw their hands in the air.
As a noun, clutch has many meanings: a brood of chickens, a strapless purse, the extra pedal in a stick-shift car. But the verb remains a great way to describe grasping. "Once I knew only darkness and stillness . . . but a little word from the fingers of another fell into my hand that clutched at emptiness, and my heart leaped to the rapture of living,” said Helen Keller, recalling the moment she learned to read Braille.
WORD FAMILY
clutch: clutched, clutching, declutch+/declutch: declutched
USAGE EXAMPLES
Raiders left tackle Donald Penn left the game clutching his left knee but Del Rio said he thinks Penn should be fine for next week.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Now the Lions may need one more clutch performance from their franchise quarterback to advance to the playoffs.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
The USS Dwight D. Eisenhower arrived Friday in Norfolk to cheers from hundreds of spouses and children clutching balloons and flowers and waving signs.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 抓紧; 紧握; 抓住; 抓取
vi. 试图抓住; 踩离合器
adj. 紧要关头的; 没有手提带的
n. 紧抓; 控制; 离合器; 紧要关头
时态：clutched, clutching, clutches
分布：离合器(82%)，抓住(8%)，企图抓住(2%)，紧要关头(2%)，爪子(1%)，关键的(1%)，踩离合器(1%)，一群(1%)，抓牢(1%)，致胜的(1%)
→词源同cling,clench.
v.抓住,攫住,掌握n.离合器The wretched butcher clutched the needle and stitched it clumsily.可怜的屠夫抓针并且笨拙缝它.
verb intransitive or transitive
■to take or try to take hold of something tightly, usually in fear, worry or pain （通常指因恐惧、焦虑或痛苦而）紧抓，紧握
• Silent and pale, she clutched (onto) her mother's hand. 她一声不吭，面色苍白，死死抓着母亲的手。
• Clutching the money to his chest, he hurried to the bank. 他把钱紧紧捂在胸前，急急忙忙赶到了银行。
• He collapsed, clutching his stomach. 他紧紧捂着肚子，倒了下去。
[klʌtʃ] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  clutch at sth
■to try very hard to hold something 努力抓住
• Feeling herself fall, she clutched at a branch. 觉得自己要掉下去了，她伸手想抓住一根树枝。
[klʌtʃ] noun
MACHINE PART 机器零件
countable usually singular
■a device which allows turning movement to be sent from one part of a machine to another 离合器
• I've booked the car into the garage because the clutch is slipping. 我已约好了时间把车送去修理，因为离合器松了。
countable usually singular
■the pedal or handle in a vehicle that is used to operate the engine's clutch 离合器踏板；离合器手柄
• Push the clutch in , put the car into gear, rev the engine and then gently let the clutch out. 踩下离合器，挂上档，踩油门，然后慢慢松开离合器。
[klʌtʃ] noun
GROUP 群
countable [+ sing/pl verb]
■a small group of eggs produced by the same bird, especially in a nest （尤指鸟巢里的）一窝蛋
countable [+ sing/pl verb]
■a small group of people or things （人或物）一小群，一簇，一撮
• a fresh clutch of students 一群新学生
[klʌtʃ] noun
CONTROL 控制
sb's clutches humorous
[plural]
■the control of someone （某人的）掌控，控制
• He is in /has fallen into the clutches of that woman. 他落入了那个女人的控制之中。
grasp, grab, clasp, seize, take, clutch, grip, snatch
这组词都有“抓住，握紧”的意思，其区别是：
grasp: 指紧紧抓住、抓牢。
grab: 指粗暴而急迫的抓住。
clasp: 指用手紧握或用臂紧抱。
seize: 指突然抓住某物，强调突然的猛烈动作。
take: 最普通用词，不带感情色彩。指用手抓、取某东西或控制某物。
clutch: 强调匆忙、紧急地抓、抓紧。
grip: 语气比grasp强，指用手的最大力量紧紧抓住。
snatch: 指突然抢走，侧重动作更快或更具暴力性质。
n. [机] 离合器；控制；手；紧急关头
 - control, hand, grasp, guiding, hold
vt. 抓住；紧握
 - grasp, noble, collar

Word: breakdown
Front: breakdown
[ˈbreɪkdaʊn] (研六托雅 5147/4096)
Back: n. 崩溃，倒塌; 损坏，故障; 分解; 垮，衰竭
分布：崩溃(49%)，故障(39%)，衰弱(9%)，跺脚曳步舞(3%)
n.崩溃;衰竭;细目分类Please give me a breakdown of your income tax totals.请给我一份所得税收的细目表.
noun
FAILURE 故障
 ADVANCED countable
■a failure to work or be successful 故障，出毛病
• I had a breakdown (= my car stopped working) in the middle of the road. 我的汽车在半路上抛锚了。
• Both sides blamed each other for the breakdown of talks. 双方都指责对方导致了谈判的破裂。
⇒ See also break down at break
['breɪk.daʊn] noun
DIVISION 细分
countable or uncountable
■a division of something into smaller parts 细目；分类
• We asked for a breakdown of the accident figures into day time and night time. 我们要白天和夜间事故的统计数字的分列明细表。
• The rate of breakdown of muscle protein was assessed. 肌肉蛋白质的分类比率测定统计出来了。
['breɪk.daʊn] noun
ILLNESS 生病
countable
■a nervous breakdown
n. 故障；崩溃；分解；分类；衰弱；跺脚曳步舞
 - fault, analysis, classification, category, trouble

Word: conceal
Front: conceal
[kənˈsi:l] (研四六托雅宝 5148/3994 -2)
Vocabulary: conceal
(once / 102 pages)
v
When you conceal something, you are keeping it from being discovered: “To avoid another argument with his cousins, Jonathan worked hard to conceal his disappointment at the outcome of the race.”
The verb conceal can be used to describe the hiding of feelings (as in “to conceal anger”) or facts (as in “to conceal identity”). Conceal also can be used to describe the act of hiding or covering an item to prevent discovery. If you eat the last piece of chocolate cake, for example, you may want to conceal the evidence by removing the icing-stained plate from your room.
WORD FAMILY
conceal: concealed, concealing, concealment, conceals+/ concealed: concealedly, unconcealed/concealing: concealingly, concealings/ concealment: concealments/unconcealed: unconcealedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Mr. Pratt also vouched for the concealed carry legislation from Rep. Richard Hudson, the North Carolina Republican who introduced the bill in the House.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
People are either concealed in shadow or seen at some distance, as lonely silhouettes in a big, uncaring land.
The New Yorker(Jan 02, 2017)
A bill allowing for the carrying of concealed weapons on school grounds was expected to return.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 隐藏，隐瞒，遮住
时态：concealed, concealing, conceals
分布：隐藏(36%)，隐瞒(34%)，掩盖(30%)
→con-, 强调。-ceal, 隐藏，词源同cell, hole.
隐藏[ceal=hide(藏)]
v.隐藏,隐瞒,隐蔽He conceals the fact that he is jealous of my seal and wants to steal it.他隐瞒了他嫉妒我的印章并想偷的事实.
【反】evince（v 表明）；unearth（v 发现）
verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to prevent something from being seen or known about; to hide something 隐藏；隐匿；隐瞒；隐蔽
• The listening device was concealed in a pen. 窃听装置藏在笔里。
• I tried to conceal my surprise when she told me her age. 她告诉我她的年龄时，我尽力掩饰自己的惊讶。
• It was said that the police concealed vital evidence. 据说警方隐瞒了关键的证据。
• Is there something you're concealing from me? 你是不是有事瞒着我？
deceive, cheat, hide, conceal
deceive: 不告诉实情
cheat: 不诚实手段获取个人利益；
hide: 不含故意的意思；
conceal: 故意隐藏；
screen, hide, conceal
这组词都有“隐藏，隐蔽”的意思，其区别是：
screen: 指把处于被发现的人或物掩盖起来，使其不被发现。
hide: 普通用词，既可指有意地隐藏，又可指无意或偶然地藏匿。
conceal: 正式用词，多强调有目的、有意识，巧妙地进行隐藏或隐瞒。
vt. 隐藏；隐瞒
 - lock, pocket, to hide

Word: experiment
Front: experiment
[ɪkˈsperɪmənt] (中高研四六雅 1990/1651 -K3)
Vocabulary: experiment
(once / 106 pages)
nv
If you see your science-loving neighbor headed home with a power cord, a handful of test tubes, a stopwatch, and a bag of potatoes, there’s probably no need to be alarmed. There’s a good chance he’s only conducting an experiment, a scientific test conducted under controlled conditions.
To refer to a scientific test, use the noun experiment. If you want to describe the work done in conducting such a test, experiment will do the trick as well, since it can also act as a verb, as in "scientists experiment with helium." You can also use it more generally to describe trying a new method or idea. For example, you could experiment with a new hairstyle or different routes to get to school or work.
WORD FAMILY
experiment: experimental, experimentation, experimented, experimenter, experimenting, experiments+/ experimental: experimentalism, experimentally/experimentation: experimentations/experimenter: experimenters
USAGE EXAMPLES
Consider some of these thought experiments, if nothing else.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
More than 170 House Republicans signed a recent letter of which Mr. Price was an author, urging the administration to “stop experimenting with Americans’ health.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Kangas said the basic income experiment may be expanded later to other low-income groups such as freelancers, small-scale entrepreneurs and part-time workers.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 实验，试验; 尝试
vi. 做实验，进行试验; 尝试
时态：experimented, experimenting, experiments
分布：实验(65%)，试验(24%)，尝试(6%)，做实验(5%)
→ex-, 向外。-per, 尝试，试验，词源同peril, empiricism.
实验(ex出+per+I+ment)[per=try,表示"尝试"]
n.实验;试验v.(on)进行实验;做试验From the experiment the experienced expert gained an unexpected expertise.有经验的专家从实验中获得一项意外技能.
noun countable or uncountable /ɪkˈsper.ɪ.mənt/
 ESSENTIAL
■a test done in order to learn something or to discover whether something works or is true 实验；试验；试用
• Some people believe that experiments on animals should be banned. 有些人认为应该禁止拿动物做实验。
• [+ to infinitive] Scientists are conducting/carrying out/doing experiments to test the effectiveness of the new drug. 科学家们正在做实验来检验这种新药的疗效。
• I've bought a different kind of coffee this week as an experiment (= in order to see what it is like). 这个星期我买了不同牌子的咖啡来尝试。
• We can only find the best solution by experiment. 我们只能摸石头过河，寻找最好的解决办法。
verb intransitive /ɪkˈsper.ɪ.ment/
 ADVANCED
■to try something in order to discover what it is like or find out more about it 进行实验；做试验；试用
• Things would never change if people weren't prepared to experiment. 如果人们不愿意去尝试，事情就永远不会有转机。
• The school is experimenting with new teaching methods. 这间学校正在尝试新的教学法。
• Experimenting on mice can give us an idea of the effect of the disease in humans. 在老鼠身上做实验可以使我们了解这种疾病对人类的影响。
test, experiment, trial, try
这组词都有“试验”的意思，其区别是：
test: 普通用词，含义广，指用科学方法对某物质进行测试以估价其性质或效能等。
experiment: 多指用科学方法在实验室内进行较系统的操作实验以验证、解释或说明某一理论、定理或某一观点等。
trial: 指为观察、研究某事物以区别其真伪、优劣或效果等而进行较长时间的试验或试用过程。
try: 普通用词，多用于口语或非正式场合，指试一试。
vi. 尝试；进行实验
 - have a try, try one's hand
n. [试验] 实验，试验；尝试
 - stroke, proof, try, go

Word: monitoring
Front: monitoring
['mɒnɪtərɪŋ] (5150/4054)
Vocabulary: monitoring
(once / 2246 pages)
n
Monitoring involves paying close attention. It's a type of systematic observation, like the monitoring of criminals by the police. Kids who are up to something don’t like their parents’ monitoring their every move.
To monitor is to keep an eye on someone or something, often through recording devices. Monitoring, then, is the act of keeping tabs on others. A lot of monitoring is done by law-enforcement agencies. The monitoring of potential terrorists is done by the CIA, and the monitoring of local criminals is performed by local police. You could also say you’re monitoring the stock market, fashion world, or baseball standings if you follow any of them closely.
WORD FAMILY
monitor: monitored, monitoring, monitors
USAGE EXAMPLES
Mr. Qarau’s commitment to replenishing the turtle stock involves monitoring them twice a week.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“We were well aware that from at least 2013 state security and not just police were actively monitoring us,” he says.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Anne Barrett-Doyle, founder of the U.S.-based research and monitoring group BishopAccountablity.org, said in an email that the pope's words were little more than rhetoric.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 监视; 控制; 监测; 追踪
分布：监测(61%)，监视(29%)，控制(8%)，追踪(1%)，动词monitor的现在分词.(1%)
VERB
监控;监视;监督
If you monitor something, you regularly check its development or progress, and sometimes comment on it.
例：Officials had not been allowed to monitor the voting...以前不允许官员监督投票。
例：You need feedback to monitor progress.你需要利用反馈信息来监控进展。
VERB
监听(外国无线电广播等)
If someone monitors radio broadcasts from other countries, they record them or listen carefully to them in order to obtain information.
例：Peter Murray is in London and has been monitoring reports out of Monrovia.彼得·默里一直在伦敦监听来自蒙罗维亚的新闻报道。
N-COUNT
监测仪器;监控器
A monitor is a machine that is used to check or record things, for example processes or substances inside a person's body.
例：The heart monitor shows low levels of consciousness.心脏监测器显示患者神志不清。
N-COUNT
显示屏;监视器
A monitor is a screen which is used to display certain kinds of information, for example in airports or television studios.
例：He was watching a game of tennis on a television monitor.他在看电视转播的网球赛。
N-COUNT
监督员;监控人;核查员
You can refer to a person who checks that something is done correctly, or that it is fair, as a monitor .
例：Government monitors will continue to accompany reporters.政府监督员将继续陪同记者。
例：...UN monitors overseeing Namibian independence.监督纳米比亚独立情况的联合国核查员
n. 监视， [自] 监控；检验，检查
 - observation, inspection, examination, checking, surveillance
v. 监视， [通信] [军] 监听，监督（monitor的ing形式）
 - supervising

Word: kidney
Front: kidney
[ˈkɪdni] (研六雅宝 5152/6010)
Vocabulary: kidney
(once / 1120 pages)
n
Most people are born with two kidneys, internal organs with the job of filtering waste and excreting urine. All vertebrates — animals with spines — have kidneys.
Human kidneys are shaped like large beans, and this is where the "kidney bean," a common red-colored bean, gets its name. The organs called kidneys are vital to life, as they filter bad stuff from your blood, help your body get rid of waste, regulate your blood pressure, and even produce hormones. The word kidney is probably a compound of the Old English cwið, "womb," and ey, "egg," describing the organ's shape.
WORD FAMILY
kidney: kidneys
USAGE EXAMPLES
Other companies are promoting such devices — flexible, lighted tubes used to peer deep inside the body — for use in the lungs and kidneys.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
At various points of time, doctors diagnosed Stephanie with an enlarged heart, a blood clot and severe liver and kidney damage.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
In the kidney dialysis unit, only five of the 12 machines are working.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 肾，肾脏; （可食用的动物的）腰子; 脾气，性格
分布：肾(97%)，腰子(2%)，类型(1%)
→词源不确定，可能来自古英语cwith,子宫，腹部，词源同bowel,ey,蛋，卵，词源同egg.因肾形如蛋而得名。
n.肾,肾脏The kid kidnapper can't get rid of a ridiculous kidney disease.绑架小孩的家伙无法摆脱荒谬的肾病.
noun
 ADVANCED countable
■either of a pair of small organs in the body which take away waste matter from the blood to produce urine 肾，肾脏
• kidney failure 肾衰竭
countable or uncountable
■these organs from an animal, used as food （可食用的动物）腰子
• steak and kidney pie 牛肉腰子派
n. [解剖] 肾脏；腰子；个性
 - personality, individuality

Word: curl
Front: curl
[kɜ:l] (研四六雅 5151/5141 -K2)
Vocabulary: curl
(once / 212 pages)
1vn 2v
Things that curl bend in a spiral or circular shape. When you curl your hair, you use heat to make it wavy and coiled.
You can curl a lock of hair around your finger, or curl your body up in a chair. You can also call the shape you're forming a curl. A completely different way to curl is to play the Olympic sport known as curling, which is a little like shuffleboard on ice. The sport comes from Scotland, and the word probably comes from the Middle Dutch krul, "curly."
WORD FAMILY
curl: curled, curler, curling, curls, curly, uncurl+/curler: curlers/curling: curlingly, curlings/ curly: curlier, curliest, curliness/uncurl: uncurled, uncurling, uncurls
USAGE EXAMPLES
King’s curled effort is too central though and gathered easily by Guzan.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
One afternoon, Grimes was running a curl route when he pivoted awkwardly, torquing his right knee.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
A transparent curl of cucumber arcs over each slice of pork.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 一绺鬈发; 卷曲物; 螺旋状物; （指头发）拳曲
vt. & vi. （使）弯曲; （使）卷曲; 盘旋; 缠绕
vt. 撅起嘴唇; 撇（嘴）; （使）呈螺旋（或卷曲）状移动; （使）旋绕
时态：curled, curling, curls
分布：卷曲(52%)，弯曲(20%)，卷发(14%)，使弯曲(5%)，变卷(3%)，弄卷(3%)，漩涡(2%)，年轮(1%)
→词源同crisp, curve.
v.(使)卷曲,蜷缩n.卷发;卷曲状;卷曲物The child curled upon the sofa.那个小孩蜷缩着身子躺在沙发上.
US [kɝ:l] noun countable or uncountable
■a piece of hair which grows or has been formed into a curving shape, or something that is the same shape as this 鬈发；卷曲物，螺旋状物
• tight/loose curls 密密的／蓬松的鬈发
• Her hair fell in curls over her shoulders. 她的头发卷曲着垂在肩上。
• Curls of smoke were rising from the chimney. 缕缕青烟从烟囱中升起。
Compare wave
UK [kɜ:l] US [kɝ:l] verb intransitive or transitive
■to make something into the shape of a curl, or to grow or change into this shape （使）卷曲；（使）弯曲
• Does your hair curl naturally , or is it permed? 你的头发是自然卷曲还是烫过？
• A new baby will automatically curl its fingers round any object it touches. 新生婴儿碰到任何东西，都会自动弯起手指握住它。
curl your lip
■to show by an upward movement of one side of your mouth that you feel no respect for something or someone 撇嘴（表示不敬）
• Her lip curled at what he said. 对于他说的话，她不以为然地撇了撇嘴。
UK [kɜ:l] US [kɝ:l] verb intransitive or transitive
curl up and die informal
■to feel very ashamed and sorry 羞愧难过；羞愧得无地自容
• I just wanted to curl up and die when I spilt coffee on their new carpet! 当我把咖啡洒在他们崭新的地毯上时，我简直羞愧难当！
UK [kɜ:l] US [kɝ:l] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  curl up
POSITION
■to sit or lie in a position with your arms and legs close to your body 蜷缩；蜷坐；蜷卧
• She curled up on the sofa to watch TV. 她蜷缩在沙发上看电视。
EDGES
■If something flat, such as paper, curls up, the edges start to curve up. 卷曲；卷起
vi. [纸] 卷曲；盘绕
 - crisp
n. [纸] 卷曲；卷发；螺旋状物
 - wave, wavy hair

Word: spin
Front: spin
[spɪn] (高研四六托雅宝 2644/3841 -K3)
Vocabulary: spin
(once / 251 pages)
1vn 2nv 3v 4v 5n 6v
When you spin, you whirl around in a circle. Many kids love to spin on a merry-go-round.
You can spin in a happy circle, and you can describe this movement as a spin. Another way to use the word spin is for a deliberate twisting of information, especially when it's done by politicians. A candidate might spin a news report to make herself look more appealing, for example, or spin bad news to make it appear good. This meaning of spin is relatively new, not being used much until the mid-1980's.
WORD FAMILY
spin: spined, spinnable, spinner, spinning, spins, spun+/spinnable: spinnability/spinner: spinners/spinning: spinnings
USAGE EXAMPLES
He was hit hard at 1, spun and lunged toward the goal line.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
There are many other examples including those of second rate scientists or non-scientists finding high-profile media venues to spin their fantasies.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
While there, he spun to the hoop and tore up his knee.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vi. 纺纱; 吐（丝），作（茧），结网; 快速旋转; 眩晕
vt. 纺（线）; 吐丝，将…抽成丝; 讲述，尤指通过想象地; 使延长，使延伸
n. 旋转的行为; 快速的旋运动; 眩晕; 疾驰
时态：spun, spinning, spins
分布：旋转(82%)，疾驰(5%)，眩晕(5%)，纺织(5%)，结网(3%)
→来自古英语 spinnan,纺纱，织线，来自 Proto-Germanic*spenwan,弯，转，纺织，来自 spen, 弯，转，纺织，词源同 spider,spinner.引申诸相关词义。
v.旋转;纺纱;织网,吐丝n.旋转;自转Mother used to spin her own yarn.母亲过去一直是自己纺纱的.
verb (spinning, spun, spun, UK ALSO span)
TURN 旋转
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to (cause to) turn around and around, especially fast （使）（尤指快速）旋转
• The Earth spins on its axis. 地球绕地轴旋转。
• The roulette players silently watched the wheel spin around/round. 玩转盘游戏的玩家们默不作声地注视着轮盘旋转。
• He was killed when his car hit a tree and spun off the road. 他的车撞到树上后甩出路面，他因此而丧生。
• Spin the ball (= Make it turn around and around as you throw it) and it will change direction when it hits the ground. 把球旋转起来再抛出去，球触地时就会改变方向。
head/room spins
■If your head or the room spins you feel as if it is turning around and around, and you cannot balance 天旋地转；眩晕
• The room started spinning and I felt faint. 我开始感觉天旋地转，头昏眼花。
[spɪn] verb (spinning, spun, spun, UK ALSO span)
MAKE THREAD 纺线
intransitive or transitive
■to make thread by twisting fibres , or to produce something using thread 纺线；纺纱；纺织
• The final stage of the production of cotton is when it is spun into thread. 棉线生产的最后一个阶段是把它纺成线。
• Spiders spin webs. 蜘蛛结网。
[spɪn] verb (spinning, spun, spun, UK ALSO span)
spin (sb) a story/tale/yarn
■to tell a story, either to deceive someone or for entertainment （为骗人或逗乐）杜撰故事，编造故事
• He spun some tale about needing to take time off work because his mother was ill. 他编了个瞎谎，说他妈妈病了，他需要请假。
• [+ two objects] They spun us a story about being in desperate need of money. 他们编了个瞎谎，说他们急需用钱。
[spɪn] verb (spinning, spun, spun, UK ALSO span)
DRIVE 驾驶
intransitive + adverb or preposition informal
■(of a vehicle) to move quickly, or to move quickly in a vehicle （车辆）疾驰；驾车飞驰
• We were spinning along , when suddenly one of our tyres burst. 我们车开得飞快，突然一个轮胎爆了。
• Chris spun past in a flashy new car. 克里斯开着一辆眩目的新车疾驰而过。
[spɪn] verb (spinning, spun, spun, UK ALSO span)
spin a coin
■to make a coin turn around and around on its edge so that someone can guess which side will land facing upwards 旋转硬币（以猜测哪面朝上）
• Let's spin a coin to decide who'll have the first turn. 我们转个硬币来决定谁先来。
Compare a toss of a coin at toss
[spɪn] verb (spinning, spun, spun, UK ALSO span)
spin out of control
■If activities or events spin out of control, they change very quickly and in an uncontrolled way （活动或事件）迅速失控
• The country's economy seemed to be spinning out of control. 这个国家的经济似乎来到失控边缘了。
[spɪn] verb (spinning, spun, spun, UK ALSO span)
spin your wheels US informal
■to waste time doing things that achieve nothing 浪费时间；原地踏步
• If we're just spinning our wheels, let us know and we'll quit. 如果你只是浪费时间，请告诉我们，我们会放弃。
[spɪn] verb (spinning, spun, spun, UK ALSO span)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] spin sth off
PRODUCT
■to produce a useful and unexpected result in addition to the intended result 派生出，衍生出
• The American space program has spun off new commercial technologies. 美国的太空计划衍生出了新的商业技术。
• Every new job that is created spins off three or four more in related fields. 每份新创的工作都能带动相关领域产生三四份新工作。
COMPANY mainly US
■to form a separate company from part of an existing company 将…分离出来（组建新公司）
• The company is trying to spin off part of its business. 这家公司正试图将一部分业务分离出来。
[spɪn] verb (spinning, spun, spun, UK ALSO span)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] spin sth out
■to make something such as an activity or story last longer than usual or necessary, or as long as possible 把…延长；尽可能拖长
• Can we spin our holiday out for a few more days? 我们能把假期延长几天吗？
• Somehow, she managed to spin her story out so that it took her the whole train journey to tell it. 她想办法把故事拉长，这样她在火车上的时间都花在讲故事上了。
[spɪn] verb (spinning, spun, spun, UK ALSO span)
  Phrasal Verbs  spin (sb) round UK (US spin (sb) around)
■to quickly turn your own or someone else's body to face the opposite direction （使某人）迅速转身，猛转回头
• She spun round to see what had happened. 她猛地转过身去，看看发生了甚么事。
[spɪn] noun
TURN 旋转
countable or uncountable
■the movement of something turning round very quickly 旋转；转动
• I hit something on the road, which sent the car into a spin. 我撞到了路面上某个东西，整个车一直打转。
• Suddenly, the plane went into a spin. 突然，飞机开始不停地旋转。
• These clothes need another spin (= to be turned round very fast in a machine to get water out of them) - they're still very wet. 这些衣服需要再甩一遍——它们还很湿呢。
• She put a lot of spin on the ball (= threw or hit it in a way that made it spin). 她打出的球高速旋转。
[spɪn] noun
CHANGE IDEAS 改变主意
[S or U] informal
■when an idea or situation is expressed or described in a clever way that makes it seem better than it really is, especially in politics （尤指政治上的）倾向描述，导向陈述
• They have tried to put a positive spin on the situation. 他们尝试过将这个局面描述成具有正面意义。
• This report puts a different spin on the issue. 这篇报导对这个问题作出了全然不同的倾向描述。
[spɪn] noun
DRIVE 驾驶
countable usually singular old-fashioned informal
■a short journey in a car for pleasure （乘车）兜风
• Rupert took me for a spin in his new car. 鲁珀特用他的新车载着我去兜了一圈。
[spɪn] noun
in a spin informal
■worried and confused 急得团团转；晕头转向
• She's in a spin over the arrangements for the party. 她为了筹备派对忙得晕头转向。
• News of the director's resignation sent / threw the management into a spin. 主管辞职的消息使管理部陷入一片混乱。
whirl, turn, roll, rotate, revolve, spin, circle
这组词都有“转动、旋转”的意思，其区别是：
whirl: 指旋转或作圆周运动，侧重急速或力量。
turn: 普通用词，中性，含义不确切，可指作一个圆周运动或连续地作圆周运动，也可指仅是沿圆的弧形转动。
roll: 指某物在平面上滚动或翻滚。
rotate: 侧重指物体围绕自己的轴或中心旋转，即自转。
revolve: 强调指物体围绕本身以外的中心旋转，即公转。
spin: 指沿内轴迅速而连续旋转，或沿外部一个点作快速圆周运转。
circle: 指作圆周运动。
vi. [物] 旋转；纺纱；吐丝；晕眩
 - wheel, circle
vt. [物] 使旋转；纺纱；编造；结网
 - turn, swing
n. [物] 旋转；疾驰
 - revolution, rotation, rolling, turning

Word: healing
Front: healing
[ˈhi:lɪŋ] (托 5157/6591)
Back: n. 康复，复原
adj. 有治疗功用的
v. （使）愈合( heal的现在分词 ); 治愈; （使）结束; 较容易忍受
分布：康复(63%)，复原(24%)，有治疗功用的(10%)，动词heal的现在分词.(3%)
V-ERG
痊愈;愈合;治愈
When a broken bone or other injury heals or when something heals it, it becomes healthy and normal again.
例：Within six weeks the bruising had gone, but it was six months before it all healed...青瘀在6周内就消退了，但伤却是6个月后才全好了。
例：If they'd operated and pinned her arm at once, she might have healed by now...如果他们当时马上就给她的胳膊做手术并用钢针固定，她现在可能已经痊愈了。
V-ERG
（感情创伤）愈合;（情感）恢复常态
When someone's emotional pain heals, they feel normal and happy again.
例：A year later, she had healed to the point of at least being able to consider a romantic relationship with another man...一年以后，她的感情创伤已慢慢愈合，至少能考虑和另一个男性开始恋爱关系了。
例：Only by fully experiencing the depth of our pain can we be healed from it and be done with it.只有充分感受了深切的痛苦，我们才能从中走出，并将它抛诸脑后。
V-ERG
（使）（裂痕、创伤）弥合;（使）和好
If you heal something such as a rift or a wound, or if it heals, the situation is put right so that people are friendly or happy again.
例：Today Sophie and her sister have healed the family rift and visit their family every weekend...如今索菲和她的姐姐已经和家人和好，每个周末都回家探望他们。
例：The psychological effects on the United States were immense and in Washington the wounds have still not fully healed.对美国造成的心理影响是巨大的，在华盛顿创伤仍未完全弥合。
v. 治疗（heal的现在分词）
 - remedying

Word: nineteenth
Front: nineteenth
[ˌnaɪn'ti:nθ] (5153/2554 -4)
Back: n. 第十九; 十九分之一
adj. 第十九的; 十九分之一的
分布：第十九(100%)
/'--] noun countable
■one of nineteen equal parts of something 十九分之一
[ˌnaɪn'ti:ntθ] /'--] ordinal number
■19th written as a word 第十九（的）
• This was the nineteenth fatal crash this year. 这是今年第十九宗致命的车祸了。
[ˌnaɪn'ti:ntθ] /'--] ordinal number
the nineteenth hole informal
■the bar at a golf course where people go to have drinks and talk after they have finished playing golf 第十九洞（指高尔夫球赛后球员们去的设在球场上的酒吧）

Word: goodness
Front: goodness
[ˈgʊdnəs] (高研四六 5155/4367 -2)
Back: n. 良好; 善良; 精华; 上帝
int. 天哪，哎呀
分布：善良(63%)，美德(21%)，精华(9%)，天哪(7%)
n.善良,仁慈;(食物等)精华int.天哪The goodness of the wooden goods gives me good mood.木制商品的精华给我一个好心情.
noun uncountable
HEALTH 健康
■the part of something, especially of food, which is good for health （尤指食物中的）营养，养分，精华
• Don't cook vegetables for too long - they'll lose all their goodness. 烹煮蔬菜时间不要太长——这会使菜里的所有营养成分都被破坏掉。
['gʊd.nəs] noun uncountable
CHARACTER 性格
■the personal quality of being morally good; virtue 美德
• Mother Teresa's goodness is an example to us all. 特莉莎修女的高尚品德是我们所有人学习的榜样。
['gʊd.nəs] exclamation (also goodness gracious)
■used to express any strong emotion, especially surprise （用来表达强烈的感情，尤指惊奇）天哪，哎呀
• (My)goodness! how many more times do I have to tell you! （我的）天哪！我还要告诉你多少次！
• Goodness gracious (me) , what a terrible thought! （我的）天啊，多可怕的想法！
goodness, purity, integrity, morality, virtue
这组词都有“美德”的意思，其区别是：
goodness: 含义最广，侧重固有的仁爱，慷慨等高尚的美德。
purity: 侧重于道德上无缺点。
integrity: 指品格的纯正，有高度是非感的美德。
morality: 强调符合道德标准的行为或用道德准则衡量某事，尤注重男女间的道德品行。
virtue: 一般用词，指符合道德准则的隐恶扬善行为或品行或指一种有意识去做善事的高尚道德。
n. 善良，仁慈；优秀；真谛
 - humanity, excellence, mercy, kindness
int. 天哪，啊呀
 - omigod, bedad

Word: geography
Front: geography
[dʒiˈɒgrəfi] (中高研四六雅 5163/3967 -K2)
Vocabulary: geography
(once / 300 pages)
n
Geography is the study of the land and how we use it. A geography lesson about your hometown would teach about the terrain, including any landforms like mountains or waterways, its vegetation, roads and other human-made developments, and its people.
Geography means "description of the earth's surface." It is often confused with a related word, geology, which means "study of the earth." Geography is about anything that happens on the ground, or above it, including how people live and use the land, while geology studies the earth's content, like the plates that form it and how they move.
WORD FAMILY
geography: geographer, geographical, geographies+/geographer: geographers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Hawaii’s open ocean geography, deadly channels and protected marine life pose unique challenges.
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
One way to dig into vital statistics is to break life expectancy down by demographic characteristics such as race, gender, income, and geography.
Slate(Dec 22, 2016)
“There is something about the geography, the flatness, the desert element” of the area, says Dallas Morning News film critic Chris Vognar.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 22, 2016)
Back: n. 地理（学）; 地形，地势; 布局
分布：地理(100%)
→geo-, 地，地球。-graphy, 写，描述，词源同telegraphy.
n.地理(学)Will you show me the geography?洗手间在哪儿?
US [dʒi'ɑ:.grə-] noun uncountable
 IMPROVER
■the study of the systems and processes involved in the world's weather, mountains, seas, lakes, etc. and of the ways in which countries and people organize life within an area 地理；地理学
⇒ See also physical geography
the geography of somewhere
■the way all the parts of an area are arranged within it （某地的）地形，地貌；（某地区组成部分的）排列，布局
• the geography of Australia 澳大利亚地形
• It's impossible to work out the geography of this hospital. 没有办法弄清楚这家医院的布局。
n. [地理] 地理；地形
 - terrain, landform

Word: destiny
Front: destiny
[ˈdestəni] (研六托雅 5162/6374 -2)
Vocabulary: destiny
(once / 265 pages)
n
Destiny is what's meant to be, what's written in the stars, your inescapable fate. You might think it's your destiny to own a dog, but your sad goldfish survival rate should tell you that happy pets probably aren't in your future.
A noun meaning fate, destiny is synonymous with other nouns like divine decree, fortune, and serendipity. There's no avoiding destiny — it's going to happen no matter what you do. But before you get bogged down worrying about what the distant future holds, remember what Winston Churchill said: “It is a mistake to look too far ahead. Only one link in the chain of destiny can be handled at a time.”
WORD FAMILY
destiny: destinies
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Swedish activist says he was partly driven by “middle-class guilt” but also a conviction that people should be the masters of their own destinies.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
“Comrade President, the people request that you continue to lead the country’s destiny,” the signs proclaim.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
That left room for the talented freshman point guard in the home white, Destiny Slocum, to run the offense like an upperclassman.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 命运; 天命，天数; 命运的三女神; 主宰事物的力量
分布：命运(100%)
→词源同destination, 目的的。用于神学名词命运。
n.命运;天数,天命The destiny of the pest in chestnut is not known before reaching the destination.栗子中害虫的命运在到达目的地之前是未知的.
noun
countable
■the things that will happen in the future 前途；命运
• The destiny of our nation depends on this vote! 我们国家的前途取决于这次选举！
• She felt that her destiny had been shaped by her gender. 她觉得自己的性别已经决定了自己的命运。
• People want to control/determine/take charge of their own destinies. 人们想要掌控自己的命运。
uncountable
■the force that some people think controls what happens in the future, and which cannot be influenced by people 命运之神；老天，上苍
• You can't fight destiny. 你无法与命运之神抗争。
• He is a tragic victim of destiny. 他是命运的不幸牺牲品。
luck, lot, destiny, fortune, doom, fate
这组词都有“命运”的意思，其区别是：
luck: 普通日常用词，指好的或坏的运气，尤多指好运气，有时也指成功或愉快的结局。
lot: 多指偶然的运气或终身遭受的不幸命运。
destiny: 普通用词，侧重预先注定的命运，对未来命运的美好憧憬。
fortune: 普通用词，指由机会或运气来决定的一种命运，如暗示一种比fate好的运气或一种愉快的未来。
doom: 指最终的，常常是灾难性或毁灭性的命运，隐含不可避免的意味。
fate: 较庄严用词，多指不幸的命运，暗示不可避免，令人畏惧和人的意志无法改变，宿命论色彩较浓。
n. 命运，定数，天命
 - fate, lot, fortune, portion

Word: remarkably
Front: remarkably
[rɪ'mɑ:kəblɪ] (托 5158/4297 -K)
Back: adv. 引人注目地，明显地，非常地
分布：显著突出地(50%)，出乎意外地(50%)
US [-'mɑ:r-] adverb
 ADVANCED
■used for emphasizing how surprising or unusual something is 非凡；奇异；引人注目
• It is a remarkably noisy and crowded city. 这是座非常嘈杂拥挤的城市。
• Remarkably, she wasn't hurt in the crash. 不可思议的是，她在撞车事故中竟然没有受伤。
adv. 显著地；非常地；引人注目地
 - notably, dramatically, considerably, prominently, markedly

Word: literacy
Front: literacy
[ˈlɪtərəsi] (研六托雅 5159/5869 -1)
Vocabulary: literacy
(once / 1494 pages)
n
If you can read this sentence and write one of your own, you possess literacy.
In Latin, littera means "letter." Back in the day, a person who could read and write was described as lettered. Literacy can also mean having knowledge or ability in a more specific area. Since you bought grandma that laptop, her computer literacy has really improved: she just posted her newest exercise video.
WORD FAMILY
literacy: literacies+/ illiteracy: illiteracies/ illiterate: illiteracy, illiterately, illiterates/ literate: illiterate, literacy, literately, literates, nonliterate, preliterate, semiliterate
USAGE EXAMPLES
Teachers and literacy organizations often decry such moves as censorship that erase important literature from curriculums.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
The government will evaluate websites and social-media accounts for fake news and push for greater social-media literacy, officials said, without adding details.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 29, 2016)
Black children, despite starting school with the same level of maths and literacy as other ethnic groups, are most likely to fail maths GCSE.
BBC(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: n. 识字; 有文化; 能读能写; 精通文学
分布：识字(65%)，读写能力(35%)
→来自拉丁语litera,书写，字母，词源同letter.引申词义读写能力。比较numeracy.
认字,有文化(liter+acy)[liter=letter,表示"文字,字母"]
n.有文化,有教养,有读写能力He has no literacy.他是文盲.
US ['lɪtˌ.ɚ-] noun uncountable
■the ability to read and write 识字，读写能力
• Far more resources are needed to improve adult literacy. 提高成年人的读写能力所需要的资源还远远不够。
■knowledge of a particular subject, or a particular type of knowledge （某领域或某方面的）知识，能力
• Computer literacy is becoming as essential as the ability to drive a car. 会用电脑与会开车一样将成为一种必备的技能。

Word: taxi
Front: taxi
[ˈtæksi] (中高雅 5161/3317 -K2)
Back: n. 出租车; 滑行
vi. 乘出租车; （指飞机）在地面或水面滑行
vt. 用出租车运送; 使滑行
时态：taxied, taxiing, taxies
分布：出租车(98%)，用出租车运送(1%)，乘计程车(1%)
→缩写自 taximeter cab,计程马车，计程车，来自 taximeter,计程表，计价器。
n.出租汽车v.[指飞机](使)滑行Axe the tax on taxis. Wax may relax the body.削减出租车的税费.蜂蜡可以使身体放松.
noun countable (also taxicab) (also cab)
 ESSENTIAL
■a car with a driver who you pay to take you somewhere 计程车
• I took a taxi from the station to the hotel. 我从车站乘计程车去饭店。
• a taxi driver 计程车司机
['tæk.si] verb intransitive (taxiing, taxied, taxied)
■(of an aircraft) to move slowly on the ground （飞机）在地面滑行
vi. [车辆] 乘出租车； [航] 滑行
 - coast
n. [车辆] 出租汽车
 - motorcab, cab

Word: leak
Front: leak
[li:k] (高研四六托雅宝 5165/5948 -3)
Vocabulary: leak
(once / 428 pages)
1vn 2vn
A leak involves the release of something. It can be a behind-someone’s-back leak of sensitive information, a leak from a milk carton, or a leak in the roof that lets rain water drip in.
As a verb, leak means to allow light or fluid to escape, or to enter or escape as though through a hole. Light can leak in through the curtains, water can leak out of an almost-closed faucet, or information can leak to the press. A leak is almost always a bad thing — it indicates that something that should be contained has broken out or escaped.
WORD FAMILY
leak: leakage, leaked, leaker, leaking, leaks, leaky +/leakage: leakages/leaker: leakers/ leaky: leakier, leakiest, leakily, leakiness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Later, he taught overseas suppliers how to shield production lines and compartmentalize information to avoid leaks.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Ms. Park attacked the leak, and her office pressed the newspaper to fire its president, according to the impeachment motion.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Bentonite helps with everything from clarifying wine to keeping landfills from leaking.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vi. 漏出; 透露; （指消息，秘密等）泄密; 漏电，漏水
vt. 使泄露; <非正式> 擅自公开
n. 泄漏，漏洞; 裂缝; 漏出物; （俚语）撒尿
时态：leaked, leaking, leaks
分布：漏(76%)，泄露(10%)，渗(8%)，漏洞(6%)
→来自leg,滴，滴下，词源同leach,lack,lake.引申词义泄漏。
v.漏,泄漏n.漏洞,漏隙;泄漏,漏出At the breakfast, the steak leaked from the break.早餐时,肉片从缺口处漏出来.
verb intransitive or transitive
LIQUID/GAS 液体或气体
 ADVANCED
■(of a liquid or gas) to escape from a hole or crack in a pipe or container or (of a container) to allow liquid or gas to escape （液体或气体）漏，泄漏
• Water was leaking from the pipe. 水正从管子里漏出来。
• Oil leaked out of the car. 油从车里漏了出来。
• The tin was leaking. 罐漏了。
• The car leaked oil all over the drive. 车漏了一路油。
[li:k] verb intransitive or transitive
INFORMATION 资讯
■to allow secret information to become generally known 泄露，透露（机密资讯）
• He leaked the names to the press. 他向新闻界透露了名单。
• News of the pay cuts had somehow leaked out. 降薪的消息不知怎的被泄漏了出去。
[li:k] verb intransitive or transitive
leak like a sieve informal
■to leak a lot 漏得厉害
[li:k] noun countable
LIQUID/GAS 液体或气体
 ADVANCED
■a hole or space through which a liquid or gas can flow out of a container, or the liquid or gas that comes out 漏洞，泄漏处；漏出物
• There's water on the floor - we must have a leak. 地板上有水——肯定是甚么地方漏了。
• If you suspect a gas leak, phone the emergency number. 如果你怀疑煤气泄漏就打救急电话。
[li:k] noun countable
INFORMATION 资讯
■the origin of secret information which becomes known, or the act of making it known （机密资讯）泄露的源头；泄露
• There have been several security leaks recently. 最近发现了几处安全性漏洞。
• They traced the leak to a secretary in the finance department. 他们追查出泄密的是财务部的一位秘书。
[li:k] noun countable
take a leak/have a leak slang
■to urinate 撒尿
drip, leak
这组词都有“滴，漏”的意思，其区别是：
drip: 侧重以点滴形式下落，也指漏出或溢出。
leak: 侧重液体或气体等从容器漏出，或泄漏了消息。
n. 泄漏；漏洞，裂缝
 - crack, split
vt. 使渗漏，泄露
 - reveal, divulge
vi. [电子] 漏，渗；泄漏出去
 - seep

Word: solo
Front: solo
[ˈsəʊləʊ] (研六托雅宝 5164/5175 -2)
Vocabulary: solo
(once / 800 pages)
nadjadvv
A versatile word, solo means "alone" and can be used as a verb ("I get to solo in band today"), a noun ("She sang a beautiful solo"), or an adjective (I can't wait for my solo flight").
The word solo is often associated with a musical performance, from the Italian derivative from the Latin sōlum, "alone." Until the end of the 17th century, just the Latin form was used, usually in stage directions. Then it entered musical terminology, as sola, in 1695. The adjectival use developed in the 18th century, and in 1864 the form soloist, referring to one who performed a solo, first appeared. It wasn't until the mid-19th century that the word was used as a verb.
WORD FAMILY
solo: soli, soloed, soloing, soloist, solos+/soloist: soloists
USAGE EXAMPLES
Unlike Chopin’s pathbreaking studies for solo piano, Liszt’s Études do not isolate specific technical problems.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Early on I was influenced by the potential of the guitar as a solo like that.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
And solo drivers who bought their way into the HOV lanes by purchasing hybrids will lose their exemption.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 独唱（曲），独奏（曲）; 单飞; 单人表演
adj. 单独的; 独自的; 独唱的; 独奏的
adv. 单独地，独自地
时态：soloed, soloing, solos
分布：独奏(61%)，独唱(27%)，单独的(5%)，单独表演(4%)，单独地(3%)
→来自拉丁语 solo,独奏的，独唱的，来自拉丁语 solus,单独的，词源同 sole.
独奏(唱)[Sol=alone,表示"单独"]
独唱,独奏(sol独自＋o)[-o 1.表名词"人,物或状态"2.表名词,用于音乐术语]
n.独奏a. & ad.单独的(地);独唱的(地)She sang a solo.她独唱了一支歌.
【反】ensemble（n 合唱曲）
US ['soʊ.loʊ] adjective [before noun] adverb
 ADVANCED
■alone; without other people 独自的（地），单独的（地），单人的（地）
• a solo performance/flight 单人表演／飞行
• to sail/fly solo 独自航行／飞行
• He used to play with a group but now he's going solo/pursuing a solo career. 他以前曾经加入过某个乐队，但如今已单独发展。
UK ['səʊ.ləʊ] US ['soʊ.loʊ] noun countable (plural solos)
 ADVANCED
■a musical performance done by one person alone, or a musical performance in which one person is given special attention 独奏；独唱
• a trumpet solo 小号独奏
• Parker's solo on 'A Night in Tunisia' was so amazing that the pianist backing him simply stopped playing. 派克的独奏《突尼斯之夜》实在是太精彩了，以至于为他伴奏的钢琴手干脆停了下来。
adj. 独奏的；独唱的；单独的
 - alone, independent, isolated, separate, sole
adv. 单独地
 - solely, alone, individually

Word: narrative
Front: narrative
[ˈnærətɪv] (研六雅宝 3097/5167 -2)
Vocabulary: narrative
(once / 212 pages)
nadj
A narrative is a story that you write or tell to someone, usually in great detail. A narrative can be a work of poetry or prose, or even song, theater, or dance.
Often a narrative is meant to include the "whole story." A summary will give a few key details and then the narrative will delve into the details. "I hate to interrupt your narrative," is a polite way of stopping someone in the middle of a story. The origin of this noun is the Latin adjective narrativus, from narrare "to tell," from gnarus "knowing." It is related to our English verb know.
WORD FAMILY
narrative: narratively, narratives+/ narrate: narrated, narrates, narrating, narration, narrative, narrator / narration: narrations/ narrator: narrators
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Lucas Museum of Narrative Art, as it will be called, promises hundreds of jobs, a high-profile cultural attraction - and it’s essentially free.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
The Lucas Museum of Narrative Art, as it will be called, promises hundreds of jobs and a high-profile attraction — and it’s essentially free.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Each film builds much of its central narrative around a child’s death and how that loss affects a parent.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 记叙文; 故事; 叙述，记事; 叙述手法
adj. 叙述的，叙事体的; 善于叙述的
分布：叙述(61%)，故事(32%)，叙述的(6%)，叙述体的(1%)
→来自narrate,叙述。
a.叙述性的n.叙述Narrative makes up most of the book.这本书大部分是由记叙文组成.
US [-tˌɪv] formal
noun countable or uncountable
■a story or a description of a series of events 故事；叙述
• It's a moving narrative of wartime adventure. 这是对战时经历的感人描述。
n. 叙述；故事；讲述
 - relation, statement, story, telling, tale
adj. 叙事的，叙述的；叙事体的
 - related, descriptive

Word: Australian
Front: Australian
[ɒ'streɪliən] (中高雅 5172/3122)
Back: adj. 澳大利亚的，澳大利亚人的
n. 澳大利亚人
分布：澳大利亚的(64%)，澳大利亚人(36%)
US [ɑ:'streɪl.jən] noun countable
■a person from Australia 澳大利亚人
UK [ɒs'treɪ.li.ən] US [ɑ:'streɪl.jən] adjective
■from, belonging to, or relating to Australia 澳大利亚的
• Australian wine/weather/politics 澳大利亚的葡萄酒／天气／政治

Word: trillion
Front: trillion
[ˈtrɪljən] (托 5167/26476 -2)
Vocabulary: trillion
(once / 918 pages)
nadj
A trillion is 1,000,000,000,000, also know as 10 to the 12th power, or one million million. It’s such a large number it’s hard to get your head around it, so sometimes trillion just means “wow, a lot.”
A trillion is bigger than a million, more than a billion, it’s 1,000,000,000,000 (and even or 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 in some countries). (Yes, those are 18 zeroes in that last one.) Either way, this is such a large number that it's hard to imagine. Maybe that's why people often use this word in a looser sense, as in "I have a trillion reasons why I like this band!" That meaning is similar to gazillion, bazillion, and zillion, which aren't real numbers.
WORD FAMILY
trillion: trillions, trillionth+/trillionth: trillionths
USAGE EXAMPLES
Their bond debt as a whole, however, nearly doubled to 15.4 trillion yuan over the same period.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 03, 2017)
He also pledged to spend $1 trillion on infrastructure projects and cut everyone’s taxes.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
“We think it should be large. He’s mentioned a trillion dollars. I told him that sounded good to me,” Schumer told ABC News.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 万亿; 兆; [英]百万兆; 大量
adj. 万亿的
num. 数万亿
分布：万亿(37%)，兆(23%)，大量(20%)，兆的(20%)
→tri-, 三，-llion,百万，衍生自 million,原义为 1018，后受 billion 影响缩减为 1012.
['trɪl.jən] (plural trillion or trillions)
number
■the number 1 000 000 000 000 万亿，兆

Word: loving
Front: loving
[ˈlʌvɪŋ] (5168/6024 -2)
Vocabulary: loving
(once / 170 pages)
adj
Someone loving is affectionate and caring. Your loving grandmother might be your favorite grandparent because she clearly adores you.
You can be a loving sister or a loving babysitter, and you can also describe kind things you do as loving, like the loving hug you give your sad friend or your uncle's loving gesture of sending your aunt flowers on her birthday. The adjective loving comes from the Old English lufian, "to love or approve," from the root lufu, "love, affection, or friendliness."
WORD FAMILY
loving: lovinger, lovingest, lovingly, lovingness, self-loving, unloving+/ lovable: lovably, unlovable/ love: lovable, loveable, loved, loveless, lover, loves, lovesome, loving, self-love/loved: lovedest, unloved/loveless: lovelessly/lover: loverlike, lovers/unloving: unlovingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
At one point, Adel, who has a shattered and frantic but loving, warm energy, turned to me and said, “We are orphans here.”
New York Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Corporate interests are loving most of what they hear from the incoming administration.
New York Times(Dec 01, 2016)
It’s anyone’s guess, though, if she’s trying to whet or squelch appetites with that long, loving shot of a fishmonger’s pile of ruby-red whale meat.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: adj. 爱的，表示爱意的，亲爱的
adv. 亲爱地
n. 爱; 慈爱
v. 爱，热爱(love的现在分词); 喜爱; 喜好; 喜欢
分布：亲爱的(56%)，忠诚的(20%)，钟情的(16%)，动词love的现在分词.(8%)
adjective
■showing a lot of love towards someone 爱的；有爱心的；表示爱意的
• a loving relationship 恋爱关系
• He's a very loving child. 他是个非常有爱心的孩子。
• She's very loving. 她很有爱心。
adj. 亲爱的；钟情的；忠诚的
 - dear, devoted, faithful

Word: homicide
Front: homicide
[ˈhɒmɪsaɪd] (托 5171/16805 -1)
Vocabulary: homicide
(once / 2239 pages)
n
The noun homicide means a murder. If you kill another person, you are committing a homicide. The level of the homicide is legally defined as murder if the act was intentional and as manslaughter if it was unintentional.
Remember the meaning of homicide by remembering that cide, from the Latin cida, refers to killing, while the Latin homo means "man.” So homicide means “killing a man.” You can see another example in this quote from Oliver Wendell Holmes: “Life and language are alike sacred. Homicide and verbicide — that is, violent treatment of a word with fatal results to its legitimate meaning, which is its life — are alike forbidden.”
WORD FAMILY
homicide: homicidal, homicides+/homicidal: homicidally
USAGE EXAMPLES
An armed forces medical examiner categorized the death as a homicide.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
About 60 percent of last year’s homicide victims were shot to death and more than one-quarter of them were related to domestic violence.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The newspaper reports that is the second year in a row, and only the second time since the 1990s, that the city surpassed 300 homicides.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 杀人（行为）; 杀人犯; 杀人罪
分布：杀人(94%)，杀人者(6%)
→来自拉丁语homo,人，-cid,杀，词源同herbicide.
杀人(homi人＋cide)[cid,cis=cut,kill,表示"切开,杀"]
杀人者(homi+cide杀)[hom=man(人)]
US ['hɑ:.mə-] noun countable or uncountable US formal or legal
■(an act of) murder 谋杀（行为）
• He was convicted of homicide. 他被判犯下谋杀罪。
• The number of homicides in the city has risen sharply. 这个城市的杀人案件急剧增加。
n. [法] 杀人；杀人犯
 - manslaughter

Word: parliament
Front: parliament
[ˈpɑ:ləmənt] (研四六雅 5169/994 -K4)
Vocabulary: parliament
(once / 80 pages)
1n 2n
In some countries — Great Britain for example — the group of people who make the laws is called the parliament. It's the equivalent of Congress in the United States.
The most common meaning of parliament refers to a country's legislative (law-making) body. England's parliament is very famous. The word comes in part from the French verb parler, which means to speak, which makes sense since this group of people assemble to talk about laws and issues. Another meaning of parliament is the card game known as fan tan or sevens, where you lead with your sevens in a certain sequence and win by using up all your cards.
WORD FAMILY
parliament: Parliamentarian, parliamentarian, parliamentary, parliaments+/Parliamentarian: Parliamentarians/parliamentarian: parliamentarians/parliamentary: parliamentarily, unparliamentary/unparliamentary: unparliamentarily
USAGE EXAMPLES
South Korea’s Parliament voted on Dec. 9 to impeach President Park Geun-hye over a corruption scandal.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Park was impeached by parliament early last year, a decision that must be upheld or rejected by the Constitutional Court.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Sun’s portrait still hangs in schools and government offices, and looks serenely down on the frequent fisticuffs in Taiwan’s parliament.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
Back: n. 议会，国会
分布：议会(75%)，国会(24%)，一届议会的会期(1%)
→来自古法语parler,说话，词源同parley,parlor.引申词义说话的地方，后用于指议会，国会。
国会(parlia[=parley会谈]+ment→会谈状态→国会)[parl=speak,表示"说话"]
n.国会,议会The Particle party's partner participated in the particular Parliament.粒子党的合伙人参与了特别议会.
US ['pɑ:r.lə-] noun
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■in some countries, the group of (usually) elected politicians or other people who make the laws for their country 议会；国会
• On Tuesday the country's parliament voted to establish its own army. 该国议会于周二投票决定建立自己的军队。
• She was elected to Parliament in 1997. 她于1997年获选为国会议员。
countable
■a particular period of time during which a parliament is operating, between either holidays or elections 议会会期
parliament, congress
这组词都有“国会，议会”的意思，其区别是：
parliament: 指英国或加拿大等国的议会，通常用大写形式。
congress: 指美国等国的国会，也可指代表大会。
n. 议会，国会
 - congress, house

Word: herd
Front: herd
[hɜ:d] (研四六托雅宝 5174/5760 -2)
Vocabulary: herd
(once / 243 pages)
nv
A herd is a bunch of animals — or people who act like a bunch of animals. It's also a verb — when people herd animals, they try to keep them moving in the same direction.
A herd usually refers to a group of animals with hooves, like cows or sheep (meat-eating animals like wolves cruise around in packs). On a farm, sheepdogs are in charge of herding the herd of sheep. Herds of buffalo roam the plains. It's rarely a good thing when people act like a herd, which is to do what everyone else is doing. You might want "to break away from the herd" if everyone is wearing pinwheel hats, for example. If you're having trouble getting people together, you might say it's like "herding cats." Cats never follow directions.
WORD FAMILY
herd: herded, herder, herding, herds+/herder: herders
USAGE EXAMPLES
They say limited hunting allows for a controlled elimination of weak animals, while earning funds for fodder and other care for the herds.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
And we voters did our part, passing judgment on the candidates, thinning the herd, rejecting them one by one.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
The herd typically summers northwest of Meeteetse and migrates into the Bighorn Basin in winter.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 兽群; 牧群; 放牧人; <蔑>群众，民众
vt. & vi. 群集，纠结
vt. 放牧; （使）向…移动; 使成群
时态：herded, herding, herds
分布：群(84%)，兽群(6%)，放牧(5%)，聚在一起(2%)，牧人(2%)，群集(1%)
→来自kerdh,兽群，牧群。
n.群,兽群,牛群v.放牧,群集The bead is put on the forehead of the dead shepherd ahead of the herd.珠子被戴在牧群前面的死牧羊人的前额上.
【参】herdsman（n 牧者；牧人）
US [hɝ:d] noun countable [+ sing/pl verb]
■a large group of animals of the same type that live and feed together 兽群；牧群
• a herd of cattle/elephants/goats 一群牛／大象／山羊
■mainly disapproving
■a large group of people that is considered together as a group and not separately 芸芸众生，人群
• Poor Janine - she just follows the herd (= does what all the other people are doing). 可怜的雅尼娜——她只是在跟随主流。
UK [hɜ:d] US [hɝ:d] verb
intransitive or transitive [+ adv/prep]
■to make animals move together as a group （将…）赶成一群，放牧
• A old woman was herding the goats up the mountainside. 一位老妇人正在山坡上放牧山羊。
transitive + adverb or preposition mainly disapproving
■to make people move somewhere as a group, often with force or against their wishes （常指强迫性地）使集中在一起
• The football fans complained that they had been herded into a small alley. 足球迷抱怨说他们被集中赶进了一条小巷里。
herd, swarm, flock
这组词都有“群”的意思，其区别是：
herd: 一般指大动物的群，尤指家畜的群，也可指人群。
swarm: 通常指蜜蜂、昆虫等的群。
flock: 主要指鸟群、羊群；也指较小的动物群，也可指人群。
n. 兽群，畜群；放牧人
 - drove, menagerie
vt. 放牧；使成群
 - grass, feed, range

Word: greenhouse
Front: greenhouse
[ˈgri:nhaʊs] (研四六宝 5166/5450 -2)
Back: n. 温室，花房; [军]<俚>周围有玻璃的座舱，轰炸员舱
分布：温室(98%)，暖房(2%)
n.温室The teenagers in the canteen are keen to see the queen sitting between the green screens in the greenhouse.食堂里的少年们巴望见到坐在温室里的绿色屏风间的女王.
noun countable
■a building with a roof and sides made of glass, used for growing plants that need warmth and protection 温室；暖房
• Gladys grows a lot of tomatoes in her greenhouse. 格拉迪丝在她的温室里种了好多番茄。
n. [园艺] 温室
 - heated housing, glasshouse

Word: biblical
Front: biblical
[ˈbɪblɪkl] (5176/6564 -1)
Back: adj. 圣经的; 依据圣经的
分布：圣经的(100%)
adjective
■in or relating to the Bible 《圣经》中的；有关《圣经》的
• They named their son Isaac after the biblical character. 他们们根据《圣经》中的人物为自己的儿子起名为以撒 。
['bɪb.lɪ.kəl] adjective
but not in the biblical sense humorous
■If you say you know someone but not in the biblical sense, you mean you have not had sex with them 没有性关系
• "Did you know her?" "Yes - not in the biblical sense, of course." “你以前认识她吗？”“认识─不过我们之间没有暧昧关系。”

Word: passionate
Front: passionate
[ˈpæʃənət] (托宝 5175/6041 -2)
Vocabulary: passionate
(once / 187 pages)
adj
Something that is passionate packs emotion, and possibly romantic emotion. A passionate plea will tug on your heartstrings and a passionate kiss will sweep you off your feet. If you want to stay unmoved, stay away from the passionate.
If you're passionate about soccer, you can't get enough of it — you've got soccer pennants plastered on your walls, your TV is permanently tuned to the soccer channel, and you probably wear soccer jerseys under your button-down shirt. Passion can also come from intense feelings of love for a person. Be careful — you could be swept up in "a passionate embrace."
WORD FAMILY
passionate: dispassionate, passionately, passionateness+/ dispassionate: dispassionately, dispassionateness
USAGE EXAMPLES
A passionate appreciation for the spiritual offerings of the city shines through in “La La Land.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Travelling, which we are both really passionate about.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
He balanced his conflict photography with commercial ventures, which served the purpose of financing the work he was truly passionate about.
Time(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 热烈的; 激昂的; 易怒的; 易被情欲所支配的
分布：激情的(51%)，热情的(41%)，易怒的(8%)
→来自passion,强烈感情。
【记】源于：passion（n 激情），ate
【参】passive（adj 被动的）
US [-ə.nɪt] adjective
 ADVANCED
■having very strong feelings or emotions 情绪激昂的，热情的
• a passionate speech 热情洋溢的演讲
• a passionate kiss/embrace 热烈的亲吻／拥抱
• The Italians are said to be the most passionate people in Europe. 据说义大利人是欧洲最富激情的民族。
• The child's mother made a passionate plea for help. 那孩子的母亲激动地向人们求助。
• Joe is passionate about baseball (= he likes it very much). 乔非常喜欢打棒球。
adj. 热情的；热烈的，激昂的；易怒的
 - intense, warm, tropical, hot, enthusiastic

Word: expenditure
Front: expenditure
[ɪkˈspendɪtʃə(r)] (研四六托雅宝 5170/1658 -2)
Vocabulary: expenditure
(once / 281 pages)
n
In a trip budget, you need to add up all your expenditures, such as hotel, car rental and food costs against the money you have brought to spend. An expenditure is money spent on something.
Expenditure is often used when people are talking about budgets. It is the government's job to decide what to do with tax money collected, or in other words, to determine the expenditure of public funds. The word is more than a long way of saying expense. In business, an expenditure implies an investment, something that will bring value over time.
WORD FAMILY
expenditure: expenditures+/ expend: expendable, expended, expender, expending, expenditure, expends, expensive / expendable: unexpendable/expended: unexpended/ expensive: expensively, expensiveness, inexpensive/inexpensive: inexpensively, inexpensiveness
USAGE EXAMPLES
The new law requires committees to report any donations or expenditures over $25 twice a year following an election.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Then expenditures began swamping revenues in 2014, and by the end of 2015, all of the foundation’s assets were depleted.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Their combined research expenditures were more than $1.7 million last year.
Washington Times(Dec 26, 2016)
Back: n. 花费，支出; 费用，经费; （尤指金钱的）支出额; （精力、时间、材料等的）耗费
分布：开支(89%)，消耗(11%)
→来自expend, 花费。
支出,开销(expend+iture)[pend,pens,pond=weight,expend,表示"称重量,称银子",引申为"花费"]
支出(expend花费)[-ture表名词,通常在单词或词根以t结尾时使用,表示"一般状态,行为"…ature","iture"注:-ture在s结尾的词根后变成-sure]
n.花费;(时间,金钱等的)支出,消耗I spend money on expensive things endlessly; so the expenditure trends up.我无休止地花钱买昂贵的东西,所以开支趋向上升.
US [-tʃɚ] noun
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■the total amount of money that a government or person spends （政府或个人的）全部开支，花费
• It's part of a drive to cut government expenditure. 这是削减政府开支的一个方法。
• The government's annual expenditure on arms has been reduced. 政府已经缩减了年度军备开支。
uncountable
■the act of using or spending energy, time or money （精力、时间或钱的）耗费，花费
• The expenditure of effort on this project has been enormous. 已经在这项工程上付出了重大的努力。
expenditure, subsidy, investment, revenue
expenditure: 支出，花费
subsidy: 补助
investment: 投资
revenue: 税收
n. [会计] 支出，花费；经费，消费额
 - spending, payout

Word: probe
Front: probe
[prəʊb] (研六托雅宝 5178/4897 -2)
Vocabulary: probe
(once / 758 pages)
nv
If you probe something, you investigate it thoroughly. If you go into business with someone, you might probe her finances to make sure that she has a good track record.
Although it is usually used as a verb — "the police probed the man’s disappearance" — it can also be used as a noun to describe an information-gathering device. In 1979 the United States launched the world's first space probe into outer space. It was a spacecraft rigged with cameras, which were used to photograph Jupiter and Saturn.
WORD FAMILY
probe: probed, probes, probing+/probing: probingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
“The findings of the probe form grounds of evidence to justify the interrogation of the prime minister,” its statement said.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Schmidt said the manner in which the suspects got inside the stadium was part of the ongoing probe.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Opposition lawmakers held up Monday’s reported police probe as a sign that Mr. Netanyahu was unfit to lead.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. [医]（对伤处等的）针探，探查; [医]探针，取样器; 探头; 探测仪
vt. & vi. 探索，调查; 用探针（或探测器等）探查，探测
vt. 盘问; （用试探性袭击等）侦察（敌情）; 用尖物刺穿（物件）; 用力使向前推进
时态：probed, probing, probes
分布：探测(31%)，探针(27%)，调查(21%)，探测器(19%)，查究(1%)，详细调查(1%)
→来自拉丁语probare,检验，试探，来自pro-,向前，-be,成为，存在，词源同be.引申诸相关词义。
探索;刺探[prob,prov=test表示"测试,证明"]
n.探针,探测器v.(以探针等)探查,穿刺,查究The brain surgeon asked the nurse to pass him a probe.脑外科医生要护士将探针递给他.
【记】因为有problem所以probe。
【参】probation（n 试用期；察看）；approbation（n 官方批准；认可）
US [proʊb] verb intransitive or transitive
■to try to discover information that other people do not want you to know, by asking questions carefully and not directly 盘问；追问；探究
• The interviewer probed deep into her private life. 采访者深入打探她的私生活。
• Detectives questioned him for hours, probing for any inconsistencies in his story. 侦探们盘问了他好几个小时，寻找他话里任何自相矛盾之处。
• The article probes (= tries to describe and explain) the mysteries of nationalism in modern Europe. 这篇文章探索了现代欧洲民族主义的奥秘。
■to examine something with a tool, especially in order to find something that is hidden （用工具）探查，探测
• They probed in/into the mud with a special drill. 他们用特殊的钻头在淤泥中探测。
UK [prəʊb] US [proʊb] noun countable
■an attempt to discover information by asking a lot of questions 探索；探查；查究；调查
• an FBI probe into corruption 联邦调查局对贪腐的调查
• a Justice Department probe into the Democrats' fund raising 司法部对民主党员筹措资金进行的调查
■specialized
■a long thin metal tool used by doctors to examine inside someone （医生用的）探针
■specialized
■a device that is put inside something to test or record information 探测器
⇒ See also space probe
n. [电子] [医] 探针；调查
 - investigation, research
vi. 调查； [航] 探测
 - examine, explore
vt. 探查；用探针探测
 - burrow into

Word: pipeline
Front: pipeline
[ˈpaɪplaɪn] (四六 5181/7236 -2)
Vocabulary: pipeline
(once / 1259 pages)
n
A pipeline is a series of pipes that liquid or gas flows through. A pipeline can also be a channel for other things, even ideas. The Internet is an information pipeline. No digging required!
While oil and natural gas often go through a pipeline, other substances are also transported this way, including water used for irrigation and even, in some cases, beer. You can use pipeline when you talk about other quick-moving things, like a source of goods, or even spoken communication. You could call the big companies in your city a kind of “job pipeline.” If you have an idea for a community pool in the pipeline, go ahead and hire the lifeguards!
WORD FAMILY
pipeline: pipelines
USAGE EXAMPLES
The pipeline would carry oil from western North Dakota through South Dakota and Iowa to a shipping point in Illinois.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Speeches normally dominate the first week of the Legislature - but not this year due to security reasons involving the Dakota Access pipeline protests.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Police say a woman arrested following the hanging a Dakota Access pipeline protest banner from the roof of U.S.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 管道; 输油管道; 渠道，传递途径
vt. （通过管道）运输，传递; 为…安装管道
分布：管道(77%)，管线(18%)，渠道(4%)，用管道运输(1%)
【记】pipe管，line线－管道
noun countable
■a very long large tube, often underground, through which liquid or gas can flow for long distances （常指铺设在地下的）管道，管线
['paɪp.laɪn] noun countable
in the pipeline
■being planned 在筹划中；在进行中
• The theatre company has several new productions in the pipeline for next season. 剧团正在为下一个演出季排练几个新剧码。
n. [建] 管道；输油管；传递途径
 - canal, ducting

Word: fuel
Front: fuel
[ˈfju:əl] (高研四托雅 1558/1933 -K4)
Vocabulary: fuel
(once / 211 pages)
1nv 2v
What do you and your car have in common? You both run on fuel. Whether its gasoline or nutritious food, fuel produces energy to get up and go.
Fuel can also act as a verb that has several different meanings, all related to stimulating something or providing energy. Your brother might fuel up on whole-wheat bread with peanut butter a few hours before a big game. A teacher assigns readings to fuel meaningful class discussion. Memories of your mom's delicious dinners might fuel your desire to learn to cook.
WORD FAMILY
fuel: fueled, fueling, fuelling, fuels, refuel+/fueled: unfueled/refuel: refueled, refueling, refuelled, refuelling, refuels/refueling: refuelings
USAGE EXAMPLES
The fuel was ignited by breaking fibers or friction.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Such a move is likely to fuel resentment in the territory of the party’s political control there.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
At the same time, for their role in driving this climate change, fossil fuels are increasingly becoming fuel source non-grata.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 燃料; （为身体提供能量的）食物; （维持、增加感情的）刺激物; 竞选提神（或兴奋）剂（一种健怡可乐，饮用后能使人精力充沛地从事竞选活动）
vt. 给…加燃料，给…加油; 激起
vi. 补充燃料
时态：fuelled, fuelling, fuels
分布：燃料(95%)，加燃料(3%)，刺激因素(1%)，供以燃料(1%)
→来自法语，来自拉丁语focal, 火炉的，焦点的，来自bha, 照耀，发光，词源同beacon.引申词义燃煤，燃料。
n.燃料vt.给...加燃料It was true that the rescued cruel man let fuel oil issue from the tissue.获救的无情男子真的任凭燃油从薄纱中流出.
noun
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■a substance which is used to provide heat or power, usually by being burned 燃料；燃烧剂
• Wood, coal, oil, petrol and gas are all different kinds of fuel. 木材、煤炭、石油、汽油和煤气是不同种类的燃料。
• Plutonium is a fuel used to produce nuclear energy. 钸是一种用来产生核能量的燃料。
• nuclear fuel 核燃料
• unleaded fuel 无铅燃料
• The new exhaust system, it is claimed, will lower fuel consumption. 据称新的排气装置会降低燃料的消耗。
uncountable
■anything that keeps people's ideas or feelings active, or makes them stronger 刺激因素
• Reports in today's newspapers have added fuel to the controversy (= made it worse). 今天报纸上的报道给这场争论火上浇油。
[fjʊəl] noun
add fuel to the fire / flames
■to make an argument or bad situation worse 火上浇油
• The discovery that the government was aware of the cover-up has really added fuel to the fire. 人们发现政府对这件隐瞒事件早已知情，这真是火上浇油。
[fjʊəl] verb transitive (-ll- or US USUALLY -l-)
 ADVANCED
■to supply a system with a substance which can be burnt to provide heat or power 为…添加燃料
• Our heating system is fuelled by gas. 我们的供暖系统是烧煤气的。
• We have a gas-fuelled heating system. 我们有一套烧煤气的供暖系统。
• petrol/hydrogen-fuelled cars 汽油／氢燃料汽车
 ADVANCED
■Something that fuels a feeling or a type of behaviour increases or strengthens it 加强；激起
• The rapid promotion of the director's son has itself fuelled resentment within the company. 董事的儿子升职太快了，这件事激起了公司内的不满情绪。
• The prime minister's speech fuelled speculation that she is about to resign. 首相的讲话引起了人们认为她准备辞职的猜测。
n. [能源] 燃料；刺激因素
 - catalyst, elding

Word: psychiatrist
Front: psychiatrist
[saɪˈkaɪətrɪst] (5180/6979)
Vocabulary: psychiatrist
(once / 1872 pages)
n
A psychiatrist is a doctor who specializes in emotional, behavioral, or mental disorders. Sigmund Freud is the founder of the field of psychiatry, pioneering psychoanalytic treatment.
The noun psychiatrist has Greek roots in psykhe, meaning mind, and iatreia, meaning healing, so the word psychiatrist is literally one who heals the mind. As opposed to a psychologist, who also offers psychotherapy, a psychiatrist is a medical doctor and, as such, can prescribe medication for things like depression and anxiety.
WORD FAMILY
psychiatrist: psychiatrists+/ psychiatric: psychiatrically/ psychiatry: psychiatric, psychiatrical, psychiatries, psychiatrist
USAGE EXAMPLES
Any medication prescribed to him was overseen by a board-certified psychiatrist with expertise in working with autistic individuals.
Washington Post(Dec 20, 2016)
“For most patients,” said Dukakis’ psychiatrist, Dr. Charles Welch, “depression is a chronic and recurring illness that requires good lifetime management.”
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
“For most patients,” said Mrs. Dukakis’s psychiatrist, Dr. Charles Welch, “depression is a chronic and recurring illness that requires good lifetime management.”
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 精神病专家，精神病医生; 精神病医生
分布：精神病学家(73%)，精神病医师(27%)
→来自psychiatry,精神病学。
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a doctor who is also trained in psychiatry 精神科医生
n. [心理] [内科] 精神病学家，精神病医生
 - alienist, trick cyclist

Word: atom
Front: atom
[ˈætəm] (高研四六托 5184/4241 -K2)
Vocabulary: atom
(once / 315 pages)
n
An atom is the basic unit of an element. When you see the chemical formula for water, H2O, it's telling you that each molecule of water is made up of two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen.
In science class, you've probably come across atoms, the bits that make up molecules. Less scientifically, the word atom can also mean a very small piece of anything at all. The Greek root of atom is atomos, which means "indivisible," since the scientists who first gave the atom its name imagined it couldn't be split or divided into smaller pieces. Even though we know there are smaller things that make up an atom (protons, neutrons and electrons), it's still a good way to think about the word atom.
WORD FAMILY
atom: atomic, atomise, atomism, atomize, atoms+/ atomic: atomically, subatomic/atomise: atomisation, atomised, atomiser, atomising/atomism: atomistic/atomistic: atomistical, atomistically/ atomize: atomization, atomized, atomizer, atomizes, atomizing/atomizer: atomizers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Haber discovered that was necessary as a catalyst to break the bonds between air's nitrogen atoms and persuade them to bond with hydrogen instead.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
But there is no guarantee that Wimps – if they exist – will ever interact with atoms of normal matter.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
More constant than the earth’s rotation are atomic clocks, which measure the regular and super-precise vibration of cesium atoms.
Time(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 原子; 原子能; 微粒，微量
分布：原子(98%)，微粒(2%)
→前缀a-, 不，非。词根tom, 切，见anatomy. 因古代哲学观念认为原子是最小的不可切分单位而得名。
原子(a不+tom→不能在切割的小东西→原子)[tom=cut表示"切割"]
n.原子;微粒,微量Put the spotless potatoes, tomatoes and tobacco atoms into the hot pot.把无斑点的土豆,番茄和烟草微粒放进热锅里.
【记】a非，无，tom分割－不能分－原子
US ['ætˌ-] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■the smallest unit of any chemical element, consisting of a positive nucleus surrounded by negative electrons. Atoms can combine to form a molecule 原子
• A molecule of carbon dioxide (CO 2)has one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms. 二氧化碳（CO2）分子是由一个碳原子和两个氧原子构成的。
• figurative He hasn't an atom of sense (= He has no sense) , that boy. 那个孩子啊，一点头脑也没有。
particle, atom, grain, speck, molecule
这组词都有“粒，微粒”的意思，其区别是：
particle: 指任何物质的微粒，引申指任何小的部分。
atom: 指元素的最小粒子，其体积比molecule小。
grain: 通常指能为肉眼清楚看到的颗粒，比上述几个词所表“粒”的体积大。
speck: 一般指“微点”或“微粒”，可引申指“斑点、污点”。
molecule: 指物质中保持原物质的一切化学性质，能独立存在的最小微粒，即分子。

Word: snack
Front: snack
[snæk] (高研六雅 5187/7131 -2)
Back: n. 快餐，点心; 加餐
vi. 吃快餐
时态：snacked, snacking, snacks
分布：小吃(55%)，点心(40%)，吃点心(5%)
→来自中古荷兰语 snacken,抓，抢，狗咬，拼写变体自 snappen,抓，抢，词源同 snap.后引申词 义点心，小吃。
n.快餐,小吃,点心The man tackling the drawback of the brackets runs a slack snack business.那个解决支架缺点的人经营着萧条的小吃生意.
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a small amount of food that is eaten between meals, or a very small meal 小吃，点心；速食
• I had a huge lunch, so I'll only need a snack for dinner. 我午餐吃得很饱，所以晚餐吃些点心就可以了。
• Fresh or dried fruit makes an ideal snack. 新鲜水果或果干是理想的点心。
• Many snack foods are high in salt, sugar and fat. 很多速食都是高盐、高糖、高脂肪。
[snæk] verb intransitive
■to eat small amounts of food between meals 吃点心，小食（在正餐之间吃少量的食物）
• I've been snacking all day. 我吃了一天的零食。
• If you eat three good meals a day, you're less likely to snack on biscuits and crisps. 如果你一天三餐好好吃，可能就不会把饼乾和薯片当点心了。
n. [贸易] 小吃，快餐；一份，部分
 - proportion, portion, percent, part, integral
vi. 吃快餐，吃点心
 - nosh

Word: hood
Front: hood
[hʊd] (5182/7836 -1)
Vocabulary: hood
(once / 356 pages)
1nv 2n 3n
A hood is a protective covering. It could be a car hood protecting the engine or your car or it could be the hood on your coat protecting your noggin.
Your favorite sweatshirt might have a hood, as well as your fur-lined winter coat and your insulated hood for scuba diving. Other things with a similar protective quality are also called hoods, like the metal vent cover over your stove, the cover on your car's engine, and the cap-like plant sections that cover vulnerable parts. One of the most famous hoods in literature is the red one worn by the main character in "Little Red Riding Hood."
WORD FAMILY
hood: hooded, hooding, hoods
USAGE EXAMPLES
“In private, they were talking about the black community. Seventy-five percent of them are all in the hood.”
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
A judge later tossed the citation, and Hood denied using his laptop during an internal investigation.
Washington Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Set aside the distinction with no difference to the Americans killed in San Bernardino, Orlando or Fort Hood.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 兜帽; 头巾; 车篷; 引擎罩
vt. 罩上; 覆盖
时态：hooded, hooding, hoods
分布：引擎盖(45%)，兜帽(27%)，头巾(15%)，覆盖(10%)，遮罩(3%)
→词源同hat,帽子。
noun countable
CLOTHING 衣服
 ADVANCED
■part of a piece of clothing which can be pulled up to cover the top and back of the head （衣服上的）兜帽，风帽
• The coat has a detachable hood. 这件大衣有可拆卸的风帽。
 ADVANCED
■a bag which is put over someone's head so that they cannot see or be recognized （为了挡住视线或不让人认出而戴的）头套，头罩
• The prisoners had been tortured and made to wear hoods. 囚犯们受拷打，并被强行戴上了头罩。
[hʊd] noun countable
COVER 覆盖物
■a part which covers or shelters a piece of equipment 篷，罩
• The hood over the air vent is loose. 排气口的罩子松了。
[hʊd] noun countable
CAR 汽车 US for bonnet (METAL COVER)
[hʊd] noun countable
PLACE 地方 (also 'hood) US slang
■a poor neighbourhood 贫民区，贫困社区
• When he started he was just a poor boy from the hood - now he's a multimillionaire. 他刚起步时只是一个来自贫民区穷小子——如今他已是个千万富翁了。
n. 头巾；覆盖；兜帽
 - coverage, headkerchief

Word: ending
Front: ending
[ˈendɪŋ] (高研四六雅 5188/5246 -K2)
Back: n. 结局; 结束; 终结; 最后部份
v. 结束，终止(end的现在分词)
分布：结局(69%)，结尾(31%)
n.结尾,结局The writer arranges a happy ending.作者安排了一个大团圆的结局.
noun countable
STORY 故事
 IMPROVER
■the last part of a story （故事的）结尾，结局
• People want love stories with happy endings. 人们希望爱情故事的结局是有情人终成眷属。
['en.dɪŋ] noun countable
WORD 词语
 IMPROVER
■a part added to the end of a word （单词）词尾
• To make the plural of 'dog', you add the plural ending '-s'. 要把 dog 这个词变成复数形式，需在其后加表示复数的词尾 s。
n. 结局；结尾
 - conclusion, outcome

Word: migrant
Front: migrant
[ˈmaɪgrənt] (六托 5190/7371 -2)
Vocabulary: migrant
(once / 385 pages)
nadj
A migrant worker is someone who travels for a job––in the U.S., many farm workers migrate from Mexico every year to work on the harvest and then return home when their jobs are over.
If you have traveled into a new country, you are said to have immigrated there, and you are an immigrant. An emigrant is someone who has left. Migrant doesn't refer to whether you are coming in or out––often it means someone who often travels back and forth, like migrant birds who migrate south every winter, year after year.
WORD FAMILY
migrant: immigrant, migrants+/ immigrant: immigrants
USAGE EXAMPLES
He still sometimes implies he might let Syrian migrants flood Europe again to gain diplomatic leverage, as if the threat doesn’t also hurt Turkey’s security.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 03, 2017)
But the possibility is affecting migrants' remittance decisions.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Fifty Moroccan and five Spanish border guards were injured when 1,100 migrants tried to get over the fence on Sunday.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 候鸟; 移居者，移民; 随季节迁移的工作者; 迁移动物
adj. 移居的; 流浪的; 同“migratory”
分布：候鸟(55%)，移居者(24%)，移居的(21%)
→来自migrate,迁徙，-ant,人，物。引申词义移民，候鸟。
候鸟,迁移者(migr+ant人或物→迁移的鸟→候鸟)[migr=remove,表示"迁移"]
noun countable
■a person or animal that travels from one place to another 移民，迁徙的动物
• These birds are winter migrants from Scandinavia. 这些鸟是从斯堪的纳维亚迁徙过来的冬候鸟。
• The cities are full of migrants looking for work. 城市里到处是寻找工作的移民。
• migrant workers 流动工人
• a migrant population 流动人口
n. 候鸟；移居者；随季节迁移的民工
 - visitor, migratory bird
adj. 移居的；流浪的
 - ragamuffinly, nomadic

Word: positively
Front: positively
[ˈpɒzətɪvli] (六 5186/4699 -1)
Vocabulary: positively
(once / 398 pages)
1adv 2adv
Positively is a word that places emphasis on another word or statement. A positively funny joke is an extremely funny joke.
Some words — like very and absolutely — exist mainly to turn the volume up on other things we say. Positively is like that. If your back hurts, you might say, "It's positively killing me!" If you want to see a movie, you might say, "I absolutely, positively must go." Someone might ask, "Are you positively sure you don't want some cake?" if they can't quite believe you don't want some. People use this word to emphasize a point.
WORD FAMILY
positive: positively, positiveness, positives, positivism, positivity+/positivism: positivist, positivistic/positivist: positivists
USAGE EXAMPLES
He asked the assembled state leaders how they will positively influence Montana and whether they will be remembered for their rhetoric or results.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
After that, beginning his Saint Pablo tour – on a stage that flew above the audience, naturally – seemed positively restrained.
The Guardian(Dec 29, 2016)
More and more, air passengers are responding positively to the Rodeo Drive-storefronts and gourmet restaurants that continue to pop up across airports, according to J.D.
Washington Post(Dec 20, 2016)
Back: adv. 明确地; 断然地; 肯定地
分布：绝对地(52%)，十分肯定的(16%)，极其(16%)，坚定的(16%)
US ['pɑ:.zə.tˌɪv-] adverb
HOPEFUL 有希望的
 ADVANCED
■in a good or hopeful way 肯定地，积极地
• I don't respond very positively to being bossed around - it just makes me angry. 我不喜欢被呼来唤去——这只会使我恼火。
UK ['pɒz.ə.tɪv.li] US ['pɑ:.zə.tˌɪv-] adverb
CERTAIN 肯定地
■certainly 肯定地
• He said quite positively that he would come, so I've saved a place for him. 他很肯定地说他会来，所以我给他留了个位子。
UK ['pɒz.ə.tɪv.li] US ['pɑ:.zə.tˌɪv-] adverb
COMPLETE 完全 informal
■used to emphasize something, especially something that is unexpected 确实，断然
• That sales assistant was positively rude to me! 那个销售员对我非常粗鲁！
adv. 肯定地；明确地；断然地
 - specifically, definitely, particularly, flat, emphatically

Word: charming
Front: charming
[ˈtʃɑ:mɪŋ] (四六 5189/4555 -2)
Vocabulary: charming
(once / 154 pages)
1adj 2adj
Something charming is usually pleasing or delightful. More rarely, it can be something supernatural.
Charms are magical objects and something charming puts you under its spell. In most cases, we mean that only figuratively — if you spent a charming evening with friends, it means their company was so wonderful it was almost enchanting. Charming people have a special, almost magical way of making others like them. But if you're talking about a charming witch, you better watch out for her sorcery and magic tricks.
WORD FAMILY
charming: charmingest, charmingly+/ charm: charmed, charmer, charming, charms/charmed: charmedly/charmer: charmers
USAGE EXAMPLES
The charming canine stories and photographs guided me through those dark years, to a happier job and happier days.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
A charming, understated work directed by Claude Barras and set in an orphanage, it’s slated for U.S. release in late February.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Quirky and charming, this New Zealand story is part buddy comedy, part coming-of-age drama, part family adventure and all heart.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 迷人的，可爱的; 英俊的，潇洒的; 令人陶醉的
v. 使高兴; 使陶醉，使着迷
分布：迷人的(100%)
【记】charm（n 吸引力；（女人的）魅力）
US ['tʃɑ:r-] adjective
 ADVANCED
■pleasant and attractive 可爱的；迷人的；有魅力的
• We had dinner with our director and his charming wife. 我们和主任还有他那可爱的妻子共进了晚餐。
• What a charming street this is. 这条街多迷人。
■disapproving
■describes people who use their attractiveness to influence people or to make other people like them 会哄人的；善于施展魅力的
• He's very charming but I wouldn't trust him. 他很会哄人，可是我不会信任他。
■disapproving often humorous
■used to show that you do not approve of what someone has said or done （表示不赞成）讨厌的
• "Shut up, will you, I'm trying to watch TV!" "Oh, charming!" “闭嘴，好吗？我在看电视呢！”“哦，真讨厌！”
adj. 迷人的；可爱的
 - lovely, taking, pretty, killing, engaging
v. 使陶醉（charm的现在分词）
 - intoxicating

Word: baking
Front: baking
[ˈbeɪkɪŋ] (5185/10198 -1)
Back: n. 烘焙，烘烤; 一次烘焙的量
v. 烤，烘焙; （将某物）烤硬; 烘干，使灼热
adj. 烘烤的; 灼热的
分布：烘烤(87%)，烘烤的(6%)，灼热的(5%)，动词bake的现在分词.(2%)
ADJ
炎热的；灼热的
You can use baking to describe weather or a place that is very hot indeed.
例：...a baking July day...7月酷热的一天
例：The coffins stood in the baking heat surrounded by mourners.棺材放在炽热的太阳下，周围是哀悼的人们。
n. [化工] 烘焙，烘烤；一次烘焙的量
 - torrefaction, bakeout
adj. 烘烤的
 - roast
v. 烤， [化工] 烘焙；烧硬，烘干（bake的ing形式）
 - broiling

Word: supplement
Front: supplement
[ˈsʌplɪmənt] (研四六托宝 5192/4371 -2)
Vocabulary: supplement
(once / 463 pages)
nv
A supplement is something added to something else. Nutritional supplements add vitamins and minerals to the ones already included in the food you eat.
If a zombie army wants to increase its ranks but is running out of bodies, it might supplement its troops with mummies. If the zombies put out their manifesto and then realize they left out an important point, they might supplement the manifesto with a press release. That press release could also be referred to as a supplement.
WORD FAMILY
supplement: supplemental, supplementary, supplementation, supplemented, supplementing, supplements+/ supplementary: supplementarily
USAGE EXAMPLES
Inside Schwab's car, the agent found a number of workout supplements, including powders, but all of them were legal, the station reported.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Inside Schwab’s car, the agent found a number of workout supplements including powders, but all of them were legal, the station reported.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
She’s not ashamed of her father’s work, and it helped supplement his firefighter’s income.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: vt. 增补，补充
n. 增补，补充; 补充物; 增刊，副刊
时态：supplemented, supplementing, supplements
分布：补充(81%)，增刊(8%)，增补(7%)，补充物(4%)
→来自 supply,补充，供应，-ment,名词后缀。引申诸相关词义。
增补,补充(sup在下面,次要+ple+ment→增加次要的心填满→增补)[ple,plen,plet,pli=full,fill,表示"满,填满"]
n.补遗;增刊;附录v.增刊,补充The upset supplement supplier went up with the puppet to the upper room for supper.心烦意乱的增刊供给者与傀儡一起到上面的房间吃晚餐.
noun countable /ˈsʌp.lɪ.mənt/
■something which is added to something else in order to improve it or complete it; something extra 补充物，增补物
• The doctor said she should be taking vitamin supplements. 医生说她应该服用维生素补充剂。
• The money I get from teaching evening classes provides a supplement to my main income. 我晚上教课所赚的钱可以补充我的主要收入。
• We paid a supplement (= an extra amount of money) so that we could have a cabin on board the ship. 我们多付了一些钱，这样我们在船上就可以有一个单独的小舱住。
■a part of a magazine or newspaper, either produced separately or as part of the magazine or newspaper （杂志或报纸的）增刊，副刊
• The newspaper publishes a sports supplement every Monday. 这家报纸每周一出版一份体育副刊。
■A supplement to a book is an extra part of it, either produced separately or included at the end of the book, which contains information that was not available when the book was first produced （书的）附录，补编，补遗
• There is a supplement to the dictionary containing new words. 这部词典有一个新词附录。
verb transitive /ˈsʌp.lɪ.ment/ /ˌ--ˈ-/ to add something to something to make it larger or better 增加，补充，增补
• He supplements (= adds to) his income by working in a bar in the evening. 他晚上在酒吧打工以增加收入。
• Some vegetarians like to supplement their diets with iron tablets. 有些素食主义者喜欢在饮食之外吃一些含铁的药片。
accessory, supplement, appendix, attachment, addition
这组词都有“附加物、增加物”的意思，其区别是：
accessory: 作“附件”解时，与attachment同义，可互换，但还指增加美观的附属品。
supplement: 主要指使书、报等正广更完善而额外增加的部分。
appendix: 指书末的附录。
attachment: 指用于扩大原物用途的附件。
addition: 仅强调数量的增加。
complement, compliment, supplement
complement: 补充，补足，把有缺陷的两个东西结合成一个整体
compliment: 赞美，恭维
supplement: 增补，追加，使完整物体进一步完善
complement, append, supplement
这组词都有“补充”的意思，其区别是：
complement: n.补充，补充物，主要指补充不足使之完美。
 • Rice makes an excellent complement to a curry dish.   有咖喱的菜配米饭最棒。
append: n.附加，添上或补充某事物(尤指文字)。
 • The lawyer appended two more pages to the contract.   律师在合同后又附加了两页。
supplement: n.增补，补充，补贴，主要指另外补加，增补。
 • One year after we made our report, we had to add a supplement to cover new events.   我们在报告完成一年之后，必须增补一个包含新事件的附加部分。
n. 补充， [图情] 补遗；补充物；附录
 - recruitment, renewal
vt. 补充，增补
 - to replenish, eke

Word: ink
Front: ink
[ɪŋk] (中高研四六 5193/6004 -K2)
Vocabulary: ink
(once / 431 pages)
nv
Ink is a colored liquid that you use to write with on paper. When you sign on the dotted line, you usually do so with ink.
You'll usually find ink inside a pen, automatically flowing through its tip, although years ago people had to dip a quill into a pot of ink to write with ink. Other ways ink is used include printing images, stamping information, and drawing pictures. Another ink is the fluid released by certain mollusks, like squids, to hide them from predators. Ink, from the Old French encre, "dark writing fluid," has the Greek root enkaiein, "to burn in."
WORD FAMILY
ink: inked, inking, inks, inky+/inky: inkier, inkiest, inkily, inkiness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Your poem isn’t required to rhyme, but in the 14 previous times we did this contest, almost all the inking entries did.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Inks used in the process are heavier and produces a color that can’t be matched by electronic printers, she said.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
The move signals Lampert remains committed to bankrolling Sears, even as the business suffers from dwindling sales and billions in red ink.
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 墨水，油墨; （乌贼分泌的）墨液
vt. 给…上油墨（以供印刷、签订合同等）; 签名（在…上）; 涂油墨
时态：inked, inking, inks
分布：墨水(92%)，墨汁(8%)
→来自拉丁语encaustum,红色或粉色熔蜡，来自en-,进入，使，-caust,烧，词源同caustic,holocaust.原指古罗马时期用烧熔化的红色蜡水来签署文件或用熔蜡来封印重要的官方文件。后词义通用化指墨水。
n.墨水,油墨While sinking into thinking, the shrinking linkman drank the pink ink sprinkled on the wrinkly paper.陷入沉思时,退缩的联络员喝掉了洒在皱纹纸上的粉红色墨水.
noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■coloured liquid used for writing, printing and drawing 墨水；油墨；墨汁
• a bottle of ink 一瓶墨水
• blue/black/red ink 蓝／黑／红墨水
• Please write in ink, not in pencil. 书写请用墨水笔，不要用铅笔。
• The book is printed in three different coloured inks. 这本书是用三色油墨印刷的。
[ɪŋk] noun countable or uncountable
the ink is not dry/still wet
■You say that the ink is not dry/still wet on a document if it has just been written or produced （档）刚写成的或制作完成的
• The ink was barely dry on the peace agreement when fighting broke out again. 和平协议才刚签好，战斗又再爆发了。
[ɪŋk] verb transitive specialized
 ADVANCED
■to put ink on something 给…上油墨
• The printing plates have to be inked before they will print on the paper. 在印刷之前必须给印版上油墨。
vt. 签署；涂墨水于
 - sign, endorse
n. [轻] 墨水，墨汁； [印刷] 油墨
 - atrament

Word: distress
Front: distress
[dɪˈstres] (研四六托雅宝 5194/4287 -2)
Vocabulary: distress
(once / 132 pages)
nv
If you are in distress, you are in trouble. You're hurting — either physically or mentally.
See the word stress hanging out at the end of distress? There's a good reason for that. The noun distress refers to a state of severe anxiety or strain, often brought about by failing to study for an exam, harassing grizzly bears, or borrowing your sister's clothes without asking. When used as a verb, to distress means to cause all that pain, suffering and anxiety — in other words, to stress somebody out.
WORD FAMILY
distress: distressed, distresses, distressful, distressing +/ distressed: distressedest, distressedly/distressful: distressfully, distressfulness/ distressing: distressingly, distressingness
USAGE EXAMPLES
“The unemployment rate is distressing; the impoverishment of the population is palpable everywhere; our social protection system is in deficit and is in peril.”
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
They include fake IRS calls, bogus sweepstakes, phony grandchild in distress calls and romance scams.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Anslow says he wanted the confronting distress of the reports to be just as unavoidable for those walking past.
The Guardian(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 悲痛; 危难，不幸; 贫困; [法]扣押财物
vt. 使痛苦，使忧伤; [法]扣押（财物）; 使贫困
时态：distressed, distressing, distresses
分布：痛苦(47%)，苦恼(21%)，不幸(13%)，危难(10%)，使痛苦(5%)，使苦恼(4%)
→dis-, 分开。-str, 拉，拉紧，词源同strict, stress. 即拉紧，紧张，忧虑，悲伤。
n.苦恼;危难;不幸v.使苦恼The progressive congressman dressed in black stressed his distress.穿着黑色衣服的进步国会议员强调了他的不幸.
【记】dis四面八方；stress（n 压力）－有来自四面八方的压力－痛苦紧张
noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■a feeling of extreme worry, sadness or pain 忧虑；悲伤；痛苦
• She claimed that the way she had been treated at work had caused her extreme emotional and psychological distress. 她说自己在工作中受到的待遇让她在情感和心理上都感到非常痛苦。
• Many of the horses were showing signs of distress at the end of the race. 比赛接近尾声时，许多马匹都表现出非常痛苦的样子。
 ADVANCED
■when you are suffering or are in great danger and therefore in urgent need of help 受苦；遇难；遇险
• Six people were rescued by helicopter from a fishing boat in distress off the Cornish coast. 直升机从康沃尔郡海岸附近的一艘遇险渔船上救出了六个人。
• a distress signal 求救信号
[dɪ'stres] verb transitive
■to make someone feel very upset or worried 使烦乱；使焦虑，使忧虑
• I hope I haven't distressed you with all these personal questions. 我希望我问的这些私人问题没有让你心烦。
sorrow, agony, grief, anguish, torment, distress, misery, torture
这组词都有“苦恼、痛苦”的意思，其区别是：
sorrow: 语气比grief弱，指因不幸、损失或失望等所产生的悲伤。
agony: 侧重指精神或身体痛苦的剧烈程度。
grief: 指由某种特殊处境或原因造成的强烈的感情上的苦恼与悲痛。
anguish: 指精神方面令人难以忍受的极度痛苦；用于身体时，多指局部或暂时的痛苦。
torment: 强调烦恼或痛苦的长期性。
distress: 多指因思想上的压力紧张、恐惧、忧虑等所引起的精神上的痛苦，也可指某种灾难带来的痛苦。
misery: 着重痛苦的可悲状态，多含不幸、可怜或悲哀的意味。
torture: 语气比toment强，指在精神或肉体上受到的折磨所产生的痛苦。
n. 危难，不幸；贫困；悲痛
 - poverty, disaster, evil, want, grief
vt. 使悲痛；使贫困
 - aggrieve

Word: competence
Front: competence
[ˈkɒmpɪtəns] (高六托雅宝 5191/4201 -1)
Vocabulary: competence
(once / 2562 pages)
n
If you have competence, you're qualified or well prepared to do something. A driving test will show if you have competence behind the wheel.
If your dad discovers a new dent in his car each time you've borrowed it, don't be surprised if he questions your competence as a driver. The words competence and competency are sometimes used interchangeably, although competence is better when describing the quality of being well qualified. Competency is more appropriate in a legal sense, referring to the ability of a person to make decisions or stand trial.
WORD FAMILY
competence: competences+/ competency: competencies/ competent: competence, competency, competenter, competently, incompetent / incompetence: incompetences/incompetency: incompetencies/ incompetent: incompetence, incompetency, incompetently, incompetents
USAGE EXAMPLES
Mr. Cohen is well aware of the contemporary arguments arrayed against America’s interest, or competence, in waging war, which he addresses in Chapter 1.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Griffin, cleared to play after sustaining a concussion against San Diego, showed small flashes of competence during his best half of football of the season.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The judge said he will rule on Roof’s competence Monday, after a hearing.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 能力; 技能; 相当的资产
分布：能力(89%)，胜任(10%)，管辖权(1%)
资格,能力(compete+ence→竞争的[能力]→资格)[pet=seek,表示"追寻,寻求"]
US ['kɑ:m-] (also competency)
noun countable or uncountable
■the ability to do something well 能力；才干；水准
• Her competence as a teacher is unquestionable. 她的执教能力无可置疑。
• He reached a reasonable level of competence in his English. 他的英语能力已达到了一定水准。
Opposite incompetence
gift, genius, aptitude, talent, capacity, capability, faculty, ability, competence
这组词都有“能力，才能”的意思，其区别是：
gift: 着重个人的天赋的才能或在某方面的显著本领，常暗含不能用一般规律作解释的意味。
genius: 语气最强，指天赋的高度才能与智力。
aptitude: 多指先天或后天习得的运用自如的能力，常暗示接受能力强，能迅速掌握一种学术训练或艺术技巧。
talent: 着重指人某方面具有可发展和倍养的突出天赋才能，但语意比genius弱。
capacity: 侧重指人的潜在能力，通常不指体力，多指才智，尤指接受与领悟能力。
capability: 多用于人，指胜任某项具体工作的能力，也指本身具有、尚未发挥的潜在能力。常与of或for连用。
faculty: 指特殊的才能或智力。
ability: 普通用词，指人先天的或学来的各种能力。
competence: 正式用词，侧重指令人满意的业务能力与水平，达到胜任某项工作等的要求。
n. 能力， [胚] 胜任；权限；作证能力；足以过舒适生活的收入
 - ability, capacity, rights, power, jurisdiction

Word: adaptation
Front: adaptation
[ˌædæpˈteɪʃn] (高托 5196/5438 -1)
Vocabulary: adaptation
(once / 881 pages)
1n 2n
Some people always read the book before seeing the movie adaptation of it: They want to get the real story before it's rewritten for film and imagine what all the characters look like before the wrong actors are chosen to play them.
Charles Darwin first used adaptation in 1859 to describe how an organism adapts and changes to become better suited to living in its habitat. Since then, the noun adaptation is often used to describe a change in behavior in response to new or modified surroundings, from learning to outrun a predator to wearing earplugs to block out your noisy neighbors. Or even changing that novel a bit to fit the demands of the big screen.
WORD FAMILY
adaptation: adaptational, adaptations+/ adapt: adaptable, adaptation, adaptative, adapted, adapter, adapting, adaption, adaptive, adaptor, adapts, readapt / adaptability: adaptabilities/ adaptable: adaptability, adaptably, unadaptable/adapted: unadapted/ adapter: adapters/adaption: adaptions/ adaptive: adaptively, nonadaptive/adaptor: adaptors/ readapt: readapted, readapting, readapts/unadaptable: unadaptability
USAGE EXAMPLES
This channel’s Steinbeck-inspired marathon begins with Elia Kazan’s adaptation of one of Steinbeck’s most beloved novels.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
That total already puts “Fences” in the box office neighborhood of such past play adaptations as “Doubt” and “Closer.”
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Denzel Washington directs and stars in the August Wilson adaptation, with Viola Davis playing a key supporting role.
Reuters(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 适应，顺应; 改编，改编本; 适应性的改变; 同化
分布：适应(79%)，改编(20%)，改编成的作品(1%)
适应,(书)改写本(adapt+ation→适应→适应(各种人)的书→改写本)[opt,ept=fit,ability,表示"适应,能力"]
noun
uncountable
■the process of changing to suit different conditions 适应
• Evolution occurs as a result of adaptation to new environments. 进化是生物适应新环境的结果。
countable
■a film, book, play, etc that has been made from another film, book, play, etc. （电影、书、剧本等的）改编
• Last year he starred in the film adaptation of Bill Cronshaw's best-selling novel. 去年他主演了那部由比尔‧克朗肖的畅销小说改编的电影。
n. 适应；改编；改编本，改写本
 - orientation, reorganization

Word: Oscar
Front: Oscar
['ɒskə(r)] (4558/10161)
Back: n. （美）奥斯卡金像奖；钱；奥斯卡（男子名）
分布：奥斯卡金像奖(100%)
→美国电影奖项Academy Awards的俗称，该奖项评选始于1928年。后据说是因为该奖项的评选秘书Margaret Herrick无意中说这个小金人看起来像他的叔叔Oscar,其它人觉得这个名字更接地气，于是就作为该奖项的非官方名称。该名字字面意思为“神之予”，来自os,神，词源同Asgard,gar,矛，词源同garlic.
US ['ɑ:.skɚ] trademark
noun countable
■one of a set of American prizes given each year to the best film, the best male and female actor in any film and to other people involved in the production of films 奥斯卡金像奖
• The movie won Oscars for best costumes and best screenplay in this year's awards. 这部电影获得本年度奥斯卡最佳服装奖和最佳剧本奖。
• The Oscar ceremony takes place in March every year. 奥斯卡典礼每年三月份举行。
n. 奥斯卡（男子名）；（美）奥斯卡金像奖；钱
 - money, QIAN, pocket

Word: imagery
Front: imagery
[ˈɪmɪdʒəri] (托 5197/7324 -1)
Vocabulary: imagery
(once / 1859 pages)
n
Picture this: imagery is a noun to describe the way things or ideas seem in your mind or in art or literature.
Imagery comes from image and originally referred to physical things like statues. Now it is more often used of an artist's or writer's depictions ("Shakespeare's imagery shows a wide knowledge of the world") or of the pictures of the world in someone's mind. Think of imagery as being the stockpile of your imagination. If the imagery in your dreams is a little scary, it might be time to stop eating those spicy meatball sandwiches right before bedtime.
WORD FAMILY
imagery: imageries+/ image: imaged, imagery, images, imaging, imagism/imaging: imagings
USAGE EXAMPLES
In these deliberately tarnished tales, such wondrousness mainly shines through in their often beautiful imagery.
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
And how many Hollywood celebrities publicly bemoaned their own insecurities with such striking self-deprecating imagery?
Los Angeles Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Such apocalyptic imagery may be more likely to become a self‐fulfilling prophecy than to rouse people to action.
Slate(Dec 26, 2016)
Back: n. 比喻，形象化的描述; 意象; 〈集合词〉像，肖像，画像，雕像; 塑像术
分布：图像(48%)，意象(41%)，比喻(10%)，肖像(1%)
→来自image,形象，印象，影像。
US [-dʒɚ-] noun uncountable
■the use of words or pictures in books, films, paintings, etc. to describe ideas or situations （书籍、电影、绘画等中的）意象，形象化描述
• The imagery in the poem is mostly to do with death. 这首诗中的意象大多与死亡有关。
n. 像；意象；比喻；形象化
 - comparison, visualization

Word: addiction
Front: addiction
[əˈdɪkʃn] (5177/7954 -2)
Vocabulary: addiction
(once / 2789 pages)
1n 2n
An addiction is an abnormally strong craving for something, which can sometimes grow so strong you have trouble living without it.
People will sometimes use the word addiction casually, like, "I have a major addiction to chocolate! Yummy!" But the word's true meaning is more serious, and refers to something that isn't so yummy, like an alcohol or drug addiction. When someone has an addiction to smoking, for example, they might not be able to stop smoking even if it causes them to get sick.
WORD FAMILY
addiction: addictions+/ addict: addicted, addicting, addiction, addictive, addicts/addicted: addictedly, unaddicted/addictive: addictively, nonaddictive
USAGE EXAMPLES
Genetics are a key factor in the heritability of mental illness and susceptibility to addiction.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Coleridge believed the clean air on the hill at Highgate was beneficial in his attempts to cure himself of opium addiction.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
This is important if you’re trying to break a chemical addiction — to tobacco or alcohol, for instance — but also if you’re just plain struggling.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 入迷，嗜好; 上瘾; 吸毒成瘾; 癖好
分布：上瘾(81%)，沉溺(19%)
N-VAR
毒瘾
Addiction is the condition of taking harmful drugs and being unable to stop taking them.
例：She helped him fight his drug addiction.她帮助他戒毒。
例：...long-term addiction to nicotine.对尼古丁成瘾已久
N-VAR
着迷；嗜好
An addiction to something is a very strong desire or need for it.
例：He needed money to feed his addiction to gambling...他需要钱来满足他的赌瘾。
例：I discovered an addiction to housework which I had never felt before.我发现自己迷上了做家务，之前我从没有这种感觉。
n. 上瘾，沉溺； [内科] 癖嗜
 - addicted to, indulgence

Word: pledge
Front: pledge
[pledʒ] (研六托雅宝 5198/5695 -3)
Vocabulary: pledge
(once / 197 pages)
1nv 2nv 3nv 4v
A pledge is basically very serious formal promise. You can pledge allegiance to your country, you can pledge to keep a secret, and you can pledge a sum of money to a cause.
Pledge can be used as both a noun and a verb. As a noun, it can be a solemn promise you've made. Or even the person who makes that promise, like the freshman pledges who take an oath to join a fraternity in college. As a verb, it describes the act of promising. “I pledge you, I pledge myself, to a new deal for the American people,” vowed Franklin D. Roosevelt, the 32nd President of the United States.
WORD FAMILY
pledge: pledged, pledger, pledges, pledging+/pledged: unpledged/pledger: pledgers
USAGE EXAMPLES
But then Donald Trump began running for president, pledging to ban Muslims from entering the country and establish a registry for Muslim Americans.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
He also pledged to spend $1 trillion on infrastructure projects and cut everyone’s taxes.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
She invoked Trump’s victory speech pledging to be “president for all Americans,” not just those who voted for him.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 保证，誓言; [法]抵押权; 公约; （表示友谊的）干杯
vt. & vi. 使发誓，保证; 典当，抵押
vt. 许诺; 用…担保; 以誓言约束; 向…祝酒
vi. 作出庄重有约束力的誓言; 祝愿，祝酒
时态：pledged, pledging, pledges
分布：保证(48%)，誓言(21%)，抵押(12%)，发誓(12%)，抵押品(6%)，向 ... 祝酒(1%)
→来自古法语plege,保证，来自Proto-Germanic*plego,责任，担保，来自dlegh,忙于，从事 于，责任，承诺，来自del,长的，词源同long,play,plight.引申词义请求，许诺，誓言等。
n.誓约;保证v.发誓;保证Her pledge to remain faithful was his anchor when in prison.她对他忠贞不渝的保证是他服刑期间的精神支柱.
【记】读：破烂纸－对于我们新一代不迷信的人来说，誓言只是破纸一张。
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a serious or formal promise, especially one to give money or to be a friend, or something that you give as a sign that you will keep a promise 誓言；诺言；保证
• [+ to infinitive] All the candidates have given/made pledges not to raise taxes if they are elected. 所有的候选人都保证当选后不增税。
• Thousands of people made pledges (= promised to give money) to the Children in Need charity campaign. 数千人承诺捐款给救助儿童慈善运动。
• I give you this ring as a pledge of my everlasting love for you. 我把这枚戒指送给你作为我永志不渝爱的信物。
[pledʒ] noun countable
take/sign the pledge UK old-fashioned or humorous
■to make a formal promise to stop drinking alcohol 发誓戒酒
• What's this then, you're only drinking orange juice - have you signed the pledge or something? 这是怎么回事？你只喝柳橙汁——你是发过誓不再喝酒了，还是其他甚么原因？
[pledʒ] verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to make a serious or formal promise to give or do something 发誓；保证
• We are asking people to pledge their support for our campaign. 我们正请求人们承诺支持我们的运动。
• If you join the armed forces, you have to pledge allegiance to your country. 如果从军，你必须宣誓效忠你的祖国。
• So far, £50 000 has been pledged (= people have promised to pay this amount) in response to the appeal. 到目前为止，人们已承诺捐款五万英镑以回应这项呼吁。
• [+ to infinitive] Both sides have pledged to end the fighting. 双方均已保证停战。
• I've been pledged to secrecy. 我已发誓保守秘密。
insure, promise, pledge, guarantee, assure, ensure
这组词都有“保证”的意思，其区别是：
insure: 常与ensure换用，但前者多指经济方面的保证、保险。
promise: 侧重表自己的主观意向，设法用语言使人感到稳当可靠。
pledge: 正式用词，指通过郑重许诺、协议或立誓等保证承担某一义务或遵守某一原则。
guarantee: 指对事物的品质或人的行为及履行义务、义务等承担责任的保证。
assure: 侧重指消除某人思想上的怀疑或担心，从而有达到目的的保证感，但不如ensure普通。
ensure: 侧重使人相信某个行为或力量产生的结果。
pledge, oath, vow
这组词都有“誓言”的意思，其区别是：
pledge: 普通用词，指保证去做或不做某事的郑重许诺。
oath: 指对上帝或神发出的庄严、正式的誓言以示自己话语的真实性。现多用于法庭上。
vow: 指庄严的许诺或誓约。
assurance, guarantee, pledge
这组词都有“保证，担保”的意思，其区别是：
assurance: 指用语言保证以消除人们思想上的怀疑与担心。
guarantee: 一般指以口头的、协定或合同的形式作为保证、担保，强调口头承诺，含违背许诺，则予以补偿之意。
pledge: 普通用词，指严肃地承诺、信守原则，常以个人名誉作为承诺的保证。
n. 保证，誓言； [经] 抵押；抵押品，典当物
 - assurance, certification, commitment, guarantee, mortgage
vt. 保证，许诺；用……抵押；举杯祝……健康
 - undertake, assure, promise

Word: paradigm
Front: paradigm
[ˈpærədaɪm] (研宝 5201/7401 -1)
Vocabulary: paradigm
(once / 10190 pages)
1n 2n 3n
A paradigm is a standard, perspective, or set of ideas. A paradigm is a way of looking at something.
A paradigm is a new way of looking or thinking about something. This word comes up a lot in the academic, scientific, and business worlds. A new paradigm in business could mean a new way of reaching customers and making money. In education, relying on lectures is a paradigm: if you suddenly shifted to all group work, that would be a new paradigm. When you change paradigms, you're changing how you think about something.
WORD FAMILY
paradigm: paradigmatic, paradigms
USAGE EXAMPLES
The company is plugging into what it refers to as a “paradigm shift” in how business leaders view office space.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
The study authors say it's time for a “paradigm shift” in thinking about cheetah conservation.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
It was at least as much due to aging: My aesthetic reflexes weren’t fast enough to kick it with Lemonade’s immediate multimedia paradigm shift.
Slate(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: n. 范例，样式，模范; 词形变化表
分布：范例(79%)，典范(19%)，示范(2%)
→para-,在旁，在周围，-dig,指出，展示，说，词源同dictionary,digit.即在旁边指出的，作为参考的，引申词义范例，典范。
范例,示范(para+digm显示→在旁边显示给(别人)→示范)[para-①表示"半,类似,辅助"②表示"在旁边"③表示"降落伞"]
【记】para旁边，dig挖，m－在旁边挖井给大家水喝－榜样
【参】paradigmatic（adj 作为示范的，典范的）
US ['per-] formal
noun countable
■a model of something, or a very clear and typical example of something 范例，示例
• Some of these educators are hoping to produce a change in the current cultural paradigm. 这些教育家中有些希望改变当今的文化典型。
n. 范例；词形变化表
 - exemplification

Word: homeowner
Front: homeowner
[ˈhəʊməʊnə(r)] (5195/25894)
Back: n. 自己拥有住房者，（住自己房子的）私房屋主
分布：房主(100%)
US ['hoʊmˌoʊ.nɚ] noun countable
■a person who owns their house or apartment 屋主，住屋拥有者
• The new law will benefit many homeowners. 这项新法律将会令许多拥有住屋的人受益。

Word: memorial
Front: memorial
[məˈmɔ:riəl] (高研四六托宝 4564/3986 -2)
Vocabulary: memorial
(once / 313 pages)
1n 2n
Just as the Lincoln Memorial pays tribute to Abraham Lincoln, a memorial is anything that symbolizes or celebrates someone who died. Every gravestone in a cemetery is actually a small memorial.
A memorial is a service or statue dedicated to someone who died. A memorial service celebrates the life of the deceased. Something written about the dead person can also be called a memorial, and you could say donating to a dead friend's favorite cause is a memorial to them. If it honors the dead, the word memorial probably fits.
WORD FAMILY
memorial: immemorial, memorialise, memorialize, memorials+/immemorial: immemorially/memorialise: memorialisation, memorialised, memorialising/ memorialize: memorialization, memorialized, memorializes, memorializing
USAGE EXAMPLES
There will also be a smaller ballot for a limited number of tickets for the event at the Menin Gate memorial.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
The next day, she returned to the memorial, and was arrested again as soon as she tried to unfurl the banner.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Now a math teacher at Wilson Memorial High School in Augusta County, she was also there to listen.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 纪念碑，纪念物; 纪念仪式
adj. 纪念的; 悼念的
分布：纪念碑(57%)，纪念仪式(15%)，纪念的(11%)，纪念物(11%)，追悼的(6%)
→来自memory,记忆。
a.记忆的,纪念的n.纪念物,纪念碑,纪念馆The member of good memory remembers to commemorate his friend with memorials.那位记性好的成员记得用纪念品纪念他的朋友.
US [-'mɔ:r.i-] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■an object, often large and made of stone, which has been built to honour a famous person or event 纪念物；纪念碑
• a war memorial 战争纪念碑
• The statue was erected as a memorial to those who died in the war. 这尊雕像是为纪念战争中死去的人而竖立的。
UK [mə'mɔ:.ri.əl] US [-'mɔ:r.i-] adjective [before noun]
■A memorial event or object is a way of remembering a person or people who have died 用以纪念的，纪念性的；追悼的
• Hundreds of people came to Professor Conner's memorial service. 数百人参加了康纳教授的悼念仪式。
• A memorial garden was to be created for the Princess in a London park. 将在伦敦的一个公园里修建一座用来纪念这位王妃的花园。
n. [建] 纪念碑，纪念馆；纪念仪式；纪念物
 - monument, cenotaph
adj. 记忆的； [建] 纪念的，追悼的
 - recordative, mnemonic

Word: large
Front: large
[lɑ:dʒ] (中高 220/181 -K5)
Vocabulary: large
(once / 12 pages)
1adjadvn 2adj 3adjadv 4adv 5adj
Large means the size of an item, such as clothing, that falls between medium and extra-large. If you realize your size has changed from medium to large, it might be time to cut back on the cupcakes.
Something that is above average in size or number can be described with the adjective large. Your large collection of bottle caps, which covers the walls of three rooms in your house, is a perfect example. Large also describes something that covers a broad spectrum or scope. You might love being an American studies major because your classes cover a large range of topics.
WORD FAMILY
large: enlarge, largely, largeness, larger, larges, largest, largish, overlarge+/ enlarge: enlarged, enlargement, enlarger, enlarges, enlarging/enlargement: enlargements/enlarger: enlargers/largeness: largenesses/larger: largerly
USAGE EXAMPLES
A Russian oil firm paid a large court fine owed by one of his aides, spurring accusations that Moscow was buying influence.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“This allows us to screen genetically similar siblings on a very large scale.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
What is surprising is that relatively large drops in RMR are quite common among individuals who lose body fat through diet or exercise.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adv. 大大地; 夸大地; 详细地; 顺风地
adj. 大的; 大规模的; 大型号的; 广泛的
v. 玩个痛快; （尤指跳舞和饮酒）作乐
级别：larger, largest
分布：大的(58%)，大量的(25%)，广泛的(6%)，夸大地(6%)，大号的(4%)，狂欢作乐(1%)
→来自拉丁语largus,大的，丰富的，充满的。
a.大的,广大的,大规模的The concert drew a large audience.音乐会吸引了大量的观众.
US [lɑ:rdʒ] adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■big in size or amount 大的；大规模的；大量的
• a large house 大房子
• the world's largest computer manufacturer 世界上最大的电脑制造商
• We need a larger car. 我们需要一辆更大的车。
• We didn't expect such a large number of people to attend the concert. 我们没想到会有这么多人来听音乐会。
• We've made good progress, but there's still a large amount of work to be done. 我们已经取得了一些进展，但仍有大量的工作要做。
• There was a larger-than-expected fall in unemployment last month. 上个月的失业人数比预计数字减少了很多。
• Researchers have just completed the largest-ever survey of criminal behaviour in the UK. 研究人员刚刚完成了英国历史上最大规模的犯罪行为调查。
• The population faces starvation this winter without large-scale emergency food aid. 今年冬天由于没有大规模的紧急食物援助，人们将面临饥荒。
UK [lɑ:dʒ] US [lɑ:rdʒ] adjective
by and large
■when everything about a situation is considered together 大体上，总体上，一般来讲
• There are a few small things that I don't like about my job, but by and large it's very enjoyable. 虽然有些小的地方让我不太满意，但总的来讲我还是很喜欢这份工作的。
UK [lɑ:dʒ] US [lɑ:rdʒ] adjective
(as) large as life
■used as a way of describing a person you see, and are surprised to see, in a particular place （表示见到某人本人感到惊奇）本人，本身
• I looked up from my newspaper and there he was, as large as life, Tim Trotter! 我看完报纸抬起头来，竟意外地看到了蒂姆‧特罗特，真的是他本人，一点也没错。
UK [lɑ:dʒ] US [lɑ:rdʒ] adjective
larger than life
■If someone is larger than life, they attract a lot of attention because they are more exciting or interesting than most people 更有趣的，更活跃的（因此可能更引人注目）
• Most characters in his films are somewhat larger than life. 在他的电影中，大多数人物都是超群不凡之辈。
UK [lɑ:dʒ] US [lɑ:rdʒ] noun
at large
■generally 普遍地，全体地
• This group is not representative of the population at large. 这个团体不是全体人民的代表。
UK [lɑ:dʒ] US [lɑ:rdʒ] noun
be at large
■If someone dangerous is at large, they are free when they should not be 逍遥法外，尚未捉拿归案
• Twelve prisoners are at large following a series of escapes. 一连串的越狱事件发生后，12名犯人目前依然逍遥法外。
UK [lɑ:dʒ] US [lɑ:rdʒ] verb
larging it
■informal enjoying yourself very much by spending a lot of money, often in a way that attracts attention 纵情享乐的，肆意享受的
• We were larging it at a club last night. 昨晚我们在俱乐部纵情玩乐了一番。
great, grand, big, large
这组词都有“大的”的意思，其区别是：
great: 普通用词，可指具体东西的“大”，但更常指事物的重要，人的行为、品格的伟大等，带一定的感情色彩。
grand: 侧重指盛大、绝大，有气派。
big: 常用词，使用广泛，较口语化。多指体积、重量或容量等方面的“大”，有时也用于描写抽象之物。
large: 普通用词，含义广，指体积、面积、容量、数量以及程度等方面的大，具体或抽象意义均可用。
adj. 大的；多数的；广博的
 - big, most
adv. 大大地；夸大地
 - greatly, tall, big
n. 大
 - bigness

Word: hierarchy
Front: hierarchy
[ˈhaɪərɑ:ki] (研六托雅宝 5206/3591 -2)
Vocabulary: hierarchy
(once / 1423 pages)
n
Hierarchy describes a system that organizes or ranks things, often according to power or importance. At school the principal is at the top of the staff hierarchy, while the seniors rule the student hierarchy.
Also known as a pecking order or power structure, a hierarchy is a formalized or simply implied understanding of who's on top or what's most important. All that sorting and ranking can be helpful if you're a business administrator, but if you find yourself arranging all the produce in your fridge according to a hierarchy of color, size, and expiration date, you might want to consider visiting a therapist.
WORD FAMILY
hierarchy: hierarchical, hierarchies+/ hierarchical: hierarchically, nonhierarchical
USAGE EXAMPLES
The advocate characterizes cognitive behavioral therapy as “an expert doing something to” a patient, whereas the movement’s approach disrupts that hierarchy.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Likewise, he wonders aloud why music “appears to leap ahead of where it should logically be in the hierarchy of needs.”
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
The sewing of clothing depends on a hierarchy of immigrants, according to those who monitor or work in the industry.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. [计]分层，层次; 等级制度; 统治集团; 天使的级别或等级
分布：等级制度(68%)，统治集团(32%)
→hier-,神圣性，僧侣，词源同hieratic,-arch,统治，管理，词源同archon,anarchy.原义为僧侣统治，神权统治，后引申词义社会层级，等级制度。
n.等级制度;统治集团,领导层The government is a hierarchy.政府是个官阶分明的统治集团.
【记】原指：希腊神话中天使的级别或等级hier神圣的，archy统治－神圣的统治－阶层；等级制度
【参】hieratic（adj 僧侣的）；hieron（n 神庙；圣地）
US ['haɪr.ɑ:r-] noun countable
■a system in which people or things are arranged according to their importance 等级制度
• Some monkeys have a very complex social hierarchy. 某些猴群有非常复杂的种群阶级。
• He rose quickly through the political hierarchy to become party leader. 他的政治地位迅速提升，成了该党领袖。
■the people in the upper levels of an organization who control it 统治集团

Word: infect
Front: infect
[ɪnˈfekt] (研四六托雅 5200/6144 -K3)
Vocabulary: infect
(once / 274 pages)
v
To infect is to spread an illness to another person. If you sneeze on your friend, you may inadvertently infect her with your germs.
When a disease moves from person to person, it infects them. Most diseases only spread within one species, although there are some, like avian flu, that can infect both humans and other animals. Another way to infect someone is to deeply affect them with an idea or emotion: "His enthusiasm for music infects the class with excitement." The Latin root, inficere, means "to spoil or stain" and "to dip into."
WORD FAMILY
infect: disinfect, infected, infecting, infection, infective, infects, superinfect+/ disinfect: disinfectant, disinfected, disinfecting, disinfection, disinfects/disinfectant: disinfectants/ infected: uninfected/ infection: infections, infectious, superinfection/ infectious: infectiously, noninfectious
USAGE EXAMPLES
Unlike some of Trump’s other national security advisers, though, Kelly does not appear to be infected with bizarrely virulent anti-Muslim prejudice.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
A picture of muddy children’s gloves reminds you of the utter squalor that infected the whole site.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
The brain defect may occur when a mother is infected with Zika while pregnant.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 使受影响，感染; 传染，散布病毒，侵染; （电脑病毒）使（电脑的）存储器[数据]受到感染
时态：infected, infecting, infects
分布：感染(79%)，传染(21%)
→in-,进入，使，-fect,做，产生，词源同affect,effect.引申词义做进去的，传染，感染，影响。
传染;感化(in进入+fact→做进去→传染进去)[fac,fact,fect,fic,fig=make,do,表示"做,制作"]
vt.传染,感染;影响(思想等)His flu infected his wife.他把流行性感冒传染给妻子.
verb transitive
DISEASE 疾病
■to pass a disease to a person, animal or plant （疾病）传染，感染
• The ward was full of children infected with TB. 病房里住满了感染结核病的孩子。
• All the tomato plants are infected with a virus. 所有的番茄植株都染上了一种病毒。
[ɪn'fekt] verb transitive
FEELING 情感
■to make someone have the same feeling or emotion as you （情感）感染（别人）；使受影响
• Her optimism seemed to infect all those around her. 她的乐观情绪似乎感染了周围所有的人。
[ɪn'fekt] verb transitive
COMPUTERS 电脑
■to pass harmful programs from one computer to another, or within files in the same computer （电脑病毒）感染
• A computer virus may lurk unseen in a computer's memory, calling up and infecting each of the machine's data files in turn. 电脑病毒可潜伏在电脑记忆体中，依次调出并感染电脑中的每一个资料文档。
vt. [医] 感染，传染
 - affect, contract, catch, disease, communicate

Word: double
Front: double
[ˈdʌbl] (中高雅 2202/1640 -K4)
Vocabulary: double
(once / 72 pages)
1adjadvnv 2n 3vadv 4v 5adj
Something is double if it has two parts or if there are two versions of it. If you order a double dip ice cream cone, there will be two scoops of ice cream for you to lick.
If you fall while you're roller skating and end up with a double arm fracture, it means you broke your arm in two places. A joke with a double meaning has two of them, and if you double your tips at the coffee shop by smiling more at customers, you're making twice as much money. In addition to the adjective and verb versions of double, there's the noun: your double is someone who looks exactly like you.
WORD FAMILY
double: doubled, doubler, doubles, doubling, doublingly, doubly +/doubler: doublers/doubling: doublings
USAGE EXAMPLES
However, it is estimated that if YouTube was included, the figure for streams accessed by music fans in the UK would double.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
It is much like the old Swedish proverb that expresses, “A shared joy is a doubled joy. A shared sorrow is half a sorrow.”
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Heinze said officials plan to request money from the Legislature this year to double the number of current sirens, costing $1.9 million.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 双的; 两倍的; 两面派的; 双人用的
vt. 使加倍; 把…对折; 重复
vi. 加倍，加倍努力; 快步走
adv. 两倍地; 双重地
n. 两倍; 双精度型
时态：doubled, doubling, doubles
分布：两倍(37%)，双重的(22%)，两倍的(15%)，双份(14%)，翻一番(8%)，成双的(3%)，使 ... 加倍(1%)
→来自拉丁语duplus, 双倍，du-, 二，词源同two, -pl, 倍，词源同ply.
翻倍[du,dub,doub=two,表示"二,双"]
a.两倍的;双重的ad.两倍地n.两部v.加倍I debated that the debtor was doubtless in double troubles.我争论说债务人很可能处在双重困境中.
【记】double-cross（v 背弃先前的协议；叛变联盟、朋友、伙伴）
adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■twice the size, amount, price, etc., or consisting of two similar things together 两倍的；成双的；双份的
• I ordered a double espresso (= two standard amounts in one cup). 我点了一杯双份的浓缩咖啡。
• Go through the double doors and turn left. 穿过那道对开门，然后向左转。
• The word 'cool' has a double 'o' in the middle. 单词 cool 的中间有两个字母 o。
• Everything he says has a double meaning (= has two possible meanings). 他说的每句话都有双重含义。
• This painkiller is double strength (= has twice the normal amount of medicine). 这种止痛药具有双倍功效。
• UK Sabiha's telephone number is double three, one, five, double seven (= 331577). 萨比哈的电话号码是331577。
■A double flower or plant is a flower with more than the usual number of petals 重瓣花（其花瓣数量多于一般花的花瓣数量）
• a double primrose 重瓣樱草花
['dʌb.l] noun
PERSON 人
countable usually singular
■a person who looks exactly the same as someone else 一模一样的人；极相像的人
• Hey, Tony, I met someone at a party last week who was your double. 嘿，托尼，上周我在一次派对上遇到一个长得和你一模一样的人。
['dʌb.l] noun
TWO PLAYERS 双打
doubles uncountable
■a game of tennis or a similar sport between two teams of two people （网球等运动中的）双打
• men's/women's/mixed doubles 男子／女子／混合双打
• Who won the men's doubles at Wimbledon this year? 谁在今年温布顿网球赛中获得了男子双打冠军？
Compare singles
['dʌb.l] noun
BASEBALL 棒球
countable US
■in baseball, a hit that allows the batter (= person who hits the ball) to reach second base （棒球）二垒安打，指在防守队伍没有失误的情形下，一次就跑上二垒。
['dʌb.l] noun
at/on the double old-fashioned informal
■very quickly and without any delay 迅速，马上，立即
['dʌb.l] verb intransitive or transitive
 IMPROVER
■to become twice as much or as many, or to make something twice as much or many 加一倍，翻一番
• The government aims to double the number of students in higher education within 25 years. 政府计划在25年内使高校在校生人数增加一倍。
• Company profits have doubled since the introduction of new technology. 自从引进新技术后，公司的利润增加了一倍。
['dʌb.l] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  double (up) as sth
■to be also used as something else 也可用作，还能当作
• The kitchen table doubles as my desk when I'm writing. 我写东西时这个餐桌还可以当书桌用。
• Our spare bedroom doubles up as a study for Dan when he's working at home. 丹在家工作时我们的备用睡房可以给他当工作间用。
['dʌb.l] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  double back
■to turn and go back in the direction you have come from 走回头路，原路返回
• We realized we had taken the wrong road and had to double back. 我们发现走错了路，于是不得不原路返回。
['dʌb.l] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  double (sb) up/over
■If you double up/over, or if something doubles you up/over, you suddenly bend forwards and down, usually because of pain or laughter （通常指由于痛苦或大笑而）弯腰，前仰后合
• Most of the crowd doubled up with laughter at every joke. 人群中的大多数人每听完一个笑话都会笑得前仰后合。
• She was doubled up/over with the pain in her stomach. 她肚子痛得直不起腰来。
['dʌb.l] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  double up
■to share something, especially a room, with someone else 与他人共用（尤指房间）
• Terry will have to double up with Bill in the front bedroom. 特里只好与比尔一起睡在前面的睡房里了。
['dʌb.l] noun predeterminer
 ADVANCED
■something that is twice the amount, size, strength, etc. of something else 两倍（的），双倍（的）
• I paid double (= twice as much) for those trousers before the sale. 减价前我买这条裤子花了两倍的价钱。
• Electrical goods are almost double the price they were a few years ago. 与几年前相比，电器商品的价格几乎贵了一倍。
• "Would you like another whiskey?" "Yes. Make it a double (= two standard amounts in one glass)." “你想再来一杯威士卡吗?”“好的，来个双倍份量的。”
['dʌb.l] noun predeterminer
double or quits UK (US double or nothing)
■(in games where money is risked) an agreement that the player who owes money will owe twice as much if they lose, but will owe nothing if they win （在赌钱游戏中）赢了旧债一笔勾销，否则欠债要增加一倍
['dʌb.l] adverb
■in two parts or layers 双份地；双层地
• Fold the blanket double (= so that it is in two layers) and then you won't be cold. 把毯子叠成两层，这样你就不会冷了。
• They were bent double (= Their heads and shoulders were bent far forward and down) from decades of labour in the fields. 由于长年在田里劳作，他们的腰都给累弯了。
see double US
■to have a problem with your eyes so that you see two of everything, usually because you are drunk or ill （通常指因醉酒或疾病导致视力）出现重影
• I started seeing double, then I fainted. 我的眼前开始出现重影，然后就晕了过去。
adj. 双重的；两倍的
 - dual, two-fold
vi. 加倍，加倍努力；快步走
 - redouble
vt. 使加倍
 - duplicate
adv. 双重地；两倍地；弓身地
 - twifold, twofold

Word: backward
Front: backward
[ˈbækwəd] (高研四托雅 5204/8489 -K2)
Vocabulary: backward
(once / 343 pages)
1advadj 2adj
Backward means "toward the rear" or "behind." It’s the opposite of forward. If you stop peddling your bike on a hill, you’ll start rolling backward. If you count backward from 10 to 1, you probably just hypnotized someone.
When you go backward, you move in reverse. You might give a backward glance at a person as you walk away. Backward also means "slow," or "behind the times," as in a backward government that doesn't allow girls to go to school. If you wear your clothes backward, then you’re dressing like Kris Kross, the hip-hop duo from the 90s. The Old English roots are on bæc, "back," and -weard, "toward." Backwards (with an “s”) is primarily British usage.
WORD FAMILY
backward: backwarder, backwardest, backwardly, backwardness+/backwardness: backwardnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
There will be questions, too, about whether this season should be seen as a step backward.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Rousey showed little defensive acumen as she staggered and stumbled backward with Nunes relentlessly pursuing her and landing 27 punches in the brief bout.
Time(Dec 31, 2016)
“I’m bending over backward, and nobody’s not even doing anything,” he said.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 向后的; 反向的; 怯生生的; 落后的
adv. 向后地; 相反地; 回溯地
分布：向后的(47%)，落后的(33%)，向后(20%)
→back, 后。-ward, 动词后缀，转，同verse.
向后的(back后边)[-ward表形容词+副词"向…" 注:ward可变成wards,但只能作副词用]
a.向后的,倒行的;迟钝的ad.向后,朝反方向The backward man lacks black background.落后的男子缺少黑色背景.
US [-wɚd] adjective
NOT CLEVER/MODERN 迟缓
■not advanced 落后的；迟缓的；愚钝的
• When he was a child, his teachers thought he was backward (= unable to learn as much as most children). 小时候，老师认为他愚笨迟钝。
• People still think of it as a backward country/region/area (= one without industry or modern machines). 人们仍然认为这是一个落后的国家／地区。
UK ['bæk.wəd] US [-wɚd] adjective
OPPOSITE DIRECTION 相反方向
■towards the direction which is the opposite to the one in which you are facing 向后的，与面对方向相反的
• She left without a backward glance. 她头也不回地离去了。
• He did a brilliant backward somersault. 他做了一个漂亮的后空翻。
UK ['bæk.wəd] US [-wɚd] adjective
be backward in coming forward
■to be shy and not often express wishes or opinions 羞怯畏缩；不善于表达
• I'm sure Matt will tell you what he thinks of the idea - he's not usually backward in coming forward. 我相信马特会告诉你他对于这个观点的看法——他一向很直爽。
UK ['bæk.wəd] US [-wɚd] adverb US for
■ backwards 1
hind, backward, behind, back
这组词都有“在后，向后”的意思，其区别是：
hind: 指成对并且分前后的东西的“后面的”。
backward: 可用于人或物，指向后的，落后的或迟钝的。
behind: 指一物同它物相对的位置或场所。
back: 作为副词或形容词时，强调所修饰物的位置以及动作运动方向。
adj. 向后的；反向的；发展迟缓的
 - retarded, inverted
adv. 向后地；相反地
 - contrary, counter

Word: offend
Front: offend
[əˈfend] (研四六雅宝 5207/5542 -K2)
Vocabulary: offend
(once / 101 pages)
1v 2v
If you hurt someone's feelings, you offend that person. You might accidentally offend your friend when you joke about the worst restaurant in town, not realizing it's her favorite place to eat.
If you do something that makes another person resent you, you offend them. Your friends might not mind because you're so humble, but it could offend other classmates when the teachers always pick you for awards and honors. You also offend when you cause disgust or distaste. After your week of camping — and not showering — your smell will probably offend the nose of anyone who has to sit near you.
WORD FAMILY
offend: offended, offender, offending, offends, offensive +/counteroffensive: counteroffensives/ inoffensive: inoffensively/ offended: offendedly/ offender: offenders/offending: unoffending/ offensive: counteroffensive, inoffensive, offensively, offensiveness, offensives/unoffending: unoffendingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The online reaction to the puzzle was swift, though it seemed more people were entertained than offended.
BBC(Jan 03, 2017)
“Trump letting this heretic pray in Jesus’s name should offend every Bible believing Christian.”
Salon(Dec 30, 2016)
“I call it the tyranny of the offended,” she said.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: vt. 触怒; 得罪，冒犯; 使反感令人不适
vi. 犯规，触犯
时态：offended, offending, offends
分布：冒犯(80%)，违反(12%)，犯罪(7%)，令人不适(1%)
→of-,向前，朝向，-fend,攻击，词源同defend,manifest.引申词义进攻，冒犯。
冒犯,得罪(of一再+fend→一再打击[别人]→得罪)[fend,fens=strke,表示"打击"]
v.犯罪,冒犯,违反,得罪,使...不愉快The offensive offender defended himself with the fence.那个讨厌的触犯者用篱笆自卫.
verb
UPSET 冒犯
 IMPROVER transitive
■to make someone upset or angry 冒犯；触犯；得罪；惹恼
• [+ that] I think she was a bit offended that she hadn't been invited to the party. 没有邀请她参加聚会，我觉得她有点生气。
• He looked a bit offended when you called him middle-aged. 你称他为中年人时，他看上去有些不快。
• If the sight of a few dirty dishes offends you, then I think you've got problems! 如果看到几个脏碟子就让你不舒服，那么我想你有问题了！
[ə'fend] verb
COMMIT CRIME 犯罪
intransitive legal
■to commit a crime 犯罪，违法
• Obviously if a police officer offends it's a fairly serious matter. 显然，员警如果犯罪那可是件相当严重的事情。
[ə'fend] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  offend against sth formal
■to break, or to be in opposition to, a rule or principle or something that people consider to be correct 违反，触犯（规则）；违背（常理）
• Do you suppose it would be offending against good taste to wear a patterned tie with my striped shirt? 你觉得打一条有图案的领带来配我的条纹衬衫是否有些不伦不类？
offend, insult
这两个动词均含“得罪或激怒某人”之意。
offent: 普通用词，指一般地伤害他人感情，使其不愉快。
insult: 语气强，指肆无忌惮地侮辱，使其难堪或羞愧。
vt. 冒犯；使…不愉快
 - give offense, gross out
vi. 违反；进攻；引起不舒服
 - vary, be in breach of

Word: appetite
Front: appetite
[ˈæpɪtaɪt] (高研四六托雅宝 5205/5325 -2)
Vocabulary: appetite
(once / 241 pages)
n
If you've filled your plate three times, you must have a strong appetite. I hope you still have room for dessert.
The Latin word appetitus, meaning "desire for," is the root for appetite. If you have worked up an appetite, you have a desire for food. If you've lost your appetite, you're not hungry at all (maybe because something upset you). You can have an appetite for things other than food. Perhaps you have an appetite for power, or funny movies, or for little silver shoes with buttons on them.
WORD FAMILY
appetite: appetiser, appetising, appetites, appetitive, appetizer, appetizing +/appetiser: appetisers/appetising: appetisingly, appetisingness, unappetising/ appetizer: appetizers/ appetizing: appetizingly, appetizingness, unappetizing/unappetising: unappetisingness/unappetizing: unappetizingly, unappetizingness
USAGE EXAMPLES
With only themselves and their appetites as a guide, they bypass any information that doesn’t suit their predisposition and worldview.
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
But is there an appetite among viewers for the drama of process as opposed to that of a plane crash?
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
As European stocks climbed, a rally in risk appetite also pushed down the yields on lower-rated government bonds in the euro zone to multi-week lows.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 欲望; 胃口，食欲; 嗜好，爱好
分布：食欲(78%)，欲望(18%)，嗜好(4%)
→前缀ap-同ad-. 词根pet, 追求，见compete, 竞争。此处指渴望美食。
欲望;胃口(ap加强动作+pet+ite→一再追求→有胃口)[pet=seek,表示"追寻,寻求"]
n.食欲,胃口;欲望,性欲;爱好,趣味I had appetite for inviting the man who bit me despite I had spite against him.我有意邀请咬我的人,尽管我怨恨他.
【反】voracity（n 贪食）－lack of appetite（没有食欲）
noun
FOOD 食物
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■when you want to eat food 食欲，胃口
• All that walking has given me an appetite. 走了那么远的路，我胃口大开。
• I won't have any chocolate, thanks. It will spoil (= reduce) my appetite. 谢谢，我不吃巧克力，吃了会影响食欲。
• I haven't got much of an appetite (= I am not hungry). 我没甚么胃口。
• The children all have healthy/good appetites (= they eat a lot). 孩子胃口都很好。
• Both viruses cause fever and loss of appetite. 两种病毒都会引起发烧以及食欲不振。
['æp.ɪ.taɪt] noun
NEED 需要
countable
■when you feel you want or need something 欲望；渴求
• her appetite for adventure 她对冒险的渴望
• his insatiable sexual appetite 他的性欲无度
• I've read an excerpt of the book on the Web and it's whetted my appetite (= increased my interest in it). 我在网上读了这本书的一个摘录，结果就把我的胃口吊起来了。
n. [生理] 食欲；嗜好
 - weakness, habit, hobby

Word: left
Front: left
[left] (中高 771/1045 -K3)
Vocabulary: left
(once / 11 pages)
1adjadvn 2adj 3nadj
If you are holding a compass and facing north, the direction to the west of you is also to your left. Left is the opposite of "right."
People who are left-handed write with their left hands. and when you take a left turn on your bike, you should signal by holding your left arm straight out to the left. When left is an adjective, it has a completely different meaning: something that's left on the table, or remaining there, will probably be thrown away by your waiter. The Old English root is luft-, "weak," as most right-handed folks are weaker on their left sides.
WORD FAMILY
left: lefter, leftest, leftish, leftism, leftmost, lefts+/leftism: leftist/leftist: leftists
USAGE EXAMPLES
He was left lamenting that final throw in an aggressive attempt to win.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
I am in a shower when I find a lump in my left breast, and I am stunned.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
My parents would like to retire and move near their granddaughter, but they fear that if they left he would commit suicide.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 左边的，左侧的; 左派的
n. 左，左面; [军]左翼; 左派，激进分子
adv. 向左; 在左边
v. 离开( leave的过去式和过去分词)
分布：左边(48%)，向左(24%)，左边的(24%)，动词leave的过去式和过去分词形式.(2%)，左派分子(2%)
→来自拉丁语laevus,左边。
n.左面,左方a.左边的,左面的;在左方的Turn left at the corner.在拐角处向左拐.
adjective adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■on or towards the side of your body that is to the west when you are facing north 左边（的），左侧（的）
• His left eye was heavily bandaged. 他的左眼被严严实实地包扎了起来。
• Turn left at the lights. 在红绿灯处左转。
Compare right
[left] noun
DIRECTION 方向
 ESSENTIAL only singular
■the left side 左边，左侧
• First I'll introduce the speaker sitting on my left. 首先我来介绍一下坐在我左边的发言者。
• Take the first/second/third on the left. 请选左侧第一／二／三个。
• It's the shop to the left of the pub. 就是酒吧左侧的那间商店。
• US After the grocery store I made/took/ informalhung a left (= turned into the next road on the left side). 过了杂货店，我向左转了个弯。
[left] noun
POLITICS 政治
the left (also the Left) only singular [+ sing/pl verb]
 ADVANCED
■the political groups that believe wealth and power should be shared between all parts of society 左派团体；左派政党
• The war is generally opposed on the left. 这场战争受到左派团体的普遍反对。
Compare the right
[left] verb past simple and past participle of
■ leave
[left] adjective
■relating to political groups that believe wealth and power should be shared between all parts of society 左派的；左翼的（政治团体，认为社会中的财富和权力应平均分配）
• The left wing of the party is unhappy with the legislation. 党内左派对此项立法表示不满。

Word: sympathetic
Front: sympathetic
[ˌsɪmpəˈθetɪk] (研四六托雅 5209/4279 -K2)
Vocabulary: sympathetic
(once / 320 pages)
adj
A sympathetic person is one who's motivated by compassion. You can imagine that most of the people who work for the Red Cross are sympathetic types.
In literature and film, the sympathetic character is the one who is likable or who evokes feelings of sympathy from the audience. The sympathetic character in a romantic comedy is probably the romantic male lead who keeps getting ignored by the beautiful women. Eventually the sympathetic character will get noticed and the leading lady will fall in love with him, then they will live happily ever after.
WORD FAMILY
sympathetic: sympathetically, unsympathetic+/sympathise: sympathised, sympathiser, sympathises, sympathising/sympathiser: sympathisers/sympathising: unsympathising/ sympathize: sympathized, sympathizer, sympathizes, sympathizing/ sympathizer: sympathizers/sympathizing: unsympathizing/ sympathy: sympathetic, sympathies, sympathise, sympathize /unsympathetic: unsympathetically/unsympathizing: unsympathizingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Conforming to no stereotype — they were health-food enthusiasts and hippie-bashers — they were each, in their way, sympathetic to visual art.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Some even sympathetic commentators accused the Justice Secretary of seeking controversy, of fighting too many of her battles through media publicity.
BBC(Dec 28, 2016)
I relayed the details to my best friend, who was sympathetic.
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: adj. 同情的，有同情心的; 赞同的; 相投合的，称心的; 〈口〉抱好感的
分布：交感神经(59%)，同情的(28%)，赞同的(8%)，共鸣的(5%)
→sympathy,同情，-etic,形容词后缀。
同情的(sympathy同情)[-etic表形容词"属于…的"]
a.有同情心的;赞同的;n.交感神经He was very sympathetic to me when I was ill.我生病时他很同情我.
【记】sym＝same，path感情，etic：产生相同的感情－同情的
【反】callous（adj 无情的）
US [-'θetˌ-] adjective
UNDERSTANDING 理解
 ADVANCED
■describes someone who shows, especially by what they say, that they understand and care about someone's suffering 有同情心的，同情的
• He suffers from back trouble too, so he was very sympathetic about my problem. 他自己也受背痛的困扰，所以对我的烦恼深表同情。
• She just needed someone who would lend a sympathetic ear to her (= listen to her in a kind and understanding way) once in a while. 她只是需要一个人能不时以一种理解的态度听她倾诉。
Opposite unsympathetic If a character in a book or film is sympathetic, they are described or shown in such a way that you are able to understand their feelings and the reasons for their actions, and so you like them （书或电影中的人物）能引起共鸣的，让人同情的，让人有同感的
• She comes across as a more sympathetic character in the film. 她在影片中扮演的角色很能引起观众的共鸣。
UK [ˌsɪm.pə'θet.ɪk] US [-'θetˌ-] adjective
SUPPORT 支持的
 ADVANCED
■agreeing with or supporting 支持的，赞同的
• The Labour party are supposed to be sympathetic to/towards the unions. 工党应该会支持工会。
• Did he give your proposal/complaints a sympathetic hearing ? 他是以赞同的态度倾听你的建议／投诉吗？
adj. 同情的；交感神经的；共鸣的；赞同的；和谐的；合意的
 - harmonious, balanced, acceptable
n. 交感神经；容易感受的人
 - vagus nerve

Word: reconstruction
Front: reconstruction
[.riːkən'strʌkʃ(ə)n] (托 5208/5133)
Vocabulary: reconstruction
(once / 1787 pages)
n
When you put something back together or rebuild it, you do a reconstruction, like the reconstruction of a neighborhood after a flood or earthquake.
Combine the prefix re-, or "again" with construction and you get a word that means "the process of putting something back together." Crime or accident reconstruction help experts figure out what really happened and possibly who is guilty or at fault, but reconstruction can also be the rebuilding of place that has been damaged, or the time of the rebuilding, like the Reconstruction era following the American Civil War.
WORD FAMILY
reconstruction: reconstructions+/ construct: constructed, constructing, construction, constructive, constructor, constructs, deconstruct, reconstruct / construction: constructions/ constructive: constructively, constructiveness, constructivism, unconstructive/constructivism: constructivist/constructivist: constructivists/constructor: constructors/ deconstruct: deconstructed, deconstructing, deconstruction, deconstructivism, deconstructs/deconstruction: deconstructionism, deconstructions/deconstructionism: deconstructionist/ reconstruct: reconstructed, reconstructing, reconstruction, reconstructive, reconstructs/reconstructed: unreconstructed/unreconstructed: unreconstructedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Featherstone’s “Fantastical Landscape” is a symbolic reconstruction of places like India and Nepal, where religious art is public, communal and ubiquitous.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
It is still fighting IS in Mosul, and the list of reconstruction needs is long.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Other government ministers occasionally visit the shrine, including the disaster reconstruction minister on Wednesday.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 重建; 再现; 重建物; 复原物
分布：改造(77%)，复兴(12%)，再建(11%)
noun
uncountable
■the process of building or creating something again that has been damaged or destroyed （对被毁的事物进行的）重建，改造，复原
• Post-war economic reconstruction in the country must begin with the resumption of agricultural production. 这个国家战后经济的重建必须从恢复农业生产开始。
countable
■an attempt to get a complete description of an event using the information available, or an attempt to repeat what happened during the event （根据掌握的资讯对发生的事情进行的）重现描述，重现，再现
• A dramatized reconstruction of the robbery was shown on television to try to make people remember any vital pieces of information that would help the police. 这宗抢劫案以电视剧的形式再现并在电视上播出，是为了使人们能够记起任何有关案件的重要资讯，来帮助员警破案。
n. 再建，重建；改造；复兴
 - restructuring, regeneration, renewal

Word: condom
Front: condom
[ˈkɒndɒm] (5212/9033 -2)
Back: n. （男用）避孕套，保险套; （女用）避孕套
分布：避孕套(58%)，安全套(42%)
→词源不详，据说是来自发明这一产品的医生的名字。
US ['kɑ:n.dəm/ (UK also sheath) (US slang also rubber)
noun countable
■a thin rubber covering that a man can wear on his penis during sex to stop a woman becoming pregnant or to protect him or his partner against infectious diseases 避孕套，保险套
n. [医] 避孕套；阴茎套
 - French letter, cundum

Word: hostility
Front: hostility
[hɒˈstɪləti] (托宝 5211/3996)
Vocabulary: hostility
(once / 366 pages)
n
Hostility is the state of ill will and bad feeling. If a teacher embarrasses you in front of the whole class, you will probably regard him or her with hostility for the remainder of the school year.
Hostility can be used to describe aggressive relations between two countries as well as between people. The issue of territorial borders can often cause hostility between neighboring countries. If actual fighting breaks out, use the word hostilities to refer to the violent actions between them. The ordinary citizens of the countries involved will look forward to the end of hostilities when the two governments are able to work together for peace.
WORD FAMILY
hostility: hostilities+/ hostile: hostilely, hostiles, hostility
USAGE EXAMPLES
He’d like to see forces deployed in Poland and the Baltic States to ward off Russian hostilities.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
For the major countries and military groups fighting in Syria, the cessation in hostilities reveals a variety of interests.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Their gradual military escalation and counter-escalation was the principal reason for the ultimate collapse of the February cessation of hostilities agreement.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 敌意，敌对状态; 战争行动; 愤怒反对，愤怒反抗
分布：敌意(92%)，敌对状态(7%)，公开战争(1%)
→来自hostile,恶意的，敌对的。
敌对[host=enemy(敌人)]
US [hɑ:'stɪl.ə.tˌi] noun
UNFRIENDLINESS 不友好
uncountable
■when someone is unfriendly or shows that they do not agree with or like something 敌意，不友好
• They showed open (= obvious) hostility to/towards their new neighbours. 他们对新邻居公然表现出敌意。
UK [hɒs'tɪl.ɪ.ti] US [hɑ:'stɪl.ə.tˌi] noun
FIGHTING 战斗
hostilities
[plural] formal
■fighting in a war 战斗；战争行为
• Hostilities began/broke out just after midnight. 刚过午夜，战斗便开始了。
• Hostilities were suspended (= fighting stopped temporarily) during the talks. 和谈期间暂时停战。
hospitality, hostility
这是一组形近易混词。
hospitality: n.热情招待，殷勤好客。
 • We enjoyed the hospitality of friends at their country home.   朋友们在乡下的居所热情地招待了我们，使我们过得很愉快。
hostility: n.来自与形容词hostile(不友善的，敌对的)，敌意，对抗。
 • You can feel the hostility coming from that man.   你可以感觉到那个人的敌意。
n. [心理] 敌意；战争行动
 - hatred, enmity

Word: temporarily
Front: temporarily
[tempəˈrerɪlɪ] (托 5213/4698 -K)
Vocabulary: temporarily
(once / 655 pages)
adv
Temporarily describes something that happens for a limited amount of time. If you agree to watch your friend's dog temporarily, you'll be surprised if it turns out that your friend will be in France for at least two years.
Temporarily is the adverbial form of "temporary," which comes from the Latin word tempus, meaning time. Something done temporarily is supposed to be concluded in a finite amount of time. If your car is temporarily out of commission, you expect that you will be able to fix it and get it back on the road. If you drop the word temporarily from that sentence, your car may be a goner.
WORD FAMILY
temporary: temporaries, temporarily, temporariness
USAGE EXAMPLES
So after calling lawyers and the police, he quit Twitter, at least temporarily, until there is some sort of resolution to Cernovich’s attacks.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The Grapevine was closed for periods in recent weeks because of heavy snowfall, and some motorists were temporarily stranded on mountain roads.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
A Pemex spokesman said relatively few gasoline stations were affected, although protesters temporarily blocked storage terminals, delaying the delivery of gasoline to retail points.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adv. 暂时地; 临时地
分布：临时地(67%)，暂时地(33%)
ADJ
暂时的;临时的;短暂的
Something that is temporary lasts for only a limited time.
例：His job here is only temporary...他在这儿的工作只是临时的。
例：Most adolescent problems are temporary.多数青少年问题是暂时性的。
adv. 临时地，临时
 - provisionally, casually

Word: master
Front: master
[ˈmɑ:stə(r)] (中高研四六雅 1883/1224 -K4)
Vocabulary: master
(once / 27 pages)
1nadjv 2nv 3n 4n
The original of something (like a recording) is the master. Masters are also experts in fields, from karate to painting.
Master actors are brilliant actors: they've mastered the skill of acting: maybe they have a Master of Fine Arts degree. It takes a long time to master anything. The master is the head of a school. People with servants, pets, and (during a horrible period in our history) slaves were called masters. A master key opens many doors, and when you master something, you are extremely good at it. An A+ on a test shows you mastered the material.
WORD FAMILY
master: mastered, masterful, mastering, masteringly, masterless, masterly, masters, mastership, mastery, overmaster+/ masterful: masterfully/masterly: masterlily/mastership: masterships/ mastery: masteries/overmaster: overmastered, overmastering, overmasters
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Swedish activist says he was partly driven by “middle-class guilt” but also a conviction that people should be the masters of their own destinies.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
As chief minister of Gujarat, one of India’s wealthier states, Modi cultivated a reputation as a master administrator.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Following a master’s at Cornell in 1951, she completed a doctorate at Georgetown University in 1954, where she studied the motion of galaxies.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 硕士; 主人（尤指男性）; 大师; 男教师
vt. 精通，熟练; 作为主人，做…的主人; 征服; 使干燥（染过的物品）
adj. 主要的; 主人的; 精通的，优秀的; 原版的
时态：mastered, mastering, masters
分布：主人(50%)，控制(12%)，硕士(11%)，精通(10%)，主人的(7%)，主要的(5%)，精通的(4%)，专家(1%)
→缩写自古英语maegester,主人，控制者，来自拉丁语magister,首领，头，来自mag-yos-tero,伟大的，来自*meg,巨大的，词源同magnate,*yos,比较级后缀，*tero,比较级后缀。引申词义能手，大师，师父等。
n.男主人;师傅;硕士v.精通,控制a.主要的The master's masterpiece caused a disaster to headmaster.主人的杰作给校长造成灾难.
【参】masterpiece（n 杰作；名著）
US ['mæs.tɚ] noun countable
CONTROLLER 掌管人
 IMPROVER
■a person who has control over or responsibility for someone or something, or who is the most important or influential (= having most influence) person in a situation or organization 主人；掌管人；最重要的人
• old-fashioned a slave and his master 奴隶和他的主人
• With careful training, a dog will obey its master completely. 经过精心训练的狗会完全服从主人的命令。
• UK The Master of St. John's College will be launching the appeal. 圣约翰学院的院长将发出呼吁。
UK ['mɑ:.stər] US ['mæs.tɚ] noun countable
SKILLED PERSON 掌握技艺的人
 ADVANCED
■a person who is very skilled in a particular job or activity 大师，名家；专家
• He was a master of disguise. 他是个伪装大师。
■a famous and very skilled painter 杰出画家，著名画家
• This painting is clearly the work of a master. 这幅画显然是名家的作品。
UK ['mɑ:.stər] US ['mæs.tɚ] noun countable
TEACHER 教师 UK old-fashioned
■a male school teacher 男中学教师
• Mr Wells was my Latin master at school. 威尔斯先生是我念中学时的拉丁语老师。
⇒ See also headmaster
UK ['mɑ:.stər] US ['mæs.tɚ] noun countable
COPY 复制
■an original version of something from which copies can be made 原版，母（磁）带，母片
• I've sent her a copy and have kept the master. 我给了她一盒翻录带，母带自己保存。
• You should keep the master copy (= the original) in a safe place. 你应该把母带保存在稳妥的地方。
UK ['mɑ:.stər] US ['mæs.tɚ] noun countable
be your own master
■to be independent and able to make your own decisions 独立，自主
UK ['mɑ:.stər] US ['mæs.tɚ] verb transitive
CONTROL 控制
■to learn to control an emotion or feeling 征服，制伏；控制
• I finally mastered my fear of flying. 我最终克服了对飞行的恐惧。
UK ['mɑ:.stər] US ['mæs.tɚ] verb transitive
LEARN 学习
■to learn how to do something well 精通，掌握
• to master a technique 掌握一项技术
• She lived in Italy for several years but never quite mastered the language. 她在义大利住了好几年，但始终没怎么学好义大利语。
• He quickly mastered the art of interviewing people. 他很快就掌握了采访的艺术。
UK ['mɑ:.stər] US ['mæs.tɚ] adjective [before noun]
■extremely skilled 技术熟练的；技艺精湛的
• a master craftsman 手艺高超的工匠
• a master chef 技艺不凡的厨师
vt. 控制；精通；征服
 - possess, contain, regulate, bit, bottle
n. 硕士；主人；大师；教师
 - teacher, professor, artist, host, great
adj. 主人的；主要的；熟练的
 - experienced, primary, major, skilled, central

Word: litigation
Front: litigation
[ˌlɪtɪˈgeɪʃn] (宝 5216/6754)
Vocabulary: litigation
(once / 2078 pages)
n
Litigation is what goes on in court; it is the name for the process of suing someone or trying them for a crime. When families fight over their inheritance, the assets they want may end up being tied up for decades in litigation.
If you paid a man to repair your roof and he never finished the job, and he ignores your calls, the best option is to bring litigation against him: take him to court! We can use litigation to talk about one court case, or about cases in general. When the Congress debates health care, they try to find ways to reduce for medical malpractice litigation, which is one of the most expensive aspects of medicine.
WORD FAMILY
litigation: litigations+/ litigious: litigation, litigiously, litigiousness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Brown soon was entangled in litigation accusing him of being a District slumlord.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
But the door is still open for litigation, he said.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
As he did in last year’s report, Chief Justice Roberts welcomed recent revisions to the rules governing civil litigation in the federal courts.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. <律>打官司; 诉讼
分布：诉讼(94%)，起诉(6%)
US [ˌlɪtˌ-] legal
noun uncountable
■the process of taking a case to a law court so that an official decision can be made 诉讼，起诉
• The company has consistently denied responsibility, but it agreed to the settlement to avoid the expense of lengthy litigation. 公司一直在推卸责任，但同意这一调解方案以避免漫长的诉讼所带来的花费。
n. 诉讼；起诉
 - prosecution, legal proceeding

Word: spectator
Front: spectator
[spekˈteɪtə(r)] (研六托雅宝 5215/5037 -2)
Vocabulary: spectator
(once / 282 pages)
1n 2n
If you're watching something, you're a spectator. Football stadiums and circus tents are full of spectators.
The spectator is a particular kind of viewer; unlike a witness or an onlooker, they usually have chosen intentionally to regard the spectacle before them. Usually the word spectator refers to people watching games or "spectator sports," but you could be a spectator at any planned event. An easy way to remember this word is to think of spectacles, glasses used to view something clearly — both from the same Latin root spectare.
WORD FAMILY
spectator: spectators+/spectate: spectated, spectating, spectator
USAGE EXAMPLES
In 1884, Harvard tried to ban it for being “brutal, demoralizing to teams and spectators, and extremely dangerous.”
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Announcer Keith Jackson, whose voice was the quintessential Saturday soundtrack for generations, will be at the game as a spectator.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The parade delights spectators along downtown city streets and at home in front of their televisions broadcasting the popular festivity live.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 观众，旁观者
分布：观众(80%)，旁观者(20%)
→spectate,观看，观赏，-or,人。
观众,旁观者(spect+ator人→看的人→观众)[spect,spic=look,see,表示"看"]
n.观众,旁观者The respectful spectator gave the prospective president a retrospect of the spectacular spectrum.恭敬的旁观者对未来的总统回顾了壮观的光谱(景象).
【参】spectacular（adj 引人入胜的）；spectacle（n 展览物；奇观）
【区】specter（n 幽灵；妖怪）看见就害怕的东西；
US [-tˌɚ] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a person who watches an activity, especially a sports event, without taking part （尤指体育赛事的）观众
• They won 4-0 in front of over 40 000 cheering spectators. 他们在四万多名观众的加油声中以四比零获胜。
attendant, audience, spectator
attendant: 护理人员，服务员；
audience: 参加play或concert的人；
spectator: 参加game的人
n. 观众；旁观者
 - audience, onlooker

Word: bleed
Front: bleed
[bli:d] (高研四六托雅 5218/6460 -2)
Vocabulary: bleed
(once / 321 pages)
1v 2v 3v
When you bleed, blood runs or oozes out of your body. Cutting your finger when you're chopping vegetables can make you bleed.
Some kind of illness or injury, particularly one that cuts or scrapes your skin, can make you bleed. In long ago days of medical care, doctors would deliberately bleed patients to treat specific conditions, though today we mainly bleed due to accidents. You can also use bleed to mean "drain of money or resources," as when a greedy relative bleeds his wealthy grandmother, using her fortune to buy himself fancy cars.
WORD FAMILY
bleed: bled, bleeder, bleeding, bleeds+/bleeder: bleeders/bleeding: bleedings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Its China unit was bleeding some $2 billion in losses already.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
They believe he is bleeding from razor wire that he climbed through to escape.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
They believe he’s wounded and bleeding from the razor wire.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 使出血; 勒索，敲诈
vi. 流血
vt. & vi. 散开; 给（某人）放血; 放掉气体或水（以使某物运行正常）; 长期榨取（某人的钱）
n. [印]出血版
时态：bled, bleeding, bleeds
分布：流血(75%)，渗色(11%)，榨取(9%)，给...抽血(5%)
→blood的动词形式。
v.出血,流血I feed the food to the bleeding man in the flood.我把食品喂给洪水中的那个流血的人.
[bli:d] (bled, bled)
verb
 ADVANCED intransitive
■to lose blood 出血，流血
• Your arm is bleeding. 你的手臂在流血。
• He was bleeding heavily. 他在大量失血。
transitive old use
■to make someone lose blood, as a cure for an illness 给…放血治疗
transitive
■If you bleed a closed system such as a radiator or a brake , you remove air or liquid from it to make it work correctly. 从…抽干，放掉…中的空气（或液体）
[bli:d] (bled, bled)
verb
bleed sb dry informal
■to take a lot of money from someone over a period of time 榨干（某人）的钱财
• The West is bleeding poorer countries dry through interest payments on their debts. 西方国家透过收取债务利息正在把穷国榨干。
vt. [印刷] 使出血；榨取
 - extract, milk
vi. 流血；渗出；悲痛
 - shed blood

Word: comet
Front: comet
[ˈkɒmɪt] (托雅 5217/10128 -2)
Vocabulary: comet
(once / 876 pages)
n
A comet is a small, icy object that orbits the sun and has a long "tail" of gas. Some comets can be seen from Earth every few years, while others pass by once in a person's lifetime.
Comets are made of ice, dust, and tiny pieces of rock, but to people on Earth, they look like streaks or smudges across the night sky. When the Earth's orbit takes it through one of these comets' tails, their dust burns up in our atmosphere and results in a meteor shower. In Old French, the word was comete, ultimately from a Greek root, kometes, which literally means "long-haired star."
WORD FAMILY
comet: comet-like, cometary, cometic, comets
USAGE EXAMPLES
Generally, meteors occur when Earth passes through dusty comet trail.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Rosetta was the first spacecraft to orbit a comet and to follow one around the sun.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 30, 2016)
At midnight, we found a cozy spot by the Charles River and gazed upward, watching for the stray dust of an ancient comet.
New York Times(Dec 23, 2016)
Back: n. [天]彗星; 孛
分布：彗星(100%)
→来自拉丁词cometa, 长发。因形如拖着的长头发而得名。
US ['kɑ:.mɪt] noun countable
■an object that moves around the sun, usually at a great distance from it, that is seen on rare occasions from Earth as a bright line in the sky 彗星

Word: explicitly
Front: explicitly
[ɪk'splɪsɪtlɪ] (5222/4859)
Vocabulary: explicitly
(once / 2017 pages)
adv
When you explain something explicitly, you do it in great detail, leaving no room for misunderstanding. You could intimidate your little brother by explicitly describing what you'll do if he reads your diary.
Something that's said or done explicitly is clear and direct, like an explicitly told story about terrible poverty in India — it leaves out no disturbing details, even if it upsets the listener. Explicitly can also refer to sexual situations or details, like a movie whose sex scenes are shown explicitly, or graphically. The Latin root is explicare, "unfold, unravel, explain."
WORD FAMILY
explicit: explicitly, explicitness, inexplicit +/ inexplicit: inexplicitly, inexplicitness
USAGE EXAMPLES
He did not explicitly say a test was imminent.
Time(Jan 02, 2017)
Both also saw themselves as defenders of an American culture that was implicitly white, or even explicitly so.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
The Pentagon statement noted that “multiple UN Security Council resolutions explicitly prohibit North Korea’s launches using ballistic missile technology.”
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adv. 明白地，明确地
分布：明白地(50%)，明确地(50%)
ADJ-GRADED
明确的;清晰的;毫不隐讳的
Something that is explicit is expressed or shown clearly and openly, without any attempt to hide anything.
例：...sexually explicit scenes in films and books.电影和书籍中露骨的性爱片段
例：...explicit references to age in recruitment advertising.招聘广告中对年龄的明确要求
ADJ-GRADED
直言的;坦率的;坦诚的
If you are explicit about something, you speak about it very openly and clearly.
例：He was explicit about his intention to overhaul the party's internal voting system.他直言自己的目的是改革党内的投票制度。
adv. 明确地；明白地
 - specifically, definitely, particularly, positively

Word: ensemble
Front: ensemble
[ɒnˈsɒmbl] (托雅宝 5224/8925 -1)
Vocabulary: ensemble
(once / 2102 pages)
n
An ensemble is a group of musicians, dancers, or actors who perform together, like an ensemble which has been playing music together for several years.
Ensemble comes from the Middle French word ensemblée, which means "together, at the same time." Groups of people who perform at the same time are ensembles, so are things that are put together. A collection of short stories or artwork can be an ensemble, but you don't have to be a writer or artist to be complimented on your ensemble — the outfit you are wearing.
WORD FAMILY
ensemble: ensembles
USAGE EXAMPLES
Sure, this absurd ensemble movie was a bit of a dud.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
“You rehearse all week, and then you shoot in front of an audience, like a play. It’s like being part of an ensemble theater company.”
Washington Times(Dec 28, 2016)
The Alexandrov Ensemble, the army choir, is more noble and highbrow.
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: n. 全体; <音>合奏; 全套服装; 总效果
分布：系综(41%)，全体(30%)，剧团(21%)，联合演出人员(4%)，合奏曲(4%)
→en-, 进入，使。-semble, 相同，同时，词源同same, assemble. 即多乐器同时演奏。
【记】semble相同－所有人唱相同的歌－合唱；合奏
【参】resemble（v 类似；相似）；dissemble（v 假装不知；掩饰）
【反】solo（n 独奏；独唱）
US [ˌɑ:n'sɑ:m-] noun countable [+ sing/pl verb]
■a group of things or people acting or taken together as a whole, especially a group of musicians who regularly play together 全体，整体；剧团；（尤指）乐团
• The Mozart Ensemble is/are playing at the Wigmore Hall tonight. 莫劄特乐团今晚要在威格莫尔厅演出。
• She bought a dress and matching hat, gloves and shoes - in fact the whole ensemble. 她买了一件连衣裙，还有与之相配的帽子、手套和鞋子——实际上是全都配齐了。
n. 全体；总效果；全套服装；全套家具；合奏组
 - en bloc, entireness
adv. 同时
 - meanwhile, together

Word: anger
Front: anger
[ˈæŋgə(r)] (高研四雅 2362/2489 -K3)
Vocabulary: anger
(once / 47 pages)
nv
If you’re mad about something and you’re not going to take it anymore, you’re feeling anger, a strong emotion you experience when you think someone has done you wrong. If you want to scream and kick, you’re feeling anger.
Anger is a powerful emotion that people feel from time to time when someone or something frustrates or annoys them. One of the roots of anger is the Greek word ankhone for "a strangling," which is a perfect description of the way anger actually feels. Indeed, anger can make you feel like strangling someone. Don’t do it! If you’re feeling a lot of anger, it’s good to take a nice, deep breath.
WORD FAMILY
anger: angered, angering, angers, angry +/ angry: angrier, angriest, angrily, angriness, angryly, unangry
USAGE EXAMPLES
The episode sparked anger in the Philippines and calls for the removal of all U.S. military personnel.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“It’s about getting individuals the help they need, whether its substance abuse, drugs issues, anger management, whatever,” Dotson said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
At practice, Harriott urged the players not to let anger distract them.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 生气; 愤怒; 怒气; 愤懑
vt. & vi. 激怒; 使发怒; [医]〈旧，非正式〉使（伤口）炎或疼痛; 恼火
vi. 发怒; 恼火
时态：angered, angering, angers
分布：愤怒(75%)，怒火(15%)，激怒(7%)，发火(3%)
→来自词根ang, 拉紧，疼痛。后转忧虑，生气。
n.愤怒,气愤vt.使发怒,激怒vi.发怒The mouse's tearing the blouse and trousers aroused the housewife's anger.老鼠撕咬短衫和裤子激起了主妇的怒火.
US [-gɚ] noun uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■a strong feeling which makes you want to hurt someone or be unpleasant because of something unfair or hurtful that has happened 怒，愤怒；怒火
• I think he feels a lot of anger towards his father who treated him very badly as a child. 我想，他对父亲耿耿于怀，是因为小时候受到了他的虐待。
• There is a danger that anger at the new law may turn into anti-government feeling. 存在着一种危险，即对于新颁布的法律的怨愤可能会转化成反政府情绪。
• The people showed no surprise or anger at their treatment. 人们对他们的遭遇没有表现出任何意外和愤怒。
• He found it hard to contain (= control) his anger. 他感到怒不可遏。
UK ['æŋ.gər] US [-gɚ] verb transitive
■to make someone angry 使生气，激怒
• The remark angered him. 这句话激怒了他。
• It always angers me to see so much waste. 看到如此严重的浪费，我总是感到很气愤。
fury, anger, wrath, rage, indignation
这组词都有“愤怒”的意思，其区别是：
fury: 语气最强，指极端的气愤，甚至达到发疯的程度。
anger: 普通用词，通常指因受到侮辱、损害、指责或顶撞等而引起的愤怒。
wrath: 文学用词，含义与anger相近，但语气强，含欲加惩罚或报复的意味。
rage: 侧重突然而猛列发作，难以控制的大怒。
indignation: 较正式用词，指出于正义或对不公正之事而发出的愤怒。
resentment, fury, anger, indignation
这组词都有“愤怒、生气”的意思，其区别是：
resentment: n.愤恨，怨恨，不满，是正式用语，尤指由于受侮辱或自尊心受到伤害后而产生的愤慨。
 • There was a feeling of resentment in the office after everyone's pay was lowered.   大家的工资降低后，办公室里怨声载道。
fury: n.暴怒，大怒，程度较anger要强。
anger: n.气愤，生气，是一般用语。
 • After their argument, he expressed his anger by punching the other man in the face.   争吵之后，他一拳打在那个人的脸上以发泄怒气。
indignation: n.义愤，尤其指出于道义上的激愤。
 • general indignation at the sudden steep rise in bus fares   公共汽车票价突然猛增激起的公愤
n. 怒， [心理] 愤怒；忿怒
 - wrath, bile
vt. 使发怒，激怒；恼火
 - provoke, enrage
vi. 发怒；恼火
 - chafe at, be hot under the collar

Word: choke
Front: choke
[tʃəʊk] (高研四六托雅宝 5223/6075 -2)
Vocabulary: choke
(once / 294 pages)
1v 2v 3v 4v 5nv 6n
When you choke, you are suddenly unable to breathe, often because something is stuck in your throat. Your dad's rude joke might make you gasp and choke on your grilled cheese sandwich.
You might choke in a smoky room, or choke on a grape that's lodged halfway down your throat. In either case, your body can't get enough oxygen. People also choke up with emotion, figuratively choking on their sobs. Likewise, a child might complain, "This scarf chokes me!" — it's uncomfortably tight, but he's not literally unable to breathe. When the weeds in your garden outnumber the vegetables, you can also say they choke, or crowd, your plants.
WORD FAMILY
choke: choked, choker, chokes, choking+/choked: chokedly/choker: chokers/choking: chokings
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Every time I see it, I kind of get choked up,” Alves said.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Sellinger tried to steal the motorcycle from a 70-year-old man and was trying to choke him before bystanders intervened, authorities said.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Curtis fled on foot after he was pulled over, then tried to choke the officer when he caught up with Curtis.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 阻止，扼止; 填塞; 使窒息; 哽咽
n. 窒息，哽咽; 拥塞; （车辆发动机的）阻风门
时态：choked, choking, chokes
分布：窒息(46%)，抑制(17%)，阻塞(17%)，阻风门(11%)，使窒息(7%)，使说不出话(1%)，说不出话(1%)
→由cheek衍生出来的词，词义由脸颊引申为窒息。
v.窒息,噎住;闷塞,堵塞,阻塞The smoke choked the joking stroker at one stroke.烟一下呛住了开玩笑的抚摩者.
US [tʃoʊk] verb
STOP BREATHING 停止呼吸
intransitive or transitive
■If you choke, or if something chokes you, you stop breathing because something is blocking your throat （使）窒息；（使）哽噎；（使）呼吸困难
• She choked to death on a fish bone. 她被鱼刺鲠住后窒息而死。
• Children can choke on peanuts. 小孩子吃花生会噎住的。
• Peanuts can choke a small child. 花生会噎住小孩。
transitive
■to make someone stop breathing by pressing their throat with the hands （掐住喉咙）使停止呼吸，使窒息
UK [tʃəʊk] US [tʃoʊk] verb
FILL 充满
transitive usually passive (also choke up)
■to fill something such as a road or pipe, so that nothing can pass through 堵塞，阻塞；塞满
• At lunchtime the streets were choked with traffic. 午餐时间大街上塞车。
UK [tʃəʊk] US [tʃoʊk] verb
FAIL 失败
intransitive (also choke it) informal
■(usually in sports) to fail to do something at a time when it is urgent, usually because you suddenly lose confidence （通常指在运动中关键时刻因丧失信心而）失败；怯场
• He could score points at will during the qualifying matches, but in the final he completely choked. 他在预选赛中总能随心所欲地得分，可到了决赛发挥就完全失常了。
UK [tʃəʊk] US [tʃoʊk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] choke sth back
■If you choke back feelings or tears, you force yourself not to show how angry or upset you are 抑制，强忍住（情感或眼泪）
• Choking back my anger, I tried to speak calmly. 我强忍怒气，尽量平静地说话。
• "John has had an accident, " she said, choking back the tears. “约翰出车祸了，”她强忍住眼泪说。
UK [tʃəʊk] US [tʃoʊk] noun countable or uncountable
■a device in a motor vehicle, that changes the amount of air going into the engine, allowing more fuel compared to air to go in and therefore making the engine easier to start （汽车上的）阻风门，阻塞门
vt. 呛；使窒息；阻塞；抑制；扑灭
 - control, stay, restrain
vi. 窒息；阻塞；说不出话来
 - plug up, block up
n. 窒息；噎； [动力] 阻气门
 - asphyxia, apnea

Word: saint
Front: saint
[seɪnt] (研四六 4582/7596 -3)
Vocabulary: saint
(once / 74 pages)
nv
A saint is a person who is very holy — or just very good. If you gave all your money away to charity, some people might consider you a saint.
Saint can refer to a person who is officially recognized as holy within a particular faith or religion. However, any person who is considered deeply religious or especially generous could be called a saint. You might say that someone is a saint if they go to religious services every day, or if they spend a lot of time volunteering at a school or at a hospital.
WORD FAMILY
saint: sainted, sainthood, sainting, saintlike, saintly, saints, sanctify +/sainted: saintedly/sainthood: sainthoods/saintly: saintliness/sanctification: sanctifications, unsanctification/sanctified: sanctifiedest, unsanctified/ sanctify: sanctification, sanctified, sanctifies, sanctifying, unsanctify/unsanctify: unsanctifies
USAGE EXAMPLES
When asked whether he’ll be with the Saints next season, he simply responded: “Next question.”
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Saints drafted Bush with the No. 2 overall pick, and he remains the last running back to be selected so high.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Now, more than a decade later, the Saints are a civic treasure and the Chargers on the verge of leaving San Diego.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 圣人般的人（指特别善良、仁爱或有耐性的人）; 圣…（冠于人名、地名之前）; （因其生死言行而被基督教会追封的）圣人; 圣徒
vt. 成为圣徒; 把…视为圣徒
时态：sainted, sainting, saints
分布：圣人(58%)，圣徒(41%)，把 ... 封为圣人(1%)
→来自古法语 saint,圣人，圣徒，来自拉丁语 sanctus,神圣的，封圣的，词源同 sacred,sanctify. 拼写比较 point,puncture.
n.圣人,基督教徒;(S-或St.用于人,地名前)圣I hint that the faint saint painted the printer with a pint of paint.我暗示说虚弱的圣徒用了一品脱油漆涂印刷机.
noun
 IMPROVER countable (written abbreviation St)
■(the title given to) a person who has received an official honour from the Christian, especially the Roman Catholic, Church for having lived in a good and holy way. The names of saints are sometimes used to name places and buildings （基督教教会，尤指天主教教会正式追封的）圣徒，圣者；圣徒头衔（圣徒的名字有时用作地名或建筑物的名称）
• Saint Peter 圣彼得
• St Andrew's school 圣安德鲁学校
• Saint Paul's Cathedral 圣保罗大教堂
countable usually singular
■a very good, kind person 圣人般的人，至善的人，道德高尚的人
• She must be a real saint to stay with him all these years. 这些年来能一直待在他身边，她一定是位大圣人。
• He has the patience of a saint with those kids. 他对那些孩子有着圣人般的耐心。
n. 圣人；圣徒；道德崇高的人
 - sadu, sadhu
adj. 神圣的
 - sacred, divine, blessed, godly

Word: cocktail
Front: cocktail
[ˈkɒkteɪl] (雅 5220/6452 -2)
Vocabulary: cocktail
(once / 1526 pages)
1n 2n
A cocktail is an alcoholic mixed drink that’s usually served in a short glass. If you have too many cocktails, you may not find your way home.
A cocktail will usually contain some type of hard liquor — such as gin or whiskey — mixed with something else. For example, a screwdriver cocktail is vodka mixed with orange juice. Many cocktails are mixed with some type of fruit juice, which hides the alcohol's taste. The word is also used as an adjective to describe things associated with these popular beverages. You might, for example, buy a new cocktail party dress to wear to an upcoming cocktail party. How smashing!
WORD FAMILY
cocktail: cocktails
USAGE EXAMPLES
Just minutes into the cocktail reception, a few of Ms. Kerr’s best friends descended upon her.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
For anyone who remembers the pre-Oslo years when Israeli soldiers patrolled the muddy streets of Gazalike target practice for Molotov cocktails, this is a disaster.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Here, he drinks a cocktail called the Hudson Duster — rye, lemon juice, amaretto — and contemplates the cadence of the average Drynuary.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 鸡尾酒; 餐前开胃菜; 混合物
adj. 鸡尾酒的; （女服）在半正式场合穿的
分布：鸡尾酒(91%)，鸡尾酒的(4%)，混合物(4%)，开胃品(1%)
→来自cock和tail的组合词，传说众多，一种最字面意思的说法即用公鸡尾巴调制的酒。
US ['kɑ:k-] noun
DRINK 饮料
countable
■a drink, usually an alcoholic one, made by mixing two or more drinks together 鸡尾酒（通常含酒精）
• We were all in the bar sipping cocktails. 我们都在酒吧里慢酌鸡尾酒。
• a champagne cocktail 香槟鸡尾酒
UK ['kɒk.teɪl] US ['kɑ:k-] noun
MIXTURE 混合物
countable usually singular
■a mixture of different things, often an unexpected, dangerous or exciting one （常指非常规的、危险的或令人兴奋的）混合物
• The inquest heard that the guitarist died from a cocktail of drink and drugs. 审讯中发现这个吉他手死于酗酒加吸毒。
• Cars produce a lethal cocktail of gasses. 汽车会产生一种致命的混合气体。
UK ['kɒk.teɪl] US ['kɑ:k-] noun
DISH 菜肴
countable or uncountable
■a cold dish, often eaten at the start of a meal, consisting of small pieces of food 杂锦冷盘
• fruit cocktail 水果拼盘
• a prawn/seafood cocktail 大虾／海鲜冷盘
n. 鸡尾酒；开味食品
 - stinger

Word: kick
Front: kick
[kɪk] (中高研四六 1815/2403 -K4)
Back: vt. & vi. 踢
n. （毒品或酒精的）效力; 精力; <非正>极度兴奋
vi. 踢蹬，踢（腿）
vt. （因干了蠢事、失去良机等）对（自己）生气; 体育运动; 如足球和橄榄球踢球得分; 射门得分
时态：kicked, kicking, kicks
分布：踢(94%)，反冲(5%)，后座力(1%)
→词源不详，可能来自拟声词，踢东西的声音。
n./v.踢His wicked trick is to get the kids to kick bricks and lick the cricket ticket.他的缺德恶作剧是让孩子们踢砖和舔板球门票.
verb
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to hit someone or something with the foot, or to move the feet and legs suddenly and violently 踢，踹
• I kicked the ball as hard as I could. 我用尽全力踢球。
• He was accused of kicking a man in the face. 他被控踢到他人的脸。
• She felt the baby kicking inside her. 她感觉到腹中的胎儿在踢她。
intransitive
■If a gun kicks, it jumps back suddenly and with force when the gun is fired. （枪、炮）反冲，后坐
be kicking yourself /could have kicked yourself
■used to say that you are very annoyed with yourself because you have done something stupid or missed a chance （由于做了蠢事或错失机会而）懊恼，自责
• When I realized what I'd done I could have kicked myself. 当我意识到自已的所作所为，不禁懊恼不已。
• They must be kicking themselves for selling their shares too early. 他们一定为过早抛售股票而懊恼不已。
[kɪk] verb
kick (some) ass mainly US offensive
■to punish someone or to defeat someone with a lot of force 狠狠教训
• We're gonna go in there and kick ass. 我们要去那里好好收拾他们一下。
[kɪk] verb
kick the bucket (US kick off) informal
■to die 死
[kɪk] verb
kick the habit informal
■to give up something harmful that you have done for a long time 改掉旧习惯；戒除恶习
• She used to be a heavy smoker but she kicked the habit last year. 她过去抽烟很厉害，但去年戒了。
[kɪk] verb
kick your heels UK informal
■to be forced to wait for a period of time 被迫久等
[kɪk] verb
kick sth into touch UK informal
■to decide not to do what you had planned to do 取消（计划）；搁置（计划）
• Our plans to buy a new car have had to be kicked into touch now Kev's lost his job. 由于盖乌被解雇，我们买新车的计划不得不搁置。
[kɪk] verb
kick over the traces old-fashioned informal
■to behave badly and show no respect for authority 不受管束；不听指挥
[kɪk] verb
kick the tires US informal
■to try something or examine it carefully before you buy it 在购买之前精挑细选；仔细检查
• Come and kick the tires on this latest version of the software. 过来仔细试用一下这个软体的最新版本。
[kɪk] verb
kick up a fuss/row/stink informal
■to show great anger about something, especially when this does not seem necessary 挑起事端；（尤指）小题大做
• He kicked up a tremendous fuss about having to wait. 他因需要等待而大吵大闹。
[kɪk] verb
kick up your heels US informal
■to do things that you enjoy 轻松愉快一番，尽情享乐
• After the exams we kicked up our heels and had a really good party. 考试后，我们好好轻松了一番，开了个很开心的派对。
[kɪk] verb
kick sb upstairs
■to give someone a new job which seems more powerful but is really less powerful, usually in order to stop them causing trouble for you （通常为制止某人找麻烦而）使（某人）明升暗降
[kɪk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  kick about/around informal
■If something is kicking around a place, it is somewhere in that place, not being used 被乱丢于；被闲置于
• There must be a copy of it kicking around the office somewhere. 办公室的某个地方肯定会有一份副本。
[kɪk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  kick against sth UK informal
■to refuse to accept something and react strongly against it 反对；反抗
• As a boy he always kicked against his father's authority. 他小时候总是不服父亲的管束。
kick against the pricks informal
■to argue and fight against people in authority 反抗权威
[kɪk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] kick sth around informal
■If you kick ideas around, you talk about them informally in a group （在小组中）随便谈一谈，非正式讨论
• We need to get everyone together and kick a few ideas around 我们需要聚集各人，一起讨论几个构思。
[kɪk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  kick in informal
■to start to have an effect or to happen 开始见效；起作用
• It takes half an hour for the tablets to kick in. 药片的药力在半小时后开始显现。
[kɪk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  kick off
FOOTBALL
■If a game of football kicks off, it starts （足球比赛）开球，开始
• What time does the match kick off? 比赛甚么时候开始？
⇒ See also kick-off
COMPLAIN informal
■to start to get angry or complain in a noisy way 生气；吵嚷地抱怨
• The children started to kick off so I couldn't stay. 孩子都开始吵嚷地抱怨了，因此我必须走了。
[kɪk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] kick (sth) off
■If you kick off a discussion or an activity, you start it 开始（讨论或活动）
• I'd like to kick off the discussion with a few statistics. 我想以几个统计数据来开始讨论。
• Right, any suggestions? Jim, you kick off. 好，有甚么建议吗？吉姆，你先说。
[kɪk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] kick sb out informal
■to force someone to leave a place or organization 开除（某人）；撵走（某人）
• His wife kicked him out. 他妻子把他撵出去了。
• She was kicked out of the squad. 她被小组除名了。
[kɪk] noun
HIT 打击
 IMPROVER countable
■the action of kicking something 踢，踹
• She gave the cat a kick when no-one was looking. 她趁人不注意，踢了猫儿一脚。
[kɪk] noun
STRONG FEELING 强烈的感觉
countable
■a strong feeling of excitement and pleasure 极度的快感（或刺激）；极大的乐趣
• I get a real kick out of owning my own car. 我拥有自已的汽车，太兴奋了。
• He decided to steal something from the shop, just for kicks (= because he thought it would be exciting). 他决定偷店里的东西，这纯粹是为了追求刺激。
countable usually singular informal
■the strong effect of an alcoholic drink （酒的）刺激性
• Watch out for the fruit punch, it's got a real kick. 小心这种水果调酒，它很有劲。
[kɪk] noun
INTEREST 兴趣
countable usually singular informal
■a new interest, especially one that does not last long 一时的爱好（或狂热）
• He's on an exercise kick (= He exercises a lot) at the moment. 现在他心血来潮爱上了运动。
[kɪk] noun
kick in the teeth informal
■If you describe the way someone treats you as a kick in the teeth, you mean that they treat you badly and unfairly, especially at a time when you need their support （尤指在需要帮助时遭受的）恶劣待遇，严重打击
• She was dismissed from her job, which was a real kick in the teeth after all the work she'd done. 她辛辛苦苦做了那么多工作之后被解雇了，使她深受打击。
[kɪk] noun
a kick up the arse / backside UK (US a kick in the butt/pants) offensive
■If you give someone a kick up the arse, you do or say something to try to stop them being lazy. 鞭策；教训，督促（使其不再懒惰）
vt. 踢；反冲，朝后座
 - boot, back flushing
n. 踢；反冲，后座力
 - backflushing, bounce-back
vi. 踢；反冲
 - back flushing

Word: part-time
Front: part-time
[pɑ:t taɪm] (雅 -2)
Vocabulary: part-time
(once / 3452 pages)
adjadv
Anything that's part-time is done less often than is typical or average. If you're sick of working full-time hours, try working part-time.
Part-time works as an adjective or an adverb, to describe things that don't take up as much time as you might expect, just part of a day or part of a week. If you're a part-time bus driver, you might do it twenty hours each week, in between classes. You could also call yourself a part-time student, or say that you study sociology part-time.
WORD FAMILY
part-time
USAGE EXAMPLES
Kangas said the basic income experiment may be expanded later to other low-income groups such as freelancers, small-scale entrepreneurs and part-time workers.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
They bring different experiences and perspectives to a part-time legislature that’s heavily populated with lawyers.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Over the summer, the younger son, Jesus, 22, got a part-time job at a Zaro’s Bakery in Manhattan’s financial district.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 兼职的; 部分时间的
adv. 兼职地; 用部分时间地
分布：兼职的(82%)，部分时间的(9%)，兼职地(6%)，部分时间地(3%)
US [ˌpɑ:rt-] adverb adjective
 ADVANCED
■If you work part-time or do part-time work, you work for only some of the day or the week 部分时间地（的），兼职地（的）
• a part-time job 兼职工作
Compare full-time
UK [ˌpɑ:t'taɪm] US [ˌpɑ:rt-] adverb adjective
  Common Learner Errors  part-time Remember that when we use part-time as an adjective, it is most usual to keep the hyphen ' - ' between 'part' and 'time':
✗ I have a part time job in a bank I have a part-time job in a bank.
adj. 兼职的；部分时间的
 - pluralistic

Word: twenty-five
Front: twenty-five
['twentɪfaɪv] None
Back: [医][=LSD-25]麦角酰二乙胺; 25
分布：二十五(100%)

Word: pea
Front: pea
[pi:] (高研四六 5226/6504 -2)
Vocabulary: pea
(once / 596 pages)
n
A pea is a plant that grows small, green, edible seeds — also called peas. When you think of peas, you undoubtedly picture the little green things on your plate beside the mashed potatoes.
You might think of peas as vegetables — more specifically, they are legumes. They are actually the seeds, or fruit, of a plant that most commonly climbs like a vine and produces long pods that contain peas. The word started as pease in Middle English, which referred to both the singular and the plural (like wheat and corn). The Greek root is pison.
WORD FAMILY
pea: peas, pease
USAGE EXAMPLES
That is why it helps to include peas or beans in crop rotation.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
Also this motorcycle is from Black Eyed Peas “The End” tour.
Washington Times(Dec 27, 2016)
And be patient with your peas, she said.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 17, 2016)
Back: n. 豌豆，豌豆类; 豌豆状物; 〈美俚〉棒球
分布：豌豆(100%)
→来自中古英语pease,豌豆，后谬误该词为复数形式而缩略为pea.
n.豌豆Each pea and peach on the beach can be reached by the peacock.海滩上的每一颗豌豆和桃子孔雀都能触及.
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a round green seed, several of which grow in a pod, eaten as a vegetable 豌豆
• frozen/dried peas 冷冻／晒干的豌豆
• pea soup 豌豆汤
n. [作物] 豌豆
 - pease

Word: pesticide
Front: pesticide
[ˈpestɪsaɪd] (托雅宝 5225/6790 -2)
Vocabulary: pesticide
(once / 6090 pages)
n
A pesticide is a bug-killing poison. You may have to resort to using a pesticide to battle the ants that have invaded your kitchen, even if you hate killing any creature.
Pesticides are most often used to ward off insects or small animals living uninvited in a person's house, or in a garden or on a farm, when they are nibbling on plants or flowers. The Latin suffix cide means "killer," and in pesticide, it's combined with the English word pest, which means just what it sounds like — a troublesome annoyance.
WORD FAMILY
pesticide: pesticides
USAGE EXAMPLES
The first pesticide to be tested will be propoxur, which is commonly used against fleas and other insects.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Four minors died from chemical gas poisoning after a resident tried to fumigate a home in Amarillo, Texas with pesticide, fire officials told local media.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
In the past, Western and local aid agencies regularly visited remote areas to spray pesticides and provide other assistance to prevent such diseases.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 杀虫剂，农药
分布：农药(73%)，杀虫剂(27%)
→pest,害虫，-cid,杀，词源同herbicide.
杀虫剂(pest害虫＋cide)[cid,cis=cut,kill,表示"切开,杀"]
【记】pest害虫，cide掉－能使害虫掉下来－杀虫剂；pestilent（adj 致命的）；pest害虫，il＝ill，ent＝end：害虫使你病结束
US [-tˌə-] noun countable or uncountable
■a chemical substance used to kill harmful insects, small animals, wild plants and other unwanted organisms 杀虫剂，农药
• The pesticides that farmers spray on their crops kill pests but they can also damage people's health. 农民在作物上喷洒的农药在杀死害虫的同时也会危害人们的健康。
Compare herbicide ; insecticide
n. [农药] 杀虫剂
 - insecticide, insect repellent, insect killer, insect spray, anabasin

Word: delegate
Front: delegate
[ˈdelɪgət] (研四六托雅宝 5227/3730 -3)
Vocabulary: delegate
(once / 227 pages)
nv
Delegate lends an official air to passing off your work. If you don't like cleaning the bathroom, you can try to delegate that task to your little brother.
A delegate is also an elected official, or the person who is doing the task you delegated them to do. In presidential primaries in the United States, you do not vote for a candidate, you vote for a delegate whose job it is to vote for that candidate at a convention. Be careful with how you pronounce the end of the word. The elected official is pronounced DE-lə-git whereas delegate as a verb should be DE-lə-gāt.
WORD FAMILY
delegate: delegacy, delegated, delegates, delegating, delegation +/delegacy: delegacies/ delegation: delegations
USAGE EXAMPLES
Nebraska law prohibits surgeons from delegating to an unlicensed person.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
He concentrates on busting crime and deliberately delegates the handling of the economy to others.
Reuters(Dec 30, 2016)
He says the money will defray the costs for delegates traveling to the nomination convention.
Washington Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 代表，代表团成员
vt. 委派代表; 授权给; [法律]债务转移
时态：delegated, delegating, delegates
分布：委托(53%)，代表(30%)，委派(11%)，授权(5%)，派 ... 为代表(1%)
→de-, 向下，离开。-leg, 法律，送出，词源同legal, legate. 即依法授权，委托。
代表(de加强+leg+ate→加强法律之人→代表)[leg,legis=law,表示"法律"]
代表(de+leg选+ate...选出来的人...代表)[-ate 1.表动词"做,造成"2.表形容词"具有…的"3.表名词"人或地位"]
n.代表vt.委派...为代表;授权;委托The people delegate their power to the Congress.人民授权予国会.
【记】de，legate（n 使者）－代表
noun countable /ˈdel.ɪ.gət/
 ADVANCED
■a person chosen or elected by a group to speak, vote, etc. for them, especially at a meeting （尤指会议的）代表
• Delegates have voted in favour of the motion. 代表们对这项动议投了赞成票。
• Each union elects several delegates to the annual conference. 每个工会选出数名代表参加年度大会。
verb[ˈdel.ɪ.geɪt/
GIVE 给
intransitive or transitive
■to give a particular job, duty, right, etc. to someone else so that they do it for you （把…）委派（给…），（把…）委托（给…）；授权（给…）
• As a boss you have to delegate (responsibilities to your staff). 你作为老板必须要分派工作。
• Authority to make financial decisions has been delegated to a special committee. 财政决策权已经交给一个特别委员会了。
verb[ˈdel.ɪ.geɪt/
CHOOSE PERSON 选中之人
[T + obj + to infinitive]
■to choose or elect someone to speak, vote, etc. for a group, especially at a meeting （尤指会议的）选代表
• A group of four teachers were delegated to represent the school at the union conference. 选出四名教师代表该校出席工会大会。
representative, deputy, substitute, agent, delegate
这组词都有“代表、代理人”的意思，其区别是：
representative: 一般指被选举或委派代表某人或一些人或某个较大团体的人，其职务有时是较长期的。
deputy: 指上级授权代理行事的代表，特指被选择为执行全部或部分公务的人。
substitute: 主要强调某人或某物可以用来代替别的人或物的作用。
agent: 普通用词，通常指经授权代理另一个人或团体，或指在双方之间代表一方起中间作用的人。
delegate: 指一般被派参加某一会议的代表。
n. 代表
 - representation, deputy, behalf of, ambassador

Word: tremble
Front: tremble
[ˈtrembl] (高研四六托雅 5233/4432 -2)
Vocabulary: tremble
(once / 89 pages)
vn
To tremble is to quiver or shake without meaning to. Your hands probably tremble when you're nervous.
Trembling is a movement, but it's not one that anyone intends to make. Someone who is extremely scared or cold might tremble all over. Older people tend to tremble more often than younger people, sometimes because of serious disorders like Parkinson's disease. The root word of tremble is the Latin tremulus, "trembling or tremulous." Certain honey bees perform a wiggly, shivering movement called a "tremble dance," which scientists believe inspires speedier nectar collection.
WORD FAMILY
tremble: trembled, trembler, trembles, trembling+/trembler: tremblers/trembling: tremblingly, tremblings
USAGE EXAMPLES
My senses clouded, chest trembled and muscles clenched.
Salon(Dec 28, 2016)
Type for a few seconds, press “Tweet,” and the world trembles.
The New Yorker(Dec 28, 2016)
In fact, the United States must meet its obligations on time, lest financial markets tremble.
Washington Post(Dec 19, 2016)
Back: vi. 发抖; 焦虑; 颤动; 轻轻摇晃
n. 震颤，发抖; 颤动，震动; 摇晃; 战栗
vt. 使挥动; 用颤抖的声音说出; 颤动，震动; 焦虑，担忧
时态：trembled, trembling, trembles
分布：颤抖(51%)，发抖(37%)，震颤(7%)，忧虑(4%)，战悚(1%)
→来自古法语 trembler,颤抖，恐惧，来自拉丁语 tremere,颤抖，摇摆，来自 trem,颤抖，来 自 ter,转，摇，扭曲，词源同 turn,torture.插入字母 b,比较 number,numerate.
发抖;摇动(trem+dle)[trem=quiver,表示"颤抖"]
n.战栗,颤抖v.发抖,颤抖;摇动;焦虑The trembles of the umbrella assembly lines have resemblances.这些雨伞装配线的抖动有相似之处.
【记】源于：tremulous（adj 颤抖的）；tremor（n /v 震动）
verb intransitive
 ADVANCED
■to shake slightly, usually because you are cold, frightened, or very emotional （通常因寒冷、害怕或情绪激动）颤抖，发抖
• When he came out of the water, he was trembling with cold. 他从水里出来时，冷得直打哆嗦。
• Her bottom lip trembled and tears welled up in her eyes. 她的下嘴唇颤抖，泪水也涌上眼眶。
• His voice started to tremble and I thought he was going to cry. 他的声音开始颤抖，我以为他要哭了。
['trem.bl] verb intransitive
tremble to think
■If you say that you tremble to think about a possible future event, you are worried or frightened about it 担心，害怕
• I tremble to think what will happen when he finds out. 我真担心他发现后会怎么样。
['trem.bl] noun countable or uncountable
■when something or someone trembles 颤抖；发抖
• There was a slight tremble in her voice as she recalled her husband. 她回忆丈夫时声音微微发颤。
tremble, shudder, quiver, shake, vibrate, shiver
这组词都有“震动，颤抖”的意思，其区别是：
tremble: 指由于寒冷、虚弱、愤怒或恐惧等而发抖、战栗。
shudder: 着重指由于恐惧、震惊等而引起的全身突然而强烈地战栗。
quiver: 多用于指事物。指物体像乐器的弦一般地轻微而急速地颤动。
shake: 最普通用词，含义广。指人或物不自主地颤动、摇摆，常侧重剧烈和无规律。
vibrate: 指急速地连续震动，也指钟摆等的来回摆动。
shiver: 指因寒冷或情绪突变而出现的短时间的轻微和快速的颤抖。
vi. 发抖；战栗；焦虑；摇晃
 - roll, rock
n. 颤抖；战栗；摇晃
 - roll, frisson

Word: preservation
Front: preservation
[ˌprezəˈveɪʃn] (六托 5229/5383)
Vocabulary: preservation
(once / 476 pages)
n
Use the noun preservation to refer to the protection of something — especially from loss, injury, or danger. You might fight for the preservation of the woodlands near your house because of all the animals that live there.
Preservation is also a process that keeps organic things from decomposing. If the preservation of the flowers in your prom corsage is important to you, you can dry the flowers to keep them from decaying. If you dry them, they'll probably last longer than your relationship with your high school boyfriend! The word preservation is often used when referring to historic preservation, which is the protection of buildings and sites of historic significance.
WORD FAMILY
preservation: preservationist, preservations, self-preservation+/preservationist: preservationists/ preservative: preservatives/ preserve: preservable, preservation, preservative, preserved, preserver, preserves, preserving/preserver: preservers
USAGE EXAMPLES
They need it in a new push for virtual preservation that scientists, archaeologists and others, like Mr. Ubelmann, are compiling on a large scale.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
For decades, she tried in vain to enlist others in her preservation efforts.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
“Deli is about brining … patience … preservation, not just of meat but of tradition,” Dell wrote.
The Guardian(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 保存，保留; 保护; 防腐; 维护，保持
分布：保存(78%)，维护(12%)，防腐(10%)
→来自preserve,保护，保存。
US [-ɚ-] noun uncountable
■when you keep something the same or prevent it from being damaged 保护，维护；保藏，保养
• building preservation 建筑物维护
• wood preservation 木材防腐
• There is great public concern about some of the chemicals used in food preservation. 民众对一些用于保存食物的化学物表示极为担忧。
• The cathedral is in a poor state of preservation (= has not been kept in good condition). 这所大教堂保养得很差。
• The prime minister has said that the government is committed to the preservation (= protection) of the country's national interests. 首相说政府正致力维护国家的民族利益。
• She belongs to the Association for the Preservation of Civil War Sites 她是内战遗址保护协会的会员。
⇒ See also self-preservation
n. 保存，保留
 - conservation, hold, retention, reservation

Word: cautious
Front: cautious
[ˈkɔ:ʃəs] (高研四六托雅 5231/5239 -3)
Vocabulary: cautious
(once / 214 pages)
adjn
Cautious, like careful, means you're on guard. You should be cautious crossing a busy street, or cautious borrowing your sister's new shoes without asking.
A fusing of caution and ous, the adjective cautiousis the opposite of hasty and rash. It actually comes from the Latin word cautus, which means "careful" or "heedful." Cautious people always take their time, always approach decisions thoughtfully, and never "throw caution to the wind." All that wariness may sound tedious, but as Confucius said, "The cautious seldom err."
WORD FAMILY
cautious: cautiously, cautiousness, incautious, overcautious+/ caution: cautionary, cautioned, cautioning, cautions, cautious, incaution, precaution / incautious: incautiously, incautiousness/overcautious: overcautiously/ precaution: precautional, precautionary, precautions
USAGE EXAMPLES
“There is a predisposition of the population to be very cautious.”
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Still, GOP leaders say they are cautious after the state collected about $300 million less than expected during the current budget cycle.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
But as he surveyed the spectacular scenery, with Slieve League mountain in the background and the quaint little harbour, Byrne also struck a cautious note.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 小心的，谨慎的; 兢; 恮; 持重
分布：谨慎的(94%)，十分小心的(6%)
a.(of)小心的,谨慎的The applause paused because of the cause caused by a cautious plausible clause.掌声停了是因为一条谨慎的似乎有理的条款引起的原因.
US ['kɑ:-] adjective
 ADVANCED
■describes someone who avoids risks （人）谨慎的，细心的，小心翼翼的
• He's a cautious driver. 他开车很小心。
■describes something which is careful, well considered and sometimes slow or uncertain 经过仔细考虑的，斟酌过的
• a cautious approach 谨慎的方式
• cautious criticism 小心谨慎的批评
cautious optimism
■a feeling that you can be generally hopeful about a situation even though you do not expect complete success or improvement 审慎的乐观态度
cautious, considerate, alert
这组词都有“小心的，谨慎的”的意思，其区别是：
cautious: a.细心的，谨慎的。
 • He has a cautious attitude about spending money.   在花钱的问题上他态度谨慎。
considerate: a.关心他人的，体贴的。
 • He is always considerate of others; he is kind and sympathetic.   他总是很体谅他人，并且慈祥而富有同情心。
alert: a.警惕的，留神的。
 • The hostess remained standing, alert to every guests' drinking need.   女主人一直站在旁边，时刻准备给大家斟酒。
careful, cautious, attentive, prudent
这些形容词均含有“小心的，谨慎的”之意。
careful: 侧重做事谨慎、留心，特别注意一些细节地方。
cautious: 着重考虑事情的后果，谨慎留意，防止出差错。
attentive: 指认真地注意地倾听别人的意见，留心别人的需要等。
prudent: 指遇事审慎，思考计划周密，不贸然行事。
adj. 谨慎的；十分小心的
 - prudent, wary

Word: trigger
Front: trigger
[ˈtrɪgə(r)] (研六托雅宝 3666/4962 -3)
Vocabulary: trigger
(once / 595 pages)
nv
A trigger is a metal lever that when pulled discharges a gun. You shoot the gun by pulling the trigger. Trigger can also mean the start of a process––violent protests might trigger a revolution.
Certain scents, places, or old love songs can be said to trigger, or activate, memories. If you get weepy when you hear the national anthem, that may be because it triggers thoughts of family, home, baseball and the Fourth of July. For someone in frail health, a seemingly minor problem like getting a common cold, might trigger a series of physical responses that end up landing them in the hospital.
WORD FAMILY
trigger: triggered, triggering, triggers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Protectionism – starting with the Smoot-Hawley Tariff, which affected thousands of imported goods – triggered retaliatory trade and currency wars that worsened the Great Depression.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
These days it’s populated mainly by seagulls, boarded-up barracks, some art studios and old warehouses, but officials hope the museum triggers its transformation.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The theory is that moisturizers “seal” a baby’s skin against some invader that triggers inflammation.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. （枪）扳机; 起动装置，扳柄; 引发其他事件的一件事; [电子学]触发器，触发电器
vt. 引发，触发; 扣…的扳机; 发射或使爆炸（武器或爆炸性弹药）
时态：triggered, triggering, triggers
分布：触发(85%)，扳机(14%)，起因(1%)
→改写或回构自早期拼写形式 tricker,来自荷兰语 trekker,扳机，来自 trekken,拉，拔，最终来自 dhragh,拉，词源同 drag,trek.引申词义起因，诱因等。
n.扳机vt.触发,引起That triggered off a revolution.那件事触发了一场革命.
【记】读：吹歌儿，吹出一首歌儿能导致小孩尿尿。
US [-ɚ] noun
GUN PART 枪的部件
countable
■a part of a gun which causes the gun to fire when pressed 扳机
• It's not clear who actually pulled the trigger. 不清楚究竟是谁扣动的扳机。
UK ['trɪg.ər] US [-ɚ] noun
START 开始
countable usually singular
■an event or situation, etc. that causes something bad to start （引起某种坏事的）一件事或情况
• There are fears that the incident may be a trigger for further violence in the capital. 有人担心，这次事件可能在首都引发进一步的暴力活动。
UK ['trɪg.ər] US [-ɚ] verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to cause something bad to start 引起，引发（坏事）
• Some people find that certain foods trigger their headaches. 有些人发现某些食物导致他们头痛。
• The racial killings at the weekend have triggered off a wave of protests. 周末发生的种族屠杀引发抗议浪潮。
trigger, introduce, summon, create
trigger: 引发，表示“开动，启动（系统或装置）”
introduce: 介绍，接物作宾语时，表示“采用（新产品），实施（新法律），引进（新事物）”
summon: 召集，通常与“人或勇气”搭配
create: 创造
vt. [物化] 引发，引起； [电子] 触发
 - attract, produce, cause, operate, occasion
n. [军] 扳机； [电子] 触发器；制滑机
 - flip-flopper

Word: rotation
Front: rotation
[rəʊˈteɪʃn] (四六托 5230/6205)
Vocabulary: rotation
(once / 1128 pages)
1n 2n
When something turns like a wheel, over and over again, it's in rotation. You can't feel the earth's rotation even though you know it's happening.
Even if you find the rotation of clothes in the dryer comforting, it's best to remain on the outside looking in. Rotation can also mean a series that repeats. A baseball team has a "pitching rotation" (five pitchers who take turns starting games), while a song that's on the radio every fifteen minutes is on "heavy rotation."
WORD FAMILY
rotation: rotational, rotations+/ rotate: rotatable, rotated, rotates, rotating, rotation, rotatory/rotational: rotationally
USAGE EXAMPLES
The second was added to compensate for a slowdown in the earth's rotation and helps to co-ordinate time-keeping among nations that use GMT.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
That is why it helps to include peas or beans in crop rotation.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
The season runs from May through October with a main attraction being daily street bullfights hosted through a rotation of sponsoring villages.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 旋转，转动; 轮流，循环; [农]轮作; [天]自转
分布：旋转(95%)，循环(5%)
【记】源于：rotate（v 使旋转）
US [roʊ-] noun
uncountable
■when something moves in a circle around a fixed point （尤指围绕一个固定点）（使）旋转，（使）转动
• the speed of rotation 转速
countable
■a complete circular movement around a fixed point 旋转
• The Earth completes 366 rotations about its axis in every leap year. 在每一个闰年里，地球绕地轴自转366圈。
countable or uncountable
■when farmers regularly change which crops they grow in a field 轮作；轮耕（农民有规律地改变田里种植的农作物）
• crop rotation 轮作；轮耕；轮植
uncountable
■when different people do the same job at different times 轮班（不同的人在不同的时间做相同的工作）
• the rotation of key positions such as that of chairman 轮值（重要职务如主席等的轮流担任）
UK [rəʊ'teɪ.ʃən] US [roʊ-] noun
in rotation
■one after the other, in a regular order 轮换，轮流，交替
• There are ten employees and they do the various jobs in rotation. 有十名员工，他们轮流做各种工作。
n. 旋转；循环，轮流
 - revolution, rolling, circulation, turning, cycle

Word: adolescent
Front: adolescent
[ˌædəˈlesnt] (高研六托宝 3386/8678 -2)
Vocabulary: adolescent
(once / 1468 pages)
nadj
Adolescent is just a fancy word for teenager — someone who is no longer a child but is not yet an adult. The word can also be used as an adjective. For example, a particular clothing line might be geared toward adolescent girls.
This word refers to all things related to teens — teenagers are adolescent, and the adolescent stage is after puberty and before adulthood. Since adults don't have a high opinion of teenagers, this word is also an insult. Movies full of fart jokes and immature shenanigans are called adolescent. If one adult says to another "You're acting very adolescent" that means "You're acting childish." Adolescent means something close to juvenile, another word that refers to young people and childish people.
WORD FAMILY
adolescent: adolescence, adolescently, adolescents, preadolescent+/adolesce: adolescent, adolescing/ adolescence: adolescences
USAGE EXAMPLES
But the next morning, he was woken up by that recurring train whistle, which is somehow connected to his adolescent trauma.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
For school-age children and adolescents, the academy calls for balancing media with other healthy behaviors.
Washington Times(Dec 24, 2016)
As an adolescent she saw the futility of that, after her religion deepened and she donned the Islamic headscarf.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 23, 2016)
Back: n. 少年，少女
adj. 青春期的; 青少年的; 未成熟的
分布：青少年(78%)，青少年的(11%)，青春期的(11%)
→前缀ad-, 去，往。词根ol, 成长，同adult. -esce, 起始动词后缀，即成长中的。
n.青少年a.青春期的,青少年的Those innocent adolescents ascending the hill are the tribe's descendants of decent descent.这些爬山的天真青少年是这个部落具有正派血统的后代.
【记】adult成熟的，escent开始…的－开始成熟的－青春期的a，do，lescent＝lesson：还在上课的年龄－青春期的
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a young person who is developing into an adult 青少年
[ˌæd.ə'les.ənt] adjective
■being or relating to an adolescent 青春期的；青少年的
• an adolescent boy 青春期的男孩
• adolescent concerns/traumas/problems 青春期孩子关心的问题／青春期精神创伤／青春期问题
■describes an adult or an adult's behaviour that is silly and like a child's （成年人或其行为）孩子气的，幼稚的
• adolescent humour/behaviour 孩子气的幽默／幼稚的举止
adolescent, youthful, juvenile, young
这组词都有“年轻的，年幼的”的意思，其区别是：
adolescent: 指13至16岁左右处于青春期的人，尚不成熟。
youthful: 褒义或贬义均可用。指具有青年人的外貌或年轻人应具有的品格。
juvenile: 较正式用词，一般12岁以下的少年，着重其生理和智力上的不成熟。
young: 强调年龄小，处于生长的前期。
adolescent, teenager, youth, juvenile
这组词都有“年轻人，青少年”的意思，其区别是：
adolescent: 比teenager正式，侧重年龄。
teenager: 主要指13岁到19岁之间的青少年，强调这个年龄段的人的本身特点。
youth: 现在几乎专指男青年，尤指10多岁到20多一点的男青年，但作为集合名时间男女青年都可指。
juvenile: 指青少年，系法律上的常用词。
adj. 青春期的；未成熟的
 - pubertal, hebetic
n. [人类] 青少年
 - youths, teener

Word: affordable
Front: affordable
[ə'fɔ:dəbl] (托宝 5234/10203 -1)
Vocabulary: affordable
(once / 3064 pages)
adj
If something is affordable, it's priced reasonably, and you have enough money to buy it. Your friends might be jealous that the bike you bought at a yard sale was so affordable.
If you live in an affordable city, it means that rents aren't too high for most of its residents, and if you buy an affordable dinner for yourself, it doesn't cost too much. The adjective affordable can either mean "cheap," or it can imply that even if it's expensive, you have enough money to easily buy it. The verb afford is at the root, and its earliest meaning was "accomplish." Gradually, afford came to have the meaning "manage to buy."
WORD FAMILY
affordable: affordably+/ afford: affordable, afforded, affording, affords
USAGE EXAMPLES
A poll this fall by the Kaiser Family Foundation found only 37 percent believe repealing the Affordable Care Act should be a top priority.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“They really admit that by repealing the Affordable Care Act, it will increase costs,” Mrs. Pelosi said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
YouthBuild put them into a classroom and to work, often building affordable housing in their communities.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 付得起的
分布：支付得起的(69%)，不太昂贵的(31%)
【记】来自afford（v 买得起；af一再，ford拿出－一再拿出Money－买得起）
US [-'fɔ:r-] adjective
■not expensive 付得起的；买得起的
• nice clothes at affordable prices 物美价廉的衣服

Word: prejudice
Front: prejudice
[ˈpredʒudɪs] (高研四六托雅宝 5235/4112 -2)
Vocabulary: prejudice
(once / 187 pages)
nv
If you have a negative attitude towards someone based on race or ethnicity rather than personal experience, you might be accused of prejudice.
Prejudice is remarkably similar to its Latin root in form and meaning; the Latin praejudicium means "judgment in advance." A racial prejudice is a negative attitude towards a group of people based on race — not on direct knowledge or experience. If you prejudice someone, you cause them to have a negative attitude towards someone else. Lawyers are not allowed to bring certain types of evidence such as rumors into a trial because it might prejudice the jury.
WORD FAMILY
prejudice: prejudiced, prejudices, prejudicial, prejudicing+/ prejudiced: unprejudiced/ prejudicial: prejudicially/unprejudiced: unprejudicedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
As they bear witness, the Dukakises face decades of prejudice against a treatment that Dukakis credits with saving her life.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
As they bear witness, the Dukakises face decades of prejudice against a treatment that Mrs. Dukakis credits with saving her life.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
By creating interactions that encourage consumers to understand the objects that serve them as women, technologists abet the prejudice by which women are considered objects.
The New Yorker(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 成见，偏见，歧视; 侵害; 伤害
vt. 使有偏见; 不利于，损害
时态：prejudiced, prejudicing, prejudices
分布：偏见(95%)，伤害(4%)，使 ... 存偏见(1%)
→pre-,在前，早于，预先，-judic,判断，裁决，词源同judge,judiciary.引申词义偏见，偏心。
偏见(pre预先+judice→预先判断→偏见)[judg,judic=judge,表示"判断"]
n.偏见,成见;损害,侵害v.使抱偏见,损害The judge has prejudice to the juicy fruit.法官对这种多汁水果怀有偏见.
noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■an unfair and unreasonable opinion or feeling, especially when formed without enough thought or knowledge 成见，偏见，歧视
• Laws against racial prejudice must be strictly enforced. 禁止种族歧视的法律必须严格执行。
• [+ that] The campaign aims to dispel the prejudice that AIDS is confined to the homosexual community. 这项运动旨在消除爱滋病仅限于同性恋群体的偏见。
• He claims that prejudice against homosexuals would cease overnight if all the gay stars in the country were honest about their sexuality. 他主张如果国内所有的同性恋明星都能对自己的性向开诚布公，那么对同性恋者的偏见就会立即消失。
without prejudice to sth formal or legal
■If a decision or action is made without prejudice to a right or claim , it is made without having an effect on that right or claim 对…没有不利，无损于
• My client accepts the formal apology without prejudice to any further legal action she may decide to take. 我的委托人接受了正式道歉，这不会影响她将来可能会采取的法律手段。
['predʒ.ʊ.dɪs] verb transitive
■Someone or something that prejudices you influences you unfairly so that you form an unreasonable opinion about something 使有成见，使有偏见，使产生歧视
• His comments may have prejudiced the voters against her. 他的评论可能已经使选民对她有了偏见。
■formal
■Something or someone that prejudices something else has a harmful influence on it 对…不利，损害
• The fact that you were late all this week may prejudice your chances of getting a promotion. 本周你一直迟到，这可能会影响到你的升迁。
prejudice, bias
这组词都有“偏见，成见”的意思，其区别是：
prejudice: 侧重指在缺乏理由或证据之前就形成怀疑的、有恶感的偏见。
bias: 指因个人的好恶或偏见，对人或物作出的不正确、或好或坏的判断或意见。
n. 偏见；侵害
 - violation, bias
vt. 损害；使有偏见
 - hurt, blast

Word: certificate
Front: certificate
[səˈtɪfɪkət] (高研四六雅 5237/2341 -K2)
Vocabulary: certificate
(once / 675 pages)
nv
A certificate is a paper or document that proves some fact. Your most prized possession might be the certificate you got when you became a black belt in karate.
Your fastidious friend might need to check the health inspection certificate before she'll agree to eat in a restaurant, and you'll need a copy of your birth certificate before you can apply for a passport. A certificate certifies or documents the fact that you are who you say you are, that you're licensed to drive, or authorized to practice dentistry, for example. You can trace the word certificate back to the Latin certus, "sure, fixed, settled."
WORD FAMILY
certificate: certificated, certificates, certificating+/certifiable: certifiably/certification: certifications/certified: uncertified/ certify: certifiable, certificate, certification, certificatory, certified, certifies, certifying, decertify/decertify: decertified, decertifying
USAGE EXAMPLES
Once your emergency fund is solidified, Cox said, start saving money in a certificate or IRA.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The fund helps pay off principal and interest on certificates of participation, a type of public borrowing with shorter terms than most bond issues.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The so-called bathroom bill in North Carolina includes a provision that requires people to use public bathrooms that match the gender on their birth certificate.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 证明书; 文凭，结业证书
vt. 发给证明书; 用证书证明（或认可）
时态：certificated, certificating, certificates
分布：执照(51%)，认可(23%)，批准(19%)，发证书给 ...(7%)
→来自certify, 证明，证实。
证明书;执照(certify+icate→证明的东西)[cern,cert,cret=sure,separate,表示"搞清,区别"]
n.证(明)书,执照It's acertained that the certificate is behind the curtain of the stainless steel container.经查实证书在不锈钢容器的帘子后面.
US [sɚ-] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■an official document which states that the information on it is true 证书；证明
• a birth/marriage/death certificate 出生／结婚／死亡证明
• a doctor's/medical certificate 医生／医疗证明
■the qualification that you receive when you are successful in an examination 成绩合格证书；毕业证书
• She has a Certificate in Drama Education. 她有戏剧教育资格证书。
certificate, license
certificate: 证书，如产品合格证明书
license: 执照，如驾照；
n. [管理] 证书；执照，文凭
 - license, letter, patent, permit

Word: Italian
Front: Italian
[ɪ'tæljən] (高四六 2637/2201)
Back: n. 意大利人；意大利语
adj. 意大利的；意大利文化的；意大利语的
分布：意大利语(40%)，意大利人(35%)，意大利的(19%)，意大利语的(6%)
noun
countable
■a person from Italy 义大利人
• We met three Italians. 我们遇到了三个义大利人。
uncountable
■the language of Italy 义大利语
• I'm learning Italian. 我在学义大利语。
[ɪ'tæl.jən] [-i.ən] adjective
■from, belonging to or relating to Italy 义大利的
• Italian food/art/wine 义大利食品／艺术／酒
n. 意大利人；意大利语
 - ginzo, dino

Word: venture
Front: venture
[ˈventʃə(r)] (研四六托雅 3294/2888 -K3)
Vocabulary: venture
(once / 98 pages)
nv
A venture is a risky undertaking. If your latest venture is a dog food store, you hope there are some hungry dogs around. Also, to venture is to go somewhere possibly dangerous, like if you venture out into a snowstorm.
Venture is a shortened form of adventure. This happened sometime between 1100 AD and 1400 AD during the time that Middle English was spoken. While the two words are similar in meaning, when you subtract the "ad," you lose a teaspoon or two of fun, and add a heaping tablespoon of risk.
WORD FAMILY
venture: ventured, venturer, ventures, venturesome, venturing, venturous +/venturer: venturers/ venturesome: venturesomely, venturesomeness/ venturous: venturously
USAGE EXAMPLES
It is the first Trump venture in the Arab world.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“Expect the unexpected,” said Sabine Kaiser, founder of SKadvisory, which advises family offices on venture capital and private equity.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
And he partnered with a Syngenta executive in a consulting venture, emails obtained by The New York Times show.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 冒险事业; 冒险; 冒险行动; 商业冒险
vt. 冒…的危险; 拿…冒险; 用…进行投机; 以…做赌注
vi. 冒险前进，冒险行事; 猜测（常与at连用）
时态：ventured, venturing, ventures
分布：企业(38%)，风险(34%)，冒险(22%)，投机(4%)，敢于(1%)，冒昧地说(1%)
→缩写自adventure,风险。
冒险,冒险做(vent+ure来到[危险]→冒险)[ven,vent=come,表示"来"]
v.冒险,拼;大胆表示n.冒险事业,拼,闯The ventilator inventor's adventure prevented him from venturing revenge.通风机发明家的奇遇阻止了他冒险复仇.
US [-tʃɚ] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a new activity, usually in business, which involves risk or uncertainty （有风险的）企业；投机活动；商业冒险
• She advised us to look abroad for more lucrative business ventures. 她建议我们去国外寻找更有利可图的商业机会。
• There are many joint ventures between American and Japanese companies. 有许多美日合资企业。
UK ['ven.tʃər] US [-tʃɚ] verb intransitive usually + adverb or preposition transitive formal
 ADVANCED
■to risk going somewhere or doing something that might be dangerous or unpleasant, or to risk saying something that might be criticized 冒险去（或做）；冒昧地说
• She rarely ventured outside , except when she went to stock up on groceries at the corner shop. 她极少冒险外出，除非要去街角的商店采购杂货。
• As we set off into the forest, we felt as though we were venturing (forth) into the unknown. 当我们动身进入那片森林时，感觉自己似乎正在冒险进入一个未知的世界。
• She tentatively ventured the opinion that the project would be too expensive to complete, but the boss ignored her. 她有些犹豫但还是斗胆进言，认为完成那个专案计划花费太高，但老板不予理睬。
UK ['ven.tʃər] US [-tʃɚ] verb intransitive usually + adverb or preposition transitive formal
Nothing ventured, nothing gained. saying
■You have to take a risk in order to get something good. 不入虎穴，焉得虎子。
UK ['ven.tʃər] US [-tʃɚ] verb intransitive usually + adverb or preposition transitive formal
  Phrasal Verbs  venture on/upon sth
■to try to do something difficult or dangerous 冒险做…
• The wind was so strong that when we did finally venture on a walk, we were nearly swept away. 风太大了，当我们最后终于硬着头皮走出去的时候，人都快被吹走了。
risk, hazard, venture, chance, dare
这组词都有“敢于冒险”的意思，其区别是：
risk: 指不顾个人安危去干某事，侧重主动承担风险。
hazard: 主要指冒险作出某个选择，隐含碰运气意味。
venture: 指冒风险试一试，或指有礼貌的反抗或反对。
chance: 指碰运气、冒风险试试。
dare: 可与venture换用，但语气较强，着重挑战或违抗。
vt. 敢于
 - dare to, be bold to
vi. 冒险；投机
 - adventure, take a risk
n. 企业；风险；冒险
 - enterprise, risk, undertaking, throw

Word: robe
Front: robe
[rəʊb] (研四六宝 5241/6678 -1)
Vocabulary: robe
(once / 230 pages)
nv
A robe is a loose piece of clothing that you might wear over your pajamas or put on when you get out of the shower. Most robes tie around the waist with a fabric belt.
There are dressier types of robes as well, like the ceremonial robes a judge wears in a courtroom or the elegant robes worn by a queen on a formal occasion. You can also use robe a verb, meaning "to dress or clothe," or literally "to put on a robe." Robe shares a Germanic root with rob, most likely from the idea that robbers would "take garments from the enemy as spoils or booty."
WORD FAMILY
robe: disrobe, enrobe, robed, robes, robing+/ disrobe: disrobed, disrobes, disrobing/enrobe: enrobed, enrobes, enrobing
USAGE EXAMPLES
The choir in the 300 level loft is robed in matching apparel.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
William Rehnquist used to drop off his dry cleaning, too, although not his Supreme Court robes, said Amy, 57.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Bruce Beresford’s remarkable adaptation of Brian Moore’s novel Black Robe depicts an uneasy alliance between early colonists and the Algonquian people.
The Guardian(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 礼服; 法衣; 睡袍; 长袍
vt. & vi. （使）穿上长袍（或浴衣等）; 覆盖、穿上
时态：robed, robing, robes
分布：长袍(100%)
→词源同 rob,抢劫。代称，因过去衣服，特别是袍子是重要的战利品。
n.长袍,上衣Many Arabs wear robes.许多阿拉伯人穿长袍.
【记】rob（v 抢劫）robe。
US [roʊb] noun countable
■a long, loose piece of clothing worn especially on very formal occasions 长袍，罩袍；（尤指特别正式场合穿的）袍服，礼袍
• Judges wear black robes when they are in court. 法官在法庭上都身穿黑袍。
■(also bathrobe) mainly US
■a loose piece of clothing which is worn before or after a bath or on top of clothing that is worn in bed 浴衣；睡袍
• He wrapped a robe around himself before answering the door. 他裹了件浴衣过来开门。
uniform, clothing, clothes, dress, garment, suit, costume, gown, robe, coat
这组词都有“衣服、服装”的意思，其区别是：
uniform: 指某团体或组织统一做的制服，如军服、校服等。
clothing: 常用词，集合名词，是衣服的总称。
clothes: 普通用词，多指包括上衣、内衣或裤子等具体的一件件衣服。
dress: 多指正式场合或为某些特定用途而穿的服装，也指童装或女性穿的连衣裙。
garment: 语气庄重，正式用词，复数形式可与clothes换用，指身上全部穿着。单数形式指单件衣服，尤指长袍、外套等外面的衣服。
suit: 指一套服装，一般有几件配成一套的套装。
costume: 指流行某一地区或某一时代的服装，也指演员的戏装。
gown: 指女人穿的长服，尤指教士、法官、教授等的礼服或妇女的睡衣等，也指长袍。
robe: 指长袍，也指浴衣、晨衣。
coat: 指上衣、外衣、大衣、外套及女式上装。
n. 长袍，礼服；制服
 - uniform, cope

Word: price
Front: price
[praɪs] (中高雅 475/338 -K5)
Vocabulary: price
(once / 61 pages)
nv
The price of something is how much it costs. It’s usually money, but sometimes not. For example, the price of staying up all night is that you’re really sleepy the next day. Wake up!
You can use the noun price to mean the money exchanged for an item or service — or use it figuratively, to mean "something negative that's required in exchange for something positive." If you hear the phrase "a small price to pay," think of this figurative meaning. You could say, for example, that having clouds of pet hair all over your house is a small price to pay for your wonderful cat.
WORD FAMILY
price: overprice, priced, priceless, prices, pricey, pricing, pricy, underprice+/overprice: overpriced, overpricing/ priceless: pricelessly, pricelessness/pricing: pricings/pricy: pricier, priciest, pricily/underprice: underpriced, underprices, underpricing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Brent crude, used to price international oils, was up 33 cents at $57.15.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Company spokesman Rob Carlton stated in a Nov. 17 email that Koch revenue fluctuates with the price of commodities.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Han, Teforia’s founder, acknowledges that the whole process and price tag might seem like overkill to the average tea drinker.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 价格，价钱; 代价; 价值; 赏金
vt. 标价; 定价; 问…的价格; 给…定价
时态：priced, pricing, prices
分布：价格(87%)，代价(6%)，价值(5%)，给…定价(1%)，估价(1%)
→来自古法语pris,价格，价值，奖品，奖励，名声，颂扬，来自拉丁语pretium,奖品，价值，价格，来自per,买卖，交易，词源同praise,prize.后price,prize,praise这三个词逐渐在词义上产生区别。
n.价格,价钱;代价v.标价After a decrease, the price of the grease increases increasingly.下跌过一次之后,润滑脂的价格日益上涨.
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■the amount of money for which something is sold 价格，价钱
• The price of oil has risen sharply. 油价急遽上涨。
• House prices have been falling. 房价一直在下跌。
• We thought they were asking a very high/low price. 我们认为他们要价很高／低。
• The large supermarkets are offering big price cuts. 大超市在大减价。
[praɪs] noun countable
at any price
■If you want something at any price, you are willing to do anything in order to get it 不惜任何代价，无论如何
• He wanted success at any price. 为了成功他不惜任何代价。
[praɪs] noun countable
at/for a price
■If you can buy or get something at/for a price, you either have to pay a lot of money or be involved in something unpleasant in order to get it 以高价；以很高的代价
• You can buy the best of gourmet cuisine here, for a price. 在这里你可以出高价吃到最好的美食。
[praɪs] noun countable
not at any price
■used to say that you would never do something 绝不会
• I wouldn't invite her again at any price. 我绝不会再邀请她了。
[praɪs] noun countable
What price fame/victory/success, etc?
■said when you think it is possible that the fame/success, etc. that has been achieved was not worth all the suffering it has caused 名声／胜利／成功等又有甚么用？
• What price victory when so many people have died in the struggle? 这么多人在这场斗争中失去了生命，胜利又有甚么用呢？
[praɪs] verb
 IMPROVER transitive often passive
■to say what the price of something is 给…定价，给…标价
• The car is priced at £28 000. 这辆车定价2.8万英镑。
• There is a lack of reasonably priced housing for rent. 要价合理的出租房屋很紧缺。
transitive
■to discover how much something costs 查明…的价格
• We went around all the travel agents pricing the different tours. 我们走遍了各家旅行社询问各种旅游项目的价格。
[praɪs] verb
price yourself out of the market
■If a company prices itself out of the market, it charges so much for a product or service that no one wants to buy it. （公司）漫天要价致使自己失去市场
price, prize
price: 价格, The price is high/low.
prize: 奖,奖品,奖金 win the first prize
fee, expense, price, charge, fare, cost
这组词都有“价格，费用”的意思，其区别是：
fee: 指上学、求医以及找律师等付的费用，还可指会费、借书费等。
expense: 常指实际支付的费用总数额，有时也指钱的花费。
price: 指商品在市场出售的价格，尤指卖方对商品所提出的单价。比喻意义指付出的代价。
charge: 指提供服务时索取的费用，也指货物的价格、价钱。
fare: 侧重指旅行时所付的车、船费等费用。
cost: 指生产某东西的成本，也泛指商品的价格，可与price换用。
n. [物价] 价格；价值； [贸易] 代价
 - importance, value, expense, rate, figure

Word: designate
Front: designate
[ˈdezɪgneɪt] (研六托雅宝 5240/5390 -2)
Vocabulary: designate
(once / 368 pages)
vadj
To designate is to give something a specific status. If you designate your house an opera-free zone, it means that you've officially declared that no opera is allowed to be played there.
To give a person or thing an official status is to designate it as something, like when you designate a meeting place if members of your group get lost at the amusement park. Sometimes, it can carry responsibility or an assignment, like when your teammates designate you as the captain. It can also show a category, like when you designate certain books to the humor section of the bookstore where you work.
WORD FAMILY
designate: designated, designates, designating, designation, designative+/ designation: designations
USAGE EXAMPLES
Federal officials said last week that the Valles Caldera National Preserve would become the 17th U.S. park unit with designated thermal features if approved.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Officials say Valles Caldera National Preserve would become the 17th park unit with designated thermal features.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
And those meetings were preceded by meetings of specially designated committees designed to analyze policies and proposals pertaining to certain aspects of county government.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 指明，指出; 指派; 表明，意味着; 把…定名为
adj. 指定而尚未上任的; 选出而尚未上任的
时态：designated, designating, designates
分布：指定(83%)，指定的(10%)，选派(3%)，标明(3%)，把...定名为(1%)
指示;指定(de+sign+ate→着重指定)[sign=mark表示"记号,信号"]
v.指明,指出;任命,指派The resigned designer is designated to an assignment of reigning the foreigners.辞职的设计者被指派了一个去统治外国人的任务.
verb transitive /ˈdez.ɪg.neɪt/
■to choose someone officially to do a particular job 指定，选定；委派
• Traditionally, the president designates his or her successor. 按照传统，总统要选定其接班人。
• Thompson has been designated (as/to be) team captain. 汤姆森被指定担任队长。
• [+ to infinitive] She has been designated to organize the meeting. 她被派来组织是次会议。
■to state officially that a place or thing has a particular character or purpose 指定，划定（特征、用途）
• This area of the park has been specially designated for children. 公园的这个区域被指定为儿童活动区。
• They officially designated the area (as) unsuitable for human habitation. 他们把这个地区正式划定为不适合人类居住的区域。
adjective [after noun] /ˈdez.ɪg.nət/ /-neɪt/ used after the title of a particular official job to refer to someone chosen to do that job, but who has not yet started doing it （用于职务后）新选定的，新指定的，新任命的
• the Secretary General/Managing Director designate 新任命的秘书长／总经理
Compare -elect
call, designate, name
这组词都有“命名，称呼”的意思，其区别是：
call: 指给某人或某物取名字以某人或某物的特征称呼。
designate: 指用特别的名字、符号或词句来称某人或某物。
name: 含义最泛，指给人或物命名以示区别或便于记忆。
assign, designate, name, appoint, nominate
这组词都有“任命，委派”的意思，其区别是：
assign: 常指给一群人或个人分配、分派、指派或委派任务。
designate: 书面用语，侧重当权者或机构的选拔或任命，有时含强行指定的意味。
name: 普通用词，着重任命的结果，而不是过程。
appoint: 通常指不经过选择的官方委任。
nominate: 通常指为某一公职选择候选人，并将其提交给有决定权的人作最后决定。
vt. 指定；指派；标出；把…定名为
 - specify, ticket, name, appoint
adj. 指定的；选定的
 - assigned, named, appointed

Word: abruptly
Front: abruptly
[ə'brʌptlɪ] (5243/5144)
Vocabulary: abruptly
(once / 274 pages)
adv
If the weather changes abruptly, from bright and sunny to pouring down rain, you're going to get wet. When something happens abruptly, it is sudden and unexpected.
Almost anything can change abruptly, and it will always take you by surprise, whether it's the movement of a car, the mood of a movie, or the behavior of your dog. If you've ever had a conversation with someone who spoke to you abruptly, you may have found them a little rude. A physical attribute can also be described as abrupt, like when the edge of a rocky cliff drops abruptly to the ocean.
WORD FAMILY
abrupt: abruptedly, abrupter, abruptest, abruptly, abruptness +/ abruptness: abruptnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
Maduro abruptly closed Venezuela’s border with Brazil and Colombia on multiple occasions last year, ordering the crossings reopened with just as little notice.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
In 2002, halfway through his second term as prime minister, Guterres abruptly resigned after the Socialists suffered a drubbing in local elections.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
This year’s list included “absquatulate,” which means to discreetly and abruptly leave a place, such as a gathering or party, without informing the host.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adv. 突然地; 意外地; （言谈举止）唐突地; <地质>陡起地
分布：突然地(40%)，陡峭地(20%)，莽撞地(20%)，不连贯地(20%)
【记】rupt折断－突然断了
ADJ-GRADED
突然的，意外的（常指令人不快的改变或行为）
An abrupt change or action is very sudden, often in a way which is unpleasant.
例：Rosie's idyllic world came to an abrupt end when her parents' marriage broke up...父母婚姻的破裂使得罗茜田园诗般美好的世界陡然画上了句号。
例：The recession brought an abrupt halt to this happiness...经济衰退让这幸福戛然而止。
ADJ-GRADED
（言语）粗鲁的，唐突的，鲁莽的
Someone who is abrupt speaks in a rather rude, unfriendly way.
例：He was abrupt to the point of rudeness...他的唐突已到了无礼的地步。
例：Cross was a little taken aback by her abrupt manner.她鲁莽的态度让克罗斯感到有点吃惊。
adv. 突然地；唐突地
 - suddenly, shortly, sharp

Word: nod
Front: nod
[nɒd] (中高研四六托 1557/1573 -3)
Vocabulary: nod
(once / 103 pages)
vn
When you nod, you shake your head up and down, as if you're indicating agreement. If you want to say "Yes" without uttering a single word, all you have to do is nod.
There's the deliberate nod, when you agree with someone by raising and lowering your chin, and then there's the accidental nod — when you're so sleepy that your eyes close and your head dips down. You can even say you "nod off to sleep" in this case. If you know someone well enough to nod at them when you pass, but not well enough to stop and chat, you can call that person "a nodding acquaintance."
WORD FAMILY
nod: nodded, nodding, noding, nods+/nodding: noddingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
A new nod to modernity in French laws eases the rules for people who want to divorce.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
We nodded off thinking about Jeb, as did the voters.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Perhaps you read that and nodded, “Done! Next!” solely based on a general disdain for reality television.
Salon(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vi. 点头; 打瞌睡; 上下摆动; 变得粗心大意
vt. 点头示意; 使弯曲，使屈服; 点头答应
n. 点头; 点头同意; 打瞌睡，打盹; 粗心大意
时态：nodded, nodding, nods
分布：点头(83%)，同意(11%)，打盹(6%)
→词源不详，可能来自knot,节，敲击。引申词义点头。
v.点(头),点头招呼n.点头招呼;打盹,瞌睡The soda made the goddess nod by the fishing rod.苏打使女神在钓竿旁打盹.
US [nɑ:d] (-dd-)
verb intransitive or transitive
 IMPROVER
■to move your head down and then up, sometimes several times, especially to show agreement, approval or greeting or to show something by doing this 点头；（尤指）点头赞同，点头致意，点头示意
• Many people in the audience nodded in agreement. 许多听众点头表示赞同。
• When I suggested a walk, Elena nodded enthusiastically. 当我提议去散步时，埃琳娜使劲地点头。
• She looked up and nodded for me to come in. 她抬起头，点头示意要我进来。
Compare shake
UK [nɒd] US [nɑ:d] (-dd-)
verb intransitive or transitive
have a nodding acquaintance with sb/sth
■to know someone slightly or have a slight knowledge of a subject 与某人是点头之交；对…略知一二
• She has only a nodding acquaintance with the issues involved. 她对相关问题只是略知一二。
UK [nɒd] US [nɑ:d] (-dd-)
verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  nod off informal
■to begin sleeping, especially not intentionally 打瞌睡；（尤指无意中）睡着
• After our busy day we both sat and nodded off in front of the TV. 忙碌了一天，我们两个都坐在电视机前打起瞌睡。
UK [nɒd] US [nɑ:d] (-dd-)
noun countable usually singular
■a movement up and down with the head 点头
• Chen gave her a nod of recognition across the crowded room. 陈从挤满人的房间的另一头向她点头致意。
UK [nɒd] US [nɑ:d] (-dd-)
noun countable usually singular
A nod 's as good as a wink. saying
■used to say that only a slight sign is needed for you to understand clearly what is meant by something or what is happening in a situation 不用言明，心照不宣
UK [nɒd] US [nɑ:d] (-dd-)
noun countable usually singular
on the nod UK informal
■If a suggestion is approved on the nod, it is accepted without discussion （建议未经讨论）一致通过
• The new proposal went through on the nod. 新提案得到一致通过。
n. 点头；打盹；摆动
 - swing, bob
vt. 点头；点头表示
 - noddle
vi. 点头；打盹；摆动
 - to oscillate, to swing

Word: mercy
Front: mercy
[ˈmɜ:si] (高研四六雅 5244/4991 -2)
Vocabulary: mercy
(once / 81 pages)
n
Compassion leads you to have mercy, which is like forgiveness. If you have mercy on someone, you let them off the hook or are kind to them somehow.
This is a quality that has to do with compassion, forgiveness, and leniency. If convicted of a crime, you might plead for the judge's mercy, meaning a lesser punishment. When people say "May God have mercy on me!" they're asking for forgiveness. Mercy may be given or received. You might show your little cousin mercy by not forcing him to eat a worm. People jokingly say a bad singer is showing mercy if she ends the show early.
WORD FAMILY
mercy: mercies, merciful, merciless +/ merciful: mercifuler, mercifully, mercifulness, unmerciful/ merciless: mercilessly, mercilessness/unmerciful: unmercifully, unmercifulness
USAGE EXAMPLES
My goal is to stay solvent through the Super Bowl, then throw myself at the mercy of the courts.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 28, 2016)
He asked for mercy from the judge and said he’s “deeply sorry.”
Seattle Times(Dec 27, 2016)
“But we are sure that goodness, compassion and mercy are more powerful than any weapon.”
New York Times(Dec 26, 2016)
Back: n. 宽容; 怜悯; 幸运; 侥幸
分布：怜悯(46%)，仁慈(27%)，宽恕(25%)，恩惠(2%)
→来自古法语merci,礼物，奖品，友善，来自拉丁语merx,商品，物品，词源同market,merchant.原指神对帮助弱者的人给予的礼物或奖励，本质上即通过交换或贸易来鼓励人们行善，后用于指上帝原谅其子民的冒犯和无知，并由此引申词义仁慈，怜悯。
n.仁慈,怜悯,宽恕It is a mercy that you did not go.你幸好没有去.
US ['mɝ:-] noun
KINDNESS 仁慈
 ADVANCED uncountable
■kindness and forgiveness shown towards someone you have authority over 慈悲，怜悯；仁慈，宽容
• She appealed to the judge to have mercy on her husband. 她请求法官宽恕她的丈夫。
• The prisoners pleaded for mercy. 囚犯都恳求从轻发落。
• The gunmen showed no mercy, killing innocent men and women. 那些枪手毫无怜悯之心，滥杀无辜的男男女女。
be at the mercy of sb/sth
 ADVANCED
■to be in a situation where someone or something has complete power over you 任由…的摆布，完全受…的支配
• Poor people are increasingly at the mercy of money-lenders. 穷人受放债人摆布的情况日益严重。
UK ['mɜ:.si] US ['mɝ:-] noun
EVENT/SITUATION 事件／情况
only singular
■an event or situation which you are grateful for because it stops something unpleasant 恩惠；解脱
• After months of suffering, his death was a mercy. 遭受了数月痛苦的折磨后，死对他来说是一种解脱。
• They were on a mercy mission to take food to the refugees when they were attacked. 他们遇袭时正在执行一项为难民运送食品的救援任务。
pity, sympathy, compassion, mercy
这组词都有“同情、怜悯”的意思，其区别是：
pity: 指对弱者、不幸者所表示的怜惜之情。
sympathy: 普通常用词，含义广。指志趣、看法上的一致，也指感情相投，带有深深的恻隐之心的亲切之情。
compassion: 较正式较庄重用词，指对同等人的同情与理解，常含急切愿意帮忙的意味。
mercy: 侧重指对应受惩罚或地位卑下者的慈悲或怜悯。
n. 仁慈，宽容；怜悯；幸运；善行
 - humanity, tolerance, kindness, charity, good

Word: rookie
Front: rookie
[ˈrʊki] (宝 5259/26594 -1)
Vocabulary: rookie
(once / 1132 pages)
n
A rookie is someone who's new at something. The young football player who's just joined the NFL is a rookie, and if you just started your restaurant job yesterday, you're a rookie too.
Police officers and members of the military also call recent recruits rookies. This word can also function as an adjective to describe something related to newbies — like a "rookie season" or a "rookie quarterback." The word's origin is a bit hazy, though it may come from the disparaging secondary meaning of rook, "a cheat," or more appropriately, "someone who's easily cheated."
WORD FAMILY
rookie: rookies
USAGE EXAMPLES
A second argument against Prescott as MVP is that he isn’t even the best rookie on his own team.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Everyone on that group, save Gretzky, was older than Matthews as a rookie.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
That leaves rookie Connor Cook as the only healthy quarterback under contract.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 新手; 新队员
分布：新手(100%)
→来自 recruit 俚语，-ie,表亲昵或小不点。
新兵(rook乌鸦+ie...新兵穿黑衣像乌鸦)[-ie表名词"小东西或人"]
【记】roo肉，kie：做什么事情都特别肉（慢）－新手
['rʊk.i] mainly US informal
noun countable
■a person who is new to an organization or an activity 生手，新手
• These rookie cops don't know anything yet. 这些新员警现在还甚么都不懂呢。
n. 新手
 - freshman, noob, first-timer

Word: scream
Front: scream
[skri:m] (高研四六 2118/2779 -K3)
Back: vt. 尖声喊叫，拼命叫喊; 喊叫着说出; 尖叫得使变…
vi. 尖叫; 发出尖锐刺耳的声音
n. 尖叫声，惊叫声; 拼命的叫喊声; 极其滑稽可笑的人
时态：screamed, screaming, screams
分布：尖叫(78%)，尖叫声(22%)
v./n.尖声叫,喊叫着说出,(风)呼啸"Ice-cream!" he screamed in dream."冰淇淋!"他在梦中惊叫道.
verb
MAKE NOISE 叫声
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to cry or say something loudly and usually on a high note, especially because of strong emotions such as fear, excitement or anger （尤指因恐惧、兴奋、愤怒等强烈情绪而）尖叫，惊呼
• A spider landed on her pillow and she screamed. 一只蜘蛛爬上她的枕头，她惊叫起来。
• Through the smoke, the rescuers could hear people screaming for help. 透过烟雾，救援者可以听见人们在喊救命。
• He was screaming in/with pain and begging for anaesthetic. 他痛得直叫，哀求用麻醉药。
• They screamed with laughter at her jokes. 听了她的笑话，他们大笑了起来。
• Ken screamed (out) a warning telling people to get out of the way. 肯大叫着警告人们别挡路。
• Mrs Brown screamed (= shouted angrily) at Joel for dropping the test-tube. 布朗太太生气地对着乔尔大喊大叫，因为他把试管摔破了。
• I've never found screaming (and shouting) (= shouting angrily) at my staff to be very effective. 我一直以来都认为对员工大喊大叫是没有甚么用的。
• [+ speech] "I wish you were dead!" she screamed (= shouted angrily). “我恨不得你去死！”她愤怒地叫道。
• I tried to apologize, but he just screamed abuse/obscenities at me. 我想道歉，但他却对着我破口大骂。
intransitive + adverb or preposition
■If a vehicle screams, it moves very quickly making a loud high sound （车）呼啸着飞驰
• The cars screamed round the bend/ past the spectators. 汽车尖啸着转弯／从观众面前呼啸而过。
intransitive
■to make a loud high sound 呼啸，发出尖叫声
• The ambulance raced round the corner with its tyres screaming. 随着轮胎发出的刺耳声音，救护车冲过街角。
[skri:m] verb
GET ATTENTION 吸引注意
intransitive (also scream out)
■If a word or image screams (out), it gets attention because it is very big or easy to notice （词语或形象）极为醒目
• 'Royal Plane Disaster!' screamed the newspaper headlines the next day. “皇家飞机失事！”，第二天报纸的头版头条用了这个令人触目惊心的标题。
intransitive
■If you say that two colours are screaming at each other, you think that they do not look attractive or pleasant together 颜色不相配／不配衬（说两种颜色不相配／不配衬，是指二者在一起时看起来不漂亮或不悦目）
• You can't wear that pink jacket with your orange skirt. They'll just scream at each other. 你不能穿那件粉红夹克来搭配那条橙色的裙子，颜色一点也不相配。
[skri:m] verb
scream (out) for sth
■to need something very much 急需
• This matter is screaming out for attention. 这件事亟待关注。
[skri:m] verb
scream yourself hoarse/silly (also scream the place down) (also scream your head off)
■to scream very loudly 大声叫喊
• I screamed myself silly on the roller coaster. 在云霄飞车上我大声尖叫。
[skri:m] noun countable
NOISE 声音
■a loud high sound you make when very frightened, excited or angry 尖叫，惊呼
• a scream of pain/rage/joy/laughter 疼痛／愤怒／快乐／欢笑的尖叫
• No one heard their screams. 没有人听到他们的尖叫。
• She let out a piercing/shrill scream. 她发出了一声刺耳的尖叫。
[skri:m] noun countable
FUN 乐趣 informal
■a person, thing or situation which is very funny 令人捧腹大笑的人（或事物、情景）
• Jane's such a scream - her jokes have me in stitches. 简真是个活宝，她讲的笑话让我乐不可支。
call, scream, yell, roar, shriek, exclaim, shout, cry
这组词都有“喊”的意思，其区别是：
call: 指大声说话或喊叫，以引起某人的注意。
scream: 指因恐具、快乐或痛苦而发出的尖叫声。
yell: 多指求援、鼓励时的呼叫。也可指因外界因素刺激而发出尖厉声音。
roar: 指发出大而深沉的声音、吼叫或咆哮。
shriek: 指因惊恐、痛苦等或其它感情而发出比scream更为尖锐、刺耳的叫声。
exclaim: 多指因高兴、愤怒、痛苦、惊讶等突发感情而高声喊叫。
shout: 指有意识地高声喊叫，常用于提出警告、发命令或唤起注意等。
cry: 一般指因恐惧、痛苦、惊奇等而喊叫。
vi. 尖叫；呼啸；发出尖锐刺耳的声音；令人触目惊心
 - pipe, shriek
n. 尖叫声；尖锐刺耳的声音；极其滑稽可笑的人
 - squeal

Word: classmate
Front: classmate
[ˈklɑ:smeɪt] (中高研四 5247/18807 -1)
Vocabulary: classmate
(once / 2113 pages)
n
Your classmate is someone who goes to school with you. It's hard to believe when you first start college that some of your classmates will become your very best friends.
Your school friends are your classmates, and so are the fellow students you barely know at all. In a small class, you get to know most of your classmates fairly well, while in a large lecture even your teacher might not know all your classmates' names. The word dates from the 18th century, a combination of class, from the Latin classis, "class or division," and mate, "fellow or comrade."
WORD FAMILY
classmate: classmates
USAGE EXAMPLES
After Klein graduated from Holy Cross Leo High School, he decided to attend Cedar Rapids Barber School through a classmate who chose the profession.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
One of them culminated in a summer program in Greece, where for three weeks he and his classmates studied ancient art and architecture.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
I announced to my classmates that my real family was, in fact, the A-Team.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. （同班）同学; 级友
分布：同班同学(100%)
(名)同班同学From the classical class, the classmate with glasses knows the classification of classics.戴眼镜的同学从古典文学课上知道了古典名著的分类.
US ['klæs-] noun countable
■someone who is in the same class as you at school 同班同学

Word: hurt
Front: hurt
[hɜ:t] (中高研四六 1140/1931 -K4)
Vocabulary: hurt
(once / 81 pages)
1vnadj 2vnadj
If you have a party and no one shows up, you will probably feel hurt: emotionally injured by what's happened.
Hurt comes from the Old French hurte, meaning "collision," or "blow." We still have that violent sense in our word hurtle but we use hurt for a whole range of pains. If you stub your toe, it hurts, and if someone is beating you up you might say, "Stop hurting me!" Someone injured in battle or in sports is described as hurt. If you say something you shouldn't on live radio, you'll hurt your chances of winning an election.
WORD FAMILY
hurt: hurted, hurter, hurtful, hurting, hurtingly, hurts, unhurt+/hurtful: hurtfully
USAGE EXAMPLES
He rubbed his hands together and kept repeating those words: “It hurts.”
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He still sometimes implies he might let Syrian migrants flood Europe again to gain diplomatic leverage, as if the threat doesn’t also hurt Turkey’s security.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 03, 2017)
Their reward is one more game against Alabama and a quarterback, Hurts, who will look awfully familiar.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 损害; 使受伤; 使伤心; 使受皮肉之苦
vi. 疼痛; 感到疼痛; 受痛苦; 有坏处，有害
n. 伤害; 痛苦
adj. 受伤的; 痛苦的; （受）损坏的
时态：hurt, hurting, hurts
分布：伤害(65%)，损害(14%)，疼痛(6%)，使疼痛(5%)，创伤(4%)，造成损失(3%)，打击(3%)
→来自中古英语hurten,伤害，弄伤，来自古法语hurter,冲，撞，猛击，最终可能来自kers,跑，冲，词源同current,charge.词义由冲击引申为损害，伤害。
n.伤痛,伤害v.刺痛,伤害;伤...的感情I hurt my tongue when I hurried to eat cherry and strawberry merrily.我匆忙快活地吃樱桃和草莓时伤了舌头.
US [hɝ:t] verb intransitive or transitive (hurt, hurt)
 ESSENTIAL
■to feel pain in a part of your body, or to injure someone or cause them pain （使）感到疼痛；弄伤
• Tell me where it hurts. 告诉我哪里痛。
• My head hurts. 我的头很痛。
• She says that her ear hurts her. 她说她的耳朵很痛。
• Emma hurt her back when she fell off her horse. 艾玛从马上摔下来，背部受了伤。
• Several people were seriously/badly hurt in the explosion. 有好几个人在这次爆炸中受了重伤。
 ESSENTIAL
■to cause emotional pain to someone （在精神上）伤害
• She criticized my writing quite severely and that hurt. 她很严厉地批评我所写的东西，让我很伤心。
• He was badly hurt by the end of his marriage. 婚姻的结束深深地伤害了他。
■to cause harm or difficulty 损害；给…带来困难
• A lot of businesses are being hurt by the current high interest rates. 目前的高利率给很多企业造成不利的影响。
• These allegations have seriously hurt her reputation. 这些指控严重损害了她的名声。
• Hard work never hurt anyone (= does no one any harm). 努力工作绝不会对任何人有害。
• informal One more drink won't hurt (= won't cause any harm). 多喝一杯不会有甚么害处的。
UK [hɜ:t] US [hɝ:t] verb intransitive or transitive (hurt, hurt)
it never hurts to do sth
■it is wise 做…不会有甚么坏处；做…是明智的
• It never hurts to check the flight departure time before you leave for the airport. 在出发到机场前查看一下航班时间有好无坏。
UK [hɜ:t] US [hɝ:t] verb intransitive or transitive (hurt, hurt)
it wouldn't hurt you to do sth informal
■something that you say which means you think someone should do something because they don't often do it 做…不会有甚么坏处；不妨做…
• It wouldn't hurt you to do the ironing for once. 试熨一次衣服不会对你有甚么害处。
UK [hɜ:t] US [hɝ:t] adjective [after verb]
 IMPROVER
■injured or in pain 受伤的；疼痛的
• Let me help you up. Are you hurt? 我扶你起来。你伤到哪里？
• Put that knife away before someone gets hurt. 把那把刀收起来以免伤到人。
 IMPROVER
■upset or unhappy （感情上）受伤的，伤心的
• I feel very hurt by what you said. 你说的话令我很伤心。
• "That was very unkind, " he said in a hurt voice. “那太无情了。”他带着受到伤害的语气说。
UK [hɜ:t] US [hɝ:t] noun [S or U]
■emotional pain （感情上的）伤害，痛苦
• The hurt after a relationship breaks up can be awful. 失恋可能会带来极大的痛苦。
• Her brave smile concealed a deep hurt. 她勇敢的微笑背后隐藏着深深的痛苦。
harm, hurt, damage, disable, injure, wound
这组词都有“损害，伤害”的意思，其区别是：
harm: 主要用于有生命的东西，语气略强于injure，指引起严重的痛苦和损伤；有时也用于抽象事物，指造成任何不良后果。
hurt: 普通用词，较口语化，侧重指给有生命的东西造成机体上或精神、感情上的或轻或重的伤害。
damage: 通常指对无生命物体的损害，并有降低其价值，破坏其功能等的后果。
disable: 强调使伤残。
injure: 较hurt正式，多用于有生命的事物。既可指伤害别人的事物。即可指伤害别人的健康、外貌、自尊心、名誉等，又可指使别人受伤或东西受损，同时含有受伤害部分至少暂时丧失功能的意味。
wound: 专指对身体的重伤，尤指在战斗中受的伤，强调外部创伤；也可指精神方面的伤害。
vt. 使受伤；损害；使疼痛；使痛心
 - wound, blast
vi. 感到疼痛；有坏处；带来痛苦
 - pain
n. 痛苦；危害；痛苦的原因
 - smart, painfulness
adj. 受伤的；痛苦的；受损的
 - injured, painful, wounded, bitter

Word: cult
Front: cult
[kʌlt] (托宝 5245/5396 -2)
Vocabulary: cult
(once / 972 pages)
1n 2n
People argue about whether the major religions of the world are just well-established cults — that, age and size aside, they are no different from any group that follows a spiritual leader.
A cult is group of people defined by a "religious" devotion to something — often a self-appointed leader. Most people view cults as strange and frightening, mostly because cults have, over the years, done some strange and frightening things, including murders and mass suicides. Sometimes, too, you'll see cult used as an adjective to describe something or someone with a small, devoted fan-base. John Water's movies are cult favorites, adored by a select group of film lovers but not by the public at large.
WORD FAMILY
cult: cultism, cults+/cultism: cultist/cultist: cultists
USAGE EXAMPLES
“We want to be the Harlan Estate of the East Coast,” he said, naming one of the priciest cult Cabernets in Napa.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 29, 2016)
The one exception is the movies’ writer, Michael Varrati, who specializes in two very different kinds of cult films—horror movies and Christmas movies.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 27, 2016)
His revival of the work, in 1829, inaugurated the modern cult of Bach.
The New Yorker(Dec 25, 2016)
Back: n. 狂热的崇拜; 宗教信仰; 邪教
adj. 受特定群体欢迎的; 作为偶像崇拜的
分布：个人崇拜(66%)，狂热崇拜(22%)，异教(10%)，宗教膜拜仪式(2%)
→来自kwel,弯，转，耕作，词源同cycle,colony.原指农耕文明靠天吃饭，因而对神灵的无 比虔诚。
崇拜;教派(cult→[对精神的]培养→崇拜,引申为教派)[cult=till,表示"耕种,培养"]
【记】cult读：靠他：这里主要指在心灵上的依靠，法轮功弟子们把他妈（本想用X来代替，不过这种人就该骂！！！！！！）李宏志当作神来狂热崇拜，妄图依靠他获得圆满，但是我们的新一代领导人在我们的国家主席江泽民的带领下……（不贫了！继续！！）
noun
RELIGION 宗教
countable
■a religious group, often living together, whose beliefs are considered extreme or strange by many people 邪教；异教；异端
• Their son ran away from home and joined a religious cult. 他们的儿子离家出走，加入了一个邪教组织。
countable
■a particular system of religious belief 宗教膜拜，宗教信仰
• the Hindu cult of Shiva 印度教湿婆崇拜
[kʌlt] noun
POPULARITY 流行
only singular
■someone or something that has become very popular with a particular group of people 风行；流行；崇拜
• the cult of celebrity 名人崇拜
⇒ See also personality cult
[kʌlt] adjective [before noun]
■liked very much by a particular group of people 热门的；流行的；被视为偶像的
• The singer had a cult following in the 1970's. 这位歌手在20世纪70年代拥有一批狂热的追随者。
• a cult figure/movie 偶像人物／风靡一时的电影
n. 祭仪（尤其指宗教上的）；礼拜；狂热信徒
 - church, exercise, worship

Word: acute
Front: acute
[əˈkju:t] (高研四六托雅宝 5255/3249 -2)
Vocabulary: acute
(once / 339 pages)
1adj 2adj 3adj 4n
Use the adjective acute for when you want to describe something as sharp or extremely serious.
The word acute is one word; it's not two words, nor does it have anything to do with something small, cuddly, and pretty! Acute really means "sharp" or "severe" or "intense" and modifies certain kinds of angles in geometry or describes a certain kind of illness of short duration. The English word apparently entered the language during the sixteenth century from the Latin root acutus, which means "sharp" or "pointed."
WORD FAMILY
acute: acutely, acuteness, acuter, acutes, acutest, subacute+/acuteness: acutenesss
USAGE EXAMPLES
Bill Broeksmit, a behind-the-scenes technician with an acute sense of the rights and wrongs in finance, was not.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
For Tu’ikolovatu, the nostalgia at the Rose Bowl will be particularly acute.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
The shortage will be most acute in Lake Charles, Louisiana, the home to several refineries and petrochemical plants.
Reuters(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 尖的，锐的; 敏锐的，敏感的; 严重的，剧烈的; [医]急性的
级别：acuter, acutest
分布：严重的(34%)，敏锐的(28%)，急性的(19%)，剧烈的(19%)
→来自词根ac 尖。-ute,形容词后缀。
尖锐的,敏锐的[acid,acri,acrid,acu=sour,sharp,表示"尖,酸,锐利"]
a.剧烈的;敏锐的;成锐角的;尖的,高音的I acutely and resolutely refuted the brutal persecution of mute commuter.我尖锐而坚决反驳默默的通勤者的野蛮的迫害.
【反】mild（adj 和缓的；不严重的）
adjective
EXTREME 极度的
■If a bad situation is acute, it causes severe problems or damage 十分严重的
• She felt acute embarrassment/anxiety/concern at his behaviour. 她对他的行为感到极其尴尬／忧虑／担忧。
• The problem of poverty is particularly acute in rural areas. 贫穷问题在农村地区尤为严重。
■An acute pain or illness is one that quickly becomes very severe （病痛）急性的，剧烈的
• acute abdominal pains 剧烈腹痛
• an acute attack of appendicitis 急性盲肠炎发作
[ə'kju:t] adjective
ACCURATE/CLEVER 准确／聪明的
■(of the senses, intelligence, etc.) very good, accurate and able to notice very small differences （感官等）敏锐的，灵敏的；机敏的，有洞察力的
• acute eyesight/hearing 敏锐的视觉／听觉
• an acute sense of smell 灵敏的嗅觉
• a woman of acute intelligence/judgment 机敏聪颖／有敏锐判断力的女性
[ə'kju:t] adjective
ANGLE 角
■describes an angle that is less than 90 degrees 锐角的 Compare obtuse (ANGLE) ; reflex (ANGLE)
sharp, keen, acute, shrewd
这组词都有“锐利的、敏锐的、机敏的”的意思，其区别是：
sharp: 指人头脑精明、敏锐或机警。
keen: 多指对复杂艰深的事物或问题有敏锐的观察和敏捷的理解。
acute: 侧重感觉敏锐，能分辨出一般人难以觉察的细微区别。
shrewd: 指有头脑，善于判断分析，精明过人。
critical, crucial, urgent, acute
这组词都有“严重的，重要的”的意思，其区别是：
critical: a.意为"关键的"，表示处于极度缺乏的状态或事件的转折点，与crucial相似。
 • 与crucial的区别在于它对缺乏的或危急的程度有更准确的衡量；还指"批判性的，分析性的"。
 • It is critical that you study hard for the exam or you will fail it.   为了考好你必须用功学习，则你会不及格的。
crucial: a.意为"决定性的，紧要关头的，至关重要的"，最为笼统，适用于上述两种情况。
 • Improved consumer confidence is crucial to an economic recovery.   消费者信心的增强对经济的复苏是至关重要的。
urgent: a.意为"紧迫的，急迫的，紧要的"，它不强调所指的问题是最重要的，仅强调"紧急的"状态。
 • We have an urgent need for help; we are running out of water.   我们急需要帮助，我们的水就快要用光了。
acute: a.剧烈的，严重的；急性的(病)。
 • An acute lack of food brought hunger to the Iraqi people.   食品严重缺乏，伊拉克人民正在忍饥挨饿。
adj. 严重的， [医] [植] 急性的； [数] [生物] 敏锐的；激烈的；尖声的
 - serious, bad, keen

Word: motel
Front: motel
[məʊˈtel] (研四六雅 5251/16260 -1)
Vocabulary: motel
(once / 5402 pages)
n
A motel is a place you can stay overnight, with plenty of parking and easy access to a highway. Many motels feature rooms with separate entrances that face a large parking lot.
A motel is very much like a hotel — it fact, motels were originally "motor hotels." The first official motel was built in 1925, designed to be an easy, cheap stop on a long car trip. While hotels are often in the middle of cities, motels are usually on a city's outskirts, providing space to park and a quick walk from car to room. The popularity of motels increased through the twentieth century, along with the development of the modern highway system.
WORD FAMILY
motel: motels
USAGE EXAMPLES
Tuseth’s car was found in downtown Mankato, miles from the motel.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
For it was here, at the preserved Lorraine Motel, that Martin Luther King Jr. was shot and killed by James Earl Ray April 4, 1968.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
It may mean living in a place not ordinarily used for regular sleeping accommodations, like a vehicle, park, hotel or motel, or campground.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 汽车旅馆
分布：汽车旅馆(100%)
→来自motor和hotel的合成词。
n.(附有停车场的)汽车旅馆There was no vacancy in the motel.那家汽车旅馆里没有空房.
US [moʊ-] noun countable (US also motor inn/lodge)
■a hotel by the side of a road, usually with spaces for cars next to each room 汽车旅馆
motel, inn, hotel
这组词都有“旅馆，客店”的意思，其区别是：
motel: 系motor hotel的混合缩写词，指美国开设于公路旁，专供驾驶汽车的旅客往宿和有停车场的旅店。
inn: 多指开设于乡间、路边，设备简陋的小旅店。
hotel: 指开设于城镇，有一定设备，可提供食宿的旅馆。

Word: hatred
Front: hatred
[ˈheɪtrɪd] (研四六托 5252/5352 -K2)
Vocabulary: hatred
(once / 235 pages)
n
The noun hatred means to feel a strong emotional dislike toward something or someone. You feel hatred of people who have done terrible things to you, or books about too-perfect teens.
Hatred comes from Old English hete, which means "hate," plus the suffix red (ræden), which means "the condition of." If you find after twenty years of marriage you no longer like your husband, you may be able to work it out. If you feel hatred towards him, your differences may be irreconcilable.
WORD FAMILY
hatred: hatreds, self-hatred
USAGE EXAMPLES
To put it another way, confronted by widespread hatred for “post-democracy”, they doubled-down on the “post’ bit rather than the “democracy” aspect.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
All people with grievances and hatred in their hearts will channel them into strongly worded notes.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
So “populism” is now overwhelmingly used as a euphemism for a style of politics that plays on xenophobia and hatred of expertise.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 仇恨，憎恶; 敌意
分布：仇恨(68%)，憎恨(22%)，敌意(5%)，怨恨(5%)
→hate,厌恶，-red,名词后缀，来自rei,考虑，思考，词源同read,reason,kindred.
n.憎恨,憎恶,怨恨I've hatred for the hateful man's skates bought with prior private privilege.我对那个可恶男子用优先个人特权购买的冰鞋感到厌恶.
【记】hate（v /n 憎恨）
noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■an extremely strong feeling of dislike 憎恨，憎恶
• What is very clear in these letters is Clark's passionate hatred of his father. 这些信非常清楚地表明了克拉克对他父亲的深切痛恨。
• The motive for this shocking attack seems to be racial hatred. 看起来这件令人震惊的攻击事件的动机像是种族仇恨。
n. 憎恨；怨恨；敌意
 - hate, despite, spite

Word: diameter
Front: diameter
[daɪˈæmɪtə(r)] (研四六托雅宝 5253/4613 -2)
Vocabulary: diameter
(once / 389 pages)
n
It's good to know where the diameter of a circular object is if you have to split a cookie between two 5-year-old kids. Think of a round chocolate chip cookie. The diameter of the cookie is a line that divides the cookie into two equal halves, through the center of the cookie.
The diameter of a circle or sphere is a line that passes through the center and starts and ends and two opposite points on its perimeter or edge. The diameter is also the length of that line. In math class, teachers often ask you to use the diameter of a circle to find its area. This is a good skill to have if you are trying to figure out whether the 14 inch or 16 inch pizza is a better deal.
WORD FAMILY
diameter: diameters, diametral, diametric, diametrical, semidiameter+/diametral: diametrally/diametric: diametrically/semidiameter: semidiameters
USAGE EXAMPLES
Their trunks, ten to fifteen feet in diameter, were braced with massive buttresses and knees.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Trees as small as 5 inches in diameter at the top and those damaged by pests and wildfire are prime candidates.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Form the remaining mixture into 12 meatballs, each roughly 2 1/2 inches in diameter.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 直径，直径长; 放大率
分布：直径(100%)
→dia-, 穿过。-meter, 测量。用于数学名词直径。
直径(dia+meter测量→对着测量(圆)直径)[dia-表示"穿过,二者之间"]
直径(dia对面+meter→-量到对面的线→直径)[meter,metr,meas,mens=measure,表示"计量,测量等"]
n.直径The veteran in velvet found that the diameter of the thermometer was one metre.穿天鹅绒的老兵发现温度计的直径为一米.
【记】dia穿过，meter测量－穿过圆心可测量圆的面积的线－直径
US [-ə.tˌɚ] noun countable or uncountable
■(the length of) a straight line that reaches from one point on the edge of a round shape or object, through its centre, to a point on the opposite edge 直径
• The diameter measures twice the radius. 直径是半径的两倍。
• The pond is six feet in diameter. 这个池塘的直径为六英尺。

Word: nursing
Front: nursing
[ˈnɜ:sɪŋ] (高雅 5250/4715)
Back: n. 护理，看护; 养育
v. 护理( nurse的现在分词); 照料; 喂; 吃奶
adj. 领养（孩子）的; 被领养的
分布：护理(99%)，动词nurse的现在分词.(1%)
→来自nurse,护理，看护。
US ['nɝ:-] adjective [before noun]
■describes a woman who is feeding her baby with her own breast milk （女性）哺乳的，喂奶的
• Nursing mothers are advised to eat plenty of leafy green vegetables. 哺乳的母亲应该多吃绿叶蔬菜。
UK ['nɜ:.sɪŋ] US ['nɝ:-] noun uncountable
■the job of being a nurse 看护（工作），护理（工作）
• She studied nursing at Garfield Hospital. 她在加菲尔德医院学习护理。
n. [临床] 护理；看护；养育
 - upbringing, fosterage
v. 看护；养育（nurse的ing形式）
 - fostering, nurturing

Word: predecessor
Front: predecessor
[ˈpri:dɪsesə(r)] (研六托雅宝 5256/4183 -2)
Vocabulary: predecessor
(once / 401 pages)
n
A predecessor is something that came before the current version. The person you replaced at work is your predecessor, just like Pac Man is the predecessor of modern video games.
If you break the word predecessor down to its Latin roots, you get pre, meaning "beforehand," and decessor, which means "retiring officer." So that's how we get to our definition of "someone who has held an office or position before the present holder." But predecessors aren't just found in the business world: these days predecessors include our ancestors, earlier car models, and all kinds of other forerunners.
WORD FAMILY
predecessor: predecessors
USAGE EXAMPLES
Constellation, as it was called, was designed for America’s space goals under Obama’s predecessor, former President George W. Bush.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Adaptable, consensual, affable, intellectual, Guterres is perhaps better qualified than any of his nine predecessors for the world’s most demanding job.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Metro’s sleek new stainless steel rail cars are noticeably different from their clanking aluminum predecessors: They’re shiny, brightly lighted, far more modern.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 前任，前辈; 原有事物，前身; <古>祖先
分布：前任(93%)，祖先(4%)，原有事物(3%)
→pre-,在前，早于，de-,从，离开，-cess,走，词源同access.即先行者，前任。
n.前辈,前任Our new doctor is much younger than his predecessor.我们的新医生比他的前任年轻多了.
【记】pre前，de，cess走，or人：在前面走的人－前辈
US ['pred.ə.ses.ɚ] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■someone who had a job or a position before someone else, or something which comes before another thing in time or in a series 前任，前辈；原有事物，前身
• My predecessor worked in this job for twelve years. 我的前任做这份工作做了12年。
• The latest Ferrari is not only faster than its predecessors but also more comfortable. 最新款的法拉利赛车不仅比旧款的更快，而且更舒适。
n. 前任，前辈
 - father, grand old man

Word: induce
Front: induce
[ɪnˈdju:s] (研六托雅宝 5257/3326 -2)
Vocabulary: induce
(once / 135 pages)
1v 2v
To induce is to move or lead someone to action. A promise of a lollipop can induce a toddler to do just about anything, even sit down and be polite to Aunt Edna. Older kids need something more substantial.
Some people believe that if you offer someone a large enough sum of money, you could induce them to do almost anything. But a movie heroine might say to the villain, "Nothing could induce me to marry you. Not all the money in the world. Not if you were the last man on Earth!" Induce also means to stimulate the occurrence of something, such as medications used to induce vomiting, or to induce a pregnant woman to go into labor.
WORD FAMILY
induce: induced, inducement, inducer, induces, inducing, inducive+/induced: self-induced/ inducement: inducements/inducer: inducers
USAGE EXAMPLES
The 42-year-old pizzeria owner strolled along Route 9 for 10 minutes on Labor Day, inducing hilarity and horror in pedestrians and motorists.
Washington Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Christopher Tester, from Torquay, is in an induced coma on the Caribbean island after he was attacked at his parents' restaurant on Christmas Day night.
BBC(Dec 27, 2016)
Bart pulled through heart surgery, but he was placed in an induced coma and never woke up.
Seattle Times(Dec 26, 2016)
Back: vt. 引诱; 引起; [电]感应; 归纳
时态：induced, inducing, induces
分布：引起(71%)，引诱(18%)，促使(9%)，劝服(2%)
→in-,进入，使，-duc,引导，引领，词源同conduct,deduct.引申词义引导，引进，诱使。
劝诱,诱导(in进入+duce_引进去→诱导)[duc,duct=lead,bring,表示"引导,带来"]
v.引诱,劝使;引起,导致;感应It's deduced that the induced fluctuation does no good to the reproducing productivity.据推断,诱导波动对复制生产率没有好处.
US [-'du:s] formal
verb
PERSUADE 诱使
[T + obj + to infinitive]
■to persuade someone to do something 诱使；劝说
• They induced her to take the job by promising editorial freedom. 他们向她保证有编辑自由，以劝服她接受这项工作。
• Nothing could induce me (= I definitely cannot be persuaded) to climb a mountain/ride a bike. 没有甚么能诱使我去爬山／骑脚踏车的。
UK [ɪn'dju:s] US [-'du:s] formal
verb
CAUSE 导致
transitive
■to cause something to happen 导致
• Pills for seasickness often induce drowsiness. 晕船药经常会令人昏昏欲睡。
transitive
■to cause a pregnant woman to give birth to her baby earlier than she would naturally, or cause a baby to be born earlier than it would be naturally 给…催生；给…引产
• In this hospital, twins are often induced. 在这家医院生育双胞胎常常要催生的。
induce, deduce, reduce
这是一组形近易混词。
induce: v.引诱，劝；引起，导致。
 • We couldn't induce the old lady to travel by air.   我们无法劝说那位老太太坐飞机去。
deduce: v.推断，推理，演绎。
 • My friend becomes quiet when his girlfriend is angry with him; today he is quiet and so I deduce she is angry.   我的朋友在他的女朋友生他的气的时候就会变得沉默，今天他很沉默，所以我推断她生气了。
reduce: v.减轻，减小；降低。
 • He reduced his weight by 20 pounds by eating less and exercising.   他通过节食和运动，体重减轻了20磅。
tempt, induce
tempt: 诱使（做坏事），贬义
induce: 诱导，引导，中性词；
coax, urge, persuade, induce, counsel, convince
这组词都有“劝说，劝导，劝诱”的意思，其区别是：
coax: 指用好话善意或耐心劝诱、哄骗某人做某事。
urge: 语气强，指不断地热情地规劝诱导。
persuade: 普通用词，指通过劝说、感情交流等而使对方做劝说者所希望的事。
induce: 指用讲道理来使某人做某事。
counsel: 较正式用词，指对一些较重大事情所提出的劝告。有时也用于非正式场合，但仍强调严肃的一面。
convince: 指凭行动、事实或言语使他人从思想感情上信服。
vt. 诱导；引起；引诱；感应
 - attract, produce, cause, operate, occasion

Word: enlist
Front: enlist
[ɪnˈlɪst] (研托宝 5254/8582 -1)
Vocabulary: enlist
(once / 431 pages)
v
To enlist is to voluntarily join the military. You may have seen television commercials or posters encouraging people to enlist.
There are various ways people end up in the military. Sometimes there's a draft, which selects people whether they want to go or not. Sometimes people enlist, which means they sign up on their own. Enlisting also refers to recruiting or hiring people for some purpose or organization. If you are moving, you might try to enlist your friends to help — good luck with that.
WORD FAMILY
enlist: enlisted, enlistee, enlisting, enlistment, enlists+/delist: delisted, delisting/enlistee: enlistees/enlisting: enlistings/enlistment: enlistments, reenlistment/ list: delist, enlist, listed, lister, listing, listless, lists/listed: unlisted/lister: listers/ listing: listings/ listless: listlessly, listlessness/reenlistment: reenlistments
USAGE EXAMPLES
As he gravitates to skateboarding and Iggy Pop, she enlists two much younger women to help teach him how to be a good man.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
He enlisted in the Army in 2001 after two years at the University of Arkansas at Little Rock.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Weaver enlisted in the Pennsylvania State Police in December 2015 and was assigned to the Patrol Unit in Troop G in Huntingdon.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 征募; 赢得…的支持或合作; 赞助
vi. 应募，入伍; 积极参与
时态：enlisted, enlisting, enlists
分布：入伍(37%)，征募(31%)，使入伍(16%)，参与(12%)，获得...支持(4%)
→en-, 进入，使。list，清单，列表。
【记】en进入，list（n 名单）－进入（军队或公司的）名单－入伍；
【参】induction（n 征兵；引导）
verb
JOIN 加入
intransitive
■to join the armed forces 从军，入伍
• They both enlisted (in the navy) a year before the war broke out. 他们两个人都是在战争爆发前一年入伍（加入海军）的。
[ɪn'lɪst] verb
ASK FOR HELP 请求帮助
transitive slightly formal
■to ask for and get help or support from someone 争取，谋取（帮助或支援 ）
• We've got to enlist some people to help prepare the food. 我们得请些人来帮忙做饭。
• The organization has enlisted the support of many famous people in raising money to help homeless children. 这个组织募款帮助无家可归的儿童的活动已经得到了很多名人的支持。
vi. 支持；从军；应募；赞助
 - support of, stand up for sb
vt. 使入伍；征募；谋取…的赞助或帮助
 - recruit

Word: disclosure
Front: disclosure
[dɪsˈkləʊʒə(r)] (5260/5162)
Vocabulary: disclosure
(once / 512 pages)
n
If you make a disclosure, you reveal information not previously known — either because it's new information or because it's been kept secret. Disclosure of new evidence at a trial could reveal that the accused is innocent of the crime.
The noun disclosure derives from the Old French word desclos, meaning "open, exposed, plain, explicit." If you make a disclosure, you put something out in the open, usually information that was formally secret. After the disclosure of your huge credit card debt, your parents might make you get a job. The disclosure that nicotine is really addictive has motivated many people to quit smoking. The disclosure of one coworker's salary to another could lead to bitter jealousy.
WORD FAMILY
disclosure: disclosures+/ disclose: disclosed, discloses, disclosing, disclosure /disclosed: undisclosed
USAGE EXAMPLES
“It’s just more transparency, full disclosure, let the parent become involved in the decision-making.”
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
This disclosure filled in a crucial piece of the puzzle.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 31, 2016)
I won’t disclosure their unusual powers, but they are worth the price of admission.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. （发明等的）公开; 泄露，揭露; 开诚布公的话; 被公开的事情，被披露的秘闻
分布：公开(76%)，揭发(12%)，透露(12%)
US [-'skloʊ.ʒɚ] formal
noun countable or uncountable
■the act of making something known or the fact that is made known 公开；被公布的事实
• Any public disclosure of this information would be very damaging to the company. 公开这资料将对公司非常不利。
• The newspaper made damaging disclosures of management incompetence. 报纸对管理不力进行了无情的曝光。
n. [审计] 披露； [法] 揭发；被揭发出来的事情
 - lay bare, showup

Word: juvenile
Front: juvenile
[ˈdʒu:vənaɪl] (研托雅宝 5261/7801 -2)
Vocabulary: juvenile
(once / 1189 pages)
adjn
If you're being juvenile, you're not acting your age. Unless of course you are a juvenile. In which case, carry on.
While the noun juvenile refers to someone not physically or emotionally mature, the word is often used as an adjective to refer to anything specifically for young people, such as juvenile reading materials or movies. It can be derisive, as in "Don't act so juvenile," suggesting a silliness unbecoming an adult. The word comes from the Latin juvenīlis, meaning "youthful" — similar, but much more flattering.
WORD FAMILY
juvenile: juvenilely, juveniles, juvenility+/juvenility: juvenilities
USAGE EXAMPLES
Authorities say police arrested the juvenile male on suspicion of murder and other charges.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Most involved state wards in foster homes, adoptive homes, state-licensed residential care facilities and the juvenile probation system.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
A juvenile relative was arrested in the killing of a 74-year-old Keno woman early Saturday.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 少年的; 幼稚的，年少无知的; 幼稚的
n. 青少年; 扮演少年角色的演员; 少年读物; 羽毛未丰的鸟，雏鸟
分布：青少年(80%)，青少年的(9%)，幼稚的(9%)，青少年读物(1%)，幼雏(1%)
→来自拉丁语iuvenis,青少年，青年，来自yeu,生命力，年青的活力，词源同eon,young,junior.
青少年的;幼稚的(juven+ile)[juven=young,表示"年轻"]
青少年的(juven年轻+ile)[-ile 1.表形容词"…的"2.表名词"物体"]
n.青少年,少年读物a.青少年的,幼稚的He shows a juvenile appearance.他显出一个少年的外貌.
【记】读：猪吻nile，接吻时的嘴形象猪一样，因为还没有成熟，是青少年的。
【参】rejuvenate（v 使年轻；返老还童）
US [-nəl] adjective formal or legal
■relating to a young person who is not yet old enough to be considered an adult 青少年的
• juvenile crime/offenders 青少年犯罪／少年罪犯
■disapproving
■silly and typical of a child 幼稚的，不成熟的
• juvenile behaviour 幼稚的行为
• a juvenile sense of humour 带稚气的幽默感
UK ['dʒu:.vən.aɪl] US [-nəl] noun countable
■a young person 少年
adolescent, youthful, juvenile, young
这组词都有“年轻的，年幼的”的意思，其区别是：
adolescent: 指13至16岁左右处于青春期的人，尚不成熟。
youthful: 褒义或贬义均可用。指具有青年人的外貌或年轻人应具有的品格。
juvenile: 较正式用词，一般12岁以下的少年，着重其生理和智力上的不成熟。
young: 强调年龄小，处于生长的前期。
adolescent, teenager, youth, juvenile
这组词都有“年轻人，青少年”的意思，其区别是：
adolescent: 比teenager正式，侧重年龄。
teenager: 主要指13岁到19岁之间的青少年，强调这个年龄段的人的本身特点。
youth: 现在几乎专指男青年，尤指10多岁到20多一点的男青年，但作为集合名时间男女青年都可指。
juvenile: 指青少年，系法律上的常用词。
adj. 青少年的；幼稚的
 - tender, teen-age
n. 青少年；少年读物
 - youths, teener

Word: fan
Front: fan
[fæn] (中高研四六 1208/1905 -K4)
Vocabulary: fan
(once / 126 pages)
1nv 2n 3v 4v
A fan cools you by moving the air around you. During the warmest weeks of the summer, it's easier to sleep if you have a fan in your bedroom.
Some fans are electric: you plug them in and a large blade turns fast and blows air around the room. Hand fans are small enough to hold, and as you wave them back and forth, they send puffs of air over your hot face. To do this is to fan yourself. A completely different fan is the one who follows a sports team or a rock band devotedly: "The fans jumped to their feet and cheered."
WORD FAMILY
fan: fandom, fanlike, fanned, fanning, fans+/ fandom: fandoms
USAGE EXAMPLES
However, it is estimated that if YouTube was included, the figure for streams accessed by music fans in the UK would double.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
These days Miss Cartwright spends some of her time doing sci-fi autograph conventions, where she meets fans from around the world.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
I found it odd in the heart of Buffalo Bills country to encounter another Seahawks fan.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 扇子，风扇; 迷，粉丝; 扇形物; 扬谷机
vt. 扇动; 吹拂，扬去
vi. 成扇形
时态：fanned, fanning, fans
分布：扇(45%)，风扇(24%)，迷(17%)，扇子(8%)，煽动(2%)，扇形物(1%)，狂热爱好者(1%)，成扇形(1%)，展开扇形(1%)
→来自we, 吹，拟声词，词源同wind.fan 狂热者，粉丝
n.扇子,风扇;(影,球等)迷v.扇,扇动,激起The astronaut, an astronomy fan, is astonished at the gymnastics show in the gymnasium.宇航员(一位天文学迷)对体育馆里的体操表演感到惊骇.
noun countable
PERSON 人
 ESSENTIAL
■someone who admires and supports a person, sport, sports team, etc 迷；狂热爱好者；热烈崇拜者
• More than 15, 000 Liverpool fans attended Saturday's game. 超过15 000名利物浦队球迷周六到现场观看了比赛。
• He's a big fan of country music. 他是个超级乡村音乐迷。
• I'm pleased to meet you - I'm a great fan of your work. 很高兴见到您——我非常喜欢您的作品。
[fæn] noun countable
OBJECT/PIECE OF EQUIPMENT 物品／器材
■a device that is used to move the air around, either an object made of folded paper or other material that you wave with your hand, or an electric device with wide blades that spin round 扇子；电风扇
• There was no air conditioning, just a ceiling fan turning slowly. 没有空调，只有一个屋顶吊扇在缓慢转动。
[fæn] verb transitive (-nn-)
AIR 空气
■to wave a fan, or something that acts as a fan, in front of your face 扇（风）
• [R] It was so hot in the car that I tried to fan myself with the road map. 车里太热，我试着用地图给自己扇凉。
• She sat down and began fanning her face. 她坐下来，开始向着脸部扇凉。
■to blow air at a fire to make it burn more strongly 扇，吹（使火更旺）
[fæn] verb transitive (-nn-)
MAKE WORSE 使恶化 literary
■to encourage bad emotions or behaviour to get worse 煽动；激起
• to fan the violence/hatred 煽动暴力／激起仇恨
• The newspapers deliberately fanned the public's fears of losing their jobs. 报纸故意煽动公众对失业的恐惧心理。
[fæn] verb transitive (-nn-)
fan the flames
■to make a dangerous or unpleasant mood or situation worse 煽风点火，蛊惑人心
• His speeches fanned the flames of racial tension. 他的演说激化了种族间的紧张关系。
[fæn] verb transitive (-nn-)
  Phrasal Verbs  fan out
■If a group of people fan out, they move in different directions from a single point. 成扇形散开
vt. 煽动；刺激；吹拂
 - stimulate, egg
vi. 成扇形散开；飘动
 - float, flutter
n. 迷； [电] 风扇；爱好者
 - lover, aficionado

Word: open
Front: open
[ˈəʊpən] (中高 355/403 -K5)
Vocabulary: open
(once / 11 pages)
1adjvn 2adjvn 3adj
Something that's open allows you to move or see through it, like an open window or an open gate.
The adjective open describes something that's not closed or blocked up, like open curtains that provide a view of the garden outside. Open can also refer to something that's unfastened or parted — an open jar of peanut butter, an open eye, or an open book. Things that are vulnerable, straightforward, or uncovered are also open, and if you are open to suggestions, it means you are willing to consider new ideas.
WORD FAMILY
open: opened, opener, openest, opening, openingly, openly, openness, opens, reopen, unopen+/opened: unopened/opener: openers/ opening: nonopening, openings/openness: opennesses/reopen: reopened, reopening, reopens
USAGE EXAMPLES
It’s unclear how much the contract will be worth once the golf course opens and starts operating.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Whether city dwellers will be as enthusiastic as their leaders is open to question.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Giants at Packers: Perhaps the two most formidable challengers to the Cowboys in the NFC meet in the opening round.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 敞开的，开着的; 公开的，公共的; 坦率的; 有议论余地的
vt. & vi. （打）开; 开始; 睁开; 启动
n. 户外，野外; 空旷; 公开
vi. 使打开; 展示，显现
vt. 张开; 开放; 开张营业; 为（建筑物）揭幕
时态：opened, opening, opens
分布：打开(58%)，公开(11%)，开放的(7%)，开着的(5%)，户外(4%)，营业(4%)，公开的(4%)，张开(3%)，展开(3%)，开张(1%)
→来自古英语open,打开，升起，来自Proto-Germanic*upana,向上，竖立，来自upo,向上，词源同up,over.
n.公开,户外a.开的,开放的v.开With one penny I had this peculiar pen opened.我花了一便士让人把这支奇特的钢笔打开了.
US ['oʊ-] adjective
NOT CLOSED 未关的
 ESSENTIAL
■not closed or fastened 开着的，未关的
• an open door/window 开着的门／窗
• An open suitcase lay on her bed. 一个打开的手提箱摆在她的床上。
• You left the packet open. 你没把包装袋口封上。
• Someone had left the window wide (= completely) open. 有人把窗户敞开着。
• He had several nasty open wounds (= those which had not begun to heal). 他有几处严重的未愈合的伤口。
UK ['əʊ.pən] US ['oʊ-] adjective
READY 准备好的
 ESSENTIAL [after verb]
■ready to be used or ready to provide a service 可用的；开放的；营业的
• The supermarket is open till 8.00 p.m. 这家超市一直营业到晚上8时。
• The road is open now, but it is often blocked by snow in the winter. 这条路现在可以通行，不过在冬天常被雪封住。
• The new hospital was declared open by the mayor. 市长宣布新医院开始启用。
UK ['əʊ.pən] US ['oʊ-] adjective
NOT ENCLOSED 未围起来的
 IMPROVER
■not closed in or covered 没有围上的，敞开的；开阔的；无遮盖的
• From the garden there was a marvellous view over open countryside. 从花园望去，可以看到一片开阔的乡村美景。
• It's not a good idea to camp in the middle of an open field (= one which is not covered with trees, bushes, etc.). 在旷野之中宿营可不是个好主意。
• The survivors were adrift on the open sea (= far from land). 幸存者在外海漂流。
UK ['əʊ.pən] US ['oʊ-] adjective
COMPUTER 电脑
 IMPROVER
■If a computer document or program is open, it is ready to be read or used （电脑档或程式）打开的，已启动的
• Make sure the file you're copying to is open before you click 'Paste'. 在点击“贴上”时，一定要先打开你要复制到的文件夹。
UK ['əʊ.pən] US ['oʊ-] adjective
AVAILABLE 可用的
 IMPROVER [after verb]
■available; not limited 可利用的；可得到的；没有限制的
• There are still several possibilities open to you. 你还有几个不同的选择。
• The competition is open to anyone over the age of sixteen. 16岁以上的人都可以参加这场竞赛。
• Is the library open to the general public? 这座图书馆向公众开放吗？
• Their whole attitude to these negotiations is open to criticism (= can be criticized). 他们对这些谈判的整个态度应该受到批评。
• I'd like to think I'm open to (= willing to consider) any reasonable suggestion. 我认为自己是愿意接受任何合理的建议。
• An accident would lay the whole issue of safety open (= cause it to be considered). 一宗事故会使整个安全问题凸显出来。
UK ['əʊ.pən] US ['oʊ-] adjective
NOT SECRET 不保密的
 ADVANCED
■not secret 不保密的；公开的；毫不掩饰的
• There has been open hostility between them ever since they had that argument last summer. 他们自从去年夏天争吵后，就一直处于公开的敌对状态。
 ADVANCED
■honest and not secretive 坦诚的；坦率的；毫不隐讳的
• He's quite open about his weaknesses. 他对自己的弱点毫不隐瞒。
• I wish you'd be more open with me, and tell me what you're feeling. 我希望你对我坦诚一点，把你的感受告诉我。
• She has an honest, open face. 她有一张真诚坦率的面孔。
UK ['əʊ.pən] US ['oʊ-] adjective
NOT DECIDED 未决定的
■not decided or certain 尚未决定的，正在考虑中的；不确定的
• We don't have to make a firm decision yet. Let's leave it open. 我们还不必作出明确的决定，先考虑考虑吧。
• We can leave our offer open for another week, but we must have your decision by then. 我们可以再给你一周时间考虑我们的出价，不过到时候我们必须知道你的决定。
• I want to keep my options open, so I'm not committing myself yet. 我想保留我的选择权，所以暂且不作决定。
UK ['əʊ.pən] US ['oʊ-] adjective
greet / welcome sb with open arms
■to show someone that you are very pleased to see them 张开双臂迎接（某人），热情地欢迎（某人）
UK ['əʊ.pən] US ['oʊ-] verb
BEGIN 开始
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to (cause to) begin （使）开始
• I would like to open my talk by giving a brief background to the subject. 正式开始讲话之前，我想先简短介绍一下这个问题的来龙去脉。
• I'm going to open an account with another bank. 我打算在另一家银行开一个帐户。
• The Olympic Games open tomorrow. 奥运会明天开幕。
• A new radio station is due to open (up) next month. 一家新电台预定下个月开播。
• The film opens (= will be shown for the first time) in New York and Los Angeles next week. 这部电影下周将在纽约和洛杉矶开始上映。
UK ['əʊ.pən] US ['oʊ-] verb
NOT CLOSED 未关的
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to move something to a position that is not closed, or to make something change to a position that is not closed 开；开放；打开
• Could you open the window, please? 请打开窗户好吗？
• You can open your eyes now - here's your present. 你现在可以睁开眼睛了——这是你的礼物。
• The flowers open (out) in the morning but close again in the afternoon. 这种花早上开，但是到了下午又会合拢。
• From the kitchen there is a door which opens (out) into/onto the garden. 有一道门从厨房通向花园。
• informal "Open up (= Open the door) - it's the police!" shouted the police officer, banging on the door. “开门——员警！”员警一边猛敲门一边喊道。
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to remove or separate part of a container or parcel so that you can see or use what it contains 开，开启，打开，揭开（包装或容器）
• Don't open a new bottle just for me. 不要为我一个人新开一瓶酒。
• I couldn't wait to open the letter. 我迫不及待要把信拆开。
UK ['əʊ.pən] US ['oʊ-] verb
READY 准备好的
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■If a shop or office opens at a particular time of day, it starts to do business at that time 开门，开始营业；开始办公
• The café opens at ten o'clock. 这家咖啡馆10时开门。
• He opens (up) his café (= makes it ready to provide a service) at ten o'clock. 他的咖啡馆10时开始营业。
 IMPROVER transitive
■If someone, usually someone important, opens a building or place or event, they officially state that it is ready to be used or to start operating （通常指要人）宣布开业，宣布投入运营，为…揭幕
• The new hospital will be officially opened by the mayor on Tuesday. 这家新医院将在星期二由市长正式宣布投入使用。
  Common Learner Errors  opened or open? Warning: do not confuse the past tense of the verb 'open', opened , with the adjective open :
✗ The supermarket is opened until 9pm on Thursday. The supermarket is open until 9pm on Thursday.
UK ['əʊ.pən] US ['oʊ-] verb
AVAILABLE 可用的
 IMPROVER transitive
■to make something available 提供；使有…；开放，取消限制
• This research opens (up) the possibility of being able to find a cure for the disease. 这项研究为找到医治这种疾病的方法带来希望。
• The country is planning to open (up) its economy to foreign investment. 该国正计划开放经济，欢迎外国投资。
UK ['əʊ.pən] US ['oʊ-] verb
COMPUTER 电脑
transitive
■If you open a computer document or program, you make it ready to read or use 打开，启动（电脑档或程式）
• To open a new document, click 'File', then click 'New'. 建立新文件时，先点击“文件夹”，然后再点击“新增”。
• Click the desktop icon to open the Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary. 点击桌面图标，打开《剑桥高阶学习词典》。
UK ['əʊ.pən] US ['oʊ-] verb
the Earth/ground/floor opens
■People say that they wish the Earth/floor/ground would open (up) if they are so embarrassed that they want suddenly to disappear （指尴尬得希望）地面裂开（使自己消失）
• At that moment the boss walked in and I just wanted the ground to open up and swallow me. 正在那时老板走了进来，我只希望地上裂条缝让我钻进去。
UK ['əʊ.pən] US ['oʊ-] verb
open sb's eyes
■to make someone realise something surprising or shocking, which they had not known about or understood before 使（某人）认清，使（某人）了解
• She really opened my eyes to how stupid I'd been. 她确实使我看清了自己过去多愚蠢。
UK ['əʊ.pən] US ['oʊ-] verb
open your heart to someone
■to tell someone about your problems and secrets 向（某人）敞开心扉
• She's very understanding - you feel you can really open your heart to her. 她十分善解人意——令你觉得确实可以向她敞开心扉。
UK ['əʊ.pən] US ['oʊ-] verb
open your mouth
■to speak or start to speak 开口，开始说话
• Don't look at me - I never opened my mouth. 别看着我——我一直就没开口。
UK ['əʊ.pən] US ['oʊ-] verb
open the door to sth
■to allow something new to start 为（新事物）敞开大门，为（新事物）铺平道路
• The ceasefire has opened the door to talks between the two sides. 停火为双方的谈判打开了大门。
UK ['əʊ.pən] US ['oʊ-] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  open sth out/up
■to make a space larger or less closed in 扩展，拓展；打开，开通 open 1 1. We're going to open up our kitchen by knocking down a couple of walls.
我们打算拆除几面墙，把厨房打通。
UK ['əʊ.pən] US ['oʊ-] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] open (sth) up
■to open the lock on the door of a building 打开（建筑物的门）
• The caretaker opens up the school every morning at seven. 看门人每天早晨七时开学校大门。
UK ['əʊ.pən] US ['oʊ-] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] open sth up
SITUATION
■to improve a situation by making it less limited 减少对…的限制
• The government has announced plans to open up access to higher education. 政府宣布了增加人们接受高等教育机会的计划。
SHOW
■to show something that was hidden or not previously known 公开；使…公之于众
• The security council debate could open up sharp differences between the countries. 安全委员会的辩论可能会公开两国之间的尖锐分歧。
UK ['əʊ.pən] US ['oʊ-] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  open sb up informal
■to do a medical operation on someone to see inside their body 给（某人）动手术，给（某人）开刀
• When they opened her up, they couldn't find anything wrong with her. 他们给她开刀之后，查不出她有甚么毛病。
UK ['əʊ.pən] US ['oʊ-] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  open up
■to start to talk more about yourself and your feelings 倾吐心声；打开心扉
• I've never opened up to anyone like I do to you. 我从没有像对你一样，对任何人诉说过心事。
UK ['əʊ.pən] US ['oʊ-] noun only singular
NOT ENCLOSED 未围起来的
the open
■somewhere outside, rather than in a building 室外，户外；露天；野外
• It's good to be (out) in the open after being cooped up in an office all day. 在办公室里关了一整天后，来到户外感觉真好。
UK ['əʊ.pən] US ['oʊ-] noun only singular
NOT SECRET 不保密的
bring sth out into the open
■to tell people information that was secret 公开（秘密）； 把…公之于众
• It's time this issue was brought out into the open. 是该把这件事公开的时候了。
open, frank, sincere, blunt, honest, plain, straightforward
这组词都有“坦率，诚实”的意思，其区别是：
open: 指不隐瞒自己的秘密，愿意向他人表露自己或公开暴露自己的缺点。
frank: 强调毫无保留地畅所欲言，不受任何约束。
sincere: 侧重指一个人出自内心地对某人某事表示一种诚意。
blunt: 指讲话坦白直率、不客气，但隐含不得体、不顾及他人感情等意味。
honest: 指遵守正直等道德准则。
plain: 指直言不讳，毫不做作或故弄玄虚。
straightforward: 多用于答复、叙述等场合。指直截了当，不回避，或故弄玄虚。
open, blank, vacant, hollow, empty
这组词都有“空的”的意思，其区别是：
open: 指未被占有，从而可被别人得到的。
blank: 指上面没有写字、印刷或做记号的空白表面，或指上面留着准备被填写的空白处。
vacant: 普通用词，侧重某物或某个位置没有被占用。
hollow: 指物体中间是空的。
empty: 指空无一人或一物，或空洞无意义的。
open, unfold
这组词都有“打开”的意思，其区别是：
open: 普通用词，指把原来关起来或盖紧的东西打开。
unfold: 主要指把原来包好、卷好或叠好的东西再打开。
adj. [电] 公开的；敞开的；空旷的；坦率的；营业着的
 - honest, transparent
vi. 开始；展现
 - proceed, lie
vt. 公开；打开
 - crack, disclose
n. 公开；空旷；户外
 - publicity, daylight

Word: gown
Front: gown
[gaʊn] (高研四六雅 5262/5811 -2)
Vocabulary: gown
(once / 274 pages)
1nv 2n
A gown is a formal dress. When your date to a party or dance is wearing a tuxedo, you'll probably want to wear a gown.
There are many different kinds of gowns, including ball gowns, wedding gowns, and evening gowns. All of them are worn primarily by women on formal occasions. It was once common to call any one-piece woman's garment a gown, while now it's more often called a dress. The source of gown is the Old French goune, "robe, coat, or down," with the Latin root gunna, "hide or skin."
WORD FAMILY
gown: gowned, gowning, gowns
USAGE EXAMPLES
I shiver in my paper gown, sitting near a table with glossy magazines.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Floral patterns abound, on stunning floor-length gowns and crisp suit jackets.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The lush green gown she wore in the Pablo Casals concert scene was certainly beautiful.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 长袍，长外衣; 女长服; 罩袍; 大学的学生和教师
vt. &vi. 穿长袍
时态：gowned, gowning, gowns
分布：长袍(82%)，长外衣(18%)
→来自拉丁语gunna, 皮衣，衣服。
n.长袍,特殊场合穿的长服The doctor in the hospital wore a gown.医院里的医生穿一件大褂.
noun countable
■a woman's dress, especially a long one worn on formal occasions, or a long loose piece of clothing worn over other clothes for a particular purpose （尤指正式场合穿的）女式礼服；（特定场合穿的）长袍，罩衣，长外衣
• a ball gown 舞会礼服
• a hospital gown 病号袍
uniform, clothing, clothes, dress, garment, suit, costume, gown, robe, coat
这组词都有“衣服、服装”的意思，其区别是：
uniform: 指某团体或组织统一做的制服，如军服、校服等。
clothing: 常用词，集合名词，是衣服的总称。
clothes: 普通用词，多指包括上衣、内衣或裤子等具体的一件件衣服。
dress: 多指正式场合或为某些特定用途而穿的服装，也指童装或女性穿的连衣裙。
garment: 语气庄重，正式用词，复数形式可与clothes换用，指身上全部穿着。单数形式指单件衣服，尤指长袍、外套等外面的衣服。
suit: 指一套服装，一般有几件配成一套的套装。
costume: 指流行某一地区或某一时代的服装，也指演员的戏装。
gown: 指女人穿的长服，尤指教士、法官、教授等的礼服或妇女的睡衣等，也指长袍。
robe: 指长袍，也指浴衣、晨衣。
coat: 指上衣、外衣、大衣、外套及女式上装。
n. 长袍，长外衣；礼服；睡袍；法衣
 - cope, robe

Word: notably
Front: notably
[ˈnəʊtəbli] (托 5265/3156 -2)
Vocabulary: notably
(once / 716 pages)
adv
The word notably singles people and things out as special. A notably brilliant scientist is especially brilliant, so you might want to take notes when she speaks!
Things that are described as notably are remarkable or striking in some way. A notably excellent painter is a great painter. A notably mean professor is one students will want to avoid, because that professor is really mean. A notably fast car is especially fast. This word is a type of intensifier, a notably strong intensifier.
WORD FAMILY
notable: notability, notables, notably +/notability: notabilities/ note: notable, noted, notes, noting/ noted: notedest, notedly, unnoted
USAGE EXAMPLES
More notably, 2017 is the smallest whole number whose cube root begins with ten distinct digits:
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
He views the term as pejorative, and he is notably skeptical about the value of psychiatric diagnosis in voice-hearing cases:
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Notably, Dortmund and Klimt were handed off Sunday to Art Sherman, trainer of California Chrome, Arrogate’s chief adversary for top horse honors.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adv. “notable“的派生; 显著地; 尤其
分布：显著地(50%)，特别地(40%)，值得注意地(10%)
US ['noʊ.tˌə-] adverb
 ADVANCED
■especially or most importantly 格外地，特别地
• They have begun attracting investors, most notably big Japanese financial houses. 他们开始吸引投资者，特别是日本大型金融会社。
■to an important degree, or in a way which can or should be noticed 明显地；显然；值得注意地
• The newspapers are notably biased. 报纸显然有所偏袒。
adv. 显著地；尤其
 - especially, remarkably, prominently

Word: usual
Front: usual
[ˈju:ʒuəl] (中高研四六雅 2360/1473 -K4)
Back: adj. 通常的，常有的，常见的; 平常的，普通的; 平时的，平日的; 一向的，老是那一套的
分布：通常的(81%)，惯常的(14%)，惯例的(5%)
→来自use,使用，引申义平常的。
通常的,常用的[us,ut=use,表示"用"]
a.通常的,平常的They are going fishing at the usual time.他们在老时间去钓鱼.
adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■normal; happening, done or used most often 通常的；惯常的
• I went to bed at my usual time. 我和平常一样准时上床睡觉。
• There was more rainfall than usual this summer in the mountain areas. 山区今年夏天的降雨量比往年多。
• You'll find the cutlery in its usual place. 你可以在平常放食具的地方找到刀叉食具。
• Terry was, as usual, slow to respond. 泰瑞一向反应迟钝。
• This shop is open for business as usual despite the shortages. 尽管商品短缺，这家店还是照常营业了。
['ju:.ʒu.əl] noun only singular informal
■Someone's usual is the drink, especially an alcoholic one, which they most often have, for example when they are in a bar 常喝的饮料（尤指酒）
• A gin and tonic for my dad, and I'll have the/my usual. 给我爸来杯加琴通宁鸡尾酒，我还是照旧。
usual, common, universal, general, average
这组词都有“普通”的意思，其区别是：
usual: a.通常的，惯常的，强调"习惯性的，符合规章制度的"，是个一般用语。
common: a.常见的，普通的，不足为奇的，有时引申为"平凡的"，强调事物的共同性。另外，它还有"公共的，共同的"之意。
 • Car accidents are a common occurrence.   交通事故是很普通的事件。
universal: a.普遍的，比general语气更强，有"全然没有例外"的意思。
 • Poverty is a universal problem all over the world.   贫困是世界各地普遍存在的问题。
general: a.普通的，一般的，表示涉及到各方面，强调整体性而非个别和例外，该词的反义词为particular。
 • In general, the economy is doing well now.   总的来说，现在的经济形式还不错。
average: a.普通的，一般的，它强调的是一般水准或普通水准；通常在有数字出现的情况下，表示"平均的"。
 • The average runner can run 2 miles in fifteen minutes.   跑步者15分钟内平均跑两英里。
usual, ordinary, common, popular, normal, universal, general
usual: 平常的，惯常的
ordinary: 平凡的，词义与common接近，指符合一般或常规事物标准或相同的规格，因而只具有普通的特性
common: 普通的，共有的，指从质量或品德上无特殊或显眼之处，属于大多数人或事物所具有的，常见的；
popular: 大众的，受欢迎的，指属于或代表大众的某事物，强调常见的，大众化的特征
normal: 正常的，正规的，指符合某种标准的
universal: 普遍的，有完全没有例外之意；
general: 一般的，普通的，含有例外情况较少之意或暗示包括全部同一范畴的事物；
usual, ordinary, common, popular, universal, commonplace, general
这组词都有“普通的，普遍的”的意思，其区别是：
usual: 指常见常闻和常做的事或举动，强调惯常性。
ordinary: 用于物，指每天发生，十分平淡无奇；用于人，指无特别之处，很一般。
common: 多用于指物，侧重很常见，不稀奇。
popular: 指适应大众爱好、需要，为大家所公认或接受。
universal: 与general同义，但语气较强，侧重对每个人或事物都适用，根本没有例外。
commonplace: 强调缺少新意。
general: 语气强于common，侧重大多如此，很少有例外情况。
usual, habitual, regular, conventional, customary
这组词都有“通常的，惯常的”的意思，其区别是：
usual: 普通用词，概念广泛。指经常发生或意料中的事，既可指自然发生的现象，也可指按个人习惯或惯例而做的事。
habitual: 指按个人习惯反复发生的事情。侧重经常性、习惯性。
regular: 着重遵守约定俗成的规则。
conventional: 语气强，指遵守已成习惯的事情，强调符合惯例，由人们普遍认可。
customary: 指特定的个人或群体的平常习惯，或习俗性的行为。
adj. 通常的，惯例的；平常的
 - traditional, conventional, common, ordinary, regulation

Word: halt
Front: halt
[hɔ:lt] (研四六托雅 5267/4352 -3)
Vocabulary: halt
(once / 138 pages)
1vn 2adj
Whether it's used as a noun or a verb, the word halt means stop. You can remember this by remembering that when you step on the brake to halt your car (verb), it comes to a halt (noun).
English draws on both Romance and Germanic languages, and halt is one that comes from the Old High German haltmachen, which means "to hold." The word suggests a stoppage in the midst of action, and a Chinese proverb states, “We are not so much concerned if you are slow as when you come to a halt.” Consider, also, that a less-used definition of the word is that of "lame" or disabled, which still ties in with the idea of stopping.
WORD FAMILY
halt: halted, halter, halting, halts+/ halter: haltered, halteres, haltering, halters/ halting: haltingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Fiji government imposed a temporary ban on turtle harvesting in 1995 to halt the decline.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
A Legislative committee in November voted to halt presentations from Native American tribal leaders and from the state’s chief justice.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
More than 100 flights were cancelled and all intercity buses were halted at the capital’s airport.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 停止，中止; 暂停; 小火车站
vt. 使停止; 使中断; 阻止; 使立定
vi. 停止，立定; 犹豫
时态：halted, halting, halts
分布：停止(72%)，暂停(18%)，中止(3%)，跛行(2%)，止步(2%)，犹豫(2%)，踌躇(1%)
→来自古法语halte,停下，词源同hold.即使停止，停下。halt 跛行，踌躇
n.止步,停步,停止前进v.止步,(使)停止The tilted salt filters halt alternately for altering.倾斜的盐过滤器交替地停下以便改造.
US [hɑ:lt] verb intransitive or transitive
 IMPROVER
■to (cause to) stop moving or doing something or happening （使）停止，停下
• "Halt!" called the guard. "You can't go any further without a permit." “站住！”警卫喊道，“没有通行证不能入内。”
• Production has halted at all of the company's factories because of the pay dispute. 由于工资纠纷，这家公司所有工厂都停产了。
• Security forces halted the demonstrators by blocking the road. 警卫部队用封路的办法来制止示威者前进。
UK [hɒlt] US [hɑ:lt] noun only singular
■when something stops moving or happening 停止，停下，中止
• the recent halt in production 最近的停产
• Severe flooding has brought trains to a halt (= prevented them from moving) on several lines in Scotland. 凶猛的洪水使苏格兰几条铁路线上的火车停驶。
• The bus came to a halt (= stopped) just in time to avoid hitting the wall. 公车正好及时停下，没有撞到墙上。
• If traffic increases beyond a certain level, the city grinds to a halt (= stops completely). 如果交通流量的增长超过一定限度，城市就会陷于瘫痪状态。
• The car screeched to a halt (= suddenly and noisily stopped) just as the lights turned red. 这辆车就在号志灯变红时嘎吱一声煞住了车。
call a halt to sth
■to prevent something from continuing 停止，中止
• How many more people will have to die before they call a halt to the fighting? 还要死多少人他们才肯停战？
pause, stop, cease, halt, quit
这组词都有“停止”的意思，其区别是：
pause: 指暂时的、瞬间的停顿，隐含有再进行之意。
stop: 指动作、运行、进展等被停下来，含突然、断然的意味。
cease: 指逐渐、徐徐中止某种状态的存在。书面用词。
halt: 侧重突然地、决定性地终止、停止某一活动。
quit: 指最终彻底停止某事，有时暗示遭到失败或面临挫折。
vi. 停止；立定；踌躇，犹豫
 - desist from, come to a stop
n. 停止；立定；休息
 - break, stop, rest, stay, stand
vt. 使停止；使立定
 - put a stop to

Word: persistent
Front: persistent
[pəˈsɪstənt] (六托 5269/4704 -2)
Vocabulary: persistent
(once / 343 pages)
adj
If something is persistent, it just won't stop. If you're persistent in your suggestions for a trip to Mexico, maybe your parents will eventually give in and take you there.
Persistent comes from the Latin verb persistere which means "to continue with strength." A persistent salesman refuses to give up. A persistent ringing sound is one that repeats and repeats. Persistent rumors keep circulating, as does a persistent virus. Often something persistent is annoying. The related verb is persist, which means to continue to exist, or to go without stopping.
WORD FAMILY
persistent: persistence, persistently+/ persist: persisted, persistency, persistent, persisting, persists/ persistence: persistences/persistency: persistencies/ persisting: persistingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Open last September, withdrawing from all tennis to deal with a persistent shoulder injury.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
If you’re lucky and persistent you may end up being in the right place at the right time.
The Guardian(Dec 29, 2016)
“What was that conflict about? It was about the persistent refusal to recognize a Jewish state, before it was established and after it was established.”
New York Times(Mar 12, 2015)
Back: adj. 持续的; 坚持不懈的; 持久的; 坚持不渝
分布：固执的(53%)，坚持的(39%)，连续的(8%)
→来自persist,坚持。
坚持的;顽固的(persist+ent)[sist=stand表示"站立"]
US [pɚ-] adjective
■lasting for a long time or difficult to get rid of 持续的；存留的；顽强存在的
• a persistent smell/skin rash 持续不散的气味／顽固的皮肤疹
• Symptoms of the illness include a high temperature and a persistent dry cough. 此疾病症状包括高烧和持久干咳。
• There have been persistent rumours that the managing director might take early retirement. 不断有谣言说总经理可能会提早退休。
■Someone who is persistent continues doing something or tries to do something in a determined but often unreasonable way 坚持不懈的；执意的
• Be persistent - don't give up. 要坚持不懈——别放弃。
• He has been a persistent critic of the president. 他一直对总统持批评态度。
• She is a persistent offender and has been arrested five times this year for shoplifting. 她是个惯犯，今年已五次因在商店行窃被捕。
continuous, constant, continual, persistent, successive
这组词都有“连续的”的意思，其区别是：
continuous: 语意最强，强调在时间和空间上没有间断。
constant: 多指习惯性的重复和不变的持续。
continual: 强调重复或持续发生，但连续之间允许有间断。
persistent: 普通用词，可指不懈的努力，也可指任何连续不断或重复出现的事物。
successive: 强调事物一个接一个地发生，无间断。
persevere, persistent
persevere: 只不顾一切困难，始终如一，总指好事。
persistent: 只不顾一切都坚持不论成败。
adj. 固执的，坚持的；持久稳固的
 - fixed, consistent, set

Word: correlate
Front: correlate
[ˈkɒrəleɪt] (研六托雅 5266/6763 -1)
Vocabulary: correlate
(once / 1507 pages)
vnadj
If you notice that crumbs appear on your little brother's shirt whenever the cookies disappear from the cookie jar, you can say that you've correlated two facts, meaning that you've established or revealed that they're linked in a way that explains both of them.
Detectives correlate pieces of evidence in order to solve crimes. For example, they might correlate a suspect’s bandaged hand with a shattered third-floor window. Correlate can also be used as a noun. Some companies promote products by suggesting that their products increase “happiness correlates,” or factors that have been shown to have a relationship with happiness, like health and friendship.
WORD FAMILY
correlate: correlated, correlates, correlating, correlation, correlative+/correlated: uncorrelated/ correlation: correlational, correlations/correlative: correlatively, correlatives, correlativity
USAGE EXAMPLES
They found that an increase in fines assessed on children directly correlated to a rise in recidivism.
The New Yorker(Dec 24, 2016)
Even studies showing that alterations in the microbiota correlate with disease severity, or that the microbiota normalizes with remission, fail to prove causation over correlation.
Nature(Dec 20, 2016)
Household formation is closely correlated with housing affordability and income.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 21, 2016)
Back: v. 使互相关联; 联系
n. 相关物; 相关联的人
adj. 相关的; 相应特点的
时态：correlated, correlating, correlates
分布：关联(90%)，使相互关联(6%)，相关物(4%)
→cor-, 强调。relate, 相关。
n.相互关联的事物v.(with,to)(使)互相关联The average salary is correlated with length of education.平均薪俸与教育时间之长短有互相的关联.
【记】cor共同，relate（v 使联系）－把东西联系在一起－使有联系
【参】correlation（n 相互关系；相关性）
V-RECIP-ERG
相互关联;极为相似
If one thing correlates with another, there is a close similarity or connection between them, often because one thing causes the other. You can also say that two things correlate .
例：Obesity correlates with increased risk for hypertension and stroke...肥胖会增加高血压和中风发作的几率。
例：The political opinions of spouses correlate more closely than their heights...配偶之间政治观点上的相似度要大于他们身高的相似程度。
VERB
使显示联系;使相互关联
If you correlate things, you work out the way in which they are connected or the way they influence each other.
例：Attempts to correlate specific language functions with particular parts of the brain have not advanced very far...人们试图把特定的语言功能与大脑的某些特定部位联系起来，这一努力目前还没有取得很大进展。
例：Lieutenant Ryan closed his eyes, first mentally viewing the different crime scenes, then correlating the data.瑞安中尉闭上眼睛，先是在脑海里回想了一遍不同的犯罪现场，然后将这些信息联系起来。
n. 相关物；相关联的人
 - relative
adj. 关联的
 - associated

Word: humanitarian
Front: humanitarian
[hju:ˌmænɪˈteəriən] (六托 5270/9030 -2)
Vocabulary: humanitarian
(once / 1722 pages)
adjn
Despite many jokes to the contrary, a humanitarian is not someone who eats humans (as a vegetarian eats vegetables)! A humanitarian is a person concerned with the welfare of all humankind.
A millionaire would be considered a great humanitarian if he donated much of his wealth for improving education, housing, and food for the poor. As an adjective, humanitarian is used to describe something or someone who displays the characteristics of someone concerned with human welfare: "The humanitarian project was developed to help women become self-sufficient in third world countries."
WORD FAMILY
humanitarian: humanitarianism, humanitarians+/dehumanise: dehumanisation, dehumanised, dehumanising/dehumanize: dehumanization, dehumanized, dehumanizes, dehumanizing/ human: humanise, humanism, humanity, humanize, humanlike, humanly, humanness, humans, inhuman, nonhuman, subhuman, superhuman, unhuman/humanise: dehumanise, humanisation, humanised, humanises, humanising/ humanism: humanist, humanistic / humanist: humanists/ humanistic: humanistically/ humanity: humanitarian, humanities / humanize: dehumanize, humanization, humanized, humanizes, humanizing/ inhuman: inhumanity, inhumanly/inhumanity: inhumanities/superhuman: superhumanly/unhuman: unhumanly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Physical health is foundational to be sure, but its our more humanitarian capacities that need nurturing.
New York Times(Oct 18, 2016)
"Everyone adored him,'' she said. "A great sense of humour and a great humanitarian.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
That kind of regional collaboration is critical, humanitarian officials say.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 人道主义的; 博爱的; 慈善的
n. 人道主义者; 慈善家; 博爱主义者
分布：人道主义的(53%)，人道主义者(21%)，博爱的(13%)，基督凡人论者(5%)，博爱者(5%)，相信基督为凡人的(3%)
→humanit-,人的，人道的，-arian,形容词后缀。
人道主义的(人)(human人)[-arian表形容词或名词"…的(人)"]
US [-'ter.i-] adjective noun countable
■(a person who is) involved in or connected with improving people's lives and reducing suffering 人道主义的；人道主义者
• The prisoner has been released for humanitarian reasons. 基于人道主义，那名囚犯被释放了。
• The United Nations is sending humanitarian aid (= food and supplies to help people) to the areas worst affected by the conflict. 联合国正在向受到冲突影响最为严重的地区输送人道援助。
• The well-known humanitarian, Joseph Rowntree, was concerned with the welfare of his employees. 著名的人道主义者约瑟夫‧荣特里非常关心其员工的福利。
adj. 人道主义的；博爱的；基督凡人论的
 - philanthropic, caritative
n. 人道主义者；慈善家；博爱主义者；基督凡人论者
 - philanthropist, charitarian

Word: exile
Front: exile
[ˈeksaɪl] (研六托雅 5273/5086 -3)
Vocabulary: exile
(once / 263 pages)
nv
If you are exiled from a place, you must leave and not return. Such punishment is called exile. For example, after he was removed from power, Napoleon lived in exile on the island of Elba.
The verb exile comes from the Old French word essillier, meaning “banish,” “expel,” or “drive off.” However, some people who live in exile do so happily — and voluntarily — like American citizens in exile in Paris. Don't confuse being exiled with being banned: exile is for countries. If you cause trouble at a restaurant, you might be banned from returning, not exiled.
WORD FAMILY
exile: exiled, exiles, exilic, exiling+/exilic: postexilic
USAGE EXAMPLES
By 1916 Sun was back in exile again, in Japan.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
We sent them to Exiles Bar on U Street to see if they’d get right to the point.
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
How Britain became a refuge for exiled leaders during World War II.
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: vt. 放逐，流放; 使背井离乡
n. 流放，放逐，流亡; 长期离家[出国]; 被流放者，背井离乡者
时态：exiled, exiling, exiles
分布：流放(61%)，放逐(38%)，被放逐者(1%)
→ex-, 向外。-sil, 拿，带，召集，词源同consul, counsel.引申义扔出去的，流亡。
n.流放;被流放者vt.流放,放逐,把...充军He spent many years in exile.他曾经流亡多年.
noun
 ADVANCED uncountable
■the condition of someone being sent or kept away from their own country, village, etc., especially for political reasons （尤指出于政治原因的）流放，放逐，流亡
• The king went into exile because of the political situation in his country. 迫于国内的政治局势，国王流亡国外。
• The deposed leaders are currently in exile in the neighbouring country. 遭到罢免的那些领导人现在流亡邻国。
 ADVANCED countable
■a person who is sent or kept away from their own country, etc. 被流放者；流亡者
⇒ See also tax exile
['ek.saɪl] ['eg.zaɪl] verb transitive
■to send someone away from their own country, village, etc., especially for political reasons （尤指出于政治原因的）流放，放逐，流亡
• The monarch was exiled because of the coup. 由于发生了政变，国王被迫流亡。
expel, exile
这组词都有“驱逐出境，放逐”的意思，其区别是：
expel: 含义广，可指驱逐出境或取消某一资格，含耻辱意味。
exile: 指政府强迫某一公民离开祖国或流放到某地，但不一定含耻辱意味。
n. 流放，充军；放逐，被放逐者；流犯
 - transportation, banishment
vt. 放逐，流放；使背井离乡
 - transport, banish

Word: roar
Front: roar
[rɔ:(r)] (研四六托雅 5275/5769 -2)
Vocabulary: roar
(once / 118 pages)
1vn 2v
To roar is to make a ferociously loud sound, like a lion or a tiger. If you go to a football game, you'll hear the crowd roar whenever their team scores a goal.
A wild animal roars when it makes its long, full cry, and a person (or a thing) can emit a similar roar. Your boisterous uncle roars with laughter, and the frustrated substitute teacher might roar angrily at the class. Motorcycles sometimes roar down the street, and a judge might silence a courtroom when she roars, "Order!" Roar can also act as a noun, meaning the sound itself — like the roar of the crowd that drowns out your voice. Roar comes from an imitative Old English root.
WORD FAMILY
roar: roared, roarer, roaring, roars+/roarer: roarers/roaring: roaringly, roarings
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Now is the most important game in the season because it is against a direct opponent,” he roared.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
A fireplace roaring on a blustery December day?
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Trump votes roared when Trump promised to repeal Obamacare on Day One.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vi. 咆哮; 喧闹; 吼叫; 混乱或吵闹
vt. 大声喊出; 使…轰鸣; 吼，咆啸
n. 吼叫声，咆哮声，呼啸声; 狂笑，大笑
时态：roared, roaring, roars
分布：咆哮(35%)，轰鸣(25%)，吼叫(25%)，吼声(11%)，喧闹(4%)
→拟声词，模仿咆哮的声音。
n./v.吼叫,怒号;轰鸣,咆哮The roaring oar hit the coarse keyboard on the cupboard aboard the boat.轰鸣的桨击中了船上碗柜上的粗糙键盘.
US [rɔ:r] verb
 ADVANCED intransitive
■to make a long, loud, deep sound 吼叫；咆哮
• We could hear the lions roaring at the other end of the zoo. 我们可以听到狮子在动物园的另一端咆哮。
intransitive
■If a vehicle or aircraft roars somewhere, it moves there very quickly making a lot of noise （车辆或飞机）呼啸而行
• She looked up as a plane roared overhead. 一架飞机轰鸣着掠过她的头顶，她抬头张望。
• The street was full of boys roaring up and down on their motorbikes. 大街上到处是些年轻小伙子骑着摩托车来回呼啸而过。
transitive
■to shout loudly 大声地说；叫喊
• [+ speech] "Stop that!" he roared. “住手！”他大吼道。
UK [rɔ:r] US [rɔ:r] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  roar with sth
■to express an emotion, such as laughter or anger, noisily 因…大叫；放声（大笑；高声（怒吼）
• She roared with laughter when she saw what he was wearing. 看到他的一身穿戴，她哈哈大笑起来。
UK [rɔ:r] US [rɔ:r] noun countable or only singular
■a loud, deep sound 吼叫；呼啸；咆哮
• The lion let out a loud roar. 狮子发出一声吼叫。
• His apartment was on a main road and there was a constant roar of traffic. 他的公寓在一条大马路旁边，轰鸣的车辆声不绝于耳。
giggle, laugh, chuckle, roar, sneer, beam, jeer, grin
这组词都有“笑”的意思，其区别是：
giggle: v.咯咯地笑，痴笑，傻笑，多指女人和孩子由于紧张、被逗乐、尴尬时所发出的笑声。
 • The schoolgirls giggled when the famous football player walkedsintostheir classroom.   当这个著名的足球运动员走进教室时，女生们都咯咯地笑起来。
laugh: v.笑，大笑，用于一般的笑或出声的大笑。
chuckle: v. (书面语)吃吃的笑，抿嘴笑，轻声笑，多指因得意或领会到某事中的趣味而暗自发笑。
 • She does not laugh out loud; she only chuckles.   她没有笑出声来，只是抿嘴而笑。
roar: v.怒吼，咆哮，引申为放声大笑，哄堂大笑。
 • He roared when he heard the joke.   听完这个笑话，他哈哈大笑。
sneer: v.冷笑，嘲笑，指以语言、表情、和声调表示轻蔑或嘲弄。
 • He sneered at the offer and said it was two low.   他对报价嗤之以鼻，说它太低了。
beam: v.本义指照耀，放光，引申为"微笑"，是正式用语，指面带喜悦或笑容，暗示对他人的友好或内心的满足。
 • She beamed with happiness.   她高兴得眉开眼笑。
jeer: v.讥笑，嘲笑，其同义词是mock。
 • The crowd jeered when the boxer was knocked down.   当那个拳手被人打倒时，人群开始嘲笑他。
grin: v.露齿而笑，指人因高兴、满足、轻蔑等咧开嘴露齿地笑。
 • He grinned at his mother.   他冲他的妈妈咧嘴一笑。
roar, bark, growl, howl
这组词都有“吠，叫”的意思，其区别是：
roar: 指狮子的吼叫。
bark: 指发出刺耳的汪汪声，系典型的狗吠。
growl: 指被激怒的狗发出低长的咆哮声，以示威胁。用于人时，指咆哮着喊叫，怒冲冲地发牢骚。
howl: 指声音响亮，拖得很长，如哀愁的哭声。用于人时，指大喊大叫。
call, scream, yell, roar, shriek, exclaim, shout, cry
这组词都有“喊”的意思，其区别是：
call: 指大声说话或喊叫，以引起某人的注意。
scream: 指因恐具、快乐或痛苦而发出的尖叫声。
yell: 多指求援、鼓励时的呼叫。也可指因外界因素刺激而发出尖厉声音。
roar: 指发出大而深沉的声音、吼叫或咆哮。
shriek: 指因惊恐、痛苦等或其它感情而发出比scream更为尖锐、刺耳的叫声。
exclaim: 多指因高兴、愤怒、痛苦、惊讶等突发感情而高声喊叫。
shout: 指有意识地高声喊叫，常用于提出警告、发命令或唤起注意等。
cry: 一般指因恐惧、痛苦、惊奇等而喊叫。
n. 咆哮；吼；轰鸣
 - snarl, rave
vi. 咆哮；吼叫；喧闹
 - gnar, huff and puff
vt. 咆哮；呼喊；使……轰鸣
 - yell out, huff and puff

Word: torture
Front: torture
[ˈtɔ:tʃə(r)] (研四六雅宝 5272/7091 -3)
Vocabulary: torture
(once / 191 pages)
1nv 2n
To torture is to torment or purposefully put someone through intense pain or agony.
The word torture comes from the word for "harm." It can refer to the deliberate infliction of physical or mental suffering in order to punish or obtain information; the act of distorting something, so it means something it wasn't intended to mean; or extreme mental distress or unbearable physical pain not necessarily inflicted by another.
WORD FAMILY
torture: self-torture, tortured, torturer, tortures, torturesome, torturing, torturous +/tortured: torturedly/torturer: torturers/torturesome: torturesomely/torturing: torturingly, torturings/ torturous: torturously
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Torture and cruel, inhuman, and degrading treatment is never a morally permissible option, even if lives depend on gaining information,” the manual said.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
"Our prisons were built to annihilate, torture and kill."
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
This regular season finale provided fresh torture for a franchise that hasn’t found consistent success in a quarter century.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 拷问; 折磨; 痛苦; （精神上或肉体上的）折磨
vt. 使痛苦; 使苦恼; 使焦急; 曲解
时态：tortured, torturing, tortures
分布：拷问(54%)，痛苦(31%)，曲解(9%)，使痛苦(6%)
→来自拉丁语 tortus,扭曲的，扭成一团的，词源同 turn,torment.-ure,名词后缀。引词义拷问， 折磨。
折磨,拷问(tort+ure→扭曲[别人]→折磨)[tort=twist表示"扭曲"]
酷刑,折磨(tort扭曲)[-ture表名词,通常在单词或词根以t结尾时使用,表示"一般状态,行为"…ature","iture"注:-ture在s结尾的词根后变成-sure]
v.拷问,拷打;折磨,磨难n.拷问;折磨,痛苦After a fortnight's torture, the unfortunate man got an opportunity to escape the misfortune.经过两星期的拷打后那个不幸的人得到了逃脱不幸的机会.
【记】tort扭，ure－扭打－折磨
US ['tɔ:r.tʃɚ] noun
 ADVANCED uncountable
■the act of causing great physical or mental pain in order to persuade someone to do something or to give information, or to be cruel to a person or animal 拷打；拷问；折磨；虐待
• Half of the prisoners died after torture and starvation. 半数的囚犯死于拷打和饥饿。
• He revealed the secret under torture. 在严刑拷打之下，他招供了。
countable or uncountable informal
■a very unpleasant experience 折磨，煎熬
• The rush-hour traffic was sheer torture as usual. 交通尖峰期像往常一样令人煎熬。
UK ['tɔ:.tʃər] US ['tɔ:r.tʃɚ] verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to cause great physical or mental pain to someone intentionally 拷打；拷问；折磨；虐待
• It is claimed that the officers tortured a man to death in 1983 in a city police station. 据称，1983年在一所市警察局里，员警将一名男子拷打致死。
■to cause mental pain 使精神上受到折磨；使痛苦；使苦恼
• [R] He tortured himself for years with the thought that he could have stopped the boy from running into the road. 他本可以阻止那个男孩跑到马路上去的想法多年来折磨着他。
sorrow, agony, grief, anguish, torment, distress, misery, torture
这组词都有“苦恼、痛苦”的意思，其区别是：
sorrow: 语气比grief弱，指因不幸、损失或失望等所产生的悲伤。
agony: 侧重指精神或身体痛苦的剧烈程度。
grief: 指由某种特殊处境或原因造成的强烈的感情上的苦恼与悲痛。
anguish: 指精神方面令人难以忍受的极度痛苦；用于身体时，多指局部或暂时的痛苦。
torment: 强调烦恼或痛苦的长期性。
distress: 多指因思想上的压力紧张、恐惧、忧虑等所引起的精神上的痛苦，也可指某种灾难带来的痛苦。
misery: 着重痛苦的可悲状态，多含不幸、可怜或悲哀的意味。
torture: 语气比toment强，指在精神或肉体上受到的折磨所产生的痛苦。
vt. 折磨；拷问；歪曲
 - harry, colour, worry, trouble, tear
n. 折磨；拷问；歪曲
 - violence, ordeal

Word: architectural
Front: architectural
[ˌɑ:kɪˈtektʃərəl] (托 5276/5089)
Back: adj. 建筑学的; 建筑上的; 有关建筑的; 符合建筑法的
分布：建筑的(74%)，建筑学的(26%)
US [ˌɑ:r.kɪ'tek.tʃɚ-] adjective
■relating to architecture 建筑的；建筑学的
• architectural drawings/plans 建筑图纸／平面图
• a building of architectural interest 具有建筑学价值的大楼

Word: chorus
Front: chorus
[ˈkɔ:rəs] (高研六托雅宝 5274/5335 -2)
Vocabulary: chorus
(once / 290 pages)
nv
A chorus is a group of singers or that catchy part of a song that repeats several times.
In ancient Greek tragedies, a khoros was a group of people that spoke in unison about the actions of the characters. And that's where we got the word chorus, which usually refers to a group of singers or performers, or the refrain of a song when a group of vocalists joins a soloist. A chorus of groans may follow a teacher's announcement of an upcoming test, which means that the entire class voices its dismay at the same time.
WORD FAMILY
chorus: chorused, choruses, chorusing, chorussed, chorussing
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Night of intoxication, O mad night!” the chorus sings.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
After the very last chorus, we dropped the sheets and were completely naked holding our groin areas.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Beneath brightly colored pictures featuring a wounded heart with wings, a chorus of students sang Michael Jackson’s “Man in the Mirror.”
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 合唱; 合唱队; （歌曲的）副歌; 合唱歌（曲）
vt. 合唱; 齐声背诵; 异口同声地说
时态：chorused, chorusing, choruses
分布：合唱(78%)，合唱队(16%)，歌舞队(4%)，副歌部分(1%)，齐声说道(1%)
→来自gher, 围，圈，词源同yard, 指围成一圈唱歌跳舞的人，后指合唱。
合唱(队)(chor+us表名词)[chor=sing,dance,表示"歌,舞"]
n.合唱队;合唱v.异口同声地说,随声附和The subordinate coordinates are in accordance with that set by the cordial chorus.从属坐标与热心的合唱团的设定值一致.
【记】cho臭，us我们：一堆人发臭－合唱团
US ['kɔ:r.əs] noun
SONG PART 歌曲部分
countable
■part of a song which is repeated several times, usually after each verse (= set of lines) or a piece of music written to be sung by a choir (= group of singers) （通常在歌曲每一节后的）副歌，合唱部分；合唱曲
• I'll sing the verses and I'd like you all to join in the chorus. 我唱独唱部分，我希望你们都加入合唱。
• The choir will be performing the Hallelujah Chorus at the concert. 唱诗班将在音乐会上演唱《哈利路亚大合唱》。
• They burst into a chorus of (= they sang the song) Happy Birthday. 他们突然开始齐唱“祝你生日快乐”。
UK ['kɔ:.rəs] US ['kɔ:r.əs] noun
SINGING GROUP 合唱团
countable [+ sing/pl verb]
■a group of people who are trained to sing together 合唱团，歌咏队
• He sings with the Los Angeles Gay Men's Chorus. 他在洛杉矶男同性恋合唱团演唱。
UK ['kɔ:.rəs] US ['kɔ:r.əs] noun
THEATRE GROUP 戏剧团
countable [+ sing/pl verb]
■a group of performers who, as a team, have a supporting position singing or dancing in a show 歌舞队；伴舞；伴唱
• She quickly left the chorus for a starring role. 她很快离开歌舞队去出演一个主要角色。
• a chorus girl 歌舞队女演员
only singular [+ sing/pl verb] specialized
■a group of male actors in ancient Greek plays who explained or gave opinions on what was happening in the play using music, poetry and dance （古希腊戏剧中解释剧情的）歌队，合唱队
UK ['kɔ:.rəs] US ['kɔ:r.əs] noun
SPEAKING TOGETHER 一起谈论
countable usually singular
■when many people speak together or say a similar thing at the same time 异口同声
• The newcomers added their voices to the chorus expressing delight at the result. 新来的人和大家一起为这个结果欢呼雀跃。
• There was a chorus of disapproval/complaint/condemnation at his words (= everyone complained together). 大家一致反对／抱怨／谴责他说的话。
UK ['kɔ:.rəs] US ['kɔ:r.əs] verb [T + speech] literary
■(of a group of people) to say similar things at the same time; to speak together 齐声说；异口同声地说
• "Not now," the children chorused in unison , "we're watching TV." “现在不要，”孩子齐声嚷道，“我们在看电视。”
n. 合唱队；齐声；歌舞队
 - choir
vt. 合唱；异口同声地说
 - choir
vi. 合唱；异口同声地说话
 - choir

Word: fountain
Front: fountain
[ˈfaʊntən] (高研四六托雅 5279/6028 -2)
Vocabulary: fountain
(once / 265 pages)
n
A fountain is a decorative structure that shoots streams of water into the air. You might see a big fountain in front of a museum, or install a small one in your back yard.
You can use the noun fountain any time you talk about a shooting flow of water, whether it's a deliberate, artificial piece of architecture or an accidental fountain caused by the faucet in your kitchen sink breaking suddenly, sending a fountain of water into the air. The earliest, fifteenth century meaning of fountain was "spring of water that collects in a pool," from the Latin root word fons, "spring of water."
WORD FAMILY
fountain: fountains
USAGE EXAMPLES
It was by chance that Galarza, 42, of Fountain Hill, discovered the crime was still on his record.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The hydrant in front became a summertime fountain.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Based on Ben Fountain's bestselling book, the movie sought to mix the post-traumatic stress disorder of modern war with a gentle satire about American excess.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 26, 2016)
Back: n. 人工喷泉; 喷水池; 喷射; 源泉
分布：喷泉(79%)，源泉(10%)，泉水(9%)，使像喷泉一样流(1%)，储水容器(1%)
→来自拉丁语fons, 水源，泉源。可能来自dhen, 流动，奔流，词源同Danube(多瑙河).或来自gheu, 倾注，流入，词源同geyser, gush,found.
n.泉水,喷泉,源泉I mounted the mountain and found a fountain with large amount of water.我登上那座山发现一个水量很大的喷泉.
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a stream of water that is forced up into the air through a small hole, especially for decorative effect, or the structure in a lake or pool from which this flows 泉水；（尤指具有装饰效果的）喷泉
fountain, spring
这组词都有“泉”的意思，其区别是：
fountain: 指天然或供观赏或饮水用的人工泉或喷泉。引申用根“根源”或“源泉”解。
spring: 指从地面自然涌出的天然泉。
n. [地质] 喷泉，泉水；源泉
 - principle, well

Word: revive
Front: revive
[rɪˈvaɪv] (研六托雅宝 5278/4528 -2)
Vocabulary: revive
(once / 184 pages)
v
To revive something is to provide it with new energy or life, like when you revive a drooping plant by watering it, or when you revive a boring party by breaking out the karaoke machine.
Revive comes from the Latin roots re-, meaning “again,” and vivere, meaning “to live.” So, the word revive means “live again.” While the possibility of bringing folks back from the dead isn’t something we’re qualified to comment on, we will note that revive can be used in a sense that’s very close to its literal meaning; specifically, revive can mean “cause someone to regain consciousness.”
WORD FAMILY
revive: revival, revived, revives, reviving+/ revival: revivalism, revivals/revivalism: revivalist, revivalistic/revivalist: revivalists/ revived: unrevived/reviving: revivingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
But Dayton vetoed the package due to a costly wording error, and plans to revive it in special session never materialized.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Landlords believe the market will revive over time, however.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
The figure was revived again in the 2016 presidential election.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 使复活，使恢复; 使振奋，复原; 使再生，使重新流行; 唤醒，唤起
vi. 复苏，恢复; 振作，恢复; 再生，重新流行; 再生效力
时态：revived, reviving, revives
分布：复生(37%)，唤醒(34%)，恢复精神(21%)，使重生(8%)
→re-,再，重新，-viv,生命，词源同 vivid,vital.
复活(re再+viv+c→复活)[vivvitvig=life,表示"生命"]
v.恢复;(使)复苏Our hopes revived.我们又有希望了.
【记】源于：revitalize（v 使获得新生）；vital（adj 生死攸关的；生命的）re再，vive＝live：再次活过来－苏醒
【反】wither（v 使凋谢）；lull（v 使平静）
verb intransitive or transitive
 ADVANCED
■to come or bring something back to life, health, existence, or use （使）苏醒；（使）复原；（使）复兴；（使）重新流行
• to revive someone's hopes/confidence/fortunes 使某人重新燃起希望／重树信心／时来运转
• My plants revived as soon as I gave them some water. 我给花浇了一些水，它们立即又生机盎然了。
• A hot shower and a cup of tea will revive you. 冲个热水澡，喝杯茶，你就会恢复精力的。
• Traditional skills are being revived. 传统手艺正在得到复兴。
vi. 复兴；复活；苏醒；恢复精神
 - come back to life again, resurge
vt. 使复兴；使苏醒；回想起；重演，重播
 - recall, reinvigorate

Word: endangered
Front: endangered
[ɪn'deɪndʒəd] (托 5283/10530)
Vocabulary: endangered
(once / 1188 pages)
adj
An animal that is endangered is close to extinction — meaning there aren't very many of that type of animal left in the world.
This word is used mostly to describe animal species that are not doing very well: animals usually become endangered because of over hunting or the destruction of their habitat. Environmental groups and animal-lovers try to help endangered species survive. Outside of the animal kingdom, you can say anything that seems to be dying out is endangered, like good manners, phone booths, or the art of letter writing.
WORD FAMILY
endanger: endangered, endangering, endangerment, endangers+/ danger: dangerous, dangers, endanger / dangerous: dangerouser, dangerousest, dangerously, dangerousness
USAGE EXAMPLES
A bypass channel for the irrigation dam would be built near the Montana-North Dakota border to let endangered pallid sturgeon reach upstream spawning grounds.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It was suspended in December 2014 when the animals were placed back on the endangered species list due to a Federal court decision.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Cases that don’t meet the new standards will be eligible for what’s called an Endangered Missing Advisory.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 快要绝种的
v. 危及，使遭受危险( endanger的过去式和过去分词 )
分布：濒于灭绝的(78%)，动词endanger的过去式和过去分词.(22%)
US [-dʒɚd] adjective
endangered birds/plants/species
■animals or plants which may soon not exist because there are very few now alive 濒危鸟类／植物／物种

Word: comic
Front: comic
[ˈkɒmɪk] (研托雅宝 5277/6002 -2)
Back: adj. 喜剧的; 滑稽的，好笑的; 连环画的
n. 连环漫画; 喜剧演员; 滑稽人物; 滑稽新闻
分布：喜剧演员(40%)，滑稽的(24%)，喜剧的(18%)，有趣的(13%)，连环图画(5%)
→来自comedy, 喜悦。
好笑的(由喜剧而来)[com=banquet,表示"宴会"]
a.喜剧的,滑稽的n.连环漫画杂志;喜剧演员I like the comics on the newspaper.我喜欢报纸上的漫画画页.
US ['kɑ:.mɪk] adjective
 ADVANCED
■making you want to laugh; funny 滑稽的，好笑的；有趣的
• a comic actor/performance 滑稽演员／表演
UK ['kɒm.ɪk] US ['kɑ:.mɪk] noun countable
MAGAZINE 杂志 (US also comic book)
■a magazine, especially for children, which contains a set of stories told in pictures with a small amount of writing （尤指以儿童为对象的）连环画杂志，漫画杂志
UK ['kɒm.ɪk] US ['kɑ:.mɪk] noun countable
PERSON 人
■someone who entertains people by telling jokes 逗笑的人；喜剧演员，滑稽演员
comic, witty, funny, humorous
这组词都有“使人高兴的，令人发笑的”的意思，其区别是：
comic: 指像喜剧一样滑稽可笑。
witty: 强调机智而饶有风趣。
funny: 非正式用词，通常侧重因古怪、奇特或不合适宜的举动等引起的发笑。
humorous: 指富有幽默感、诙谐、引人发笑的。
adj. 喜剧的；滑稽的；有趣的
 - colorful, funny
n. 连环漫画；喜剧演员；滑稽人物
 - funny, stripcartoon

Word: reside
Front: reside
[rɪˈzaɪd] (六托宝 5284/6499 -1)
Vocabulary: reside
(once / 76 pages)
v
The place where you live — whether house, hotel, or mobile home — is where you reside. The President of the United States resides at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue, in a little shack called the White House.
You can also use reside to refer to the community where you make your home. You may reside in a particular neighborhood, town, or city. The verb reside can also mean to exist as an inherent quality. For example: "The ability to create laws resides in the legislative branch of the government — in this case, Congress."
WORD FAMILY
reside: resided, residence, residency, resident, resides, residing+/nonresident: nonresidents/ residence: residences, residential /residency: residencies/ resident: nonresident, residents/ residential: nonresidential, residentially
USAGE EXAMPLES
The resurgent Wizards flew to Houston on Sunday, where the boogeyman of any defensive scheme resides.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
A statement reminded U.S. citizens that extremists “are continuing aggressive efforts to conduct attacks in areas where U.S. citizens and expatriates reside or frequent.”
Time(Jan 01, 2017)
But these photographs suggest there were moments worth remembering, attesting perhaps to the abiding optimism that resides in artistic endeavor.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vi. 住，居住，（官吏）留驻，驻在; （性质）存在，具备，（权力，权利等）属于，归于
时态：resided, residing, resides
分布：居住(57%)，存在(33%)，属于(10%)
→来自拉丁语 residere,坐下，休息，留下，居住，定居，来自 re-,向后，往回，sedere,坐下， 词源同 sit,sedentary.
居住(re再+side→再坐[之地]→居住)[Sid=sit,表示"坐"]
[rɪ'zaɪd] formal
verb intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to live, have your home or stay in a place 居住；定居
• The family now resides in southern France. 这家人现居住在法国南部。
[rɪ'zaɪd] formal
verb intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
  Phrasal Verbs  reside in sth/sb
■If a power or quality resides in someone or something, they have that power or quality （权力等）归于…，属于…；（性质等）存在于…，在于…
• The power to sack employees resides in the Board of Directors. 开除雇员的权力属于董事会。
dwell, inhabit, reside, settle, lodge, live
这组词都有“居住、定居”的意思，其区别是：
dwell: 文学上的用词，口语中通常用live代替。
inhabit: 强调人或动物居住在某个地区并已适应某种特殊环境。
reside: 书面用词，指合法的永久性居住，也指在豪华的住宅里居住。
settle: 侧重指某人定居于城市、国家或地区，而不指居住的住所。
lodge: 指短时间或临时住宿。
live: 最普通用词，指固定的居住，可以是长期的，也可以是临时的。
vt. 住，居住；属于
 - occupy, belong to

Word: revenge
Front: revenge
[rɪˈvendʒ] (研四六雅宝 5280/5307 -2)
Vocabulary: revenge
(once / 213 pages)
nv
Someone seeking revenge is looking to retaliate for a wrong that has been done.
Sometimes a word can be used as either a noun or a verb, without changing the spelling. That's the case with revenge. You can take revenge (noun) on someone who hurt you, or you can revenge (verb) the hurt, punishing the person who wronged you. While revenge may be sweet, it usually just leads to more revenge from the other side, and so on. While that makes a good Shakespeare play, it can get pretty wearing in real life.
WORD FAMILY
revenge: revenged, revengeful, revenges, revenging+/revengeful: revengefully
USAGE EXAMPLES
Theories for the seeming slip ranged from carelessness to unfamiliarity with the English language to employee revenge.
BBC(Jan 03, 2017)
Clemson seems a bit louder, a bit edgier, with a taste for revenge.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
It’s incomprehensible — except as a parting shot of personal revenge on Benjamin Netanyahu.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 报仇，报复
vt. 为…报仇，报…之仇
时态：revenged, revenging, revenges
分布：报复(69%)，报仇(28%)，报复心(2%)，雪耻机会(1%)
→re-,表强调，-veng,复仇，词源同 avenge,vengeance.
报仇(re反+venge→反惩罚→报仇)[venge=punish,表示"惩罚",引申为"报仇"]
n.报复,复仇v.替...报仇The ventilator inventor's adventure prevented him from venturing revenge.通风机发明家的奇遇阻止了他冒险复仇.
【记】re反，venge（v 为…报仇）－反报仇－报复re反，ven问，ge：反问你为什么这样对我？－报仇
【参】avenge（v 报仇）
noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■harm done to someone as a punishment for harm that they have done to someone else 报复；报仇
• She took/got/exacted (her) revenge on him for leaving her by smashing up his car. 他抛弃了她，她就砸烂了他的车来报复。
• He is believed to have been shot by a rival gang in revenge for the shootings last week. 据信，敌对帮派为了报复上周的枪击事件将他枪杀。
[rɪ'vendʒ] noun uncountable
Revenge is sweet. saying
■said when you feel satisfaction from harming someone who has harmed you 报仇雪恨，大快人心。
[rɪ'vendʒ] verb transitive
■to harm someone as a punishment for harm that they have done to you 报复；向…报仇
• to revenge a death/defeat/injustice 为一个人的死报仇／雪失败之耻／伸张正义
• [R] The red team revenged them selves on the blue team by winning the semi-final. 红队在半决赛中打败蓝队，报了一箭之仇。
revolt, revenge
revolt: 造反，反抗
revenge: 报复，复仇
n. 报复；复仇
 - vengeance, retaliation, revanche
vt. 报复；替…报仇；洗雪
 - get back on, get even with
vi. 报仇；雪耻
 - right a wrong

Word: unclear
Front: unclear
[ˌʌnˈklɪə(r)] (5282/5656 -2)
Back: adj. 不清楚的; 不明白的; 含糊不清
分布：不清楚的(94%)，含混的(6%)
US [-'klɪr] adjective
 ADVANCED
■not obvious or easy to see or know 不清楚的，含糊的
• The ownership of the painting remains unclear. 这幅画的归属目前还不清楚。
• [+ question word] It's unclear wh at actually happened that night. 那天晚上到底发生了甚么尚不清楚。
• It's unclear wh ether he arrived before or after the shot was fired. 不清楚他是在开枪之前还是之后到的。
 ADVANCED
■If you are unclear about something, you are not certain about it 不太明白的；不确定的
• I'm unclear about a couple of points in your proposal - could you go over them again? 我对你的提议有几点没弄清楚——你能不能再讲一遍？
• I'm unclear (as to) wh ether we're meant to stay here or not. 我不清楚是否是要我们留在这儿。
dim, unclear, vague, obscure, ambiguous
这组词都有“模糊”的意思，其区别是：
dim: a.光线暗淡的，看不清的；记忆力模糊的；不大可能的。
 • Don't work in dim light.   不要在昏暗的光线下工作。
 • His changes of recovery from illness are dim.   他康复的可能性十分渺茫。
unclear: a.指句意、字迹不清楚，使人难以看懂；不肯定的。
 • Unclear writing is difficult to understand.   模糊的字迹使人难以辨认。
 • It is unclear whether the economy will get better.   经济是否好转仍不明朗。
vague: a.含混的，不清楚的，多用于比喻意义，用来表示因逻辑关系不清、言辞笼统而导致的意义不清楚，该词也可表示轮廓形状的不清楚和模糊。
 • He has some vague ideas about what to do, but nothing specific.   他大概知道他要做什么，但没有具体的计划。
obscure: a.用于表达因光线不足而使人看不清楚。该词的引申意义可以表示语法、文字、记忆等因复杂、深奥、模棱两可而使人看不懂和无法理解。
 • The poetry of Ezra Pound is sometimes difficult to understand because it contains so many obscure references.   艾兹拉·庞德的诗有时候难以理解，因为诗歌中含有许多令人费解的典故。
ambiguous: a.意义含糊的，有歧义的，指因字、词、句有歧义而使人感到模糊不清、难以理解和把握。
 • His ambiguous directions confused us; we did not know which of the two roads to take.   他的模棱两可的指导使我们很迷惑以至于我们不知道该走哪条路了。
adj. 不清楚的；不易了解的
 - ill-defined, indistinct

Word: sour
Front: sour
[ˈsaʊə(r)] (中高研四六托雅 5281/7745 -K2)
Back: adj. 有酸味的; 敌对的; 坏脾气的; 别扭的
vi. 变酸，变馊; 发酵; 厌烦; 败坏
vt. 变坏，恶化; 使变酸; 使失望; 使不毛
n. 酸味; 苦事
时态：soured, souring, sours
分布：酸的(60%)，变酸(31%)，酸腐的(5%)，刻薄的(4%)
→来自古英语 sur,酸的，来自 Proto-Germanic*suraz,酸的，来自 sur,酸的，酸牛奶，词源同 sauerkraut.引申词义馊的，变味的等。
a.酸的;发酸的;酸痛的;脾气坏的;刻薄的The sour vapour pours into the flourishing flour factory. It's the source of resources.酸蒸汽涌进兴旺的面粉厂.这是资源的源泉.
US [saʊr] adjective
TASTE 味道
 ADVANCED
■having a sharp, sometimes unpleasant, taste or smell, like a lemon, and not sweet 酸的，有酸味的
• These plums are a bit sour. 这些李子有点酸。
UK [saʊər] US [saʊr] adjective
BAD FEELING 不好的感觉
■unfriendly or easily annoyed 不友好的；坏脾气的，没好气的
• Overnight, it seemed, their relationship had turned sour. 一晚上的时间，他们的关系似乎变糟了。
• She gave me a sour look. 她没好气地瞪了我一眼。
UK [saʊər] US [saʊr] adjective
sour grapes
■If you describe someone's behaviour or opinion as sour grapes, you mean that they are angry because they have not got or achieved something that they wanted 酸葡萄（指由于得不到而贬低某物）
• I don't think it's such a great job - and that's not just sour grapes because I didn't get it. 我认为这份工作不怎么样——我可不是因为吃不到葡萄说葡萄酸。
UK [saʊər] US [saʊr] verb intransitive or transitive
TASTE 味道
■to become sour or to make something become sour （使）变酸；（使）酸腐
• Hot weather sours milk. 热天会让牛奶变酸。
• Milk sours in hot weather. 牛奶在热天会变酸。
UK [saʊər] US [saʊr] verb intransitive or transitive
BAD FEELING 不好的感觉
■to (cause to) become unpleasant or unfriendly （使）令人不快，（使）不友好
• Her whole attitude to life soured as a result of that experience. 那次经历过后，她对生活的整个态度变得很消极。
• This affair has soured relations between the two countries. 这一事件导致两国关系恶化。
UK [saʊər] US [saʊr] noun countable mainly US
■a drink made from strong alcohol, lemon or lime juice, sugar and ice 酸味鸡尾酒； 沙瓦
• a whisky sour 威士卡沙瓦
adj. [化学] 酸的；发酵的；刺耳的；酸臭的；讨厌的
 - grinding, acid, raised, evil, sharp
vi. 发酵；变酸；厌烦
 - go bad, get tired of
vt. 使变酸；使失望
 - fail, fox

Word: caution
Front: caution
[ˈkɔ:ʃn] (高研六托雅 5286/4721 -2)
Vocabulary: caution
(once / 89 pages)
1n 2vn
If you act with caution, it means you are careful. Be sure to use caution when walking across a patch of ice. Otherwise, you might end up sprawling face-first on the ground. Ouch!
The noun caution can be used to describe something that calls for careful action and the need to avoid risk, such as a volatile political situation that requires extreme caution. The word also has a verb form with a similar meaning. It’s a more formal way of saying “warn” and usually appears with against or that, as in, "Teachers caution against waiting until the last minute to study," or, "They caution that effective studying takes a long time."
WORD FAMILY
caution: cautionary, cautioned, cautioning, cautions, cautious, incaution, precaution +/ cautious: cautiously, cautiousness, incautious, overcautious/ incautious: incautiously, incautiousness/overcautious: overcautiously/ precaution: precautional, precautionary, precautions
USAGE EXAMPLES
But progress slowed as they entered built-up areas of Mosul where they must use caution to avoid civilian casualties.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
There were also several tussles after the whistle, with multiple officials pulling Beckham and Norman aside separately to caution them against further fisticuffs.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The statement urged caution about being in crowded places and public gatherings during the holidays.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 小心; 警告; 〈英〉担保; 〈口〉须警惕的事或人
vt. 警告; 提醒
时态：cautioned, cautioning, cautions
分布：警告(77%)，慎重(11%)，劝告(9%)，戒备(2%)，吸引人眼球的人或物(1%)
→来自skeue, 注意，留意，词源同caveat, show(原义看别人，现义给别人看)。
n.谨慎;注意(事项),警告vt.劝...小心David always drives with caution.大卫开车十分小心.
US ['kɑ:-] noun
CARE 小心
uncountable
■great care and attention 谨慎，小心，慎重
• We need to proceed with/exercise caution (= be careful in taking action, making decisions, etc.) 我们必须谨慎行事。
• They treated the story of his escape with (some/great/extreme) caution (= thought that it might not be true). 他们对他逃跑的报道有些／相当／极为怀疑。
UK ['kɔ:.ʃən] US ['kɑ:-] noun
WARNING 警告
countable UK
■a spoken warning given by a police officer or official to someone who has broken the law （员警对违法者的）口头警告
• As it was her first offence, she was only given a caution. 由于是初犯，所以只给了她一个口头警告。
countable or uncountable
■advice or a warning 告诫；警告，提醒
• Just a word of caution - the cheaper models probably aren't worth buying. 只是提醒一句——便宜一点的模型很可能不值得购买。
UK ['kɔ:.ʃən] US ['kɑ:-] verb transitive
■If the police caution someone, they give them an official warning. （员警）正式警告
■formal
■to warn someone 告诫；提醒
• The newspaper cautioned its readers against buying shares without getting good advice first. 报纸告诫读者事先没有获得好的建议，就不要购买股票。
warn, caution, advise, admonish, counsel
这组词都有“劝告、忠告、警告”的意思，其区别是：
warn: 含义与caution相同，但语气较重，尤指重后果。
caution: 主要指针对有潜在危险而提出的警告，含小心从事的意味。
advise: 普通用词，泛指劝告，不涉及对方是否听从劝告。
admonish: 一般指年长者或领导对已犯错误的或有过失的人提出的忠告或警告以避免类似错误。
counsel: 正式用词，语气比advise强一些，侧重指对重要问题提出的劝告、建议或咨询。
n. 小心，谨慎；警告，警示
 - warning, care
vt. 警告
 - alarm, alert, warn

Word: originate
Front: originate
[əˈrɪdʒɪneɪt] (研四六托雅 5287/4384 -2)
Vocabulary: originate
(once / 413 pages)
1v 2v
Originate is a verb that means to start or create something. You can originate the idea of adding a fancy new coffee machine to your company's break room, and before long, your entire office could be happily drinking mocha lattes.
Originate is the place or point at which any new thing or idea starts. It usually doesn't end there, though. A carpet that originates in Turkey can travel all the way to an apartment in New York. A rumor can originate during first period, but by lunchtime it will have made its way around the entire high school.
WORD FAMILY
originate: originated, originates, originating, origination, originative, originator+/ origin: originate, origins/origination: originations/originator: originators
USAGE EXAMPLES
Of the salmon and steelhead that now return to spawn each year, experts say, about 70 to 90 percent originate in hatcheries.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
These albums, like “The Epic,” originated in a monthlong recording marathon five years ago.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Geological Survey, the epicenter of the quake appeared to originate in the Spring Mountains.
Washington Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vt. 引起; 创始，创作; 开始，发生; 发明
vi. 起源于，来自; 产生; 起航
时态：originated, originating, originates
分布：起源于(69%)，开始(17%)，发起(14%)
→来自origin,起源，发源。
起源,发生(origin起源+ate)[ori,orig=rise,begin,表示"升起,开始"]
v.(in,from)起源,发生;首创,创造The original Organ Organization was originated with an original man.最初的风琴组织是由一个有创见的人发起的.
verb
intransitive
■to come from a particular place, time, situation, etc 起源，发源，发端；产生
• Although the technology originated in the UK, it has been developed in the US. 尽管这项技术起源于英国，但它在美国得到了发展。
• The game is thought to have originated among the native peoples of Alaska. 据认为，这项运动始于阿拉斯加的土著人。
transitive
■to start something or cause it to happen 最早开始；创始，开创
• Who originated the saying 'Small is beautiful'? “小即美”这句话最早是谁说的？
arise, result, originate
这组词都有“起源，源自”的意思，其区别是：
arise: 多与from连用，侧重指从无到有的产生，表一种因果关系。
result: 侧重变化的最终结果。
originate: 强调产生变化的起源。
vt. 引起；创作
 - attract, produce, cause, occasion, operate
vi. 发源；发生；起航
 - happen, occur, proceed

Word: empirical
Front: empirical
[ɪmˈpɪrɪkl] (研六雅宝 5285/4444 -1)
Vocabulary: empirical
(once / 2151 pages)
adj
If knowledge is empirical, it's based on observation rather than theory. To do an empirical study of donut shops, you'll need to visit every one you can find.
Empirical looks like empire comes from a completely different origin: it is from the Greek empeirikos, meaning experienced. It was originally used in medicine for doctors making choices based on observation and experiment rather than theoretical ideas. It's now used for any kind of knowledge that comes from experience. Meditate all day on the origins of donuts, but until you visit the donut bakery you'll lack empirical knowledge of donut creation.
WORD FAMILY
empirical: empirically, empiricism, semiempirical+/ empiricism: empiricisms, empiricist/empiricist: empiricists
USAGE EXAMPLES
That empirical side of his job is important to Karanka.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Empirical scientific research caught up with their observations.
The Guardian(Dec 23, 2016)
Let's just keep to the facts and the empirical evidence.
New York Times(Aug 20, 2016)
Back: adj. 凭经验的; 经验主义的; 以观察或实验为依据的
分布：经验主义的(91%)，以观察或实验为根据的(9%)
→em-, 进入，使。-pir, 尝试，冒险，词源同pirate, expert.字面意思即尝试过的，有经验的。
靠经验办事的(empiric+al)[per=try,表示"尝试"]
a.凭经验(或观察)的,经验主义的They made experiments to test the empirical formula.他们通过实验来证明这一实验式.
【记】empiric（原指江湖医生：单凭经验而行医的医生）
【参】empire（n 帝国）；empiricism（n 经验主义；庸医的医术）
adjective
■based on what is experienced or seen rather than on theory 以经验（或实验）为依据的；经验主义的；来自经验（或观察）的
• This theory needs to be backed up with solid empirical data/evidence. 这个理论需要翔实的实验资料／实际经验来支援。
• Empirical studies show that some forms of alternative medicine are extremely effective. 临床研究显示某些替代疗法极其有效。

Word: lure
Front: lure
[lʊə(r)] (研托雅宝 5288/8556 -2)
Vocabulary: lure
(once / 535 pages)
vn
To lure is to entice or bait someone. A lure is used to bait or entice fish to attach themselves to your hook. "He had a new shiny lure, which was enough to lure me into going on the fishing trip."
The verb lure is related to words that mean “bait,” “deceit,” and “invite.” Often, when lure is used, there is a nefarious implication, as in: “He was able to lure her into the alley, but her friends soon came looking for her.” The noun lure is the thing that draws in the person or animal, which can be either a physical object or a concept. "The lure of his great wealth kept her in the relationship despite his infidelity."
WORD FAMILY
lure: lured, lures, luring
USAGE EXAMPLES
Just a year ago, the militants were luring foreign fighters with promises of generous paychecks, but today “that is not happening,” he said.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
It was quite feasible for Yusupov to lure Rasputin by promising a meeting with allies of the empress.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
In Davao City, he helped lure investors, dramatically cut red tape and fired inept officials.
Reuters(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 吸引力，魅力; 诱惑物; 诱饵
vt. 吸引，引诱; 用引诱物召回（猎鹰）
时态：lured, luring, lures
分布：吸引(48%)，诱惑(32%)，饵(14%)，吸引力(6%)
→来自Proto-Germanic*lothran,呼叫，召唤，原义为召唤猎鹰的饵食，引申词义诱饵，引诱，魅力等，词源同allure.
n.吸引力,魅力,诱惑物vt.引诱,吸引Money lured him on.金钱引诱了他.
【记】源于：allure（v 引诱）
US [lʊr] noun
 ADVANCED countable usually singular
■the quality or power that something or someone has that makes them attractive 诱惑力，诱惑
• the lure of fame/power/money 名誉／权力／金钱的诱惑
countable
■an artificial insect or other small animal which is put on the end of a fishing line to attract fish 鱼饵，诱饵
UK [ljʊər] US [lʊr] verb transitive
■to persuade someone to do something or go somewhere by offering them something exciting 引诱，诱惑，诱导
• She was lured into the job by the offer of a high salary. 她受高薪诱惑接受了那份工作。
• He had lured his victim to a deserted house. 他将受害者引诱到一座废弃的房子。
• Supermarket chains try to lure customers with price discounts. 连锁超级市场试图用折扣来吸引顾客。
n. 诱惑；饵；诱惑物
 - temptation, gentle
vt. 诱惑；引诱
 - induce, tempt

Word: compile
Front: compile
[kəmˈpaɪl] (研四六托雅宝 5289/4566 -2)
Vocabulary: compile
(once / 545 pages)
1v 2v
When you compile something, like a recipe-book or a mix-tape, you put it together using things that already exist (recipes, songs).
Poetry anthologies, greatest-hits albums, and world-record books are all compilations, because they're made up of things that were originally published or released somewhere else. If you want to skip out on soccer practice one day, you might compile of list of excuses.
WORD FAMILY
compile: compilation, compiled, compiler, compiles, compiling+/ compilation: compilations/compiler: compilers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Choose your own from a shortlist compiled by BBC Sport journalists.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
They wrote about 10 veterans, collected photos and compiled them into a calendar they are selling for $15.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Edwards compiled a record of 257 victories, 101 losses and 3 ties.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vt. 汇编; 编辑; 编制; 编译
时态：compiled, compiling, compiles
分布：编译(85%)，编制(12%)，编纂(3%)
→com-, 强调。-pil，堆积，词源同pile, pellet.
vt.编辑,编制,搜集Having piled miles of files, the compiler smiled a while at the profile.堆了几英里长的文件之后,编辑对着侧面笑了一会.
【记】com共同，pile堆－堆到一起－汇编
verb transitive
GATHER TOGETHER 汇集
 ADVANCED
■to collect information from different places and arrange it in a book, report or list 汇编；编纂；编辑；编制
• We're compiling some facts and figures for a documentary on the subject. 我们正在为一部有关这个主题的纪录片汇集资料。
[kəm'paɪl] verb transitive
CHANGE INSTRUCTIONS 改变指令 specialized
■to change a computer program into a machine language 编译（电脑程式）
compile, edit
这组词都有“编辑”的意思，其区别是：
compile: 通常指根据搜集、整理的资料编辑词典或汇编文集。
edit: 普通用词，含义广泛。指校订、编辑他人待出版的著作，也指对杂志、报刊的稿件进行编辑、编排加工。
vt. 编译；编制；编辑； [图情] 汇编
 - to edit, copy-edit

Word: nationally
Front: nationally
[ˈnæʃnəli] (5290/6199)
Back: adv. 在全国范围内，全国性地; 作为整个民族
分布：全国性地(63%)，在全国范围内(37%)
adverb
 ADVANCED
■by or to everyone in a nation 全国性地
• She's a nationally known columnist. 她是全国知名的专栏作家。
adv. 全国性地；以国民立场地；举国一致地
 - countrywide

Word: erupt
Front: erupt
[ɪˈrʌpt] (高研六托雅宝 5291/6441 -2)
Vocabulary: erupt
(once / 688 pages)
1v 2v
A rash, a volcano, applause, violence, all of these are things that are prone to erupt, meaning they suddenly become active.
The word erupt has origins in the Latin word eruptus, the past participle of erumpere, meaning to burst forth. This lively verb can be used to describe anything that is released in a quick, violent burst, such as a bomb exploding or lava spewing forth from a volcano or even laughter. It can also be used to describe the arrival of things that burst through more quietly (but often more painfully), such as a skin condition or a tooth that’s breaking through one's gum.
WORD FAMILY
erupt: erupted, erupting, eruption, eruptive, erupts+/ eruption: eruptions/eruptive: eruptively
USAGE EXAMPLES
Instead, cash dried up, retail commerce froze, and Maduro suspended the move as rioting and looting erupted.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
When the police removed a blockade to the escalator exactly on schedule, applause erupted from the crowd.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The Raiders held on against the Colts for a 33-25 win, and the bar once again erupted with hugs and high-fives.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vi. 爆发; 喷发; 突然发生; 出疹
vt. 爆发
时态：erupted, erupting, erupts
分布：爆发(69%)，喷发(24%)，发疹(7%)
→e-, 向外。-rupt, 断裂，爆发。
爆发;喷出(e出+rupt→断裂而喷出)[rupt=break,表示"断裂"]
v.(尤指火山)爆发The volcano erupted after years of dormancy.那座火山在沉睡多年后剧烈活动起来.
【记】e出，rupt断－断裂而出－爆发
【参】corrupt（adj 腐败的v 腐烂）；interrupt（v 插嘴；打断）；eruption（n 爆发）
verb intransitive
VOLCANO 火山
 ADVANCED
■When a volcano erupts, it explodes and flames and rocks come out of it 火山爆发的时候，火焰和岩浆从火山里喷涌而出。
• Since the volcano last erupted, many houses have been built in a dangerous position on its slopes. 自从火山上次喷发后，很多房屋建在了火山山坡上的危险地带。
[ɪ'rʌpt] verb intransitive
START SUDDENLY 突然发生
■to start suddenly and violently 爆发；喷发；突然发生
• At the end of a hot summer, violence erupted in the inner cities. 一个炎热的夏末，在市中心贫民区突然爆发了暴力事件。
■to suddenly express your feelings in a noisy way 爆发（感情）；激烈地表达（感情）
• The crowd erupted in applause and cheering. 人群中爆发出掌声和欢呼声。
■If spots erupt on your skin, they suddenly appear （疱疹）突然出现
• Two days after he'd been exposed to the substance, a painful rash erupted on his neck. 接触了这种物质两天后，他脖子上突然起了一种刺痛的疹子。
explode, erupt, burst
这组词都有“爆炸、爆发”的意思，其区别是：
explode: 指物体爆炸而释放大量热能的一刹那。
erupt: 主要指火山的爆发，也可用作引申意义。
burst: 强调爆炸能量的突然释放和力量的突然迸发。
vi. 爆发；喷出；发疹；长牙
 - out break, blow up
vt. 爆发；喷出
 - out break, blow up

Word: graphic
Front: graphic
[ˈgræfɪk] (研托雅宝 5381/6920 -2)
Vocabulary: graphic
(once / 677 pages)
adjn
Something graphic is visual. Graphic design is made of visual elements. A graphic novel tells its story with pictures. And a story that is too graphic is too good at showing you things that are, for example, shocking or violent.
Derived from the Greek graphikos, meaning "drawn" or "written," graphic shows up often before words such as design or art. There's debate over whether Norman Rockwell was a painter or just a graphic artist. In certain cases, usually involving loaded issues such as violence or sex, graphic means overly clear in a visual way. Gruesome slasher movies could be too graphic for some viewers, leaving them feeling sick to their stomachs.
WORD FAMILY
graphic: graphically, graphics
USAGE EXAMPLES
She also relays graphic details of how her husband died.
Time(Dec 01, 2016)
Last month, it agreed to buy U.S.-based Mentor Graphics in a $4.5 billion deal.
Reuters(Dec 01, 2016)
However these passages cannot be quoted in full in this story due to their somewhat graphic content.
BBC(Nov 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 图解的，用图表示的; 用文字表示的; 形象的，生动的
分布：图表(55%)，生动的(31%)，图表的(14%)
a.绘画似的,图解的,生动的The general gave a graphic account of the battle.将军对战斗作了生动的描述.
【记】graph（n 图表；曲线图）
adjective
CLEAR 清楚的
■very clear and powerful 形象的；生动的；逼真的
• a graphic description/account 生动的描述／形象的说明
• He insisted on describing his operation in graphic detail while we were eating lunch. 我们吃午饭的时候，他偏要绘声绘色地描述他动手术的情形。
['græf.ɪk] adjective
DRAWING 图画
[before noun]
■related to drawing or printing 绘画的，书画的；印刷的
• a graphic artist 书画艺术家
['græf.ɪk] adjective
GRAPH 图表 (mainly UK graphical)
■relating to, using or consisting of a graph or graphs 图表的，利用图表的
adj. 形象的；图表的；绘画似的
 - ikonic, imagic

Word: loom
Front: loom
[lu:m] (研托雅宝 5292/6042 -2)
Vocabulary: loom
(once / 428 pages)
1nv 2v
Loom has two distinct meanings. First, it's a tool for weaving. Second, it means to appear or stand over someone in a threatening way. The future loomed grim. The shadow loomed above us.
A common way we hear loom is in "loomed large," as in, "The specter of getting fired loomed large in Amanda's imagination." Deriving from Low German or Dutch, the word sounds smoky (or misty) and spectral: the Antarctic ice-shelf loomed on the horizon as Shackleton's ship approached the continent.
WORD FAMILY
loom: loomed, looming, looms
USAGE EXAMPLES
Meanwhile, concerns about poisonous air, adulterated food and an ultracompetitive education system loom large in many people’s lives.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
In the short term, Democrats are focused more on Trump’s Cabinet picks and the looming Supreme Court nomination.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
A row of rugged mountain peaks loomed to the west.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 织布机，织布法; 若隐若现的景象; 桨柄; [航]翼肋腹部
vi. & link-v. 朦胧出现
vi. 隐约地出现; 赫然耸现; 迫在眉睫
时态：loomed, looming, looms
分布：织布机(68%)，隐约可见(18%)，若隐若现(9%)，迫近(5%)
→来自古英语geloma,ge-,表强调，-loma,工具，仪器，引申词义宝贝，老二，传家宝，后词义固定为织布机，见heirloom.loom 逼近，赫然耸现
n.织布机,织机v.隐现,(危险,忧虑等)迫近The mountain peak loomed through the fog.那座山峰在雾中隐隐出现.
【区】loon（n 懒人；笨蛋）；loop（n 圈，环）
verb intransitive
APPEAR 出现
■to appear as a large, often frightening or unclear shape or object （令人惊恐地）隐约显现；赫然耸现
• Dark storm clouds loomed on the horizon. 天边隐约出现了一团团的乌云。
[lu:m] verb intransitive
WORRY 担心
■If an unwanted or unpleasant event looms, it seems likely to happen soon and causes worry （不希望或不愉快的事情）阴森地逼近
• Her exams are looming. 考试日益逼近，她非常担心。
• Here, too, the threat of unemployment has been looming on the horizon. 另外还有失业的威胁在逼近，令人忧虑。
• The threat of closure looms over the workforce. 工厂可能关闭，令工人们焦虑不安。
[lu:m] verb intransitive
loom large
■If something looms large, it becomes very important and often causes worry 显得突出；变得严重
• The issue of pay will loom large at this Easter's teacher conference. 工资问题将在今年复活节的教师大会上突显出来。
[lu:m] noun countable
■a piece of equipment on which thread is woven into cloth 织布机
appear, show, emerge, loom
这组词都有“出现”的意思，其区别是：
appear: 强调公开露面，被看见。
show: 语气较强，强调“露出来”。
emerge: 侧重缓缓出现的过程。
loom: 指朦胧出现，好像从雾中浮现出来一样。
n. [纺] 织布机；若隐若现的景象
 - weaving machine

Word: witch
Front: witch
[wɪtʃ] (研宝 5294/6162 -2)
Vocabulary: witch
(once / 305 pages)
nv
A witch is a person with magical powers. Most towns have a spooky old woman with a lot of cats who all the neighborhood kids suspect of being a witch.
The classic picture of a witch is a woman dressed in black with a tall, pointy hat, a broom, and an ugly face — this kind of witch is a popular Halloween costume. Another kind of witch is a serious believer in the religion called Wicca. The word witch is also used to describe someone who's old and unattractive — or, conversely, a young enchantress, a girl capable of bewitching a man.
WORD FAMILY
witch: witched, witchery, witches, witching, witchlike+/witchery: witcheries/witching: witchingest, witchingly, witchings
USAGE EXAMPLES
They became victims of the witch hunt for so-called Communist sympathizers and those who “lost” China.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
“It’s like a witch hunt,” says Kimberley Motley, the pilot’s American lawyer.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 26, 2016)
The piano teacher, on the other hand, “was an old witch, I hated her,” Mr. Rieu said.
New York Times(Dec 21, 2016)
Back: n. 女巫，巫婆; <贬>讨人嫌的丑女人; 迫害的对象
vt. 施巫术
时态：witched, witching, witches
分布：女巫(61%)，巫婆(37%)，施巫术(1%)，用神杖发现地下水源或矿物(1%)
→来自古英语wicca,巫师，巫术，来自weik,选择，献祭，牺牲，词源同victim,Wicca。引申词义通灵，做法，召唤鬼神。
n.女巫,巫婆,巫师The evil witch in this story is cursed by everyone.人们都咒骂这个故事中那邪恶的女巫.
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a woman who is believed to have magical powers and who uses them to harm or help other people 女巫，巫婆
• a witch on a broomstick 骑着扫把的女巫
• Witches were persecuted all over western Europe from the 15th to the 17th century as it was claimed that they had dealings with the Devil. 从15世纪到17世纪，整个西欧的女巫都受到迫害，因为据称她们与魔鬼有来往。
informal disapproving
■an unpleasant and ugly woman 讨厌且丑陋的女人
n. 巫婆，女巫
 - carlin, sorceress
vt. 迷惑；施巫术
 - ensorcel, bamboozled

Word: endorsement
Front: endorsement
[ɪnˈdɔ:smənt] (5296/8096)
Vocabulary: endorsement
(once / 1883 pages)
1n 2n
An endorsement is a form of public support or approval. Endorsements are given to politicians and products.
If you give something an endorsement, you're basically saying "I approve of this person or product." Celebrities give politicians an endorsement if they think you should vote for them. When celebrities do commercials for products, those are also endorsements. If someone puts their fame or name behind something, they're endorsing it and giving their approval. That goes for checks, too: when you sign one you've just written, you've endorsed it.
WORD FAMILY
endorsement: endorsements+/ endorse: endorsed, endorsement, endorser, endorses, endorsing/endorser: endorsers
USAGE EXAMPLES
The final text dropped an endorsement of the Syria cease-fire agreement brokered by Moscow and Ankara.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 31, 2016)
But the fact that they describe a teetering world of rigid class boundaries and vanishing deference is often mistaken for a tacit endorsement.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
He dismisses Rasputin’s crude endorsement of vigilantism against Jews — so they “won’t even dream about asking for equality” — as an isolated utterance.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 背书; 担保; 认可
分布：支持(46%)，认可(33%)，背书(21%)
US [-'dɔ:r-] noun
APPROVAL 认可
countable or uncountable
■when you make a statement of your approval or support for something or someone 支持，认可
• The campaign hasn't received any political endorsements. 此活动未得到任何政治支援。
• He hoped to secure quick endorsement of the plan from the President. 他希望从总统那里快速获取这项计划的批准。
countable or uncountable
■when a famous person appears in an advertisement saying that they use and like a product 名人为某一商品做广告（代言）
• products which carry an endorsement from a famous person 名人代言做广告的商品
UK [ɪn'dɔ:.smənt] US [-'dɔ:r-] noun
DRIVING LICENCE 驾驶执照
countable UK
■a mark on a driving licence that shows the driver is guilty of driving in an illegal way 违规驾驶纪录
• He's got a couple of endorsements on his licence already. 他的驾照上已经有好几次违规记录了。
n. 认可，支持； [金融] 背书；签注（文件）
 - approval, holding, support, authorization, adhesion

Word: notable
Front: notable
[ˈnəʊtəbl] (研六托雅宝 5293/4196 -2)
Vocabulary: notable
(once / 257 pages)
adjn
When something is notable, it's worthy of notice, or even famous. It might be a notable feature of your trip to New York City that you spotted one of the city's notable celebrities.
Notable is a very useful word––it allows you succinctly to note that from a long list of things you could say, you have thoughtfully picked out only the ones that are the most notable, the most worthy — a notable example of kindness to your listeners.
WORD FAMILY
notable: notability, notables, notably +/notability: notabilities/ note: notable, noted, notes, noting/ noted: notedest, notedly, unnoted
USAGE EXAMPLES
Harden’s feat was especially notable because of the high point total.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
There are certainly other notable accounts of the “Transcendental Études.”
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Most notable is Chicago, where the city’s 700-plus slayings are more than double the combined total in the Washington region.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 值得注意的; 显著的; 著名的
n. 名人; 显要人物
分布：显著的(49%)，著名的(39%)，名人(12%)
→来自note,注意，留意。即值得注意的，值得留意的。
值得注意的(not+able能...的)[Not=know,表示"知道,注意"]
n.值得注意的,显著的,著名的The notorious man's noted notation denotes a notable secret.那个臭名昭著的男子的著名符号代表一个值得关注的秘密.
US ['noʊ.tˌə-] adjective
 ADVANCED
■important and deserving attention, because very good or interesting 显要的；显著的；值得注意的
• a notable collection of rare plants 一批引人注目的奇花异草
• Getting both sides to agree was a notable achievement. 使双方达成共识是一项显著的成就。
• This attractive building is particularly notable for its garden setting. 这幢漂亮的建筑因其花园布局而格外引人注目。
UK ['nəʊ.tə.bl] US ['noʊ.tˌə-] noun countable literary
■an important or famous person 显要人物；名流
• Other notables among his pupils were the kings of Saudi Arabia and Thailand. 他的学生中，另外两位显要人物是沙乌地阿拉伯国王和泰国国王。
famous, notorious, eminent, notable, noted, prominent, outstanding
这组词都有“著名的，知名的”的意思，其区别是：
famous: 是普通用词，指传播很广，引起人们注意的人或事物。
notorious: 指因劣迹而臭名昭著，含强烈贬义；但有时也作“众所周知的”解。
eminent: 指在某方面杰出卓越或突出的人或物。
notable: 用于指事件时，侧重其重要、值得注意；用于指人时，与famous同义，但语气较弱。
noted: 多指因成绩卓著而备受注意的专家或权威及其著作，有时含贬义。
prominent: 指出人头地，为公众所熟悉，至少在地方上闻名。
outstanding: 侧重指因素质优良，功绩卓著而超过同类的人或物，强调“突出”。
adj. 值得注意的，显著的；著名的
 - famous, obvious, remarkable, prominent, marked
n. 名人，显要人物
 - personality, lion, celebrity

Word: dusty
Front: dusty
[ˈdʌsti] (高 5298/6602 -1)
Vocabulary: dusty
(once / 533 pages)
adj
When you call something dusty, it's either literally covered in dust or so old and unoriginal that it might as well be.
You can use a feather duster to clean off dusty surfaces, but if something is a dusty color, that just means it's got a grayish tint to it, like dusty pink or dusty blue. If something has been around for a really long time and it's worn-out, stale, or unoriginal, you can also call it dusty. If you're a stand up comedian whose been working the same act for thirty years, chances are your jokes are getting a little dusty.
WORD FAMILY
dusty: dustier, dustiest, dustily, dustiness+/ dust: dusted, duster, dusting, dustlike, dusts, dusty /duster: dusters
USAGE EXAMPLES
Generally, meteors occur when Earth passes through dusty comet trail.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Dusty Baker added 16 points on four treys.
Washington Times(Dec 29, 2016)
The once-invulnerable Logan is shown alone, backed by dusty deserts and rusting equipment.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 布满灰尘的; 尘状的; 浅灰色的; 枯燥无味的
级别：dustier, dustiest
分布：满是灰尘的(100%)
adjective
■covered in dust 布满灰尘的
• Heaps of dusty books lay on the floor. 一堆堆落满灰尘的书籍摊在地板上。
• We drove along the dusty road. 我们在尘土飞扬的道路上行驶。
■slightly grey in colour 略带灰色的，浅灰色的
• dusty pink 土灰粉红色

Word: trip
Front: trip
[trɪp] (中高托雅 962/1664 -K4)
Back: n. 旅游，出行; 摔倒，绊倒; 绊（使某人跌倒的动作）; 错误，过失
vi. 绊倒，绊; 旅行; 轻快地走，跳
vt. 使犯错误; 松开（离合器等）以开动
时态：tripped, tripping, trips
分布：旅行(80%)，绊倒(9%)，失误(3%)，轻快地走(2%)，使失败(2%)，摔倒(1%)，使犯错(1%)，差错(1%)，竖帆(1%)
→来自古法语 triper,跳动，舞动，来自 Proto-Germanic*trap,踩踏，走动，跳动，词源同 trap,tramp. 引申词义轻快的走，跑，跳，远足，旅行等，同时又引申看似矛盾的词义绊倒，摔倒，使犯 错等，再后在 20 世纪中期引申词义幻觉，迷幻。
n.旅行,远足v.绊倒;失足;犯错I gripped the striped strip that tripped me over on the ship.我握着那条在船上将我绊倒的带条纹的带子.
noun
JOURNEY 旅行
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a journey in which you go somewhere, usually for a short time, and come back again （通常指短途的）旅行，行程
• The trip from York to Newcastle takes about an hour by train. 乘火车从约克到纽卡斯尔大约要一个小时。
• Do you want to go on the school trip to France this year? 今年你想去法国游学吗？
• I thought we might hire a motorboat and take a trip round/around the bay. 我觉得我们可以租一艘汽艇，绕着海湾兜一圈。
• mainly UK We can't afford another trip abroad this year. 今年我们没钱再次去国外旅行。
• It's a 10-mile trip from the airport to the city centre. 从机场到市中心有十英里路。
• She's away on a business trip and won't be back until next week. 她出差了，下周才回来。
• I was thinking we might go on a shopping trip to Oxford on Saturday. 我在想我们周六可以去牛津购物。
[trɪp] noun
FALL 倒下
countable usually singular
■when you knock your foot again something and fall or lose your balance, or someone causes you to do this, when you are walking or running 绊，绊倒
• She broke her ankle when she had a nasty trip on the stairs. 她在楼梯上重重地绊了一跤，把脚踝摔断了。
[trɪp] noun
EXPERIENCE 体验
countable slang
■an experience in which someone sees, hears or feels things that do not exist as a result of taking an illegal drug （服用毒品后）产生幻觉
• If you take this stuff when you're depressed, you'll have a really bad trip. 如果你心情沮丧时服用这种东西，会产生一种特别不舒服的幻觉。
guilt/power/ego trip disapproving
■when you experience a particular feeling strongly over a period of time 强烈的内疚／拥有权力的快感／极度自负心理
• She's been on a real power trip since she became the office manager. 自从成为办公室主管后，她就一直陶醉在拥有权力的喜悦之中。
• I suffer from the classic working mother's guilt trip. 我像众多有工作的妈妈一样，对孩子深感歉疚。
[trɪp] verb (-pp-)
LOSE BALANCE 失去平衡
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to lose your balance after knocking your foot against something when you are walking or running, or to cause someone to do this 绊，绊倒
• He tripped and fell over, grazing his knee. 他绊了个跟头，擦伤了膝盖。
• That cable is dangerous. Someone might trip over it. 那根电缆很危险，可能会绊到人。
• He was sent off for deliberately tripping Robson when he was about to score a goal. 他因故意绊倒正要起脚射门得分的罗布森而被罚下场。
[trɪp] verb (-pp-)
MOVE 移动
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to move with quick gentle steps 轻快地走
• She looked stunning as she tripped down the stairs in her ball gown. 她身穿晚礼服轻盈地走下楼梯，显得光彩照人。
[trɪp] verb (-pp-)
SWITCH 转动
transitive
■to move a switch that operates an electrical system, or to cause such a system to start or stop working by moving a switch 转动（开关）；转动开关开动（或关掉）
• A special system prevents the circuitry being tripped accidentally by a power surge or lightning strike. 有一种特殊系统防止电路因电力激增或闪电而被意外切断。
[trɪp] verb (-pp-)
EXPERIENCE 体验
intransitive slang
■to experience the effects of taking an illegal drug which causes the user to see, hear or feel things that do not exist （服用毒品后）产生幻觉
• When I was a student I spent a lot of time tripping out on LSD. 我在学生时代经常服用迷幻药，为的是体验幻觉。
[trɪp] verb (-pp-)
trip off the tongue
■Something that trips off the tongue is easy to say or pronounce 很容易说出（或发音）
• The new company will need to have a name that trips off the tongue and is easy to remember. 这家新公司需要取一个顺口易记的名字。
[trɪp] verb (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] trip (sb) up
FALL
 IMPROVER
■to fall because you hit your foot on something, or to make someone fall by putting your foot in front of their foot 绊，绊倒（某人）
• I'm terribly sorry. I didn't mean to trip you up. 实在对不起，我不是有意要绊倒你的。
• She tripped up on the rug. 她在小地毯上绊了一下。
FAIL informal
■to make a mistake, or to cause someone to make a mistake （使某人）犯错
• The exam went quite well, except at the end when I tripped up on the final question. 考试进展得很顺利，只是我答错了最后一道题。
• At the interview, they were trying to trip me up all the way through. 采访时，他们由始至终想方设法让我说错话。
expedition, voyage, journey, trip, travel, excursion, tour, cruise
这组词都有“旅行”的意思，其区别是：
expedition: 指有特定目的远征或探险。
voyage: 指在水上旅行，尤指海上旅行，也可指空中旅行。
journey: 最普通用词，侧重指时间较长、距离较远的单程陆上旅行，也指水上或空中的旅行。
trip: 普通用词，口语多用，常指为公务或游玩作的较短暂的旅行。
travel: 泛指旅行的行为而不指某次具体的旅行，多指到远方作长期旅行，不强调直接目的地，单、复数均可用。
excursion: 较正式用词，常指不超过一天的短时期娱乐性游玩，也可指乘火车或轮船往返特定景点的远足旅游。
tour: 指最后反回出发地，旅途中有停留游览点，距离可长可短，目的各异的周游或巡行。
cruise: 主要指乘船的游览并在多处停靠。
vi. 绊倒；远足；犯错误；轻快地走
 - excurse, make a mistake
n. 旅行；绊倒；差错
 - journey, tour, travel

Word: cane
Front: cane
[keɪn] (六雅宝 5299/7719 -2)
Back: n. 手杖; （植物的）茎; 棍棒，棒; 藤条，藤料
vt. 用苔杖打; 用藤（或竹等）编制（椅等）
时态：caned, caning, canes
分布：手杖(64%)，藤条(24%)，以杖击(6%)，细长的茎(5%)，以藤编制的(1%)
→来自拉丁词canna, 芦苇，后外延义甘蔗。
noun
countable or uncountable
■the long, hard, hollow stem of particular plants such as bamboo , sometimes used to make furniture or support other plants in the garden （某些植物的）茎；藤条；竹竿
countable
■a long stick used especially by old, ill or blind people to help them walk （尤指老人、病人或盲人用的）手杖，拐杖，竹竿
only singular
■a long, thin stick used in the past as a school punishment （旧时用于惩罚学生的）笞杖，笞条，藤条
[keɪn] verb transitive
■to hit a child at school with a stick as a punishment 用藤条打，鞭笞（学童）
staff, stick, cane
这组词都有“手杖”的意思，其区别是：
staff: 多指走路爬山时用作支持或防卫使用的长木棒。
stick: 普通用词，指木制的细长手杖。
cane: 多指用藤或竹制成的细长的手杖。
n. 手杖；藤条；细长的茎
 - walking stick, canne

Word: fortunate
Front: fortunate
[ˈfɔ:tʃənət] (高研四六托 5300/4680 -2)
Vocabulary: fortunate
(once / 57 pages)
adj
If you are lucky, you are fortunate. You can be fortunate to have avoided something terrible and you can be fortunate to have acquired, won, or been bestowed with something better than those around you, like wealth and good looks.
The adjective fortunate comes from the Latin word fortunatus, meaning “prospered,” “prosperous,” “lucky,” or “happy.” Fortunate is related to the word fortune and they have similar meanings, in the sense that those fortunate enough to have a fortune most likely have gobs of money and are sometimes called “the fortunate.” When it comes to predicting the future, you could get bad news from a fortune teller about what’s in store for you, but if you’re fortunate — she’ll say something good.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
fortunate / fortuitous
Get our your lucky rabbit's foot! Fortunate is lucky, but fortuitous means by chance or accident. Silly rabbit, these words aren't the same.
Fortunate means having good fortune that you're born with or win somehow. You're fortunate if you're rich, good looking, and in love. Here are some examples full of fortunes:
Let's say you are fortunate enough to have a good job and some savings. (Business Week)
More fortunate refugees have been taken in by local families. (Reuters)
Fortuitous traditionally refers to something that happens by accident or chance — either good or bad. It descends from the Latin forte, meaning "by chance." People often use fortuitous to mean lucky because they want to sound fancy, but you don't have to be one of them. Let's stumble upon these fortuitous examples:
Meetings with other individuals in the course of foraging, basking, or seeking shelter, are fortuitous and have no social significance. (John M. Legler)
There are also fortuitous street finds, like the Eames lounge chairs he discovered near their apartment in Greenwich Village. (New York Times)
Fortuitous has also been used to mean fortunate for so long that the meaning is morphing. Fortuitous is still separate from fortunate, though — it's closer to serendipity. The usage guru Bryan A. Garner notes that this usage of fortuitous is at stage 3 in his Language Change Index: "the form becomes commonplace even among many well-educated people but is still avoided in careful usage."
Don't thank that rabbit foot for your being so fortunate; after all, it wasn't so lucky for the rabbit. But if you're superstitious, it's fortuitous that you found it right before you bought that lottery ticket.
WORD FAMILY
fortunate: fortunately, fortunatest, misfortunate, unfortunate +/ fortune: fortunate, fortunes, misfortune /misfortunate: misfortunately/ misfortune: misfortunes/ unfortunate: unfortunately, unfortunates
USAGE EXAMPLES
Numbers like that, Whalen said, drive home how fortunate he is to be alive today.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
That no American church got bombed this Christmas is fortunate.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 28, 2016)
“We were fortunate that someone of Allardyce’s caliber and experience was available,” Parish said in bringing him on.
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: adj. 侥幸的，幸运的; 带来幸运的，吉利的
n. 有好运的人
分布：幸运的(85%)，带来幸运的(8%)，侥幸的(7%)
→来自fortune, 运气，财富。但词义财富的现已很少使用。
a.幸运的,侥幸的She is fortunate in having such a kind husband.她有这样一位好心的丈夫,真是幸运.
【记】fortune（n 运气）
【反】hapless（adj 不幸的）；untoward（adj 倔强的；麻烦的；不幸的）
US ['fɔ:r-] adjective approving
 ADVANCED
■lucky 幸运的
• [+ to infinitive] You're very fortunate to have found such a lovely house. 你能找到这么一栋漂亮的房子真是非常幸运。
• He was fortunate in his choice of assistant. 他很幸运，选择了一位好助手。
• [+ that] It was fortunate that they had left in plenty of time. 幸运的是他们留出了充足的时间。
Opposite unfortunate
favourable, lucky, happy, fortunate
这组词都有“有利的，好运的，顺利的”的意思，其区别是：
favourable: 普通用词，指预示从良好的结果中能得到明显好处，有利于达到目的。
lucky: 多指偶然机遇中的有利或幸运情况。
happy: 侧重指不是通过某种机会，而是凭借鉴另和选择手段而得到利益与好处。有时也指偶然得到的好处，但强调的是有利的结果。
fortunate: 指目前已存在的成功或有利情况，或指因好运或机会带来的成功和喜悦。
adj. 幸运的；侥幸的；吉祥的；带来幸运的
 - lucky, providential

Word: least
Front: least
[li:st] (中高研四六雅 302/2012 -K5)
Back: adj. 最小的; 最少的（ little的最高级）; 最不重要的，地位最低的
adv. 最少，最小
n. 最小; 最少量
分布：最小(30%)，最少(24%)，最小的(15%)，最少的(15%)，最少地(7%)，最小地(7%)，最轻微地(2%)
→来自古英语laesest,最小的，less的最高级。
a.最小的;最少的ad.最小;最少I'm busy unless I'm blessed with less lesson.我很忙,除非我很幸运只有少量功课.
adverb determiner pronoun
 ESSENTIAL
■less than anything or anyone else; the smallest amount or number 最少；最小
• This group is the least likely of the four to win. 该组在四个小组当中获胜的可能性最小。
• Disaster struck when we least expected it. 在我们最不为意的时候，灾难不期而至。
• It was the answer she least wanted to hear. 那是她最不愿听到的回答。
• I like the green one least of all. 我最不喜欢绿色的那一个。
• He's the relative I like (the) least. 他是我最不喜欢的亲戚。
• No one believed her, least of all (= especially not) the police. 没有人相信她，更不用说员警了。
• They refused to admit her, not least because (= there were several reasons but this was an important one) she hadn't got her membership card with her. 他们不让她进入的一个重要原因是她没有带会员卡。
[li:st] adverb determiner pronoun
at least ADVANCED
■as much as, or more than, a number or amount 至少
• It will cost at least $100. 那个东西至少要花100美元。
• It will be £200 at the very least. 那东西最少也要200镑。
• You'll have to wait at least an hour. 你至少要等一个小时。
 ADVANCED
■used to reduce the effect of a statement 反正，不管怎样
• I've met the President - at least, he shook my hand once. 我见到总统了——不管怎样他和我握了一下手。
⇒ See also leastways
 ADVANCED
■used to emphasize that something is good in a bad situation 至少，还好，不管怎么说
• It's a small house but at least there's a garden. 那是一座小房子，但不管怎么说还有一个花园呢。
 ADVANCED
■used to say that someone should give a small amount of help although they do not intend to give a lot 至少，起码
• Even if she didn't want to send a present, she could at least have sent a card. 她即使不想送礼物起码也应该寄一张贺卡。
[li:st] adverb determiner pronoun
it's the least I can do
■a polite answer to someone who thanks you, usually when you feel you should do more to help 尽一点微薄之力而已
• "Thanks for cleaning up" "It's the least I can do, seeing as I'm staying here rent-free." “谢谢你替我打扫干净。”“我住在这里你连房租都没收，我做这点事算不了甚么。”
[li:st] adverb determiner pronoun
Least said soonest mended. UK saying
■This means a bad situation can be quickly forgotten if people stop talking about it. （指对于坏事）议论越少，淡忘越快。
[li:st] adverb determiner pronoun
not in the least
■not in any way 丝毫没有，一点也不
• "Are you dissatisfied with the results?" "Not in the least." “你对结果不满吗？”“一点也不。”
[li:st] adverb determiner pronoun
not the least
■used for emphasis with nouns （与名词连用，表示强调）一点也不
• I haven't the least idea (= I do not know) who he was. 他是谁我一点都不知道。
• She hasn't the least interest (= She has no interest) in the project. 她对该专案一点兴趣都没有。
adj. 最小的；最少的（little的最高级）
 - lowest, minimum, smallest

Word: forge
Front: forge
[fɔ:dʒ] (研六托雅宝 5304/6336 -2)
Vocabulary: forge
(once / 334 pages)
1vn 2v 3v 4v
Have you ever seen a blacksmith make a horseshoe? Well, no, probably not, but they use a special furnace which is called a forge, and "to forge something" is also the act of bashing that hot object into shape.
Forge has also taken on the more general sense of creating something. A new philosophy or art form might have been forged, as might an alibi or an excuse. To forge something also has the meaning of faking something, such as a painting or a signature with the intent to deceive. It can also mean to move ahead in a steady manner, either physically or metaphorically, much like those solid, regular blows of the blacksmith's hammer.
WORD FAMILY
forge: forged, forger, forgery, forges, forging, reforge+/forger: forgers/ forgery: forgeries/forging: forgings/reforge: reforged, reforges, reforging
USAGE EXAMPLES
There are also several agents dedicated to working pharmaceutical diversion cases in which people are doctor shopping or prescriptions are being forged.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Here are eight things to think about as we boldly forge into 2017.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It was an image that spoke directly across the centuries—forging an immediate, emotional connection to these vanished people.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 锻造车间; 熔铁炉，锻铁炉; 铁匠铺，铁匠工场
vi. 锻制，锻造; 伪造; 犯伪造罪
vt. 锻造; 伪造; 捏造，编造; 制订
时态：forged, forging, forges
分布：伪造(39%)，建立(27%)，锻造(20%)，铁匠铺(5%)，锻炉(4%)，锻造车间(3%)，做铁匠(2%)
→来自古法语forge,铸造，锻造，来自拉丁语fabrica, 铁匠铺，车间，词源同fabric.引申贬义词义伪造。
v.锻造,伪造n.锻工车间;锻炉One runner forged ahead of the others and won the race.一名赛跑运动员突然加快速度冲到其他人的前面而获胜.
【参】forger（n 伪造者；铁匠）
【反】lag（vi 缓缓而行；滞后）－forge ahead（v 突然加速前进）
US [fɔ:rdʒ] verb
COPY 复制
transitive
■to make an illegal copy of something in order to deceive 伪造；假冒
• a forged passport 伪造的护照
• a forged signature 伪造的签名
• A number of forged works of art have been sold as genuine. 一些艺术赝品已被当作真品出售。
UK [fɔ:dʒ] US [fɔ:rdʒ] verb
CREATE 创造
transitive
■to make or produce, especially with some difficulty （尤指努力地）制造，生产
• The accident forged a close bond between the two families. 事故使两个家庭紧密地联系在了一起。
• She forged a new career for herself as a singer. 她成了一名歌唱家，为自己开创了一番新事业。
UK [fɔ:dʒ] US [fɔ:rdʒ] verb
MOVE 移动
intransitive + adverb or preposition formal
■to suddenly and quickly move forward 突然向前猛冲
• Just 100 metres from the finishing line Jackson forged ahead. 离终点线还有100米时，杰克逊突然加速冲刺。
• She forged down the straight. 她在直道上突然加速冲刺。
UK [fɔ:dʒ] US [fɔ:rdʒ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  forge ahead
■to suddenly make a lot of progress with something 突然进展神速；迅猛发展
• The organizers are forging ahead with a programme of public events. 组织者搞的一个公共活动计划进展神速。
UK [fɔ:dʒ] US [fɔ:rdʒ] noun countable
■a working area with a fire for heating metal until it is soft enough to be beaten into different shapes 锻造车间；铁工厂
• a blacksmith's forge 铁匠铺
mould, shape, from, forge
这组词都有“使成形”的意思，其区别是：
mould: 通常指把有延展性的材料浇铸或塑成所需形状的物品。
shape: 比mould使用广泛，指用许多不同的方法制成不同形状的制品。
from: 通常指对尚未成形的物品作进一步加工，使成为成品。
forge: 意义较窄，指用锤子和砧对金属材料进行加工或锻造。
n. 熔炉，锻铁炉；铁工厂
 - furnace, smelter
vi. 伪造；做锻工
 - trump up, to fake
vt. 伪造； [机] 锻造
 - doctor, trump up

Word: export
Front: export
[ˈekspɔ:t] (高研四雅 3456/2231 -K4)
Vocabulary: export
(once / 177 pages)
1vn 2v
To export something is to move it from its current location to a different territory. Some have been trying to export the American diet overseas by spreading McDonald's fries around the globe.
The verb export comes from the Latin word exportare which means “to carry out” or “send away.” To export something is to move it across borders. You could export locally made fabric to wealthy European cities. When something is an export, it is a good, service or idea that is sent or sold to a foreign land: diamonds are a valuable African export.
WORD FAMILY
export: exportable, exportation, exported, exporter, exporting, exports+/exportable: unexportable/exportation: exportations/ exporter: exporters
USAGE EXAMPLES
It included 15,000 fireworks and was accompanied by music from some of the city's most famous musical exports.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Companies such as Carrier will remain subject to the regulations if they export their products into the United States.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
The state exported $1.4 billion worth of goods to the Caribbean island nation in the past decade.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 出口，输出
vt. 传播，输出（思想或活动）
时态：exported, exporting, exports
分布：出口(89%)，输出(9%)，输出品(1%)，输出存储器的信息(1%)
→ex-, 向外。port, 港口。
出口(ex出+port拿,引申为港口→拿出港口→出口)[Port=carry,表示"拿,运"]
v./n.输出,出口n.出口商品The airport and seaport are important to import and export of portable goods.机场和海港对于进口和出口轻便商品很重要.
US [ˈek.spɔːrt]
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to send goods to another country for sale 出口；输出
• French cheeses are exported to many different countries. 法国的起司出口到很多国家。
• Our clothes sell so well in this country that we have no need to export. 我们生产的服装在本国销路很好，所以没有必要出口。
Compare import
transitive
■to put something from one country into use in other countries 把…带到另一国家；传播；输出
• American culture has been exported all over the world. 美国文化已经传到世界各地。
transitive
■If you export information from a computer, you copy a large amount of it either to a different part of the computer's storage space or to another form of storage such as a floppy disk , so that it can be used for a different purpose. （将电脑讯息）导出，输出，转存
noun countable or uncountable UK [ˈek.spɔːt] US [-spɔːrt]
 IMPROVER
■a product that you sell in another country, or the business of sending goods to another country in order to sell them there 出口；出口商品；出口业务
• Coffee is one of Brazil's main exports. 咖啡是巴西主要的出口货品之一。
• We plan to increase our exports over the next five years. 我们计划在今后5年内增加出口。
• The export of ivory is now strictly controlled. 现在，象牙出口受到严格控制。
• India grows tea for export. 印度种植茶叶以供出口。
• We are planning to develop our export market/trade. 我们正计划拓展我们的出口市场／贸易。
n. 输出， [贸易] 出口；出口商品
 - output, exit
vt. 输出， [贸易] 出口
 - output, bulk out

Word: disrupt
Front: disrupt
[dɪsˈrʌpt] (研六托雅宝 5307/5953 -2)
Vocabulary: disrupt
(once / 839 pages)
v
To disrupt is to interrupt or throw something into disorder. If you don't turn your phone off before a play, it might ring and disrupt the actors and the audience.
Disrupt goes back to the Latin root disrumpere, "to break apart." When you disrupt, you break someone's concentration, break up a routine, or break apart a system or order, as when bad weather disrupts the travel plans of people in airports. Even if your headphones keep the music in your ears only, singing out loud can disrupt those around you. A larger interruption would be if a war were to erupt. That would disrupt the peace of an entire region and its people.
WORD FAMILY
disrupt: disrupted, disrupting, disruption, disruptive, disrupts+/ disruption: disruptions/ disruptive: disruptively
USAGE EXAMPLES
“It’s better to acquire disruptive technology than to be disrupted by that technology.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
On Thursday, Mr. Obama announced a series of sanctions against Russia for its attempts to disrupt the November election.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Police raids to disrupt suspected holiday terror plots led to several shootouts in which five militants were killed and 20 arrested.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 使混乱; 使分裂，使瓦解; 破坏; 使中断
adj. 混乱的; 分裂的，中断的; 瓦解的
时态：disrupted, disrupting, disrupts
分布：干扰(58%)，打断(21%)，使分裂(11%)，妨碍(9%)，使破裂(1%)
→dis-, 分开。-rupt, 断开。
分裂;瓦解(dis分开+rupt→分开断→分裂)[rupt=break,表示"断裂"]
vt.使混乱,使崩溃,使分裂,使瓦解The communication was seriously disrupted by the storm.暴风雨使交通严重中断.
【记】dis分开，rupt断－使分开或断－破坏
【参】disruptive（adj 分裂的；制造混乱的）
verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to prevent something, especially a system, process or event, from continuing as usual or as expected 打断，中断，扰乱
• A heavy fall of snow had disrupted the city's transport system. 一场大雪扰乱了城市交通系统的正常运作。
• The meeting was disrupted by a group of protesters who shouted and threw fruit at the speaker. 一群抗议者一边呼喊一边向发言者投掷水果，让会议无法正常进行下去。
vt. 破坏；使瓦解；使分裂；使中断；使陷于混乱
 - destroy, tear, undermine, founder
adj. 分裂的，中断的；分散的
 - divided, scattered

Word: commerce
Front: commerce
[ˈkɒmɜ:s] (研四六托 4647/4189 -3)
Vocabulary: commerce
(once / 96 pages)
n
Commerce is the exchange of goods and services. It's business. Competition between cities wanting to host the Olympics is fierce because the games increase tourism and commerce.
Commerce made its way into English from the Latin word commercium — com-, meaning "together," and -mercium, meaning "merchandise." Business, trade, and retailing are all common synonyms. Commerce doesn't always refer to buying and selling, though, just as the marketplace doesn't always refer to goods and services. Data, information, and opinions, too, can be exchanged and traded, as on the Internet, which is a great place for the commerce of ideas.
WORD FAMILY
commerce: commerces, commercial +/ commercial: commercialise, commercialism, commercialize, commercially, commercials, noncommercial, uncommercial/commercialise: commercialisation, commercialised, commercialising/commercialised: uncommercialised/ commercialism: commercialisms/commercialize: commercialization, commercialized, commercializes, commercializing/commercialized: uncommercialized/noncommercial: noncommercially/uncommercial: uncommercially
USAGE EXAMPLES
Displays of Nazi symbols for commerce or entertainment also occur in mainland China, South Korea and Thailand.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Instead, cash dried up, retail commerce froze, and Maduro suspended the move as rioting and looting erupted.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
He noted, though, that “every dollar you spend on a movie is a dollar further away from art and deeper into commerce.”
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 商业; 商务; 贸易
分布：商业(76%)，贸易(24%)
商业(com共同+merce→共同交易→商业)[merc,merch=trade,表示"交易"]
n.商业,贸易;交际,交往We have been trying to broaden its commerce with other nations.我们一直在努力扩大与其他国家的贸易往来.
【记】com共同，merce＝merchant（n 商人）－共同经商－商业
US ['kɑ:.mɝ:s] noun uncountable
 IMPROVER
■the activities involved in buying and selling things 商业；商务；贸易；交易
• the world of commerce and industry 工商界
deal, trade, bargain, commerce, business
这组词都有“贸易，交易”的意思，其区别是：
deal: 口语用词，指买卖双方经过交涉达成协议成交。
trade: 普通用词，含义广。既可指某种具体的商业又可指广泛的贸易。
bargain: 多指买卖双方通过谈判、协商就商品质量、数量、价格等项达成协议所成的生意。
commerce: 多指大规模的买卖或易货关系。
business: 指包括售货、购货、换货在内的综合商业活动，方式可以是批发或零售。
n. 贸易， [贸易] 商业
 - trade, traffic

Word: aging
Front: aging
['eɪdʒɪŋ] (5306/23291)
Vocabulary: aging
(once / 1447 pages)
nadj
Aging means growing older. You could say that your glamorous grandparents make aging look easy.
The process of getting older, especially as people reach middle age and beyond, is called aging, and it's also an adjective that describes someone or something going through this process. Your aging French teacher might find it harder and harder to read her own writing on the chalkboard, and an aging motorcycle probably needs to be repaired more often. The verb age, or "grow older," is at the heart of aging, and its Latin root is aevum, "lifetime."
WORD FAMILY
age: aged, ageing, ageism, ageless, ages, aging, agism, nonage, overaged, underage+/aged: ageder, agedest, agedly, agedness, nonaged, unaged/ageism: ageisms/ageless: agelessly, agelessness/underage: underager
USAGE EXAMPLES
But the passage of time hasn’t been easy for the aging school.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Meanwhile, overall spending on building new factories or upgrading aging equipment languished.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
The center relies on other agencies and volunteers for various programs, including meals through the Northeast Iowa Area Agency on Aging.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 老化; 老龄化; （酒等的）陈化; 熟化
v. 使变老; （使）长大( age的现在分词 ); 使显老; 使变老; 使苍老
分布：迟滞)(50%)，老化(时效(50%)
mainly US present participle of
■* age (PROCESS)
n. 老化；陈化，熟化
 - ageing, senescense

Word: rap
Front: rap
[ræp] (研六托 5303/10521 -2)
Vocabulary: rap
(once / 551 pages)
1vn 2vn
To rap is to hit something, talk, or bust into rhymes like the Fat Boys in the rap song “Human Beat Box” (1984). That’s some old school Brooklyn rap, but you can rap to any beat you want. Hit it!
A rap is a knock or blow, like if you rap somebody upside the head as a gentle reminder to pay attention. The word rap also means, "reputation,” like if you get a bad rap at school for sleeping in class. It’s also "to talk at great length." And there’s the musical rap, the “genre that includes talking rhythmically over a beat.” This meaning comes from African American slang for, basically, "talking.”
WORD FAMILY
rap: rapped, rapper, rapping, raps+/ rapper: rappers
USAGE EXAMPLES
There are mechanisms in place, however, for people to challenge what they believe to be mistakes on their rap sheet.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
He put on a rap song and turned it up.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Two people were shot and killed and two others were wounded on Friday after a rap concert in southern Connecticut, local media reported.
Reuters(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 突然说出; （公开地）严厉批评; 突然大声说出; 连续敲叩
n. （轻快的）敲击（声）; 说唱音乐; 说唱歌; 速度快的谈话
时态：rapped, rapping, raps
分布：说唱音乐(45%)，轻敲(14%)，责骂(14%)，拍击(8%)，谈话(5%)，畅谈(5%)，最少量(3%)，厉声说出(3%)，表演说唱音乐(3%)
→拟声词，模仿敲打的声音，后引申词义说唱。
n.叩击,轻拍,斥责v.敲,拍,打,斥责,使着迷The captive captivated by the apt adaptation rapped the cavity with rapture.被灵巧的改编迷住了的被捕者着迷地敲打空腔.
noun
MUSIC 音乐
uncountable
■a type of popular music with a strong rhythm in which the words are spoken, not sung 说唱乐
• a rap artist /star 说唱乐艺人／歌星
[ræp] noun
PUNISHMENT 惩罚
countable or uncountable mainly US slang
■when someone is accused of of crime, or a punishment 指控；罪责；判刑
• He always said he was jailed on a bum rap (= false accusation). 他总说自己坐牢是冤枉的。
• The police caught him, but somehow he managed to beat the rap (= escape punishment). 员警抓住了他，但不知怎么他竟设法逃脱了罪责。
• I'm not going to take the rap for you (= be punished for something you did). 我才不会替你去背黑锅。
[ræp] noun
JUDGMENT 评判
countable US slang
■a judgment or a reaction 看法，评价；反响
• The new show got a bum/bad rap (= was severely criticized) in all the papers. 这个新的节目被各份报纸骂了个狗血喷头。
[ræp] noun
HIT 击打
countable
■a sudden short noise, especially one made by hitting a hard surface （尤指击打坚硬表面发出的）敲击（声），叩击（声）
• There was a series of raps on the window. 传来一阵敲窗户的声音。
[ræp] noun
a rap on/over the knuckles
■when you are spoken to severely or angrily because of something you have done or failed to do 严厉的批评；厉声的指责；愤怒的谴责
• I got a rap on the knuckles for not finishing my essay on time. 我因为没有按时完成论文受到了严厉的批评。
[ræp] verb (-pp-)
HIT 击打
intransitive or transitive
■to hit or say something suddenly and forcefully 敲击，急拍；突然大声说，突然厉声说
• She rapped (on)the table to get everyone's attention. 她敲了敲桌子，让大家注意。
• The colonel rapped (out) an order to his men. 上校厉声对他的士兵下命令。
transitive
■to criticize someone, especially officially （尤指正式地）批评，指责，苛责
• The headline read 'Judge raps police'. 报道的标题是“法官斥责警方”。
[ræp] verb (-pp-)
MUSIC 音乐
intransitive
■to perform rap 表演说唱乐；说唱
[ræp] verb (-pp-)
rap sb over the knuckles
■to speak officially to someone, in a severe or angry way, because you disapprove of their actions 严厉批评，厉声指责，愤怒谴责（某人）
• He was rapped over the knuckles by the management. 他受到了管理层的严厉批评。
pat, knock, rap, tap
这组词都有“敲、击”的意思，其区别是：
pat: 指用手轻拍以示同情、赞同或爱抚。
knock: 指用拳头或其它器械猛敲或猛打；也指用手轻敲某物。
rap: 指用手指或木棒等快速地轻敲或急拍。
tap: 多指慢慢地连续地轻击或轻拍。
vt. 抢走；轻敲；敲击致使；使着迷
 - tap, reave
vi. 敲击；交谈
 - strike, knock on
n. 轻敲
 - bob, peening

Word: surgical
Front: surgical
[ˈsɜ:dʒɪkl] (5305/6493 -2)
Vocabulary: surgical
(once / 1491 pages)
adj
Things that are surgical have something to do with an operation performed by a surgeon, or something done with the level of precision a surgeon exercises. So, you could wear surgical scrubs or conduct a surgical strike.
A surgical resident is a doctor who's learning to specialize in performing surgery, and the surgical wing of a hospital is the area where surgery is performed. Because what a surgeon does requires such precision and care, the adjective is also used to describe anything done carefully: "Surgical bombing is supposed to be much more precise, with narrow military targets."
WORD FAMILY
surgical: nonsurgical, surgically+/ surgery: microsurgery, surgeries, surgical
USAGE EXAMPLES
Dr. Max Langham, who led the surgical team, says the first few weeks afterward were a challenge for the twins.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The care station is closely located next to two surgical suites, one for scopic procedures, such as colonoscopies, and another for general surgery.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In 2013, the Sidney Regional Medical Center was ordered to stop using a surgical first assistant because the state didn’t recognize that person’s credentials.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 外科的，外科手术的; （服装）治疗用的
分布：外科的(64%)，外科医生的(18%)，手术上的(18%)
→来自 surgery,外科手术，-ical,形容词后缀。
US ['sɝ:-] adjective
■used for medical operations （外科）手术用的
• surgical supplies/instruments/gloves, etc. 手术器材／器械／手套等
■involved in performing medical operations 手术的，外科手术的
• surgical procedures/techniques/intervention 手术程式／技术／介入
• surgical staff 外科手术人员
■(of clothing) worn in order to treat a particular medical condition （衣服）用于外科治疗的
• a surgical shoe/collar/corset 治疗鞋／护颈／畸形矫正内衣

Word: breakthrough
Front: breakthrough
[ˈbreɪkθru:] (高雅 5308/6455)
Vocabulary: breakthrough
(once / 2222 pages)
1n 2n
An amazing discovery or a huge amount of progress can be called a breakthrough. The discovery of penicillin in 1928 was a breakthrough for modern medicine.
A personal breakthrough might be overcoming your fear of spiders once and for all. A bigger breakthrough, one that affects many people, is the invention of indoor plumbing. There's a sense of suddenness and drama associated with most breakthroughs. The word started out with a military meaning of literally "breaking through a barrier" in 1918. By the 1930s, it came to have the second meaning of "abrupt solution."
WORD FAMILY
breakthrough: breakthroughs
USAGE EXAMPLES
The industrial plant appears especially significant as it offers a breakthrough by capturing CO2 without subsidy.
BBC(Jan 03, 2017)
Other Nixon scholars called Mr. Farrell’s discovery a breakthrough.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Her breakthrough video, Station, was shot, without permission, at a local railway station, with Nadia dancing nonchalantly on the tracks as a train pulled in.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 突破; 穿透; 重要技术成就; 炉衬烧穿
分布：关键问题的解决(100%)
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■an important discovery or event that helps to improve a situation or provide an answer to a problem 重大进展；突破
• Scientists are hoping for a breakthrough in the search for a cure for cancer. 科学家们希望在治愈癌症的研究上取得突破。
• A major breakthrough in negotiations has been achieved. 谈判有了重大进展。
n. 突破；突破性进展
 - penetration

Word: specialized
Front: specialized
[ˈspeʃəlaɪzd] (托宝 5310/8034 -2)
Vocabulary: specialized
(once / 1750 pages)
adj
Someone or something specialized has a specific purpose or function. A podiatrist is a specialized doctor. With months of specialized training, a person could learn to walk over hot coals. Good thing that there are doctors specialized in fixing feet.
The word specialized comes from special. Something special is important, notable, or unique in some way. A specialized hammer is made for one, specific purpose. A specialized teacher has expertise in a particular subject. NASCAR drivers use specialized cars, and assemble-at-home furniture comes with specialized tools. The opposite of a specialized thing is a general thing, which could be used in many circumstances. Something specialized is tailored to one job.
WORD FAMILY
specialized: unspecialized+/overspecialize: overspecialized/ special: specialise, specialism, speciality, specialize, specially, specialness, specials/specialisation: specialisations/specialise: overspecialise, specialisation, specialised, specialiser, specialises, specialising/specialised: unspecialised/specialism: specialisms, specialist / specialist: specialistic, specialists/speciality: specialities/ specialization: specializations/ specialize: overspecialize, specialization, specialized, specializer, specializes, specializing/specializer: specializers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Ancient Assyria is not even Salih’s field; she specialized in Islamic art and architecture.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
A partner at Holland & Knight, an international firm, he specialized in commercial and antitrust litigation from his 30th-floor office in downtown Chicago.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
The clubs list hunts across the country in specialized publications such as the Rabbit Hunters magazine.
Washington Times(Dec 26, 2016)
Back: adj. 专门的; 专业的; 专用的
v. 专攻(specialize的过去式和过去分词)
分布：专门的(71%)，专科的(22%)，动词specialize的过去式和过去分词.(7%)
→specialize,专门的，-ed,形容词后缀。
US [-ə.laɪzd] adjective
■relating to one particular area or designed for a particular purpose 专门的；专科的
• Her job is very specialized (= involves only one limited area). 她的工作专业性很强。
• The hospital is unable to provide the highly specialized care needed by very sick babies. 医院无法为重症婴儿提供非常专业化的护理。
• specialized skills 专门技能
adj. 专业的；专门的
 - professional, technical, express
v. 专攻（specialize的过去分词）；使…专门化；详细说明
 - detailed

Word: established
Front: established
[ɪˈstæblɪʃt] (5309/3570 -2)
Vocabulary: established
(once / 90 pages)
adj
Something or someone well established is well known, totally trusted and usually has a proven track record of success.
Becoming established doesn't happen overnight. You've got to put in the time and effort to prove yourself, make connections and build a good reputation. So it makes sense that this adjective is related to the verb establish, which means to "create, set up, or prove." Established is a handy word to know, especially when you're looking for a dentist — you probably won't want to try Dr. Lovedrill until his practice is more established.
WORD FAMILY
established: self-established, unestablished+/ disestablish: disestablished, disestablishes, disestablishing, disestablishment/ establish: disestablish, established, establishes, establishing, establishment, reestablish / establishment: establishmentarianism, establishmentism, establishments, re-establishment/establishmentarianism: antiestablishmentarianism/establishmentism: antiestablishmentism/ reestablish: reestablished, reestablishes, reestablishing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Abraham Lincoln, she remarked, was the first president to protect public land and Richard Nixon established the EPA.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
“Chaos follows until a new system of order is established.”
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
He "didn't fit the criteria" for many established child loss charities.
BBC(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 已建立的; 已设立的; 已制定的; 确定的
v. 建立( establish的过去式和过去分词); 确定; [植物学]使（植物）定植; 使成为
分布：建立的(47%)，确定的(37%)，制定的(11%)，动词establish的过去式和过去分词形式.(5%)
ADJ-GRADED
已被认可的;已被接受的
If you use established to describe something such as an organization, you mean that it is officially recognized or generally approved of because it has existed for a long time.
例：Their religious adherence is not to the established church.他们信仰的不是国教。
例：...qualified lawyers with established and prestigious business addresses.在一些颇有声望的老牌事务所工作的资深律师们
adj. 确定的；已制定的，已建立的
 - fixed, defined, positive, assured, affirmatory

Word: lobbyist
Front: lobbyist
['lɒbɪɪst] (5317/22289)
Vocabulary: lobbyist
(once / 2085 pages)
n
A lobbyist is someone hired by a business or a cause to persuade legislators to support that business or cause.
Lobbyists get paid to win favor from politicians. For example, oil companies send lobbyists to Washington to try to make life easier for oil companies. Sometimes they do it by making a great case for their cause, but often it involves fancy dinners and golf outings. If that sounds kind of shady, it is. But remember that women's rights groups and cancer research foundations have lobbyists, too — it's just one way to get your voice heard on the Hill.
WORD FAMILY
lobbyist: lobbyists+/ lobby: lobbied, lobbies, lobbying, lobbyism, lobbyist
USAGE EXAMPLES
North Dakota lawmakers not only will be dealing with fewer dollars, but fewer lobbyists, too.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Greitens also backs banning lobbyist gifts to elected officials, a top priority of House Speaker Todd Richardson that failed in the Senate in 2016.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
“But I always miss the deadline,” said Ben Droz, a hemp lobbyist and event photographer in Washington, D.C., who also runs a hemp bolo-tie business.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 说客
分布：说客(80%)，活动议案通过者(20%)
US ['lɑ:.bi-] noun countable
■someone who tries to persuade a politician or official group to do something 说客，游说者
• Lobbyists for the tobacco industry have expressed concerns about the restriction of smoking in public places. 烟草业的游说者们对在公共场所限制吸烟表示关切。
n. 说客；活动议案通过者
 - proselytizer

Word: desirable
Front: desirable
[dɪˈzaɪərəbl] (研四六托雅宝 5313/3408 -2)
Vocabulary: desirable
(once / 261 pages)
adj
If something is desirable it is worthy, so many people might want it. If you're hoping for one of the most desirable roles in a play, you have to have an excellent audition.
Popular. Attractive. In demand. Sought-after. All of these describe things that are desirable. After all, it has at its base the word desire, which describes wanting. The root of desirable is the Latin word desiderare, which means "long for, wish for, demand, or expect." It may have originated from the phrase de sidere, "from the stars."
WORD FAMILY
desirable: desirability, desirableness, desirably, undesirable+/desirability: desirabilities/ desire: desirable, desired, desires, desiring, desirous / desired: desiredest, undesired/desiring: undesiring/ desirous: desirously, undesirous/undesirable: undesirability, undesirables, undesirably/undesiring: undesiringly
USAGE EXAMPLES
"London is still one of the most desirable places to live, anywhere."
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
These may not be the most practical or, to many, desirable suggestions.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
These Patriots are less dominant than absurdly competent, which — ask the Jets about this — is still a desirable quality.
New York Times(Dec 24, 2016)
Back: adj. 令人满意的; 值得拥有的; 可取的; 性感的
n. 称心如意的人[东西]
分布：令人满意的(40%)，令人向往的(23%)，性感的(12%)，值得的(10%)，有吸引力的(10%)，有吸引力的人或物(5%)
值得要的(desire渴望)[-able表形容词"可…的,能..."]
a.值得做的;合意的,称心的;期望得到的It is most desirable that he should attend the meeting.他能参加此次会议,是最好不过的了.
US [-'zaɪr.ə-] adjective
WANTED 渴望的
 ADVANCED
■worth having and wanted by most people 值得拥有的；渴望获得的，令人向往的
• Reducing class sizes in schools is a desirable aim. 大家希望减少学校的班别人数。
• It's regarded as a highly desirable job. 那是一份很多人都很想得到的工作。
• The house is in a very desirable area of the city. 那座房子坐落在城里一个很多人向往居住其中的区域。
UK [dɪ'zaɪə.rə.bl] US [-'zaɪr.ə-] adjective
ATTRACTIVE 有吸引力的
■sexually attractive 性感的
• a highly desirable man 非常性感的男人
plausible, desirable, negative
plausible: 似是而非的
desirable: 合意的，令人想要的，悦人心意的
negative: 否定的，消极的
adj. 令人满意的；值得要的
 - satisfying, fulfilling

Word: slim
Front: slim
[slɪm] (高研六托雅 5312/4710 -3)
Vocabulary: slim
(once / 503 pages)
adjv
Anything slim is thin or narrow. So, your sister may be considered slim, and you could also have "a slim chance" of winning the lottery.
Slim people are slender, and slim things are usually delicate, like a slim watch band. You can also use slim to describe a margin or a chance: "There was only a slim likelihood that the home team would win this game." Back in the early 1800s, to slim meant "to do one's work carelessly," and in the seventeenth century, the adjective was also used to mean "sly or crafty."
WORD FAMILY
slim: slimly, slimmed, slimmer, slimmest, slimming, slimness, slims
USAGE EXAMPLES
Resolving the contradictions within the government’s various positions, and preventing backbench revolts destroying its slim parliamentary majority, will be all-consuming.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Basically you sew together an obese mouse that is missing leptin with a slim mouse, surgically attaching their circulatory systems.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Last year, Alabama required a kick-return touchdown and an extra possession bought by a surprise onside kick to beat the Tigers by a slim margin.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 苗条的，纤细的; 微小的; 细长的; 无价值的
vi. 使苗条; 减肥
时态：slimmed, slimming, slims
分布：苗条的(51%)，减肥(23%)，细长的(12%)，微小的(7%)，缩减(7%)
→来自辅音丛 sl-,黏的，滑的，光滑的。引申比喻义瘦弱的，苗条的，纤细的，以及动词词义 使苗条，减肥。
a.苗条的;(机会)少的v.减轻体重,变苗条The slim Muslim reached his climax when he found the axis of the galaxy.苗条的穆斯林在发现银河的轴线时达到了(人生的)顶点.
adjective (slimmer, slimmest) approving
 IMPROVER
■(especially of people) attractively thin （尤指人）苗条的，纤细的
• slim hips/legs 纤细的臀部／腿
• She's got a lovely slim figure. 她有一副迷人的苗条身材。
• figurative They've only a slim chance of winning (= It's unlikely that they will win). 他们获胜的机会微乎其微。
[slɪm] verb intransitive (-mm-) UK to try to get thinner by eating less food and taking more exercise 减肥，瘦身
• You haven't got much lunch - are you slimming? 你午饭吃得不多——在减肥吗？
[slɪm] verb intransitive (-mm-) UK
  Phrasal Verbs  slim down
■to become thinner 变瘦，变苗条
• He's really slimmed down over the last few months. 这几个月来他的确瘦多了。
[slɪm] verb intransitive (-mm-) UK
  Phrasal Verbs  slim sth down
■to reduce the size of something 减少，缩小
• It is not our intention to slim down the workforce. 裁减员工并不是我们的本意。
lean, slim, slight, slender, thin
这组词都有“瘦的”的意思，其区别是：
lean: 侧重缺少脂肪。既可能是因病而瘦，也可能因饥饿而消瘦。也指身体消瘦，但肌肉结实，身体健康。
slim: 指身体的细长，体重轻不着重外形的优美，可用于不同的性别，常用于减轻体重的人。
slight: 指身材又瘦又小。
slender: 指身体细长、体态优美、苗条适中，多用于指女性。
thin: 普通用词，指腰细、骨架窄，常因疾病或疲劳而消瘦。
adj. 苗条的；修长的；无价值的
 - slender, willowy
vi. 减轻体重；变细
 - thin down

Word: remains
Front: remains
[rɪˈmeɪnz] (研四六宝 5315/4358 -K)
Vocabulary: remains
(once / 81 pages)
1n 2n
The word remains can mean a dead body, so a detective might investigate to find out if some bones found in a lake are human or non-human remains.
You can also use remains to mean the part of something that's left behind after the rest has been used or thrown away. So the remains of your birthday cake might just be some crumbs and melted candles, and the remains of a building after an earthquake could consist of a crumbling foundation. In a murder mystery, though, remains are likely to be human bodies.
WORD FAMILY
remain: remained, remaining, remains
USAGE EXAMPLES
The truth remains that Cousins was a highly productive passer this season for a team with obvious flaws in other areas, particularly on defense.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Police spokeswoman Sherry Llewellyn said Monday he remains in critical condition at a Baltimore hospital.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
French police discovered the charred remains of 14 victims — arranged in a star formation — in a forest clearing near the Alpine city of Grenoble.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 遗骨，遗体，残骸，残余，遗迹; 废墟，遗址，遗迹，剩余（物），余额
v. 留下( remain 的第三人称单数); 保持; 留待; 仍然是
分布：遗体(54%)，遗迹(40%)，剩余物(6%)
n.(pl.)剩余,残余,遗迹After maintenance the main remains and remainders are left on the domain.维修之后,主要遗骸和剩余物留在了领地上.
plural noun
 ADVANCED
■pieces or parts of something which continue to exist when most of it has been used, destroyed or taken away 剩余物；残留物；遗迹，遗址
• The remains of lunch were still on the table. 吃剩的午饭仍在桌子上。
• We visited the remains of a 12th-century monastery. 我们参观了一处12世纪修道院的遗迹。
human/ sb's remains formal
■someone's dead body or the remaining parts of it 人的／某人的遗体（或遗骸）
• Fifty years after he died, his remains were returned to his homeland. 他去世50年后，遗体被送回他的故乡。
• Human remains were found in the woods. 在林中发现了人的尸体。
balance, remainder, remains, rest, surplus
这组词都有“剩余部分”的意思，其区别是：
balance: 指支取存款的余额或减去各种开支后的尾数。
remainder: 含义较广，可指数学运算中的余数，也指从整体取走或用掉部分后的所余部分，或一群人走掉一部分剩下的人。
remains: 常指人或动物死后的遗体或遗骨，也指古代文明的遗迹或去世作家尚未发表的遗稿。
rest: 最普通用词与定冠词连用，指任何指定数量的人或物等。
surplus: 指超过需要数量之外的剩余。
n. 残余；遗骸
 - leaving, vestige

Word: allege
Front: allege
[əˈledʒ] (研六托雅宝 5319/3738 -4)
Vocabulary: allege
(once / 193 pages)
v
If you accuse someone of committing a crime but the proof of the wrongdoing isn't yet found, use the verb allege. You might allege that your sister broke a vase, just because no one else was home when you heard the crash.
If you ever watch news programs, you often hear the verb allege. A reporter might say that detectives allege that a certain person, who is now being held without bail, set a fire. This can be confusing: If the person is in jail, then he or she must have set that fire, right? In reality, the person is a suspect, awaiting trial. In our country, people are assumed innocent until proven guilty in a court of law. That's why we used allege until we know for sure.
WORD FAMILY
allege: allegation, alleged, alleges, alleging+/ allegation: allegations/ alleged: allegedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Schmidt declined to discuss the alleged role of a third person who was arrested, a 27-year-old woman, citing the ongoing investigation.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The conservancy also alleges the project's environmental impact report was inadequate.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Defense attorney Scott Wood also questioned instructions to the jury and alleged the court wrongly found Kelly guilty of contempt.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 断言，宣称，辩解; 提出…作为理由
时态：alleged, alleging, alleges
分布：宣称(71%)，断言(29%)
→前缀al-同ad-，在字母l开头的词根前同化为l. 词根leg, 送，派，见legate, 教宗使节。提交证据，指控。
主张;宣称(al一再+lege→一再讲→宣称)[lect,leg=speak,read,表示"讲,读"]
v.断言,宣称;指控In the college, I alleged that I recollected the dialog in dialect about the dial collection.在学院里我宣称忆起关于收集到度盘用方言进行的对话.
【记】al不是，leg：法律－而是一种宣称读：a赖指－一种玩赖的指控－无证据的陈述、宣称all leg e：全是腿－如果你在没有证据的时候宣称你考了2400，而且没背过单词，台下的人一定会全是用腿踹你的。
formal
verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to state that someone has done something illegal or wrong without giving proof （未经证实地）指责，宣称，指控
• [+ (that)] The two men allege (that) the police forced them to make false confessions. 这两名男子声称警方逼迫他们作假口供。
• [+ to infinitive] Mr Smythe is alleged to have been at the centre of an international drugs ring. 据称斯迈思先生一直是某国际贩毒集团的核心人物。
• [+ that] It was alleged that Johnson had struck Mr Rahim on the head. 据称约翰逊打了拉希姆先生的头。
allege, testify, affirm, maintain, assert, claim
这组词都有“断言，声称”的意思，其区别是：
allege: 多指无真凭实据，不提供证据的断言或宣称。
testify: 多指在法庭作证，庄严地宣称自己所说属实。
affirm: 侧重在作出断言时表现出的坚定与不可动摇的态度。
maintain: 与assert近义，但前者指坚决维护某种主张或观点。
assert: 主观意味强，指自认为某事就是如此，而不管事实如何。
claim: 可与assert换用，但语气弱一些，侧重指行为自己的权利提出要求他人承认。
allege, affirm, announce, proclaim, assert, claim
这组词都有“声称”的意思，其区别是：
allege: v.在无真凭实据的情况下宣称、断定。
 • The suspect alleged that he had not been in the neighborhood at the time of the crime.   嫌疑犯声称案发时他不在现场。
affirm: v.坚信不疑地肯定或宣称，是deny的反义词。
 • He affirmed his love for her.   他发誓爱她。
announce: v.宣布，宣告。多指首次当众正式宣布某一主张或态度，常常带有预告的意味。
 • The invention of the printing press announced the diffusion of knowledge.   印刷术的发明宣告了知识普及时代的来临。
proclaim: v.宣布；宣告(成立)。指经过深思熟虑后向大众宣布一个明确的决定或判断，尤其指重大事件的宣布，多用于官方场合。
 • The president proclaimed an emergency when the war came.   当战争来临的时候总统宣布进入紧急状态。
assert: v.指不管事实如何，主观自信地宣称，或者清楚有力地坚持某个情况为事实。
 • She asserted that she was innocent .   她宣称自己是无辜的。
claim: v.要求，声称，断言。多指根据某种规定提出的要求或主张。
 • They claim that if more people rode bicycles to go to work there would be fewer automobiles in the downtown section of the city.   他们生成如果有更多的人骑自行车上班的话，闹市区的汽车就会有所减少。
vt. 宣称，断言；提出…作为理由
 - declare, asseverate

Word: grip
Front: grip
[grɪp] (研四六托雅 3694/3376 -3)
Vocabulary: grip
(once / 245 pages)
1vn 2vn 3n 4n
To grip something is to hold it firmly. You might grip the TV remote to keep your roommate from trying to change the channel.
When you want to hold on to something, you grip it. If your hands are strong and you can hold things well, you have a good grip. Grip is also the roughness or texture of something. A steering wheel has good grip if your hands don't slip while driving. This word can be also be used figuratively. If you’re upset, your friend might tell you to “get a grip” — that is, get a hold of yourself.
WORD FAMILY
grip: gripped, gripping, grips, gript+/gripping: grippingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Meanwhile, the nation is in the grip of a worsening heroin epidemic.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Mr. Thomas and the bride formally met one day earlier, when he suggested she grip his wrist, where his pulse is strongest.
New York Times(Aug 08, 2016)
Syria, Libya and Yemen are gripped by war.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 紧握，抓牢; 握力; 掌握，理解; 能力，胜任
vt. 握紧，抓牢; 吸引住：吸引…的兴趣或注意力; 引起
vi. 抓牢，紧握：保持紧握
时态：gripped, gripping, grips
分布：紧握(40%)，紧抓(20%)，手柄(18%)，了解(10%)，吸引(8%)，手提包(4%)
→词源同grab, grapple.
v./n.紧握,抓紧;掌握I gripped the striped strip that tripped me over on the ship.我握着那条在船上将我绊倒的带条纹的带子.
verb (-pp-)
HOLD 抓住
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to hold very tightly 紧握；握紧；紧抓（住）
• The baby gripped my finger with her tiny hand. 婴儿的小手紧紧握住我的手指。
• Old tyres won't grip (= stay on the surface of the road) in the rain very well. 在雨天，旧轮胎在路面上防滑性能不是太好。
[grɪp] verb (-pp-)
INTEREST 使感兴趣
transitive
■to keep someone's attention completely 使入迷；吸引…的注意力
• This trial has gripped the whole nation. 这场审判引起了全国的关注。
• I was gripped throughout the entire two hours of the film. 整整两个小时我都沉浸在这出电影里。
[grɪp] verb (-pp-)
EMOTION 感情
transitive usually passive
■When an emotion such as fear grips you, you feel it strongly （感情等）强烈地控制；对…产生强烈影响
• Then he turned towards me and I was suddenly gripped by fear. 然后，他转过身对着我，我突然惊恐万状。
[grɪp] noun
CONTROL 控制
 ADVANCED only singular
■control over something or someone 控制；支配
• Rebels have tightened their grip on the city. 叛军已经加强了他们对这座城市的控制。
[grɪp] noun
HOLD 抓住
countable usually singular
■a tight hold on something or someone 紧握；握紧；紧抓（住）
• She tightened her grip on my arm. 她紧紧抓住我的肩膀。
• She would not loosen her grip on my arm. 她紧抓住我的肩膀不放。
[grɪp] noun
BAG 包
countable old-fashioned
■a bag for travelling that is smaller than a suitcase 旅行袋；手提包
[grɪp] noun
get/keep a grip on yourself
■to make an effort to control your emotions and behave more calmly 控制自己的感情；使自己镇定下来
• I just think he ought to get a grip on himself - he's behaving like a child. 我真是觉得他应该控制一下自己——他的举止像个小朋友。
[grɪp] noun
be in the grip of sth
■to be experiencing something unpleasant that you have no control over 处于无法控制的不利局势中；受制于…
• The country is currently in the grip of the worst recession for twenty years. 这个国家现在陷入了20年来最严重的经济衰退之中。
[grɪp] noun
come/get to grips with sth
■to make an effort to understand and deal with a problem or situation 开始理解并着手处理；了解并应付（问题或局面）
• The government have failed to come to grips with the two most important social issues of our time. 政府未能了解到我们这一时期最重要的两个社会问题。
• I can't seem to get to grips with this problem. 我好像理解不了这个问题。
grasp, clasp, catch, grip
grasp: 指用手、牙等抓住或咬住
clasp: 握紧，攥（在手中）
catch: 指用手接住（运动着的物体），捉住，捕获
grip: 紧抓，紧握，用于被动时指吸引某人的注意力
grasp, grab, clasp, seize, take, clutch, grip, snatch
这组词都有“抓住，握紧”的意思，其区别是：
grasp: 指紧紧抓住、抓牢。
grab: 指粗暴而急迫的抓住。
clasp: 指用手紧握或用臂紧抱。
seize: 指突然抓住某物，强调突然的猛烈动作。
take: 最普通用词，不带感情色彩。指用手抓、取某东西或控制某物。
clutch: 强调匆忙、紧急地抓、抓紧。
grip: 语气比grasp强，指用手的最大力量紧紧抓住。
snatch: 指突然抢走，侧重动作更快或更具暴力性质。
n. 紧握；柄；手提包；支配
 - governance, disposal, purchase, handle, ruling
vt. 紧握；夹紧
 - squeeze, clamp
vi. 抓住
 - clutch at, take hold

Word: alert
Front: alert
[əˈlɜ:t] (研四六托宝 5318/4966 -3)
Vocabulary: alert
(once / 290 pages)
1vn 2adj
Alert! Alert! Alert! Did I get your attention? When you are alert, you are awake and ready. When you issue an alert you give warning, alerting people to, or notifying them of, a concern.
Alert is one of the rare words that can be used in the same form as a noun, verb, and adjective. In all parts of speech, alert implies preparedness. The word is derived from the French a l'erte which translates to "on the watch." When you hear the word, imagine an alarm going off. The alarm is the alert. When you hear it, you have been alerted and you are now alert.
WORD FAMILY
alert: alerted, alerter, alerting, alertly, alertness, alerts, unalert+/alertness: alertnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
Sunwing’s gate agents found the pilot’s behavior to be unusual and alerted the co-pilot.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Smarter Applications is launching a fridge webcam at CES that alerts owners to when food nears its expiry date.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Spoiler alert: this recap contains spoilers to the Sherlock episode The Six Thatchers, which aired on 1 January 2017.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 警觉的，警惕的，注意的; 思维敏捷的; 活泼的
n. 警报; 警戒状态
vt. 向…报警
时态：alerted, alerting, alerts
分布：警报(42%)，警惕(38%)，警戒(12%)，警觉的(5%)，使意识到(2%)，灵敏的(1%)
→来自意大利语all’erta. -erta, 同 erect，竖直。即全部到城墙上守城。
警惕的(al+ert站直了看→警惕的)[ert=erect(直)]
a.机警的,警觉的;机灵的vt.使...警觉The assessor asserts that he inserted the deserted desserts in the desert with alert.估价人认定他用警惕把被抛弃的甜点心插入沙漠中.
【记】玩过RED ALERT《红色警报》的朋友一定对该词深有感触，对于没玩过的，我只能说—你人生不完整。
US [-'lɝ:t] adjective
 ADVANCED
■quick to see, understand and act in a particular situation 机警的，机敏的，敏捷的
• I'm not feeling very alert today - not enough sleep last night! 今天我感觉特别迟钝——昨晚没睡好！
• A couple of alert readers wrote in to the paper pointing out the mistake. 有几个眼尖的读者给报社写信，指出了这个错误。
• Parents should be alert to sudden changes in children's behaviour. 父母应该对孩子行为的突然变化有所警觉。
UK [ə'lɜ:t] US [-'lɝ:t] noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■a warning to people to be prepared to deal with something dangerous 警报
• a bomb alert 炸弹警报
• The army was put on (full) alert as the peace talks began to fail. 当和谈快要破裂的时候，军队进入（全面）戒备状态。
• The public were warned to be on the alert for (= watching carefully for) suspicious packages. 有关部门提醒公众，要对可疑包裹加以警惕。
UK [ə'lɜ:t] US [-'lɝ:t] verb transitive
■to warn someone of a possibly dangerous situation 使警觉，使警惕；向…发出警报
• An anonymous letter alerted police to the possibility of a terrorist attack at the airport. 有人给警方写了一封匿名信，警告机场可能会受到恐怖袭击。
cautious, considerate, alert
这组词都有“小心的，谨慎的”的意思，其区别是：
cautious: a.细心的，谨慎的。
 • He has a cautious attitude about spending money.   在花钱的问题上他态度谨慎。
considerate: a.关心他人的，体贴的。
 • He is always considerate of others; he is kind and sympathetic.   他总是很体谅他人，并且慈祥而富有同情心。
alert: a.警惕的，留神的。
 • The hostess remained standing, alert to every guests' drinking need.   女主人一直站在旁边，时刻准备给大家斟酒。
vt. 警告；使警觉，使意识到
 - alarm, warn
adj. [军] 警惕的，警觉的；留心的
 - vigilant, precautious
n. [军] 警戒，警惕；警报
 - guard, vigilance

Word: attain
Front: attain
[əˈteɪn] (高研四六托雅宝 5323/5042 -1)
Vocabulary: attain
(once / 124 pages)
v
The verb attain is all about reaching some mark of achievement. You can attain a goal. You can even attain a destination. If you consistently have the highest grades in your class, you might attain a reputation for success.
Attain derives in part from the Latin tangere "to touch," which is also at the root of retain "to keep," obtain "to get," contain "to control." One might obtain the discipline to contain one's emotions while studying, thereby attaining control and retaining more information.
WORD FAMILY
attain: attainable, attained, attaining, attainment, attains+/ attainable: attainability, attainableness, unattainable / attainment: attainments/ unattainable: unattainableness, unattainably
USAGE EXAMPLES
“The rank of Eagle Scout must be attained by the 18th birthday,” Long said.
Washington Times(Dec 29, 2016)
“The Southern elite and middle class were adopting football and attaining proficiency at it to prove that they belonged in the charmed circle.”
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
“These live training events are fundamental to the ability of our airmen, sailors, and marines to attain and sustain the highest levels of military readiness.”
Washington Post(Dec 20, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 达到，获得; 遂愿; 经过努力到达某事物
vt. 达到，实现; 获得; 到达
vi. 达到; 获得; 到达
时态：attained, attaining, attains
分布：达到(54%)，获得(23%)，实现(23%)
→前缀at-同ad-. -tain同词根tang, 接触，触摸，见tangent, 相切。进入法语字母g脱落。
达到;获得(at+tain拿住→获得)[ab-,ac-,ad-,af-,ag-,an-,ap-,ar-,as-,at-等加在同辅音字母的词根前,表示"一再"等加强意]
获得(at加强动作+tain→拿住了→获得)[tain,ten,tin=hold表示"拿住"]
vt.达到;完成;获得vi.达到Having attained the entertaining center, the retained man was detained and sustained pain.到达娱乐中心后,聘请的男子遭到拘留并经受到痛苦.
【记】at一再，tach拿住－一再拿住－达到目标
【参】attainment （n 获得；成就）；abstain（v 禁绝，放弃），detain（v 拘留，阻止）
[ə'teɪn] formal
verb transitive
■to reach or succeed in getting something; to achieve 实现；获得；赢得
• He has attained the highest grade in his music exams. 他在音乐考试中得了最高分。
• We need to identify the best ways of attaining our objectives/goals. 我们需要确定达到目标的最佳方法。
• India attained independence in 1947, after decades of struggle. 经过几十年的斗争，印度于1947年获得独立。
attain, finish, accomplish, complete, achieve
attain: 达到，实现，常用于一般人的能力不易达到的目的。如：Greater efforts are needed before we can attain our goals.
finish: 最常用，后接动词的-ing形式，表示在一个活动的连续过程中完成了最后的一步或阶段。如：I’ll finish the job alone. (我要独自完成这项工作。)
accomplish: 表成功，强调完成的结果而不是过程。如：Because of his hard word, things are accomplished. (由于他的努力，事情都已完成了。)
complete: 表示积极的完成，更具体地指建筑、工程等的完成。如：Has he complete his novel yet? (他的小说写完了吗？)
achieve: 完成，实现，强调通过努力而达到目的。如：You will achieve success if you work hard.
arrive, attain, reach, achieve
这组词都有“达到”的意思，其区别是：
arrive: 指得出结论，达成某项协议或作出某一决定等。
attain: 侧重指在抱负或雄心的激励下，以最大的努力去达到一般所不及或不敢追求的目的。
reach: 常用词，指到达某一空间、时间、目标或发展过程中的某一点。
achieve: 侧重为达到目的所需的技巧、忍耐和努力。
attain, reach, calculate, score
attain: 活得，赢得，达到（某年龄、级别等）
reach: 达到（某水平、标准），实现（目标）
calculate: 计算核算
score: （在游戏、竞赛中）得分
attain, acquire, obtain, secure, achieve, earn, gain
这组词都有“获得，取得”的意思，其区别是：
attain: v.指经过不懈的努力获得未曾预料到的结果；也可指达到某一目标。
 • The salesperson attained his sales goal for the month.   这名销售员完成了当月的销售目标。
acquire: v.多指经过努力逐步获得才能、知识、习惯等，也可用于对财物等的获得，该词强调"一经获得就会长期持有"的含义。
 • It is through learning that the individual acquires many habitual ways of reacting to situations.   正是通过学习，个人才得以获得应付各种情况的习惯做法。
obtain: v.获得，买到，用于正式语体中。
 • He obtained the property with a bank loan.   他通过向银行贷款买下了那份房产。
secure: v.得到；把……拿到手，含有肯定占有难以得到的东西之意；使安全，保卫；作形容词比较常见，意为"安全的"。
 • A million signatures have been secured.   已征集到了100万人的签名。
 • He secured the office before leaving it for the night.   他晚上离开前锁好了办公室的门窗。
achieve: v.得到，获得，多指成就、目标、幸福的取得。
 • The movie star achieved success and wealth.   这个影星取得了成功和财富。
earn: v.挣得，赢得，指因工作等而得到报酬或待遇。
 • How much do you earn a week?   你一星期挣多少钱？
gain: v.指通过较大努力获得某种利益或好处；亦可指军事上的武力夺取等。
 • An investor gains by buying stocks that go up in value.   投资者通过所买股票价格上涨而得利润。
attain, acquire, obtain, get, achieve, gain
这组词都有“获得”的意思，其区别是：
attain: 为正式用词，多用于庄重场合，主要指通过努力达到重要目的或得到珍贵的东西。如：The scientist attained great fame by a new discovery.(那科学家由于一次新发现而出了名。)
acquire: 指通过本身的努力逐渐获得知识、能力和荣誉等。如：acquire knowledge(获得知识)。
obtain: 多指凭努力或恳求得到急需或很想得到的东西。如：Howard had failed to obtain a scholarship.(霍华德没能得到奖学金。)
get: 用得最广，可指以各种方式获得各种东西。如：Where can I get enough information?(我从哪儿能得到足够的资料？)
achieve: 多指克服困难后取得胜利，成功，强调“得到”这一结果。如：He achieved his ambition in the end.(他最终实现了他的抱负。)
gain: 多指付出极大努力后获得或赢得给自己带来优势的东西。如：They gained the victory after a bloody battle.(浴血奋战后他们赢得了胜利。)
vt. 达到，实现；获得；到达
 - accomplish, carry out, earn, acquire, come true
vi. 达到；获得；到达
 - go, take, land, arrive at
n. 成就
 - achievement, effort, success, accomplishment, Vostro

Word: countryside
Front: countryside
[ˈkʌntrisaɪd] (中高雅 5320/2249 -K3)
Back: n. 乡村; 郊野; 乡下的全体居民
分布：农村(65%)，乡下(35%)
n.乡下,农村The county councilor encountered the accountant at the counter of a countryside shop.县委委员在一乡村商店的柜台边碰到了会计师.
noun [S or U]
 IMPROVER
■land not in towns, cities or industrial areas, which is either used for farming or left in its natural condition 农村，乡下；郊外
• The countryside around there is lovely. 那周围的乡村很美。
• The mansion is set in 90 acres of beautiful, unspoilt countryside. 那所官邸占地90英亩，坐落在未遭破坏的美丽乡村。
• Every summer thousands of people flock to the countryside. 每年夏天成千上万的人涌向乡村。
['kʌn.trɪ.saɪd] noun [S or U]
  Common Learner Errors  countrysideRemember : you usually use the before countryside.
✗ They live in a beautiful cottage in countryside. They live in a beautiful cottage in the countryside. But before another noun, you do not have to use 'the'. The cottage is in a countryside location.
n. 农村，乡下；乡下的全体居民
 - ruralarea, campagna

Word: hut
Front: hut
[hʌt] (研四六宝 5321/4208 -2)
Vocabulary: hut
(once / 194 pages)
n
If you've ever camped under a wooden lean-to, you know what a hut is — it's a simple, usually temporary shelter that doesn't do much more than keep the rain off your head.
A hut can be built from many different materials, including wood, stone, snow, or even cardboard. What all huts have in common is a simple design and the intention that it provide a short-term shelter from the weather. Campers, hikers, and skiers often rest or sleep in huts. The word comes from the French hutte, "cottage," which has its root in the Old English word for "to hide," hydan. Hut was originally used in English to describe military dwellings.
WORD FAMILY
hut: huts
USAGE EXAMPLES
One visitor likened it to a 1970s scout hut.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Also last year, someone scrawled graffiti on a Sukkot hut at the synagogue.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 25, 2016)
The journey to the hut is as rich as the destination itself.
The Guardian(Dec 24, 2016)
Back: n. 小屋; 棚屋; 临时营房; 牢房
v. 使住临时营房; 驻扎
分布：小屋(73%)，棚屋(25%)，在棚屋中隐蔽(2%)
→来自古法语hutte,村舍，来自skeu,隐藏，遮盖，词源同hide,house.后该词用于指简陋的小棚，小舍，house用于指屋子，大型建筑物。
n.小屋,棚屋Shut in the hut, I'm puzzled how to cut down the output of nuts.关在茅棚里,我为削减坚果的产量犯难.
【记】hut远远看去象一个破hat（n 帽子）
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a small, simple building, usually consisting of one room （通常只有一个房间的）小屋
• a mountain hut 山间小屋
• a row of beach huts 一排海滩小屋
n. 小屋；临时营房
 - shed, cottage, cabin
vt. 使住在小屋中；驻扎
 - station
vi. 住在小屋中；驻扎
 - quarter

Word: sixteen
Front: sixteen
[ˌsɪksˈti:n] (中高 5324/2889 -5)
Back: n. 十六，十六个; 十六岁; 十六点钟; 十六的记号
num. 十六; 第十六
adj. 十六的; 十六个的
分布：十六(100%)
→six,六，-teen,十。
number
 ESSENTIAL
■the number 16 数字16
• fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, seventeen 十四，十五，十六，十七
• We've got sixteen (people) coming for lunch. 我们有16个人来吃午饭。

Word: couple
Front: couple
[ˈkʌpl] (中高研四托 531/727 -K4)
Vocabulary: couple
(once / 78 pages)
1nv 2n
If you are hanging out with a couple of friends, you are hanging out with two friends. A couple is a pair or a twosome. As a verb, couple means "to pair or match."
As a noun, couple means "a pair." If two people are dating, you can refer to them as "a couple." Similarly, two people who are married can be called a "married couple." Two guys playing basketball can be called "a couple of guys playing basketball." As a verb, couple means "to pair or combine," as people on a dance floor might couple or form pairs when the music starts. You can also couple two ideas by combining them.
WORD FAMILY
couple: coupled, coupler, couples, coupling, decouple, uncouple+/coupler: couplers/coupling: couplings/decouple: decoupled, decoupling/uncouple: uncoupled, uncouples, uncoupling
USAGE EXAMPLES
One of the posters shows an illustration a white couple above the slogan: “We have a right to exist.”
Washington Times(Dec 01, 2016)
The Chiefs have struggled going into halftime and at the end of games the past couple of years.
Washington Times(Dec 01, 2016)
There’s plenty for him to fix as a passer before a likely playoff game, and certainly in the next couple of years.
Washington Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: n. 对，双; 配偶，夫妻; <口>几个，两三个
vt. &vi. 连在一起，连接; 成双，结婚; 性交，交配
时态：coupled, coupling, couples
分布：对(57%)，夫妇(39%)，交配(2%)，数个(1%)，连结(1%)
→来自co-,强调，-ap，连接，匹配，见apt,copula.
n.(一)对,双;夫妇;v.连接,结合Cousin saw a group of couples in cloaks soak their souls in the soapy soup.表哥看见一群穿着斗篷的夫妇在肥皂汤里浸泡灵魂.
【记】有了coup才能成为couple
【反】disconnect（v 拆开）
noun
SOME 一些
 ESSENTIAL only singular
■two or a few things that are similar or the same, or two or a few people who are in some way connected （相似或相同事物的）一对，一双，几个；（有某种联系之人的）一对，几个
• The doctor said my leg should be better in a couple of days. 医生说我的腿过几天就会好转。
• A couple of people objected to the proposal, but the vast majority approved of it. 有几个人反对该提议，但绝大多数人赞同。
• We'll have to wait another couple of hours for the paint to dry. 我们还得再等几个小时油漆才干。
• She'll be retiring in a couple more years. 她再过几年就退休了。
• The weather's been terrible for the last couple of days. 这几天天气糟透了。
• Many economists expect unemployment to fall over the next couple of months. 许多经济学家预测近几个月失业率将会下降。
• I'm sorry I didn't phone you, but I've been very busy over the past couple of weeks. 很抱歉我没打电话给你，这几个星期我实在是太忙了。
['kʌp.l] noun
TWO PEOPLE 两人
 ESSENTIAL countable [+ sing/pl verb]
■two people who are married or in a romantic or sexual relationship, or two people who are together for a particular purpose 夫妻；情侣；（有共同目的的）两个人
• a married couple 一对夫妻
• An elderly couple UKlive/ USlives next door. 一对老夫妻住在隔壁。
• Should the government do more to help young couples buy their own homes? 政府应该更多地帮助年轻夫妇购买他们自己的住房吗？
• The couple skated spectacularly throughout the competition. 这对选手在整个比赛中滑得棒极了。
['kʌp.l] verb
JOIN 加入
transitive usually passive [usually + adv/prep]
■to join or combine 连接；结合
• The sleeping car and restaurant car were coupled together. 卧铺车厢和餐车挂在一起。
• High inflation coupled with low output spells disaster for the Government in the election. 低出口率与高通货膨胀率导致政府在选举中惨败。
['kʌp.l] verb
HAVE SEX 性交
intransitive formal
■When two people or two animals couple, they have sex. 性交；交配
pair, couple
pair: 多指由两部分组成的东西 a pair of trousers
couple: 主要指人或动物,
relate, unite, connect, attach, link, combine, couple, join, associate
这组词都有“连接，结合，联合”的意思，其区别是：
relate: 指人与人有亲戚或婚烟关系；也指人或物之间尚存的实际或假想的联系。
unite: 指联合、团结、结合在一起，构成一个整体。
connect: 指两事物在某一点上相连接，但彼此又保持独立。
attach: 指把局部连接在整体上，小的接在大的上面，活动的接在固定的上面。
link: 指连环式的连接，或用接合物或其它方式连接，还可指一事物与另一事物的联系或关系。
combine: 指两个或两个以上的人或物结合在一起。
couple: 专指连接两件东西，或把事物成对进行连接。
join: 侧重把原来不相连接的物紧密地连接在一起，但仍可再分开。也指把分散的人或几个部分的人联合起来，或加入到某团体中去。
associate: 指人与人友好和平、平等地联合在一起；用于物时，指两事物因历史或其它原因，很自然被人们联系在一起，即产生联想。
n. 对；夫妇；数个
 - immune to, conjugality
vi. 结合；成婚
 - bond, become one, combine
vt. 结合；连接；连合
 - become one, join together

Word: holding
Front: holding
[ˈhəʊldɪŋ] (5325/3864 -2)
Back: n. 佃户租种的土地; 所有物（如土地、债券、股份等）; 私有财产; （因其热情、精力或决心等）阻拦不住某人
v. 拿( hold的现在分词); 认为; 包含; 容纳
分布：举行(80%)，收藏品(5%)，股份(5%)，耕地(5%)，动词hold的现在分词形式.(5%)
US ['hoʊl-] noun countable
■something that you own such as shares in a company or buildings, or land which you rent and farm 私人股份；私人建筑；租用的农田
• To ensure security the investment fund has holdings in many companies. 为确保资金安全，投资基金会持有多家公司的股份。
n. 举办；支持
 - support, adhesion
v. 召开；担任（hold的ing形式）；握住
 - undertaking

Word: excite
Front: excite
[ɪkˈsaɪt] (中高研四六托 5328/7567 -K2)
Vocabulary: excite
(once / 43 pages)
1v 2v
To excite is to stimulate, animate, or energize. The return of your favorite TV show might excite you, and winning millions of dollars in the lottery will definitely excite you.
While a new book by a beloved author excites one person, and an extra scoop of ice cream excites another, it might take something like a free trip to Hawaii to excite you. In quantum mechanics, the word excite takes on a more scientific meaning: to raise something, like an atom or an electron, to a higher level of energy. The Latin root of excite is excitare, "rouse, call out, or summon forth."
WORD FAMILY
excite: excitable, excitant, excitation, excitative, excitatory, excited, excitement, excites, exciting +/excitability: excitabilities/ excitable: excitability, excitableness, excitably, unexcitable/excitant: excitants/excitation: excitations/ excited: excitedly, overexcited, unexcited/ excitement: excitements/ exciting: excitingest, excitingly, unexciting/unexcited: unexcitedly/unexciting: unexcitingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
It’s a daunting and exciting challenge, one that will require collaboration from all types of farmers and consumers.
Time(Dec 01, 2016)
STONE: That was an exciting aspect that it was our third thing together.
Seattle Times(Dec 01, 2016)
“Everybody was excited after the game, celebrating a bit,” Evans said.
Seattle Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: vt. 使兴奋; 激发; 刺激; 使紧张不安
时态：excited, exciting, excites
分布：刺激(44%)，激起(28%)，使激动(14%)，使兴奋(14%)
→ex-, 向外。-cit, 呼喊，移动，词源同cite, cinema. 后用于心理学，指唤醒，兴奋。
使兴奋,刺激(ex出＋cite→引出情绪)[cit=quote,call,表示"引用,唤起"]
v.刺激,使激动;激发,激励On the exciting kite site, the excited reciter cited my verse.在激动人心的风筝现场,激动的朗诵者应用了我的诗句.
verb transitive
MAKE HAPPY 使高兴
■to make someone have strong feelings of happiness and enthusiasm 激发（情感）；使激动；使兴奋
• Nothing about my life excites me at present. 我目前的生活就好像一潭死水。
[ɪk'saɪt] verb transitive
CAUSE REACTION 引起反应 formal
■to cause a particular reaction in someone 激发；引发；引起
• This product has excited a great deal of media interest. 这种产品引起了媒体的极大兴趣。
• The statement excited new speculation that a senior minister may be about to resign. 这项声明又引发了新一波的猜测，大家都猜想一位高级部长可能立即就要辞职。
motivate, encourage, excite, stimulate, inspire
这组词都有“鼓励、刺激”的意思，其区别是：
motivate: v.激发，促动，强调激起动机去做某事。
 • A desire to go to medical school motivates her to study hard everyday.   她希望上医学院，这成了她每天努力学习的动力。
encourage: v.鼓励，促进，含有"使增强勇气或给予希望"的意味。
 • He encouraged his son to go to good college.   他鼓励他的儿子上名牌大学。
excite: v.指使人感到激动、兴奋；煽动，鼓动。
 • The band played louder and excited the audience.   乐队演奏得更响亮了，使观众兴奋起来。
stimulate: v.刺激，激发，促进，强调刺激反应的结果。
 • Cold air stimulates me.   冷空气刺激我振作起来
inspire: v.鼓舞，激发，影响，常常带有"启迪，启发"的意思。
 • My mother inspires us with stories of her difficult childhood.   我的妈妈给我们讲童年时的艰苦生活以激励我们。
vt. 激起；刺激…，使…兴奋
 - warm, stir up
vi. 激动
 - warm, fire, to agitate

Word: dinosaur
Front: dinosaur
[ˈdaɪnəsɔ:(r)] (高托 5326/7298 -2)
Vocabulary: dinosaur
(once / 3608 pages)
n
If you've ever seen Jurassic Park, you know that dinosaurs were large reptilian creatures that walked the earth during the Mesozoic era that ran from 245 million to 68 million years ago and included the Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous periods.
The ancient Greeks had no knowledge of dinosaurs that we know of, but they unknowingly contributed to the word dinosaur. It was cobbled together in 1841 by British scientist Sir Richard Own, using the words deinos, meaning "terrible" and sauros meaning "lizard." All are gone—at least in their original form, although it is thought they simply evolved into other, present-day animals. The word dinosaur is often used for someone who is old-fashioned or unable to adapt to modern times.
WORD FAMILY
dinosaur: dinosaurs
USAGE EXAMPLES
All true, but those that were non-avian dinosaurs, as they are now called, were not all beak and tweet.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“I speculated that they might exist in the embryos of dinosaurs as well,” Erickson says.
Science Magazine(Jan 02, 2017)
The UK's most famous dinosaur is set to be "flat-packed" ahead of its nationwide tour.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. [生]恐龙; 守旧落伍的人，过时落后的东西
分布：恐龙(100%)
→dino-, 恐怖的，词源同dire. -saur，蜥蜴，用于指恐龙。
US [-sɔ:r] noun countable
■a type of reptile which stopped existing about 60,000,000 years ago. There were many different types of dinosaur, some of which were extremely large. 恐龙
■an old-fashioned person or thing that people no longer consider to be useful 老古董（指过时的人或物）
• This typewriter's a bit of a dinosaur, isn't it? 这种打字机有点过时了，是吗？

Word: choir
Front: choir
[ˈkwaɪə(r)] (高雅宝 5331/5092 -2)
Vocabulary: choir
(once / 411 pages)
nv
A choir is group of singers, often gathered for church ceremonies. If you love to sing but don't fancy a solo turn on a TV talent show, perhaps joining a choir would satisfy you.
Choir, pronounced QUIRE, comes from the Latin word chorus, which itself comes from the Greek name for a group of singers and dancers. We still use chorus for singing or dancing, but choir is exclusively for singing groups. Although choirs are traditionally associated with church services, they don't have to be. If you love singing but aren't religious, you could start a choir that sings about the glory of donuts. It's also a verb, as in, "I love to choir."
WORD FAMILY
choir: choired, choiring, choirs, choral, chorister+/choral: chorally, chorals/chorister: choristers
USAGE EXAMPLES
The choir in the 300 level loft is robed in matching apparel.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Chamberlin wrote that by “singing for this man” the choir would appear to be “endorsing” tyranny and fascism, and its image would be “severely damaged.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Expect performances by the Vienna Singverein concert choir and the Vienna State Ballet.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 教堂的唱诗班; 唱诗队; 公开表演的合唱团; （教堂）唱经楼
分布：唱诗班(78%)，合唱队(16%)，唱诗班的席位(6%)
→来自gher, 围，围栏，词源同yard, chorus. 即围起来唱歌跳舞的一群人。
合唱队(choir=chor)[chor=sing,dance,表示"歌,舞"]
US [kwaɪr] noun countable [+ sing/pl verb]
 ADVANCED
■a group of people who sing together, especially in a church 合唱团；（尤指教堂的）唱诗班
• He sings in the church choir. 他在教堂唱诗班唱歌。
• choir practice 合唱团的练习
⇒ See also choral;chorister
n. 唱诗班；合唱队；舞蹈队
 - chorus
vt. 合唱
 - chorus
vi. 合唱
 - chorus

Word: comfort
Front: comfort
[ˈkʌmfət] (高研四六 2928/2827 -K3)
Vocabulary: comfort
(once / 37 pages)
1nv 2n
To comfort someone is to give solace or to soothe. You might comfort your brother when his favorite team gets knocked out of the playoffs.
The verb comfort comes from the Latin word comfortare, which means “strengthen greatly.” To give comfort is to shore up the mood or physical state of someone else. It might take a long time to comfort your mother after her cat disappears. As a noun, comfort is anything that provides satisfaction or a relaxed and easy feeling. You might think that the comfort of your new shoes cannot be surpassed.
WORD FAMILY
comfort: comfortable, comforted, comforter, comforting, comfortless, comforts, discomfort +/ comfortable: comfortableness, comfortabler, comfortablest, comfortably, uncomfortable /comfortableness: comfortablenesses/comforted: comfortedly/comforter: comforters/comforting: comfortinger, comfortingly/comfortless: comfortlessly/ discomfort: discomforts/ uncomfortable: uncomfortableness, uncomfortablest, uncomfortably/uncomfortableness: uncomfortablenesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
And some of which are almost identical to the originals but lack the comfort and quality.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
It is about nurturing, comfort and spending time with people who are important to us.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
For its part, Televisa said it was moving “outside the comfort zone” by developing more contemporary programs.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 安慰; 舒适; 使人舒服的事物; 给予援助或安慰的人或事
vt. 安慰，使舒适; 使（痛苦等）缓和
时态：comforted, comforting, comforts
分布：安慰(47%)，舒适(44%)，安逸(4%)，慰藉(3%)，使舒适(2%)
→com-, 强调。-fort, 堡垒，强壮，见fortify。
安慰(com+fort加强→[精神]强大→安慰)[com-,con-表示"共同"]
安慰;舒适(com共同+fort强大→一起给力量→安慰)[fore,fort=storng,表示"强大,力量"]
n.舒适,安逸;安慰,慰问v.安慰,使舒适She comforted me in my distress.在我苦恼的时候,她来安慰我.
US [-fɚt] noun
 IMPROVER uncountable
■a pleasant feeling of being relaxed and free from pain 舒适；舒服
• She evidently dresses for comfort. 显然，她穿着讲究舒适。
• It's a little too hot for comfort. 热得有点不舒服。
• Now you can watch the latest films in the comfort of your own room. 现在你可以在自己的房间里舒舒服服地观看最新影片。
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■when you feel better after feeling sad or worried, or something that makes you feel better in this way 安慰，慰藉，宽慰；使人感到宽慰的事物
• The letters that people wrote after his death gave me a lot of comfort. 他去世后人们写来的信给了我极大的安慰。
• It's some comfort to his wife (= It makes her feel less sad) to know that he died instantly and didn't suffer. 对于他妻子来说，得知他很快就去了而且又没有受苦，也算是一种安慰。
• I've got to take an exam too, if it's any comfort (= if it makes you feel better to know that we share the same problem or bad luck). 就算是点安慰吧，我也要参加考试。
• I know she goes out a lot at night, but I draw/take comfort from the fact that she's always with friends. 我知道她夜里经常出去，不过让我感到宽慰的是她总是与朋友在一起。
• He's a great comfort to his mother. 他是母亲的莫大慰藉。
 IMPROVER uncountable
■when you have a pleasant life with enough money for everything that you need 富足；小康；安逸
• He could retire now and live in comfort for the rest of his life. 他现在可以退休安享晚年了。
 IMPROVER countable usually plural
■something that makes your life easy and pleasant 令人舒适愉悦的事物；舒适的设施（或条件）
• After the trip, it was nice getting back to a few home comforts. 旅行后，回来享受家里舒适的生活真是惬意。
• She's always liked her creature comforts (= the type of pleasure found in the house, for example warmth, food, etc.). 她一贯喜欢自己家里的舒适环境。
UK ['kʌm.fət] US [-fɚt] verb transitive
■to make someone feel better when they are sad or worried 安慰，抚慰，宽慰
• The girl's mother was at home today, being comforted by relatives. 女孩的母亲今天在家，有亲戚在安慰她。
comfort, ease, leisure, rest, relaxation, relief
这组词都有“舒适，安逸、悠闲”的意思，其区别是：
comfort: 通常指在摆脱烦人、痛苦的事情，或在要求、愿望得到满足后所感到的舒适。
ease: 指因没有担心和忧虑而轻松。
leisure: 专指闲暇时间或悠闲状态。
rest: 与work相对，强调水分除身心痛劳，不着重休息方式。
relaxation: 强调消除肌肉疲劳或思想的紧张状态，使身心松弛，得到休息。
relief: 侧重有消除痛苦、不适或困难的负担，常暗含不利因素已不存在的意味。
relieve, console, soothe, comfort, ease
这组词都有“给人以帮助以减轻痛苦或悲伤”的意思，其区别是：
relieve: 指解除或缓解某人的病痛、担心或忧虑等，常用被动态。
console: 较正式用词，侧重缓和或减轻别人的痛苦或悲伤。
soothe: 着重以安慰减轻悲痛、愤怒或激动，使人理智地平静下来。也可指药物等减轻病痛。
comfort: 普通用词，指用语言或行动对痛苦者给予鼓励、勇气和力量，从而减轻其痛苦或悲伤，得到安慰。
ease: 正式用词，指减轻身心的痛苦、不安和忧虑。
n. 安慰；舒适；安慰者
 - relief, ease, consolation
vt. 安慰；使（痛苦等）缓和
 - quiet, soothe

Word: title
Front: title
[ˈtaɪtl] (高研四六托雅 1323/855 -K4)
Vocabulary: title
(once / 50 pages)
1nv 2n 3n 4n
A title is typically the official part of your name, placed at the beginning to signify a certain status or function. So, do you prefer "Mr.," "Mrs.," "Dr." or "Ms"? Or perhaps you just go by "Grand Pooh-bah"?
There seem to be as many ways to use the word title as there are titles on a library shelf — because a title is also what you call a book or song or work of art. Titles are even given to statutes and acts of legislature. When you buy a car, you get a title, which is a piece of paper certifying your ownership. And when your favorite team wins the championship? You often say they won the title — and the right to brag.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
entitle / title
To entitle means to give someone a rank or right, like if your perfect attendance entitles you to free ice cream at lunch. A title is the name of something, like the title of a song you wrote about ice cream.
What about that song — is it entitled or titled "Free Ice Cream at Lunch"? There's the rub. The short answer: use either one!
Entitle's main job is to give you a right, like when you're entitled to free snacks because you've done something to deserve it. If you seem to have to right to everything, you're just entitled. It also means to give something a title: Your song is entitled "Free Ice Cream at Lunch." Check it out:
As all art collectors may, Mr. Lauder is entitled to deduct the full market value of artworks donated to museums. (New York Times)
Marjorie Ingall is worried about raising "entitled, bratty, ungrateful little weasels." (New York Times)
A title is a noun — it's the name of a book, a movie, or your new hit single about frozen treats. To name such a thing, is to title it, so yes it can also be a verb (hence the confusion). Here are some:
Their report was titled: "Euro zone: Thinking the unthinkable?" (Business Week)
The distributor gave him idiot-proof instructions, such as making sure pages had numbers and the title was on the spine. (Washington Post)
Sticklers want entitle tobe used only in the sense of giving someone a right, not for giving something a name. Bah! As for your song, if you jazz up the title, it might be entitled "Punk Rock Pickle Pink Ice Cream." Or not. You can get rid of the entitled/titled problem by dropping both and letting the title speak for itself.
WORD FAMILY
title: entitle, subtitle, supertitle, titled, titles, titling, titulary+/ entitle: entitled, entitlement, entitles, entitling/ entitled: unentitled/ entitlement: entitlements/subtitle: subtitled, subtitles, subtitling/supertitle: supertitles/titled: untitled
USAGE EXAMPLES
PG: "Yesterday, no. Why today are we in the title race?"
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
The Packers won Sunday night at Detroit to secure the NFC North title.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Fourteen games into the season, the Ravens were still in the running for the AFC North title.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 标题; 头衔; [体]冠军; [影视]字幕
vt. 加标题; 赋予头衔; 把…称为
adj. 头衔的; 标题的; 冠军的
时态：titled, titling, titles
分布：标题(58%)，头衔(21%)，称号(14%)，权利(4%)，加标题于(2%)，授予…称号(1%)
→来自古法语 title,名称，标题，书的章节，来自拉丁语 titulus,铭文，碑文，牌匾，荣誉，题 首，标记，词源同 titular,tilde.后引申诸多词义。
n.书名,标题;头衔,称号A title is entitled to the retired worker who repaired the entire tire tirelessly.那个不倦地修理了整个轮胎的退休工人被授予了一个头衔.
US [-tˌl] noun
NAME 名字
 ESSENTIAL countable
■the name of a film, book, painting, piece of music, etc 题目；标题；名称
• The title of Evelyn Waugh's first novel was 'Decline and Fall'. 伊芙琳‧沃的第一部小说名为《衰落与瓦解》。
• And this next record is the title track on the album 'The Red Shoes' (= the piece of music and the record are both called 'The Red Shoes'). 下一首歌的歌名就是与专辑同名的《红鞋子》。
⇒ See also subtitle;surtitle
titles [plural] (also credits)
■the information given at the end or beginning of a film or television programme, stating the names of the people who acted in it or were involved in its production （电影或电视节目的）演职员表
 ESSENTIAL countable specialized
■a book 书
• Last year we published over a hundred new titles. 去年我们出版了100多种新书。
UK ['taɪ.tl] US [-tˌl] noun
PERSON 人
 ADVANCED countable
■a word which is used before someone's name, stating their social rank, qualifications, position in an organization, sex, etc （用于人名前）称号，称谓，头衔，职称
• What's her title - is she Professor or just Doctor? 她的头衔是甚么——是教授或只是博士？
• He will retain the honorary title of non-executive chairman. 他将保留非执行主席这个名誉头衔。
• What's your job title now - are you managing director? 你现在的职位是甚么——是总经理吗？
UK ['taɪ.tl] US [-tˌl] noun
SPORTS PRIZE 体育奖
countable
■the position you get by beating all other competitors in a sports competition （体育比赛的）第一名，冠军
• Hendry won the world snooker title after a tense 35-frame final. 经过紧张的35局决赛后，亨德利赢得世界撞球冠军。
UK ['taɪ.tl] US [-tˌl] noun
LEGAL RIGHT 法定权利
uncountable
■the legal right to own a piece of land or a building （对土地或建筑物的）所有权
• If you wish to sell the property, you will first have to prove your title to it. 如果你想要出售房产，你首先必须证明你对它拥有所有权。
title, name
这组词都有“名称”的意思，其区别是：
title: 指书名、剧目或其他文艺创作作品名称，也指附在姓名前的职称或头衔。
name: 最普通用词，指人、动物或事物的姓名、名称或名字，也指在特定情况下给予人或事物的特殊名称以体现其内在特点。
n. 冠军； [计] [图情] 标题；头衔；权利；字幕
 - rights, champion, honor, first, heading
vt. 加标题于；赋予头衔；把…称为
 - repute
adj. 冠军的； [计] [图情] 标题的；头衔的
 - titular

Word: urgent
Front: urgent
[ˈɜ:dʒənt] (高研四六托宝 5330/3268 -K3)
Vocabulary: urgent
(once / 325 pages)
adj
If something is urgent it requires immediate attention or action. If you break your leg, you'll need urgent attention at the hospital — that means the doctors will tend to you without delay.
Urgent comes from the Latin word urgentem, meaning "to press hard, urge." You can see that urgent contains the word urge, meaning "to demand or insist." When you get an urgent message, you need to drop what you're doing to deal with it. An urgent need, like hunger, is a pressing one. If you're a music fan, you might know the song "Urgent" by the band Foreigner. The song's lyrics "make it fast, make it urgent" and its frenetic style help define the word.
WORD FAMILY
urgent: urgency, urgentest, urgently+/ urge: urged, urgent, urges, urging/ urgency: urgencies/urging: urgings
USAGE EXAMPLES
These aren’t your typical protests but are our young democracy’s natural response to an urgent existential threat.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Still, quarterback is a more complicated, urgent and tone-setting position.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
That incident happened on 30 December and again the man - believed to be from Gabon - required urgent medical attention.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 急迫的; 催促的; 强求的; 极力主张的
分布：紧急的(64%)，急迫的(24%)，坚持要求的(12%)
→来自urge,催促。
a.急迫的,紧要的,紧急的At the agency, the aged agent is urgently urged to go for surgery by the gentle surgeon.在办事处,温和的外科医生急切地催促年老的代理商做外科手术.
US ['ɝ:-] adjective
IMPORTANT 重要的
 IMPROVER
■needing attention very soon, especially before anything else, because important 紧急的，急迫的
• He's got to sign that paper - will you tell him it's urgent? 他务必要签署那份文件——请你告诉他这很紧急，好吗?
• The most urgent thing in a fire is to make sure everyone is out of the building. 失火时最紧要的事是确保所有人都撤离大楼。
• Many people are in urgent need of food and water. 很多人极需食物和水。
UK ['ɜ:.dʒənt] US ['ɝ:-] adjective
ALWAYS TRYING 不断尝试 formal
■(especially of a person's actions) repeated and determined in trying to get or do something （尤指某人的行动）执着的，坚定的
• His urgent pleas of innocence made no difference to the judge's decision. 他一再申辩自己无罪，却无法改变法官的判决。
hasty, urgent, prompt, instant
hasty: 匆忙的，草率的
urgent: 紧迫的，紧急的
prompt: 快速的，及时的
instant: 立即的，指几乎察觉不到的时间段
critical, crucial, urgent, acute
这组词都有“严重的，重要的”的意思，其区别是：
critical: a.意为"关键的"，表示处于极度缺乏的状态或事件的转折点，与crucial相似。
 • 与crucial的区别在于它对缺乏的或危急的程度有更准确的衡量；还指"批判性的，分析性的"。
 • It is critical that you study hard for the exam or you will fail it.   为了考好你必须用功学习，则你会不及格的。
crucial: a.意为"决定性的，紧要关头的，至关重要的"，最为笼统，适用于上述两种情况。
 • Improved consumer confidence is crucial to an economic recovery.   消费者信心的增强对经济的复苏是至关重要的。
urgent: a.意为"紧迫的，急迫的，紧要的"，它不强调所指的问题是最重要的，仅强调"紧急的"状态。
 • We have an urgent need for help; we are running out of water.   我们急需要帮助，我们的水就快要用光了。
acute: a.剧烈的，严重的；急性的(病)。
 • An acute lack of food brought hunger to the Iraqi people.   食品严重缺乏，伊拉克人民正在忍饥挨饿。
adj. 紧急的；急迫的
 - emergency, instant

Word: pronounce
Front: pronounce
[prəˈnaʊns] (中高研四六 5332/4948 -K2)
Vocabulary: pronounce
(once / 144 pages)
v
If you have a teacher who asks the class to call him "Mr. B," it's probably because his name is really hard to pronounce. When you pronounce a word, you sound it out.
When you say something in a particular way, you pronounce it. The verb pronounce has another meaning, too — "to declare formally." It's not too different from announcing something, but it implies something more official and solemn — just think of the phrase "I now pronounce you husband and wife."
WORD FAMILY
pronounce: mispronounce, pronounceable, pronounced, pronouncement, pronounces, pronouncing, pronunciation +/ mispronounce: mispronounced, mispronounces, mispronouncing, mispronunciation/mispronunciation: mispronunciations/pronounceable: unpronounceable/pronounced: pronouncedly/ pronouncement: pronouncements/ pronunciation: pronunciations/unpronounceable: unpronounceably
USAGE EXAMPLES
Tucson Fire Department also responded and began to administer aid to the victim, but he was pronounced dead at the scene.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The victim was pronounced dead at the home.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
At 5:40 a.m., he was pronounced dead.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 发音，读
vt. 宣布，宣称; 演讲，讲述
vi. 宣判
时态：pronounced, pronouncing, pronounces
分布：发音(62%)，宣判(12%)，发表意见(12%)，断言(9%)，宣告(5%)
→pro-,向前，-nounce,发音，词源同announce,nuncio.引申诸相关词义。
发音;宣告(pro在前+nounce→在[嘴]前讲话→发音)[nounce,nunci=speak,表示"讲话,说出"]
v.发...的音;宣布,宣判How to pronounce the noun "ounce" in the announcement?布告中的名词"盎司"怎样发音?
verb transitive
MAKE SOUND 发出声音
 IMPROVER
■to say a word or a letter in a particular way 发（音），读（音）
• How do you pronounce your surname? 你的姓怎么念？
• She pronounced his name so badly he didn't even recognise it. 念他的名字时她发音如此不标准以至于连他本人都没听出来。
• Sade, pronounced shah-day, is a singer. Sade，读作 Shah-day，是一位歌手。
[prə'naʊnts] verb transitive
TO STATE 声明 formal
■to state something officially or certainly 宣称；宣布；断言
• [+ obj + noun/adj] He was taken to the hospital where he was pronounced dead on arrival. 他被送往医院，到了医院就被宣布已死亡。
• The jury pronounced him guilty. 陪审团宣布他有罪。
• He gazed vacantly while the verdict and sentence were pronounced. 在宣读判决时，他面无表情地瞪着眼睛。
• She surveyed the building and pronounced herself pleased with their work. 她勘查了这栋楼，并说自己对他们的工作很满意。
• [+ that] The government pronounced that they are no longer a nuclear state. 该政府宣布其不再是核武国家。
• "Have I met him?" "You have indeed - I recall you pronounced the man (= said that he was) a fool." “我见过他吗？”“你确实见过——我记得你说这个人是傻瓜。”
• The dessert was tried and pronounced delicious. 人们品尝了这道甜点，称赞其味美。
[prə'naʊnts] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  transitive pronounce on/upon sth formal
■to give a judgment or opinion about something 发表对…的看法
• I'd rather not go pronouncing on a subject that I know so little about. 我不想对一个我知之甚少的话题作任何评论。
announce, declare, proclaim, pronounce, advertise, broadcast, publish
这些动词均含“宣布，公开”之意。
announce: 多指首次宣布大家感兴趣或可满足大家好奇心的事情。
declare: 侧重正式就某事清楚明白地宣布。
proclaim: 指官方宣布重大事件或施政方针，语体比announce正式。
pronounce: 词义与announce, declare接近，但较多用于指法律判决方面的宣布。
advertise: 指通过文字和图像资料等的反复宣传而引起公众的注意，有时隐含令人不快或言过其实的意味。
broadcast: 专指利用广播或电视传播消息或发表见解。
publish: 专指通过报刊或其它媒介向公众公布事情。
vt. 发音；宣判；断言
 - declare, pass sentence
vi. 发音；作出判断
 - articulate

Word: banner
Front: banner
[ˈbænə(r)] (研四托雅 5333/5950 -2)
Vocabulary: banner
(once / 353 pages)
1n 2adj
As you listen to your guests sing to you on your birthday, you may see a long banner, or sign, hanging from the ceiling and announcing in sparkly letters, "Happy Birthday to You!"
The noun banner often refers to a long sign that is announcing or advertising something. A banner might declare "Congratulations!" "Free Hot Dogs Here!" or, at a protest, "We're Not Going to Take It Anymore!" Banners have also gone virtual; it's hard to avoid seeing at least one annoying advertising banner across the top of any highly-trafficked website. A banner can also be a flag, as in "The Star Spangled Banner," or a championship banner hanging in a school gym.
WORD FAMILY
banner: bannerlike, banners
USAGE EXAMPLES
Sawyer was born at Banner Thunderbird Medical Center at 11:51 p.m. on Saturday and brother Everett arrived at 12:01 a.m.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Police say a woman arrested following the hanging a Dakota Access pipeline protest banner from the roof of U.S.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
This year's conference runs from Jan. 17-20 under the banner "Responsive and Responsible Leadership".
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 横幅; 旗，旗帜; 标语; 大字标题
adj. 第一流的，第一位的; 杰出的; 领先的，为首的; 突出地支持（某一政党）的
分布：旗帜(59%)，横幅(36%)，大标题(1%)，特别好的(1%)，杰出的(1%)，以大标题报道(1%)，用横幅装饰(1%)
→词源同band , 绑，旗帜。
n.旗(帜)The manly Roman woman manager by the banner had man's manner.军旗旁那位有男子气概的古罗马女经理具有男子风度.
US [-ɚ] noun
countable
■a long piece of cloth, often stretched between two poles, with a sign written on it, usually carried by people taking part in a march （游行队伍等用的）横额，横布条
• The demonstrators walked along the street, waving banners and shouting angrily. 示威者沿着大街行进，一边挥舞着横布条，一边怒吼。
countable (also banner ad/banner advertisement)
■an advertisement that appears across the top of a web page （纲际网路上的）横幅广告
only singular
■an idea, principle or belief that is strongly supported by someone 主张；原则；信仰
• They won the election under the banner of lower taxes. 他们打着降低税收的口号，在选举中胜出。
flag, banner
这组词都有“旗”的意思，其区别是：
flag: 普通用词，含义最广，多指有彩色图案，悬挂于旗杆或绳索上的长方形旗帜，或国旗，也可指单位或组织的旗。
banner: 比较庄重文雅的用词，指表示象征性的旗帜，如常用于指党旗或代表某种主义的旗。
n. 旗帜，横幅；标语
 - slogan, oriflamme

Word: rising
Front: rising
[ˈraɪzɪŋ] (雅 5336/5234)
Back: adj. 上升的; 升起的; 增大的; 成长中的
adv. （年龄）接近，<美><口>（数量）多于
n. 隆起; 起义; 叛乱
v. 起义( rise的现在分词 ); 升起; （数量）增加; 休会
分布：上升的(40%)，上升(40%)，高涨的(10%)，造反或叛乱(10%)
noun countable
■an uprising
['raɪ.zɪŋ] preposition mainly UK
■about to become 接近；将近；即将
• The school accepts children who are rising five years old. 这间学校招收接近五岁的孩子。
n. 上升；起床；造反
 - upgrade, raise, ascension
adj. 上升的；上涨的；新兴的
 - emerging, flowing, climbing, upward
adv. 接近
 - near, forbye
v. 上升（rise的ing形式）
 - ascending

Word: insider
Front: insider
[ɪnˈsaɪdə(r)] (宝 5334/5487 -2)
Vocabulary: insider
(once / 1679 pages)
n
An insider is someone, usually one of a small group, who has access to secret or private information. A political insider knows what really goes on behind the scenes in a campaign or a senator's office.
In a large company, insiders are privy to financial information or details about the way things work — information that isn't available to an ordinary employee or the general public. In the financial world, an insider knows things about the businesses whose stock is being traded, and "insider trading" is when they illicitly use this information for personal gain.
WORD FAMILY
insider: insiders
USAGE EXAMPLES
Stefan Kalmár is a veteran art industry and gallery insider and the new director of the Institute of Contemporary Arts, London.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
In email interviews with travel industry insiders, I found that most reflect a more conservative, less-is-more approach.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
The photographer also doubles as an informal tour guide sharing insider tips while snapping candid photos of visitors as they explore a destination.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 知情人; 了解内幕的人
分布：知情人(81%)，局内人(19%)
→来自inside,内部。
局内人(inside内部)[-er 1.表名词"…人"2.表名词"物品,机器"3.表名词"反复做"]
【记】inside里面，er人－里面的人－知情人
US [-dɚ] noun countable
■someone who is an accepted member of a group and who therefore has special or secret knowledge or influence 内部的人，知情人，了解内幕者
• According to insiders, the committee is having difficulty making up its mind. 据知情人称，委员会很难作出决定。
n. [劳经] 内部的人，会员；熟悉内情者
 - member, fellow

Word: reform
Front: reform
[rɪˈfɔ:m] (高研四六托雅 1112/1211 -K4)
Vocabulary: reform
(once / 93 pages)
1vn 2vn 3v 4v
When you reform something, you change it for the better. If you're running for President, you might promise to reform government, although it's easier to promise reform than to actually accomplish it.
If you take the parts of reform, re- and form, you can see that it means “to shape again.” We often use it to talk about correcting what's wrong in a system, and if you reform something, you make it better and more fair. Juvenile delinquents might be sent to reform school to become better people. Someone fighting alcoholism might try to reform her ways. It's not always about morals: in chemistry, you reform molecules by breaking them apart.
WORD FAMILY
reform: reformable, reformation, reformative, reformatory, reformed, reformer, reforming, reformism, reforms+/deform: deformation, deformed, deforming, deforms/deformation: deformational, deformations/deformed: deformedly, deformity / deformity: deformities/ form: biform, deform, formation, formative, formed, forming, formless, forms, multiform, preform, reform / formation: formations, re-formation/ formative: formatively, formatives/formed: ill-formed, re-formed, unformed/formless: formlessly/preform: preformation, preformed, preforms/preformation: preformations/reformable: unreformable/ reformation: counterreformation, reformations, self-reformation/reformatory: reformatories/ reformed: reformedly, unreformed/reformer: reformers/reformism: reformist/reformist: reformists/unformed: unformedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
That means Mr. Trump will be in office when Cuba is no longer ruled by the Castro family, regardless of the pace of democratic reforms.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Johnson said he would lobby the Illinois legislature to reform sentencing guidelines for repeat gun offenders.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
If the legislature fails to reform, it won’t be for the lack of ideas.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 改革，改良，改造; 改正
vt. & vi. 改善
vt. 改革; 重组
vi. 重组
adj. 改革的
时态：reformed, reforming, reforms
分布：改革(92%)，改造(6%)，改良(1%)，革新(1%)
→re-,再，重新，form,形状。引申词义改革，改正。
改革,改造(re再次+form→再形成→改造)[form=shape,表示"形状"]
v./n.改革,改造,改良The performer reformed the performance of the transferred transformer.表演者改良了转让的变压器的性能.
US [-'fɔ:rm] verb intransitive or transitive
 IMPROVER
■to make an improvement, especially by changing a person's behaviour or the structure of something （尤指透过改变人的行为或事物的构造而）改革，改进，改造
• Who will reform Britain's unfair electoral system? 谁将改革英国不公正的选举制度呢？
• For years I was an alcoholic, but I reformed when the doctors gave me six months to live. 我酗酒多年，但当医生预计我只能再活六个月时，我就改过自新了。
UK [rɪ'fɔ:m] US [-'fɔ:rm] noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■an improvement, especially in a person's behaviour or in the structure of something （尤指人的行为或事物构造方面的）改革，改进，改造，改良
• Some reforms of/to the system will be necessary. 有必要对该制度进行一些改革。
• The education system in Britain was crying out for reform. 英国的教育制度急需改革。
reform, transfrom
这组词都有“改革、改变、改造”的意思，其区别是：
reform: 指去恶扬善、弃旧图新，使变得完美，多用于社会、政治、经济方面，如体制、法律、机构等的改革。
transfrom: 指既改变外部形体，又改变内部性质或功能。
n. 改革，改良；改正
 - transformation, correction, amendment
vt. 改革，革新；重新组成
 - renovate, reconstitute
vi. 重组；改过
 - shake up, realign

Word: confine
Front: confine
[kənˈfaɪn] (研四六托雅宝 5337/2898 -K2)
Vocabulary: confine
(once / 129 pages)
v
Confine is all about setting limits. If you are confined to the house, it means you can't leave it. If you're really sick, you might be confined to your bed.
Confine can be used abstractly as well. In writing a term paper, your teacher might tell you to confine your examples to ones that you can support with direct evidence. In the 19th century, pregnancy and childbirth were often referred to as a woman's confinement—a time when she couldn't get up or out.
WORD FAMILY
confine: confined, confinement, confines, confining +/ confined: confinedly, unconfined / confinement: confinements/ unconfined: unconfinedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
And outside the confines of Mar-a-Lago, old grievances flare up.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The young Roughol’s disappointment was not confined to the lack of elephants in rural France.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
He struggled to maintain regular body temperature, and he was confined to a wheelchair until he regained mobility in his limbs.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. 限制; 局限于; 禁闭; 管制
n. 界限，范围; 国界
时态：confined, confining, confines
分布：限制(51%)，范围(20%)，禁闭(12%)，约束(10%)，界限(7%)
→con-, 强调。-fin, 界限，限制，词源同finish, finite.
限制,监禁(con全部+fine限制→全限制→监禁)[fin=end,boundary,表示"结束,范围"]
vt.限制;使不外出,禁闭n.[pl.]界限,范围The refiner defined a definite confine with her fine finger.提炼者用她精细的手指定义了一个明确的界限.
【记】con（全部），fine（限制）－全限制－监禁
【参】confined（adj 狭窄的，受限制的＝limited＝restricted）
verb
 ADVANCED transitive
■to limit an activity, person or problem in some way 把…局限在，限制
• Let's confine our discussion to the matter in question, please! 请把讨论集中在正题上！
• Please confine your use of the telephone to business calls. 请注意电话仅限于办公用途。
• By closing the infected farms we're hoping to confine the disease to the north of the region (= stop it from spreading to other areas). 透过关闭受感染的农场，我们希望把疾病限制在该地区的北部。
 ADVANCED transitive usually passive
■to keep someone closed in a place, often by force （常指强制）关押，监禁，禁闭
• The hostages had been confined for so long that they couldn't cope with the outside world. 人质被关押了那么久，以致于他们对外面的世界一时适应不了。
be confined to somewhere/sth
■to exist only in a particular area or group of people 仅存在于…；仅限于…
• We know that the illness is not confined to any one group in society. 我们知道这种疾病不只局限于社会的某一个群体中。
• This attitude seems to be confined to the upper classes. 这种态度似乎只存在于上层阶级中。
jail, imprison, confine
这组词都有“监禁”的意思，其区别是：
jail: (英国用gaol)多指审判之间的拘禁或对罪行较轻的罪犯的监禁。
imprison: 较正式用词，多指较长时间的监禁。
confine: 指监禁或幽禁；也指任何使行动受到限制的行为。
limit, restrain, bind, confine
limit: （能力或数量上）有限的
restrain: 抑制的，遏制的，可指彻底阻止也可指将……纳入控制、约束之中，强迫意味，可表示自我抑制vt
bind: 有约束力的
confine: （空间上）受限的
limit, restrict, confine
这组词都有“限制，限定”的意思，其区别是：
limit: 一般指事先确定空间、时间或数量的极限，一旦超越限度，就会造成不良结果。当然也可指不事先规定，而且自然的或固有的界限。
restrict: 指把某人或物限制在一定范围之内。
confine: 侧重施加不可逾越的限制，有时暗示束缚、囚禁。
n. 界限，边界
 - boundary, border
vt. 限制；禁闭
 - block, set a limit to

Word: assertion
Front: assertion
[əˈsɜ:ʃn] (5339/5380)
Vocabulary: assertion
(once / 374 pages)
n
An assertion is a declaration that's made emphatically, especially as part of an argument or as if it's to be understood as a statement of fact.
To assert is to state with force. So if someone makes an assertion, they’re not just trying out an idea — they really mean it. An assertion can also be an act that seems to make a statement without words. When your dog urinates in multiple places up and down your block, he's making an assertion of his dominance (also called "marking") over his "territory."
WORD FAMILY
assertion: assertions, self-assertion +/ assert: assertable, asserted, asserter, asserting, assertion, assertive, asserts, reassert /asserted: assertedly/asserter: asserters/asserting: assertingly, self-asserting/ assertive: assertively, assertiveness, nonassertive, self-assertive, unassertive/assertiveness: self-assertiveness/ reassert: reasserted, reasserting, reassertion, reasserts/reassertion: reassertions/unassertive: unassertively, unassertiveness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Johnson’s assertion, for instance, that the extravagant draper’s shops of early 18th-century London “helped create the industrial revolution” is intriguing but not wholly convincing.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Wednesday’s comments repeated Mr. Trump’s assertion that American policy toward Israel will change drastically once he replaces Mr. Obama in the Oval Office.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
A spokeswoman for the city said the assertion that Oakland tolerates illegal warehouse conversions is "untrue in concept."
Los Angeles Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 声称; 使用; 主张; 明确肯定
分布：断言(73%)，主张(19%)，论断(7%)，被维护的东西(1%)
US [-'sɝ:-] noun countable + that
■a statement that you strongly believe is true 断言；明确肯定
• I certainly don't agree with his assertion that men are better drivers than women. 他言之凿凿地说男人比女人更擅长驾驶，对此我当然不能赞同。
n. 断言，声明；主张，要求；坚持
 - statement, opinion, requirement, assurance, profession

Word: burst
Front: burst
[bɜ:st] (高研四六托 3560/3011 -K3)
Vocabulary: burst
(once / 86 pages)
1vn 2v 3vn
A burst is a sudden flurry of activity. Bursts of energy are helpful in shoveling heavy snow, but it's better if you work steadily instead of shoveling fast and stopping.
As a verb, burst is your go-to action word to describe something sudden and energetic happening. It usually means, "to explode outward, with noise" like if you burst into song in the middle of study hall, startling everyone. It also means, “to split open in a violent way due to internal pressure” like an overfilled water balloon. It comes from the Old English word berstan, meaning "break suddenly."
WORD FAMILY
burst: bursted, burster, bursting, bursts+/burster: bursters
USAGE EXAMPLES
Joe’s Pub, the glimmering nightclub at the Public Theater, bursts with laughter and cheers.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Schroder repeats the process - eyes fixed on the sky, asking for quiet, a burst of calling and then, one word.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
The house kept “bursting” with popping noises, she said.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vi. 爆裂，炸破; 使爆炸; 充满，塞满; 爆发
vt. 使爆炸; 冲破，胀破; 分帧，分页，分隔
n. 爆炸; 爆裂; 爆发; 突发
时态：burst, bursting, bursts
分布：爆发(28%)，爆裂(18%)，破裂(16%)，阵(15%)，冲(14%)，迸发(6%)，闯(3%)
→词源同break, 破开。
v.爆裂,炸破;突然发生n.突然破裂,爆发They returned in turn to bury the luxuries burnt in the burst.他们依次返回来埋藏在爆炸中烧毁的奢侈品.
US [bɝ:st] verb (burst, burst)
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to break open or apart suddenly, or to make something do this （使）迸裂，（使）爆炸
• Balloons make me nervous - I hate it when they burst. 气球令我感到紧张——我讨厌它们突然爆破。
• The river was threatening to burst its banks. 河流有决口的危险。
• Suddenly the door burst open (= opened suddenly and forcefully) and police officers carrying guns rushed in. 门突然被撞开了，员警端着枪冲了进来。
• figurative humorous If I eat any more cake I'll burst (= I cannot eat anything else) ! 我再吃蛋糕肚皮就会胀破的！
intransitive
■to feel a strong emotion, or strong wish to do something （心中）充满；心情迫切
• I knew they were bursting with curiosity but I said nothing. 我知道他们充满了好奇，但我甚么也没说。
• [+ to infinitive] informal I'm bursting to go to the loo! 我急着想上厕所！
• Tom was bursting to tell everyone the news. 汤姆迫不及待地想把消息告诉每个人。
burst into flames
■to suddenly burn strongly, producing a lot of flames 突然着火
• Smoke started pouring out from underneath, then the truck burst into flames. 烟开始从下面冒了出来，接着卡车便着火了。
UK [bɜ:st] US [bɝ:st] verb (burst, burst)
burst at the seams informal
■to be completely full 过满，拥挤不堪
• When all the family come home the house is bursting at the seams. 当全家人都回到家里，房子就拥挤不堪。
UK [bɜ:st] US [bɝ:st] verb (burst, burst)
burst into song/tears/laughter
■to suddenly begin to sing/cry/laugh 突然开始唱歌／流泪／大笑
• Much to my surprise Ben suddenly burst into song. 令我非常惊讶的是，本突然唱起歌来。
UK [bɜ:st] US [bɝ:st] verb (burst, burst)
burst out laughing/crying
■to suddenly start laughing/crying 突然大笑／大哭起来
• I walked in and everyone burst out laughing. 我走了进去，所有的人都突然放声大笑起来。
UK [bɜ:st] US [bɝ:st] verb (burst, burst)
  Phrasal Verbs  burst in/into (somewhere)
■to enter a room or building suddenly and without warning 突然闯入（房间或建筑）
• The side door of the pub flew open and three men burst in. 酒吧的侧门猛地开了，三个男人闯了进来。
UK [bɜ:st] US [bɝ:st] verb (burst, burst)
  Phrasal Verbs  burst in on sb/sth
■to enter a room suddenly and without warning, interrupting the people or activity inside 突然闯入而打断（或打扰）：
• Katya burst in on him without warning. 卡佳连招呼都没打就突然出现在了他面前。
UK [bɜ:st] US [bɝ:st] verb (burst, burst)
  Phrasal Verbs  burst out
■to suddenly say something loudly 猛然大叫
• "Don't go!" he burst out. “别走！”他猛然大叫道。
UK [bɜ:st] US [bɝ:st] noun countable
BREAK 爆裂
■when something breaks open and what is inside breaks out 爆裂
• a burst in the water pipe 水管爆裂
UK [bɜ:st] US [bɝ:st] noun countable
INCREASE 增加
■a sudden increase in something, especially for a short period （尤指短期的）突然增加；迸发
• a burst of speed/applause/laughter 突然的加速／一阵掌声／一阵大笑
explode, erupt, burst
这组词都有“爆炸、爆发”的意思，其区别是：
explode: 指物体爆炸而释放大量热能的一刹那。
erupt: 主要指火山的爆发，也可用作引申意义。
burst: 强调爆炸能量的突然释放和力量的突然迸发。
break, crush, crack, shatter, smash, burst, fracture
这组词都有“打破、弄碎”的意思，其区别是：
break: 常用词，含义广泛，多指猛然用力将坚硬物打破或损坏。
crush: 指用力把东西压破或变形。
crack: 多指因长期使用或经受压力，物体表现呈现裂纹、裂口或破裂、裂开，但一般没成碎片。
shatter: 指破裂为许多支离破碎的碎片，多用指易碎事物。
smash: 指突然而猛烈地重击某物，使之破碎或完全变形。
burst: 指某物因内部外部压力过大而出现严重破裂、爆开或账破。
fracture: 比crack的破裂程度更深更严重，常指断裂，医学上指骨折。
explode, burst, break out
explode: （炸弹）爆炸；
burst: （the ball）爆裂
break out: 爆发（战争）；
vi. [天] 爆发，突发； [力] 爆炸
 - out break, flame up
vt. [天] 爆发，突发； [力] 爆炸
 - blast, out break
n. [天] 爆发，突发； [力] 爆炸
 - blast, outbreak

Word: underground
Front: underground
[ˈʌndəgraʊnd] (中高托雅 5341/5281 -K3)
Back: adj. 地下的; 秘密的; 先锋派的; 隐蔽的
分布：地下(72%)，在地下(11%)，地铁(8%)，地下的(5%)，地道(1%)，秘密地(1%)，秘密的(1%)，秘密活动(1%)
地下的(under+ground地)[under-①表示"在…下"②表示"不足,不够"③表示"副手"]
a.地下的;秘密的n.地铁ad.在地下The blunder made the underground instrument undergo an undermining of the thunderbolt.这个失策让地下仪器经受了一次雷电的破坏.
US [-də˞-]
BELOW EARTH 在地面以下
 ADVANCED
■below the surface of the Earth; below ground 在地下（的），在地面以下的
• an underground cave/passage/cable 地下洞穴／通道／电缆
• Moles live underground. 鼹鼠生活在地下。
adjective adverb UK [ˌʌn.dəˈgraʊnd] US [-də˞-]
PEOPLE 人
■describes an activity that is secret and usually illegal 秘密的（地）；地下的（地）
• an underground newspaper/movement 地下报纸／运动
• The Communist Party was forced (to go)underground, and its leaders went into hiding. 共产党被迫转为地下活动，其领导人也隐藏了起来。
noun UK [ˈʌn.də.graʊnd] US [-də˞-]
TRANSPORT 交通
the underground only singular (also the tube) UK
■a railway system in which electric trains travel along passages below ground 地铁
• the London Underground 伦敦地铁
• They went on the underground. 他们乘地铁去的。
noun UK [ˈʌn.də.graʊnd] US [-də˞-]
PEOPLE 人
uncountable
■people in a society who are trying new and often shocking or illegal ways of living or forms of art 先锋派团体
• In Britain and the USA in the 1970s, the underground was a powerful subversive force. 20世纪70年代，先锋派团体在英国和美国是一支强大的颠覆力量。
the underground
■a group of people who secretly fight against the government （反政府的）地下组织
• He was a member of the underground, harassing the invading army. 他是袭扰侵略军的地下组织成员。
subway, tube, underground
这组词都有“地铁”的意思，其区别是：
subway: 指城市中的地铁或通道，主要用于美国。
tube: 主要用于英国口语中。
underground: 一般用词，指城市中的地铁，主要用于英国。
adv. 在地下；秘密地
 - quietly, privately, secretly
adj. 地下的；秘密的；先锋派的
 - secret, chamber, inside, cabinet
n. 地下；地铁；地道；地下组织；秘密活动；先锋派团体
 - sub, metro, subway

Word: orthodox
Front: orthodox
[ˈɔ:θədɒks] (研六雅宝 5340/5046 -2)
Vocabulary: orthodox
(once / 603 pages)
adj
Orthodox practices or beliefs are generally accepted as true or correct. If you are an orthodox vegetarian, you never, ever eat meat––not like those people who have chicken once in awhile, or even––gasp!––bacon.
When capitalized, Orthodox is the name of the Eastern Church, originally distinguished by its doctrinal differences from the other divisions of the Christian Church. Orthodox is also the name of the branch of Judaism that strictly follows traditional beliefs and customs, derived from orthodox in the earlier meaning of "strictly observant."
WORD FAMILY
orthodox: orthodoxest, orthodoxly, orthodoxy, unorthodox +/ orthodoxy: orthodoxies, unorthodoxy/unorthodoxy: unorthodoxies
USAGE EXAMPLES
It’s also where Stanley’s troubles began with more orthodox believers.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
A few words of orthodox reassurance from the pontiff would help.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 23, 2016)
Do they really expect Trump to suddenly be transformed into an orthodox Republican?
Washington Post(Dec 19, 2016)
Back: adj. 规范的; 公认的; 普遍赞同的; 正统的
分布：正统的(60%)，传统的(35%)，东正教的(5%)
→ortho-,正确的，-dox,观念，思想，词源同doctor,dogma.
正统思想(ortho正+dox→正的观点→正统思想)[dox=opinion,表示"观点"]
a.传统的,正统的,习惯的,保守的,东正教的The escort resorted to the orthodox paradox to retort his distortion.陪护者借助正统悖论反驳他的歪曲.
【记】ortho正，dox观点
【参】heterodox（adj 异端邪说的）；paradox（n 自相矛盾的话）；orthodontics（n 畸齿矫正）；orthopedics（n 整形外科）
US ['ɔ:r.θə.dɑ:ks] adjective
■(of beliefs, ideas or activities) considered traditional, normal and acceptable by most people （信仰、观点或活动）正统的，传统的；普遍接受的
• orthodox treatment/methods 传统的疗法／方法
• orthodox views/opinions 正统的观点／看法
• We would prefer a more orthodox approach/solution to the problem. 我们愿意用一种更为正统的方法处理／解决该问题。
Compare heterodox (of religious people) having more traditional beliefs than other people in the same religious group （宗教信徒）正统派的
• orthodox Christians/Jews/Muslims 正统派基督教徒／犹太教徒／穆斯林
the (Greek/Russian/Eastern) Orthodox Church
■a part of the Christian Church, with many members in Greece, Russia and eastern Europe （希腊／俄罗斯／东）正教
adj. 正统的；传统的；惯常的
 - traditional, conventional, classic, frequent, confirmed

Word: register
Front: register
[ˈredʒɪstə(r)] (高研四六托雅 3173/2430 -K3)
Vocabulary: register
(once / 130 pages)
1nv 2n 3n 4n 5nv 6v 7v
Register has several meanings, but one of the most common is to write down or record officially. Like registering your car with the DMV and registering for classes at the beginning of a semester.
Someone needs to register all the ways you can use the word register: As a noun it means the actual book that you record things in. But a register is also the range of sound your voice can make, and that thing the checkout lady uses to ring up your grocery bill. As a verb, register means to mark down officially or sign up, but also to show emotion: if cats and dogs rain from the sky, your face will likely register a look of disbelief.
WORD FAMILY
register: registered, registering, registers, registrant, registration, registry+/registered: unregistered/registrant: registrants/ registration: registrations/registry: registries
USAGE EXAMPLES
Mr. Johnson, who registers patients when they arrive for neurology appointments at IU Health Methodist Hospital in Indianapolis, was not helping.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Mascher later successfully got the building added to the National Register of Historic Places.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
That’s when The Des Moines Register got its hands on internal memos and emails between state officials and the insurers.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 登记，注册; 记录; 登记簿; 自动记录器
vt. 登记，注册; （仪表等）指示; 表示，表达; （感情）流露
vi. 登记，注册; 留下印象; 完全符合; [印刷]对齐
时态：registered, registering, registers
分布：注册(50%)，登记(35%)，记录(6%)，挂号(4%)，登记簿(3%)，暂存器(2%)
→来自拉丁语 regerere,登记，记录，-st,过去分词格，来自 re-,向后，往回，-ger,携带，承载， 词源同 gesture,belligerent.
登记,注册(re再次+gister→再次带来→[学员]注册,登记)[gest,gister=carry,bring,表示"带来,产生"]
n./v.登记,注册v.(仪表等)指示,(邮件)挂号In the Administration, this minister is in charge of registering regional religions.在内阁中这个部长负责登记区域宗教.
US [-stɚ] verb
LIST 列入
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to put information, especially your name, into an official list or record （尤指把姓名）登记，注册，记录
• I registered the car in my name. 注册时，我把车登记在我的名下。
• Within two weeks of arrival all foreigners had to register with the local police. 所有外国人在到达后两周内必须在当地警察局登记。
• Students have to register for the new course by the end of April. 选修这门新课程的学生必须在四月底之前注册。
UK ['redʒ.ɪ.stər] US [-stɚ] verb
SHOW 显示
intransitive or transitive
■to record, show or express something 显示；指示；表达
• The Geiger counter registered a dangerous level of radioactivity. 盖氏计算器显示辐射强度达到了危险级别。
• The earthquake was too small to register on the Richter scale. 地震太弱了，无法用里氏震级显示。
• formal His face registered extreme disapproval of what he had witnessed. 他的神情显示出他对所看到的一切极不赞成。
UK ['redʒ.ɪ.stər] US [-stɚ] verb
REALISE 意识到的
intransitive or transitive informal
■If something registers, someone realises it and if someone registers something, they realise it （事物）受到注意，被意识到；（人）注意到，意识到
• I did mention the address but I'm not sure that it registered (with him). 我确实提到过地址，但是（他）听没听进去，我就没有把握了。
• I scarcely registered the fact that he was there. 我几乎没有注意到他在那里。
UK ['redʒ.ɪ.stər] US [-stɚ] verb
MAIL 邮件
transitive
■When you register a letter or parcel, you send it using a special postal service, so that it will be dealt with in a special way and not be lost 挂号邮寄
• a registered letter 挂号信
UK ['redʒ.ɪ.stər] US [-stɚ] noun
LIST 列入
countable
■a book or record containing a list of names 花名册；登记簿；注册表
• Guests write their names in the (hotel) register. 客人们在（饭店）登记簿上登记。
• Is your name on the register of voters? 选民册上有你的名字吗？
countable
■a book used to record whether a child is present at school 学校点名册
• If a child is absent, the teacher notes it down in the (class)register. 如果哪个孩子没有来，老师会在（班级）点名册上记下来。
uncountable
■in school, the period at the start of the morning and afternoon when a teacher records on an official list which children are present （老师在上、下午开始时对学生的）点名登记
UK ['redʒ.ɪ.stər] US [-stɚ] noun
LANGUAGE STYLE 语言风格
countable or uncountable specialized
■the style of language, grammar and words used for particular situations 语域，语体风格
• People chatting at a party will usually be talking in (an) informal register. 人们在派对上聊天通常都是用非正式语体。
UK ['redʒ.ɪ.stər] US [-stɚ] noun
SOUNDS 声音
countable
■all the notes that a musical instrument or a person's voice can produce, from the highest to the lowest （乐器或人的）音区，声区
• music written mainly for the lower/higher register of the clarinet 主要为单簧管低／高音区演奏而谱的乐曲
UK ['redʒ.ɪ.stər] US [-stɚ] noun
MONEY 钱
countable US for
■ till (MONEY DRAWER)
• a cash register 现金出纳机，收银机
vt. 登记； [专利] 注册；记录；挂号邮寄；把…挂号；正式提出
 - book in, book down
vi. 登记； [专利] 注册；挂号
 - book in, book down
n. 登记； [专利] 注册；记录；寄存器；登记簿
 - entry, page, enrollment

Word: payroll
Front: payroll
[ˈpeɪrəʊl] (5345/10169 -1)
Vocabulary: payroll
(once / 1616 pages)
n
A company's payroll is a complete list of everyone who works there and how much money they make. The small coffee shop where you work might have just four employees on its payroll.
Any business or organization with a paid staff has a payroll. A school's payroll might include the principal, teachers, office workers, school nurse, and maintenance workers, for example. You can also use the term payroll for the entire amount of money that a company pays its workers over the course of a year, or for the department that calculates these salaries and hands out paychecks.
WORD FAMILY
payroll: payrolls
USAGE EXAMPLES
It’s supposed to handle everything from student enrollment and scheduling to financial aid, staff payroll and the financial books — and let colleges easily share data.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The 2010 law, the budget office noted, increased the payroll tax rate for many high-income taxpayers and imposed a surtax on their net investment income.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
The benefit, which will be phased in beginning in 2018, will be funded by worker payroll contributions.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 工资名单; 工资总支出，工薪总额
分布：工资单(95%)，工薪总额(5%)
US [-roʊl] noun
countable
■a list of the people employed by a company showing how much each one earns （公司员工的）在职人员工资表，工资名单
• a payroll tax 薪水税，工资税
• McDermot Software is growing fast, adding another 100 employees to its payroll over the last year. 麦狄蒙软体公司发展迅速，在职员工在去年内又增加了100人。
countable usually singular
■the total amount of money paid to the people employed by a particular company （公司的）工资发放总额
• With debts of $4 million and a monthly payroll of $1.2 million, the venture is clearly heading for trouble. 该企业欠债400万美元，每月又须支付120万美元工资，无疑它将陷入困境。
n. [劳经] 工资单
 - payslip

Word: odor
Front: odor
['əʊdə] (研六托 5311/-)
Vocabulary: odor
(once / 505 pages)
n
An odor is anything you can smell — like a scent or an aroma. If you sniff a sour odor in your gallon of milk, you should probably pour it down the sink instead of drinking it.
Most people are more likely to use the word odor for unpleasant smells, like the odor of your uncle's stinky cigars or the musty odor in your grandmother's attic. You can also use the word odor in a figurative way, to mean a feeling or impression given by something: "The whole bank seemed full of the odor of money and greed." Odor is Latin, meaning "a smell or a scent."
WORD FAMILY
odor: deodorant, deodorise, deodorize, odorize, odorless, odorous, odors+/ deodorant: deodorants/deodorise: deodorised, deodorises, deodorising/ deodorize: deodorized, deodorizing/inodorous: inodorously/odorize: odorized/odorless: odorlessly/ odorous: inodorous, odorously
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Balfour Declaration was issued at the height of the imperial age, when colonization was still in good odor.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
City officials say tests show hydrogen sulfide levels are back to normal, but that strong odors persist.
Washington Times(Dec 29, 2016)
The police were called to the building and discovered the bodies after a neighbor called to complain about an odor.
New York Times(Dec 26, 2016)
Back: n. 气味，名声
分布：气味(93%)，气息(4%)，名声(3%)
n.(odour)气味,香味,臭味,名声The odor clung to the room.一股气味充斥着房间散不出去.
n. 气味；名声
 - smell, wind, fame

Word: outbreak
Front: outbreak
[ˈaʊtbreɪk] (研六托雅 5343/5060 -2)
Vocabulary: outbreak
(once / 602 pages)
n
A sudden or abrupt onset of something really bad is an outbreak. You could experience an outbreak of measles or an outbreak of violence; either way, try to protect yourself.
When you talk about an outbreak of something, it's almost always something terrible, or at least unwanted. You might hear about an outbreak of war in a distant country, or an outbreak of violence in a big city, or an outbreak of disease among farm animals. Outbreak started as a Middle English verb around 1300, becoming a noun meaning "eruption" about three hundred years later.
WORD FAMILY
outbreak: outbreaks
USAGE EXAMPLES
South Korea is fighting its worst bird flu outbreak in a decade.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The outbreak also prodded international corporations to reexamine their policies.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Urban forests, too, are at risk from outbreaks.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. （战争，怒气等的）爆发; 突然发生
vi. 爆发
分布：爆发(98%)，暴动(2%)
→out-,向外，break,破裂。
爆发(out+break断裂→事情断裂→爆发)[out-①表示"超过,过度"②表示"出去,过时"]
n.(战争,愤怒,火灾等的)爆发,(疾病的)发作The voluntary revolutionaries revolted like the outbreak of volcano.志愿革命者们象火山爆发一样起义了.
noun countable
■a time when something suddenly begins, especially a disease or something else dangerous or unpleasant （尤指疾病、危险或不快之事的）发作，暴发，突然发生
• an outbreak of cholera/food poisoning/rioting/war 霍乱／食物中毒／骚乱／战争的暴发
• Last weekend saw further thundery outbreaks. 上周末仍然雷声不断。
n. （战争的）爆发；（疾病的）发作
 - explosion, burst, fit
vi. 爆发
 - burst, blow up

Word: grim
Front: grim
[grɪm] (研六托雅宝 5348/5350 -2)
Vocabulary: grim
(once / 184 pages)
adj
Things that are gloomy, stark, ghastly, and somber are grim. Sunshine, puppies, and rainbows are not grim; zombies, reapers, and mummies are grim. Less scary things like drizzly, foggy days can also be called grim.
Two famous uses of the adjective grim are the Grim Reaper and Grimm's Fairy Tales. Mr. Reaper shows up in movies and books wearing a long, hooded black cape and carrying a scythe, or long-handled blade used, in less grim circumstances, for mowing grass and reaping grain: he represents death. The real-life German brothers wrote some bone-chilling tales under their own name, Grimm, meaning "cruel, fierce," which is related to the English word grim. Modern grim things include crime-drama images of dead bodies and characters in horror movies.
WORD FAMILY
grim: grimly, grimmer, grimmest, grimness
USAGE EXAMPLES
“This is why the current job discrimination situation is so grim.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Yet the children’s personalities shine through these grim tasks.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In the novel, a teen-ager named Theo, worn down with grim tidings, frames the problem of modern optimism in terms of scale.
The New Yorker(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 冷酷的，残忍的; 严厉的; 阴冷的; 可怕的，讨厌的
级别：grimmer, grimmest
分布：可怕的(48%)，冷酷的(36%)，严厉的(12%)，不愉快的(4%)
→来自ghrem, 生气的，拟声词，模仿咆哮的声音。
a.严酷的,令人害怕的;不愉快的,讨厌的I've had a grim day.我过了不愉快的一天.
【记】g鬼，rim（n 边）：鬼在你的旁边－冷酷无情的；狰狞可怕的
【参】brim（n 杯碗等的边缘；河边）；prim（adj 整洁的）
[grɪm] (grimmer, grimmest)
adjective
WITHOUT HOPE 没有希望的
 ADVANCED
■worrying, without hope 忧愁的；令人担忧的；令人沮丧的
• The future looks grim. 未来一片渺茫。
[grɪm] (grimmer, grimmest)
adjective
SERIOUS 严肃的
■worried and serious or sad 忧愁的；严肃的
• Her face was grim as she told them the bad news. 她满脸愁容地把这个坏消息告诉了他们。
• The expression on his face was one of grim determination. 他脸上一副破釜沉舟的神情。
• Later Mr Ashby left the court, grim-faced and silent. 后来阿什比先生离开了法庭，表情严肃，一言不发。
[grɪm] (grimmer, grimmest)
adjective
UNPLEASANT 令人不快的
   informal
■very unpleasant or ugly 令人不快的；讨厌的；丑陋的
• a grim-looking block of flats 丑陋不堪的公寓楼
[grɪm] (grimmer, grimmest)
adjective
hang / hold on like grim death UK
■to hold on very tightly to something, despite great difficulty 死死地抓住不放，紧紧抓住不松手；咬牙坚持
• Darren always drives and I sit behind him, hanging on like grim death. 总是达伦来开车，我则坐在他后面，一路壮着胆子硬撑。
adj. 冷酷的；糟糕的；残忍的
 - frozen, cruel

Word: winning
Front: winning
[ˈwɪnɪŋ] (5349/5624 -K3)
Back: adj. 获胜的，赢的; 成功的，胜利的; 吸引人的; 迷人的
n. 获胜; 赢得物; 备采煤区
v. win的现在分词
分布：胜利(32%)，获胜的(27%)，获得(20%)，成功(13%)，迷人的(6%)，动词win的现在分词.(1%)，使人成功的(1%)
adjective [before noun]
 ADVANCED
■that has won something 获胜的；赢的
• Have you heard the winning entry in this year's Eurovision Song Contest? 你听过今年欧洲电视网歌曲大赛的获奖歌曲吗？
• It's nice to be on the winning side for a change. 总是输，偶尔赢一次感觉真好。
■friendly and charming and often making people like you 迷人的；可爱的
• a winning smile 迷人的微笑
adj. 胜利的；获胜的
 - victorious, triumphal
n. 胜利；获得；成功
 - victory, success, acquisition, prosperity, getting
v. 获胜（win的ing形式）
 - prevailing

Word: strand
Front: strand
[strænd] (托宝 5344/4562 -2)
Vocabulary: strand
(once / 757 pages)
1n 2vn
A single hair, a noodle, even a line of thought — any of these things could be called a strand, a long thin length of something.
The noun strand describes things that are long and thin like a rope, or a strand of spaghetti, hair, or thread. Strands are often twisted together to form thicker, stronger things like cables. As a verb, the meaning is very different: "to leave helpless," like unreliable cars that strand their drivers, or a snowstorm that strands people at airports.
WORD FAMILY
strand: stranded, stranding, strands
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Grapevine was closed for periods in recent weeks because of heavy snowfall, and some motorists were temporarily stranded on mountain roads.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The host business for the engineering strand will be Viking Pump.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
It will be fun watching it all unravel — particularly the single 10-mile-long hair strand.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. （绳子的）股，绞; 海滨，河岸; （思想等的）一个组成部分
vt. 使滞留，使搁浅; 使陷于困境
vi. 搁浅; 陷入困境
时态：stranded, stranding, strands
分布：缕(51%)，使陷于困境(21%)，弄断(14%)，使落后(14%)
→来自古英语 strand,海岸，海滨，来自 Proto-Germanic*strandaz,岸，边，来自 ster,展开，
noun countable
THREAD 线
■a thin thread of something, often one of a few twisted around each other to make a string or rope （线、绳等的）缕，股
• a strand of cotton 一股棉线
• She tucked a loose strand of hair behind her ears. 她把一绺松下来的头发收到耳后。
[strænd] noun countable
PART 部分
■a part which combines with other parts to form a whole story, subject or situation （完整故事、主题或情况的）部分，方面
• There are so many different strands to the plot that it's quite hard to follow. 故事情节的头绪纷乱，很难搞清楚。
[strænd] noun countable
COAST 海岸 literary
■a shore
n. 线；串；海滨
 - string, thread, cluster
vt. 使搁浅；使陷于困境；弄断；使落后
 - ground
vi. 搁浅
 - beach, take the ground

Word: freshly
Front: freshly
[ˈfreʃli] (托 5346/7164 -K)
Back: adv. 新近，刚才; 精神饱满地; 气息清新地
分布：新近(63%)，刚才(37%)
adverb
■recently done 刚刚；新近
• freshly baked bread 刚烤好的面包
• freshly made sandwiches 新做的三明治
• freshly washed hair 刚洗过的头发
adv. 新近；精神饱满地
 - recently, new

Word: profitable
Front: profitable
[ˈprɒfɪtəbl] (研四六 5352/4487 -2)
Vocabulary: profitable
(once / 305 pages)
adj
Things that are profitable make money or are beneficial in other ways. Businesses hope to be profitable in the financial sense, but a profitable relationship is one that's good for everyone involved.
Profitable started out as a word to describe anything useful, but it hooked up with finance in the mid-1700’s. Profits are measured in money earned beyond expenses, so profitable businesses or transactions make money. A busy restaurant, sold-out concert, and best-selling book are all profitable. People also use this word for situations that are good in ways that don’t involve money. If you learned a lot from something, then it was a profitable experience, even if you didn't make any cash.
WORD FAMILY
profitable: profitability, profitableness, profitabler, profitablest, profitably, unprofitable+/ nonprofit: nonprofits/ profit: nonprofit, profitable, profited, profiteer, profiting, profitless, profits, profitting/ profiteer: profiteered, profiteering, profiteers/profitless: profitlessly/unprofitable: unprofitability, unprofitableness, unprofitably
USAGE EXAMPLES
Explaining this research is clearly within the mandate of the Labor Department, whose mission statement includes a pledge to “advance opportunities for profitable employment.”
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
In a classic business deal, an entrepreneur puts up collateral to get a loan for a potentially profitable investment.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Tentpole releases from major artists are still the thing that allows labels to stay profitable and for smaller acts to survive.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 有利可图的，有益的; 可赚钱的，合算的
分布：有利可图的(72%)，有益的(28%)
→来自profit,利润，收益。
有利润的(profit+able)[fac,fact,fect,fic,fig=make,do,表示"做,制作"]
a.有利可图的,有益的It's more profitable to reduce production.减少生产可以获得更多利润.
US ['prɑ:.fɪ.tˌə-] adjective
 ADVANCED
■resulting in or likely to result in a profit or an advantage 有盈利的；有益的
• Over the years it has developed into a highly profitable business. 经过这些年，它发展成了高获利企业。
• I made profitable use of my time (= used my time to get advantages or benefits) , mixing with a lot of different people and practising my Spanish. 我充分利用时间和许多不同的人交游，练习我的西班牙语。
Opposite unprofitable
profitable, beneficial, advantageous
这组词都有“有益的，有利的”的意思，其区别是：
profitable: 多用于指能获得实用的或可获利的事。
beneficial: 侧重对健康、身心或事业有益。
advantageous: 多指能直接导致相对优势或有助于达到目的的事。
adj. 有利可图的；赚钱的；有益的
 - beneficial, helpful, useful, advantageous, conducive

Word: orchestra
Front: orchestra
[ˈɔ:kɪstrə] (研四六托雅宝 5347/4027 -2)
Vocabulary: orchestra
(once / 341 pages)
n
If you love classical music concerts led by a conductor, with a big sound and plenty of violins, you're an orchestra fan.
An orchestra features many different kinds of instruments, almost always including those with strings such as violas and cellos. Sometimes this group of musicians is called a "symphony orchestra," and it's directed by a conductor with a baton. The word orchestra comes from the actual space in which an orchestra plays; the Greek orkhestra means "a space where a chorus of dancers performs," from orkheisthai, "to dance."
WORD FAMILY
orchestra: orchestral, orchestras, orchestrate +/orchestral: orchestrally/ orchestrate: orchestrated, orchestrates, orchestrating, orchestration, orchestrator/orchestration: orchestrations/orchestrator: orchestrators
USAGE EXAMPLES
Morales continued to perform with a new orchestra conducted by his son Guillermo and featuring three of his children.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
“They sound like small instruments of orchestra music,” she said.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
“I thought, ‘How cool would it be to do this album with an orchestra?’
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 管弦乐队; 管弦乐队的全部乐器
分布：管弦乐队(100%)
→来自拉丁语orchestra,管弦乐，来自希腊语erkhesthai,起来，起舞，来自ergh,升起，上升，词源同origin,orient.比喻用法。
n.管弦乐队In this semester the westerner thinks Chest Orchestra is the best.这学期西方人认为箱子乐队是最好的乐队.
【记】原指：古希腊剧场中舞台前合唱队进行表演的地方
【区】orchard（n 果园）；orchid（n 兰花）child like orchid
US ['ɔ:r-] noun
MUSIC 音乐
 IMPROVER countable [+ sing/pl verb]
■a large group of musicians who play many different instruments together and are led by a conductor 管弦乐队
• She's a cellist in the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra. 她是伯明罕交响乐团的大提琴手。
UK ['ɔ:.kɪ.strə] US ['ɔ:r-] noun
THEATRE 剧院
the orchestra only singular US for the stalls
band, orchestra
这组词都有“乐队”的意思，其区别是：
band: 指主要由铜、木管和打击乐所组成的乐队，主要演奏轻音乐和流行乐曲，与orchestra的主区别在于没有弦乐。
orchestra: 指规模大、最为完整的交响乐队，可演奏各种不同音乐，一般由弦乐、本管乐、铜管乐和打击乐所组成。

Word: novel
Front: novel
[ˈnɒvl] (高研四六托雅 1647/2109 -K4)
Vocabulary: novel
(once / 96 pages)
1n 2adj
If something is so new and original that it's never been seen, used or even thought of before, call it novel. The noun novel describes a book-length work of fiction.
New and novel come from the same Indo-European root but by different paths. Whereas new is a Germanic word coming from Old English, novel is based on Latin novellus "new, young, fresh." If something is novel, it is new but also original, fresh and unique. Companies are always looking for that novel idea that will earn them millions and skydiving is a novel experience, especially if you're not adventurous.
WORD FAMILY
novel: novelette, novelise, novelist, novelly, novels+/novelette: novelettes/novelise: novelisation, novelised/novelist: novelists
USAGE EXAMPLES
Emily Blunt stars as Rachel, a divorced alcoholic who becomes an unreliable and unlikely detective in this adaptation of Paula Hawkins’s best-selling novel.
New York Times(Jan 03, 2017)
This timely novel captures every character in the worst light, and the grudge matches among Brooklyn’s liberal parentocracy are nastier than any playground brawl.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
He published his first novel, A Painter of our Time, in 1958.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. （长篇）小说; [法]新法，附律
adj. 新奇的; 异常的
分布：小说(96%)，新奇的(4%)
→来自拉丁语novus,新的，词源同new,-el,小词后缀。引申词义新事物，新故事，后特别用于指一种文学体裁，即小故事，小说（长篇小说）。
新奇的n.小说(nov+el)[nov=new,表示"新的"]
小说(nov新奇+el)[-el表名词"人或物"]
n.(长篇)小说a.新奇的,新颖的The novel has been translated into many languages.这部小说已译成多种语言.
US ['nɑ:.vəl] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a long printed story about imaginary characters and events （长篇）小说
• a paperback novel 平装小说
• historical/romantic novels 历史／爱情小说
• Have you read any of Jane Austen's novels? 你读过简．奥斯汀的小说吗？
• His latest novel is selling really well. 他的最新小说非常畅销。
UK ['nɒv.əl] US ['nɑ:.vəl] adjective
■new and original, not like anything seen before 新颖的，新奇的
• a novel idea/suggestion 新颖的观点／建议
• Keeping a sheep in the garden is a novel way of keeping the grass short! 在花园里养只羊来阻止草长高，这办法可真新奇！
story, tale, fiction, fable, romance, novel
这组词都有“小说，故事”的意思，其区别是：
story: 指篇幅较短，常包含一系列情节或事件，口述或书写成文的故事。
tale: 常可与story换用，指以事实为中心作叙述的故事，也指古代流传下来的传说故事或神话故事。
fiction: 指部分或全部虚构的短篇、中篇、长篇小说，也指传奇故事，是小说的总称。
fable: 指短小而寓有教育意义的虚构故事。故事的主人公多为拟人化的动物或非动物之类。也作传说解。
romance: 系novel早期的代用词，泛指具有强烈神话和传奇色彩的故事，现指爱情故事。
novel: 指任何有情节、人物、对白，虚构的长篇散文体故事。
new, fresh, original, innovative, novel
这组词都有“新的”的意思，其区别是：
new: 普通用词，与old相对，指最近的或创新的。
fresh: 指新鲜的、新做的，侧重创新。
original: 强调独创性。
innovative: 强调富有创新和革新精神。
novel: 侧重新事物的新奇和独特。
adj. 新奇的；异常的
 - patent, exquisite
n. 小说
 - story, fiction

Word: drought
Front: drought
[draʊt] (研四六托雅宝 5353/7206 -2)
Vocabulary: drought
(once / 879 pages)
n
When there is a drought somewhere, there's not enough rainfall. In certain areas, a drought can last for weeks, months, sometimes even years! Forget about running your lawn sprinkler during a drought; the water is needed for drinking, bathing, and toilet flushing.
Another way drought can be used is to refer to a shortage of something (other than rainfall) that lasts for a long period of time, like a drought in job growth during a recession. Typically a drought is not a good thing and something you hope to avoid. For example, if your friend Kenny hasn't gone on a date in five years, it's safe to say that he is having a romantic drought.
WORD FAMILY
drought: droughts
USAGE EXAMPLES
But then the drought arose, a product of both Nebraska’s zone and Maryland’s tentativeness in trying to protect its lead.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
The Rams lost 11 of their final 12 games and won only one game at home as their playoff drought grew to 12 years.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
“There is no drought,” Donald Trump told Californians while campaigning there last May.
Salon(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 干旱（时期），旱季; 旱灾; （长期的）缺乏; 枯竭
分布：干旱(100%)
→词源同dry, 干的，干旱的。引申义旱灾。
n.旱灾,干旱Thoughtful men ought not to be thoughtless about the drought.体贴的人不应该对干旱考虑不周.
【记】龙王不brought雨水，就会drought
noun countable or uncountable
■a long period when there is little or no rain 久旱，旱灾
• This year (a) severe drought has ruined the crops. 今年严重的旱灾把庄稼都给毁了。
draught, drought
draught: （draw）n 草拟；
drought: 旱灾
n. [气候] 干旱；缺乏
 - shortage, deficiency, need, short of, want

Word: bead
Front: bead
[bi:d] (六托雅 5351/6597 -1)
Vocabulary: bead
(once / 495 pages)
nv
A bead is a small bauble or jewel with a hole through its middle for stringing on a necklace or bracelet. You can make your own jewelry by stringing colorful beads on a long cord.
Beads are decorative balls made from stone, glass, or plastic. Rosary beads — or other prayer beads — are used for praying or meditating, and in some societies beads are the equivalent of money, used as currency to buy things. You can also describe a round drop of liquid as a bead, like a bead of sweat on your forehead. The earliest meaning of bead is "prayer bead," from the Old English gebed, "prayer."
WORD FAMILY
bead: beaded, beading, beadlike, beads, beady +/beading: beadings/ beady: beadier, beadily
USAGE EXAMPLES
From the new movie “Live By Night,” a Deco-style beaded flapper dress is all sparkle.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Our eyes will be beads of dried-up jerky by then, but at least there’s sweet relief on the horizon.
Salon(Dec 22, 2016)
The part you need is called a glazing bead.
Washington Post(Dec 16, 2016)
Back: n. 有孔小珠，念珠; 水珠，露珠; 珠子项链
vt. 用小珠装饰; 使成串珠状
vi. 形成珠状; 起泡
时态：beaded, beading, beads
分布：珠子(61%)，滴(23%)，用珍珠布置或覆盖(8%)，象珍珠一样串成线(4%)，形成珍珠(4%)
→词源同bid, 要求，祈祷，原指祈祷用的念珠。
noun countable
■a small coloured often round piece of plastic, wood, glass, etc. with a hole through it. It is usually put on a string with a lot of others to make jewellery （有孔的）珠子
• She wore a necklace of brightly coloured wooden beads. 她戴着一串由色彩鲜艳的木珠串成的项炼。
■a very small amount of liquid （液体的）小珠，小滴
• Beads of sweat stood out on his forehead. 他额头上冒出了汗珠。
n. 珠子；滴；念珠
 - drop, gutta
vi. 形成珠状，起泡
 - foam formation

Word: uphold
Front: uphold
[ʌpˈhəʊld] (研六托雅宝 5354/8694 -2)
Vocabulary: uphold
(once / 563 pages)
v
When you uphold something, you stick up for or support it. Police officers are paid to uphold the law, and crazy Elvis fans uphold their belief that he's still alive out there somewhere.
If you reverse the two parts of this word, you get hold up. And that's exactly what upholding is: holding up or supporting an idea or practice. You might uphold your dog's innocence, even though it's pretty obvious he dug up the neighbor's flower bed. When America fought for independence, we upheld the idea of fair representation. When you uphold something, you're taking a stand for it.
WORD FAMILY
uphold: upheld, upholder, upholding, upholds+/upholder: upholders
USAGE EXAMPLES
Promoting diversity and upholding basic rights aren’t the same thing.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
A flag was thrown immediately, and the call was upheld on review.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Park was impeached by parliament early last year, a decision that must be upheld or rejected by the Constitutional Court.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 支持; 维持; 赞成; 支撑
时态：upheld, upholding, upholds
分布：维护(61%)，支持(23%)，维持(12%)，举起(4%)
→比喻用法。
支持;拥护(up+hold→向上拿住→拥护)[up=up,over表示"向上"]
vt.支持,赞成;举起;坚持I would rather withhold than uphold you unfold the gold foil on the threshold.我宁愿扣留而不支持你展开黄金箔在门槛上.
【反】abrogate（v 废除）；impugn（v 打击）
US [-'hoʊld] (upheld, upheld)
verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to defend or keep a principle or law, or to state that a decision which has already been made, especially a legal one, is correct 支援，维护，赞成（尤指法律上的决议）
• As a police officer you are expected to uphold the law whether you agree with it or not. 作为员警，不管你赞成与否都应该维护法律。
• Judge Davis upheld the county court's decision. 戴维斯法官维持了郡法院的判决。
support, sustain, back, uphold, advocate
这组词都有“支持，支援，拥护”的意思，其区别是：
support: 含义广泛，多指在道义上或物质上支持某人，也可指对某项事业的支持。
sustain: 侧重指连续不断的支持。
back: 通常指对论点、行动、事业等的强有力支持。
uphold: 既可指积极努力对陷入困境者的支持，也可指给某人在行动、道义或信仰上的支持。
advocate: 多指通过写文章或发表演说等来支持或拥护，往往暗示提倡某事或为某事辩护。
vt. 支撑；鼓励；赞成；举起
 - encourage, agree, heart, sustain

Word: commentator
Front: commentator
[ˈkɒmənteɪtə(r)] (托 5355/4631 -3)
Vocabulary: commentator
(once / 1095 pages)
n
A person who analyzes and discusses topics in politics and sports is called a commentator. If you want to hear opinions on the news rather than the news itself, listen to commentators.
A reporter delivers the news and a commentator analyzes it, sometimes within the same news program. If you're a top sports commentator, you may become an even bigger household name than the players you are discussing, and you may pull in just as much money too. Political commentators, who often offer more opinion rather than analysis, are also sometimes called pundits or talking heads.
WORD FAMILY
commentator: commentators+/ comment: commentary, commentate, commented, commenting, comments/ commentary: commentaries/commentate: commentated, commentates, commentating, commentator
USAGE EXAMPLES
"It's a great moment for Test cricket," said commentator Bill Lawry on Australia's Nine Network.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
The stage was set for what one prominent commentator called “the end of history.”
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
He still attended games, and bragged about the school on the NFL Network, where he is a color commentator.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. （电台的）时事评论员，实况广播报导员; 注解者，注释者; 评论员，解说员; 主持[解释]宗教仪式的非教士
分布：评论员(90%)，解说员(7%)，注释者(3%)
US ['kɑ:.mən.teɪ.tˌɚ] noun countable
■a reporter for radio or television who provides a spoken description of and remarks on an event, especially a sports competition, as it happens （广播或电视的）解说员，评论员
• a radio commentator 电台解说员
• a sports/football commentator. 体育节目／足球评述员
n. 评论员，解说员；实况播音员；时事评论者
 - news analyst, narrator

Word: leap
Front: leap
[li:p] (研四六托雅 3621/3425 -3)
Vocabulary: leap
(once / 104 pages)
vn
The word leap is another word for "jump," but it gives a slightly different image — one of lightness and quickness, perhaps a movement with a little more spring in it than a regular jump.
Leap comes from the Old English hlēapan, "to leap or run." The word can convey a happy feeling, as when William Wordsworth writes, "My heart leaps up when I behold a rainbow in the sky." As a side note, the game of leap-frog appears to have had its beginnings in the 1590s.
WORD FAMILY
leap: leaped, leaper, leaping, leaps, leapt, overleap+/leaper: leapers/leaping: leapings/overleap: overleaped, overleaping, overleaps
USAGE EXAMPLES
“It was definitely a leap of faith,” Robinson said after a recent game at Michigan’s Crisler Arena.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
From this fictional warning, it is not such a great leap to Trump’s Oceania and Putin’s Eurasia.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
While cheese may be, as the legendary editor Clifton Fadiman called it, “milk’s leap toward immortality,” here it is death on a plate.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: vi. 跳; 冲动的行动
vt. 跳过，跃过; 使跳跃
n. 跳跃，飞跃; 跳跃的距离
时态：leapt, leaping, leaps
分布：跃(76%)，跳跃(20%)，跃过(4%)
→来自古英语lepen,跳，词源同elope,gallop.可能进一步来自klei,弯，转，倾斜，词源同lean,incline.引申词义弹跳的姿势，跳跃。
v.跳,跳跃n.跳跃,飞跃The reaper leaped over a heap of cheap weapons.收割者跃过一堆廉价的武器.
verb (leapt or leaped, leapt or leaped)
MOVE SUDDENLY 突然移动
 ADVANCED intransitive + adverb or preposition
■to make a large jump or sudden movement, usually from one place to another 跳，跳跃
• He leapt out of his car and ran towards the house. 他跳下车朝那所房子跑去。
• I leaped up to answer the phone 我跳起来去接电话。
• The dog leapt over the gate into the field. 狗越过大门朝田野跑去。
[li:p] verb (leapt or leaped, leapt or leaped)
HAPPEN SUDDENLY 突然发生
intransitive + adverb or preposition
■to provide help, protection etc. very quickly 快速提供（帮助、保护等）
• He leapt to his friend's defence. 他立即为他的朋友进行辩护。
• Scott leapt to the rescue when he spotted the youngster in difficulty. 斯科特一发现那孩子处境艰难就立即出手帮忙。
• Mr Davies leapt in to explain. 戴维斯先生赶忙出来解释。
intransitive + adverb or preposition
■to achieve something, usually fame, power or importance, suddenly 一举获得（常指名望或权势）
• Rufus Sewell leapt to fame after his lead performance as Will Ladislaw in the BBC's production of Middlemarch. 鲁弗斯‧休厄尔因主演英国广播公司出品的《米德镇的春天》中的威尔‧拉迪斯劳而一炮走红。
intransitive + adverb or preposition
■to increase, improve or grow very quickly 激增；猛涨；快速提高
• Shares in the company leapt 250%. 公司的股票大涨250%。
[li:p] verb (leapt or leaped, leapt or leaped)
  Phrasal Verbs  leap at sth
■to eagerly accept the chance to do or have something 赶紧抓住，迫不及待地接受
• When I offered her the job, she leapt at it. 我刚一提出要给她这份工作，她立即就接受了。
[li:p] verb (leapt or leaped, leapt or leaped)
  Phrasal Verbs  leap out at sb
■If something leaps out at you, you notice it immediately 立即进入（某人）的视线
• As I turned the page his picture leapt out at me. 我刚翻过那一页，他的照片立即映入我的眼帘。
[li:p] noun countable
SUDDEN CHANGE 突然改变
■a big change, increase or improvement 巨变；激增；提高
• a leap in profits 利润激增
• It takes quite a leap of the imagination to believe that it's the same person. 让人相信这是同一个人着实要费一番脑筋。
[li:p] noun countable
MOVEMENT 运动
■a large jump or sudden movement 跳，跳跃；突然的动作
• With one leap he crossed the stream. 他一跃，跳过了小溪。
[li:p] noun countable
by/in leaps and bounds
■If someone or something gets better by/in leaps and bounds, they improve very quickly 非常迅速地
• Her Spanish has come on (= improved) in leaps and bounds this year. 今年她的西班牙语水准提高得很快。
[li:p] noun countable
a leap in the dark
■something you do without being certain what will happen as a result 轻举妄动，莽撞举动
• I had very little information about the company, so writing to them was a bit of a leap in the dark. 我对该公司了解得很少，所以给他们写信有些莽撞。
skip, hop, spring, bound, leap, jump
这组词都有“跳，跳跃”的意思，其区别是：
skip: 指两脚交替轻地跳或跨的动作。
hop: 指单脚短跳或双足猛力的动作。也指小鸟、青蛙等的跳。
spring: 更强调有力和弹跳的运动。
bound: 多指向前向上或向下跳跃、奔跳。
leap: 常可与jump换用，但侧重身体猛力向上升起并朝前急冲的动作，有时含突然的意味。
jump: 是普通用词，指用双脚向上跳，向下跳，或在同一平面上跳到有一定距离的某一点上，或跳过。
vi. 跳，跳跃
 - jump, dance
n. 飞跃；跳跃
 - jump, spring, bound
vt. 跳跃，跳过；使跃过
 - jump, clear

Word: blame
Front: blame
[bleɪm] (高研四六托雅 1797/2043 -K4)
Vocabulary: blame
(once / 105 pages)
1nv 2adj
Blame is about being responsible for something that's bad or has gone wrong. If you have a headache, you might blame it on the heat, or on not getting enough sleep.
A person can be to blame for something. Your mom might walk into the house, see a broken lamp and blame you. Often, in official contexts, blame is "assigned" or "placed." A common complaint among younger siblings is, "Why do I always get blamed for everything?"
WORD FAMILY
blame: blamable, blameable, blamed, blameful, blameless, blamely, blames, blameworthy, blaming, blamingly+/blamable: blamably/blameable: blameably/blamed: blamedest/blameful: blamefully/blameless: blamelessly, blamelessness/blameworthy: blameworthiness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Of course, he can always blame the “liberals.”
Seattle Times(Dec 01, 2016)
But it is wrong to blame the assembly for Kuwait’s stagnation.
Economist(Dec 01, 2016)
South Africa is currently experiencing its worst drought for 50 years, which some blame on climate change.
The Guardian(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: vt. 指责，责怪; 归咎于
n. 责备; 责任; 过失
时态：blamed, blaming, blames
分布：责备(79%)，过失(19%)，把 ... 归咎于(2%)
→来自 blasphemy的缩写。
v.责备;怪,把...归咎于n.责任,过错;责备The shameless lame man is to blame for the flaming frame.无耻的跛子应为燃烧的框架负责.
【记】其实是先出现的blaspheme（v 亵渎，辱骂），然后才有的blame，balme是由blaspheme演化而来的。
verb transitive
 ESSENTIAL
■to say or think that someone or something did something wrong or is responsible for something bad happening 责备；责怪；归咎于
• Don't blame me (= It is not my fault) if you miss the bus! 如果你没赶上车可别怪我！
• Hugh blames his mother for his lack of confidence. 晓治把自己缺乏自信心归咎于他的母亲。
• Hugh blames his lack of confidence on his mother. 晓治把自己缺乏自信心归咎于他的母亲。
• You can't really blame Helen for not wanting to get involved. 你的确不能因为海伦不愿意介入而责备她。
I don't blame you
■said in order to tell someone that you understand why they are doing something and that you agree with their reason for doing it 我不会怪你的；我理解你的心情
• I don't blame him for getting angry - she's behaving dreadfully. 我理解他生气的原因——她表现太糟糕了。
be to blame
■to be the reason for something that happens 是…的原因
• The hot weather is partly to blame for the water shortage. 炎热的天气是缺水的原因之一。
[bleɪm] verb transitive
A bad workman blames his tools. UK saying
■said when someone has blamed a mistake or failure on the things that they use for their work 拙匠埋怨工具差；人笨怪刀钝
[bleɪm] noun uncountable
 IMPROVER
■when people say or think that someone or something did something wrong or is responsible for something bad happening 责备；怪罪；归咎于
• Health officials put the blame for the disease on (= say that the reason for the disease is) poor housing conditions. 卫生官员们将该疾病的暴发归咎于恶劣的居住环境。
• They tried to pin (= put) the blame for the killing on an innocent army officer. 他们试图将杀人罪推到一名无辜的军官身上。
• We want to find out what happened, not to apportion blame (= to say someone or something was wrong). 我们想要弄清事情的真相，而不是要去怪罪谁。
take the blame
■If you take the blame for something, you say that you did it or that it is your fault 引咎；认错；对…负责
• If anything goes wrong, I'll take the blame. 出了问题我负责。
reproach, accuse, criticism, blame
reproach: 责备，指责从个人感受出发责难别人，责难的内容不一定正确，可能是吹毛求疵的话
accuse: 指责，控告 用法be……of
criticism: 批评，评论表示辨明某一个人的优缺点
blame: 责备，批评以贬低他人的方式说话，还表示批评
reproach, accuse, charge, rebuke, denounce, scold, condemn, blame
reproach: 侧重指因他人粗心、自私等引起不满而去指责、找岔。
accuse: 正式或非正式场合，私人或法律上均可用，被指控的情节可轻可重，常与of连用
charge: 常与accuse换用，但charge多指较严重的错误或罪行，而且往往向法庭提出正式起诉。与with连用
rebuke: 多指上级对下级进行的公开、强烈、严正而不宽容的责备。隐含一定权威的意味。
denounce: 与condemn同义，但着重公开性。
scold: 普通用词，多指上级对下级、长辈对后辈或雇主对雇员的态度粗暴、言词激烈的数落。
condemn: 正式用词，表示谴责，有较强的司法意味，侧重从道义或原则上的谴责。
blame: 普通用词，语气较弱，仅是一般的责难、归咎于，不含用语言责骂之意。
vt. 责备；归咎于
 - talk to, tell off
n. 责备；责任；过失
 - duty, liability, error, burden, trust

Word: tape
Front: tape
[teɪp] (中高研四六托雅 1490/1561 -K4)
Back: n. 带子; 胶带，磁带; 卷尺
vt. 用带子捆起来; 录音
vt. & vi. 录音
时态：taped, taping, tapes
分布：磁带(50%)，录音(36%)，录像(7%)，胶布(4%)，终点(1%)，用卷尺测量(1%)，用胶布粘(1%)
→来自古英语 taeppe,小布条，布带，可能来自拉丁语 tapete,布料，毯子，来自希腊语 tapes,纺 织品，布料，毯子，来自 temp,拉，伸，来自 ten,拉，伸，词源同 extend,tense.引申 诸相关词义。
n.带(子);录音带,磁带v.录音;系,捆Can I borrow your tape?能借你的磁带听吗?
noun countable or uncountable
RECORDING 录音
 IMPROVER
■thin plastic in a long narrow strip with a magnetic covering which allows sounds or sounds and pictures to be recorded and played again, or a cassette , especially one on which sound is (to be) recorded 磁带，录音带，录像带
• magnetic tape 磁带
• I've got that film on tape (= recorded) if you want to borrow it. 我已经把那部电影录了下来，你可以借去看。
• If you give me a blank tape (= one with nothing on it) I'll record it for you. 如果你给我一张空白带，我就帮你录。
[teɪp] noun countable or uncountable
STRIP 条带
■a long narrow strip of material which is sometimes sticky on one side 带子，胶带
• UK sticky tape 胶带
the (finishing) tape
■a tape stretched across the finishing line of a race which the winner breaks as they finish 终点线
[teɪp] verb transitive
RECORD 唱片
■to record something on tape 把…录在录音带（或录像带）上
[teɪp] verb transitive
USE STICKY STRIPS 使用胶布
■to use strips of sticky material, especially to fix two things together or to fasten a parcel 用胶布固定；用胶布封住；用带子捆扎
• She taped a note to the door. 她把一张字条贴在门上。
[teɪp] verb transitive
have sb taped (also have sb on tape) UK informal
■to know about and be able to deal with a person or situation 摸清（某人）的底细
n. 胶带； [计] 磁带；带子；卷尺
 - magnetictape, mylar
vt. 录音；用带子捆扎；用胶布把…封住
 - sound recording, make a record

Word: sweat
Front: sweat
[swet] (高研四六托 3696/5134 -K2)
Vocabulary: sweat
(once / 339 pages)
nv
Sweat is perspiration that makes you feel cooler when it evaporates off the surface of your skin — or the giving-off of this liquid. If you exercise hard, you will sweat.
The word sweat comes from the Old English word swætan, which means “perspire,” and “work hard.” Though sweat is the body's way of cooling itself, today it also means "to worry or be stressed out." If someone tells you not to sweat it, it means "don't worry." But if someone is "sweating" you, it means you are hassled, maybe being asked every five minutes, "Did you finish your work yet?"
WORD FAMILY
sweat: sweated, sweater, sweating, sweats+/sweater: sweaters/sweating: sweatings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Smith-Schuster appeared at the media day event sweating and wearing a coat indoors.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Sweat the onion, minced garlic, red pepper flakes and paprika for 3 minutes.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
My thimbleful was entrancing: It tasted of black fruit, a little earth, maybe the sweat, hopes and fears of the crew who fashioned it.
Washington Post(Dec 23, 2016)
Back: vi. 流汗，渗出; 发酵; 做苦工; 〈非〉烦恼，焦急
vt. 使出汗; 使流出，使排出; 使过度工作; 逼问
n. 汗水; 湿气; 繁重、耗力的劳动; 担心，焦虑
时态：sweated, sweating, sweats
分布：汗水(91%)，焦急(8%)，繁重工作(1%)
→来自古英语 swat,流汗，出汗，来自 Proto-Germanic*swatitaz,汗水，来自 sweid,汗水，词 源同 exude,sudorific.引申诸相关词义。
n.汗v.(使)出汗The man in neat sweaty sweater seated himself in the rear.穿整洁的汗湿毛衣的男子在后面就坐.
verb intransitive
 ADVANCED
■to pass a salty colourless liquid through the skin because you are hot, ill or frightened 流汗，出汗，冒汗
• It was so hot when we arrived in Tripoli that we started to sweat as soon as we got off the plane. 我们到达的黎波里时天气太热，我们一下飞机就开始出汗。
• The prisoners were sweating with fear. 囚犯们吓得直冒汗。
• informal I was so afraid, I was sweating like a pig (= sweating a lot). 我害怕极了，浑身冒汗。
■If something sweats, it produces drops of liquid on the outside 渗出（水珠）
• The walls in older houses sometimes sweat with damp. 老房子的墙壁有时候会因为潮湿而渗出水。
[swet] verb intransitive
make sb sweat informal
■to make someone wait nervously 使（某人）焦急地等待
• It seemed that the authorities had delayed the news just to make us sweat. 当局延后发布新闻似乎就是要让我们着急。
[swet] verb intransitive
sweat blood (also sweat your guts out) informal
■to make a great effort 苦干，拼命地做
• We sweated blood to get the work finished on time. 为了准时完成任务，我们埋头苦干。
• I've been sweating blood over this report. 我一直都在拼命地写这份报告。
[swet] verb intransitive
sweat bullets US informal
■to be extremely nervous and worried about something 极端焦虑不安
• I was sweating bullets over this interview. 这次的采访让我极为不安。
[swet] verb intransitive
sweat it out informal
■to wait nervously for an unpleasant situation to end or improve 如坐针毡地等待（不愉快情形）结束，焦虑不安地苦熬
• My exams finish next week, and then I'll be sweating it out for a month waiting for the results. 我的考试下周就结束，接下来的一个月就得如坐针毡地等待考试结果。
■to do hard physical exercise 做高强度的运动
• I like to sweat it out in the gym for a couple of hours every day. 我喜欢每天都到健身房做一两个小时密集运动。
[swet] verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  sweat over sth
■to work very hard using or doing something 苦干，埋头做
• She's been sweating over that essay all afternoon. 她整个下午都在埋头写那篇论文。
• I've been sweating over a hot stove (= cooking) all morning. 我整个早上都忙着做饭。
[swet] noun
LIQUID 液体
 ADVANCED uncountable
■the salty colourless liquid that you pass through your skin 汗，汗水
• The dancers were dripping with/pouring with sweat after a morning's rehearsal. 经过整个上午的彩排，舞蹈演员们都大汗淋漓。
• By the time we'd climbed to the top of the hill, we were covered in sweat. 爬到山顶的时候，我们浑身是汗。
• She wiped the beads (= drops) of sweat from her forehead. 她擦了擦额头上的汗珠。
• figurative The cathedral was built by human toil and sweat (= effort). 这是汇聚人们的血汗建成的大教堂。
[swet] noun
CLOTHES 服装
sweats [plural] US (UK tracksuit)
■a loose top and trousers, worn either by people who are training for a sport or exercising, or as informal clothing （运动时或非正式场合穿的）田径服，运动服
[swet] noun
get in a sweat informal
■to worry 担心，担忧
• He tends to get in a sweat about flying. 他坐飞机时，总是一副很担心的样子。
[swet] noun
no sweat informal
■If you say that something is no sweat, you mean that it will not be difficult or cause problems 毫不费力，不麻烦，没问题
• "Can you fix my car for me?" "No sweat!" “您能帮我修一下车吗？”“没问题！”
vt. 使出汗；流出；使干苦活；剥削；藉出汗减轻；焦急地期待
 - stream, shed
n. 汗；水珠；焦急；苦差使
 - sudor, globule
vi. 出汗；辛苦工作；懊恼；结水珠
 - smart, labour over

Word: believer
Front: believer
[bɪˈli:və(r)] (托 5362/7599 -1)
Vocabulary: believer
(once / 407 pages)
n
A believer is a follower of a particular religion or spiritual practice. Whether you are a Hindu, a Pagan, or a Catholic, you can call yourself a believer.
Most believers have specific religious beliefs, but you can be a secular believer as well — for example, you might be a firm believer in socialist economic policies or a believer in the benefits of homeschooling. Basically, anyone who holds a strong belief in the truth of something is a believer. The verb believe is at the heart of believer, and it stems from the Old English belyfan, "to believe."
WORD FAMILY
believer: believers, nonbeliever, unbeliever+/ belief: beliefs, disbelief, unbelief /believability: believabilities/ believable: believability, believably, unbelievable / believe: belief, believable, believed, believer, believes, believing, disbelieve, misbelieve/believing: believingly, believings, unbelieving/ disbelief: disbeliefs/disbelieve: disbelieved, disbeliever, disbelieves, disbelieving/disbeliever: disbelievers/disbelieving: disbelievingly/misbelieve: misbelieved, misbeliever, misbelieves, misbelieving/misbeliever: misbelievers/nonbeliever: nonbelievers/ unbelief: unbeliefs/ unbelievable: unbelievably/unbeliever: unbelievers/unbelieving: unbelievingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
“I’m a very big believer in providence and everything happens for a reason,” he said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He is educated, a leader, a world-class ultramarathoner and a traditional believer.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
I'm not a believer, and was not brought up religious in any way, but I followed her invitation.
BBC(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 信仰者; 相信…者
分布：信徒(98%)，相信者(2%)
US [-vɚ] noun countable
■a person who has a religious belief or has confidence in the goodness of something 宗教信仰者；信徒
• She's been a believer since she survived a terrible car accident. 自从遇了一场可怕的事故后，她就成了一名宗教信徒。
• Harvey's a great believer in health food. 哈威特别迷信健康食品。
• I'm a great believer in allowing people to make their own mistakes. 我认为应该允许人犯错误的。
n. 信徒；相信...者
 - Christian, apostle

Word: hazardous
Front: hazardous
[ˈhæzədəs] (六托雅宝 5358/7008 -1)
Vocabulary: hazardous
(once / 1167 pages)
adj
The noun "hazard" means something dangerous, and the adjective hazardous refers to anything that involves danger. A golf course with lots of sand traps is especially hazardous for golfers. That's why those traps are called hazards.
If your car blows a tire in the middle of the night, make sure to turn on your hazard lights. Being invisible to other drivers is hazardous to everyone, especially yourself. Life is, by definition, hazardous. It's full of dangers, both obvious and otherwise. Acknowledge that fact and keep going anyway. If you spend all your time focusing on what's hazardous, you end up missing all the wonderful things in life.
WORD FAMILY
hazardous: hazardously, hazardousness, unhazardous+/ hazard: hazarded, hazarding, hazardous, hazards
USAGE EXAMPLES
The mines are hazardous to off-road vehicle users, hikers and others who explore the area.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
County inspectors found hazardous materials that were not labeled and toxic materials that were not properly reported to the state and employees.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Large parts of the country's northern regions were hit by hazardous smog in mid-December, which led authorities to order hundreds of factories to close.
Reuters(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: adj. 冒险的; 有危险的; 碰运气的
adv. 冒险地，有危险地
n. 冒险，危险
分布：危险的(63%)，冒险的(25%)，碰运气的(12%)
→来自hazard,危险，危害。
US [-ɚ-] adjective
■dangerous 危险的
• a hazardous journey/occupation 危险的旅行／职业
adj. 有危险的；冒险的；碰运气的
 - risky, jeopardous

Word: confirmation
Front: confirmation
[ˌkɒnfəˈmeɪʃn] (六托雅 5360/4971)
Vocabulary: confirmation
(once / 676 pages)
1n 2n 3n
A confirmation provides proof that something is true. An example might be when you receive confirmation that your flight will be on time, or you find out that something you thought might have happened actually did occur.
Confirmation is verification or final proof of something. In the church, confirmation is a rite in which a person if awarded full acceptance into — i.e., confirmed in — the religion, usually presented in a ceremony attended by family and friends. You can see how that ties in with the more general definition of substantiation of a fact or assertion. Confirmation is an obvious derivative of the verb confirm.
WORD FAMILY
confirmation: confirmations+/ confirm: confirmable, confirmation, confirmative, confirmatory, confirmed, confirming, confirms, reconfirm /confirmative: confirmatively/confirmed: confirmedly, unconfirmed/confirming: confirmingest, confirmingly, disconfirming/ reconfirm: reconfirmed, reconfirming, reconfirms
USAGE EXAMPLES
Others nominees, such as retired Marine Corps Gen. James Mattis for defense secretary, should easily win confirmation.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Appeals Court Judge Merrick Garland, Democrats are promising a bruising confirmation fight.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
A Parma native and Boise State University graduate, Atencio faces Senate confirmation during the upcoming legislative session, which begins on Jan. 9.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 确认，认可; 证实; 证明; [宗]坚信礼
分布：确认(89%)，证实(11%)
US [ˌkɑ:n.fɚ-] noun
CERTAIN 确认
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■a statement, often written, that an arrangement or meeting is certain （常指书面的）确认，确定
• a letter of confirmation 确认书
• We've only had five confirmations for the conference so far. 目前我们只收到五封参加会议的确认书。
• We will send you written confirmation of our offer shortly. 我们很快会给您寄去我们的报价确认书。
UK [ˌkɒn.fə'meɪ.ʃən] US [ˌkɑ:n.fɚ-] noun
PROOF 证实
uncountable
■a statement or proof that something is true 证实；肯定
• We are still awaiting confirmation of the exact number of casualties. 我们仍在等待确切伤亡人数得到证实。
• Her confession was no surprise to him, - just the confirmation of a long-held suspicion. 她的坦白并不使他惊讶，那只是证实了他长久以来的猜疑。
UK [ˌkɒn.fə'meɪ.ʃən] US [ˌkɑ:n.fɚ-] noun
RELIGION 宗教
countable or uncountable
■when someone is confirmed into the Christian Church （基督教的）坚信礼
n. [审计] 确认；证实；证明；批准
 - verification, authentication, certification, demonstration, evidence

Word: wireless
Front: wireless
[ˈwaɪələs] (四六 5363/8824 -1)
Back: adj. 不用电线的，用无线电波传送的
n. 无线电，无线电话系统; 无线电接收机或发射机
分布：无线电(79%)，无线的(21%)
US ['waɪr-] adjective
■without a cable 无线的
• a wireless connection 无线连接
UK ['waɪə.ləs] US ['waɪr-] noun countable mainly UK old-fashioned
■a radio 无线电收音机
adj. [通信] [电讯] 无线的；无线电的
 - threadless
vi. [通信] [电讯] 打无线电报；打无线电话
 - marconi

Word: merge
Front: merge
[mɜ:dʒ] (研六托雅 5365/4687 -2)
Vocabulary: merge
(once / 423 pages)
v
The verb merge means to seamlessly join something. For example, when you merge onto the highway, you need to smoothly join the traffic, forgetting everything you learned riding the bumper cars at the fair.
If two or more things become one, they merge. If your favorite deli, The Cheese Stop, merges with a sandwich shop called Chez Lui, the two restaurants might also merge their names, becoming Chez Cheese. You can also use merge when things only appear to blend. You know it's time to go to sleep when the words in your book begin to merge together.
WORD FAMILY
merge: merged, merger, merges, merging+/ merger: mergers/merging: mergings
USAGE EXAMPLES
The system is merging the two hospitals into a $1 billion medical center focused heavily on outpatient care.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
A widely shared story that claimed Pope Francis called for merging Islam and Christianity is false.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
They proposed to him that the two companies merge and do business under the name of AeroFarms.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. （使）混合; 相融; 融入; 渐渐消失在某物中
时态：merged, merging, merges
分布：合并(83%)，融合(16%)，兼并(1%)
→来自拉丁语mergere,浸入，浸没，来自mezg,浸入，浸没，词源同immerse,emerge.字母z被r音化。引申词义合并，整合等。
合并,融合(沉下→融为一体→合并)[merg,mers=sink,表示"沉,没"]
v.(使)结合,(使)合并,(使)合为一体The roads merge a kilometre ahead.这两条道路在前面一公处汇合成一条大道.
US [mɝ:dʒ] verb
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to combine or join together, or to cause things to do this （使）合并；（使）融合
• They decided to merge the two companies into one. 他们决定将两家公司合并起来。
• The country's two biggest banks are planning to merge. 这个国家最大的两家银行正计划合并。
• After a while the narrow track merges with a wider path. 过了一会儿，窄道并入了一条较宽的小路。
intransitive US for * filter in
mingle, merge, blend, combine, mix
这组词都有“混合”的意思，其区别是：
mingle: 暗示混合后的各成分仍保持各自的特性，能辨别出来。
merge: 指一种成分被别一种成分吸收或融合，着重成分的个性消失在整体之中。
blend: 一般可与mix和mingle换用。混合与其各成分的性质通常是一致的，侧重混合整体的统一性与和谐性。
combine: 通常用于化学反应中，指化合物等。
mix: 含义广泛，侧重混合的一致性，混合的各成分可能按原样存在，但不一定能辨别出来。
vt. 合并；使合并；吞没
 - conflate, incorporate with
vi. 合并；融合
 - incorporate with, coalesce

Word: proceedings
Front: proceedings
[prə'si:dɪŋz] (5364/-)
Back: n. 诉讼; 事项; 行径; 事件; 进程( proceeding的名词复数 ); 行动; 诉讼; 会议记录
分布：诉讼(75%)，学报(10%)，会议记录(9%)，议程(5%)，名词proceeding的复数形式.(1%)
US [proʊ-] plural noun
EVENTS 事件
 IMPROVER formal
■a series of events that happen in a planned and controlled way 一系列事件；一系列活动
• Millions of people watched the proceedings on television. 数百万人透过电视观看了这一系列活动。
• The Chairperson opened the proceedings with a short speech. 主席简短致词之后会议就开始了。
■formal
■a complete written record of what is said or done during a meeting 会议记录 Compare the minutes at minute
UK [prəʊ'si:.dɪŋz] US [proʊ-] plural noun
LEGAL ACTION 法律行动 legal
■legal action 诉讼
• Allegations of sexual harassment have led to disciplinary proceedings being taken against three naval officers. 由于被指控性骚扰，三名海军军官遭到起诉。
• I started/took legal proceedings to try to have him taken away from his parents permanently. 我提出诉讼，想把他从父母身边永远带走。
n. 诉讼；行动（proceeding的复数形式）； [图情] 会议记录；议程
 - actions, minutes, lawsuits

Word: shaft
Front: shaft
[ʃɑ:ft] (研六托雅 5366/4733 -2)
Vocabulary: shaft
(once / 327 pages)
1nv 2n 3nv
The noun shaft refers to something that resembles a long, thin pole, such as the long part of an arrow between the tip and the feathers.
The word shaft can describe all kinds of things that are long and thin, such a shaft of light or a spear or the handle of a golf club or the midsection of a long bone. A shaft can also be a long narrow tunnel, generally one that runs straight up and down, such as a mine shaft or an elevator shaft. You might think these items don’t have much in common, but think about their shape: they’re all long, straight, and thin.
WORD FAMILY
shaft: shafted, shafting, shafts
USAGE EXAMPLES
Naval Institute says the engineering failure locked both propeller shafts, forcing it to transit the canal with the help of tugs.
Washington Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Eventually, he realized that the shaft had come slightly loose.
Golf Digest(Dec 01, 2016)
He also likes the control provided by heavier shafts.
Golf Digest(Nov 30, 2016)
Back: n. 柄，轴; 矛，箭; 〈非〉嘲笑; 光线
vt. 给…装上杆柄; 〈俚〉苛刻的对待
时态：shafted, shafting, shafts
分布：轴(87%)，竖井(4%)，柄(3%)，矛(3%)，杆状物(1%)，装杆于(1%)，苛刻地对待(1%)
→来自古英语 sceaft,杆，柄 ，轴，矛，来自 Proto-Germanic*skaftaz,杆，来自 skep,削，砍， 词源同 ship,shape.引申词义竖井，井筒。
n.轴;杆状物The archers sent their shafts through the air.弓箭手把箭射了出去.
【记】我们熟悉的意思是“光线”，与柄相象。
US [ʃæft] noun countable
POLE 杆
■a pole or rod which forms the handle of a tool or weapon （工具或武器的）杆，柄
• the shaft of a golf club 高尔夫球杆的柄
■a rod which forms part of a machine such as an engine, and which turns in order to pass power on to the machine （机器的）轴
• the drive shaft of a car 汽车的驱动轴
• the propeller shaft of an aircraft 飞机的螺旋桨轴
⇒ See also crankshaft
shaft of light
■a beam of light 一道光，一束光
• A shaft of (sun)light came through the open door. 一道（阳）光穿过敞开的门射了进来。
UK [ʃɑ:ft] US [ʃæft] noun countable
PASSAGE 通道
■a long, either vertical or sloping, passage through a building or through the ground 井状通道；井穴
• a UKlift/ USelevator shaft 电梯井
• a ventilation/air shaft 通风井
• a well shaft 井道
UK [ʃɑ:ft] US [ʃæft] noun countable
REMARK 话 literary
■a clever remark, especially one that is intended as an attack on someone or something 机智的话；（尤指）攻击性的话
• John came out with an unexpected shaft of wit/wisdom. 约翰出人意料地妙语如珠。
UK [ʃɑ:ft] US [ʃæft] noun countable
TREATMENT 待遇
the shaft US informal
■unfair treatment 侮辱；责难；不公平待遇
• After years of loyal service, his boss gave him the shaft by firing him just before he would have qualified for a pension. 他忠实地工作了多年，当他就要获得领退休金的资格时，他的老板却无情地解雇了他。
UK [ʃɑ:ft] US [ʃæft] verb transitive informal
■to cheat or trick someone in order to get money unfairly from them 蒙骗，欺骗
• She was shafted by her agent over the film rights to her book. 她在书的电影版权问题上受到经纪人欺骗。

Word: convenient
Front: convenient
[kənˈvi:niənt] (高研四六托雅 5368/3494 -K2)
Vocabulary: convenient
(once / 118 pages)
adj
If something is convenient, it adds to your comfort, causes little trouble, or is easy to use, do, or reach. If you live close to your job, that's convenient––it's very easy to get there and get home.
This adjective descends from Middle English, from Latin conveniēns, from convenīre "to be suitable, fit." The basic meaning of Latin convenīre is "to agree, meet, come together," and this is the source of English convene. The opposite of convenient is inconvenient, meaning making trouble or annoyance for you. The corresponding nouns are convenience and inconvenience.
WORD FAMILY
convenient: convenience, convenienter, convenientest, conveniently, inconvenient +/ convenience: conveniences/ inconvenience: inconvenienced, inconveniences, inconveniencing/ inconvenient: inconvenience, inconveniently
USAGE EXAMPLES
“It’s convenient to just say ‘Keep it in the ground,’ ” he said, referring to an antifossil-fuel slogan.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
She said they worked faster than she expected and scheduled the work when it was convenient for her.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
AeroFarms chose Newark because of its convenient location and the relative cheapness of its real estate.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 方便的; [废语]适当的; [口语]近便的; 实用的
分布：方便的(81%)，便利的(19%)
→来自convene, 召集。原指召集到一起协调，使一致，使方便。
a.(to)便利的,方便的When would it be convenient for you?你什么时候方便?
adjective
 IMPROVER
■suitable for your purposes and needs and causing the least difficulty 方便的；便利的；省事的
• Our local shop has very convenient opening hours. 我们当地的商店营业时间很合宜。
• A bike's a very convenient way of getting around. 骑脚踏车四处走动很方便。
• [+ that] It 's very convenient that you live near the office. 你们住在办公室附近很方便。
• [+ to infinitive] I find it convenient to be able to do my banking by phone. 我觉得透过电话办理银行业务很方便。
• What time would it be convenient for me to come round? 我甚么时候方便过来呢？
Opposite inconvenient
 IMPROVER
■near or easy to get to or use 近的；容易得到的；好用的
• a very convenient bus service 非常便利的公车服务
• Our new flat is very convenient for (= near to) the kids' school. 我们的新公寓离孩子们的学校很近。
[kən'vi:.ni.ənt] adjective
  Common Learner Errors  convenientWarning: Check your spelling! Convenient is one of the 50 words most often spelled wrongly by learners.
adj. 方便的
 - commodious, expedient

Word: accommodation
Front: accommodation
[əˌkɒməˈdeɪʃn] (高研四六雅 5369/2048 -K2)
Vocabulary: accommodation
(once / 571 pages)
1n 2n 3n
Accommodation is all about making room — it can mean a room or place where you will stay or an agreement about sharing something.
If the only accommodation at Grandma's is the bunk bed and you and your sis decide to take turns on the top, you've made an accommodation regarding your accommodations. When you are accommodating someone, you are making room for them or special circumstances for them. For example, the student with the broken hand was granted the accommodation of having a scribe write his answers for the test. Always remember that accommodation is an accommodating word — there's room inside for two m's and two c's.
WORD FAMILY
accommodation: accommodational, accommodations+/ accommodate: accommodated, accommodates, accommodating, accommodation, accommodative, accommodator/ accommodating: accommodatingly, unaccommodating/accommodator: accommodators
USAGE EXAMPLES
It may mean living in a place not ordinarily used for regular sleeping accommodations, like a vehicle, park, hotel or motel, or campground.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Another 40,000 live in shelters and other transitional accommodation, according to the department of housing and urban development.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
The accommodation provided was registered as a £37,100 donation in kind to Mr Cameron.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 住处; 适应; 便利; 和解
分布：住处(31%)，和解(26%)，适应(23%)，膳宿(20%)
n.(accommodations)住宿,留宿;膳宿供应Accommodation is expensive in Beijing.北京住房昂贵.
US [-ˌkɑ:.mə-] mainly UK
noun uncountable
 IMPROVER
■a place to live, work, stay, etc. in 住处；工作场所；停留处
• There's a shortage of cheap accommodation (= places to live). 便宜的住所供不应求。
• We have first and second class accommodation (= seats) on this flight. 本航班备有头等和二等舱位。
UK [əˌkɒm.ə'deɪ.ʃən] US [-ˌkɑ:.mə-] mainly UK
noun uncountable
  Common Learner Errors  accommodationWarning: Check your spelling! Accommodation is one of the 50 words most often spelled wrongly by learners. Remember: the correct spelling has 'cc' and 'mm'.
UK [əˌkɒm.ə'deɪ.ʃən] US [-ˌkɑ:.mə-] mainly UK
noun uncountable
  Common Learner Errors  accommodation In UK English, accommodation does not have a plural form and cannot be used with a or an. To talk about an amount of accommodation , do not say 'accommodations', just say accommodation , some accommodation or a lot of accommodation :
✗ Would you like me to book overnight accommodations for you? Would you like me to book some overnight accommodation for you? To talk about accommodation in the singular, do not say 'an accommodation', just say accommodation.
✗ The college provides an excellent accommodation for students. The college provides excellent accommodation for students.
quarters, accommodation, flat, apartment, suite, lodging
这组词都有“住处”的意思，其区别是：
quarters: 指某一部分人集中的居住区。
accommodation: 泛指各种居住住所，一般指暂时下榻之地。
flat: 多用于英国、澳大利亚和新西兰。指同一层建筑物上组成一个居住单元的几个房间。
apartment: 通常指占用或居住时间较长的成套房间，在美国比较常用。
suite: 可泛指任何设备完善的一套房间，但多指包括起居室、卧室和浴室的陈设较豪华的套间。
lodging: 常用lodgins,指临时租借的房间或宿舍。
lodging, accommodation, apartment, flae, quarters, suite
这些名词均有“住处”之意。
lodging: 常用lodgins, 指临时租借的房间或宿舍。
accommodation: 泛指各种居住住所，一般指暂时下榻之地。
apartment: 通常指占用或居住时间较长的成套房间，在美国比较常用。
flat: 多用于英国、澳大利亚和新西兰。指同一层建筑物上组成一个居住单元的几个房间。
quarters: 指某一部分人集中的居住区。
suite: 可泛指任何设备完善的一套房间，但多指包括起居室、卧室和浴室的陈设较豪华的套间。
n. 住处，膳宿； [分子生物] 调节；和解；预订铺位
 - residence, adjustment, conditioning

Word: theft
Front: theft
[θeft] (高研六托雅 5367/3545 -2)
Vocabulary: theft
(once / 568 pages)
n
Theft is the act of stealing something. If you've ever taken your sister's sweater without asking her first, then she's right: that's an instance of theft!
The word theft refers to taking something from someone else without getting permission. Shoplifting is a form of theft, as is embezzling a million dollars from your business partner's Swiss bank account. In the United States, petty theft is the act of stealing anything worth less than $500, like someone's bike or a pack of gum. It's still a punishable crime, but you will get in much bigger trouble if you steal something more valuable, like a car.
WORD FAMILY
theft: thefts
USAGE EXAMPLES
His attorney argued there was insufficient evidence to convict Kelly on several charges, including theft and engaging in a pattern of corrupt activity.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The theft transformed the manuscript into an object of obsession, a kind of Maltese Falcon, for a coterie of Inquisition scholars and rare-book collectors.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Paul Schmidt, chairman of the Balboa Park Christmas Committee, and the restoration artist discovered the theft on Thursday.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 偷盗，偷窃; 被盗，失窃; 盗窃之物，赃物; 失窃案例
分布：偷窃(100%)
→来自 thief,小偷，-th,表状态名词，词源同 depth,缩写为 t.
n.偷窃(行为),偷窃罪The thief chief achieved the theft of a handkerchief for mischief.贼首领完成了偷手帕的恶作剧.
noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■(the act of) dishonestly taking something which belongs to someone else and keeping it 盗窃；偷窃，偷
• Unfortunately, we have had several thefts in the building recently. 很不幸，我们大厦最近发生了几宗盗窃案。
• Shoplifting is theft. 偷拿商店的商品是偷窃。
⇒ See also thief
n. [法] 盗窃；偷；赃物
 - ripoff, robbery

Word: frog
Vocabulary: frog
(once / 502 pages)
1nv 2n 3n
A frog is a small amphibian with long back legs that allow it to hop. Most frogs have fat little bodies and bulging eyes on top of their heads.
You'll often find frogs near fresh water lakes and ponds, since they lay their eggs in the water. Perhaps the most famous literary frog is the one from the German fairy tale "The Frog Prince," in which a princess's kiss transforms a frog back into the prince he once was. Frog is also a very rude informal term for a person from France.
WORD FAMILY
frog: frogged, frogging, frogs
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Horned Frogs were within four points after Alex Robinson stole a pass by Mason and beat him to the end for a layup.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
The Bulldogs sent the Horned Frogs to only their third losing season in Gary Patterson’s 16 full seasons as their coach.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Missed opportunities proved costly for the Horned Frogs, who led 16-7 in the first half and carried a 23-21 advantage into the fourth quarter.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)

Word: guess
Front: guess
[ges] (中高 862/2218 -K4)
Vocabulary: guess
(once / 68 pages)
vn
When you don't know the answer but you have to say something, you're taking a guess.
When you don't know the answer on a test, you have to guess. People on game shows guess when they're not sure. There are wild guesses (when you have no idea) and educated guesses (when you have some information to work with). Trying to guess someone's age or weight is usually a bad idea, especially if you guess too old or heavy. If the teacher doesn't show up, you could say, "I guess there's no class today.”
WORD FAMILY
guess: guessed, guesser, guesses, guessing+/guesser: guessers/guessing: guessings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Jurors would later see a video of Roof confessing to the crime — “Well, I killed them, I guess,” he said — and offering a racist rationale.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Leading rusher Latavius Murray ran just five times for 11 yards, prompting second guesses from Del Rio.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
What the Trump administration will do with carbon capture is, at this point, anyone’s guess.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 推测; 猜测，臆测; 猜中; 假定，认为
vi. 猜，猜测; 猜对
n. 猜测; 推断
时态：guessed, guessing, guesses
分布：猜测(56%)，猜想(21%)，推测(14%)，猜中(7%)，以为(2%)
→词源同get, 得到。
v./n.猜测,推测;以为;猜想[同]surmiseI guess the guest's gesture suggested that he could not digest well.我猜想客人的手势暗示了他消化不良.
verb intransitive or transitive
 ESSENTIAL
■to give an answer to a particular question when you do not have all the facts and so cannot be certain if you are correct 猜测；推测；估计
• I didn't know the answer, so I had to guess. 我不知道答案，所以只好猜了。
• On the last question, she guessed right/wrong. 最后一道题目她猜对／错了。
• [+ question word] Guess when this was built. 猜一猜这是甚么时候建造的。
• [+ (that)] I guessed (that) she was your sister. 我猜她是你妹妹。
• She asked me to guess her age. 她让我猜她的年龄。
• I guessed the total amount to be about £50,000. 我估计总额约为五万英镑。
 ESSENTIAL
■to give the correct answer or make the correct judgment 猜中；猜对；猜到
• [+ question word] I bet you can't guess how old he is. 我打赌你猜不出他多大了。
• She guessed the answer first time. 她第一次就猜中了答案。
• "You've got a new job, haven't you?" "Yes, how did you guess?" “你换新工作了，是吗？”“对呀，你怎么猜出来的？”
Guess what? ADVANCED informal
■used before telling someone something interesting or surprising （用来告诉某人有趣或令人惊奇的事情）你猜怎么着?
• Guess what? We won the match 4-0. 你猜到吗？我们4比0赢了比赛。
I guess informal
■used when you believe something is true or likely but are not certain （表示没有把握）我想，我认为
• [+ (that)] I guess (that) things are pretty hard for you now. 我想你现在的日子过得不太好吧。
[ges] verb intransitive or transitive
keep sb guessing
■to not tell someone what you are going to do next 让（某人）捉摸不定；让（某人）猜不透
[ges] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  transitive guess at sth
■to try to imagine something when you have little knowledge or experience of it 猜测；推测；想像
• There are no photographs of him so we can only guess at what he looked like. 没有他的照片，所以我们只能猜测他的长相。
[ges] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■an attempt to give the right answer when you are not certain if you are correct 猜测；推测
• Go on - have/make/ US take a guess. 来啊——猜一猜嘛。
• Both teams made some wild guesses (= ones which were made without much thought) , none of which were right. 两个队都是瞎猜一通，没有一个猜对的。
• "What's the time?" "It's about 5 o'clock, at a guess (= without knowing exactly)." “几点了？”“差不多五点吧，我猜的。”
■someone's opinion about something which is formed without any knowledge of the situation 猜想
• "I wonder why she's not here." "My guess is that her car has broken down." “我奇怪她为甚么不在这儿。”“我猜她的车抛锚了吧。”
be anyone's guess
■If a piece of information is anyone's guess, no one knows it 谁也不知道；谁也拿不准
• "So what's going to happen now?" "That's anyone's guess." “那现在又会发生甚么呢？”“那谁知道。”
[ges] noun countable
Your guess is as good as mine. informal
■something you say when you do not know the answer to a question 我跟你一样也不知道
• "What's he doing?" "Your guess is as good as mine." “他在做甚么啊？”“我也不知道。”
presume, suppose, guess, postulate, assume
这组词都有“假设，猜想，推测”的意思，其区别是：
presume: 侧重以过去经验或根据现实的某些感觉把某事认定为是事实。
suppose: 常用词，意义较广泛，指缺乏确切事实，根据一些现象进行的推测，也可指为论证而提出合乎逻辑推理的某种假定，有时仅表示自己的意见。
guess: 常用词，指毫无根据仅凭个人主观臆断或碰运气的猜测。
postulate: 指为证实一个理论的正确性而进行的假设。
assume: 指有很少或完全无根据的武断推测或不合逻辑的推理。
vt. 猜测；认为；推测；猜中
 - expect, count, find, feel, make
vi. 猜；推测；猜中
 - speculate
n. 猜测；推测
 - speculation, theory, projection

Word: vanilla
Front: vanilla
[vəˈnɪlə] (高宝 5374/16038)
Vocabulary: vanilla
(once / 2312 pages)
nadj
Vanilla is the flavor for food — such as ice cream — that contains extract from the vanilla plant. This word also describes things that are boring or plain.
If something is called vanilla — such as coffee or a milkshake — it's usually flavored with vanilla extract or the seeds from a vanilla pod. Vanilla is the most common flavor of ice cream. This word has another, slightly insulting, meaning: a vanilla movie is plain and kind of boring. A vanilla song is on the blah side. Maybe it's because vanilla food tends to be white and plain that we use this word for other things that are bland.
WORD FAMILY
vanilla: vanillas
USAGE EXAMPLES
“It’s a plain vanilla blank canvas,” she said.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
During Caribbean getaways, he would skip beach days to hunt for vanilla, allspice and nutmeg.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 29, 2016)
Carefully stir in the vanilla, then continue to stir until the mixture stops bubbling.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 香子兰，香草; 香子兰荚; 香子兰精，香草精
adj. 香草的; 香草味的; 相对没有新意的，普通的
分布：香草(100%)
→来自拉丁语vagina,剑鞘，字母g脱落，-illa,小词后缀。因这种植物豆荚形如剑鞘而得名。
【记】van碗，ill，a：生病了就吃一碗香草。
noun uncountable
■a substance made from the seeds of a tropical plant, which is used to give flavour to sweet foods （用于给食物调味的）香子兰精，香草精
• vanilla essence/extract 香子兰精
• vanilla ice cream/yoghurt 香草霜淇淋／乳酪
• a vanilla milkshake 香草奶昔
• Add two teaspoons of vanilla and stir. 加两茶匙香草精并搅拌一下。
• Keeping a vanilla UKpod/ USbean (= seed container) in your sugar jar will add a delicate flavour. 在糖罐里放一颗香子兰荚可以增添一股幽香。
n. 香子兰， [植] 香草
 - herb, bouquet garni

Word: grind
Front: grind
[graɪnd] (研四六托雅宝 5372/5538 -2)
Vocabulary: grind
(once / 454 pages)
1vn 2nv 3v 4n
If you like to grind your own coffee beans, it means you prefer to buy whole beans, put them in an electric grinder, and pulverize them into tiny bits before you brew your coffee.
When you grind something, you mill or crush it into smaller pieces, the way you grind pepper or grind a grain into flour. Two things that rub up against each other also grind together, which is what your teeth do if you grind them in your sleep. Informally, grind also means boring, tedious work, often in the sense of "grind away" or "the daily grind." This sense of grind was invented in the 1800s as college slang.
WORD FAMILY
grind: grinded, grinder, grinding, grinds+/grinder: grinders/grinding: grindings
USAGE EXAMPLES
During short breaks they pose for selfies in balaclavas, keepsakes from their week away from the daily grind.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
It’s an endless grind, but she gets it.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Roughly chop the cashews and roughly grind or crush the cumin and coriander.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 磨碎，嚼碎; 折磨
vt. 磨快，磨光; 咬牙
vi. 嘎吱嘎吱地擦
n. 碾，磨; 苦差事，苦活儿; 〈美〉刻苦用功的学生; 研细的程度
时态：ground, grinding, grinds
分布：磨(83%)，碾(9%)，压迫(2%)，苦事(2%)，碾碎(2%)，逐渐停顿(1%)，磨得吱吱响(1%)
→来自ghrendh, 磨，来自*ghreu的鼻音形式，词源同grit, grist.
v.磨(碎),碾(碎)The boundary around the round ground separates us from the surroundings.围绕着圆形场地的边界将我们同四周隔开.
【参】grindstone（n 磨刀石）
verb transitive (ground, ground)
MAKE SMALLER 使变小
■to make something into small pieces or a powder by pressing between hard surfaces 碾碎；磨碎；把…磨成粉
• to grind coffee 磨咖啡豆
• Shall I grind a little black pepper over your pizza? 要不要我磨一点黑胡椒粉给你撒在比萨饼上？
• They grind the grain into flour (= make flour by crushing grain) between two large stones. 他们把谷粒放在两块大石头之间磨成粉。
[graɪnd] verb transitive (ground, ground)
RUB 摩擦
■to rub something against a hard surface, in order to make it sharper or smoother 磨；把…磨锋利；把…磨光
• She has a set of chef's knives which she grinds every week. 她有一套厨房用刀具，每个星期都把它们磨一次。
• He ground down the sharp metal edges to make them smooth. 他把尖利的金属边缘打磨平。
• The car engine was making a strange grinding noise. 汽车引擎发出一种奇怪的摩擦声音。
⇒ See also grindstone
grind your teeth
■to make a noise by rubbing your teeth together 把牙齿咬得嘎嘎响；出声地磨牙
• She grinds her teeth in her sleep. 她睡觉磨牙。
[graɪnd] verb transitive (ground, ground)
grind the faces of the poor UK literary
■Someone who grinds the faces of the poor, treats poor people very badly, often to get money from them. 欺压平民，搜刮民财
[graɪnd] verb transitive (ground, ground)
grind to a halt/standstill
■to stop slowly 慢慢停下来；逐渐陷入停顿
• The car juddered and ground to a halt right in the middle of the road. 汽车剧烈震动了一下， 然后慢慢停在马路正中间。
• figurative If we don't do something soon, the industry could grind to a halt (= stop operating). 如果我们不马上采取措施，工业可能会陷入瘫痪。
[graɪnd] verb transitive (ground, ground)
  Phrasal Verbs  grind sb down
■to treat someone so badly for such a long time that they are no longer able to fight back 长期欺压（某人），长时间虐待（某人），长久折磨（某人）（使其失去反抗能力）
• Ground down by years of abuse, she did not have the confidence to leave him. 多年来所受的虐待已经使她丧失了逃离他魔爪的信心。
[graɪnd] verb transitive (ground, ground)
  Phrasal Verbs  grind sth into sth
■to press something hard into something else using a twisting movement 将…用力挤压进…
• Sara angrily ground her cigarette into the ashtray. 萨拉愤怒地把手中的香烟按在烟灰缸里捻灭。
[graɪnd] verb transitive (ground, ground)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] grind sth out
■to produce the same thing, especially a boring thing, again and again 重复地做，不断重复制造（尤指令人厌烦的事物）
• The orchestra ground out the same tunes it has been playing for the last twenty years. 这个管弦乐队演奏的曲子是它过去20年一直重复演奏的那老一套。
[graɪnd] noun only singular informal
■a difficult or boring activity which needs a lot of effort 令人厌倦的苦事；苦差事
• Having to type up my handwritten work was a real grind. 还要把手写的作业用打字机打出来，这让我叫苦连天。
• The daily grind of looking after three children was wearing her down. 每天照顾三个孩子，这个苦差事快把她累垮了。
grind, crush, crack, smash, clash, crash
grind: 磨碎
crush: 压碎，压坏；
crack: 破裂；
smash: 打碎；
clash: 着重声音；
crash: 着重破坏
vt. 磨碎；磨快
 - sharp, triturate
vi. 磨碎；折磨
 - prey upon, lie on
n. 磨；苦工作
 - milling

Word: elected
Front: elected
[e'lektɪd] (5373/6239)
Back: v. （进行）选举( elect的过去式和过去分词 ); 推举; 选择; 决定（做某事）
分布：当选的(100%)
VERB
选举;推选
When people elect someone, they choose that person to represent them, by voting for them.
例：The people of the Philippines have voted to elect a new president...菲律宾人民已投票选举出了一位新总统。
例：Manchester College elected him Principal in 1956...曼彻斯特学院于1956年推选他做院长。
VERB
选择，决定(做)
If you elect to do something, you choose to do it.
例：Those electing to smoke will be seated at the rear.那些想吸烟的人将坐在后排。
ADJ
已当选但未就任的;候任的
Elect is added after words such as 'president' or 'governor' to indicate that a person has been elected to the post but has not officially started to carry out the duties involved.
例：...the date when the president-elect takes office.候任总统就职日

Word: lone
Front: lone
[ləʊn] (托 5377/5993 -2)
Vocabulary: lone
(once / 401 pages)
adj
Something described as lone is the only one of its kind — it's on its own. The lone child waiting for a ride home from school is the very last kid to be picked up.
The lone tree in your yard is the only one growing there, and if your well is your lone source of water, it's the only way that water flows from the shower or the kitchen faucet. Sometimes lone is used to mean "lacking support," as when a state senator's vote is a lone voice in opposition to a proposed bill. If someone calls you a "lone wolf," they see you as someone who prefers acting alone.
WORD FAMILY
lone: lonesome, lonest+/ lonesome: lonesomely, lonesomeness, lonesomer, lonesomest
USAGE EXAMPLES
Sunday showed a “lone individual” climbing the mountain, scaling the sign’s ladders and hanging tarpaulins over the O’s to change them to E’s, said Sgt.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
That is a fraction of the roughly 3,700 megawatts produced at this gargantuan plant, the largest in the Lone Star State.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Only days ago, an online message from a pro-Islamic State group called for attacks by "lone wolves" on "celebrations, gatherings and clubs".
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 孤单的; 孤独的; 人迹稀少的; 孤寂的
分布：唯一的(49%)，孤单的(33%)，单独的(18%)
→缩写自alone,即all one. 由单独的引申词义孤独的。拼写比较mend,amend.
US [loʊn] adjective [before noun]
■alone 单独的，独自的
• a lone survivor 唯一的幸存者
• He was a lone voice (= the only person) arguing against a reduction in resources. 他是唯一反对削减财力的人。
lone parent/mother/father
■someone who has children but no partner living with them 单亲／单身母亲／单身父亲
lonely, laone, desolate, lone, solitary
这些形容词均有“孤单的，寂寞的”之意。
lonely: 强调孤独感，含“渴望和他人在一起”的意味。
alone: 普通用词，指独自一人的状态，有时含孤寂之意。
desolate: 语气强烈，强调遭受损失和失去亲人所带来的难以忍受的痛苦。
lone: 较文雅，可与lonely换用。
solitary: 可指因被遗忘或遗弃而产生的孤独感，也可指人的生性孤僻。
solitary, desolate, lone, alone, lonely
这组词都有“孤单的，寂寞的”的意思，其区别是：
solitary: 可指因被遗忘或遗弃而产生的孤独感，也可指人的生性孤僻。
desolate: 语气强烈，强调遭受损失和失去亲人所带来的难以忍受的痛苦。
lone: 较文雅，可与lonely换用。
alone: 普通用词，指独自一人的状态，有时含孤寂之意。
lonely: 强调孤独感，含“渴望和他人在一起”的意味。
adj. 单身的；独自的；寂寞的；人迹稀少的
 - alone, single

Word: registration
Front: registration
[ˌredʒɪˈstreɪʃn] (雅 5378/3135 -2)
Vocabulary: registration
(once / 1333 pages)
1n 2n 3n
Registration is the act of enrolling in something, like a school. There is also registration for voters and drivers and people attending a conference.
In life, there are some things anybody can do at any time; for other things you have to go through registration first. Registration is the process of signing up or enrolling in something. Colleges make students go through registration to sign up for new classes. There is a registration process for voting: if you haven't registered, you can't vote. Registration usually involves some paperwork and waiting in line. No one enjoys registration, but it's something we all have to do.
WORD FAMILY
registration: registrations+/ register: registered, registering, registers, registrant, registration, registry/registered: unregistered/registrant: registrants/registry: registries
USAGE EXAMPLES
The state pays for roads with the transportation fund, which is built on gas tax revenue and vehicle registration fees.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Australian authorities relaxed drone regulations in September, allowing anyone to fly drones weighing up to 2kg without training, insurance, registration or certification.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
The session is free and open to the public, and information and registration details are here.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 登记，注册; 挂号; 登记（或注册、挂号）人数; <音>（管风琴）音栓配合（法）
分布：注册(49%)，登记(46%)，挂号(5%)
记录,注册(register+ation=registration)[gest,gister=carry,bring,表示"带来,产生"]
noun
LIST 列入
 ADVANCED uncountable
■when a name or information is recorded on an official list 登记；注册；挂号
• voter registration 选民登记
[ˌredʒ.ɪ'streɪ.ʃən] noun
CAR 车辆
countable (also registration number) (UK informal reg) (US usually license plate number)
■the official set of numbers and letters shown on the front and back of a road vehicle （机动车辆的）牌照号码，登记号码
• Police are looking for a small blue car with the registration number K17 EMW. 警方正在查找一辆小型蓝色轿车，车牌号为 K17EMW。
n. [专利] 登记；注册；挂号
 - entry, enrollment

Word: wounded
Front: wounded
[ˈwu:ndɪd] (高 5376/6501 -K)
Back: adj. 负伤的，受了伤（害）的
v. 使受伤，伤害( wound的过去式和过去分词 ); 使（心灵）受伤，伤感情; 缠绕( wind的过去式和过去分词 ); 卷绕
分布：受伤的(63%)，伤员(37%)
adjective
UPSET 麻烦
■offended or upset by what someone has said or done 受伤害的
• a wounded expression 受伤害的表情
• wounded pride 受伤的自尊心
['wu:n.dɪd] adjective
INJURED 受伤的
■injured, especially with a cut or hole in the skin （身体上的）伤，伤口
• a wounded soldier 伤兵
['wu:n.dɪd] plural noun
the wounded
■people who are injured 伤者
• Ambulances took the wounded to local hospitals. 救护车将伤者送往当地医院。
adj. 受伤的
 - injured, hurt

Word: prescribe
Front: prescribe
[prɪˈskraɪb] (研四六托雅宝 5375/4738 -2)
Vocabulary: prescribe
(once / 287 pages)
v
To prescribe is make orders or give directions for something to be done. These days, the word is mainly used by doctors who prescribe medications to take.
Doctors do a lot of prescribing: they prescribe drugs, rest, exercise, and getting rid of bad habits like smoking. When a doctor prescribes something, he or she is saying, "You need to do this. You should do it." That's the most common use of prescribe, but it pops up anywhere someone is advising or ordering someone to do something. All laws and rules prescribe things — they tell you what to do.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
prescribe / proscribe
Warning! These similar sounding words have very different meanings. To prescribe is to recommend and to proscribe is to forbid. One little letter makes a big difference.
Prescribe is the more common word, and it's often used at the doctor's office. When a doctor jots down a prescription, she prescribes a drug to heal the patient. To prescribe also means to recommend something in an official way. Here are some examples of the word used correctly:
"If physicians want to help their patients, they need to prescribe affordable versions of accepted medical interventions." (Forbes)
"We are not centralist to the point where we prescribe what they spend on player wages, transfer fees." (Washington Times)
Leave proscribe to the pros. Proscribe is a rare and more formal word, meaning to forbid something or to demand a stop to it. It's often used in the phrase "a proscribed organization," such as a terrorist group that an official has demanded an end to. Here are some other examples:
"In contrast, laws in some European nations proscribe and even criminalize various forms of 'hate speech.'" (Reuters)
"The Constitution proscribes government discrimination on the basis of race, and state-provided education is no exception." (Washington Post)
If you're tempted to get them mixed up, think of the "e" in "prescribe for me," and the "o" in "Oh no, don't for proscribe."
WORD FAMILY
prescribe: prescribed, prescribes, prescribing, prescription, prescriptive +/ prescription: nonprescription, prescriptions/ prescriptive: prescriptively
USAGE EXAMPLES
She prescribed oral steroids in addition to a rescue inhaler to calm my overactive airways, which helped.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
The doctor may prescribe a steroid cream or, in severe cases, an oral immunosuppressant for the itch.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
The former is prescribed for the painful muscle spasms that occur in multiple sclerosis, while the latter is aimed at childhood seizures.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vt. 指定，规定; 指定，规定
vi. 建立规定，法律或指示; 开处方，给医嘱
时态：prescribed, prescribing, prescribes
分布：开处方(100%)
→pre-,在前，早于，预先，-scribe,写，词源同describe.引申诸相关词义。
开药方;命令(pre预先+scribe→预先写好药量)[scrib,script=write,表示"写"]
v.指示,规定;处(方),开(药)My doctor prescribes aspirin for every complaint.我的医生对每一种病都开阿斯匹林.
verb
GIVE MEDICINE 开药
 ADVANCED transitive often passive
■(of a doctor) to say what medical treatment someone should have （医生）开（药），为…开（药），嘱咐（疗法）
• The drug is often prescribed for ulcers. 这种药通常是开来治疗溃疡的。
• [+ two objects] I've been prescribed painkillers. 医生给我开了些止痛药。
[prɪ'skraɪb] verb
GIVE RULE 规定
transitive formal
■to tell someone what they must have or do; to give something as a rule 规定，指定
• Penalties for not paying taxes are prescribed by law. 法律上规定了不缴税的惩罚措施。
• [+ that] The law prescribes that all children must go to school. 法律规定所有孩子必须上学。
• [+ question word] Grammatical rules prescribe how words may be used together. 文法规则对单词如何搭配使用作出了规定。
propose, prescribe, suggest, advocate, recommend
这组词都有“劝告、主张、建议”的意思，其区别是：
propose: 多指较正式地提出建议。
prescribe: 多指医生对病人在用药或饮食等方面的建议。
suggest: 语气较委婉，指提出不成熟的建议或参见意见。
advocate: 指公开表明对某事或某行为的完全赞同，语气强于recommend。
recommend: 指向对方提出公开的建议或规劝。
vi. 规定；开药方
 - to stipulate, to formulate
vt. 规定；开处方
 - define, regulate, state, rule

Word: courtesy
Front: courtesy
[ˈkɜ:təsi] (研六雅 5380/5265 -2)
Vocabulary: courtesy
(once / 304 pages)
n
A courtesy is a polite remark or respectful act. Complain about a bad meal, and you might get kicked out. But the common courtesy is usually an apology from the manager and, if you're lucky, a free dinner.
Courtesy is all about using your good manners, which is why it shares roots with the word courteous. Holding the door open for someone, writing a thank-you note for a gift, and letting the pregnant lady have the last seat on the bus are all courtesies that would make your parents proud. And if something is kindly presented to you free of charge, the gift-giver may say it's "courtesy of" someone special.
WORD FAMILY
courtesy: courtesies, discourtesy+/discourtesy: discourtesies
USAGE EXAMPLES
To Petersen, it’s about the players realizing now, courtesy of Alabama, what it required of them and building from that.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
My wife likes more sophisticated worldviews, and she can’t bring herself to treat my mother with a minimum level of courtesy.
Seattle Times(Dec 25, 2016)
To see the steady progress in life expectancy for yourself, explore the interactive chart below, courtesy of Our World in Data.
Slate(Dec 22, 2016)
Back: n. 谦恭有礼，礼貌，请安; 有礼貌的举止[言词]; 承蒙
adj. 殷勤的; 出于礼节的
分布：礼貌(91%)，好意(9%)
→来自court, 宫廷，宫廷礼仪。
n.谦恭有礼;有礼貌的举止(或言词)By courtesy of the mourner, he endeavours to devour the nourishing odour.承蒙哀悼者同意,他努力吞食滋养气味.
US ['kɝ:.tˌə-] noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■polite behaviour, or a polite action or remark 谦恭有礼的举止，礼貌；礼节；客气话
• You might get on better with your parents if you showed them some courtesy. 要是你对父母礼貌些，或许会和他们相处得更好。
• [+ to infinitive] He could at least have had the courtesy to say sorry. 他至少应该知道说句对不起。
• The President welcomed the Queen with the usual courtesies. 总统以惯常的礼仪规格欢迎女王。
(by) courtesy of
■by permission of 承蒙…的允许
• Phil Collins appears on the album courtesy of Virgin Records. 承蒙维京唱片公司支援，菲尔‧柯林斯发行了唱片专辑。
■because of 因为，由于
• Did the Conservatives win courtesy of the division of the opposition vote between Labour and the Liberal Democrats? 是因为反对派的选票在工党和自由民主党之间过于分散保守党才获胜的吗？
n. 礼貌；好意；恩惠
 - grace, kindness
adj. 殷勤的；被承认的；出于礼节的
 - red-carpet, complaisant

Word: shotgun
Front: shotgun
[ˈʃɒtgʌn] (5379/9088 -1)
Back: n. 鸟枪，散弹猎枪
adj. 用猎枪的; 强迫的，用武力的; 漫无目的的
分布：猎枪(86%)，强迫的(6%)，漫无目的的(4%)，用猎枪的(4%)
→shot,霰弹，gun,枪。
US ['ʃɑ:t-] noun countable
■a long gun which fires a large number of small metal bullets at one time, which is meant to be used for shooting birds and animals 猎枪，滑膛枪，霰弹枪
• The robbers used a UKsawn-off / USsawed-off shotgun in the raid. 抢劫犯在袭击中使用了枪管锯短的滑膛枪。
adj. 猎枪的；被迫的
 - forced
vt. 用猎枪射击；强迫
 - force, enforce

Word: subway
Front: subway
[ˈsʌbweɪ] (研四六托 5383/15658 -1)
Back: n. 地铁; 地下通道
分布：地铁(99%)，地下通道(1%)
→sub-,在下，way,道路。引申词义地铁。
n.地铁;地下行人隧道Anyway, the prayer swayed by me always goes away by subway.不管怎样,受我支配的祈祷者总是从地铁走向远方.
noun countable
PASSAGE 通道
 IMPROVER UK
■an underground passage which allows people on foot to cross a busy road 行人地下道，行人隧道（一种地下通道，可让人们步行，以便穿过某一繁忙的公路）
['sʌb.weɪ] noun countable
RAILWAY 铁路 mainly US a railway system in which electric trains travel along passages below ground 地铁；地铁交通
• We took the subway uptown to Yankee Stadium. 我们搭地铁到城外的洋基体育场去。
subway, tube, underground
这组词都有“地铁”的意思，其区别是：
subway: 指城市中的地铁或通道，主要用于美国。
tube: 主要用于英国口语中。
underground: 一般用词，指城市中的地铁，主要用于英国。
n. [铁路] 地铁；地道
 - sub, metro
vi. [铁路] 乘地铁
 - tube

Word: circulation
Front: circulation
[ˌsɜ:kjəˈleɪʃn] (六托宝 5384/4291 -2)
Back: n. 流通，传播; 血液循环; 发行量; （某段时间的）社交活动
分布：循环(53%)，流通(33%)，发行量(13%)，消息传播(1%)
发生,流通(circulate+ion)[circ,cycl=ring,circle,表示"圆,环"]
US [ˌsɝ:-] noun
 ADVANCED uncountable
■when something such as information, money or goods passes from one person to another （资讯）流传，传播；（货币或商品）流通
• Police have warned that there are a lot of fake £50 notes in circulation. 警方提醒说有大量50英镑面额的假钞在流通。
• Add her name to the circulation list for this report (= the people who will be given it to read). 把她的名字加进这份报告的传阅名单上。
• figurative I hear she's out of circulation/back in circulation (= taking part/not taking part in social activities) after her accident. 我听说车祸后她不参加／又回来参加社交活动了。
countable usually singular
■the number of people that a newspaper or magazine is regularly sold to （报纸杂志的）发行量，销售量
• The paper has a circulation of 150 000. 这份报纸发行量有15万份。
uncountable
■the movement of blood around the body （血液的）循环
• Exercise helps to improve circulation. 运动有助于促进血液循环。
n. [贸易] 流通，传播；循环； [图情] 发行量
 - revolution, rotation, cycle, propagation, diffusion

Word: sentence
Front: sentence
[ˈsentəns] (中高研四六托 2036/1168 -K4)
Vocabulary: sentence
(once / 91 pages)
1n 2nv
A sentence can be a group of words that communicate a complete thought, or it can be the punishment in a criminal case. Did your pen pal in prison write a sentence or two about the length of his sentence?
Actually, both meanings of sentence — words and punishment — are linked, coming from the Latin sententia, meaning "thought or judgment," derived from the verb sentire, "to feel or perceive." If you put some words before a period, you should give some thought to your sentence. If you receive a lengthy prison sentence, you will certainly feel it.
WORD FAMILY
sentence: sentenced, sentences, sentencing, sentential+/sentencing: re-sentencing/sentential: intrasentential, sententially
USAGE EXAMPLES
They recommended harsher sentences for gun crimes and for the use of high-capacity magazines.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
He is serving a 19-month prison sentence for bribery and obstruction of justice.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The Justice Department is seeking a death sentence for more than half of the 33 counts Roof was convicted of.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 句子; 宣判
vt. 宣判，判决
时态：sentenced, sentencing, sentences
分布：句子(72%)，判决(18%)，宣判(10%)
→来自古法语 sentence,裁决，判断，决定，来自拉丁语 sententia,裁决，决定，表达思想，现在 分词格名词形式于 sentire,感觉，感知，发表意见，来自 sent,感觉，词源同 sense.引申词 义教条，训导，格言等。后主要用于语法格指句子，即一个完整的表达。
n.句子;判决,宣判v.宣判,判决The absent-minded student consents to the sentence in the presence of me.心不在焉的学生在我面前同意这份判决.
noun countable
WORD GROUP 词的组合
 ESSENTIAL
■a group of words, usually containing a verb, which expresses a thought in the form of a statement, question, instruction or exclamation and starts with a capital letter when written 句，句子
• He's very impatient and always interrupts me mid-sentence. 他很不耐烦，总是在我说到一半的时候就打断我。
• Your conclusion is good, but the final sentence is too long and complicated. 你的结论没错，但最后一句话太长太复杂。
['sen.tənts] noun countable
PUNISHMENT 惩罚
 IMPROVER
■a punishment given by a judge in court to a person or organization after they have been found guilty of doing something wrong 判决；宣判；判刑
• He got a heavy/light sentence (= He was severely/not severely punished). 他被判以重刑／轻判。
• The offence carries a jail/prison/life/5-year sentence. 该违法行为可判监禁／终身监禁／五年徒刑。
• He was given a non-custodial/suspended sentence. 他被判监外执行／缓刑。
pronounce sentence
■(of a judge) to say officially what a punishment will be （法官）宣布判决，宣判
• The judge will pronounce sentence on the defendant this afternoon. 今天下午法官将对被告作出宣判。
['sen.tənts] verb transitive legal
 IMPROVER
■to decide and say officially what a punishment will be （法官）宣布判决，宣判
• He was sentenced to life imprisonment. 他被判无期徒刑。
convict, judge, sentence, doom, condemn
这组词都有“判决、宣判”的意思，其区别是：
convict: 法律用词，指审判后判定有罪，但未作最后判决。
judge: 指对案件作出审理判决，但判决内容较笼统，不如sentence和condemn使用广泛。
sentence: 法律用词，指根据罪犯所犯罪行的轻重而宣判处罚。
doom: 书面用词，指郑重他宣判某人有罪。
condemn: 普通用词，指法院对审理结束的案件做出的定罪判刑。
n. [语] [计] 句子，命题； [法] 宣判，判决
 - award, proposition
vt. 判决， [法] 宣判
 - determine, adjudge

Word: transplant
Front: transplant
[trænsˈplɑ:nt] (研四六托雅 5386/8061 -2)
Vocabulary: transplant
(once / 960 pages)
vn
Use the verb transplant to describe what you do when you move a cactus into a bigger container, or what a doctor does when she places a donor organ — like a kidney or lung — into the body of a patient.
When you transplant your favorite rose bush, you carefully dig it up and re-plant it in another spot in the yard, maybe one that gets more sunlight. You can also use the word as a noun to describe the act of doing such a thing: "The liver transplant was a success." The word's origin is simple: the Latin trans, or "across," plus plantare, which means "to plant."
WORD FAMILY
transplant: transplantable, transplantation, transplanted, transplanter, transplanting, transplants+/transplantation: transplantations/transplanter: transplanters/transplanting: transplantings
USAGE EXAMPLES
It's the day Whalen received a liver transplant and a second chance at life.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
In the end, her life hinged on one thing - a heart transplant.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
At the time of his son's death, Mr Scully-Sloan was also desperately ill with liver disease and awaiting a transplant.
BBC(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. 移植; 移种; 移民，迁移; 移植（器官、皮肤、头发等）
n. （器官、皮肤、头发等的）移植; 移植物; 移植者
vi. 迁移; 移居; 经得起移植
时态：transplanted, transplanting, transplants
分布：移植(97%)，移植物(2%)，移居(1%)
→trans-,转移，转变，plant,移植，栽种。
移植(trans+plant种→转移过去→移植)[trans-①表示"横过,越过"②表示"变换,改变,转移"]
移植,移种(trans转移+plant→移种)[Plant=plant,表示"种植"]
n./v.移植(植物;组织,器官等);迁移;The gigantic panther in pants passed the transition period of heart transplant.穿裤子的巨大黑豹度过了心脏移植的过度期.
US [-'splænt] verb intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep]
■to move something, or to be moved, from one place or person to another 移植，移栽；（使）移居
• The plants should be grown indoors until spring, when they can be transplanted outside. 这些植物应该先种在室内，到了春天就可以移栽到外面。
• Doctors transplanted a monkey's heart into a two-year old child (= removed the child's faulty heart and put a monkey's heart in its place). 医生们给一个两岁的儿童移植了猴子的心脏。
Compare implant
UK [træn'splɑ:nt] US [-'splænt] noun
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■when something is transplanted, especially an operation in which a new organ is put into someone's body （尤指器官的）移植
• a liver/kidney transplant 肝脏／肾脏移植
• transplant surgery 移植手术
• He had a heart transplant (= Doctors gave him a different, healthier heart instead of his old one). 他接受过心脏移植。
 ADVANCED countable
■something, especially a new organ, that has been transplanted 移植物；（尤指）移植器官
• His body accepted/rejected the transplant. 他的身体对移植器官没有出现／出现了排斥反应。
vt. [林] 移植；迁移；使移居
 - remove, transfer of culture
n. [林] 移植；移植器官；被移植物；移居者
 - implantation, engraftment
vi. [林] 移植；迁移；移居
 - remove, move

Word: explosive
Front: explosive
[ɪkˈspləʊsɪv] (研四六托雅宝 5387/6878 -2)
Vocabulary: explosive
(once / 623 pages)
nadj
An explosive is a substance that can be made to explode by being hit or lit on fire. You can't bring explosives with you on an airplane, because they might be dangerous.
Explosives contain highly reactive chemicals that are full of potential energy, which can be released with a bang. You can also use the word explosive as an adjective, to describe such substances or anything else that is dramatic, abrupt, or loud. You might say that your brother has an explosive temper sometimes, or that your snow shoveling business has seen explosive growth this winter. The Latin root is explodere, "drive out."
WORD FAMILY
explosive: explosively, explosives, nonexplosive
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Giants’ defense was energetic and disruptive, bottling up an explosive offense with aggressive blitzes.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
The explosives squad was called to intervene, at about 5 a.m., and that’s when the officer was gravely injured, police spokesman Cesare Taraschi said.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The men then detonated explosive belts they were wearing, killing themselves and the two security men.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 爆炸的; 易爆炸的; 突增的; 暴躁的
n. 爆炸物，炸药; [语言学] 爆破音
分布：炸药(98%)，引发争论的(1%)，大声的(1%)
炸药(explose爆炸)[-ive 1.表形容词2.表名词后缀,"人或物"]
a.爆炸(性)的,爆发(性)的n.爆炸物,炸药After an explosion the explorer restored the storage of the explosive in the exploiter's storehouse.爆炸过后勘探者恢复了剥削者的仓库里炸药的储量.
【参】explosion（n 爆发；爆炸（声））
US [-'sploʊ-] adjective
BURST 爆炸
■exploding or able to explode easily 易爆炸的；会爆炸的；可能引起爆炸的
• Certain gases are highly explosive. 一些气体极易爆炸。
• An explosive device (= a bomb) was found at one of London's busiest stations this morning. 今早在伦敦一个最繁忙的火车站发现一枚炸弹。
■very loud and sudden, like an explosion 如爆炸般的；震耳欲聋的
• There was an explosive clap of thunder overhead. 突然一个轰隆声在头顶炸开。
UK [ɪk'spləʊ.sɪv] US [-'sploʊ-] adjective
EMOTION 情感的
■describes a situation or emotion in which strong feelings are loudly or violently expressed （局势）一触即发的，爆炸性的；（情感）突然迸发的
• The situation in the poorer parts of some of America's major cities has become very explosive. 在美国一些主要城市的贫民区，形势已经到了一触即发的地步。
• Capital punishment is an explosive issue. 死刑是个极具争议的话题。
• She has an explosive temper. 她有个很火爆的个性。
UK [ɪk'spləʊ.sɪv] US [-'sploʊ-] adjective
INCREASE 增加的
■describes an increase which is very large and quick 激增的；迅速扩大的
• The last few years have seen an explosive increase in the number of homeless people on our streets. 在过去几年，无家可归流落街头的人数量激增。
UK [ɪk'spləʊ.sɪv] US [-'sploʊ-] noun countable or uncountable UK [ɪkˈspləʊ.sɪv] US [-ˈsploʊ-/
■a substance or piece of equipment that can cause explosions 炸药，爆炸物；引爆装置
adj. [力] 爆炸的；爆炸性的；爆发性的
 - volatile, fulminic
n. [化工] 炸药； [力] 爆炸物
 - blasting agent, detonator

Word: congressman
Front: congressman
[ˈkɒŋɡresmən] (托 5390/16954 -2)
Back: n. <美>国会议员（尤指众议员）
分布：国会议员(100%)
US ['kɑ:ŋ-] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a man who belongs to a congress , especially a member of the US House of Representatives 国会议员；（尤指美国）众议院议员
n. 国会议员；众议院议员
 - member of congress, member of parliament

Word: penetrate
Front: penetrate
[ˈpenɪtreɪt] (研四六托雅宝 5392/5036 -2)
Vocabulary: penetrate
(once / 167 pages)
1v 2v 3v 4v
To penetrate is to force into or pierce through. If the fog is thick as pea soup, your flashlight won’t penetrate it. If you stubbornly ignore good advice, people might say nothing can penetrate that thick skull of yours.
We get penetrate from the Latin word penetrare, which combines penes ("within") and intrare ("to enter"). Penetrate crops up most often to describe entering or permeating. Blaring music penetrated every corner of the dorm and we wondered how anyone could study with that racket. Penetrate can also mean to decipher or understand: "Careful study allowed us to penetrate the mysteries of Pig Latin." Finally — no surprise, given its Latin roots — the word can be used to describe sexual intercourse.
WORD FAMILY
penetrate: interpenetrate, penetrable, penetrated, penetrates, penetrating, penetration, penetrative, penetrator+/impenetrability: impenetrabilities/ impenetrable: impenetrability, impenetrableness, impenetrably/interpenetrate: interpenetrated, interpenetrates, interpenetrating, interpenetration/interpenetration: interpenetrations/penetrability: penetrabilities/ penetrable: impenetrable, penetrability/penetrating: penetratingly/ penetration: penetrations/penetrator: penetrators
USAGE EXAMPLES
The filmmaker’s questions are sensitive yet penetrating, the musician’s responses thoughtful, eloquent and pained.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 01, 2016)
That means Spice can operate in darkness, and can penetrate smoke and fog.
Economist(Dec 01, 2016)
“Their success is that they have penetrated their agenda, that they have become an issue for the West. And this is exactly what happened.”
The New Yorker(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: vt. 穿透，刺入; 渗入; 秘密潜入; 洞悉，明了
vi. 穿透，穿过; 进入，渗入; 洞悉
时态：penetrated, penetrating, penetrates
分布：穿透(51%)，渗透(38%)，了解(6%)，看穿(5%)
→来自拉丁语penetrare,穿过，进入，来自penes,在里面，进入，词源同penates.-tra,比较级后缀，词源同intra-,interior.字面意思即进入，引申词义穿过，穿透，性交等。
v.穿过,渗入,看穿The illustration illuminates the demonstrating Democrat's penetrating strategy.图解阐明了正在示威的民主党党员的渗透策略.
【记】pen笔，etr＝enter进入，ate吃－把笔吃了－刺穿
【参】penetrating（adj 敏锐的）
verb
MOVE INTO 进入
intransitive or transitive
■to move into or through something 穿透；进入；渗入
• Amazingly, the bullet did not penetrate his brain. 令人惊讶的是，子弹并未射入他的脑部。
• In a normal winter, the frost penetrates deeply enough to kill off insect eggs in the soil. 在正常的冬季里，霜会深深渗入土壤，足以杀死昆虫的卵。
• The organization had been penetrated by a spy. 一名间谍渗入了该组织。
• The company has been successful in penetrating overseas markets this year. 今年，该公司成功地打入了海外市场。
transitive
■If your eyes penetrate somewhere dark, you manage to see through it 透过…看见；看透
• Our eyes couldn't penetrate the dark/ the gloom of the inner cave. 洞内一片黑暗／昏暗，我们甚么也看不见。
['pen.ɪ.treɪt] verb
UNDERSTAND 理解
intransitive or transitive
■to study or investigate something in order to understand 洞察，了解；深入研究
• It's hard to penetrate her mind. 了解她的内心很难。
• He penetrates deeper into the artist's life in the second volume of his autobiography. 他透过这位艺术家自传的第二册对其生平作了更深入的探究。
thrust, pierce, penetrate, prick, stab
这组词都有“刺入，穿透”的意思，其区别是：
thrust: 本义是使某物进入或把某物刺进或使之穿透某物，有时侧重穿透、刺入。
pierce: 多指人为地用刀刺、剑等尖锐东西刺穿或刺入某物。
penetrate: 较正式用词，可指用任何工具穿入或穿透，也可指光线、声音等透过物体。
prick: 一般指用针等刺穿。
stab: 主要指利器刺入、刺伤，如用匕首、短刀等。
penetrate, cross
penetrate: 穿透、渗透
cross: 越过，穿越
vt. 渗透；穿透；洞察
 - filter, permeate
vi. 渗透；刺入；看透
 - sink, osmose

Word: illuminate
Front: illuminate
[ɪˈlu:mɪneɪt] (研六托雅宝 5388/6519 -1)
Vocabulary: illuminate
(once / 321 pages)
1v 2v
To illuminate is to light up — with physical light or with an idea. A spotlight might illuminate an actor on stage, and a good chemistry teacher might illuminate students with a lesson on the atomic structure of hydrogen.
Originally, the verb illuminate referred to decorating handwritten manuscripts with bright lettering or pictures. Monks illuminated manuscripts with colors like gold, silver, bright red, and blue. Nowadays you can illuminate anything in the dark — either literally or figuratively. If you are afraid of the dark, illuminate your bedroom. In the dark when it comes to organic chemistry? Get an illuminating tutor.
WORD FAMILY
illuminate: illuminated, illuminates, illuminating, illumination +/illuminated: unilluminated/ illuminating: illuminatingly, unilluminating/ illumination: illuminations
USAGE EXAMPLES
At night it’s brightly illuminated by giant billboards and huge screens playing pop-music performances.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
But the light she shines on her father’s identity illuminates facets of her own.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
When it completes its descent at midnight, a giant "2017" sign will illuminate and a shower of fireworks with light up the sky.
Reuters(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. 照亮，照明; 阐明，说明; 装饰; 使灿烂
vi. 照亮
时态：illuminated, illuminating, illuminates
分布：照明(46%)，说明(45%)，阐释(9%)
→il-,进入，使，-lum,发光，照亮，词源同light,luminary.引申词义解释，说明。
照亮;使明白(il+lumin光+ate→进入光明→说明)[il-,ir-①放在同辅音词根前表示"不,无"②表示"使…成为,进入"]
照亮;阐明(il一再+lumin+ate→给予光明→照亮)[lumin=light,表示"光"]
vt.照亮,照明;用灯光装饰;说明,阐释The illustration illuminates the demonstrating Democrat's penetrating strategy.图解阐明了正在示威的民主党党员的渗透策略.
【反】obfuscate（vt 使模糊；使迷乱）
[ɪ'lu:.mɪ.neɪt] formal
verb transitive
■to light something and make it brighter 为…照明，照亮
• The streets were illuminated with strings of coloured lights. 这些街道被一串串彩灯照亮了。
■to explain and show more clearly something that is difficult to understand 阐明，解释
• an article which illuminates the issues at stake 对一些重大的问题进行阐述的文章
vt. 阐明，说明；照亮；使灿烂；用灯装饰
 - say, lamp, elucidate, clarify
vi. 照亮
 - light up, to shine

Word: venue
Front: venue
[ˈvenju:] (托 5389/4010 -3)
Vocabulary: venue
(once / 1593 pages)
n
A venue is the place where an event or meeting is happening. If you're going to see the best band ever, you should get to the venue early to get a good seat.
Venue is derived from the Latin for "come" (venire), and it's a place people come to. Another meaning of venue is specific to the law as the place where a trial will be held, and the area from which the jury will be selected. If you're on trial for stealing, and you're known around town as "Sticky Fingers Magoo," your lawyer would wisely request a change of venue to give you a better shot at a fair trial.
WORD FAMILY
venue: venues
USAGE EXAMPLES
The venue, called Reina, is perched on the Bosporus and is popular with Istanbul’s elite, including musicians and soccer players.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
A century later, and the venue was a popular location for unlicensed bare-knuckle fights.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Now, these contrarian scientists only appear in blogs, op-eds in newspapers, sometimes in pay-for-play journals – but rarely in competitively reviewed scientific venues.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 犯罪地点，案发地点; 会场; （尤指）体育比赛场所; 审判地
分布：审判地(44%)，犯罪地点(32%)，体育场馆(14%)，集合地(10%)
→来自拉丁语venire,来，来自gwa,来，往，词源同come,acrobat,advent.
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■the place where a public event or meeting happens （公共事件的）发生场所，举行地点；会场
• The hotel is an ideal venue for conferences and business meetings. 这家饭店是举行会议和商务会谈的理想场所。
• The stadium has been specifically designed as a venue for European Cup matches. 这个体育场是特别为欧洲杯的比赛设计的。
US specialized
■the city or county in which a trial happens 审判地
n. 审判地；犯罪地点；发生地点；集合地点
 - assembly point

Word: Nazi
Front: Nazi
['nɑːtsi] (5391/6638)
Back: n. 纳粹党人；纳粹主义信徒
adj. 纳粹党的；纳粹主义的
n. (Nazi)人名；(布基)纳齐；(俄)娜济
分布：纳粹党的(58%)，纳粹党人(42%)
→来自德语Nazi,缩写自Nationalsozialist.
noun countable
■a member of the National Socialist (Workers') Party, led by Adolf Hitler, which controlled Germany from 1933 to 1945 纳粹党人，纳粹分子（1933至1945年间统治德国的国家社会党党员）
■disapproving
■someone who is cruel or who demands an unreasonable degree of obedience, or someone who has extreme and unreasonable beliefs about race 凶残的人；独断专横者；极端种族主义分子
['nɑ:t.si] adjective
 IMPROVER
■belonging to or connected with the National Socialist (Workers') Party which controlled Germany from 1933 to 1945 纳粹的（1933-1945年间控制德国的国家社会主义工人党的）；与此党派有关的
• a Nazi officer 纳粹军官
• Nazi Germany 纳粹德国

Word: parameter
Front: parameter
[pəˈræmɪtə(r)] (研六托宝 5398/4063 -1)
Vocabulary: parameter
(once / 13192 pages)
1n 2n
A parameter is a limit. In mathematics a parameter is a constant in an equation, but parameter isn’t just for math anymore: now any system can have parameters that define its operation. You can set parameters for your class debate.
Parameter comes from a combination of the Greek word para-, meaning “beside,” and metron, meaning “measure.” The natural world sets certain parameters, like gravity and time. In court, the law defines the parameters of legal behavior. Parameter and perimeter are similar, but a perimeter is the physical distance around an object, while a parameter can contain or define something either physically or abstractly: before you marry, prepare for the parameters of monogamy.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
parameter / perimeter
Parameter is a limit that affects how something can be done, and perimeter is the outline of a physical area. Both words have special meanings in math, but they take off their pocket protectors and relax their definitions when they join the rest of us.
Parameter is the fancier math and science word. In mathematics, parameter is a measurable factor in a system. Outside of math, parameter is still a factor, property, or characteristic. It can also be a boundary or a limit. Here are some examples:
That makes it the heaviest observed elementary particle yet discovered, but within the parameters set by the Standard Model. (Scientific America)
"As hard as journalism is, at least you have parameters," she said. (New York Times)
Within those parameters, Ms. Gray played with color, creating an upbeat show reflecting London's mad, mad fashion world. (New York Times)
In mathematics, the perimeter is the boundary of a geometric figure. In mainstream language, it can be the limit of any physical area, often one protected by an armed force: secure the perimeter! Here are some examples from the news:
Police set up a perimeter around the house and blocked off Avery Street for safety reasons, Sgt. Scott Custer said. (Inquiring News)
Newest study finds fuel spill's perimeter expanding. (KOB-TV)
Some linguistic snobs don't like parameter's meaning of a boundary or limit when perimeter would do. But according to Garner's Modern American Usage, the use of parameter to mean boundary is "virtually universal" except by "die-hard snoots." Unless you are writing for such an audience (a math professor, perhaps), you can use parameter to mean boundary.
Just remember: The parameters of playing hide-and-seek are not peeking while you count, and to stay within the perimeter of the yard when you hide.
WORD FAMILY
parameter: parameters, parametric+/parametric: nonparametric
USAGE EXAMPLES
Much like the Balfour declaration, these parameters were in fact tailored point by point to Zionist desires.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
By changing parameters, varroa mites did become a significant factor.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
“Testing at Hazen seeks to determine the ideal methodology for controlling particle size and other parameters affecting the bark-formation rate,” the agency said.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. [数]参数; <物><数>参量; 限制因素; 决定因素
分布：参数(96%)，参量(2%)，界限(1%)，决定因素(1%)
→para-,在旁，在周围，-meter,测量，规定，词源同meter,measure.引申词义参数，规范。
n.参数,参量Having checked the parameters of the apparatus, the paralysed parasite went to the paradise by parachute.检查过仪器的参数后,瘫痪的寄生虫乘降落伞到天堂去了.
US [-ə.tˌɚ] noun countable usually plural
■a set of facts or a fixed limit which establishes or limits how something can or must happen or be done 决定因素；界限；范围；规范
• The researchers must keep within the parameters of the experiment. 研究员必须在实验既定的范围内进行研究。
• The central office sets/establishes the parameters which guide policy at the local level. 总部制定规范，指导地方政策。
n. 参数；系数； [数] 参量
 - coefficient, arguments, modulus

Word: canal
Front: canal
[kəˈnæl] (高研四六托雅 5394/2963 -2)
Vocabulary: canal
(once / 236 pages)
1nv 2n
A canal is a long, man-made strip of water used for irrigation or boat access to a bigger body of water, like the famous Erie Canal, which connects the Hudson River to Lake Erie.
Canal is related to the word channel, and all its different shades of meaning have to do with tunnel shaped spaces that carry liquid from one place to another. Besides man-made irrigation canals, canals that connect boat docks to rivers and oceans, or street-like canals in boat cities like Amsterdam, there are canals in your body, like your nasal canal, or the birth canal you came out of. It's also a verb meaning "to dig a canal."
WORD FAMILY
canal: canalise, canalize, canalled, canalling, canals+/canalise: canalisation, canalised, canalises, canalising/canalize: canalization, canalized, canalizes, canalizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
And township residents, in a brilliant deal with Port Huron over the Black River Canal, got resident passes to Lakeside Park.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But our lovely fourth-floor “Cosy” room — the middle price class — was serene with two tall windows overlooking the peaceful canal.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
The New Year’s Day event encourages people to hike and bike the canal’s nearly 185-mile towpath along the Potomac River.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 运河，沟渠; 管道; 气管; 食道
vt. 建运河; 疏导
时态：canalled, canalling, canals
分布：运河(89%)，沟渠(4%)，建运河(2%)，疏导(2%)，气管(2%)，食管(1%)
→词源同cane, 芦苇。引申义笔直的人工河。
n.运河;(沟)渠In the canal, the Canadian analyzed the bananas.在运河里,那个加拿大人化验了香蕉.
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a long thin stretch of water which is artificially made either for boats to travel along or for taking water from one area to another 运河；渠
• The Panama Canal provides a crucial shipping link between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. 巴拿马运河是连接大西洋和太平洋至关重要的航道。
⇒ See also alimentary canal
n. [水运] 运河； [地理] 水道； [建] 管道；灌溉水渠
 - pipeline, klong

Word: grill
Front: grill
[grɪl] (高雅宝 5395/9117 -2)
Vocabulary: grill
(once / 1758 pages)
1vn 2v
Not all grilling involves fire and delicious food. Sometimes, to grill means to ask a person really intense questions, like when you suspect them of doing something wrong and you want to make them confess the truth.
Ever seen a film where a police officer puts a bright light in a criminal’s face and screams, “Did you do it?” That’s how you grill someone. You have to be tough on him, and not let him off the hook too easily. Being grilled means you are in the “hot seat,” and it’ll feel like you’re cooking from such a close examination. Better to grill than be grilled, but if you get caught — think of an alibi, quick!
WORD FAMILY
grill: grilled, grilling, grills+/grilling: grillings
USAGE EXAMPLES
It was a new grill, a Christmas gift from his parents.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“Sportsman” and the model type are printed on the side of the steering column and “Polaris” is printed near the front grill.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Weatherford Deputy Chief Chris Crawford says the officer and suspect scuffled in the parking lot of the Tequila Bar Y Grill prior to the shooting.
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 烧烤
vt. 拷问，盘问
n. 烤架; 烤肉; 格板; 烧烤餐馆
时态：grilled, grilling, grills
分布：烤架(82%)，铁格子(10%)，拷问(8%)
→来自sker, 弯，转，编织，词源同cradle, grate, grid. 因形似编织经纬网而得名。
【记】gr＝grow，ill：grill可以使你grow ill
noun countable (US also broiler)
■the surface in a cooker which can be heated to very high temperatures and under which you put food to be cooked （炉具的）烤架，焙盘
■a frame of metal bars over a fire on which food can be put to be cooked （置于火上的）烤架
■mainly US
■an informal restaurant 烧烤店；烧烤餐馆
[grɪl] verb transitive
COOK 烹调 (US also broil)
■to cook something by direct heat, especially under a very hot surface in a cooker 烧烤，烤制
• I grilled the sausages. 我烤了香肠。
[grɪl] verb transitive
QUESTION 审问
■to ask someone a lot of questions for a long time 盘问；审问；拷问
• After being grilled by the police for two days, Johnson signed a confession. 被警方审问了两天后，约翰逊在供状上签字认罪。
• Her parents would grill her about where she'd been. 从前她父母会盘问她到哪里去了。
vt. 烧，烤；烤问
 - carbonado, to roast
vi. 烧，烤；严加盘问
 - to roast
n. 烤架，铁格子；烤肉
 - gridiron, bulgogi

Word: unnecessary
Front: unnecessary
[ʌnˈnesəsəri] (四六 5396/3637 -K2)
Vocabulary: unnecessary
(once / 308 pages)
adj
Anything that is extra or not needed is unnecessary. Wearing long underwear in July is an unnecessary precaution against being cold.
If you don't need something, it's unnecessary. You take an unnecessary risk if you get in the car and don't bother to fasten your seatbelt. Driving your car when you could ride a bike instead is an unnecessary use of gasoline. If you keep dropping you pen in class, your teacher might say, "That's unnecessary." Walking your dog with two leashes is definitely unnecessary. That's obvious, but lots of times it's hard to tell what's necessary and what's unnecessary.
WORD FAMILY
unnecessary: unnecessarily+/ necessary: necessaries, necessarily, unnecessary
USAGE EXAMPLES
"Our mindset is, if you're doing business here in Indonesia, the spirit is to maintain stability. Don't create unnecessary volatility to create business," he added.
Reuters(Jan 03, 2017)
“Stop with the unnecessary questions. What about my breast?”
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
The federal government and private insurers are rewarding health care providers that work together to coordinate care and avoid unnecessary expenses.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 不必要的，多余的; 无用的，无益的; 无须
分布：不必要的(88%)，多余的(12%)
adjective
 IMPROVER
■not needed or wanted, or more than is needed or wanted 不必要的；多余的
• I found a lot of the violence in the film totally unnecessary. 我发现这部电影中有很多完全不必要的暴力场面。
• The idea is to kill the animal as quickly as possible without causing unnecessary suffering. 该主张是要尽快杀死动物，不致引起不必要的痛苦。
■describes an offensive remark or action that could have been avoided （具有冒犯性的言论或行为）不必要的，不应该的
• He just humiliated her in front of everyone - it was so unnecessary. 他就在众人面前羞辱她——这太不合适了。
adj. 不必要的；多余的，无用的
 - spare, useless, waste, needless, redundant

Word: champagne
Front: champagne
[ʃæmˈpeɪn] (研雅 5400/3557 -2)
Vocabulary: champagne
(once / 1430 pages)
n
Champagne is a bubbly white wine that people often drink to celebrate happy occasions. When you pull the cork out of a bottle of champagne, it makes a loud pop.
Traditionally, the sparkling wine known as champagne came from a specific region of France and was made from certain grapes grown there. Some people now call any sparkling wine champagne, but most champagnes are made following certain rules and traditions. A champagne glass is called a flute, and it's tall and narrow with a long stem. The word champagne is short for vin de Champagne, "wine made in Champagne."
WORD FAMILY
champagne: champagnes
USAGE EXAMPLES
The confrontation escalated inside when somebody in Williams’s group sprayed champagne in celebration.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Traditionally, the ashes are then drunk dissolved in champagne.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
The confrontation escalated inside when somebody in Williams’ group sprayed champagne in celebration.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 香槟酒; 香槟酒色; 平原; 平野
分布：香槟酒(93%)，香槟色(7%)
→因产自法国Champagne郡而得名。地名来自camp, 平原，平地。
n.香槟酒;微黄色
[ʃæm'peɪn/ (UK old-fashioned informal champers)
noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■an expensive white or pink fizzy (= with bubbles) wine made in the Champagne area of Eastern France, or, more generally, any similar wine. Champagne is often drunk to celebrate something 香槟酒
• We always celebrate our wedding anniversary with a bottle of champagne. 我们总是用一瓶香槟酒来庆祝我们的结婚纪念日。
• The champagne corks were popping (= Bottles of champagne were opened) when Guy got his new job. 盖伊找到新工作时，一瓶瓶香槟酒砰砰打开了。
n. [食品] 香槟酒；香槟酒色
 - bubbly

Word: regression
Front: regression
[rɪˈgreʃn] (5403/7443)
Vocabulary: regression
(once / 23452 pages)
1n 2n
When you experience regression, you "go back" in some way. If you've been trying to break your sugar habit but one day eat several pieces of cake, that's regression.
Remember that the suffix -ion is added to a verb to make it into a noun, making regression the noun form of the verb "to regress." We can find regression, meaning "the act of going back," as far back as the late 1300s, from the Latin regressus, which means "a return." When you see all your old friends (and enemies) at a school reunion, you might experience regression and start acting like your younger self.
WORD FAMILY
regression: regressions+/ regress: regressed, regresses, regressing, regression, regressive / regressive: regressively
USAGE EXAMPLES
But when that continuity manifests itself in so many losses, with hefty signs of regression, it’s time to move on.
Washington Times(Dec 19, 2016)
The decline likely reflected a natural regression after home construction soared 27 percent to 1.34 million homes in October, the highest level since July 2007.
Seattle Times(Dec 16, 2016)
But we’ve seen this too many times this year — Seahawks’ wins that seemingly signal a turning point, only to be followed by regression and backsliding.
Seattle Times(Dec 15, 2016)
Back: n. 衰退; （尤指因催眠或精神疾患，或为逃避目前忧虑）回到从前; 回归; （统计学） 回归
分布：复原(62%)，退步(38%)
VERB
倒退;退步;退化
When people or things regress, they return to an earlier and less advanced stage of development.
例：...if your child regresses to babyish behaviour...如果你的孩子退行到婴儿状态
例：Such countries are not 'developing' at all, but regressing.这些国家根本不是在“发展中”，而是在倒退。
n. [统计] [数] 回归；退化；逆行；复原
 - recovery, degradation, returning, rehabilitation, deterioration

Word: flaw
Front: flaw
[flɔ:] (研六托雅宝 5399/8453 -1)
Vocabulary: flaw
(once / 728 pages)
nv
A flaw can be a sign of weakness or defect. If you try to make wings and fly off the roof but wind up crashing in the gutter, there's a flaw in your plan.
In the early 14th century, when the noun flaw was first recorded, it referred to a snowflake or spark of fire. That sense is now obsolete, and now we use flaw to describe shortcomings in either character or object. We all have flaws. It can also describe an intentional mark of imperfection. “You see,” said the dancer Martha Graham, “when weaving a blanket, an Indian woman leaves a flaw in the weaving of that blanket to let the soul out.”
WORD FAMILY
flaw: flawed, flawing, flawless, flaws+/ flawed: unflawed/ flawless: flawlessly, flawlessness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Deadlines are regularly set, and flaws are relentlessly investigated.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“The most underappreciated part of foreign policy,” Mr. Rhodes said, “is dealing with flawed partners.”
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Siegel’s claim reveals not only flawed logic, but also a basic inattention to facts.
Salon(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 瑕疵，缺点; 一阵狂风; 短暂的风暴; 裂缝，裂纹
v. 使生裂缝，使有裂纹; 使无效; 使有缺陷
vi. 生裂缝; 变的有缺陷
时态：flawed, flawing, flaws
分布：缺陷(78%)，瑕疵(15%)，裂缝(3%)，有瑕疵(2%)，使破裂(1%)，破绽(1%)
→词源不详。可能来自flake, 碎片。引申词义缺陷，缺点。
n.裂缝;缺陷v.使破裂;使有缺陷I can't find a flaw in his argument.在他的论点中, 我找不到任何破绽.
US [flɑ:] noun countable
■a fault, mistake or weakness, especially one that happens while something is being planned or made, or which causes something not to be perfect 错误；缺点；缺陷，瑕疵
• I returned the material because it had a flaw in it. 我退掉了那块布料，因为它有瑕疵。
• There's a fatal flaw in your reasoning. 你的推理有一处致命的缺陷。
• This report is full of flaws. 这个报告充满错谬。
• a character flaw 性格上的缺陷
UK [flɔ:] US [flɑ:] verb transitive
■to cause something to be not perfect 使有瑕疵
• A tiny mark flawed the otherwise perfect silk shirt. 一个小小的污点使本来完美无比的丝绸衬衫有了瑕疵。
mistake, flaw, shortcoming, error, defect, slip, fault, blunder
这组词都有“错误”的意思，其区别是：
mistake: 最普通用词，泛指思想上、行为上或认识上的判断或理解方面的错误。
flaw: 指结构或组织上的缺点，如破裂之处。用作比喻意义时，指品格上的缺陷。
shortcoming: 指没有达到所要求的标准、没有充分发展或没尽到职责的不足、缺点或短处。多用复数形式。
error: 指思想或行动背离正题轨道或没有得到正确指引而出现的偏差或错误。
defect: 普通用词。指表面上的缺陷，或指人或物本质上的缺点。
slip: 指因疏忽或无意而造成的差错。
fault: 一般指小并且可宽容的缺点、错误。
blunder: 通常指由于无知或情况不明造成判断或行动上的大错。
n. 瑕疵，裂纹；缺点；一阵狂风
 - checking, defect, deficiency, vice, fault
vt. 使无效；使破裂，使有缺陷
 - crack, fracture

Word: innocence
Front: innocence
[ˈɪnəsns] (宝 5397/5678 -2)
Vocabulary: innocence
(once / 349 pages)
1n 2n
Innocence means you’ve done nothing wrong. You’ve broken no laws, committed no sins, and are not guilty of any morally evil act. Well done.
In a courtroom, a defendant might announce their innocence, claiming they did not commit whatever crime they’re accused of. Innocence is very important in many religions, where your moral purity decides what happens to your soul after you die. The word comes from the Latin innocentia, which means “not harming” and someone with innocence will not harm themselves or others, at least not on purpose. Remember that there are no ss in innocence, so spell it with two cs.
WORD FAMILY
innocence: innocences+/innocency: innocencies/ innocent: innocence, innocency, innocently, innocents
USAGE EXAMPLES
“The loss of a child is a loss of innocence, of idealism,” Heisserer adds.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Relieved at my innocence, but amused by my stupidity, they laughed for roughly 17 years.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
He was convicted of bribery and extortion and served 19 months in prison, but he maintained his innocence and wrote a book about his experience.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 清白; 天真无邪; 无罪的人
分布：无罪(43%)，清白(38%)，天真无邪(10%)，无知(9%)
→来自innocent,无辜的，天真的。
无害;天真(in+noc+ence)[noc,nox=hurt,poison,表示"伤害,毒"]
无罪,天真(in无+noc伤害+ence...无罪)[-ence表名词"性质,状态"]
【记】innocent（adj 清白的；无罪的）in里面，no没有，cent硬币：口袋里没有硬币怎么会是小偷呢？他是无辜的。
【反】guilt（n 罪行；罪过）；culpable（有罪的）－innocent（adj 清白的）
noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■when someone is not guilty of a crime, or does not have much experience of life and does not know about the bad things that happen in life 无罪；天真；无辜
• She pleaded her innocence, but no one believed her. 她辩白自己是无辜的，但没有人相信她。
• He was led away, protesting his innocence (= saying he was not guilty). 他被带走时仍在申辩说自己无辜。
• She has a child-like innocence which I find very appealing. 她有一种孩子般的天真，我觉得很吸引人。
n. 清白，无罪；天真无邪
 - clean hands, blamelessness

Word: attribute
Front: attribute
[əˈtrɪbju:t] (研四六托雅宝 3346/3247 -2)
Vocabulary: attribute
(once / 167 pages)
1nv 2v
An attribute is a quality or characteristic given to a person, group, or some other thing. Your best attribute might be your willingness to help others, like when you stopped traffic so the duck family could cross the street.
Attribute comes from the Latin verb attribuere, which is made up the prefix ad, meaning "to," and tribuere meaning "give or bestow." As a verb, to attribute is to give credit, like if you attribute the A on your test to all that hard studying. In Greek and Roman mythology an attribute will often stand in for a character such as Zeus's lightning bolt or Poseidon's trident.
WORD FAMILY
attribute: attributable, attributed, attributes, attributing, attribution, attributive, reattribute+/ attributable: unattributable/ attribution: attributions/attributive: attributively/reattribute: reattributes
USAGE EXAMPLES
Choice period detail: A story about the boom in skiing attributes the sport’s popularity to innovations in “metal skis and stretch pants.”
Time(Jan 02, 2017)
It played like an average, unreliable squad that settles for decency, squints when the lights are bright and fails to maximize its best attributes.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Sometimes the voices people hear are not their own, and instead are attributed to a celestial source.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 认为…是; 把…归于; 把…品质归于某人; 认为某事[物]属于某人[物]
时态：attributed, attributing, attributes
分布：属性(95%)，特征(2%)，象征(1%)，标志(1%)，把 ... 归于(1%)
→前缀at-同ad-. tribute, 贡金，给予，词源同tribe, 部落。
归因于n.属性(at加强动作+tribute→[把原因]给出→归因)[tribut=give,表示"给予"]
v.(to)归因于,归属于n.属性,品质,特征Trivial tributes constitute the attribute of constituent's report.琐屑的颂词形成选民的报告的属性.
【参】attribution（n 归因）；distribute（vt 分发）；tribute（n 贡品）
【反】exculpate（v 使无罪）；attribute guilt（归罪）
noun countable /ˈæt.rɪ.bjuːt/
■a quality or characteristic that someone or something has 特性；特质；属性
• Organizational ability is an essential attribute for a good manager. 组织能力是一个出色经理必备的素质。
verb[əˈtrɪb.jʊt/ /-juːt]
  Phrasal Verbs  attribute sth to sb
■to think that someone or something has a particular quality or feature 将（某种特质）归属于（某人）；认为（某人）有（某种特性）
• I wouldn't dream of attributing such a lack of judgment to you. 我做梦也想不到你会如此缺乏判断力。
verb[əˈtrɪb.jʊt/ /-juːt]
  Phrasal Verbs  attribute sth to sb/sth ADVANCED
■to say or think that something is the result or work of something or someone else 把…归因于…；认为…由…产生；认为…是…所为
• The doctors have attributed the cause of the illness to an unknown virus. 医生们认为这种疾病是由一种未知的病毒引起。
• To what do you attribute this delay? 你认为造成这次延误的原因是甚么？
• Most experts have attributed the drawing to Michelangelo. 大多数专家认为这幅画出自米开朗基罗的手笔。
sign, emblem, symbol, token, attribute, mark, signal, badge
这组词都有“标志、象征、符号”的意思，其区别是：
sign: 普通用词，指人们公认事物的记号，也可指某种情况的征兆。
emblem: 指选定象征一个国家、民族或家庭等的图案或实物。
symbol: 指作象征或表达某种深邃意蕴的特殊事物。
token: 语气庄重，指礼品、纪念物等作为表示友谊、爱情等的象征或标志。
attribute: 指人或物及其地位、属性的象征。
mark: 普通用词，含义广泛。既可指方便于辨认而有意做的标记，又可指自然形成的标记或有别于他事物的特征。
signal: 指为某一目的而有意发出的信号。
badge: 一般指金属证章或写有姓名的带状标志物。
peculiarity, properity, quality, attribute, feature, characteristic, character, trait
这组词都有“特性、特点、品质”的意思，其区别是：
peculiarity: 指人或事物独具的或奇怪的特点，常带感情色彩。
properity: 多指同类事物所共有的特性，一般不用于指人。
quality: 最普通用词，既可指有形或无形的特性，又可指个性或共性的特征。
attribute: 通常指人主观赋予某事物的属性，可指典型事物。
feature: 指事物突出引人注目的特点。多用来说明人的容貌特征或地理特征。
characteristic: 指某人或某物天生有别于他人或他物的内部特质或外表特征。
character: 多指一类人或事物所具有的独特的典型的特征。
trait: 多指人的性格、心情的特征，尤指先天秉赋的持久的行为模式或性格特征。
attribute, ascribe
这两个动词均有“把……归于”之意。
attribute: 指出于相信而把……归于某人或某物，含较多的客观性。
ascribe: 指根据推论或猜想把……归于某人或某物，含主观臆断成分较重。
attribute, owe
attribute: 归因于；
owe: 归功于，用于“某人的好处应归功于”
peculiarity, quality, attribute, feature, property, characteristic, publicity, trait, character, popularity
peculiarity: 独具的或奇怪的特点，常带感情色彩；
quality: 既可指有形或无形的特性，又可指个性或共性的特征；
attribute: 通常指人主观赋予某事物的属性，可指典型事物
feature: 指事物突出引人注目的特点。多用来说明人的容貌特征或地理特征；
property: 多指同类事物所共有的特性，一般不用于指人；
characteristic: 指某人或某物天生有别于他人或他物的内部特质或外表特征；
publicity: 公开，宣传；
trait: 多指人的性格、心情的特征，尤指先天秉赋的持久的行为模式或性格特征；
character: 多指一类人或事物所具有的独特的典型的特征；
popularity: 普遍，流行；
n. 属性；特质
 - particularity, idiosyncracy
vt. 归属；把…归于
 - ascribe to

Word: evolutionary
Front: evolutionary
[ˌi:vəˈlu:ʃənri] (六托 5393/5490 -1)
Vocabulary: evolutionary
(once / 3076 pages)
adj
Evolutionary things have to do with how animals (or other things) change over time — this process of change is called evolution.
Scientists that study living things are interested in evolutionary changes in form or behavior. It's not always easy to put the evolutionary pieces together, and scientists often have to rely on fossils to tell the whole story of evolution. Usually, evolutionary changes happen because they help the organism survive and reproduce. Many evolutionary questions are non-physical: How did the domestication of dogs change the behavior of canines from an evolutionary standpoint? When you see the word evolutionary, think "change."
WORD FAMILY
evolutionary: evolutionarily+/ evolution: evolutionary, evolutionism, evolutions, microevolution/evolutionism: evolutionist / evolutionist: evolutionists/ evolve: evolution, evolved, evolves, evolving
USAGE EXAMPLES
This finding — that people are reflexively prone to “intergroup bias” in punishment — is consistent with what many scientists believe about humans’ evolutionary heritage.
New York Times(Dec 09, 2016)
If you look from an evolutionary perspective, you might see us a little more sympathetically.
Slate(Dec 26, 2016)
"Wow," adds Larry Stevens, an evolutionary ecologist at the Museum of Northern Arizona in Flagstaff.
Science Magazine(Dec 22, 2016)
Back: adj. 进化的
分布：进化的(81%)，发展的(14%)，演变的(5%)
US [-er-] adjective
■relating to the way in which living things develop over millions of years 进化的
■involving a gradual process of change and development 演变的；逐步发展的
• The change has been evolutionary rather than revolutionary. 这种变革是渐进的，而不是革命性的。
adj. 进化的；发展的；渐进的
 - growing, developmental, changing

Word: optimism
Front: optimism
[ˈɒptɪmɪzəm] (六雅宝 5401/6494 -2)
Vocabulary: optimism
(once / 503 pages)
n
Optimism is all about seeing the bright side of things. If you think it’s going to be a great day, even though the bills are due, you lost your wallet, and you forgot your lunch, then you're full of optimism.
Optimism is expecting that the best will happen. It comes from the Latin word optimus, which means "best." Even if you don’t think the very best thing will always happen, if you're generally given to optimism, you think things will get better instead of worse. The opposite of optimism is pessimism, which is the expectation that everything will go wrong, or is wrong.
WORD FAMILY
optimism: optimisms, optimist, optimistic +/ optimist: optimists/ optimistic: optimistically
USAGE EXAMPLES
The speakers at Heritage that day differed in the degree of optimism they allowed themselves.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Besides the optimism, the poll also found a lack of perceived catastrophe.
Salon(Jan 01, 2017)
The newcomers shared their adopted homeland's optimism about the journey ahead.
BBC(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 乐观; 乐观主义
分布：乐观(88%)，乐观主义(12%)
→来自optimum,最优，最佳，-ism,主义，思想。比喻用法。
乐观主义(aptim最好)[-ism名词1.表示"主义,宗教"2.表示"学术,流派"3.表示"行为,现象,状态"4.表示"疾病"5.表示"具备某种牲质"]
US ['ɑ:p.tə-] noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■being hopeful and emphasizing the good part of a situation rather than the bad part; the belief that good things will happen in the future 乐观；乐观主义
• There was a note of optimism in his voice as he spoke about the company's future. 谈到公司的未来，他语气里带着乐观情绪。
• Judging from your examination results, I think you have cause/grounds/reason for cautious optimism about getting a university place. 从你的考试成绩来看，我认为你有理由对在大学得到一席位持谨慎的乐观态度。
Opposite pessimism

Word: native
Front: native
[ˈneɪtɪv] (高研四六雅 1403/3140 -3)
Vocabulary: native
(once / 51 pages)
adjn
The word native has to do with where you're from. You're native to the country where you were born, and places have native plants and animals too.
Things that are native are indigenous — they were born there. This is where the term Native Americans comes from — they were on this land before Europeans came over. Native plants were originally in a place — they weren't transplanted. The same is true of native animals. Sometimes people born in a place are called natives, as in "You are a native of Cleveland." When you see the word native, think "born there."
WORD FAMILY
native: natively, nativeness, natives, nativity, nonnative+/ nativity: nativities
USAGE EXAMPLES
A new generation of social historians analyzed the concerns of marginalized groups — workers, women, free and enslaved African-Americans, and Native Americans, among others.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Native Americans used the land to hunt buffalo by guiding them over a sandstone cliff.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The bear-claw shaped ring of mountain peaks that form the caldera also is culturally significant to neighboring Native American tribes.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 本国的; 土著的; 天生的; 天真的，纯朴的
n. 当地人; 土著人; 当地产的动（植）物
分布：土著(34%)，本地人(25%)，当地的(12%)，本土的(11%)，本国的(10%)，本国人(8%)
→来自拉丁语nativus,出生，降生，来自gen,生育，出生，词源同gene,generate.引申词义本土的，当地的。
本地人(nat出生)[-ive 1.表形容词2.表名词后缀,"人或物"]
a.本地的,本国的;天生的n.本地人,本国人The native has no nationality; he is an international man.这个土著没有国籍,他是一个国际人.
US [-tˌɪv] adjective
 IMPROVER [before noun]
■relating to or describing someone's country or place of birth or someone who was born in a particular country or place 出生国的；出生地的；土生土长的
• She returned to live and work in her native Japan. 她回到她的出生地日本生活和工作。
• She's a native Californian. 她是土生土长的加州人。
 IMPROVER
■describes plants and animals which grow naturally in a place, and have not been brought there from somewhere else （动植物）原产于（某地）的，土生的
• Henderson Island in the Pacific has more than 55 species of native flowering plants. 太平洋的亨德森岛上有超过55种土生的开花植物。
• The horse is not native to America - it was introduced by the Spanish. 马不是美洲原产的动物——是西班牙人带来的。
 IMPROVER [before noun]
■relating to the first people to live in an area 土著的，土著人的
• The Aborigines are the native inhabitants of Australia. 是指澳大利亚的土著居民。
• the native population 土著人口
• native customs and traditions 土著风俗传统
⇒ See also indigenous
your native language/tongue
 IMPROVER
■the first language that you learn 母语
• French is his native tongue. 法语是他的母语。
[before noun]
■A native ability or characteristic is one that a person or thing has naturally and is part of their basic character 天生的，与生俱来的
• his native wit 他与生俱来的智慧
⇒ See also innate
UK ['neɪ.tɪv] US [-tˌɪv] adjective
go native disapproving or humorous
■If a person who is in a foreign country goes native, they begin to live and/or dress like the people who live there. 入乡随俗
UK ['neɪ.tɪv] US [-tˌɪv] noun countable
■a person who was born in a particular place, or a plant or animal that lives or grows naturally in a place and has not been brought from somewhere else 本地人；土生植物；本地的动物
• a native of Monaco 摩纳哥当地人
• The red squirrel is a native of Britain. 红松鼠原产于英国。
■offensive old-fashioned
■someone who lived in a country, especially in Africa, before Europeans went there （尤指非洲的）土著，土人
UK ['neɪ.tɪv] US [-tˌɪv] noun countable
  Common Learner Errors  nativeWarning: one of the meanings of the noun native is offensive and old-fashioned. To talk about the people who live in a particular place, don't say 'natives', say local people :
✗ The best way to learn the language is to get to know the natives. The best way to learn the language is to get to know the local people.
citizen, native, civilian, resident, inhabitant
这组词都有“居民，公民”的意思，其区别是：
citizen: 指拥有某国国籍或有某地区合法身份的人，即公民。
native: 指土生土长的本地居民。
civilian: 指相对于军人或官员的平民百姓。
resident: 多指长期居住或暂时居住的民民，有时也指旅居者。
inhabitant: 最普通用词，一般指常住居民。
individual, native, people, inhabitant
individual: 个人，有某种特点的人
native: 本地人，出生于某国（或某地）的人
people: 民族，种族，部落
inhabitant: （某地的）居民
adj. 本国的； [生物] 土著的；天然的；与生俱来的；天赋的
 - crude, inherent
n. 本地人；土产；当地居民
 - indigen, local product

Word: skinny
Front: skinny
[ˈskɪni] (5402/12497 -1)
Back: adj. 极瘦的，皮包骨的; 紧身的; 小气的; 皮的，皮质的
级别：skinnier, skinniest
分布：皮的(45%)，皮包骨头的(37%)，很瘦的(18%)
→skin,皮肤，-y,形容词后缀。引申诸相关词义。
adjective
THIN 瘦的 mainly disapproving
■very thin 非常瘦的，皮包骨的
• You should eat more, you're much too skinny. 你应该多吃点，你太瘦了。
['skɪn.i] adjective
FOOD AND DRINK 食品和饮料 US informal
■low in fat 低脂的
• a skinny latte 低脂牛奶咖啡
n. 机密情报；内部消息；小道消息
 - classified information, confidential information
adj. 皮的；皮包骨的；紧身的；小气的
 - cheap, leather

Word: posture
Front: posture
[ˈpɒstʃə(r)] (研托雅宝 5406/7029 -2)
Vocabulary: posture
(once / 719 pages)
1nv 2n
Posture is the way you position your body or arrange your limbs. So stand up straight, put your shoulders back, and lift that chin up.
Ballerinas have an elegant, graceful posture, and soldiers tend to display a rigid, strong posture. If you sit hunched over your desk every day you'll end up with terrible posture. This noun describes the way you carry yourself, but can also describe a certain body position you take, like the different postures in yoga. If you're accused of posturing though, that's a different story — that means you're behaving unnaturally to impress someone.
WORD FAMILY
posture: postural, postured, postures, posturing+/posturing: posturings
USAGE EXAMPLES
But other Navy officials, who spoke on background with The Times, said nerves are on edge over Mr. Duterte’s negative posturing toward the U.S.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Last month he also seemed to reset U.S. nuclear policy via Twitter, saying the country needs to update its nuclear posture.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Reactive hyperbole may not be the best posture from which to intelligently and strategically fight Trumpism.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 姿势; 看法; 态度; 立场
vt. 做出某种姿势
时态：postured, posturing, postures
分布：姿势(83%)，态度(13%)，情形(2%)，摆架子(1%)，作 ... 姿势(1%)
→来自拉丁语positura,姿势，位置，来自ponere,放置，词源同position.
n.姿势,姿态,心态,态度v.作出某种姿势Good posture is important for health.好的姿势对健康是重要的.
【记】源于pose摆姿势
【反】behave naturally（举止自然）
US ['pɑ:s.tʃɚ] noun
POSITION OF BODY 身体姿态
countable or uncountable
■the way in which someone usually holds their shoulders, neck and back, or a particular position in which someone stands, sits, etc 姿态，仪态；姿势
• She's got very good/bad posture. 她仪态优美／极不优美。
• He always adopts/assumes (= moves into) the same posture for the cameras. 他在镜头前总是摆出同样的姿势。
UK ['pɒs.tʃər] US ['pɑ:s.tʃɚ] noun
OPINION 观点
countable usually singular
■a way in which a government or other organization thinks about and/or deals with a particular matter 态度；立场；处理方式
• For the third time this week the opposition has attacked the government's posture on defence. 本周反对派已是第三次攻击政府的国防政策了。
• The tone of the feminist speakers suggested they were adopting a rather defensive posture. 女权主义发言人的口气显示她们的戒心相当重。
n. 姿势；态度；情形
 - behavior, status
vi. 摆姿势
 - pose

Word: systematic
Front: systematic
[ˌsɪstəˈmætɪk] (高研四六托雅 5408/4045 -2)
Vocabulary: systematic
(once / 626 pages)
adj
Systematic describes something that is planned out and careful. In your systematic search for your mother's car keys, you start in one room, looking everywhere from bottom to top before moving to the next room.
Use the adjective systematic to describe things that are orderly and efficient. The Latin root of systematic is systema, an arrangement or system. Think about a multi-step process that you have found the fastest and best way to complete — you do it over and over. You might be systematic about packing for a long trip or the way you travel up and down the aisles at a grocery store, probably with a list in your hand.
WORD FAMILY
systematic: systematically, systematism, unsystematic+/subsystem: subsystems/ system: subsystem, systematic, systematise, systematize, systemise, systemize, systems/systematisation: systematisations/systematise: systematisation, systematised, systematiser, systematises, systematising/systematiser: systematisers/systematism: systematist/systematist: systematists/systematization: systematizations/systematize: systematization, systematized, systematizer, systematizes, systematizing/systematizer: systematizers/systemise: systemiser, systemising/systemize: systemized, systemizer, systemizing/unsystematic: unsystematically
USAGE EXAMPLES
That is, government should provide, as an act of grace — systematic grace — a role for parents in raising their children.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
But as officials communicated their sense of resigned acceptance, they also expressed disinterest in assigning specific accountability for systematic transgressions.
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
“That is not just a petty crime. To do that 25 times is a systematic crime of great magnitude.”
Seattle Times(Dec 21, 2016)
Back: adj. 有系统的，有规则的; 有条不紊的; 有步骤的; 一贯的，惯常的
分布：有系统的(61%)，有条理的(15%)，体系的(13%)，分类的(11%)
→system,系统，体系，-atic,形容词后缀。
a.(systematical)系统的,有组织的The systematic items stem from the walker's talk about the chalk.这些系统的条款来源于步行者关于粉笔的谈话.
【记】system（n 系统），atic
【反】haphazard（adj 偶然的）
US [-'mæ-] adjective
■using a fixed and organized plan 有条理的，有系统的，有计划的
• approving We've got to be a bit more systematic in the way that we approach this task. 我们应该更具条理地完成这项任务。
• disapproving We're hearing reports of the systematic rape and torture of prisoners. 我们听到一些报道提及囚犯们受到蓄意强暴和折磨。
adj. 系统的；体系的；有系统的； [图情] 分类的
 - scientific, classified

Word: demon
Front: demon
[ˈdi:mən] (5407/7821 -1)
Vocabulary: demon
(once / 389 pages)
n
A demon is an evil, mythical monster or spirit. Stories about demons are featured in a variety of different religious traditions.
You might come across a demon in a supernatural fairy tale, or even in the Christian Bible. Demons are often interchangeable with devils, and both words are sometimes used to talk about a cruel, fiendish person. If you're extremely good at something, you also might be described as a demon: "She's a demon at bowling." The Greek root, daimon, doesn't have the same negative connotations — it means "spirit or deity."
WORD FAMILY
demon: demonic, demonise, demonism, demonize, demons+/ demonic: demonically/demonise: demonisation, demonised/demonism: demonolatry/demonization: demonizations/demonize: demonization, demonized, demonizes, demonizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
My mom’s own body-image demons clouded her ability to determine what was truly best for my body.
Salon(Jan 01, 2017)
It is we who are the true monsters and brutes and demons and wild things, not them.
Salon(Dec 30, 2016)
Northwestern State: The Lady Demons entered the game with a 79.6 percent showing from the free-throw line, which ranked 6th in the nation.
Washington Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 魔鬼; 恶魔; 精力过人的人; 邪念
分布：恶魔(65%)，魔鬼(32%)，精力充沛的人(2%)，高手(1%)
→来自da, 分开，分配，命运的分配者。原指神灵，后词义贬义化，指魔鬼。
noun
countable
■an evil spirit 恶魔，魔鬼
countable usually singular approving
■a person who does a particular activity with great skill or energy 技法纯熟者；干劲十足的人
• She works like a demon. 她工作起来很拼命。
• Stefan has a demon serve. 史提芬的发球威力很大。
countable
■a person who behaves very badly 坏蛋；淘气鬼
• humorous That's the last time I look after her kids - I'll be glad when the little demons go home. 这是我最后一次帮她带孩子——真希望她快把这帮小坏蛋带回家。
countable
■a negative feeling which causes you to worry or behave badly 灰暗心理，颓废心理
• She had her demons and, later in life, they drove her to drink. 她精神颓废，后来染上了酗酒恶习。
['di:.mən] noun
the demon drink (US the demon alcohol) humorous
■alcohol and its unpleasant effects 邪恶的酒精
n. 恶魔；魔鬼；精力充沛的人；邪恶的事物
 - devil, Iblis

Word: resulting
Front: resulting
[rɪ'zʌltɪŋ] (5412/4634)
Back: adj. 作为结果的，因而发生的
v. 发生( result的现在分词 ); 导致; 随着发生; 结果发生
分布：结果的(82%)，动词result的现在分词.(18%)
(formal resultant)
adjective [before noun]
■caused by the event or situation which you have just mentioned 因而发生的；作为结果的
• The tape was left near a magnetic source, and the resulting damage was considerable. 磁带放在了靠近磁源的地方，因此导致了严重损坏。
adj. 作为结果的
 - consequent
v. 致使（result的ing形式）；产生
 - giving

Word: inclusion
Front: inclusion
[ɪnˈklu:ʒn] (5409/5156)
Vocabulary: inclusion
(once / 3335 pages)
1n 2n
Inclusion is the act of including someone in something, like a school, club, or team.
If you are familiar with the word include — meaning to make someone or something a part of something larger — then inclusion should make sense. You might be happy at your inclusion on the school's volleyball team. The inclusion of an actor in a movie is exciting. When there's a new President, people wait and see who will earn inclusion in the cabinet. In biology, an inclusion body is a very small body found within another on the cellular level.
WORD FAMILY
inclusion: inclusions+/ include: included, includes, including, inclusion, inclusive / inclusive: inclusively
USAGE EXAMPLES
Kimberly Bathgate, a spokeswoman for the Pennsylvania court system, said the outcome was reported to state police for inclusion in its criminal history database.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
It’s a Wonderful Life deserves a kind of peripheral inclusion here, for being where inspirational triangulates with the weepie and the Christmas film.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
At this point the inclusion of this animated Netflix series on various Best of TV lists seems obligatory.
Salon(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 包含; 内含物
分布：包含(100%)
N-VAR
包括;包含
Inclusion is the act of making a person or thing part of a group or collection.
例：...a confident performance which justified his inclusion in the team.证明他入选该队当之无愧的自信表现
例：...the inclusion of the term 'couplehood' in a Dictionary of New Words.couplehood (夫妻之道)这一词条被收入《新词词典》
n. 包含； [细胞] 内含物
 - containing, involved in, involvement, comprehension

Word: rehearsal
Front: rehearsal
[rɪˈhɜ:sl] (研四六雅宝 5413/5643 -2)
Vocabulary: rehearsal
(once / 1029 pages)
n
A rehearsal is a practice, especially for a performance of some kind. You're likely to be nervous about your magic show if the rehearsal goes badly.
When you practice for a play, read your speech in front of a mirror, or go through a dance performance before the big show, you're taking part in a rehearsal. Any kind of practice session can be called a rehearsal, like a wedding rehearsal or a musician's rehearsal. The Old French root of rehearsal is rehercier, "go over again." Originally, rehearsal just meant "to say something over again;" in the mid-1500s it began to also mean "practice a play."
WORD FAMILY
rehearsal: rehearsals+/ rehearse: rehearsal, rehearsed, rehearses, rehearsing/rehearsed: unrehearsed
USAGE EXAMPLES
Conservatives openly touted that bill as a “dress rehearsal” for the future.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Verbal rehearsal of material—the shopping list you recite as you walk the aisles of a supermarket—is part of our working memory system.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Only two complete rehearsals were held of Beethoven’s complex new work.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 排练，排演; 彩排，演习; 复述，详述
分布：彩排(54%)，排练(46%)
n.排练,排演,演习,预演,试演After the rehearsal, the weary mechanic repaired the gears with shears and spear.排练完后,疲倦的机修工用剪刀和矛修理了齿轮装置.
【记】re反复，hear听，sal：反复听自己唱歌－排练
【反】impromptu（adj 即席的；未经准备地）－carefully rehearsed（仔细排练的）
US [-'hɝ:-] noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■a time when all the people involved in a play, dance, etc. practise in order to prepare for a performance 排练；排演
• They didn't have time for (a) rehearsal before the performance. 他们演出前根本就没有时间排练。
• He's a producer with three plays in rehearsal. 他是个制片人，他的三部剧现在都在排演中。
n. 排演；预演；练习；训练；叙述
 - relation, statement, training, discipline, practice

Word: reassure
Front: reassure
[ˌri:əˈʃʊə(r)] (研六托雅 5411/4529 -2)
Vocabulary: reassure
(once / 415 pages)
v
When we reassure other people, we pat them on the head, give them a hug, or say soothing words to convince them that everything is going to be OK.
When someone thinks they aren't smart enough, strong enough, or good enough for something, you reassure them to build their confidence up. Folks who worry a lot need to be reassured all the time, though they might not really believe your reassurances. People can also be reassured by things that happen too: an A on a paper could reassure a student that he's a good writer.
WORD FAMILY
reassure: reassurance, reassured, reassures, reassuring +/ assurance: assurances, self-assurance/ assure: assurance, assured, assures, assuring, reassure / assured: assuredest, assuredly, assuredness, self-assured, unassured/ assuring: assuringly/reassurance: reassurances/ reassured: reassuredly/ reassuring: reassuringly, unreassuring/unreassuring: unreassuringly
USAGE EXAMPLES
“As physicians, our main job is to reassure patients.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Obviously, this reassuring vision no longer describes the real world, if it ever did.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
But one expert says if the sector is achieve its potential, consumers need to be reassured that the risks do not outweigh the benefits.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 使安心，使消除疑虑; 再对…进行保险; 再保证
时态：reassured, reassuring, reassures
分布：再保证(75%)，使…安心(25%)
→re-,再，重新，assure,确信。
消除某人疑虑(re+assure放心)[re-①表示"向后,相反,不"②表示"一再,重新"]
使确信,使放心(re再+assure确信→再次使人确信)[sur=sure表示"肯定"]
v.使安心,使放心;使消除疑虑People are reassured.人心安定了.
US [-'ʃʊr] verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to comfort someone and stop them from worrying 使安心；使打消疑虑；安慰
• [+ to infinitive] I was nervous on my first day at college, but I was reassured to see some friendly faces. 踏进大学的第一天我很紧张，但是当我看到那么多友善的脸孔，心里感到踏实多了。
• [+ (that)] He reassured me (that) my cheque would arrive soon. 他安慰我说我的支票很快就会到了。

Word: great
Front: great
[greɪt] (中高 160/129 -K5)
Vocabulary: great
(once / 5 pages)
nadj
As an adjective great describes things that are very good, large, or important — like a great movie, a great forest, or a great battle that changed the course of a war.
Great can also be a noun: a person who is a legend in his or her field, like Aretha Franklin, a soul great, or Wayne Gretzky — a hockey great who became known as "the Great One." Only a few people qualify for the distinction of being a great — it takes a remarkable talent that continues to awe people long after the person's heyday.
WORD FAMILY
great: greater, greatly, greatness, greats+/greatness: greatnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
But to be a great 3-point team, great shooters are also necessary.
New York Times(Jan 03, 2017)
The author shows great insight plumbing Karen’s constant need for approval.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
In the Beatles Anthology, McCartney described Mr. Williams as “a great guy, a really good motivator.”
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 伟大的，杰出的; 优异的，显著的; 很多的; 重大的
adv. [口语]很好地; 令人满意地，成功地，顺利地; 得意地
n. 大人物们; 伟大人物; 重要人物，大师; 名家
级别：greater, greatest
分布：伟大的(70%)，重要的(12%)，很好的(9%)，大量的(6%)，美好的(3%)
→来自ghreu, 刮，磨，词源同gravel, grit. 原义为刮下来粗糙的，大块的，词义褒义化。
a.伟大的;重要的;大量的;很好的;美好的The healer reveals an appealing fact that health is great wealth to the commonwealth.医治者揭示一个吸引人的事实:健康是联邦的巨大财富.
adjective
BIG 大的
 ESSENTIAL
■large in amount, size or degree 大量的；巨大的；强烈的
• an enormous great hole 巨大的洞
• A great crowd had gathered outside the President's palace. 一大群人聚集在总统官邸外面。
• The improvement in water standards over the last 50 years has been very great. 过去50年，水质有了很大的提高。
• A great many people would agree. 很多人会表示赞同。
• The great majority of (= Almost all) people would agree. 绝大多数人都会表示赞同。
• formal It gives us great pleasure to announce the engagement of our daughter Maria. 我们非常高兴地宣布我们的女儿玛利亚订婚了。
• formal It is with great sorrow that I inform you of the death of our director. 我万分悲痛地通知您我们院长逝世的消息。
• I have great sympathy for you. 我对你深表同情。
• I spent a great deal of time there. 我在那里渡过了很长时间。
[before noun]
■used in names, especially to mean large or important （用在名称中，尤用于表示大或重要）大
• a Great Dane (= large type of dog) 大丹尼犬
• Catherine the Great 凯瑟琳大帝（指叶卡捷琳娜二世）
• the Great Wall of China 中国万里长城
• the Great Bear (= group of stars) 大熊星座
[greɪt] adjective
FAMOUS 著名的
 ESSENTIAL approving
■famous, powerful, or important as one of a particular type 卓越的；伟大的；杰出的；重大的
• a great politician/leader/artist/man/woman 伟大的政治家／领导人／艺术家／人／女性
• This is one of Rembrandt's greatest paintings. 这是伦勃朗最杰出的油画作品之一。
• Who do you think is the greatest modern novelist? 你认为谁是最伟大的现代小说家？
[greɪt] adjective
EXTREME 极大的
 ESSENTIAL
■extreme 极大的；极度的
• great success/difficulty 巨大的胜利／极度困难
[greɪt] adjective
GOOD 好的
 IMPROVER informal
■very good 美妙的；好极的；很棒的
• a great idea 好主意
• We had a great time last night at the party. 昨晚聚会上我们玩得非常开心。
• It 's great to see you after all this time! 分开那么长时间，再见到你真是太高兴了！
• "I'll lend you the car if you like." "Great! Thanks a lot!" “要是你想驾驶的话，我可以把车借给你。”“那太好了！多谢！”
• "What's your new teacher like?" "Oh, he's great." “你的新老师怎样？”“噢，他非常好。”
• "How are you feeling now?" "Great." “现在你的感觉怎样？”“太好了。”
■informal
■used to mean that something is very bad （用于表示某事非常糟糕）真棒，真绝，真好
• Oh great ! That's all I need - more bills! 嘿，真绝！该遇上的全遇上了——又来帐单了！
[greɪt] adjective
be a great one for sth
■to enjoy or do something a lot 酷爱，乐于；惯于做
• He's a great one for getting other people to do his work for him, old Peter! 彼得这老家伙，总是差遣人替他工作！
[greɪt] adjective
go great guns old-fashioned informal
■to go fast or successfully 做得快；顺利；成功
• For the first 400 metres he was going great guns, but then he fell and that lost him the race. 前400米他跑得很顺利，但后来摔了一跤，导致他输掉了比赛。
[greɪt] adjective
great minds think alike humorous
■said to someone just after you have discovered that they have had the same idea as you 英雄所见略同
[greɪt] adjective
no great shakes informal
■not very good 并不太好的；不怎么样的；并不高明的
• I'm afraid I am no great shakes as a cook/ at cooking ! 恐怕我对烹饪不太在行！
[greɪt] adverb [before noun] adjective informal
 ADVANCED
■used to emphasize the meaning of another word （表示强调）
• a great big spider 巨型蜘蛛
• a great long queue 排得特别长的队
• You great idiot! 你这个大傻瓜！
• Pat's a great friend of mine. 派特是我的好朋友。
[greɪt] noun countable
■a famous person in a particular area of activity 伟人；大人物；名人
• former tennis great Arthur Ashe 前网坛名将亚瑟‧阿什
• Woody Allen, one of the all-time greats of the cinema 伍迪‧艾伦，有史以来最伟大的电影巨擘之一
[greɪt] noun countable
the great and the good UK
■important people 大人物；要人
• The great and the good are calling on the Government to support the arts. 要人们呼吁政府支持艺术发展。
great, grand, big, large
这组词都有“大的”的意思，其区别是：
great: 普通用词，可指具体东西的“大”，但更常指事物的重要，人的行为、品格的伟大等，带一定的感情色彩。
grand: 侧重指盛大、绝大，有气派。
big: 常用词，使用广泛，较口语化。多指体积、重量或容量等方面的“大”，有时也用于描写抽象之物。
large: 普通用词，含义广，指体积、面积、容量、数量以及程度等方面的大，具体或抽象意义均可用。
adj. 伟大的，重大的；极好的，好的；主要的
 - important, wonderful, excellent, famous, significant
n. 大师；大人物；伟人们
 - artist, somebody, master

Word: invoke
Front: invoke
[ɪnˈvəʊk] (托宝 5414/5725 -1)
Vocabulary: invoke
(once / 589 pages)
1v 2v
To invoke is to call up something such as a law, a higher power, or even a ghost. In court, you might invoke the Fifth Amendment (the right not to say something that will make you look bad) if you don't want to talk.
You can invoke all kinds of people or ideas, alive or dead: "She invokes the spirit of good writing when she proofreads her work." In a time of need, you might invoke a higher power. You could invoke Martin Luther King when talking about equal rights. You might even invoke the spirit of your dead cat at a séance. Just make sure you don't evoke (to bring on a strong emotional reaction) your dead cat; that would just be weird.
WORD FAMILY
invoke: invocation, invoked, invokes, invoking+/ invocation: invocations
USAGE EXAMPLES
She invoked Trump’s victory speech pledging to be “president for all Americans,” not just those who voted for him.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
President Vladimir Putin invoked a bit of seasonal enchantment in his New Year’s Eve remarks to the nation.
Time(Jan 01, 2017)
Looking back at 2016, it’s remarkable how often the year was invoked as an argument against its own events.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 乞灵，祈求; 提出或授引…以支持或证明; 召鬼; 借助
时态：invoked, invoking, invokes
分布：请求(37%)，援引(31%)，引起(16%)，求助(9%)，乞灵于(7%)
→in-,进入，使，-vok,说，祈求，词源同voice,evoke.即召唤神灵，祈求神灵，引申词义援引，提及。
请求,使[使[法规]生效(in进+vok+e喊进去→请求)[voc,vok=call,voice表示"叫喊,声音"]
【记】in进入，voke喊－进门大喊－恳求
【参】invocation（n 祈祷）；revoke（vt 撤回；废除）
【反】suspend（v 暂停）
US [-'voʊk] formal
verb transitive
■to request or use a power outside yourself, especially a law or a god, to help you when you want to improve a situation 求助于，借助于（尤指法律或神灵）
• Police can invoke the law of trespass to regulate access to these places. 员警可以借助有关非法侵入的法律来约束人们进入这些地方。
• Their sacred dance is performed to invoke ancient gods. 他们表演圣舞以祈求古代神灵保佑。
■to make someone have a particular feeling or remember something 唤起，引起，使记起
vt. 调用；祈求；引起；恳求
 - attract, produce, cause, operate, occasion

Word: discard
Front: discard
[dɪsˈkɑ:d] (研四六托雅宝 5416/5943 -2)
Vocabulary: discard
(once / 714 pages)
nv
When you discard something, you get rid of it. If your closet is overflowing with clothes you haven't worn since 1992, why not discard some of them?
When the verb discard first entered the English language in the sixteenth century, it referred to card playing and meant “to throw a card away.” Discard is still used to describe getting rid of unlucky cards, but today, you’ll also hear it used in a broader sense — we discard, or throw away, things that are undesirable or no longer useful. You might discard a worn out shoe, for example.
WORD FAMILY
discard: discarded, discarding, discards
USAGE EXAMPLES
If his former England striker was, once again, Moyes’s saviour, Liverpool’s Sadio Mané discarded two points with a ludicrous handball.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Discarded plastic bottles containing meth-making residue are dangerous to handle.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The reality is closer to the latter: The Baltimore artist depicts discarded plants, left to wither.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vt. 丢弃，抛弃; 解雇; 出牌
n. 被抛弃的人[物]; 丢弃，抛弃; 打出的牌; 打出的牌
vi. 出无用的牌; 垫牌
时态：discarded, discarding, discards
分布：抛弃(48%)，丢弃(46%)，丢牌(5%)，废牌(1%)
→dis-, 不，非，使相反。card, 卡片，牌。即丢牌，引申义丢弃。
丢弃,抛弃(dis+card扔→扔出去)[dis-①表示"不,消失掉"②表示"分开,分离"]
放弃,抛弃(dis去掉+card+把[废纸]扔掉→抛弃)[card,chart=paper表示"纸片"]
vt.丢弃,抛弃,遗弃I can hardly pardon his discarding the hardware and cardboard in the harbour.我简直不能原谅他在港口丢弃五金和硬纸板.
【记】dis消除，card牌：原指垫牌－出一张花色不同于先前牌的牌（除了王牌）
【反】retain（vt 保持；保留）
US [-'skɑ:rd] verb
transitive
■to throw something away or get rid of it because you no longer want or need it 抛弃，扔掉
• Discarded food containers and bottles littered the streets. 街上到处都是被丢弃的食品包装和瓶子。
intransitive or transitive
■to get rid of a card you are holding during a card game 出（牌）
UK [dɪ'skɑ:d] US [-'skɑ:rd] noun countable
■in a card game, a card that you have got rid of 出掉的牌
shed, scrap, discard
这组词都有“抛弃、丢弃”的意思，其区别是：
shed: 指毛发、皮肤、叶等经过某种自然的过程而脱落。
scrap: 指抛弃过时不再有用的东西。
discard: 指把具体的东西抛掉不要，着重扔、丢的动作。
missing, discard, ignore
missing: 错过
discard: 舍弃
ignore: 忽视
preclude, discard, abandon, eliminate, abolish, dismiss
preclude: 排除
discard: 丢弃，抛弃（可指人也可指物）
abandon: 放弃（某物）
eliminate: 消除，淘汰
abolish: （依法）废除
dismiss: 解雇
vt. 抛弃；放弃；丢弃
 - yield, desert, quit
vi. 放弃
 - fall out of, render up, to renounce, to abandon, to give up
n. 抛弃；被丢弃的东西或人
 - rejection, abandonment

Word: tub
Front: tub
[tʌb] (研四六托 5418/8657 -1)
Back: n. 澡盆; 桶; 矿车
vt. 把…装入桶; 为…洗盆浴
vi. 洗盆浴
分布：浴盆(43%)，桶(39%)，洗澡(17%)，装入桶(1%)
→词源不详。
n.木盆,澡盆He always has a cold tub in summer.他夏天经常洗冷水澡.
noun countable
CONTAINER 容器
■a large round container with a flat base and an open top 盆；缸
• Outside was a stone patio with tubs of flowering plants. 外面是一个石砌的露台，上面摆着一盆盆开着花的植物。
• We've got a tub for compost at the bottom of our garden. 我们家花园的尽头有个盛堆肥的缸。
■a small plastic container with a lid, used for storing food （盛食物的塑胶有盖）小桶，小杯
• a tub of ice cream/margarine 一杯霜淇淋／一小桶人造奶油
[tʌb] noun countable
BATH 浴缸 US for bath
• It's good to sink into a hot tub at the end of a hard day's work. 一天劳累之后，泡在盛满热水的浴缸里真舒服。
n. 浴盆；桶
 - bath, barrel

Word: restraint
Front: restraint
[rɪˈstreɪnt] (研四六托宝 5419/4343 -2)
Vocabulary: restraint
(once / 391 pages)
1n 2n
Restraint is the act of holding something back. For example, if you exercise restraint over your emotions, you won't burst out into tears in public.
As you may have guessed from its similar spelling, the word restraint comes from the verb restrain, which in turn comes from the Latin word restringere, meaning "draw back tightly, confine, check." When talking about an object, a restraint is a device used to maintain control of something. For example, if your leg is operated on, the doctors will use a restraint to hold it still.
WORD FAMILY
restraint: restraints, self-restraint, unrestraint+/ restrain: restrained, restrainer, restraining, restrains, restraint / restrained: restrainedly, unrestrained /restrainer: restrainers/restraining: self-restraining/ unrestrained: unrestrainedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Restraints disappear, and the field is open to the most expansive claims and the most implacable actors,” he writes.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Due to budgetary restraints, though, Walmart is no longer able to create those special positions.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
That will require restraint on the part of the government of President Bashar al-Assad, the Syrian opposition, the Iranians and the Russians.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 抑制，克制; 控制，限制; 拘束; 约束力
分布：克制(76%)，抑制(16%)，束缚(8%)
→来自 restrain,限制，约束，-t,过去分词格，此处形容词作名词。
抑制,限制[stirain,striet,string=tighten,表示"拉紧"]
n.抑制,制止She talked to me without restraint.她毫无拘束地跟我交谈.
【反】ebullience（n 沸腾；热情）；bridled（adj 顺从的）－without restraint（不受约束的）
noun
uncountable
■calm and controlled behaviour 克制；平心静气；冷静
• He showed admirable restraint, and refused to be provoked. 他表现出极大的克制，面对挑衅泰然处之。
• The security forces exercised (= used) great restraint by not responding to hostile attacks and threats. 面对充满敌意的攻击和威胁，安全部队没有进行还击，表现出极大的克制。
countable or uncountable
■something which limits the freedom of someone or something, or which prevents something from growing or increasing 阻止；抑制，遏制
• government spending restraints 对政府开支的限制
• Lack of space is the main restraint on the firm's expansion plans. 建筑空间的缺乏是阻碍这间公司实施其扩建计划的主要原因。
• During the recession, the government opted for a policy of pay/wage restraint rather than a reduction in public investment. 在经济衰退时期，政府选择的政策是限制工资增长，而不是削减公共投资。
keep/place sb under restraint
■to keep a violent person in a way that prevents them from moving freely 限制（某人）的人身自由；对（某人）进行管制
• The two prisoners were kept under restraint while they were transported between prisons. 在转监途中，两名犯人受到了人身限制。
confinement, confinement, concentrate, restraint, focus, limitation
这组词都有“限制，局限”的意思，其区别是：
confinement: n.限制，囚禁(于某地或某种境地)。
 • The prisoner was sentenced to three months' solitary confinement.   那犯人被判处单独监禁三个月。
confinement: limitation, restraint
concentrate: v.集中，集中精力(后接on，宾语可以是具体或抽象的东西)；浓缩，压缩。
 • During exams, students concentrate hard on answering the questions.   考试期间，同学们集中精力回答问题。
restraint: n.克制，抑制；约束措施。
 • Even though the mother was very angry, she acted with restraint and didn't yell at her child.   即使母亲很生气，她仍克制自己没有向孩子大吼。
focus: v.集中(于某事物)；将(注意力等)集中于……(后接on，宾语一般不是具体的东西)。
 • Please focus your minds on the following problem.   请集中考虑以下问题。
limitation: n.限制，局限；(能力的)缺点，弱点。
 • That employee has limitations on what work he can do.   那个雇员能做的工作有限。
n. [电子] [通信] 抑制，克制；约束
 - checking, control, suppression, inhibition, constraint

Word: prospective
Front: prospective
[prəˈspektɪv] (研六托雅 5420/4764 -2)
Vocabulary: prospective
(once / 1160 pages)
adj
If it's prospective, it hasn't happened yet. Prospective students are students who might attend a school in the future. If you visit any campus, you’ll see prospective students checking out the library, the dorms, and — of course –- the snack bar.
Prospective indicates that something is expected or likely to happen. If you’re contemplating your future, you might speak of your prospective career, your prospective spouse, or a prospective million-dollar offer to make a movie based on your fascinating life. However, avoid the common mistake of confusing prospective with perspective. Perspective, which can mean “a reasonable point of view,” is important when one wants to accurately assess prospective opportunities.
WORD FAMILY
prospective: prospectively
USAGE EXAMPLES
As for the argument that fingerprinting disadvantages black prospective drivers because they are disproportionately and sometimes erroneously represented in criminal databases — well, yes.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
A state judge is ordering 600 prospective jurors to report to the Charleston County Courthouse on Jan. 17 for initial screening.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Marine Aaron White, who with his wife, are prospective next generation farmers.
Washington Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 预期的; 未来的; 可能的; 有希望的
分布：未来的(71%)，预期的(29%)
→来自prospect,前景，展望，勘探。比喻用法。
将来的(prospect前景+ive)[spect,spic=look,see,表示"看"]
a.预期的The prospective inspector prospected his prospect with his own perspective.未来的检查员用自己的观点勘察的他的前景.
adjective
prospective buyers/employers/parents, etc.
 ADVANCED
■people who are expected to buy something/employ someone/become a parent, etc 潜在的客户／可能成为雇主的人／即将为人父母者等
• We've had three sets of prospective buyers looking round the house. 已经有三批可能买我们房子的人来看过房子了。
adj. 未来的；预期的
 - expected, due, future
n. 预期；展望
 - outlook, expectation

Word: revival
Front: revival
[rɪˈvaɪvl] (托 5417/5131 -2)
Vocabulary: revival
(once / 566 pages)
n
If something experiences a revival, that means it’s once again popular or important. If a news story mentions a revival in the technology industry, that means the industry, having gone through a slump, is once again thriving.
Revival literally means "come back to life." An ER doctor might perform a revival of someone whose heart has stopped. We usually use it to mean "returned to glory, importance, or strength." Fresh paint and new flowerbeds might mean your neighborhood is experiencing a revival. If you don't like spiky hair, you may cringe at the revival of the mohawk in fashion magazines. Revival has a religious sense too, referring to a meeting that reawakens religious excitement and passion.
WORD FAMILY
revival: revivalism, revivals+/revivalism: revivalist, revivalistic/revivalist: revivalists/ revive: revival, revived, revives, reviving/ revived: unrevived/reviving: revivingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Raiders, after trailing by 17 points at halftime, needed one of those revivals Sunday.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Promoting a revival in business creation should be a top priority of the Trump Administration.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 31, 2016)
Ms. Reynolds later played Molly Brown on stage in a touring revival.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 复活; 再生，再流行，再生效; 复兴; （老戏多年后）重新上演
分布：复兴(84%)，复活(15%)，恢复精神(1%)
→来自 revive,苏醒，复活。比喻用法。
复活[vivvitvig=life,表示"生命"]
noun
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■when something becomes more active or popular again 复苏；复兴；重新流行
• Recently, there has been some revival of (interest in)ancient music. 近来，在一定程度上，古代音乐又重新流行起来。
• An economic/artistic revival is sweeping the country. 一股经济／艺术复兴的大潮正席卷全国。
countable
■a performance of a play which has not been seen for a long time （戏剧的）重演
• We're staging a revival of a 1950s play. 我们将把一部20世纪50年代的戏剧重新搬上舞台。
countable
■a time when interest in religion starts again in a stronger way than before, or a series of meetings organized to encourage this to happen 宗教觉醒期（人们对宗教的兴趣再次激起的一段时间，此兴趣变得比以前更强烈，人们鼓励这种情况发生而组织的一系列会议）
n. 复兴；复活；苏醒；恢复精神；再生效
 - reconstruction, renaissance, renewal, resurrection

Word: correspond
Front: correspond
[ˌkɒrəˈspɒnd] (高研四六托雅 5415/3234 -2)
Vocabulary: correspond
(once / 85 pages)
1v 2v
When two things correspond, they match up or are equivalent to one another. You might come up with a code in which numbers correspond to letters of the alphabet. Correspond can also mean to send messages back and forth. You can use your code to correspond with your pen pal.
The word correspond can mean "communicating back and forth," like using email to correspond with a far-away cousin. It can also mean "be alike," as in having friends whose interests and personalities correspond to your own. Finally, it can be "be equal to," as in getting a score on a standardized test that corresponds with those of students taking the same subjects as you but who live in other states or countries.
WORD FAMILY
correspond: corresponded, correspondence, correspondent, corresponding, corresponds+/ correspondence: correspondences/ correspondent: correspondently, correspondents/ corresponding: correspondingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
He said the mass questioning of North Africans happened "because we recognised corresponding aggressive behaviour amongst them".
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
It’s sort of an alternate version of Proksch’s own story, a version that corresponds more closely with reality than what happened to him.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Even when they are assigned to detention centers that correspond to their gender identity, they are often victimized.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vi. 符合，一致; 相应; 通信
时态：corresponded, corresponding, corresponds
分布：对应(72%)，符合(18%)，通信(10%)
→cor-, 强调。respond, 答复，对应。
通信;符合(cor+respond反应→共同反应→相互通信)[col-,cor在同辅音词根前,表示"共同"]
符合;通信(cor共同+respond回答→两人互相回答→通信)[Spond,spons=promise,表示"承诺"]
v.通信,(with)符合,一致;(to)相当于,对应In the pond the sponsor responded to the correspondent's corresponding responsibility.在池塘里主办者对通讯员的相应责任作出了回应.
US [ˌkɔ:r.ɪ'spɑ:nd] verb intransitive
MATCH 相称
 ADVANCED
■to match or be similar or equal 相称；相类似；相当
• The money I've saved corresponds roughly to the amount I need for my course. 我存的钱大致够我上学所需。
• The American FBI corresponds to the British MI5. 美国的联邦调查局相当于英国的军情五处。
• His story of what happened that night didn't correspond with the witness's version. 关于那天晚上发生的事情他的陈述和证人所说的不相符。
UK [ˌkɒr.ɪ'spɒnd] US [ˌkɔ:r.ɪ'spɑ:nd] verb intransitive
WRITE 写
■to communicate by writing a letter or sending an email 通信
• I've been corresponding with several experts in the field. 我一直在与该领域的几位专家保持通信往来。
conform, correspond, accord, coincide, agree
这组词都有“符合、一致”的意思，其区别是：
conform: 强调在形状、性格以及主要特点等方面的相似或一致。
correspond: 指在进行比较时，两个事物在某一个重要方面或细节上互相匹配、一致。
accord: 着重指性格、精神、语气或质量等方面的完全一致。
coincide: 多用于指观点、判断、愿望、利益或兴趣的一致或相符。偶尔用于人，强调意见或观点完全相同。
agree: 侧重指经过比较后的所有主要部分均和谐一致，无冲突和矛盾。
vi. 符合，一致；相应；通信
 - cotton, identify, square, accord, meet with

Word: theirs
Front: theirs
[ðeəz] (中高 5421/5531 -K)
Back: pron. 他们的; 他的或她的
分布：它)们的(50%)，他(她(50%)
→来自 their,他们的，-s,所有格后缀。该词为双重所有格形式。
pron.[they的物主代词]他(她,它)们的Our team was victorious over theirs [in the contest].我队战胜了他队 [赢得比赛]
US [ðerz] pronoun
 ESSENTIAL
■of or belonging to them 他们的，她们的，它们的（所有物）
• I think she's a relation of theirs. 我想她是他们的亲戚。

Word: murderer
Front: murderer
[ˈmɜ:dərə(r)] (四六 5423/5115)
Vocabulary: murderer
(once / 335 pages)
n
If you’re looking for a roommate and someone writes murderer under “occupation,” you should definitely keep looking. A murderer is a person who kills deliberately and without justification.
In some instances, killing a person is considered a just or valid action — in a war, a soldier who kills another soldier is not considered to be a murderer, and people who kill in self-defense, to save themselves, are also not murderers. Killing out of anger or for money or revenge is murder, and anyone who does it is a murderer. Charles Manson is in jail for being a murderer. The Old English root of murderer is morðor, "unlawful killing."
WORD FAMILY
murderer: murderers+/ murder: murdered, murderer, murdering, murderous, murders/ murderous: murderously, murderousness
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Jackson newspaper reports that an indictment accuses Calloway of trying to get accused murderer Marvin Banks away from the scene of the officers’ shootings.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
You may also remember him from a citation in South Carolina church mass murderer Dylann Roof’s manifesto.
Salon(Dec 30, 2016)
Apple clashed with the FBI when it refused to unlock an iPhone used by a murderer.
BBC(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 谋杀犯，凶手
分布：凶手(58%)，杀人犯(42%)
→来自murder,谋杀，-er,人。即杀人犯。
US ['mɝ:.dɚ.ɚ] noun countable (old-fashioned female murderess)
■someone who illegally and intentionally kills another person 杀人犯，凶手
• A convicted murderer was executed in North Carolina yesterday. 昨天一名已定罪的杀人犯在北卡罗来纳州被处决。
• a mass murderer (= someone who has killed a large number of people illegally) 杀人狂
n. 凶手；谋杀犯
 - Cain, slayer

Word: duration
Front: duration
[djuˈreɪʃn] (研四六托雅宝 5426/3698 -2)
Vocabulary: duration
(once / 661 pages)
n
Duration is how long something lasts, from beginning to end. A duration might be long, such as the duration of a lecture series, or short, as the duration of a party.
The noun duration has come to mean the length of time one thing takes to be completed. The duration of something might be known or not — in past times, the unknown length of time the current war would last was called "the duration. "Musical notes, such as whole notes, half notes, and quarter notes, have different set durations, or lengths of time for which they are held. These varying durations, when put together, create the rhythm of the music.
WORD FAMILY
duration: durations
USAGE EXAMPLES
The expectation is that his upcoming Las Vegas New Year’s Eve show will tend toward the more epic end of performance duration.
The Guardian(Dec 29, 2016)
Roof represented himself for a week during jury selection before asking for his attorneys back for the duration of the trial's guilt phase.
Reuters(Dec 28, 2016)
“United States Secret Service will be Present for the Duration of the Experience,” warns the auction site.
Seattle Times(Dec 25, 2016)
Back: n. 持续，持续的时间，期间; （时间的）持续，持久，连续; [语音学]音长，音延
分布：持续时间(70%)，期间(30%)
持续时间(dur+ation)[dur=last,hard,表示"持久,坚硬"]
n.持久;期间;持续时间He will be in the hospital for the duration of the school year.整个学年中他都会呆在医院里.
【参】durable（adj 持久的；耐用的）；durance（n 禁锢；监禁）
US [du:-] noun uncountable
■the length of time that something lasts 持续时间
• He planned a stay of two years' duration. 他计划停留两年。
for the duration
■for as long as something lasts 直至结束；在…期间
• I suppose we're stuck with each other for the duration (of the journey). 我想（旅程结束之前）这段时间我们两个要一直呆在一起。
n. 持续
 - standing, persistence, abidance, continuance

Word: inside
Front: inside
[ˌɪnˈsaɪd] (中高研四六 964/1301 -K4)
Vocabulary: inside
(once / 76 pages)
1adjnadv 2adv
Something that's inside is located near the center or in the interior of a space. The inside of a perfectly baked potato should be fluffy, buttery, warm, and delicious.
You can scrape inside a jar with a knife to get the last of the jam, or stay inside the house all day when it's very hot outside. Inside can serve as an adjective, noun, or adverb, depending how you use it, but it always refers to the inner, most privileged, or deepest part of something. Colloquially, your insides are your digestive system or stomach, and when someone's inside after stealing a car, they're in prison.
WORD FAMILY
inside: insides
USAGE EXAMPLES
D.C. police are investigating an abandoned U-Haul truck that was found Monday in Southeast Washington with “multiple” ATMs inside, a police spokesman said.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Or trade secrets, and valuable inside information about mergers or drug trials.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Once they’re inside, it becomes extraordinarily difficult to try the guilty or release those who are no longer a threat.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 里面的，内部的; 内幕的; 内侧的
n. 里面，内侧; 内脏; 内容，内幕; （道路或跑道拐弯处的）内侧
adv. 在内地，在内部地; 在内侧地; 在监狱里
prep. 在…以内; 在内侧或内部; 进入里面
分布：内部(66%)，里面的(21%)，在里面(12%)，在 ... 里面(1%)
→in-,进入，使，在内，side,边。
a.里面的ad.在里面n.内部prep.在...里Besides this side, I considered both the inside and outside.除了这一面外我还考虑了内外两面.
noun]ɪnˈsaɪd/
 ESSENTIAL countable usually singular
■the inner part, space or side of something 里面，内部
• Did you clean the inside of the car? 你把车内擦干净了吗？
• The hotel looked shabby from the street, but it was fine on the inside. 这家饭店从街上看去显得很破旧，但里面很好。
• the insides of people's houses 人们的房子内部
Compare outside
countable usually singular
■The inside of a part of the body such as the arm or leg is the part facing in towards the rest of the body （肢体的）内侧
• She dabbed perfume on the inside of her wrist. 她在手腕内侧搽了香水。
insides [plural] informal
■a person's or animal's internal organs, especially their stomach or bowels 内脏，（尤指）肠胃
• The dead seal's insides were spread all over the snow. 死海豹的内脏散布在雪地上。
noun]ɪnˈsaɪd/
on the inside informal
■If someone is on the inside, they have a job or position in which they have special or secret information 在（机构或组织的）内部；参与内部机密
• Who do we know on the inside who can help us? 我们认识哪位能帮助我们的内部人士？
adverb preposition adjective]ɪnˈsaɪd/
 ESSENTIAL
■in or into a room, building, container, or something similar 在（…）里面，在（…）内部；里面的，内部的
• "Is Anna in the garden?" "No, she's inside (= in the house)." “安娜在花园吗？”“不，她在屋里。”
• What's inside the box? 盒子里面是甚么？
• Luckily, no one was inside the building when it collapsed. 幸运的是，房子倒塌时里面没有人。
• figurative She couldn't cope with the grief she felt inside. 她无法承受内心的悲伤。
• figurative Who can tell what goes on inside his head? 谁知道他脑袋里想的是甚么？
• He put the documents carefully in his inside pocket (= pocket on the inside of a jacket or coat). 他把文件小心翼翼地放进外套内层的口袋里。
inside out
 IMPROVER
■If something is inside out, it has the usual inside part on the outside and the usual outside part on the inside 里面朝外地
• She had her jumper on inside out. 她把羊毛衫穿反了。
adverb preposition adjective]ɪnˈsaɪd/
turn a place inside out UK informal
■to search a place very thoroughly 彻底搜查
• I've turned the house inside out but I still can't find my keys. 我把房子翻了个底朝天，仍没能找到锁匙。
adverb preposition adjective]ɪnˈsaɪd/
know sth inside out informal
■to know everything about a subject 对…了如指掌
• He knows the system inside out. 他对该体系了如指掌。
preposition]ˌɪnˈsaɪd/ (also inside of)
■If you do something or if something happens inside (of) a particular time or limit, you do it or it happens in less than that amount of time or under the limit 在（某段时间）内；少于（某时间）
• The new faster trains can do the journey inside two hours. 新型快速列车两小时内就可跑完全程。
• He finished it inside of two hours. 他不用两个小时就做完了。
adjective [before noun] /ˈɪn.saɪd/ /ˌ-ˈ-/ (of information) obtained by someone in a group, organization or company and therefore involving special or secret knowledge （资讯）内部的
• inside information/knowledge 内部消息／内情
• I'll call up Clare and get the inside story (= a true report of the facts). 我将给克莱尔打电话了解内幕。
adjective [before noun] /ˈɪn.saɪd/ /ˌ-ˈ-]
have the inside track
■to have a special position within an organization, or a special relationship with a person that gives you advantages that other people do not have 有优先权；处于有利地位
adverb]ɪnˈsaɪd/ informal
 IMPROVER
■in prison 在监牢里
• Her husband's inside for armed robbery. 她的丈夫因持械抢劫而进了牢房。
interior, inward, inner, inside, internal
这组词都有“内部的，内在的”的意思，其区别是：
interior: 指某物的内部，尤指某物的内侧；也可指内地的或国内的。
inward: 指朝着中心或内部方向的，侧重方向而不是位置；也可指内心的隐密活动。
inner: 含义广泛，指事物中心或接近中心的部位，也可指内心隐密的活动。
inside: 多指处于某物内部或靠近内部，常可与inner换用，可引申指内幕的，秘密的。
internal: 书面用词，医学上多用，指事物的内部，也可指国内的或内政的。
n. 里面；内部；内情；内脏
 - interior, within, inner
adj. 里面的；内部的；秘密的
 - internal, inner, secret, underground, chamber
prep. 少于；在…之内
 - within, under, in

Word: tin
Front: tin
[tɪn] (高研四六托 5424/2956 -K2)
Back: n. 锡; 罐头盒; 马口铁; 镀锡薄钢板
adj. 锡制的; 假冒的; 无价值的; 蹩脚的
vt. 镀锡，包锡; 给…包马口铁; 包白铁
时态：tinned, tinning, tins
分布：锡(79%)，罐头(15%)，锡制的(5%)，听头(1%)
→来自古英语 tin,锡，来自 Proto-Germanic*tinom,锡。
n.罐头;锡a.锡制的vt.镀锡于From the tiny tin pin, the spinner pinched off an inch.纺纱工从小锡别针上掐掉一英寸.
noun
METAL 金属
 ADVANCED uncountable
■a silvery-coloured metal, often combined with other metals or used to cover and protect other metals 锡
[tɪn] noun
CONTAINER 容器
 ADVANCED countable UK (UK AND US ALSO can)
■a closed cylindrical metal container in which food is sold 罐头盒，罐
• a tin of beans 一罐豆子
• piles of soup tins 一大堆汤罐头盒
 ADVANCED countable UK (US can)
■the contents of a tin, or the amount of something a tin contains 罐头；盒装之物；桶装之物；听（或盒、桶）所装之量
• The children ate two tins of beans. 孩子们吃了两罐豆子。
• We used four tins of paint when we painted the ceiling. 我们漆天花板用了四桶涂料。
 ADVANCED countable UK (US cookie jar)
■a metal container with a lid used for keeping cakes or biscuits （用于储存糕点或饼干的）有盖金属盒
• a biscuit tin 饼干盒
 ADVANCED countable UK (US can)
■a cylindrical metal container with a lid used for keeping liquid substances such as paint （用于储藏涂料等液体的）有盖金属桶
• a tin of paint 一罐油漆
 ADVANCED countable UK (US pan)
■a metal container without a lid used for cooking food in the oven （无盖的）烤模，烤盘
• Put both cake tins in the oven for half an hour. 把两个蛋糕烤模都放在烤箱里烤半小时。
can, tin
这两个名词均有“罐头”之意。
can: 为美国英语，现在英国也用。
tin: 为英国英语。
n. [化学] 锡；罐头，罐； [材] 马口铁
 - pot, stannum

Word: abundance
Front: abundance
[əˈbʌndəns] (研六托雅宝 5425/7038 -1)
Vocabulary: abundance
(once / 349 pages)
1n 2n
To have an abundance of something is to have more than you need. It's often used to describe positive qualities, such as "an abundance of love."
Abundance is the opposite of scarcity. An abundance of wealth is a ton of cash. An abundance of friends sounds like a good thing, but it can get overwhelming when it comes to scheduling time to hang out or buying gifts. This noun comes from to us from the mid-14th century French, via the Latin abundantia, meaning "fullness, plenty."
WORD FAMILY
abundance: abundances+/ abound: abounded, abounding, abounds, abundant /abounding: aboundingly/ abundant: abundance, abundanter, abundantly, overabundant, superabundant/overabundant: overabundance, overabundantly/superabundant: superabundance, superabundantly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Thanks to an abundance of major-league album releases in 2016, and some genuine coups by bookers, however, an imaginative summer season is on the horizon.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
And for the caviar substitute, add delicate pinky-orange trout roe, glistening like pearls, and used in abundance.
New York Times(Dec 23, 2016)
“There’s an abundance of natural gas in the Rockies,” David Lawler, chief executive of BP’s Lower 48 division, said in an interview.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 26, 2016)
Back: n. 丰富，充裕; 大量，极多; 盈余; 丰度
分布：丰富(85%)，充裕(15%)
丰富,富裕[und=wave,表示"波动"]
n.丰富,充裕,大量The apple tree yields an abundance of fruit.这棵苹果树结果甚多.
【记】参考abound（v 丰富），und－波浪
[ə'bʌn.dənts] formal
noun [S or U]
■when there is more than enough of something 大量；充足；丰富
• There was an abundance of wine at the wedding. 婚礼上有足够多的葡萄酒。
• We had wine in abundance. 我们有充足的葡萄酒。
n. 充裕， [地化] 丰富
 - plenty, pregnancy, amplitude, enrichment

Word: lime
Front: lime
[laɪm] (四六 5429/7712 -2)
Back: n. 酸橙; 石灰; 绿黄色; 椴树
vt. 撒石灰于; 涂粘鸟胶于
时态：limed, liming, limes
分布：石灰(82%)，酸橙(12%)，石灰的(3%)，酸橙树(2%)，沾上粘鸟胶(1%)
→来自拉丁语limus,污泥，黏质物，来自slei,黏的，滑的，词源同slime,delete,liniment.引申词义涂沫，石灰。lime 酸橙
noun
FRUIT 水果
countable or uncountable
■a round fruit containing a lot of juice which is sour like a lemon but smaller and green, or the small Asian tree on which this fruit grows 酸橙（树）
[laɪm] noun
TREE 树 (also lime tree) (US usually linden)
■a large tree with leaves shaped like a heart and pale yellow flowers 欧椴树，菩提树
[laɪm] noun
CHEMICAL 化学品
uncountable (also quicklime)
■a white powdery substance which is used especially to spread on the land to improve the quality of earth so that crops grow better 石灰
uncountable (also limescale) (or scale)
■white material that collects inside water pipes, kettles , etc. in areas where the water is hard (= contains a lot of natural chemicals) 水垢（一种在水管、水壶等中积累的白色物质，通常存在于水质较硬并含有丰富天然化学物质的水中）
[laɪm] verb transitive
■to spread the substance lime on a piece of land 撒石灰于
n. 石灰； [园艺] 酸橙；绿黄色
 - kalk, calcareousness

Word: proposition
Front: proposition
[ˌprɒpəˈzɪʃn] (研六托雅宝 5428/3544 -2)
Vocabulary: proposition
(once / 224 pages)
1nv 2n
A proposition is a proposed plan of action, a detailed suggestion. You might consider your friend's suggestion to set up a neighborhood snow-shoveling business after the blizzard a winning proposition.
The noun proposition means something presented for consideration. In some contexts, that something being offered is sexual. Therefore, don't use the term proposition loosely. If you say that you made a proposition to your teacher, people could misinterpret you. It's safer to stick with suggestion.
WORD FAMILY
proposition: propositioned, propositioning, propositions+/counterproposal: counterproposals/ proposal: counterproposal, proposals/ propose: proposal, proposed, proposer, proposes, proposing, proposition /proposer: proposers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Gutierrez testified that what he said to the employee was a compliment, not a sexual proposition.
Washington Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Proposition 66 squeaked by with 51 percent, while Proposition 62 lost by 53 percent to 47 percent.
Washington Times(Nov 30, 2016)
Catching up on your Netflix queue while flying to Grandma’s house for Christmas is a dicey proposition with spotty airplane Wi-Fi.
Washington Times(Nov 30, 2016)
Back: n. 命题; 建议; 主张
v. 提议; 建议
时态：propositioned, propositioning, propositions
分布：命题(77%)，提议(20%)，事业(2%)，向 ... 调情(1%)
n.主张,建议;陈述,命题This is not profit-making proposition.这不是个赚钱的事业.
US [ˌprɑ:.pə-] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■an offer or suggestion, usually in business （通常指商业上的）提议，建议
• He wrote to me last week regarding a business proposition he thought might interest me. 他上周写信给我，提出一项他认为我会感兴趣的提案。
• I've put my proposition to the company director for his consideration. 我已将我的提议交给公司主管考虑。
■an idea or opinion 主张；观点；见解
• They were debating the proposition that 'All people are created equal'. 他们正就“人人生而平等”这一命题展开辩论。
UK [ˌprɒp.ə'zɪʃ.ən] US [ˌprɑ:.pə-] verb transitive
■to ask someone who you are not having a sexual relationship with if they would like to have sex with you 要求与（某人）发生性关系，向…提出猥亵的要求
• I was propositioned by a complete stranger. 一个素不相识的人提议想和我上床。
n. [数] 命题；提议；主题；议题
 - sentence, theme, subject, offer

Word: despair
Front: despair
[dɪˈspeə(r)] (研四六雅 5427/4747 -2)
Vocabulary: despair
(once / 117 pages)
nv
Despair is the feeling of not having any hope left. If you completely forgot to study for your final exam in math, you might feel despair when your teacher passes out the test.
Despair can also refer to someone or something that causes you to worry or be sad. Unfortunately, some children are the despair of their parents. The verb despair means to lose hope. Despair is from Latin desperare "to be without hope," from the prefix de- "without" plus sperare "to hope," from spes "hope."
WORD FAMILY
despair: despaired, despairing, despairs+/despairing: despairingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
I scrolled back through the last 12 months of columns, as journalists do this time of year, and thought I’d found mostly reasons for despair.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The election of Mr. Trump left climate activists and environmental groups in despair.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
If an hour or more of intense exercise seems daunting — and it does to me — don’t despair.
New York Times(Jun 15, 2016)
Back: n. 绝望; 使人绝望的人（或事物）
vi. 绝望
时态：despaired, despairing, despairs
分布：绝望(84%)，失望(16%)
→de-, 不，非，使相反。-spair, 希望，词源同speed, prosper. 即没有希望的，绝望。
绝望(de去掉+spair[=sper希望])[Sper=hope,表示"希望"]
n.绝望;失望;令人失望的人(事物)v.绝望I deliberately liberated the man who was in despair and desperately struggled for liberation and liberty.我有意解放了那个拼命地争取解放和自由的绝望者.
【记】de去掉，spair＝sper希望
【参】desperado（n 暴徒；早期美国西部的亡命之徒）；desperate（adj 不顾一切的；拚死的；令人绝望的）
US [-'sper] noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■the feeling that there is no hope and that you can do nothing to improve a difficult or worrying situation 绝望
• a mood/sense of despair 绝望的情绪／感觉
• They're in (the depths of) despair over/about the money they've lost. 他们对找回丢失的钱已经不抱（任何）希望了。
• To her teacher's despair, Nicole never does the work that she's told to do. 妮歌从不做功课，这让她的老师感到非常失望。
• Their fourth year without rain drove many farmers to (= caused them to feel) despair. 第四年仍然没有雨水，让许多农民感到非常绝望。
be the despair of sb
■to cause someone such difficulties that they do not know how to deal with you 成为（某人）的心病，使（某人）头痛
• He's the despair of his parents because he shows no interest in getting a job. 他对找工作没有任何兴趣，让父母感到非常头痛。
UK [dɪ'speər] US [-'sper] verb intransitive
■to feel despair about something or someone 绝望；失去希望
• Don't despair! We'll find a way out! 不要绝望！我们会想到办法的！
• I despair at/over the policies of this government. 我对该政府的政策感到失望。
• They began to despair of ever being rescued. 他们开始对获救失去了希望。
disappointment, despair, desperation, depression
这组词都有“绝望、沮丧”的意思，其区别是：
disappointment: 多指愿望或期望的落空。
despair: 普通用词，指因灾难等因素而丧失希望和信心，陷入沮丧，绝望的境地。
desperation: 语气强烈，指因绝望而使人采取无所顾忌的疯狂行动。
depression: 侧重指因遭受重大失利或挫折而产生的低落情绪。
n. 绝望；令人绝望的人或事
 - hopelessness, acedia
vi. 绝望，丧失信心
 - throw up one's hands, lose heart

Word: attendant
Front: attendant
[əˈtendənt] (研六托雅 5430/7630 -2)
Vocabulary: attendant
(once / 261 pages)
nadj
An attendant is someone present at a meeting or event. A flight attendant, for example, tends to the needs of passengers on a plane trip.
The word attendant has to do with being present. An attendant on a flight is present to help you if you need anything. An attendant event is one that happens in the presence of another event. In other words, it can mean "accompanying." An illness can have attendant symptoms that go along with it. Remember that the word ends in -ant.
WORD FAMILY
attendant: attendants+/ attend: attendance, attendant, attended, attender, attending, attends, attention, attentive / attendance: attendances, nonattendance/attended: unattended/attender: attenders, nonattender/ attention: attentional, attentions, inattention / attentive: attentively, attentiveness, inattentive / inattention: inattentions/ inattentive: inattentively, inattentiveness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Jasmine, a flight attendant from Tacoma; and Taylor, a mental-health counselor from Seattle.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Locker-room attendants reported that Jordan Spieth’s nameplate disappeared within 30 minutes of his wrapping up his eight-stroke victory last January.
Golf Digest(Jan 02, 2017)
Many were wheelchair attendants and baggage handlers working for Huntleigh USA, a Texas-based company that workers specifically targeted that day.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 服务人员，侍者; 随从，随员; 伴随物
adj. 伴随的，随之而产生的; 出席的; 护理的
分布：服务员(72%)，伴随的(12%)，侍从(9%)，伴随物(4%)，出席者(3%)
出席的n.随从(attend+ant人)[tend,tent,tens=stretch表示"伸展"]
n.陪从;出席人;服务员a.出席的;伴随的The attendants attend the meeting and pretend to be attentive.侍从们出席会议并装出专注的样子.
noun countable
■someone whose job is to be in a place and help visitors or customers 服务员；侍者
• a cloakroom/museum attendant 衣帽间服务员／博物馆解说员
■someone whose job is to travel or live with an important person and help them （要人的）侍从，随从
• The Prince was followed by his attendants. 王子由其侍从陪同。
[ə'ten.dənt] adjective formal
■coming with a stated thing or resulting from it 伴随的；随之而产生的
• debt and its attendant problems 负债和随之而生的问题
• There are too many risks attendant on such a large investment of money. 这样巨额的投资伴随太多的风险。
■present with someone to help them, or present at an event, place, etc. 伺候的；护理的；到场的
• attendant staff 服务人员
• the attendant crowd/fans 在场群众／爱好者
attendant, servant, waiter
这组词都有“服务员”的意思，其区别是：
attendant: 多指跟随某人并为其服务的人。也可指一般意义的“服务员”。
servant: 指吃住在他人家为挣工资而干活的人，也指被雇用的人或指广义的“公仆”。
waiter: 指在饭店、旅馆等处的男服务员，女服务员为waitress。
attendant, audience, spectator
attendant: 护理人员，服务员；
audience: 参加play或concert的人；
spectator: 参加game的人
adj. 伴随的；侍候的
 - accompanied
n. 服务员，侍者；随员，陪从
 - waiter, suite

Word: ethnicity
Front: ethnicity
[eθˈnɪsəti] (5432/13333)
Vocabulary: ethnicity
(once / 13326 pages)
n
A person's ethnicity is their ethnic traits, classification, or association. If your ethnicity is Italian, you might speak Italian in the home and eat Italian food. Or you might simply refer to yourself as Italian and identify with your ethnicity in no other way.
Usually, ethnicity is a collective noun, but in the singular, an ethnicity is a particular ethnic group. The adjective ethnic relates to large groups of people who have certain racial, cultural, religious, or other traits in common. In Middle English, ethnic meant heathen or pagan. The word is from Late Latin ethnicus, from Greek ethnikos "foreign," from ethnos "nation."
WORD FAMILY
ethnicity: ethnicities+/ ethnic: ethnical, ethnically, ethnicity, ethnics, multi-ethnic, multiethnic
USAGE EXAMPLES
Lane said categorizing foods by ethnicity is commonplace in the restaurant industry.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
This was a year in which vulgarity, divisiveness and exclusion won – a triumph for dystopian visions of race, nation and ethnicity.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
“To bring in people of different ethnicities and from different backgrounds just felt important.”
Seattle Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 种族地位，种族特点，种族渊源
分布：种族划分(91%)，属于少数民族(9%)
N-VAR
种族特点;种族渊源
Ethnicity is the state or fact of belonging to a particular ethnic group.
例：He said his ethnicity had not been important to him.他说他的种族渊源对他向来都不重要。

Word: fulfill
Front: fulfill
[fʊl'fɪl] (研六 5431/22202)
Vocabulary: fulfill
(once / 248 pages)
v
The verb fulfill means to fill a need or want. To fulfill yourself personally means to follow your inner passion, like flute-playing, no matter who thinks it's silly.
Fulfill can also mean to meet expectations, or live up to a standard. If you fulfill your teacher's requirement of good behavior and good test scores, she'll give you a star. Finally, fulfill can mean to put into effect, or carry out. You'll fulfill the cookie orders when you deliver boxes of those tasty treats to the people who bought them.
WORD FAMILY
fulfill: fulfilled, fulfilling, fulfillment, fulfills+/fulfilled: unfulfilled/ fulfillment: fulfillments, self-fulfillment
USAGE EXAMPLES
But Obamacare is fulfilling its mission to help many thousand Americans get health insurance.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In doing so, they were fulfilling their family’s dreams.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Lounsbury fulfilled that goal on Nov. 20, when he raced to a new personal best at an Ironman-length event in Arizona.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 履行（诺言等）; 执行（命令等）; 达到（目的）; 使结束
时态：fulfilled, fulfilling, fulfills
分布：完成(43%)，履行(32%)，满足(23%)，执行(2%)
v.(fulfil)完成,履行,实践,满足The dull bull fully fulfilled pulling the bulletproof bulletin board.迟钝的公牛充分履行了拖防弹公告牌(的职责).
【参】fulfillment（n 履行；实行）
【反】default（n 不履行责任）－fulfill an obligation（履行一个义务）
vt. 履行；实现；满足；使结束（等于fulfil）
 - accomplish, carry out, come true, implement, meet

Word: successor
Front: successor
[səkˈsesə(r)] (研六 5433/3569 -2)
Vocabulary: successor
(once / 272 pages)
n
If you are successor to the throne, that means you're next in line when the current royal has to step down. The successor takes over when someone gives up a position or title or when something becomes outdated.
The noun successor was first used in the 13th century to mean "one who comes after." It's often used in reference to a royal court, where the successor is usually the king's eldest son. If something happens to the U.S. president, the vice president is the designated successor and will assume the position of head of government. It seems like every day there's a new and improved computer, a successor that replaces an earlier model.
WORD FAMILY
successor: successors+/ succeed: succeeded, succeeder, succeeding, succeeds, succession, successive, successor /succeeder: succeeders/succeeding: succeedingly/ succession: successions/ successive: successively, successiveness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Shumlin wants to appoint a successor before he leaves office Thursday, but Republicans sued.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
In return for their support, Park and many of his successors as president expected the chaebol to contribute to government projects.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
His successor is his son, Matt, who was elected in November.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 接替的人或事物; 继承人，继任者
分布：接班人(84%)，继任人(16%)
→来自 succeed,接替，继任，-ss,过去分词格，-or,人。
n.接替的人或事物,继任者The accessory successor never made concessions to difficulties, so he succeeded in accessing successive successes.附属继承人从未向困难妥协,因此在走向连续的成功之路上成功了.
US [-ɚ] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■someone or something that comes after another person or thing 继任者，接替者；继承人；接替的事物
• Oxford Brookes University is seeking a successor to its vice-chancellor who retires this Easter. 牛津布鲁克斯大学在寻找一位继任者，接替将于今年复活节退休的副校长。
• This range of computers is very fast, but their successors will be even faster. 这个系列的电脑速度很快，但它的换代产品速度会更快。
n. [口腔] [法] 继承者；后续的事物
 - heres

Word: assassination
Front: assassination
[əˌsæsɪ'neɪʃn] (雅 5434/7855)
Vocabulary: assassination
(once / 811 pages)
n
An assassination is the murder of a public figure. Assassinations are usually politically motivated. If someone kills your dog, that’s not an assassination, that’s just murder (unless your dog was running for mayor).
A murder is the unjust, illegal killing of someone. An assassination is a type of murder in which the victim is someone well known, usually in the world of politics. The killings of John F. Kennedy and Martin Luther King were assassinations: their purpose was to destabilize the government and hurt the civil rights movement, respectively. As assassination is murder plus politics.
WORD FAMILY
assassination: assassinations+/ assassin: assassinate, assassins/ assassinate: assassinated, assassinates, assassinating, assassination, assassinator/assassinator: assassinators
USAGE EXAMPLES
Dündar survived an assassination attempt, was convicted of treason, and escaped to Germany, where he now lives in exile.
The New Yorker(Dec 30, 2016)
Trump even accused Cruz’s beloved father, a Cuban immigrant, of being involved in the Kennedy assassination.
Salon(Dec 28, 2016)
Years of violence, civil war and assassinations ensued before the country stabilized under an “institutional” revolutionary party, which grew progressively more hierarchical and autocratic.
Washington Post(Dec 26, 2016)
Back: n. 暗杀
分布：暗杀(100%)
noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■the murder of someone famous or important 暗杀（名人或重要人物）
• an assassination attempt 暗杀的企图
• the assassination of the opposition leader 暗杀反对党领袖
n. 暗杀，行刺
 - thuggism

Word: atomic
Front: atomic
[əˈtɒmɪk] (四托 5438/5441 -2)
Vocabulary: atomic
(once / 820 pages)
adj
Something that has to do with atoms is atomic. Atomic structure, for example, means the way an atom is organized and what it's made of.
You'll often find the word atomic specifically describing power or weapons — in this case, atomic means the process of either splitting an atom, known as fission, or joining two atoms, fusion, to create energy. Also, every chemical element has its own atomic number, which is the number of protons in the nucleus of one of the element's atoms. Atomic comes from the Latin atomus, "indivisible particle," from the Greek atomos, "uncut" or "indivisible."
WORD FAMILY
atomic: atomically, subatomic+/ atom: atomic, atomise, atomism, atomize, atoms/atomise: atomisation, atomised, atomiser, atomising/atomism: atomistic/atomistic: atomistical, atomistically/ atomize: atomization, atomized, atomizer, atomizes, atomizing/atomizer: atomizers
USAGE EXAMPLES
That’s because the traditional length of the day does not precisely measure actual time, as told by hyper-accurate atomic clocks.
Time(Dec 30, 2016)
Atomic clocks use ultraviolet signals emitted in the change of electron energy levels to tell the time.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
“It’s time that all nations put away the atomic bomb. I congratulate Japan for doing that and I’m happy the prime minister is here.”
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: adj. 原子的; 原子能的，原子武器的; 极微的
分布：原子的(100%)
US [-'tɑ:.mɪk] adjective
 ADVANCED
■relating to atoms 原子的
• atomic structure/nuclei 原子结构／核
⇒ See also nuclear
 ADVANCED
■using the energy that is created when an atom is divided 原子能的；利用原子能的
• atomic energy/power 原子能
• atomic scientists 原子能科学家
adj. 原子的，原子能的；微粒子的
 - nuclear, corpuscular

Word: geographic
Front: geographic
[ˌdʒi:ə'ɡræfɪk] (托雅 5436/11950)
Vocabulary: geographic
(once / 1100 pages)
adj
Geographic matters have to do with the science of geography, which studies the physical features of the earth. Your geographic location is your region, or your neighborhood — it’s where you are on a map.
Anything related to geography can be called geographic. A geographic study might examine the composition of some soil. A geographic class teaches students about physical processes like erosion. A volcanic eruption is a major geographic event. A geographic divide refers to different things happening in different places –- like a geographic divide in the U.S. that notes that people say “y’all” down South and “you guys” up North.
WORD FAMILY
geographic: geographically
USAGE EXAMPLES
As the data becomes more precise, experts believe interventions to combat geographic disparities will become more effective.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
In 67 geographic areas, including Indianapolis, Medicare now sets a target price for joint-replacement procedures.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Birds: The magazine Canadian Geographic recently nominated the gray jay as the national bird.
Slate(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 地理学的，地理的
分布：地理学的(52%)，地理的(48%)

Word: crying
Front: crying
[ˈkraɪɪŋ] (5439/7990)
Back: adj. （尤指坏事）极糟糕的; （表示愤怒或失望）哎呀; （用于强调）极其糟糕; 迫切的需要
v. 哭( cry的现在分词 ); 喊，叫; 叫卖，大声报道，哭着说; 鸣
分布：哭喊(67%)，紧急的(11%)，动词cry的现在分词.(11%)，令人震惊的(11%)
adjective [before noun]
■very serious and needing urgent attention 严重的，迫切的，急需注意的
• There's a crying need for a better education system. 我们迫切需要一个更好的教育体系。
['kraɪ.ɪŋ] adjective [before noun]
it's a crying shame old-fashioned
■something that you say when you think a situation is wrong 可耻；不像话
• It's a crying shame that she's paid so little for what she does. 给她那么点工资真是太不应该了。
['kraɪ.ɪŋ] noun uncountable
■when someone cries (= produces tears) （流泪）哭泣
• She could hear crying coming from the next room. 她能听见隔壁房间传来哭泣声。
adj. 叫喊的，嚎哭的；显著的
 - obvious, prominent, marked, noted, outstanding
v. 哭泣；喊叫；乞求（cry的ing形式）
 - wailing, hooting

Word: portable
Front: portable
[ˈpɔ:təbl] (高研四六托雅宝 5441/6014 -2)
Vocabulary: portable
(once / 1518 pages)
adjn
If something's portable, you can easily take it with you . You may carry your portable computer with you from class to class because it's small, light, and fits easily in your backpack.
First appearing around 1400, portable stems from the Latin word portare, meaning "to carry." Used as an adjective, portable describes something you can carry around easily. Used as a noun, it means a smaller, easy-to-carry version of something, like a computer or television. On a trip, you might take your portable so you can watch movies in the car. Before computers became popular, you might have carried around a lightweight typewriter called a portable.
WORD FAMILY
portable: portability, portables, portably, unportable
USAGE EXAMPLES
Along with the portable scale, he brings a mortar and pestle, and metal scoops for bulk spices.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 29, 2016)
According to the National Fire Protection Association, 40 percent of home heating fires and 84 percent of resulting deaths involve stationary or portable space heaters.
New York Times(Dec 26, 2016)
The National Park Service also says it set up portable toilets due to long bathroom lines.
Washington Times(Dec 25, 2016)
Back: adj. 手提的; 轻便的
n. 手提式打字机
分布：轻便的(54%)，手提式的(39%)，便携的东西(7%)
→来自拉丁语portare,携带，搬运，通过，来自per,向前，通过，词源同ford,forth.
可携带的(port+able能...的)[Port=carry,表示"拿,运"]
a.轻便的,手提(式)的,可移动的The airport and seaport are important to import and export of portable goods.机场和海港对于进口和出口轻便商品很重要.
【记】port拿，运，able－能拿的－轻便的
【参】portage（n 水陆联运；搬运费）；transport（v /n 运输）
US ['pɔ:r.tˌə-] adjective
■(designed to be) light and small enough to be easily carried or moved 轻便的，便携的；手提的
• a portable radio/telephone/computer 可携式收音机／行动电话／手提电脑
adj. 手提的，便携式的；轻便的
 - luggable, hand-held

Word: handling
Front: handling
[ˈhændlɪŋ] (雅 5435/4307)
Back: n. 处理; （手的）触摸; 费用; （机动车辆的）操纵
adj. 操作的
v. 操作( handle的现在分词 ); 容易╱难以)驾驶; 操纵; 行动
分布：处理(79%)，操作(9%)，装卸(6%)，触摸(3%)，管理(2%)，动词handle的现在分词.(1%)
noun uncountable
DEALING WITH 处理
■the way that someone deals with a situation or person 处理（方式），应对（方式）
• President Kennedy made his reputation with his handling of the Cuban missile crisis. 甘乃迪总统因处理古巴飞弹危机而声名大噪。
['hænd.lɪŋ] noun uncountable
OPERATING 操作
■how easy a vehicle is to control 操作，操纵
• Power steering can dramatically improve a car's handling. 动力方向盘可以大大提高车辆的驾驶性能。
n. 处理
 - transactions, disposal, treating, settlement, computing
adj. 操作的
 - operational, working
v. 负责；对待（handle的ing形式）；触摸
 - treating, feeling

Word: strawberry
Front: strawberry
[ˈstrɔ:bəri] (中高研四六 5437/7842 -2)
Back: n. 草莓; 草莓色
→straw,草，berry,莓子。
n.草莓I hurt my tongue when I hurried to eat cherry and strawberry merrily.我匆忙快活地吃樱桃和草莓时伤了舌头.
US ['strɑ:ˌber.i] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a small juicy red fruit which has small brown seeds on its surface, or the plant with white flowers on which this fruit grows 草莓
• I thought we'd have strawberries and cream for dessert. 我以为我们有鲜奶油草莓作甜点呢。
• strawberry jam 草莓酱

Word: holder
Front: holder
[ˈhəʊldə(r)] (研 5440/2172)
Back: n. 支持物; 持有者; （支票等）持有人; 支托（或握持）…之物
分布：持有者(90%)，支持物(10%)
n.持有者,占有者;(台,架等)支持物The holder of the office of chairman is responsible for arranging meeting.作为主席的人有责任安排好会议.
US ['hoʊl.dɚ] noun countable
CONTAINER 容器
■a device for putting objects in or for keeping them in place 支撑物，支托物
• a toothbrush holder 牙刷架
• a cigarette holder 烟嘴
UK ['həʊl.dər] US ['hoʊl.dɚ] noun countable
OWNER 拥有者
■someone who officially owns something 持有人，拥有者
• an account/licence/passport holder 帐户／执照／护照持有人
• Holders of shares in the company receive various benefits. 公司的股东有多种收益。
⇒ See also shareholder
n. [金融] [专利] 持有人；所有人；固定器；（台、架等）支持物
 - possessor, proprietary

Word: guerrilla
Front: guerrilla
[gəˈrɪlə] (5442/4905 -3)
Vocabulary: guerrilla
(once / 957 pages)
n
If your brother says he’s going to become a guerrilla, don't worry, he's not planning to become a hairy animal. Guerrilla fighters band together in a small underground army, usually trying to overcome a larger and more organized force.
Guerrilla and gorilla are pronounced the same — which makes it easy to remember how to say guerrilla — but they have different meanings. In Spanish, guerra means "war," and guerrilla means “little army.” Guerrilla fighters tend to work in small groups and use ambush and sabotage to surprise stronger, more traditional forces. You’ve might have heard of Che Guevara, a famous guerrilla fighter who was involved in the Cuban Revolution.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
gorilla / guerrilla
You might see a gorilla in a zoo, but a guerrilla (sometimes spelled with one "r"), is someone who belongs to a group of independent fighters. If you remember your high school Spanish, you'll know the difference.
A gorilla is a type of large African ape. Sure they fight, but that's not why they're called gorillas. When they show up in the news, they're usually just monkeying around:
This short clip of a Silverback gorilla in Kent walking upright on his hind legs, like a human, has become an internet sensation. (BBC)
Anaklet says we're going to surprise some gorillas eating breakfast. (Time)
A guerrilla, on the other hand, is a fighter who's a part of a rebellious group that's battling a government or other authority, and likes to raid and ambush. The word has picked up a casual meaning of describing anything that's meant to take you by surprise. Here are some examples:
Al-Shabab had spoken of a switch to guerilla warfare, which could mean more suicide bombings as well as grenade attacks and land mines, he says. (BBC)
Guerrilla Marketing is a phrase coined by Jay Conrad Levinson as a take-no-prisoners way of marketing. (Guerrilla Marketing)
So how will knowing your high school Spanish help you keep them straight? Guerrilla comes from the Spanish word for a war made up of skirmishes. That guerilla is related to guerra for (you guessed it), war. If you remember that guerra is war and guerrilla is little war, you'll remember that in English, independent fighters are guerrillas, no matter how hairy they are.
WORD FAMILY
guerrilla: guerrillas
USAGE EXAMPLES
The subtitle of Banks' book is "Tales of Mischief, Mayhem and Guerrilla Warfare in the EU Referendum Campaign".
Reuters(Jan 01, 2017)
In Colombia, voters narrowly rejected a deal between the government and a guerrilla group to end a 52-year civil war.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
But the former Colombian guerrilla wasn’t able to do any of these things.
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 游击队员; 游击战; 游击队
分布：游击队的(54%)，游击队员(46%)
→词源同war,战争。-illa, 小词后缀。
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a member of an unofficial military group that is trying to change the government by making sudden, unexpected attacks on the official army forces 游击队员
• A small band of guerrillas has blown up a train in the mountains. 一小队游击队员炸毁了山区的一列火车。
• guerrilla warfare 游击战
[gə'rɪl.ə] adjective (also guerilla)
■using unusual methods to get attention for your ideas, products, etc 出奇制胜的；用奇招的
• guerrilla marketing 出奇制胜的行销术
n. 游击战；游击队
 - guerilla warfare, bushfighting

Word: clarity
Front: clarity
[ˈklærəti] (研雅宝 5443/5359 -1)
Vocabulary: clarity
(once / 2339 pages)
n
Clarity means clearness. Clean water running down a mountain has clarity. So does a lovely singing voice: it's clear and pure.
If you bring clarity to a situation, you help people see what really happened by clearing up misunderstandings or giving explanations. Sometimes people talk about having moments of clarity when suddenly everything about a particular situation or even about life itself comes into focus. People also talk about good writing having clarity when it is precise, clean, and easy to understand.
WORD FAMILY
clarity: clarities
USAGE EXAMPLES
There’s less clarity about how to respond on other Republican priorities.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
“There’s a clarity of music that I think reflects his clarity of thought,” suggested his old friend and bandmate Paul Hoffert.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Now, hoping this hearing would perhaps bring some clarity, they wait for it to begin.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 清楚，明晰; 透明; 明确; 清晰度
分布：清楚(67%)，透明(33%)
→来自clar-,清晰的，词源同clear.
清楚[clear,clar,clair=clear,bright,表示"清楚,明白"]
n.清晰,明晰The deputy chairman of the charity clarified the importance of clarity and purity.慈善的副会长验证明了和纯洁的重要性.
【反】opaqueness（n 含糊）；equivocation（n 模棱两可的话）；muddy（adj 多泥的；泥泞的）；
US ['kler.ɪ.tˌi] noun uncountable
EASY TO UNDERSTAND 清晰易懂
■the quality of being clear and easy to understand 清楚明了；清晰易懂
• There has been a call for greater clarity in this area of the law. 人们要求这个领域的法规应该更加明确一些。
UK ['klær.ɪ.ti] US ['kler.ɪ.tˌi] noun uncountable
EASY TO HEAR/SEE 容易听／看
■the quality of being easy to see or hear （画面或声音的）清晰
• She was phoning from Australia, but I was amazed at the clarity of her voice. 她从澳大利亚打电话来，可是声音那么清晰，让我觉得惊讶。
UK ['klær.ɪ.ti] US ['kler.ɪ.tˌi] noun uncountable
THINKING CLEARLY 思路清晰
■the ability to think clearly and not be confused （思路）清晰
• He has shown great clarity of mind. 可以看出他的思维极其清晰。
• mental clarity 头脑清醒
n. 清楚，明晰； [化学] 透明
 - transparency, perspicuousness

Word: environmentalist
Front: environmentalist
[ɪnˌvaɪrənˈmentəlɪst] (5444/8264 -2)
Vocabulary: environmentalist
(once / 3671 pages)
n
If you're a true environmentalist, you care deeply enough about the natural world to make protecting it a real priority. You may even have made it your life's work.
These days, there's no shortage of work for the world's environmentalists. What with climate change, oil spills, gas drilling, deforestation, and species decline (just to name a few), there's almost no time to breathe. Show me an environmentalist with nothing to do, and I'll show you someone who isn't paying attention. Environmentalists — people who work to protect the environment — often work hand in hand with conservationists, whose job is to protect and maintain as much of the natural world as possible.
WORD FAMILY
environmentalist: environmentalists+/ environment: environmental, environments/ environmental: environmentalism, environmentally/environmentalism: environmentalist
USAGE EXAMPLES
Environmentalists remain divided on the issue of carbon capture, said John Coequyt, global climate policy director for Sierra Club.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The U.S. government and many environmentalists also view electric vehicles as key to combating climate change.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Environmentalists counter that the issue is crucial because stormwater is the largest source of toxic pollution in Puget Sound.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 环保人士; 研究环境问题的专家; 环境保护论者，人类生态学者
adj. 环境论的，环境论者的
分布：环保人士(76%)，环境论者(24%)
US [-ˌvaɪr.ən'men.tˌəl-] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a person who is interested in or studies the environment and who tries to protect it from being damaged by human activities 环境保护主义者；环境保护论者

Word: canyon
Front: canyon
[ˈkænjən] (托宝 4767/16528 -1)
Vocabulary: canyon
(once / 721 pages)
n
A canyon is a deep, narrow valley surrounded by tall cliffs. Because a canyon is often very deep, be very cautious when standing on the rocky cliffs above.
The noun canyon refers to a deep ravine that has been cut into the earth's surface over a long period of time by erosion from a running river. Also known as a gorge, it usually has very steep walls with rocky cliffs. One of the most famous examples is the Grand Canyon, which was cut by the Colorado River. It's an astounding 277 miles long, up to 18 miles wide, and a mile deep.
WORD FAMILY
canyon: canyons
USAGE EXAMPLES
Sierra Canyon was No. 1 in the nation last week.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
A mile from that canyon, I sat in a diner and talked with Mendoza.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
“They just sat there in silence, gazing at the barren canyon walls,” Mr. Lattin wrote in “The Harvard Psychedelic Club.”
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 峡谷
分布：峡谷(100%)
→来自cane, 芦苇。-on,大词后缀。因狭谷形如大芦苇而得名。
【记】gorge，gully，ravine，valley都是峡谷，不用区别
noun countable
■a large valley with very steep sides and usually a river flowing along the bottom 峡谷
n. [地理] 峡谷
 - glen, coomb, kloof

Word: verse
Front: verse
[vɜ:s] (研六托宝 5446/3540 -2)
Vocabulary: verse
(once / 104 pages)
1nv 2v
A poem — especially one that rhymes — is called verse. The children's author Dr. Seuss wrote in verse, and the regular rhymes of "The Cat in the Hat" helped generations of children learn to read.
In music, a verse is a section of a song that's often followed by a chorus. Many people can sing the chorus to "Take Me Out to the Ball Game," but few realize there are also verses, including one that starts, "Katie Casey was baseball mad." Verse comes from the Latin word versus, which means a line of writing and is based on the Proto-Indo-European root wer, meaning to turn or bend.
WORD FAMILY
verse: versed, verses, versify, versing+/ versed: unversed/ versification: versifications/versifier: versifiers/versify: versification, versified, versifier, versifies, versifying
USAGE EXAMPLES
Q: Paterson’s poetry is not the only verse in the film.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
In blank verse, Ms. Williams, whose account is verified on the site, described the proposal on the “isaidyes” subreddit, which is dedicated to engagement stories.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Visitors collected outside the sanctuary doors and sang verses pleading to be let in.
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: n. 诗，韵文; 诗节，诗行; 诗篇; 圣经中的节
v. 作诗或者从事于作诗; 使熟练或者精通
时态：versed, versing, verses
分布：诗(83%)，韵文(8%)，诗节(4%)，作诗(2%)，诗化(1%)，对 ... 精通(1%)，在诗中表现(1%)
→来自拉丁语versus,转，翻转，词源versus,toward。引申词义诗行，韵文。
诗歌,韵文(转着反复说的话→诗歌)[ver,ert=turn,表示"转"]
n.韵文,诗;诗节,诗句On the exciting kite site, the excited reciter cited my verse.在激动人心的风筝现场,激动的朗诵者应用了我的诗句.
US [vɝ:s] noun
 ADVANCED uncountable
■writing which is arranged in short lines with a regular rhythm; poetry 诗；诗歌；韵文
• comic/light/satirical verse 打油／谐趣／讽刺诗
• Shakespeare wrote mostly in verse. 莎士比亚主要用韵文来写作。
 ADVANCED countable
■one of the parts into which a poem or song is divided 诗节；（歌曲的）节
• Each verse was sung as a solo and then everyone joined in on the chorus. 每一节都以独唱形式演唱，然后所有人一同合唱。
countable
■one of the series of short parts into which the writing of a holy book is divided （宗教圣书的）节
• She recited a verse from the Bible/the Koran. 她背诵了《圣经》／《可兰经》里的一节。
verse, poetry, poem
这组词都有“诗”的意思，其区别是：
verse: 多指诗句、诗行或诗节，也可作诗歌、韵文的总称。
poetry: 指诗的总称。
poem: 通常指一首诗或诗体文。
n. 诗，诗篇；韵文；诗节
 - poetry, poem

Word: moisture
Front: moisture
[ˈmɔɪstʃə(r)] (研四六托 5447/7063 -2)
Vocabulary: moisture
(once / 669 pages)
n
Moisture is the feeling of wetness — what you want in your cupcake but not in your diapers.
Moisture is the noun related to the adjective moist, which you might use to describe damp soil, clammy air, or melt-in-your-mouth desserts. Moisture has also been known to promote mold growth and frizz otherwise tame hair, so it doesn't have many fans — other than tropical plants and the very thirsty.
WORD FAMILY
moisture: moistures, moisturise, moisturize +/ moist: moisten, moister, moistly, moistness/ moisten: moistened, moistener, moistening, moistens, moisture /moistener: moisteners/moistening: moistenings/ moisturize: moisturized, moisturizes, moisturizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
That same system might bring much-needed moisture to Southern California by the middle of the week.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The intense heat baked the soil, leaving it slick and unable to absorb moisture from a huge thunderstorm that followed two months later.
BBC(Dec 29, 2016)
Cook, stirring occasionally, until most of the moisture released from the mushrooms evaporates, about 5 minutes.
Washington Post(Dec 23, 2016)
Back: n. 水分; 湿气; 潮湿; 降雨量
分布：水分(75%)，湿度(18%)，潮气(7%)
→来自moist,微湿的，湿润的。
n.潮湿,湿气,湿度The newly imprisoned prisoners poisoned poisonous moisture are hoisted out from the prison.中了有毒湿气毒的新近关押的囚犯被从监狱吊出.
US [-tʃɚ] noun uncountable
■a liquid such as water in the form of very small drops, either in the air, in a substance, or on a surface 潮气，湿气；水分
• These plants need a rich soil which retains moisture. 这些植物需要一种能保持水分、养分充足的土壤。
n. 水分；湿度； [气象] [物] 潮湿；降雨量
 - rainfall, humidity content

Word: contradiction
Front: contradiction
[ˌkɒntrəˈdɪkʃn] (研四六雅 5451/4353 -2)
Vocabulary: contradiction
(once / 589 pages)
n
A contradiction is a situation or ideas in opposition to one another. Declaring publicly that you are an environmentalist but never remembering to take out the recycling is an example of a contradiction.
A "contradiction in terms" is a common phrase used to describe a statement that contains opposing ideas. Examples of a contradiction in terms include, "the gentle torturer," "the towering midget," or "a snowy summer's day." A person can also express a contradiction, like the person who professes atheism, yet goes to church every Sunday.
WORD FAMILY
contradiction: contradictions, self-contradiction+/ contradict: contradicted, contradicting, contradiction, contradictory, contradicts/contradictoriness: contradictorinesses/ contradictory: contradictories, contradictorily, contradictoriness, self-contradictory
USAGE EXAMPLES
Resolving the contradictions within the government’s various positions, and preventing backbench revolts destroying its slim parliamentary majority, will be all-consuming.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
During the election, many critics of Trump saw a contradiction in his strong support among working-class Americans.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
In her prep, Bening worried about Dorthea’s contradictions and paradoxes, but realized in time that that’s “where the gold is.”
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 矛盾; 否认，反驳
分布：矛盾(93%)，反驳(3%)，否认(3%)，不一致(1%)
n.反驳,否认;矛盾,不一致The dictator predicted the contradiction in the dictionary.独裁者预言了字典中的矛盾.
US [ˌkɑ:n-] noun countable or uncountable
■when something is the complete opposite of something else or very different from something else, so that one of them must be wrong 矛盾
• You say that you're good friends and yet you don't trust him. Isn't that a bit of a contradiction? 你说你们是好朋友，可你又不信任他。那不是有点矛盾吗？
a contradiction in terms
■a combination of words which is nonsense because some of the words suggest the opposite of some of the others 用词自相矛盾的话
• Many people think that an honest politician is a contradiction in terms. 许多人认为“诚实的政客”在用词上自相矛盾。
n. [数] 矛盾；否认；反驳
 - conflict, discrepancy

Word: trophy
Front: trophy
[ˈtrəʊfi] (宝 5448/4211 -2)
Vocabulary: trophy
(once / 719 pages)
n
A trophy is a prize given for winning a competition. Often made of metal (or plastic meant to look like metal), a trophy may not have much monetary value, but the pride it gives the person who receives it can be priceless.
Trophy comes from the Greek word tropē, meaning "a turning, defeat of the enemy." It later came to mean "a monument of victory," which it still celebrates today. Think of the overjoyed actor who holds his Oscar — a trophy — in the air during his acceptance speech, or a team of eight year old soccer players who, in their group photo, hold their trophies in one hand while raising the index finger of their other hand, meaning "We're number one!"
WORD FAMILY
trophy: trophies
USAGE EXAMPLES
An hour after the game, after the trophy ceremony, the senior was still in defensive-back mode.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“It’s not just always about the big trophy for this,” Hostetler said about the competitions.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Rookie Derrick Henry, the 2015 Heisman Trophy winner, got the bulk of the workload late with 15 carries for 65 yards and a touchdown.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 纪念品，战利品; 奖品，奖杯（牌）; 胜利纪念柱; 战利品雕饰
adj. 显示身份或地位的; 提高身价的; 有威望的
分布：战利品(53%)，奖品(37%)，有威望的(5%)，显示身份的(5%)
→来自拉丁语 trophaeum,胜利标志，纪念碑，纪念品，来自希腊语 trope,溃败，打败，战争的 转折，来自 trep,转，来自 ter,转，词源同 turn,trope.后引申词义战利品，奖品等。
奖品,胜利纪念品(经过轮番努力[turnagainandagain]而得到的东西)[trop=vturn,表示"转"]
【记】源于：triumph（n /v 胜利；成功）
【区】atrophy（n 萎缩）因为没有a奖品trophy。
US [troʊ-] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a prize, such as a gold or silver cup, which is given to the winner of a competition or race, and often returned after a year to be given to the winner of the competition in the following year 奖，（流动）奖杯
• He's an excellent snooker player, but he's never won a major trophy. 他是个出色的撞球选手，但从未赢得过任何一项重要比赛的冠军。
• The Duchess of Kent will be presenting the trophies. 肯特公爵夫人将颁奖。
■something used as a symbol of success from hunting or war 战利品；猎获物；胜利纪念品
• That stuffed pike above the fireplace is Pat's trophy from a fishing holiday. 壁炉上那个制成标本的狗鱼是派特钓鱼渡假时带回的纪念品。
n. 奖品；战利品；纪念品
 - prize, award, capture

Word: ironic
Front: ironic
[aɪˈrɒnɪk] (研托宝 5450/6857 -2)
Vocabulary: ironic
(once / 2287 pages)
adj
If something is ironic it's unexpected, often in an amusing way. If you're the world chess champion, it would be pretty ironic if you lost a match to someone who just learned to play yesterday.
Ironic is the adjective for the noun irony. In contemporary speech, when we call something ironic, we often mean sarcastic. If you spill coffee all over drawings you've been working on all morning, you might ironically tell your coworker, "I've done something wonderful!" An ironic outcome is the opposite of what's intended. Having someone splash mud on you is always annoying, but it would be ironic if they had splashed you because they were running up to wipe dirt off you.
WORD FAMILY
irony: ironic, ironical, ironies, ironist+/ ironical: ironically /ironist: ironists
USAGE EXAMPLES
It would be so ironic if, for instance, energy prices are higher in four years than they are now.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Even the “ironic” title is bad; there is just nothing “nice” about this film.
Salon(Dec 30, 2016)
How did a zoo animal become the centerpiece of ironic Internet culture in 2016?
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 用反语的; 具有讽刺意味的; 冷嘲的; 令人啼笑皆非的
分布：讽刺的(89%)，说反话的(11%)
→来自irony,讽刺。
【参】irony[SAT]（n 反话；讽刺）
US [aɪ'rɑ:.nɪk] (also ironical)
adjective
■interesting, strange or funny because of being very different from what you would usually expect 讽刺，适得其反
• [+ that] It is ironic that although many items are now cheaper to make, fewer people can afford to buy them. 讽刺的是，虽然如今很多物品的制作成本下降了，但能买得起的人却少了。
■showing that you really mean the opposite of what you are saying 反语的；讽刺的
• an ironic comment/reply 讽刺的评论／挖苦的回答
adj. 讽刺的；反话的
 - acid, satiric

Word: rattle
Front: rattle
[ˈrætl] (六托宝 5452/6515 -2)
Back: vt. & vi. （使）发出格格的响声，（使）作嘎嘎声; 喋喋不休地说话
vi. 迅速而嘎嘎作响地移动，堕下或走动
vt. 使紧张，使恐惧; 给（桅索）扎梯绳
n. 嘎嘎声; 发出嘎嘎声的儿童玩具; 呼噜声; 音响构造
时态：rattled, rattling, rattles
分布：喋喋不休(31%)，使恼火(20%)，嘎嘎声(12%)，使惊惶失措(10%)，嘎嘎作响(7%)，拔浪鼓(5%)，嘎嘎响的东西(5%)，使作响(5%)，急促地谈讲(5%)
→拟声词，-le,表反复。
【记】读：rat偷，老鼠偷东西要把门咬一个洞－使格格作响
【参】rattlesnake（n 响尾蛇）
US ['rætˌ-] noun
only singular
■a sound similar to a series of quickly repeated knocks （连续重复的）嗒嗒声，嘎嘎声；连续短促的碰撞声
• From across the town came the rattle of machine-gun fire. 从城镇的另一边传来机关枪开火的嗒嗒声。
countable
■a toy which makes a noise like a series of knocks （玩具）拨浪鼓
• The baby was waving around a plastic rattle. 婴儿正挥舞着一个塑胶拨浪鼓。
countable
■a wooden device that when turned round and round produces a noise like a series of knocks （转动时发出嗒嗒声的木制）响板
countable
■the part of a rattlesnake's tail that produces a noise （响尾蛇尾部的）角质环
UK ['ræt.l] US ['rætˌ-] verb
WORRY 使担心
transitive
■to worry someone or make someone nervous 烦扰；使慌乱；使紧张
• The creaking upstairs was starting to rattle me. 楼上发出的吱嘎声使我开始紧张不安起来。
UK ['ræt.l] US ['rætˌ-] verb
SOUND 声音
intransitive or transitive
■to (cause to) make a noise like a series of knocks （使）发出连串的敲击声；（使）发出嘎嘎声
• The explosion rattled the cups on the table. 爆炸将桌上的杯子震得叮当作响。
• The dying man's voice rattled in his throat. 那个垂死者的喉咙里发出阵阵急促的声音。
• [+ adv/prep] The car rattled over the cobblestones. 汽车在鹅卵石路上哐啷哐啷颠簸着前进。
• My car engine is making a strange rattling noise. 我的汽车引擎发出一种奇怪的嗒嗒声。
UK ['ræt.l] US ['rætˌ-] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] rattle sth off informal
■to say or read aloud very quickly a list of names or things, or something you have learned 快速大声说（或读）出；不假思索地说出；快速背出
• She rattled off the names of the people who were coming to the party. 她一口气说出了要来参加派对者的名字。
UK ['ræt.l] US ['rætˌ-] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  rattle on/away informal
■to talk for a long time, especially about things that are not important 喋喋不休地说，没完没了地唠叨（尤指鸡毛蒜皮的事）
• She was on the phone for hours last night, just rattling on to her friends. 昨晚她打电话没完没了地跟她那些朋友们唠叨了好几个小时。
UK ['ræt.l] US ['rætˌ-] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  rattle through sth informal
■to do or say something very quickly 迅速完成；匆匆做完（或讲完）
• I'm going to rattle through my work today so that I can go home early. 我今天要尽快做完我的工作好早点回家。
• He rattled through the list of countries he had visited. 他一口气说出了他去过的那些国家的名称。
vt. 使发出咯咯声；喋喋不休；使慌乱，使惊慌
 - harp on, go on about sth
n. 喋喋不休的人；吓吱声，格格声
 - jay, chatterer

Word: co-worker
Front: co-worker
[ˈkəʊˌwɜ:kə] None
Vocabulary: co-worker
(once / 4457 pages)
n
A co-worker is someone you work with. Your ice cream shop co-worker might scoop the ice cream while you're on milkshake duty.
When you work with someone, that person is your co-worker. The word implies that you work side-by-side — you wouldn't usually refer to your boss as your co-worker. If you work in an office, your co-workers probably have cubicles and computers that are similar to yours, and if you work on a farm your co-workers are right there beside you weeding the beets or watering the tomatoes. The prefix co in co-worker means "together" or "mutually."
WORD FAMILY
co-worker: co-workers+/nonworker: nonworkers/ overwork: overworked, overworking, overworks/rework: reworked, reworking, reworks/unworkable: unworkably/ work: overwork, rework, workable, worked, worker, working, works/workable: unworkable, workably/worker: co-worker, nonworker, workers/working: workings/works: workss
USAGE EXAMPLES
And like all Apple employees, he was discouraged from talking about his job with co-workers.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
One co-worker flung a racial epithet at him.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
More than two dozen of his co-workers from H&M, where Morris was a sales adviser at the chain’s Dupont location, attended.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 同事，同僚
分布：合作者(100%)
US [ˌkoʊ'wɝ:.kɚ] noun countable
■a person working with another worker, especially as a partner or helper 同事，同僚；（尤指）共同工作者，帮手
client, colleague, co-worker, employee
client: 客户
colleague: 同事
co-worker: 同事
employee: 雇员
n. [管理] 同事；合作者
 - brother, fellow, colleague, associate

Word: parenting
Front: parenting
[ˈpeərəntɪŋ] (5449/17101 -1)
Back: n. 养育; 抚养; 教养
v. 教养
分布：动词parent的现在分词.(100%)
US ['per.ən.tˌɪŋ] noun uncountable
■the raising of children and all the responsibilities and activities that are involved in it 养育子女
v. 教养（parent的ing形式）；做…的父亲或母亲
 - training

Word: gorgeous
Front: gorgeous
[ˈgɔ:dʒəs] (研六托雅宝 5457/7977 -2)
Vocabulary: gorgeous
(once / 517 pages)
adj
Reach for the adjective gorgeous to describe jaw-droppingly beautiful, magnificent people or things.
Good-looking is one thing. Beautiful is another. But reserve gorgeous for the kind of looks that take your breath away. Some synonyms include resplendent, dazzling, spectacular, and splendid. We know that the word comes from Old French gorgias, meaning "elegant," but beyond that it's hard to say for sure. It might have something to do with fancy necklaces adorning the throat — la gorge in French. If calling someone gorgeous isn't enough, pack some extra punch and say "drop-dead gorgeous" instead.
WORD FAMILY
gorgeous: gorgeousest, gorgeously
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Whangarei is gorgeous,” I said, and Bob gently corrected my pronunciation: In Maori, the “wh” is aspirated, almost approaching an “f” sound.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
The images are gorgeous, postcard-perfect, save for the black bars that partially obscure the frame.
The New Yorker(Dec 28, 2016)
Casually elegant — and unselfconsciously gorgeous — her understated paintings strike just the right balance between restraint and abandon.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 华丽的，艳丽的; 极好的，称心的; 美丽动人的，光彩夺目的; 令人愉快的，令人享受的
分布：华丽的(74%)，灿烂的(16%)，极好的(10%)
→可能来自gorge，喉咙，吞没，咽口水，比喻极其壮观或美丽的事物和人。
壮观的;美丽的[gorg=throat(喉)]
a.华丽的;灿烂的;美丽的;宜人的;棒的The garden is gorgeous with peonies.花园里盛开着绚丽的牡丹花.
【记】gorge（n 峡谷），ous多－很多的峡谷是眩目艳丽的
US ['gɔ:r-] adjective
 ADVANCED
■very beautiful or pleasant 极其漂亮的，美丽动人的；令人愉快的
• What a gorgeous room/dress/colour! 多漂亮的房间／连身裙／颜色啊！
• The bride looked gorgeous. 新娘看上去太美丽了。
• The weather was so gorgeous. 天气非常怡人。
magnificent, gorgeous, glorious, superb, splendid
这组词都有“华丽的，宏传的，辉煌的”的意思，其区别是：
magnificent: 侧重指建筑物、宝石等的华丽堂皇。
gorgeous: 指色彩的富丽和豪华，有时含炫耀和卖弄意味。
glorious: 指光芒四射的绚丽，也指值得称倾、赞美或扬名的壮丽辉煌。
superb: 指壮丽辉煌、宏伟等的极点。
splendid: 侧重指给观察者留下壮丽辉煌或灿烂夺目的印象。
adj. 华丽的，灿烂的；极好的
 - brilliant, wonderful, excellent, famous, super

Word: shatter
Front: shatter
[ˈʃætə(r)] (研六托雅 5453/5979 -1)
Back: vt. 使破碎，使碎裂，砸碎; 使…成为泡影; 使…痛不欲生; 使…散开
vi. 粉碎，损坏，落叶
n. 碎片，碎块; 落花（叶等）
时态：shattered, shattering, shatters
分布：粉碎(73%)，碎片(13%)，毁坏(12%)，使精疲力尽(2%)
n.碎片;粉碎v.粉碎;使疲惫;使震骇With a clatter, the flatterer shattered the chattering wattmeter in the chaos.当啷一声,马屁精在混乱中打碎了格格作响的瓦特表.
US ['ʃætˌ.ɚ] verb
intransitive or transitive
■to (cause something to) break suddenly into very small pieces （使）破碎；粉碎
• The glass shattered into a thousand tiny pieces. 玻璃碎成无数块细小的碎片。
• His leg was shattered in the accident. 他在事故中腿骨碎裂。
transitive
■to end or severely damage something 终结；严重破坏
• The book shattered all her illusions about the Romans. 这本书让她对罗马人的幻想完全破灭。
• Noisy motorbikes shattered the peace. 吵闹的摩托车声打破了宁静。
break, crush, crack, shatter, smash, burst, fracture
这组词都有“打破、弄碎”的意思，其区别是：
break: 常用词，含义广泛，多指猛然用力将坚硬物打破或损坏。
crush: 指用力把东西压破或变形。
crack: 多指因长期使用或经受压力，物体表现呈现裂纹、裂口或破裂、裂开，但一般没成碎片。
shatter: 指破裂为许多支离破碎的碎片，多用指易碎事物。
smash: 指突然而猛烈地重击某物，使之破碎或完全变形。
burst: 指某物因内部外部压力过大而出现严重破裂、爆开或账破。
fracture: 比crack的破裂程度更深更严重，常指断裂，医学上指骨折。
vt. 粉碎；打碎；破坏；破掉；使散开
 - destroy, comminute
vi. 粉碎；损坏；落叶
 - size reduction, out of action
n. 碎片；乱七八糟的状态
 - debris, chip

Word: descent
Front: descent
[dɪˈsent] (研六托雅宝 5454/5385 -1)
Vocabulary: descent
(once / 306 pages)
n
If you’re on your way down, you’re making a descent, whether that’s as a passenger in an airplane that's landing, or if you’re tumbling down a staircase you just slipped on.
Descent comes from the verb descend — to go down. In the original Latin meaning, descent was used spatially, in reference to physical action, like going downstairs into a creepy basement. Metaphorically, though, we also use it to describe origins, especially in ancestry, when we consider ourselves descendants of our forebears.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
decent / descent / dissent
Decent is all buttoned up. Descent has all the fun because it gets to climb down a mountain. Dissent is what you do when the glee club wants to get matching red outfits but you like purple.
Decent, pronounced "DEE-sent," means "socially acceptable." It's also an old fashioned way to say "polite." These days if you ask someone if she's decent, you probably don't care if she went to finishing school, you're just wondering if she's dressed so you can come in. Decent can also mean good but not excellent. Have it both ways:
He's a decent old chap, but isn't at home much. (Bertram Mitford)
"We're going to work hard out there, and earn a decent living." (New York Times)
Descent, pronounced "dih-SENT," means the act of moving downward, either physically or socially, like an evil cartoon character's descent into the underworld, or a villain's descent into madness, or even your descent into the subway station or down a mountain:
There are a few nasty, short climbs, but several long descents too. (Guardian)
Descent can also refer to a person's cultural background. Makes sense if you think about going down the family tree:
The women, U.S. citizens of Somali descent, are charged with conspiracy to provide material support to a foreign terrorist organization. (Washington Post)
Finally, dissent, also pronounced "dih-SENT" is to pipe up against popular opinion.
It can refer to an opinion that differs from an official or popularly held one.To dissent is to voice such an opinion. There are shades of meaning, but it always means to go against the grain:
Mr. Putin, who has rarely faced public dissent in his 11 years in power, appeared momentarily taken aback, but quickly recovered and finished his statement. (New York Times)
Mrs. Twining curled her mouth in bitter dissent. (Edgar Fawcett)
To recap: decent is fine and you're dressed, descent is to go down down down, and dissent is when you're opinion doesn't mesh with others.
WORD FAMILY
descent: descents
USAGE EXAMPLES
When it completes its descent at midnight, a giant "2017" sign will illuminate and a shower of fireworks with light up the sky.
Reuters(Dec 31, 2016)
“It felt a lot like a normal descent for a landing,” he said.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
They threaten to return this country to the grimmest chapters of our history, like the mass imprisonment of U.S. citizens and noncitizens of Japanese descent.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 下降; 血统; 倾斜
分布：下降(58%)，血统(30%)，继承(3%)，下坡(3%)，衰落(3%)，家世(2%)，侵袭(1%)
下降;下坡(de+scent)[scend,scens,scent=climb,表示"爬,攀"]
n.下降,降下;斜坡;血统,家世Those innocent adolescents ascending the hill are the tribe's descendants of decent descent.这些爬山的天真青少年是这个部落具有正派血统的后代.
noun
RELATION 关系
uncountable
■the state or fact of being related to a particular person or group of people who lived in the past 血缘关系，家族关系；祖先；出身
• She's a woman of mixed/French descent. 她是一个混血／法裔女人。
• They trace their line of descent back to a French duke. 他们的先人可以追溯到一位法国公爵。
• He claims direct descent from Mohammed. 他自称是穆罕默德的直系后代。
[dɪ'sent] noun
ARRIVAL 到达
uncountable mainly humorous
■when a group of people arrive somewhere, usually suddenly or unexpectedly 不期而至，突然到达
• We're preparing for the yearly descent of thousands of visitors on the village for the pop festival. 我们正在准备迎接前来村里参加一年一度的流行音乐节的成千上万名游客。
[dɪ'sent] noun
POSITION 位置
countable or uncountable
■a movement down 下降，下落；下沉
• The plane began (to make)its final descent into the airport. 飞机开始（作）最后一次下降，准备在机场降落。
• There is a steep descent (= way down, such as a path) to the village below. 有一条很陡的路通向下面的村庄。
[dɪ'sent] noun
NEGATIVE CHANGE 堕落
[S or U]
■a change in someone's behaviour, or in a situation, from good to bad 堕落，蜕变
• His descent into crime was rapid. 他很快就堕落到犯罪的地步。
n. [航] 下降； [遗] 血统；袭击
 - reduction, birth, decline, fall, blood

Word: widen
Front: widen
[ˈwaɪdn] (四六 5456/4524 -2)
Back: vt. & vi. 放宽，加宽，（使）变宽
时态：widened, widening, widens
分布：扩大(80%)，加宽(12%)，变宽(7%)，使变宽(1%)
verb intransitive or transitive
DISTANCE 距离
 ADVANCED
■to become, or to make something greater in width （使）变宽，加宽；放宽
• As it approaches the sea, the river begins to widen (out). 随着河流接近入海口，河道开始变宽。
['waɪ.dən] verb intransitive or transitive
AMOUNT 数量
■to (cause something to) become larger or to include a larger amount or number （使）变宽；（使）变多；（使）变大
• His eyes/smile widened. 他睁大了眼睛／大笑起来。
• Why not widen the discussion to include the Muslim and Jewish points of view? 为甚么不扩大讨论范围，把伊斯兰教和犹太教的观点也包括进来？
vi. 变宽
 - broaden

Word: tease
Front: tease
[ti:z] (高研六托雅宝 5458/6082 -2)
Vocabulary: tease
(once / 635 pages)
1vn 2v 3v
To tease is to pick on someone or to give false hope. You can tease your little sister by saying "nanny nanny boo boo" or by holding a cookie just out of her reach.
Tease, a modern spelling of the Old English taesan “pluck, pull apart" is now associated with the act of harassing. You can still use tease as a verb, though, to describe the act of backcombing your hair to give it volume. But more commonly, tease refers to messing with someone. There’s an old proverb, “Patience when teased is often transformed into rage,” which means if you tease someone a lot, you might get your booty kicked!
WORD FAMILY
tease: teased, teaser, teases, teasing+/ teaser: teasers/teasing: teasingly, teasings
USAGE EXAMPLES
He becomes aggressive toward his brothers easily and manipulates the little ones into teasing or excluding each other from playing.
Washington Post(Nov 29, 2016)
While compensation is wildly disparate in both situations, McCullough insisted that there was no teasing, bullying or pecking order when he played for either squad.
New York Times(Nov 30, 2016)
Asked if she was harboring any underwear secrets, singer and actress Soko teased: “Like not wearing any?”
Los Angeles Times(Nov 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 取笑，戏弄; 挑逗; 强要
vi. 梳理（羊毛等）; 起绒
n. 爱嘲弄他人的人; 取笑卖弄风骚的人
时态：teased, teasing, teases
分布：戏弄(77%)，欺负(10%)，嘲弄(10%)，揶揄者(3%)
→来自古英语 taesan,拔出，梳理，特指粗鲁的梳理羊毛，来自 Proto-Germanic*taisijan,分开， 拉，扯，来自 dai,分开，可能来自 da,分开，词源同 deal,time.后引申词义逗弄，取 笑等。
v.戏弄,取笑;挑逗n.(爱)戏弄他人者;戏弄Please release that pleasant peasant teaser who brings us plenty of pleasure.请释放那个带给我们巨大快乐的友好的农民逗趣者.
【记】tea茶，se色：给你看看有颜色的茶，但不让你喝－挑逗tease是ease轻松的
verb intransitive or transitive
 ADVANCED
■to laugh at someone or say unkind things about them, either because you are joking or because you want to upset them 戏弄，逗弄；取笑，招惹
• I used to hate being teased about my red hair when I was at school. 我上学期间一直讨厌别人取笑我的红头发。
• I was only teasing, I didn't mean to upset you. 我只是在开玩笑，不是有意要惹你难过的。
[ti:z] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] tease sth out
GET INFORMATION
■to try to get information or understand a meaning that is hidden or not clear 套取（资讯、隐含的意思等）；套出（真相）
• It took me a while to tease the truth out of him. 我好不容易才从他嘴里套出真相。
SEPARATE
■to use your fingers to gradually separate and straighten hairs or threads that are stuck or twisted together （用手指）梳理
• While it was still wet, I gently teased out the tangled knots in Rosie's hair. 趁罗茜的头发还是湿的，我轻轻地用手指梳理开她打了结的头发。
[ti:z] noun countable
■someone who is always teasing people 爱戏弄他人者
• Johnny, don't be such a tease - leave your sister alone! 强尼，别这样戏弄人——不要惹你妹妹！
slang disapproving
■someone who enjoys causing sexual excitement and interest in people she or he does not intend to have sex with 卖弄风骚的人
vt. 取笑；戏弄；梳理；欺负；强求；使起毛
 - guy, exact, kid
n. 戏弄；爱纠缠的小孩；挑逗者；卖弄风骚的女孩
 - razz
vi. 取笑
 - poke fun at, to make fun of

Word: startle
Front: startle
[ˈstɑ:tl] (研四六托雅宝 5455/7875 -2)
Vocabulary: startle
(once / 138 pages)
vn
To startle is to jump, like when you're surprised. If you’re sneaking through a dark room and step on a sleeping dog’s tail — you might startle the dog. If she barks, that dog startles you right back!
A startle is a quick, sharp movement, like a little jump that happens when you’re surprised or suddenly scared. If you sneak up on your mom and say "Boo!" you’ll startle her and she might jump up in her seat (before she yells at you to quit it). Alarm clocks and barking dogs often startle people. The original meaning of startle, around 1300, was "to run back and forth," from the Old English word styrtan, "to leap up."
WORD FAMILY
startle: startled, startles, startling +/startled: startledly/ startling: startlingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
So the truly startling thing about Ms. Carey’s New Year’s Eve fiasco is that she planned to perform “Emotions” at all.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The combination of tiredness and fear, when it combined with my letting down my guard, produced at least one moment that startled and haunted me.
The Guardian(Dec 29, 2016)
For that startling race, Whitlock’s training log showed that he did 43 training runs of three hours apiece.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: vt. 使震惊，使大吃一惊; 使惊跳，使惊吓
vi. 惊吓; 受惊; 惊跳
n. 惊愕; 惊恐; 震惊，吃惊; 惊跳
时态：startled, startling, startles
分布：吃惊(59%)，惊恐(41%)
→来自古义 start,跳动，跳起，-le,表反复。引申比喻义吃惊，震惊。
v.惊吓,使吃惊The articulate man's artistic cartoon startled the charterer.发音清晰者的艺术卡通使包租人大吃一惊.
【记】star星星长出tle头－star头－使吃惊害怕得跳起
【反】lull（v 使平静）
US ['stɑ:r.l] verb transitive
■to do something unexpected which surprises and sometimes worries a person or animal 使大吃一惊；使受惊，使吓一跳
• She was concentrating on her book and his voice startled her. 她正在聚精会神地看书，被他的声音吓了一跳。
• The noise of the car startled the birds and the whole flock flew up into the air. 汽车声把一大群鸟惊吓得振翅飞了起来。
• Her article on diet startled many people into changing their eating habits. 她那篇有关饮食的文章使很多人惶惶不安，开始改变饮食习惯。
alarm, frightem, startle, terrify, scare, intimidate
这些动词均有“惊吓、惊恐”之意。
alarm: 着重指某人意识到危险而突然产生的惊恐。
frightem: 普通用词，使用广泛，指产生突然、短暂的惊慌、恐怖感。
startle: 强调突然使人惊骇或震惊。
terrify: 语气最强，指惊骇得六神无主，魂飞魄散。
scare: 指非正式文体中可与frighten换用，但语气较重，侧重人受惊吓后立即停下正在干的事或跑掉。
intimidate: 特指恐吓某人，迫使其做某事。
stun, astound, astonish, surprise, amaze, startle
这组词都有“使惊愕，使惊讶，使惊奇”的意思，其区别是：
stun: 语气最强，指极度惊讶而目瞪口呆，不知所措。
astound: 语气强，指由于事情令人难以置信或实在罕见而使人感到震惊。
astonish: 语气较强，指出乎预料，意外发生，但又无法解释而感到惊奇。
surprise: 普通用词，多指因未预料或意外的事而引起的惊奇之感。
amaze: 语气较强，指因认为不可能或极少可能发生情况的出现而感到惊讶或迷惑不解。
startle: 指因突然的惊吓或意料不到的刺激等而使人惊跳或震惊。
vt. 使吓一跳；使惊奇
 - surprise
vi. 惊吓；惊跳；惊奇
 - stand in amazement
n. 惊愕；惊恐
 - wonder, consternation

Word: gospel
Front: gospel
[ˈgɒspl] (托宝 5461/4812 -2)
Vocabulary: gospel
(once / 754 pages)
1n 2n
Follow advice like gospel and you're following it as though it was the final word or authority on the matter.
The word gospel comes from the Old English god meaning "good" and spel meaning "news, a story." In Christianity, the term "good news" refers to the story of Jesus Christ's birth, death, and resurrection. Gospel music is heard in church and sung by a gospel choir. Outside of its application to religion, the word gospel is also used to describe an idea or rule that's accepted as undoubtedly true.
WORD FAMILY
gospel
USAGE EXAMPLES
To many believers, the prosperity gospel offers hope and promise.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
It’s called the prosperity gospel, a term for the argument used by some preachers that donating to them will personally enrich their audience.
Salon(Dec 29, 2016)
It will be the first time preachers who spread the prosperity gospel will be included in the ceremony.
Seattle Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 真理，信条; 福音音乐; <新约>四福音书; 原则
adj. 传播福音的; 福音赞美诗的
分布：福音(93%)，真理(6%)，新约圣经四福书之一(1%)
→来自good spell的缩写。spell, 符咒，音讯。
【记】源于《圣经?新约》中的福音书（Gospel），是基督教《启示录》的中心内容。福音书是新约圣经的前四本书之一，记载了耶稣的生平、死亡、复活和他的教导go＝god，spel＝spell拼写－上帝的拼写－绝对真理
US ['gɑ:.spəl] noun
CHRISTIANITY 基督教
countable
■any of the four books of the Bible which contain details of the life of Jesus Christ 福音书（《圣经》中记载耶稣生平的四福音书之一）
• St Mark's Gospel/the Gospel according to St Mark 《马可福音》
the gospel only singular
■the teachings of Jesus Christ 福音（指耶稣的教诲）
• to preach/spread the gospel 讲道／传播福音
UK ['gɒs.pəl] US ['gɑ:.spəl] noun
TRUTH 绝对真理
uncountable informal (also gospel truth)
■the complete truth （用于强调某事的真实性）绝对真实
• If Mary tells you something, you can take it as gospel. 玛丽告诉你的事，你可以绝对相信。
UK ['gɒs.pəl] US ['gɑ:.spəl] noun
MUSIC 音乐
uncountable (also gospel music)
■a style of religious music originally performed by black Americans （起源于美国黑人中的）福音音乐
UK ['gɒs.pəl] US ['gɑ:.spəl] noun
BELIEFS 信念
only singular literary
■a set of principles or ideas which someone believes in （个人的）信条，信念
• the gospel of hard work 勤奋工作的信条
n. 真理；信条
 - truth, doctrine, tenet, creed

Word: prince
Front: prince
[prɪns] (研四六 4782/1466 -K4)
Vocabulary: prince
(once / 35 pages)
n
A prince is royalty, the son of a king or queen. Originally, a prince was the ruler of and individual territory, also known as “principalities.” A prince is a popular fairy tale hero, but there are real live ones, too.
A prince is the son of a monarch, possibly even the person who stands to inherit the title of king after his father's death. Sometimes, though, a prince is simply a member of the royal family, or even a ruler over a small area of the monarch's country. Prince comes from the Latin princeps, "first man" or "ruler," from primus, "first." A prince is often first in line to inherit the throne.
WORD FAMILY
prince: princedom, princely, princes+/princedom: princedoms/ princely: princelier, princeliest
USAGE EXAMPLES
One of the DUI charges was the arrest of Charles W. Caldwell III, the former chairman of the Prince George’s County liquor board.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
For every hit like “Mortal Combat” or “Lara Croft: Tomb Raider,” there are a slew of duds such as “Warcraft” and “Prince of Persia.”
Time(Jan 01, 2017)
For every hit like "Mortal Combat" or "Lara Croft: Tomb Raider," there are a slew of duds such as "Warcraft" and "Prince of Persia."
Reuters(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 王子; 巨头; （某些欧洲国家的）贵族; 小国的君主
分布：王子(94%)，亲王(5%)，诸侯(1%)
→来自古法语prince,王子，王公，来自拉丁语princeps,国王，统治者，酋长，来自primus,第一的，首要的，-cep,拿，带，承担，词源同capable,accept.后词义扩大为小国的君主，国君等。拼写比较single,simple.
n.王子,亲王The prince and princess lived a happy life ever since.王子和公主从此过着幸福的生活.
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■an important male member of a royal family, especially a son or grandson of the king or queen 王子；亲王；王孙
• Prince Edward 爱德华王子
• Prince Juan Carlos of Spain became king in 1975. 胡安‧卡洛斯王子于1975年成为西班牙国王。
 IMPROVER
■a male ruler of a country, usually a small country （通常指小国的）国君
• Prince Rainier is the ruling prince of Monaco. 雷尼尔国王是摩纳哥的君主。
prince among/of sth literary
■a man who is excellent at something 大王；巨擘；名家
• that prince of flautists, William Bennett 那位长笛演奏名家威廉‧贝内特
n. 王子，国君；亲王；贵族
 - noble, infante

Word: waiter
Front: waiter
[ˈweɪtə(r)] (高研四六雅 5460/5772 -K2)
Back: n. 侍者; 服务员; 托盘
分布：侍者(100%)
→来自wait,等待。
n.侍者,服务员In the faithful waiter's waist exists a list of the ten listeners.在忠实的侍者的腰里存有那十位听众的名单.
US [-ɚ] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a man whose job is to bring the food to customers at their tables in a restaurant （餐馆的）男侍者，男服务员
attendant, servant, waiter
这组词都有“服务员”的意思，其区别是：
attendant: 多指跟随某人并为其服务的人。也可指一般意义的“服务员”。
servant: 指吃住在他人家为挣工资而干活的人，也指被雇用的人或指广义的“公仆”。
waiter: 指在饭店、旅馆等处的男服务员，女服务员为waitress。
n. 服务员，侍者
 - service man, porter

Word: subject
Front: subject
[ˈsʌbdʒɪkt] (高雅宝 670/358 -K4)
Vocabulary: subject
(once / 23 pages)
1nv 2n 3nadjv 4adj
Subject can mean "topic," as in "Let's change the subject." It can also mean "to make someone do something," as in "Don't let your dad subject you to an hour-long lecture on fishing." It can also mean everyone in a country who is not the ruler, as in "The king greeted his subjects when he returned from abroad."
A subject could be a broad branch of knowledge, like Biology, or a very narrow focus, like the effects of drought on avocados. If you are painting a portrait, the person posing for you is your subject. Subject can also mean beholden, or subordinate. If you are traveling in England, but not an English subject, or citizen, then you are still subject to English law.
WORD FAMILY
subject: subjected, subjecting, subjection, subjects+/ subjection: subjections
USAGE EXAMPLES
And it’s the subject of “We Believe in Dinosaurs,” an upcoming documentary that is fundraising through Indiegogo.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Rather, he said, its goal was to capture the challenge of talking to young children about difficult subjects.
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
Several Israeli media outlets reported that Netanyahu is the subject of two police investigations.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 主题，话题; 学科，科目; [哲]主观
adj. 须服从…的; （在君主等）统治下的
v. 提供，提出; 使…隶属
时态：subjected, subjecting, subjects
分布：主题(48%)，话题(21%)，科目(17%)，服从的(3%)，使服从(3%)，题材(3%)，主观(2%)，使遭遇(1%)，使隶属(1%)，实验对象(1%)
→sub-,在下，-ject,投掷，扔，词源同 project,projectile.字面意思即扔在下面，引申词义被制服， 被控制，国民，臣民。后引申词义扔在下面，构成基础，主题，题目等。
主题,主观a.服从的(sub在...下面+ject_→扔下去→服从的,扔下去让大家讨论的主题)[ject=throw,cast,表示"投掷,扔"]
n.主题;学科a.隶属的;易遭...的v.使隶属The projector is subject to rejection and may be ejected from the project.投影机有遭到否决的倾向并可能被逐出工程.
【记】sub下面，ject扔：扔到下面－臣服者
【参】subjection（n 征服）
【反】potentate（n 当权者）
noun countable /ˈsʌb.dʒekt/
AREA OF STUDY 学习领域
 ESSENTIAL
■the thing which is being discussed, considered or studied 主题，话题；问题；题目
• Our subject for discussion is homelessness. 我们讨论的话题是无家可归问题。
• She has made a series of documentaries on the subject of family relationships. 她拍摄了一系列以家庭关系为题材的纪录片。
• The guest lecturer took as her subject (= decided to speak about) 'punishment and imprisonment in modern society'. 特别讲师演讲的题目是“现代社会的刑罚与监禁”。
• The number of planes flying over the town has been the subject of (= has caused) concern since last summer. 自去年夏天开始，从小镇上空飞过的飞机数量一直让人们忐忑不安。
 ESSENTIAL
■an area of knowledge which is studied in school, college or university 学科；科目；专业
• My favourite subjects at school were history and geography. 念书时，我最喜欢的科目是历史和地理。
• mainly UK Her subject (= special area of study) is low-temperature physics. 她的专业是低温物理学。
change the subject
 IMPROVER
■to start talking about a different subject 改变话题，换个话题
• I'd tried to explain the situation, but he just changed the subject. 我想把情况解释清楚，他却岔开话题。
noun countable /ˈsʌb.dʒekt/
GRAMMAR 文法
 ADVANCED specialized
■the person or thing which performs the action of a verb, or which is joined to a description by a verb 主语
• 'Bob' is the subject of the sentence 'Bob threw the ball'. Bob 是句子 Bob threw the ball 的主语。
Compare object
noun countable /ˈsʌb.dʒekt/
PERSON 人
■a person who lives in or who has the right to live in a particular country, especially a country with a king or queen （尤指君主制国家的）臣民，国民
• He is a British subject. 他是英国国民。
Compare citizen
verb transitive /səbˈdʒekt/
■to defeat people or a country and then control them against their wishes and limit their freedom 使臣服，征服，压服
• The invaders quickly subjected the local tribes. 入侵者很快就征服了当地的部落。
verb transitive /səbˈdʒekt/
  Phrasal Verbs  [often passive] subject sb/sth to sth
■to make someone or something experience an unpleasant or worrying thing 使承受，使遭受
• The inquiry found that they had been subjected to unfair treatment. 调查发现，他们曾受到过不公正待遇。
• "I didn't want to subject him to such a long journey," she said. “我不想让他长途跋涉。”她说。
adjective]ˈsʌb.dʒekt/
HAVING 拥有
be subject to sth
■to have or experience a particular thing, especially something unpleasant 有；遭受，承受
• Cars are subject to a high domestic tax. 买汽车要缴很高的国内税。
• In recent years, she has been subject to attacks of depression. 近年来，她一直饱受忧郁症的折磨。
adjective]ˈsʌb.dʒekt/
DEPEND 依赖
subject to sth
■depending on the stated thing happening 取决于，视…而定
• We plan to go on Wednesday, subject to your approval. 如果你同意，我们打算周三走。
• Moving all the books should not take long, subject to there being (= if there are) enough helpers. 如果有足够人手，把所有书都搬走花不了多少时间。
adjective]ˈsʌb.dʒekt/
GOVERN 统治
[before noun]
■under the political control of another country or state 使臣服，征服，压服
• subject peoples/states 被征服的民族／国家
topic, subject, theme, issue
这组词都有“主题、话题”的意思，其区别是：
topic: 普通用词，含义广泛，但其范畴小于subject。既可指文章、讲话的题目，谈话的内容，又可指提纲中的标题甚至段落的主题或中心思想。
subject: 一般用词，使用广泛。指书籍、文章、演讲、讨论等中所隐含的、暗示的，需要由读者或听众推断的主题或中心话题。
theme: 系正式用词，多指文学、艺术作品的主题，或论文、演说的主题。
issue: 指有争论、议论，急需讨论研究的热点话题。
course, subject
course: 课程(可包括多门科目),
subject: 科目(具体的学科)a summer course
apt, subject, liable, likely, prone
这组词都有“倾向于……的；易于……的”的意思，其区别是：
apt: 口语中常用，指自然的或习惯的倾向，无特殊的褒贬意味，常指在一般情况下发生的事。
subject: 指确实可以察觉的倾向，也就是总结出来的规律。
liable: 指易于产生某种不利的结果，侧重偶然性，常表示警告或提醒。
likely: 侧重可能性，用于指将来，预言希望或所不希望的结果。
prone: 多用于人，着重其本性，或倾向于某种错误、弱点或不良行为等。
n. [图情] 主题；科目； [语] 主语；国民
 - topic, theme, nation, titles, motive
adj. 服从的；易患…的；受制于…的
 - followed, compliant

Word: vow
Front: vow
[vaʊ] (六雅 5464/7697 -2)
Vocabulary: vow
(once / 205 pages)
nv
To vow is to make an earnest promise or pledge. People getting married often vow to stick together “till death do us part,” while a presidential candidate might vow to lower taxes.
You can use vow as both a noun and a verb: A vow is a solemn declaration; to vow is the act of making that promise. Vows are meant to be serious, sacred things, even vows made with the best intentions can be broken. Wrote American short-story writer and poet Dorothy Parker, “By the time you swear you are his, shivering and sighing, And he vows his passion is infinite and undying—Lady, make a note of this: One of you is lying.”
WORD FAMILY
vow: vowed, vower, vowing, vows+/vower: vowers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Rather than vague vows to get in shape, resolve to walk half an hour every day after dinner.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Although satisfied with the ruling, Chen vowed to continue legal challenges to force an apology.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
He vowed to return better, an approach teammates echoed after seeing their title hopes slip away.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 誓言; 郑重宣布
vt. & vi. 起誓，发誓; 郑重宣告
时态：vowed, vowing, vows
分布：发誓(85%)，誓约(15%)
→来自拉丁语votum,承诺，对神发誓，来自wegwh,庄严的说，词源同voice,vote.
verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to make a determined decision or promise to do something 发誓，立誓
• [+ (that)] The guerillas vowed (that) they would overthrow the government. 游击队发誓要推翻政府。
• [+ to infinitive] After the awful meals we had last Christmas, I vowed to do more of the cooking myself. 自从去年圣诞节我们吃过几顿糟糕的饭之后，我就发誓要自己常做饭。
[vaʊ] noun countable
■a serious promise or decision 誓言；誓约
• [+ to infinitive] She took/made a vow never to lend money to anyone again. 她发誓再也不借钱给别人了。
pledge, oath, vow
这组词都有“誓言”的意思，其区别是：
pledge: 普通用词，指保证去做或不做某事的郑重许诺。
oath: 指对上帝或神发出的庄严、正式的誓言以示自己话语的真实性。现多用于法庭上。
vow: 指庄严的许诺或誓约。
n. 发誓；誓言；许愿
 - oath, pledge
vt. 发誓；郑重宣告
 - plight one's troth, cross my heart
vi. 发誓；郑重宣告
 - plight one's troth, cross my heart

Word: separately
Front: separately
[ˈseprətli] (高四六托 5463/3772 -K)
Vocabulary: separately
(once / 694 pages)
adv
When things happen separately, they occur on an individual basis. Students who study separately study on their own. If you buy a remote-controlled helicopter and the box says “batteries sold separately,” you’ll be land-bound until you get some AAs.
To separate things is to take them apart, like separating two students by making them sit in different parts of the room. Anything that occurs separately also exists on its own. If the President meets with members of Congress separately, he meets with them one at a time. If you don’t like it when your food touches, then you should eat the mashed potatoes and salad separately, not on the same plate.
WORD FAMILY
separate: separable, separated, separately, separateness, separates, separating, separation, separatism, separative, separator+/ inseparable: inseparably/separable: inseparable, separability, separably/separateness: separatenesses/ separation: separationism, separations/separationism: separationist/separationist: separationists/separatism: separatisms, separatist/separatist: separatists/separator: separators
USAGE EXAMPLES
Separately, a young African man was found hidden in a woman's suitcase.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
There were also several tussles after the whistle, with multiple officials pulling Beckham and Norman aside separately to caution them against further fisticuffs.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Separately, the compound is being tested in human clinical trials in rheumatoid arthritis, which is also promising, Sharma said.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adv. 分别地，另行; 分开，单独; 分离地; 个别地
分布：分别地(39%)，个别地(37%)，分开地(12%)，独立地(12%)
US [-ɚ-] adverb
 IMPROVER
■not together 各自地；单独地
• Detectives interviewed the men separately over several days. 几天内，侦探们分别查访了那些人。
• I tend to wear the jacket and skirt separately rather than as a suit. 我想把上衣和裙子分开穿，而不想当套装穿。
• I think we'd better deal with these two points separately. 我想我们最好还是分开处理这两件事。
adv. 分别地；分离地；个别地
 - respectively, personally, in several

Word: precision
Front: precision
[prɪˈsɪʒn] (研四六托雅 5466/5050 -2)
Vocabulary: precision
(once / 675 pages)
n
Use the noun precision to describe something that's exact, such as the work of a carpenter who's made 100 identical pieces of railing for a grand staircase.
Precision is similar to perfection in that both words suggest that something could not possibly be better. However, perfection describes something that's flawless, such as a beautiful sunset. Precision, on the other hand, is more about accuracy, like computing the exact second that the perfect sunset will occur.
WORD FAMILY
precision: imprecision, precisions+/imprecision: imprecisions
USAGE EXAMPLES
His chapters are organized with the pleasing precision of a bento box.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“We’re very familiar with digital products now, but the know-how for this kind of precision mechanical work is disappearing.”
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
But he became much admired for developing a style that combined fingerpicking precision on the one hand with a commanding slide on the other.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 精确度，准确（性）; [语]精确
adj. 精确的，准确的，细致的; 严守标准的; 行动精确的
分布：精确(67%)，精密度(17%)，精确的(16%)
精密,正确[cid,cis=cut,kill,表示"切开,杀"]
n.精确,精确度Please handle this precision instrument carefully.请小心搬运这个精密仪器.
US [prə-] noun uncountable
EXACT 精确性
■the quality of being exact 准确（性），精确（性），精密（度）
• Great precision is required to align the mirrors accurately. 校准反光镜需要极高的精确性。
• Precision bombing was used to destroy enemy airbases and armaments factories. 精确轰炸被用来摧毁敌人的空军基地和军工厂。
UK [prɪ'sɪʒ.ən] US [prə-] noun uncountable
CAREFUL 严谨 approving
■the qualities of being careful and accurate 严谨；细致，认真
• His books are a pleasure to read because he writes with such clarity and precision. 他的书读起来赏心悦目，因为他的写作清晰而又严谨。
n. [数] 精度，精密度；精确
 - fidelity, rigor
adj. [数] 精密的，精确的
 - nice, accurate, mathematical, strict, rigid

Word: downstairs
Front: downstairs
[ˌdaʊnˈsteəz] (中高研四 5467/4046 -K)
Vocabulary: downstairs
(once / 517 pages)
adjadv
Something that's downstairs is located below you, down at least one flight of stairs on a lower floor. Your downstairs bathroom is the one on the first floor of your house.
If your baseball breaks a neighbor's downstairs window, it means you hit the ball low, and when your friend says you can stay in his downstairs bedroom, you'll be sleeping on the lowest floor of his house. Downstairs is also an adverb, so you can run downstairs or trip and fall downstairs. Occasionally people also use it as a noun: "The downstairs is a mess, but we painted all of the rooms upstairs."
WORD FAMILY
downstairs
USAGE EXAMPLES
Four days later, after being allowed a fleeting meeting with Pan, he was blindfolded and escorted back downstairs into The Residence’s garage.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
After lunch, Mr. Trump invited the Indonesians to join him downstairs for a campaign news conference, they said.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Koa Farmer raced downstairs and into the garage dressed only in his underwear.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adv. 在楼下; 向[往]楼下
adj. 楼下的
分布：楼下(59%)，在楼下(22%)，楼下的(18%)，向楼下(1%)
ad.在楼下,往楼下We went downstairs from the kitchen to the cellar.我们从厨房走到楼下地下室.
US [-'sterz] adverb
 ADVANCED
■to or on a lower floor of a building, especially the ground floor 朝楼下，在楼下（尤指一层）
• I went downstairs to answer the phone. 我下楼去接电话。
Compare upstairs
adv. 在楼下
 - belowstairs

Word: rigid
Front: rigid
[ˈrɪdʒɪd] (高研四六托雅宝 5469/4475 -2)
Vocabulary: rigid
(once / 319 pages)
adj
Describe something as rigid if it's really stiff and not very flexible, like a super-strict practice schedule or an unbending, uncomfortable mattress.
The adjective rigid is actually related to the Latin word frigus, which means “cold.” So think of a rigid icicle or a rock-hard igloo to help you remember what rigid means. You can also use it to describe something that's particularly strict or unable to change, like the stubborn views of a person who just won't consider another perspective.
WORD FAMILY
rigid: nonrigid, rigider, rigidest, rigidity, rigidly, rigidness, semirigid+/ rigidity: rigidities
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Perhaps some of the reason we became close is that he wasn’t as rigid as a lot of the people running for president,” Priebus said.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
The evening news is as rigid as ever, almost always opening with Mr. Xi and often featuring the reading of long party communiqués.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
But the fact that they describe a teetering world of rigid class boundaries and vanishing deference is often mistaken for a tacit endorsement.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 严格的; 僵硬的; （规则、方法等）死板的; 刚硬的，顽固的
分布：严格的(49%)，僵硬的(22%)，坚硬的(15%)，刻板的(12%)，固执的(2%)
→来自拉丁语 rigere,拉直，伸直，来自 reig,拉直，绑紧，使固定，词源同 rig,reach.引申诸 相关词义。
a.刚性的;刻板的;严厉的His face looked rigid with distress.他的脸因悲痛而显得僵硬.
【参】stiff（adj 硬的；僵硬的）
【反】pliable（adj 易曲折的；柔韧的）
adjective
■stiff or fixed; not able to be bent, moved, changed or persuaded 僵硬的；固定的；不能弯曲的；顽固的；不易改变的
• a rigid steel and concrete structure 坚固的钢筋混凝土结构
• I was rigid with (= stiff and unable to move because of) fear. 我被吓得呆若木鸡。
• disapproving We were disappointed that they insisted on such a rigid interpretation of the rules. 他们坚持对规则进行如此呆板僵化的解释，令我们非常失望。
rigid, rigorous, strict
这组词都有“刻板的，严格的”的意思，其区别是：
rigid: 指没有灵活性、机动性。
rigorous: 侧重指严格到毫不宽容的地步。
strict: 指在行为规则上要求严格。
adj. 严格的；僵硬的，死板的；坚硬的；精确的
 - strict, precise, wooden, accurate, mathematical

Word: semester
Front: semester
[sɪˈmestə(r)] (研四六托雅 5465/36683)
Vocabulary: semester
(once / 7283 pages)
n
A semester is half of a school year. In September of your first year of high school, you could describe yourself as "a first-semester freshman."
The noun semester comes up often when you're in high school and college. It's an easy way to divide the school year, into two equal halves, or semesters. Sometimes a class lasts for the whole year, and sometimes for just one semester. Occasionally schools split the year into three trimesters just to make things interesting. Originally, semester meant "six months," from the Latin root of the same meaning, semestris.
WORD FAMILY
semester: semesters, semestral
USAGE EXAMPLES
I was celebrating the end of the semester.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
“Right now, for spring semester, we’ve got 18 students signed up.”
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
He is now one semester away from earning an online bachelor’s degree in accounting from Regis University and then plans to pursue his master’s degree.
Washington Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. （尤指美国的大专院校的）学期; 半学年
分布：学期(100%)
→来自德语 Semester,半年，半年期，来自拉丁语 semenstris,半年，六个月，来自 sex,六，词源 同 sextet,six,mensis,月，词源同 moon,month.
n.学期In this semester the westerner thinks Chest Orchestra is the best.这学期西方人认为箱子乐队是最好的乐队.
US [sə'mes.tɚ] noun countable
■one of the periods into which a year is divided at a college or university, especially in the US and Australia （尤指美国和澳大利亚大学的）学期
• the first/second semester 第一／第二学期
• the spring/fall semester 春季／秋季学期
Compare term ; trimester
term, semester
这组词都有“学期”的意思，其区别是：
term: 多用于英国，
semester: 主要在美国、德国使用。
n. 学期；半年
 - session, term

Word: cutting
Front: cutting
[ˈkʌtɪŋ] (雅 5468/4089 -3)
Back: adj. 锋利的，锐利的; 刺骨的，像刀割似的; 讽刺的，挖苦的
n. 切割; 剪报，剪辑; [园]插枝; 开凿
v. 切开(cut的现在分词); 削减; 采伐
分布：切断(38%)，剪报(16%)，刺骨的(10%)，挖苦的(10%)，插条(10%)，开凿(9%)，切下(5%)，动词cut的现在分词.(2%)
US ['kʌtˌ-] noun countable
ARTICLE 文章 UK (US also clipping)
■an article which has been cut from a newspaper or magazine （从报纸杂志上剪下的）剪报，剪下的材料
UK ['kʌt.ɪŋ] US ['kʌtˌ-] noun countable
PLANT 植物
■a piece cut off from a plant which can be used to grow another plant of the same type in a different place （用来插种的）插条，插枝
UK ['kʌt.ɪŋ] US ['kʌtˌ-] noun countable
PASSAGE 通道 (US cut)
■a deep narrow passage made through a hill for a road, railway or canal （从山中开凿出的）通道铁路，河床
UK ['kʌt.ɪŋ] US ['kʌtˌ-] adjective
■unkind and intending to upset someone 刻薄的；尖刻的；伤人感情的
• a cutting remark/comment 刻薄的话／评论
• He can be very cutting when he chooses to be! 当他决意伤人时，会变得很尖刻！
n. [机] 切断；剪辑；开凿
 - slicing, C-O
adj. 锋利的；严寒的；尖酸刻薄的
 - sharp, freezing
v. 削减（cut的ing形式）； [林] 采伐；切开
 - slitting, sundering

Word: jam
Front: jam
[dʒæm] (高研四六雅 5470/5571 -K2)
Vocabulary: jam
(once / 484 pages)
1vn 2vn 3n
To jam is to squeeze something tightly into a space, the way your friends might jam themselves into your tiny car.
You might have to jam an extra row of books onto your bookshelf when you run out of room. Another way to jam is to get stuck, and a jam can be a dense bunch of stuck people or things, like a traffic jam. If you play a musical instrument, you might jam, or casually improvise, with other musicians. And of course the jam you spread on your toast is a delicious, sweet fruit preserve.
WORD FAMILY
jam: jammed, jamming, jams+/jamming: jammings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Carey headlined the festivities in Times Square, where about a million revellers jammed in to greet the new year.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
There were 60 cars, and on either side of the traffic jam were all the extras’ cars.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
The costs primarily result from the meters breaking down due to coin jams.
Washington Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 果酱; 拥挤，挤满; 困境; [无线]干扰
vt. 把…挤进; 把…塞满，使挤紧; 使堵塞; 使卡住
vi. 挤满，拥挤; 堵塞; 发生故障
时态：jammed, jamming, jams
分布：果酱(44%)，堵塞(20%)，干扰(10%)，挤(8%)，拥挤(8%)，困境(5%)，卡住(3%)，塞满(1%)，猛压(1%)
→词源不详，可能来自cram变体，塞进，强塞，引申词义堵塞，塞车。果酱义可能来自同一词源，即把水果压碎制成果酱。
n.阻塞,轧住;果酱v.(使)阻塞,(使)轧住不动In the bar the barber bargained for a jar of jam, then got over the barrier of barrels.在酒巴里理发师为一罐果酱讲了价然后越过桶作的屏障.
noun
FOOD 食物
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable (US also jelly)
■a sweet soft food made by cooking fruit with sugar to preserve it. It is eaten on bread or cakes 果酱
• strawberry/raspberry jam 草莓／覆盆子果酱
• jam sandwiches 果酱三明治
[dʒæm] noun
ON A ROAD 路上
countable
■ traffic jam
• We were stuck in a jam for two hours. 我们塞车塞了两个小时。
[dʒæm] noun
DIFFICULT SITUATION 困境
only singular informal
■a difficult situation 困境，窘境
• I'm in a bit of a jam - could you lend me some money till next week? 我手头有点紧——你能借我一点钱到下周再还吗？
• How are we going to get ourselves out of this jam? 我们如何才能摆脱这个困境？
[dʒæm] noun
NO SPACE 没有空间
only singular
■a situation in which a lot of people are in a small space 拥挤；堵塞
• It's a real jam inside - it took me ten minutes to get to the bar. 里面太拥挤了——我花了十分钟才挤到吧台。
[dʒæm] noun
jam tomorrow UK
■something good that is promised but never happens 许而不予的好东西，可望不可及的东西
• As children we were always being promised jam tomorrow, if only we would be patient. 小时候，大人总是承诺只要我们耐心一点就会给我们好东西。
[dʒæm] noun
What more do you want - jam on it? UK informal
■used to say that someone should be grateful for what they have or have been offered, and not demand something better 知足常乐（表示某人应对其所拥有的或别人所提供的表示感激，而不应当得寸进尺）
• They've given him a holiday in Italy. What more does he want - jam on it? 他们已经让他到义大利度假。他还想要甚么呢？不要得寸进尺！
[dʒæm] verb (-mm-)
STICK 卡住
intransitive or transitive
■to be unable to move （使）轧住；（使）卡住
• The door jammed behind me and I couldn't get out 我进来后门就随即卡住了，我出不去了。
• [+ obj + adj] He jammed the window open with a piece of wood. 他将窗户打开，用一块木头卡住。
• The motorway was jammed solid (= the traffic could not move) all morning. 整个上午高速公路都被堵得动弹不得。
transitive
■to stop radio signals from reaching the people who want to receive them 干扰（无线电讯号）
• Foreign radio broadcasts were regularly jammed. 外国的无线电广播经常受到干扰。
[dʒæm] verb (-mm-)
MUSIC 音乐
intransitive
■to play jazz or rock music with other people informally without planning it or practising together （与他人）即兴演奏爵士乐（或摇滚乐）
[dʒæm] verb (-mm-)
PUSH 推
transitive + adverb or preposition
■to push something forcefully or with difficulty into something else 把…塞入
• He jammed the boxes into the back of the car. 他把箱子塞进汽车的后车厢。
[dʒæm] verb (-mm-)
jam on the brakes
■to use the brakes of a road vehicle suddenly and forcefully 猛然地煞车
• A motorbike appeared from nowhere and I had to jam on the brakes. 不知从哪里窜出一辆摩托车，我只好紧急煞车。
compress, press, squeeze, squash, jam
这组词都有“压、挤”的意思，其区别是：
compress: 指把某些东西压在一起或使占有较小空间。
press: 普通用词，指一个物体在另一个物体上加压力。
squeeze: 多指从两面或多面施加压力来压紧、压碎或压出水来。
squash: 指某物受力被压偏或压碎。也指塞挤。
jam: 专指四面八方都压紧或塞满。

Word: hometown
Front: hometown
[ˈhəʊmtaʊn] (中高 5471/33112 -1)
Back: n. 家乡，故乡; “home town”的变体
分布：家乡(82%)，故乡(18%)
N-COUNT
家乡;故乡
Someone's hometown is the town where they live or the town that they come from.
例：I went to work as a painter in my hometown, Natrona Heights, Pennsylvania.我在家乡宾夕法尼亚州的纳特罗纳海茨当了个油漆匠。
n. 家乡；故乡
 - country, native land

Word: reply
Front: reply
[rɪˈplaɪ] (中高研四六 2219/1286 -K4)
Vocabulary: reply
(once / 20 pages)
vn
Whenever you say something in response to someone, you reply. If your teacher asks why you're late to school, you might reply, "Sorry, I missed the bus."
To answer back or respond is to reply, and whatever you say is also a reply. Your reply could be a long quotation from a Shakespeare soliloquy, or it might be a simple, silent nod of the head. You can also reply using a letter, a text, or an email. Reply comes from the Late Latin replicare, which means both "to reply or repeat," but also "to fold back."
WORD FAMILY
reply: replied, replies, replying
USAGE EXAMPLES
Twitter did not reply to an email seeking comment.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
When another photographer told Mills about one clubgoer’s violence and anti-Semitism, he replied, hopefully, “So she was just a troubled soul?”
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
The Workologist’s reply: Be proactive and propose new projects or initiatives to the boss.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 回答，答复; 反应; 报复（行动）; [法律]答辩
vi. [法律]（原告对被告）答辩; 反响; 作答; （以行动）做出反应
vt. 回应，作出反应
时态：replied, replying, replies
分布：回答(48%)，答复(44%)，回应(8%)
→来自 replicare,回复，答复，来自 re-,向后，往回，-plic,弯，转，词源同 ply,complicate.
回答(re反+ply→叠回去→回答)[plic,pli,ply=fold,表示"重叠,折叠"]
v./n.(to)回答,答复,以...作答I'm liable to give reliable reply to the application for supply of apples.我有责任对申请供应苹果给予可靠答复.
verb intransitive
 ESSENTIAL
■to answer 回答；回覆；答覆
• [+ speech] "Where are you going?" I asked. "Home," he replied. “你去哪里？”我问。“回家，”他答道。
• [+ that] I replied that it was 12 o'clock. 我回答说12点了。
• I try to reply to letters the day I receive them. 我尽量在收到信的当天就回信。
■to react to an action by someone else 作出反应；回应
• She replied to the threats by going to the police. 她受到威胁后便去报了警。
• Newport took an early lead before Bridgend replied with three tries in 14 minutes. 开球不久纽波特队便率先进球，之后布里真德队大举反攻，14分钟内先后三次试图破门。
[rɪ'plaɪ] noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■an answer 回答；回覆；答覆
• I asked why, but he made/gave no reply. 我问为甚么，但是他没有回答。
• There were very few replies to our advertisement. 我们的广告没有得到甚么回应。
• In reply to their questions, she just shrugged. 面对他们的问题，她只是耸了耸肩，没作任何回答。
response, return, reply
response: 指对刺激的回应，也指对紧迫的或指定问题的回答
return: 回报
reply: 指对他人的陈述或问题给与回答，常与介词to搭配；
answer, reply, respond, retort, return
这些动词均有“回答”之意。
answer: 常用词，指用书面、口头或行动对他人的请求、询问、质问等作出回答或反应。
reply: 较正式用词，较少用于口语。侧重经过考虑的较正式答复。
respond: 正式用词，指即刻的，以口头或行动对外来的号召、请求或刺激等作出回答或响应。
retort: 指对不同意见、批评或控诉作出迅速、有力的回答，即“反驳”。
return: 正式用词，从本义“归来，回去”引申作“回答、答辨”讲时，含反驳或反唇相讥之意。
vi. [通信] [计] 回答； [法] 答辩；回击
 - respond, answer
n. [通信] [计] 回答； [法] 答辩
 - response, defence, answer
vt. [计] 回答； [通信] 答复
 - answer

Word: financially
Front: financially
[fə'nænʃəlɪ] (5474/5942)
Back: adv. 财政上，金融上，经济上
分布：副词(100%)
ADJ
财政的;金融的;财务的
Financial means relating to or involving money.
例：The company is in financial difficulties.公司目前财政困难。
例：...the government's financial advisers.政府的财政顾问
adv. 财政上；金融上
 - fiscally, moneywise

Word: statistically
Front: statistically
[stə'tɪstɪklɪ] (5475/8873)
Back: adv. 统计上地，统计地
分布：统计上地(67%)，统计学地(33%)
ADJ
统计的;统计学的
Statistical means relating to the use of statistics.
例：The report contains a great deal of statistical information...报告中包含很多统计资料。
例：We need to back that suspicion up with statistical proof.我们需要用统计数据来证实那一猜测。

Word: tumble
Front: tumble
[ˈtʌmbl] (研四六托雅 5472/6023 -2)
Vocabulary: tumble
(once / 242 pages)
1vn 2v 3nv 4v
When you tumble, you fall abruptly. You might trip over your shoelaces and tumble down a hill while flying a kite if you're not careful.
To suddenly topple over or trip and fall to the ground is to tumble. Toddlers often tumble in sandboxes, while running on sidewalks, or as they climb down stairs. There's another way to tumble that is more deliberate: the form of gymnastics that involves roundoffs and back handsprings is called tumbling, and if you're able to do these tricks, you can tumble. The root is believed to be the Old English tumbian, "to dance about."
WORD FAMILY
tumble: tumbled, tumbler, tumbles, tumbling+/tumbler: tumblers/tumbling: tumblings
USAGE EXAMPLES
In fact, as Trump’s victory began to seem more likely on Election Night, stock-market futures did tumble.
The New Yorker(Dec 28, 2016)
Bob – let’s call him – was emptying the tumble dryer and folding the clothes, I felt rather pointedly.
The Guardian(Dec 24, 2016)
Harvesters often slip and tumble down canyon walls.
Seattle Times(Dec 24, 2016)
Back: vi. 跌倒，摔倒; 被绊倒; 倒塌; 翻来覆去，翻腾
vt. 使跌倒; 使完全翻转; 弄乱，搞乱; 推翻，颠覆
n. 摔倒; （价格，价值等）暴跌; 混乱; 翻筋斗
时态：tumbled, tumbling, tumbles
分布：暴跌(31%)，跌倒(19%)，翻滚(18%)，倒塌(9%)，混乱(7%)，弄乱(5%)，明白(5%)，跌跤(5%)，突然发现(1%)
→来自古英语 tumbian,跳舞，跳跃，翻滚，来自 Proto-Germanic*tumona,旋转，转动，词源同 tumbler,tumbrel.-le,表反复。引申诸相关词义。
v.(使)摔倒;打滚,翻腾n.摔跤,跌倒All the passengers were tumbled out.所有的乘客都被抛出车外.
【记】源于：stumble（v 绊倒；蹒跚；结巴；踌躇）
verb intransitive
■to fall quickly and without control 跌倒；滚下，坠落；倒塌
• I lost my footing and tumbled down the stairs. 我一失足从楼梯上滚了下来。
• At any moment the whole building could tumble down. 整幢建筑随时有可能倒塌。
• He lost his balance and tumbled over. 他失去平衡摔倒了。
■to fall a lot in value in a short time （价值）暴跌，骤降
• Share prices tumbled yesterday. 昨天股票大跌。
■to move in an uncontrolled way, as if falling or likely to fall 跌跌撞撞地走
• An excited group of children tumbled out of school/the bus. 一群激动不已的孩子一窝蜂地跑出了学校／跑下了公共汽车。
['tʌm.bl] verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  tumble to sth UK old-fashioned informal
■to suddenly understand something 突然明白，对…恍然大悟
• I think he's tumbled to our plan. 我觉得他已茅塞顿开，明白了我们的计划。
['tʌm.bl] noun countable
■when someone falls 摔倒，跌跤；跌落
• She had a nasty tumble on her way to work and grazed her arm. 她上班途中重重摔了一跤，擦伤胳膊。
['tʌm.bl] noun countable
take a tumble
■to fall suddenly to a lower level 急剧下降
• Company profits took a tumble last year. 去年公司利润急剧下降。
vi. 摔倒；倒塌；滚动；打滚；仓惶地行动
 - collapse, founder
vt. 使摔倒；使滚翻；弄乱
 - founder, mess
n. 跌倒；翻斤斗；跌跤
 - falling down, circumgyration

Word: backup
Front: backup
[ˈbækʌp] (5476/15901 -1)
Vocabulary: backup
(once / 2438 pages)
1n 2n 3n
Backup is what someone gives when they help or support you. A brand new doctor might need some backup in the emergency room for the first few weeks.
Use the noun backup when you talk about extra assistance or help. Police officers call for backup when they're not sure they can handle a situation on their own, and store cashiers need backup when things get busy and customers start lining up. Another kind of backup is the one you do on your computer — in this case, a backup is the process of copying your data in case you lose the original files.
WORD FAMILY
backup: backups
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Broncos rallied for a win, got home-field advantage in the playoffs and Manning was no longer the backup.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
At 31, he signed with the Bills this season as a backup.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
A little more than an hour later an officer spotted the stolen car, called for backup, and began pursuing the suspects.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 支持，后援; 阻塞; <计>备份文件; [乐]伴奏
adj. 备用的，后补的; 支持性的; 伴奏的
分布：后备(100%)
支持(back背后+up→背面向上推→支持)[up=up,over表示"向上"]
(also back-up) ['bæk.ʌp] noun
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■(someone or something that provides) support or help, or something that you have arranged in case your main plans, equipment, etc. go wrong 支持，支援；候补物，替代物，备用物
• We're going to need some professional backup for this project. 要完成这个企划，我们需要一些专业人员的支援。
• The party is going to be outdoors, so we'll need to organize somewhere as a backup in case it rains. 晚会将会露天举行，所以我们需要安排一个备用的地方，以防下雨。
• Remember, your colleagues are your backup system when things go wrong. 记住，一旦出了差错，你的同事就是你的后备。
 ADVANCED countable
■a copy of information that is held on computer, which is stored separately from the computer （文件的）备份
• Before we leave work each day, we make a backup of all the records we have entered into the computer that day. 每天下班之前，我们都把当天输入电脑的记录备份。
• The department's backup disks are all stored in a different building. 该部门的备份磁碟都存放在另一栋大楼内。
countable US
■a player who plays when the person who usually plays is not available 后补队员
• He's a backup for the Dallas Cowboys. 他是达拉斯牛仔队的后补球员。
n. 支持； [计] 后援；阻塞
 - holding, support, adhesion
adj. 支持的；候补的
 - supporting, friendly

Word: detector
Front: detector
[dɪˈtektə(r)] (研六 5477/6230 -1)
Vocabulary: detector
(once / 4187 pages)
n
A detector is a machine that responds to particular substances in a consistent way. Everyone who flies on an airplane must pass through a metal detector, which beeps when it senses metal.
A "lie detector" works by measuring pulse and eye movements as a person responds to a series of questions. A radioactivity detector looks for high levels of radioactivity in nuclear power plants. Since the invention of detectors, the idea of more fantastical detectors has filled the human imagination. A love detector: why not?
WORD FAMILY
detector: detectors+/ detect: detectable, detected, detecting, detection, detective, detector, detects/ detectable: detectably, undetectable/detected: undetected/ detection: detections/ detective: detectives/undetectable: undetectably
USAGE EXAMPLES
“This generation of detectors should be the last,” said astronomer Stacy McGaugh at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
There are law enforcement officers at the doors and metal detectors guarding the place.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
With new security put in place, metal detectors and gun lockers, will you ban that practice?
Washington Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: n. 探测器; 检测器; 发现者; 侦察器
分布：探测器(100%)
探测器(detect察觉)[-or表名词"人或物器",在一些词根前写成"-ator"]
n.发现者,侦察器,探测器,检波器,检电器
US [-tɚ] noun countable
■a device used to find particular substances or things, or measure their level 探测器；测量器
• a metal/smoke detector 金属／烟雾探测器
n. [自] [电子] 检测器；发现者；侦察器
 - finder, discoverer

Word: grid
Front: grid
[grɪd] (雅 5479/4694 -1)
Vocabulary: grid
(once / 2490 pages)
1n 2n 3n
A grid is a network of intersecting parallel lines, whether real or imaginary. Most American streets are laid out in a grid pattern, meaning the streets intersect at right angles and form a pattern of squares when viewed from above.
You've probably seen a map grid, the uniform lines drawn on a map that allow you to pinpoint a particular location. Grid can also refer to a physical network of sorts, not necessarily made of straight or parallel lines. You may be familiar with the high voltage electrical cables that carry power throughout the country, known as the national grid. A gird can also be a device made up of intersecting metal bars that you use when grilling food.
WORD FAMILY
grid: grids
USAGE EXAMPLES
Or maybe even the code running an electrical grid, such as the one Russian hackers recently tried to infiltrate in Vermont.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The company said in its statement that the laptop was not connected to its grid systems.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Getting people in rural areas onto the national grid is proving too difficult and traditional solar panels generate meagre amounts of energy.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 格子，非实质的; 地图上的坐标方格; （输电线路、天然气管道等的）系统网络
分布：网格(81%)，电网(10%)，格子(7%)，栅栏(1%)，赛车起跑线(1%)
→词源同grate,炉栅。引申义网格，输电网。
noun countable
PATTERN/STRUCTURE 形状／结构
■a pattern or structure made from horizontal and vertical lines crossing each other to form squares 网格，方格；格栅，格子
• A metal grid had been placed across the hole to stop people falling in. 在洞口铺了一个铁格栅，以免有人跌入。
• In Barcelona the streets are laid out in/on a grid system. 巴塞隆拿的街道是棋盘式的布局。
⇒ See also gridiron
[grɪd] noun countable
ELECTRICITY 电力
■a system of wires through which electricity is connected to different power stations across a region 电力网；输电网
• the national grid 全国输电网
[grɪd] noun countable
MAP 地图
■a pattern of squares with numbers or letters used to find places on a map （地图的）坐标方格
n. [电子] 网格； [数] 格子，栅格；输电网
 - reseau, latticework

Word: psychiatric
Front: psychiatric
[ˌsaɪkiˈætrɪk] (雅 5478/5429)
Vocabulary: psychiatric
(once / 3784 pages)
adj
The adjective psychiatric is good for describing things related to mental illness and its treatment.
Use psychiatric when you're talking about the medical specialty that helps people with emotional or mental disorders. You could talk about a psychiatric nurse, a psychiatric hospital, or psychiatric drugs, for example. Any time you see a word that begins with psych you can be sure it has to do with the mind, since psykhe is "mind" in Greek. The suffix iatreia means "healing or care."
WORD FAMILY
psychiatric: psychiatrically+/ psychiatrist: psychiatrists/ psychiatry: psychiatric, psychiatrical, psychiatries, psychiatrist
USAGE EXAMPLES
District Judge Richard Gergel ordered a psychiatric examination of Roof and set the competency hearing for Monday, a federal holiday.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
He views the term as pejorative, and he is notably skeptical about the value of psychiatric diagnosis in voice-hearing cases:
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Dukakis receives her maintenance therapy at McLean Hospital in suburban Boston, one of the world’s largest and most renowned psychiatric hospitals.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 精神病学的; 精神病治疗的
分布：精神病的(75%)，治疗精神病的(25%)
→来自psychiatry,精神病学。
adjective
 ADVANCED
■of or relating to the study of mental illness 精神病（学）的
• psychiatric treatment 精神病治疗
• a psychiatric patient 精神病人
• the hospital's psychiatric unit 医院的精神科

Word: eighteen
Front: eighteen
[ˌeɪˈti:n] (中高研四 5480/2690 -5)
Back: num. 十八; 十八个
n. 十八岁; 十八的记号; 十九世纪; 是八点钟
分布：十八(100%)
num.十八,十八个He is eighteen years of age.他十八岁.
number
 ESSENTIAL
■the number 18 （数字）18
• seventeen, eighteen, nineteen 17， 18， 19
• an eighteen-storey building 一座十八层建筑物

Word: tax
Front: tax
[tæks] (高研四六托 509/545 -K5)
Back: vt. 使负重担; 消耗精力; 向…征税; 责备，谴责
n. 税，税额; 负担
时态：taxed, taxing, taxes
分布：税(96%)，负担(2%)，课税(1%)，斥责(1%)
→来自拉丁语 taxare,评估，估计，征税，反复格于 tangere,接触，安排，来自 tag,接触， 触摸，词源同 tangent,task.后引申词义征税，课税，及名词词义税收，税款等。
n.税(款),负担v.对...征税,使负重担Axe the tax on taxis. Wax may relax the body.削减出租车的税费.蜂蜡可以使身体放松.
noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■(an amount of) money paid to the government, which is based on your income or the cost of goods or services you have bought 税；税款
• They're putting up the tax on cigarettes. 他们要提高烟草税。
• Tax cuts (= reductions in taxes) are always popular. 减税总是受欢迎的。
• What do you earn before/after tax (= before/after you have paid tax on the money you earn) ? 你的税前／税后收入是多少？
[tæks] verb transitive
MONEY 钱
 ADVANCED
■to make someone pay a tax 对…征税，对…课税
• Husbands and wives may be taxed independently/together. 夫妻俩可以分别／合并纳税。
[tæks] verb transitive
NEED EFFORT 需要努力
■to need someone to make a lot of effort, either physical or mental 使负重担；使大伤脑筋
• He only has to read a short report - it shouldn't tax him unduly. 他只需读一篇简短的报告——这应该不会耗费他太多精力。
tax, duty, tariff, assess, dues, impose
tax: 普通用词，指用各种不同方法向个人或单位征收所得税、房地产税等各种税款。侧重实际征收金钱。
duty: 责任
tariff: 关税
assess: 指一般情况下，征收房地产税、罚款或其它费用。
dues: 会费
impose: 指在决定个别案件中的处罚或罚款，尤指政府征收某种税收的决定。
n. 税金；重负
 - scot, heavy burden

Word: mistake
Front: mistake
[mɪˈsteɪk] (中高 1430/1751 -K4)
Vocabulary: mistake
(once / 56 pages)
nv
A mistake is an error, a goof, a slip-up. When you make a mistake, you've done something incorrectly.
Mistake has a lot of uses, but they all have to do with doing the wrong thing. A mistake in math class will result in the wrong answer, but a mistake with a gun could get someone killed. If you mix up two people, you're mistaking one for the other. When you make a mistake, the best thing to do is admit it and try to make up for it; not apologizing for a mistake is another mistake.
WORD FAMILY
mistake: mistakable, mistaken, mistakes, mistaking, mistook+/mistakable: mistakably, unmistakable/ mistaken: mistakenly/mistaking: mistakings/unmistakable: unmistakably
USAGE EXAMPLES
All that bought the Colts was another disappointing season, and now Irsay must decide whether he’s willing to admit a mistake so soon.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Parsing the specifics is part of Cousins’s job, how he learns from mistakes and moves on.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
He provided more goofy celebrations and retained composure every time his slightest mistake became a local crisis.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 错误，过失，误解; 差错，口误，笔误; 失策，失误
vt. & vi. 弄错，误解
vt. 认不出; 误会; 看错
vi. 弄错; 误解
时态：mistook, mistaken, mistaking, mistakes
分布：错误(79%)，误解(7%)，误会(6%)，弄错(5%)，过失(3%)
→mis-,坏的，错的，不好的，take,采取手段。即采取错误手段，引申词义错误，失误。
错误(mis+take拿→拿错→错误)[mis-表示"错误,坏"]
n.错误,过失,误解v.弄错;(for)把...误认为I overtake the undertaker who takes my stake by mistake.我追上那个误拿我赌注的承办人
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■an action, decision or judgment which produces an unwanted or unintentional result 错误；过失
• I'm not blaming you - we all make mistakes. 我不是在责备你——我们都会犯错。
• [+ to infinitive] It was a mistake for us to come here tonight. 我们今晚来这里真是来错了。
• This letter's full of spelling mistakes. 这封信满是拼写错误。
• I've discovered a few mistakes in your calculations. 我在你的计算中发现了几个错误。
• Why am I under arrest? There must be some mistake. 为甚么逮捕我？一定是搞错了。
by mistake
 ESSENTIAL
■by accident 错误地
• I've paid this bill twice by mistake. 我弄错了，把这张帐单付了两次。
[mɪ'steɪk] noun countable
and no mistake mainly UK old-fashioned
■added to the end of something you say to emphasize it （用于强调所说的话）无疑地，确确实实地
• He's a strange bloke and no mistake. 他是个奇怪的家伙，没错。
[mɪ'steɪk] noun countable
make no mistake about it
■used to show that you are certain about something 没有半点怀疑，完全可以肯定
• Make no mistake about it, this decision is going to cause you a lot of problems. 毫无疑问，这个决定会给你带来许多问题。
[mɪ'steɪk] noun countable
  Common Learner Errors  mistakeWarning: Choose the right verb! Don't say 'do a mistake', say make a mistake :
✗ I never do mistakes in my essays. I never make mistakes in my essays.
[mɪ'steɪk] verb transitive (mistook, mistaken)
■to be wrong about or to fail to recognize something or someone 误认，错误辨认
• You can't mistake their house - it's got a bright yellow front door. 你不会认错他们的房子——正门是鲜黄色的。
• formal I mistook your signature and thought the letter was from someone else. 我把你的签名认错了，以为信是别人寄来的。
[mɪ'steɪk] verb transitive (mistook, mistaken)
be no mistaking sth
■When there's no mistaking something, it is impossible not to recognize it 不可能认错
• There's no mistaking a painting by Picasso. 那是一幅毕卡索的画作，没可能认错。
[mɪ'steɪk] verb transitive (mistook, mistaken)
  Phrasal Verbs  mistake sb/sth for sb/sth
■to confuse someone or something with a different person or thing 把…误认为
• I often mistake her for her mother on the phone. 她在电话里说话时，我总以为那是她母亲。
mistake, flaw, shortcoming, error, defect, slip, fault, blunder
这组词都有“错误”的意思，其区别是：
mistake: 最普通用词，泛指思想上、行为上或认识上的判断或理解方面的错误。
flaw: 指结构或组织上的缺点，如破裂之处。用作比喻意义时，指品格上的缺陷。
shortcoming: 指没有达到所要求的标准、没有充分发展或没尽到职责的不足、缺点或短处。多用复数形式。
error: 指思想或行动背离正题轨道或没有得到正确指引而出现的偏差或错误。
defect: 普通用词。指表面上的缺陷，或指人或物本质上的缺点。
slip: 指因疏忽或无意而造成的差错。
fault: 一般指小并且可宽容的缺点、错误。
blunder: 通常指由于无知或情况不明造成判断或行动上的大错。
n. 错误；误会；过失
 - error, fault, sin, blame, misunderstanding
vt. 弄错；误解
 - err in, go wrong
vi. 弄错；误解
 - fault, err in

Word: rotate
Front: rotate
[rəʊˈteɪt] (研四六托雅宝 5483/6887)
Vocabulary: rotate
(once / 683 pages)
1v 2v
Rotate means to circle around a center point. Wheels on a car rotate, planets rotate, and if you're an ice skater, you rotate on the blade of a skate when you do your spins.
Rotate can also mean that you take turns performing a job. If you, Jim, and Shelia all got the same amount of votes in the class election, you could rotate the role of treasurer, meaning the position would pass from one to another in a regular pattern. Rotate can also refer to other things that are passed along in a regular order. You might rotate lawn duties with your brother — that means you mow the lawn one week and he mows it the next.
WORD FAMILY
rotate: rotatable, rotated, rotates, rotating, rotation, rotatory+/ rotation: rotational, rotations/rotational: rotationally
USAGE EXAMPLES
Rubin’s results implied that the galaxies are rotating so fast that they should fly apart.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
The whole structure rotated to add prisoners to cells or remove them, Bayens said.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
But New Orleans tends to rotate running backs.
Washington Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. （使某物）旋转; 使转动; 使轮流，轮换; 交替
adj. [植]辐状的; 有辐射部分的
时态：rotated, rotating, rotates
分布：轮流(87%)，车轮状的(13%)
→来自拉丁语 rotare,旋转 ，转动，来自 ret,旋转，转动，词源同 round,roll,rotary.
旋转(rot+ate)[Rot=wheel,表示"轮子,转"]
v.(使)旋转The earth rotates once a day.地球每天自转一次.
US ['roʊ.teɪt] verb
intransitive or transitive
■to (cause to) turn in a circle, especially around a fixed point （尤指围绕一个固定点）（使）旋转，（使）转动
• Rotate the handle by 180° to open the door. 要想打开门，将把手旋转180度。
• The wheel rotates around an axle. 轮子绕轮轴旋转。
• The satellite slowly rotates as it circles the Earth. 人造卫星围绕地球旋转的同时也在缓慢自转。
intransitive or transitive
■If a job rotates or if a group of people rotate their jobs, the jobs are done at different times by different people. 轮流做；（由…）轮值；轮换
transitive
■When farmers rotate crops, they regularly change which crops they grow in a particular field. 轮作；换茬
whirl, turn, roll, rotate, revolve, spin, circle
这组词都有“转动、旋转”的意思，其区别是：
whirl: 指旋转或作圆周运动，侧重急速或力量。
turn: 普通用词，中性，含义不确切，可指作一个圆周运动或连续地作圆周运动，也可指仅是沿圆的弧形转动。
roll: 指某物在平面上滚动或翻滚。
rotate: 侧重指物体围绕自己的轴或中心旋转，即自转。
revolve: 强调指物体围绕本身以外的中心旋转，即公转。
spin: 指沿内轴迅速而连续旋转，或沿外部一个点作快速圆周运转。
circle: 指作圆周运动。
vi. 旋转；循环
 - wheel, circle, spin
vt. 使旋转；使转动；使轮流
 - turn, spin, swing

Word: recount
Front: recount
[rɪ'kaʊnt] (托 5484/8510 -1)
Vocabulary: recount
(once / 775 pages)
1v 2vn
As a verb, recount can mean either "tell the story of" or "add up again." As a noun, recount usually refers to the second (or third or fourth) tallying of votes in a close election.
The word count comes from the old French conter, which means "add up" or "tell a story." Here's a story to recount (narrate): In an election featuring Count Dracula and Count Johnson, Dracula wins by two votes, so Johnson demands a recount (an adding up of the votes again). The officials recount (count again) the votes, and this time find Count Johnson the winner. Dracula threatens to bite the officials and they quickly change their minds.
WORD FAMILY
recount: recounted, recounting, recounts+/ count: countable, counted, counter, counting, countless, counts, miscount, recount /counted: uncounted/ counter: countered, countering, counters, encounter /counting: countings/ countless: countlessly, countlessness/ encounter: encountered, encountering, encounters/miscount: miscounted, miscounting, miscounts/recounting: recountings
USAGE EXAMPLES
As Anderson was recounting the scary scene, linebacker Corey Nelson leaned in and told him, “I was scared for you. I was so scared, bro.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Martin Luther King, Jr., recounted an experience of it in the early days of the bus boycott in Montgomery, in 1956.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
But it was another four weeks before McCrory conceded while dozens of ballot protests were considered and a partial recount was held in Durham County.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 详细叙述; 重新计算
时态：recounted, recounting, recounts
分布：重新计算(41%)，详述(36%)，列举(23%)
→re-,再，重新，count,数数。即重数，引申词义重新叙述。
verb transitive (also re-count) [ˌriːˈkaʊnt/
COUNT AGAIN 再数
■to count something again 重数；重新清点
noun countable /ˈriː.kaʊnt/
■another count, especially of the number of votes in an election 重新计算；（尤指大选中）重新计算选票
• to demand a recount 要求重新计票
vt. 叙述；重新计算
 - relate, narrate
n. 重算
 - roll-back

Word: spotlight
Front: spotlight
[ˈspɒtlaɪt] (托雅 5487/8607 -2)
Back: n. 聚光灯; 公众注意或突出显著; 射光圈; 探照灯
vt. 聚光照明; 使公众注意，使突出醒目
时态：spotlighted, spotlighting, spotlights
分布：照明灯(26%)，用聚光灯照(23%)，车头灯(23%)，公众注意中心(17%)，使瞩目(11%)
US ['spɑ:t-] noun countable (UK informal spot)
■(a circle of strong light which is sent from) a lamp whose beam can be directed 聚光灯；聚光灯照明圈
in the spotlight
■(of a person) receiving a lot of public attention （人）备受关注的，众受瞩目的
• The senator has been in the spotlight recently since the revelation of his tax frauds. 自从参议员的纳税欺诈行为曝光后，他就成了大众关注的焦点。
UK ['spɒt.laɪt] US ['spɑ:t-] verb transitive (spotlighted or spotlit, spotlighted or spotlit)
■to light something or someone with a spotlight 用聚光灯照亮
• The paintings in the alcove were spotlit from below. 聚光灯从下方照亮了壁龛里的画。
■If something spotlights a particular situation, it directs public attention to it. 使大众瞩目；引起大众关注
n. [电] 聚光灯；反光灯；公众注意的中心
 - photospot, revelation light

Word: push
Front: push
[pʊʃ] (中高 695/926 -K4)
Vocabulary: push
(once / 65 pages)
1vn 2vn 3v 4v 5n
When you push, you use force to make something move, usually by giving it a shove. You might push a cafe door open or push someone around to get your way. Bully!
There's a physical way to push, and then there's a figurative way, when you make an extra effort: "If I push myself, I can finish this marathon." You can push other people too: "My parents push me to get good grades." The act of pushing is also a push: "Will you give me a push on the tire swing?" If you push someone around, you intimidate or control them.
WORD FAMILY
push: pushed, pusher, pushes, pushful, pushing, pushy +/pusher: pushers/pushing: pushings/ pushy: pushiest, pushily, pushiness
USAGE EXAMPLES
“We need to understand what is collected and be transparent. We need some kind of oversight in place before the line gets pushed too far.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
And they’re pushing their leaders to deny connection to the public sewage system the mosque would need.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The start of the penalty phase, originally set for Tuesday, was pushed back a day.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 推，推动
vt. 推动，增加; 对…施加压力，逼迫; 按; 说服
n. 推，决心; 大规模攻势; 矢志的追求
vi. 推进; 增加; 努力争取
时态：pushed, pushing, pushes
分布：推(80%)，按(12%)，挤(4%)，逼迫(1%)，奋力(1%)，决心(1%)，催促(1%)
→来自古法语poulser,推动，推进，来自拉丁语pulsare,击，打，推进，词源同pulse,propel.字母l脱落。
v.推;催逼,逼迫n.推,推力;促进,推进I pushed aside the crushed cushion in a rush and saw a bushy brush.我急忙推开压皱的软垫子,看见一把浓密的刷子.
verb
USE PRESSURE 施压
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to use physical pressure or force, especially with your hands, in order to move something into a different position, usually one that is further away from you 推，推动
• Can you help me move this table? You push and I'll pull. 你能帮我挪一下这张桌子吗？你推我拉。
• The window sticks - you have to push hard to open it. 这扇窗户卡住了，开的时候得用力推。
• He helped me push my car off the road. 他帮我把车推离了公路。
• He pushed his plate away from him, refusing to eat any more. 他把盘子从面前推开，不想再吃了。
• She pushed her hair out of her eyes. 她把头发从眼睛上撩开。
• I tried to push the door open but it was stuck. 我想把门推开，但门卡住了。
• It isn't clear whether he fell off the balcony, or was pushed. 他是跌下阳台还是被推下去的，这一点还不清楚。
• To turn the television on, you just push (= press) this button. 要打开电视机，你只要按一下这个按钮就行了。
• He pushed the money into my hand (= forcefully gave me the money). "Please take it," he said. 他把钱硬塞在我手里。“请收下，”他说。
• We pushed the boat off from (= moved the boat forward by using pressure against) the river bank. 我们把船撑离河岸。
[pʊʃ] verb
MOVE WITH FORCE 推挤
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep]
■to move forcefully, especially in order to cause someone or something that is in your way to move, so that you can go through or past them 挤，推挤
• Stop pushing - wait your turn. 别挤了，等下就轮到你。
• She pushed through the crowd. 她从人群中挤了过去。
• I'm sorry - I didn't mean to push in front of you. 对不起，我不是有意挤在你前面。
• The minister pushed past the waiting journalists, refusing to speak to them. 部长挤过等候的记者，拒绝与他们对话。
• In the final lap of the race, he managed to push (= move strongly) ahead. 在赛跑的最后一圈他奋力冲到了前面。
• Weeds push (= grow strongly) up through the cracks in the concrete. 野草从混凝土的裂缝中钻了出来。
• They pushed (= forcefully made) their way to the front of the queue. 他们挤到了队伍的前面。
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■When an army pushes in a particular direction, it moves forward there 野草从混凝土的裂缝中钻了出来。
• The invading troops have pushed further into the north of the country. 入侵敌军已深入到了该国北部。
[pʊʃ] verb
PERSUADE WITH FORCE 强有力地说服
 ADVANCED transitive
■to forcefully persuade or direct someone to do or achieve something 逼迫；催逼；促使
• Her parents pushed her into marrying him. 她父母硬逼她嫁给他。
• The school manages to push most of its students through their exams. 该校设法使大多数学生通过考试。
• If we want an answer from them by Friday, I think we're going to have to push them for it. 如果我们想在周五之前得到他们的答覆，就得催催他们。
• [+ to infinitive] We had to push them to accept our terms, but they finally agreed to the deal. 我们不得不逼迫他们接受我们的条件，不过他们最终还是接受了这项协议。
• [R] You'll never be successful if you don't push yourself (= work) harder. 如果不再努力一些，你就永远不会成功。
[pʊʃ] verb
ADVERTISE 做广告
 ADVANCED transitive informal
■to advertise something repeatedly in order to increase its sales 推销（商品）
• They're really pushing their new car. 他们正全力推销他们的新车。
[pʊʃ] verb
SELL DRUGS 出售毒品
transitive informal
■to sell illegal drugs 贩毒
• He was arrested for pushing drugs to schoolchildren. 他因向中小学生贩毒而被捕。
[pʊʃ] verb
be pushing up (the) daisies humorous
■to be dead 死，入土，一命呜呼
• I'll be pushing up the daisies long before it happens. 没等这件事发生我早就一命呜呼了。
[pʊʃ] verb
push your luck (also push it)
■to try too hard to get a particular result and risk losing what you have achieved 愚蠢冒险；得寸进尺
• She's agreed to look after her on Saturday, but I think I'd be pushing my luck if I asked her to have charge of her the whole weekend. 她同意周六去照顾她，不过我想我要是让她整个周末都照顾她的话就是得寸进尺了。
[pʊʃ] verb
push the boat out UK informal
■to spend a lot of money on celebrating something （为庆祝某事而）花费一大笔钱
• They really pushed the boat out for Annie's wedding. 他们为了安妮的婚礼确实花了一大笔钱。
[pʊʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  push sb about/around informal disapproving
■to tell someone what to do in a rude or threatening way 对（某人）粗暴地发号施令，摆布（某人）
• If you think you can push me around like that, you're mistaken. 如果你认为你能那样对我发号施令，那么你错了。
[pʊʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  push ahead
■to continue with an activity in a determined or enthusiastic way, especially when it is difficult or makes you feel tired （坚定地）继续进行，大力推进
• They have decided to push ahead with the legal action. 他们决定继续采取法律行动。
[pʊʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  push along old-fashioned informal
■to leave 离开
• Anyway, I'd better be pushing along now. 无论如何，我现在最好走人。
[pʊʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] push sth aside
■to decide to forget about or ignore something or someone 忘记；把…搁置一边，不理会
• He claimed that he had been pushed aside (= not given a job) in favour of a younger person. 他说他被挤掉了，他们把工作给了一个更年轻的人。
[pʊʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  push for sth
■to demand something repeatedly, or to take strong action to try to make it happen 反覆呼吁；努力争取
• Local residents are pushing for the road to be made safer. 当地居民反覆要求把那条路修得安全些。
[pʊʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] push (sth) forward
■to continue doing something or making progress in something, with effort or enthusiasm 推进，推行
• Their research has pushed forward the frontiers of knowledge. 他们的研究把知识新领域的发展往前更推进了一步。
• An additional grant has enabled the team to push forward with research plans. 额外的经费使该小组得以继续进行其研究计划。
[pʊʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  push yourself forward
■to try to make other people notice and pay attention to you 突出自己，出风头
• She always seemed to be pushing herself forward and not giving anyone else a chance. 她似乎总是突出自己，不让别人有机会。
[pʊʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  push in
■to rudely join a line of people who are waiting for something, by moving in front of some of the people who are already there 插队，挤到等候的队伍前面
• I was waiting in the bus queue when two men pushed in in front of me. 我正排队等公共汽车，这时有两个男子插到了我前面。
[pʊʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  push off
GO slang
■used to rudely tell someone to go away 滚开，走开
• He told me to push off. 他叫我滚开。
IN WATER
■to push against the side of a pool, lake or river in order to move your body or a boat away from the side 离岸；把船撑离（岸）
• He pushed off from the side of the pool and swam slowly to the other side. 他从游泳池的一边出发，慢慢游到了对面。
[pʊʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  push on
■to continue doing something, especially when this is difficult （尤指在很困难的情况下）坚持做，将…进行下去
• They are pushing on with their campaign for improved childcare facilities. 他们仍在努力争取改善育儿设施。
■to continue travelling somewhere 继续旅行（或前进）
• "You've been driving for a long time - do you want to stop for a rest?" "No, we're nearly there - let's push on." “你开了很长时间车了——要停下来休息一下吗？”“不用，我们快到了——继续前进吧。”
[pʊʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] push sb out
■to make someone leave a job or stop being involved in an activity by being unpleasant or unfair to them 把（某人）排挤走
• I felt I was being pushed out of the job. 我觉得我正在被排挤出这个工作岗位。
[pʊʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] push sb/sth over
■to push someone or something so that they fall to the ground 将…推倒
• Daddy, Matthew pushed me over. 爸爸，马修把我推到了。
[pʊʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] push sth through
■to cause a plan or suggestion to be officially accepted or put into use 使（计划或建议）获得通过
• We are trying to push this deal through as quickly as possible. 我们想尽快促成这笔交易。
• The president is trying to push through various tax reforms. 总统正努力推行各种税务改革。
[pʊʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  push (sb) towards sth
■to try to do or achieve something, or to make someone more likely to do or achieve something （使）实现（或获得）
• It is hoped that these measures will push the nation towards recovery. 人们希望这些措施能使国家经济得到复苏。
• [+ -ing verb] New employment laws are expected to push more women towards voting Labour. 新的就业法预计将使更多的女性投票给工党。
[pʊʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] push sth up/down
■to cause the amount, number or value of something to increase or be reduced 使增加／减少 push 1 1. Rising demand tends to push prices up, and falling demand pushes them down.
需求增加往往促使价格上涨，而需求减少促使价格下跌。
• The rise in interest rates has pushed up the value of my investments. 利率上涨使我的投资升值。
[pʊʃ] noun
PRESSURE 推
 IMPROVER countable
■when you move someone or something by pressing them with your hands or body 推，推动
• Get on the swing and I'll give you a push. 坐到秋千上去，我推你一把。
• I gave the door a hard push, but it still wouldn't open. 我使劲推了一下门，但还是打不开。
• I can order all these goods at the push of a button (= by pushing a button). 我按一下按钮就能订购所有这些货物。
[pʊʃ] noun
STRONG MOVEMENT 使劲的动作
countable
■a stong movement towards a place 猛推
• The army is continuing its push (= advance) towards the capital. 军队正继续朝首都挺进。
[pʊʃ] noun
ATTEMPT 尝试
countable
■a determined attempt to get an advantage over other companies in business （生意上为赢得优势而进行的）努力，攻势
• The company plans to make a big push into the European market next spring. 该公司打算明年春天向欧洲市场大举推进。
• [+ to infinitive] The hotel is making a major push to attract customers. 这家旅馆正在大搞活动以吸引顾客。
[pʊʃ] noun
ADVERTISING 宣传
only singular
■a lot of advertising 宣传；推销
• This film is unlikely to attract large audiences unless it gets /it is given a big push in the media. 除非在媒体中大作宣传，否则这部电影不大可能吸引大批观众。
[pʊʃ] noun
at a push UK
■If you can do something at a push, you can do it but it will be difficult 困难地
• At a push I could be there by eight o'clock. 我勉强能在八点之前赶到。
[pʊʃ] noun
get the push UK informal
■to be told to leave your job 被解雇，被开除
• Rick got the push a few weeks ago. 瑞克在几周前被开除了。
■to be told by someone that your relationship with them has ended 被抛弃（或甩掉）
• She got the push from Martin last night. 昨晚她被马丁甩了。
[pʊʃ] noun
give sb the push UK informal
■to tell someone to leave their job 解雇（某人）
• I heard he'd been given the push. 我听说他被解雇了。
■to end a relationship with someone 断交；分手
• Oh, give him the push - he's a loser. 唉，别跟他交往了，他是个失败者。
[pʊʃ] noun
if/when push comes to shove
■If something can be done if push comes to shove, it can be done if the situation becomes so bad that you have to do it 一旦情况紧急，不得已时
• If push comes to shove, we can always sell the car. 实在不行我们还可以把车卖了。
further, promote, contribute, push, advance
这组词都有“促进，推进”的意思，其区别是：
further: 中性词，既可指对好事的促进、推进，又可指对坏事的助长。
promote: 指在某一进程的任何时期或阶段提供积极的帮助与支持。
contribute: 指能促进事物向前发展的因素，但这种因素并非决定性的。
push: 口语用词，通常指利用自己的活动或影响推进某事。
advance: 通常指为加速某一进程或达到某个预期目的而给予有效的促进，强调作出有意识、决定性的努力。
thrust, propel, shove, push
这组词都有“推、推动”的意思，其区别是：
thrust: 常指迅猛地一推或突然有力地推进，侧重速度。
propel: 侧重指靠外力把人或物稳定、持续地向前推进。
shove: 一般指猛或费力地推开或移动人或物。
push: 普通用词，指用突然的力量把人或物推向前进、推开或推到另一位置上。
vt. 推动；增加；推行；逼迫
 - enhance, drive, boost, press, force
vi. 推；推进；增加；伸展；努力争取
 - spread, improve, accelerate, extend, gain
n. 推；决心；奋力；攻击；干劲；进取心
 - determination, decision, resolution, enterprise, attempt

Word: settler
Front: settler
[ˈsetlə(r)] (高 5489/8005 -2)
Vocabulary: settler
(once / 383 pages)
1n 2n
A settler is a person who moves to a new place with the intention to stay there. Colonial America was built by settlers who came mainly from England.
Settlers often think of themselves as being the first people to live in an area, although through history settlers moved to places already inhabited by native people. A settler's primary goal is to set up a home — claim land, build houses, and establish new towns with other settlers. The noun settler originally meant "thing that settles," though by the 1690s it was used to mean "person moving to a new country," from the Old English word setlan, "cause to place."
WORD FAMILY
settler: settlers+/ resettle: resettled, resettlement, resettles, resettling/resettlement: resettlements/ settle: resettle, settled, settlement, settler, settles, settling, unsettle/settled: settledly/ settlement: settlements/settling: settlings/unsettle: unsettled, unsettles, unsettling/unsettled: unsettledly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Settlers, meanwhile, brush it off as an irrelevance.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
So in any crunch, he sides with the settlers, and they keep pushing.
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
The group says there are 12 settlements in East Jerusalem, inhabited by about 200,000 settlers.
BBC(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 移民，侨民; 殖民者; 决定者
分布：定居者(100%)
US ['setˌ-] noun countable
■a person who arrives, especially from another country, in a new place and takes the land in order to live on it and farm it （尤指来自别国的）移居者，定居者；殖民者
n. 移居者；殖民者
 - migrant, emigre

Word: reason
Front: reason
[ˈri:zn] (中高托雅 359/310 -K5)
Vocabulary: reason
(once / 17 pages)
nv
A reason explains why you do something. The reason you go to school is to learn things (and because it's the law).
Reason usually has to do with thought and logic, as opposed to emotion. If people think you show good reason, or are reasonable, it means you think things through. If people think you have a good reason for doing something, it means you have a motive that makes sense. Reason can also be a verb. You might reason something out, which means that you look at all sides of the issue and then and decide what to do.
WORD FAMILY
reason: reasonable, reasoned, reasoner, reasoning, reasonless, reasons, unreason+/ reasonable: reasonableness, reasonabler, reasonablest, reasonably/reasoner: reasoners/ reasoning: reasoningly, reasonings, unreasoning/unreason: unreasonable, unreasons/unreasonable: unreasonably/unreasoning: unreasoningly
USAGE EXAMPLES
“There’s a real stickiness. People are here for a reason. It’s a good place to do business,’ Gary Campkin said.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
“It’s a tough decision. But for all the right reasons.”
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
One reason is that the detritus from an infection of the lung is hard to clear.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 理由; 原因; 理性; 理智
vt. & vi. 推理，思考; 争辩; 辩论; 向…解释
时态：reasoned, reasoning, reasons
分布：原因(53%)，理由(31%)，推理(5%)，理性(5%)，理智(4%)，劝说(1%)，理论(1%)
→来自古法语 raison,原因，理由，思考，来自拉丁语 rationem,思考，考虑，动机，来自 rei, 思考，辩理，词源同 rate,read.
n.原因,理性,理智v.推理,说服,辩论,讨论The witty witness withdraws his words within minutes without any reason.诙谐的证人在几分钟之内无故地收回了他说的话.
noun
EXPLANATION 解释
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■the cause of an event or situation or something which provides an excuse or explanation 原因；理由；解释
• The reason for the disaster was engine failure, not human error. 这次灾难的原因是引擎故障，而非人为错误。
• [+ question word] The reason wh y grass is green was a mystery to the little boy. 对这个小男孩来说，草为甚么是绿色的是一个谜。
• [+ (that)] The reason (that) I'm ringing is to ask a favour. 我打电话是为了恳请帮忙。
• not standard The reason I walked out was because I was bored. 我走出去是因为我感到很无聊。
• [+ to infinitive] The police have (every good) reason to believe that he is guilty. 警方（完全）有理由认定他有罪。
• She was furious, and with reason (= with good cause). 她很生气，这也有情可原。
• For some reason] For reasons best known to him self (= For reasons no one else knows about) he's decided to leave his job. 出于某种原因／由于某些不为人知的原因，他决定辞职。
by reason of formal
■because of 由于；因为
• He's always asked to these occasions by reason of his position. 因为地位很高，他经常被邀请出席这些场合。
  Common Learner Errors  reason The correct preposition to use after reason is for. Don't say 'the reason of something', say the reason for something :
✗ The reason of the delay was that our delivery van broke down.
['ri:.zən] noun
JUDGMENT 判断力
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■the ability of a healthy mind to think and make judgments, especially based on practical facts （尤指基于实际情况的）判断力，理性，理智
• We humans believe that we are the only animals to have the power of reason. 我们人类认为自己是唯一具有理性思考能力的动物。
• mainly UK old-fashioned He lost his reason (= became mentally ill) when both his parents were killed in the crash. 他的父母都死于车祸，这使他精神失常。
within reason
■within the limits of what is acceptable and possible 合情合理；有分寸；有道理
• We can wear anything we like to the office, within reason. 只要不出格，我们在办公室可以爱穿甚么就穿甚么。
['ri:.zən] noun
listen to reason (also see reason)
■to listen to good advice and be influenced by it 听从劝告；明白事理；懂道理
• Friends tried to persuade them to change their minds, but neither man would listen to reason. 朋友们都力劝他们改变想法，但是这两个人谁都不听劝告。
['ri:.zən] verb transitive
■to try to understand and to make judgments based on practical facts 推理，推断；判断
• [+ (that)] Newton reasoned (that) there must be a force such as gravity, when an apple fell on his head. 当苹果落在牛顿的头上时，他推断出这一定是由于某种力的缘故，譬如重力。
• I spent hours reasoning out the solution to the puzzle. 我花了好几个小时才解开这个谜。
['ri:.zən] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  reason with sb
■to try to persuade someone to act in a wise way or to change their behaviour or a decision, by giving them good reasons 与（某人）讲道理；说服（某人）；规劝（某人）
• [+ to infinitive] The police reasoned with the hijackers to at least let the children go free. 员警劝说劫持犯，让他们至少把孩子们放了。
argue, reason, discuss, dispute, debate, quarrel
这组词都有“辩论，争论，说理”的意思，其区别是：
argue: 指提出理由或证据为自己或自己一方的看法或立场辩护，着重说理、论证和企图说服。
reason: 指据理力争以说服对方或求得对问题作更深入的研究。
discuss: 最常用词，指就某一或某些问题表明观点、看法等，以便统一认识，解决问题。
dispute: 侧重对分歧进行激烈或热烈的争论或争辩，带一定感情色彩，常隐含“各持已见”或“争论不休”意味。
debate: 侧重指意见等对立的双方之间正式或公开的争辩。
quarrel: 指两人之间或两个团体之间不友好的、吵吵嚷嚷地大声争论某事，尤指“吵嘴、吵架”。
cause, reason, excuse
这组词都有“原因”的意思，其区别是：
cause: 指直接导致事情发生的原因，与所发生的事个有因果关系。
reason: 强调指从逻辑推理上得出的结论性原因，不是直接说明起因。
excuse: 指为自己辩解，希望得到谅解时所提出的种种理由，是借口性的理由。
think, reason, muse, speculate, meditate, deliberate, reflect
这组词都有“思考、判断、思索”的意思，其区别是：
think: 一般用词，指开动脑筋形成看法或得出结论的脑力活动。不着重结论是否正确，见解是否有用。
reason: 指根据资料、证据或事实进行推断，作出结论或判断的逻辑思维活动。
muse: 通常指漫无目的地猜想。
speculate: 指推论过程，隐含在证据不足的基础上作出推测或设想。
meditate: 语气较强，指认真地长时间集中精力进行思考。
deliberate: 指缓慢、按部就班地作仔细而认真的思考或判断。
reflect: 指回想或回顾，侧重认真而冷静地反复地思考某个问题，尤指对已发生事情的思索。
n. 理由；理性；动机
 - motivation, excuse, incentive, sake, account
vi. 推论；劝说
 - ratiocinate, prevail with
vt. 说服；推论；辩论
 - discuss, debate, satisfy, convince, argue

Word: narrow
Front: narrow
[ˈnærəʊ] (高研四六托 2007/1725 -K4)
Vocabulary: narrow
(once / 67 pages)
1adjvn 2adj 3adj
Narrow means less wide or to make less wide. When you narrow down your choices, you decrease the number of choices. A road might be too narrow for a car.
When used to describe something physical such as a street or hips, narrow simply means not wide. Similarly, with quantities it means not much like when you win your basketball game by a narrow margin. But if you use it to describe an attitude, it has the negative meaning of not wide or open enough. If you're narrow-minded, you don't see the big picture –– sometimes it means you think in narrow stereotypes.
WORD FAMILY
narrow: narrowed, narrower, narrowest, narrowing, narrowly, narrowness, narrows+/narrowing: narrowings/narrowness: narrownesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
At that point, Mr. Trump, otherwise expansive and genial, sat with narrowed eyes and pursed lips, like a schoolboy who’d just been lectured.
New York Times(Jan 03, 2017)
In what too quickly became the consensus view, all of the above were put in their place by Donald Trump’s narrow electoral victory.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Narrow your list down to half a dozen candidates and call them.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 狭隘的; 狭窄的; （种类或数目）有限的; 仔细的，精确的
vt. 限制，限定; （使）变窄; 变得更窄; 收缩
n. 海峡; 狭路，隘路; 狭窄的水道
vi. 变窄
时态：narrowed, narrowing, narrows
分布：狭窄的(71%)，变窄(13%)，海峡(5%)，有限的(5%)，隘路(3%)，精密的(1%)，度量小的(1%)，狭窄部份(1%)
→来自古英语nearu,狭窄的，压抑的，来自sner,弯，转，扭曲。引申词义狭窄的。
a.狭窄的,狭的,狭隘的I threw a row of arrows, which narrowly passed the narrow-minded man's eyebrows.我掷了一排箭,箭紧擦心胸狭窄的人的眉毛而过.
US [-oʊ] adjective
SMALL WIDTH 狭窄的
 ESSENTIAL
■having a small distance from one side to the other, especially in comparison with the length （尤指与长度相比）狭窄的
• a narrow bridge/passage/gap 狭窄的桥梁／通道／缝隙
• a narrow face 瘦长的脸
• narrow feet 瘦脚
• The little village has very narrow streets. 小村子里的街道很窄。
UK ['nær.əʊ] US [-oʊ] adjective
LIMITED 狭隘的 mainly disapproving
■limited to a small area of interest, activity or thought （兴趣、活动或思想）狭隘的，有局限性的
• They are unable to see beyond the narrow world of the theatre. 他们看不到狭小的戏剧界以外的天地。
• It was regarded as a very narrow interpretation of the law. 这被认为是对法律非常狭隘的诠释。
⇒ See also narrow-minded
UK ['nær.əʊ] US [-oʊ] adjective
ONLY JUST 勉强／刚好
■If you achieve a narrow result, the result could easily have been different because the amount by which you failed or succeeded was very small 勉强的；差距微小的
• The election was won by the very narrow margin of only 185 votes. 仅以185票的微弱优势赢取选举。
• The opposition had a narrow defeat. 反对派险些胜出。
• We won a narrow victory. 我们险胜。
a narrow escape
■a situation in which you only just avoid danger 死里逃生
• We got out in time but it was a narrow escape. 我们险些未能及时逃脱。
UK ['nær.əʊ] US [-oʊ] adjective
a narrow squeak UK informal
■a success that was almost a failure 险胜，侥幸成功
• We caught the ferry but it was a narrow squeak. 我们险些没赶上度船。
UK ['nær.əʊ] US [-oʊ] verb intransitive or transitive
■to become less wide or to make something less wide （使）变窄，（使）缩窄
• The road narrows after the bridge. 过桥之后道路变窄了。
• He narrowed his eyes in suspicion. 他猜疑地眯起眼睛。
• They have narrowed the focus of the investigation, to concentrate on younger adults. 他们把调查的重点范围缩小，集中在年轻人身上。
• figurative We must strive to narrow the gap between rich and poor. 我们必须努力缩小贫富差距。
UK ['nær.əʊ] US [-oʊ] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] narrow sth down
■to make a number or list of things smaller and clearer, by removing the things that are least important, necessary or suitable 把…缩减，压缩
• We narrowed the list of candidates down from ten to three. 我们把候选人从十位筛选至三位。
adj. 狭窄的，有限的；勉强的；精密的；度量小的
 - nice, limited, finite, exact, precision
n. 海峡；狭窄部分，隘路
 - neck, channel, sound
vi. 变窄
 - straiten

Word: lean
Front: lean
[li:n] (研四六托宝 1520/1867 -K3)
Vocabulary: lean
(once / 74 pages)
1vn 2v 3v 4adj
If you lean on something, you incline your body against it, like the way you lean against a wall while waiting in line. If you lean on a person, you rely on her for moral support, like the way you lean on your best friend when you're feeling sad or worried.
If you’re tired, lean back in your chair. If you’re broke, lean on your family for financial help. But something can lean all by itself, if it’s not standing straight. The famous Tower of Pisa leans at an angle of about 4 degrees. As an adjective, we use lean to describe something skimpy or lacking excess flesh. When you're experiencing financial difficulty, you could say you're going through lean (not prosperous) times.
WORD FAMILY
lean: leaned, leaner, leanest, leaning, leanly, leanness, leans, leant+/leaner: leaners/leaning: leanings
USAGE EXAMPLES
He did say the front office will lean heavily on Jackson in finding a QB.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
As Anderson was recounting the scary scene, linebacker Corey Nelson leaned in and told him, “I was scared for you. I was so scared, bro.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Feet need to be squared up; pushes need to be absorbed, not leaned into.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. （使）倾斜，屈身
vt. 倚; 依赖; 使斜靠; 使变瘦
adj. 瘦的; 贫瘠的; 简洁的; 精干的
n. 瘦肉; 倾向; 倾斜; 倾斜度
vi. 倾向于（某种观点、意见或态度等）（与to 或 toward连用）
时态：leaned, leaning, leans
分布：瘦肉(33%)，倾斜(16%)，倾向(15%)，依靠(12%)，倚(10%)，瘦的(9%)，贫乏的(2%)，屈身(2%)，无脂肪的(1%)
→来自klei,倾斜，词源同clime,incline. 引申词义依靠。
v.倾斜,屈身;倚,靠,依赖a.瘦的,无脂肪的The lean man leans on the clean bean plant to read a leaf leaflet.瘦人斜靠在干净的豆科植物上读叶片传单.
verb intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep] (leaned or UK ALSO leant, leaned or UK ALSO leant)
 IMPROVER
■to (cause to) slope in one direction, or to move the top part of the body in a particular direction （使）倾斜，（使）向一侧歪斜
• She leaned forward and whispered something in my ear. 她俯身过来和我耳语了几句。
• I sat down next to Bernard, who leaned over to me and said "You're late." 我在伯纳德身边坐下，他凑过身子对我说：“你来晚了。”
• Lean your head back a bit. 头向后仰一点。
• That fence is leaning to the right. 那个栅栏向右倾斜。
[li:n] verb intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep] (leaned or UK ALSO leant, leaned or UK ALSO leant)
  Phrasal Verbs  lean (sth) against/on sth ADVANCED
■to sit or stand with part of your body touching something as a support 斜靠着，倚着
• He leaned against the wall. 他倚着墙。
• She leaned her head on his shoulder. 她把头靠在他的肩上。
[li:n] verb intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep] (leaned or UK ALSO leant, leaned or UK ALSO leant)
  Phrasal Verbs  lean sth against/on sth
■to put something against a wall or other surface so that it is supported 把…斜靠在，把…倚靠在
• She leant the brush against the wall. 她把刷子靠在墙上。
[li:n] verb intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep] (leaned or UK ALSO leant, leaned or UK ALSO leant)
  Phrasal Verbs  lean on sb/sth
■to use someone or something to help you, especially in a difficult situation 依靠，凭借
• He's always had his big brother to lean on. 他总是依靠他大哥。
[li:n] verb intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep] (leaned or UK ALSO leant, leaned or UK ALSO leant)
  Phrasal Verbs  lean on sb informal
■to try to make someone do what you want by threatening or persuading them 向（某人）施加压力，威胁（某人）
• We may have to lean on them a bit if we want our money. 我们如果想把钱拿回来就必须要对他们施加一些压力。
[li:n] adjective
NO FAT 没有脂肪
■describes meat that has little fat （肉）瘦的
■thin and healthy 瘦且健康的
• lean and fit 瘦而健康
[li:n] adjective
NOT ENOUGH 不够
■If a period of time is lean, there is not enough of something, especially money or food, at that time 收益少的，匮乏的
• It has been a particularly lean year for the education department. 对教育部而言这是尤为不景气的一年。
[li:n] adjective
EFFICIENT 高效的 approving
■A lean company or organization uses only a small number of people and a small amount of money etc. so that there is no waste （公司或机构）精简的
• Nowadays even efficient, lean, well-run industries are failing. 如今即使是那些高效、精干、管理良好的行业也在亏损。
[li:n] adjective
lean and hungry
■showing a very strong and determined wish to get something 野心勃勃，志在必得
• He's got that lean and hungry look. 他一副志在必得的样子。
lean, slim, slight, slender, thin
这组词都有“瘦的”的意思，其区别是：
lean: 侧重缺少脂肪。既可能是因病而瘦，也可能因饥饿而消瘦。也指身体消瘦，但肌肉结实，身体健康。
slim: 指身体的细长，体重轻不着重外形的优美，可用于不同的性别，常用于减轻体重的人。
slight: 指身材又瘦又小。
slender: 指身体细长、体态优美、苗条适中，多用于指女性。
thin: 普通用词，指腰细、骨架窄，常因疾病或疲劳而消瘦。
vi. 倾斜；倚靠；倾向；依赖
 - pitch, slope, tend, affect
adj. 瘦的；贫乏的，歉收的
 - poor, thin, spare
vt. 使倾斜
 - slope, tilt
n. 瘦肉；倾斜；倾斜度
 - slope, gradient

Word: magnificent
Front: magnificent
[mægˈnɪfɪsnt] (研四六托雅宝 5493/3533 -2)
Vocabulary: magnificent
(once / 140 pages)
adj
The adjective magnificent describes something that has grandeur, like the magnificent Great Wall of China or the Pyramids, which usually inspire awe in the people who see them.
The word magnificent comes from the 1510s, from the Old French word of the same spelling, meaning "doing great deeds." That's why rulers were often called "magnificent," though this adjective also describes things that are impressively large, like a magnificent volunteer force made up of thousands of people. Magnificent can also mean "absolutely excellent," like the magnificent play that everyone wants to see.
WORD FAMILY
magnificent: magnificence, magnificentest, magnificently+/ magnificence: magnificences
USAGE EXAMPLES
Will we simply accept the scaling back of programs, both academic and athletic, at our magnificent University of Alaska?
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Sophomore running back Jamauri Bogan calls it a privilege to be teammates with Davis, describing him as a magnificent person and player.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Sometimes the story, in all its magnificent ridiculousness, seems like mere scaffolding, propping up the ritual of the performance.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 壮丽的; 伟大的，高尚的; 华丽的，高贵的; 瑰丽的
分布：宏伟的(50%)，壮丽的(42%)，极好的(8%)
→magni-,巨大的，-fic,做，制造。引申词义伟大，壮观，辉煌。
a.华丽的,高尚的,宏伟的The submitted submarine on the magic magazine is shining and magnificent.魔术杂志上那艘提交的潜艇闪亮而壮观.
【记】mag大，nificent－大的建筑物－宏伟的
【反】base（adj 卑鄙的；低级的）
adjective
 ADVANCED
■very good, beautiful or deserving to be admired 极好的；壮丽的；令人羡慕的
• a magnificent view 壮丽的景色
• a magnificent piece of writing 文笔出众的杰作
• They live in a magnificent Tudor house. 他们住在一座都铎时代的豪宅内。
magnificent, gorgeous, glorious, superb, splendid
这组词都有“华丽的，宏传的，辉煌的”的意思，其区别是：
magnificent: 侧重指建筑物、宝石等的华丽堂皇。
gorgeous: 指色彩的富丽和豪华，有时含炫耀和卖弄意味。
glorious: 指光芒四射的绚丽，也指值得称倾、赞美或扬名的壮丽辉煌。
superb: 指壮丽辉煌、宏伟等的极点。
splendid: 侧重指给观察者留下壮丽辉煌或灿烂夺目的印象。
magnificent, grand, majestic, splendid, noble
这组词都有“宏伟壮丽的”的意思，其区别是：
magnificent: 指环境、建筑物等本身的壮丽、堂皇、庄严、崇高或出色等。
grand: 侧重规模大，豪华而宏伟壮丽、盛大。也可指人的崇高、伟大。
majestic: 侧重状态、外表、仪态等给人以威严感。
splendid: 指人在行为、品德或性格等方面的卓越超群；指物侧重外观上的辉煌。用于口语中，作“极好的，绝妙的”解。
noble: 指因本身著名或从外表上看有令人难忘的华丽、庄严、卓越、雄壮或崇高。
adj. 高尚的；壮丽的；华丽的；宏伟的
 - grand, noble, brave

Word: polite
Front: polite
[pəˈlaɪt] (中高 5492/4976 -K2)
Vocabulary: polite
(once / 176 pages)
adj
Polite means showing regards for others in manners, speech, and behavior. Since you are a polite dinner guest, you thank the host for inviting you and, even though you think the chicken is not cooked to perfection, you tell her you are enjoying the meal.
The adjective polite comes from the mid-13th century Latin politus, which means "refined" or "elegant." Showing consideration for others, using tact, and observing social norms are the qualities of being polite. The opposite of polite is rude. Because the poet E.E. Cummings thought imagination is most important, he wrote, “Knowledge is a polite word for dead but not buried imagination.”
WORD FAMILY
polite: impolite, politely, politeness, politer, politest+/ impolite: impolitely, impoliteness, impolitest/politeness: politenesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Chase was just a great kid. He was quiet, just polite,” Liptrap said.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“She was humble. She was polite. She sent a follow-up email thanking us for our time.”
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Though instantly recognisable, he still rises from the sofa and offers a firm handshake and an unnecessary but polite, “Hi, I’m Ben.”
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 有礼貌的; 有教养的，文雅的; 上流社会的; 应酬的，客套的
级别：politer, politest
分布：有礼貌的(63%)，客气的(17%)，文雅的(10%)，有教养的(10%)
→来自拉丁语politus,擦亮的，优雅的，来自拉丁语polire,装饰，使整洁，词源同polish.
礼貌的(pol擦亮;文雅+ite;参考:polish)[-ite 1.表形容词"…的"2.表名词"人或物"3.表动词"促成"]
有礼貌的[pol=smooth(光滑)]
a.有礼貌的,客气的;有教养的,文雅的It should be included in the canons of a polite society.这个应该是文明社会法规中的内容.
adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■behaving in a way that is socially correct and shows understanding of and care for other people's feelings 有礼貌的
• I'm afraid I wasn't very polite to her. 恐怕那时我对她有点不礼貌。
• She sent me a polite letter thanking me for my invitation. 她给我写了一封客气的信，感谢我的邀请。
• He was too polite to point out my mistake. 他太客气，没有指出我的错误。
 ADVANCED
■socially correct rather than friendly 斯文的，文雅的
• polite conversation 温文尔雅的谈话
polite society/company old-fashioned or humorous
■people who have been taught how to behave in a socially correct way 上流社会／上流阶层
• Sex never used to be discussed in polite society. 过去在上流社会从来不谈有关性的问题。
polite, civil, courteous
这组词都有“礼貌的、客气的”的意思，其区别是：
polite: 普通常用词，指言论举止无论何时均严谨有礼，很有教养。
civil: 语气弱于polite，着重只达到社交的一般要求，避免粗鲁。
courteous: 指言谈举止典雅，谦恭有礼，更侧重考虑他人的感情与尊严。
adj. 有礼貌的，客气的；文雅的；上流的；优雅的
 - civil, elegant, gentle, mild, courteous

Word: contrary
Front: contrary
[ˈkɒntrəri] (高研四六托 5495/4761 -2)
Vocabulary: contrary
(once / 103 pages)
nadj
Use contrary when two things are exactly opposite or entirely different. If something is contrary to something else, it is opposed to or against it.
A contrary child is one who opposes people in authority. As a noun, the contrary means the opposite, as in "We will not give up; on the contrary, we will fight with all our power." The adjective contrary derives from Latin contrarius "opposite, opposed," from contra "against."
WORD FAMILY
contrary: contrarian, contraries, contrarily, contrariness+/contrarian: contrarians
USAGE EXAMPLES
And contrary to popular belief, research shows that adopting WTE technology does not reduce recycling rates.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
In fact, Proksch said, contrary to what many might think, there aren’t a lot of difficult people in show business.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Other readers proffered contrary counsel for the Trump era.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 相反的; 违反的，反对的; 对立的; 顽固的，任性的
n. 对立或相反的事物; 对立方; [逻]反对命题
adv. 相反地，矛盾地
分布：相反(80%)，相反的(18%)，反面(1%)，截然不同的(1%)
→con-, 强调。-ter, 比较级后缀，见enter, interest。其词义演变比较抽象，类似汉语过犹不及。
相反的(contra+ary→相反的)[contra-表示"反对,相反"]
a.(to)相反的,矛盾的n.反对,矛盾;相反Hot and cold are contrary terms.热与冷是相反的词语.
US [ˈkɑːn.tre-]
the contrary
■the opposite 相反；反面；对立面；相反事物
• I was worried that it might be too difficult for me but I found the contrary. 我原来担心那可能对我来说太难了，可是我发现恰恰相反。
on the contrary
■used to show that you think or feel the opposite of what has just been stated 正相反，恰恰相反
• "Didn't you find the film exciting?" "On the contrary, I nearly fell asleep half way through it!" “你不觉得这出电影很精彩吗？”“正相反，看到一半我差点睡着！”
to the contrary
■saying or showing the opposite 正相反的，恰恰相反的
• For a long time it was thought to be a harmless substance, but we now have proof/evidence to the contrary. 长期以来这种物质被认为是无害的，但最近我们有了相反的证据。
noun only singular UK [ˈkɒn.trə.ri] US [ˈkɑːn.tre-/
  Common Learner Errors  on the contrary or by/in contrast? Use on the contrary to show that you think or feel the opposite of what has just been stated: "You must be pleased with your exam results." "On the contrary, I thought they would be much better." If you are comparing two things and you want to say that the second thing is very different to the first, don't say 'on the contrary', say by/in contrast :
✗ Rory is always on time for work. On the contrary, Vicki is always late. Rory is always on time for work. By contrast, Vicki is always late.
adjective
OPPOSITE 相反的 UK ['kɒn.trə.ri] US ['kɑ:n.tre-/
■opposite 相反的，对立的；完全不同的
• a contrary point of view 相反的观点
• Contrary to all our expectations, he's found a well-paid job and a nice girlfriend. 出乎我们的意料，他找到了一份报酬不菲的工作和一个漂亮的女友。
contrary to popular opinion UK ['kɒn.trə.ri] US ['kɑ:n.tre-/
■in a different way from what most people believe 与大多数人的看法不同
• Contrary to popular opinion, I don't dye my hair! 与大多数人的想法不同，我不染头发！
adjective
NOT REASONABLE 不讲道理的 UK [kən'treə.ri] US [-'trer.i/
■describes a person who intentionally wants to disagree with and annoy other people 乖戾的；故意作对的；执拗的
• He doesn't really mean it - he's just being contrary. 这不是他的本意——他只是在故意作对。
reverse, opposite, converse, contrary, adverse
这组词都有“相反的，对立的”的意思，其区别是：
reverse: 指朝相反方向的或反面(背面)的。
opposite: 指位置、方向、行动或想法等完全相反。
converse: 指在方向、行动或意见上相反的。
contrary: 一般指与某种主张、看法或行为等正好相反，隐含否定一方并不意味着肯定另一方的意味。
adverse: 通常指违害利益的、无生命的势力或条件等，侧重分歧。
opposite, contrary, otherwise, unlikely
opposite: adj 相反的，相对的，对面的；
contrary: adj 相反的，矛盾的，对抗的；
otherwise: 可做adv，意为“不同的，不那样的”；
unlikely: adj 不大可能的
adj. 相反的；对立的
 - opposite, adverse, counter, against, cross
adv. 相反地
 - counter, backward, conversely, inversely
n. 相反；反面
 - inverse, verso

Word: long
Front: long
[lɒŋ] (中高托 254/217 -K2)
Vocabulary: long
(once / 5 pages)
1adjadv 2adjadv 3adj 4adj 5v
To strongly crave or desire something is to long for it. No matter how healthful your diet is, you'll still occasionally long for chocolate, cookies, and cake.
The adjective long describes something that stretches over a large distance. If you're trying to avoid a prolonged visit with your crazy Aunt Martha, you might decide to take the long way to her house. The adjective long also describes something that lasts for an extended amount of time. When your Aunt Martha comes to your house, a half-hour can seem like a long, long time.
WORD FAMILY
long: length, longed, longer, longest, longing, longingly, longish, longly, longness, longs+/ length: lengthen, lengths, lengthy / lengthen: lengthened, lengthening, lengthens/lengthening: lengthenings/ lengthy: lengthier, lengthiest, lengthily, lengthiness/longest: longests/ longing: longings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Over the long term, though, might the procedure affect their eating and digestion?
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
The soleus muscles are deep postural muscles and so require training of long duration and low intensity.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Once they’re inside, it becomes extraordinarily difficult to try the guilty or release those who are no longer a threat.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 长的; 长时间的; 冗长的，过长的; 长音的
adv. 长久地; 始终; 遥远地
n. 长时间，长时期; [语]长音节; （服装的）长尺寸; 长裤
vi. 渴望，极想
时态：longed, longing, longs
分布：长时间(32%)，长的(27%)，渴望(25%)，久的(6%)，冗长的(3%)，长期地(2%)，长音的(2%)，长音节(2%)，久地(1%)
→来自古英语lang,长的，来自dlonghos,来自del的扩大形式，长的，字母d脱落，词源同indulgent,play,pledge.引申词义渴望。
a.长的,长时间的,长期的ad.长久,长期地The lengthened long fishing rod alongside the lake belongs to me.靠在湖边的加长长钓竿属于我.
US [lɑ:ŋ] adjective
TIME 时间
 ESSENTIAL
■continuing for a large amount of time 长时间的，长久的
• a long film/meeting 很长的电影／会议
• I've been waiting a long time. 我已经等了很久了。
• It's a long time since I worked there. 我不在那里工作已经很久了。
• Apparently the sessions are an hour long. 显然这些会议都长达一个小时。
  Common Learner Errors  a long time To talk about something continuing for a large amount of time, don't say 'long time', say a long time :
✗ I had to wait long time for the bus. I had to wait a long time for the bus.
UK [lɒŋ] US [lɑ:ŋ] adjective
DISTANCE 距离
 ESSENTIAL
■being a distance between two points which is more than average or usual （距离）长的
• long hair 长发
• long legs 长腿
• a long dress 长裙
• There was a long queue at the post office. 邮局里排起了长队。
• We're still a long way from the station. 我们离车站还很远。
UK [lɒŋ] US [lɑ:ŋ] adjective
MANY WORDS 许多字
 ESSENTIAL
■describes a piece of writing which has a lot of pages or words （文章）长的，字数多的
• a long letter/book/report 长信／大部头的书／长篇报告
UK [lɒŋ] US [lɑ:ŋ] adjective
be long in the tooth informal
■to be old, often too old to do something 年老；（常指）年纪太大（而无法做某事）
• He's a bit long in the tooth to be wearing jeans, don't you think? 他年纪有些大，穿不了牛仔裤了，你说是不是？
UK [lɒŋ] US [lɑ:ŋ] adjective
before (very/too) long (also before much longer) ADVANCED
■soon 很快，不久
• They'll be home before very long. 他们很快就要到家了。
UK [lɒŋ] US [lɑ:ŋ] adjective
go a long way (also go far)
■If you say that someone will go a long way, you mean that they will be very successful. 走得很远，有很大成就
UK [lɒŋ] US [lɑ:ŋ] adjective
go a long way towards doing sth
■to be very helpful 对…很有帮助
• The money raised will go a long way towards providing essential food and medicine. 筹集到的资金将会为保障基本食物和药品的供应发挥巨大作用。
UK [lɒŋ] US [lɑ:ŋ] adjective
go back a long way
■If people go back a long way, they have known each other for a long time. 相识很久，是老相识
UK [lɒŋ] US [lɑ:ŋ] adjective
have come a long way
■to have advanced to an improved or more developed state 取得进步，取得进展
• Information technology has come a long way in the last twenty years. 资讯技术在过去20年里取得了长足的进步。
UK [lɒŋ] US [lɑ:ŋ] adjective
it's a long story
■something that you say when someone has asked you about something that has happened and you do not want to explain it to them because it would take too long 说来话长（用于别人向你询问某事时，表示你不想解释，因为要花很长时间）
• 'So why was Carlo knocking on your door at midnight?' 'It's a long story.' “那为甚么卡罗在午夜时分去敲你的房门呢？”“那可就说来话长了。”
UK [lɒŋ] US [lɑ:ŋ] adjective
the long arm of the law literary
■the police 警方，员警
• You can't escape the long arm of the law (= The police will catch you if you have done something illegal). 法网难逃。
UK [lɒŋ] US [lɑ:ŋ] adjective
(as) long as your arm informal
■very long 很长的
• There was a list of complaints as long as your arm. 投诉足可以列一个很长的单子。
UK [lɒŋ] US [lɑ:ŋ] adjective
a long face
■If you have a long face, you look sad 表情悲伤的；哭丧着脸的
• 'Why've you got such a long face?' 'My boyfriend doesn't want to see me any more.' “你为甚么哭丧着脸？”“我男朋友不理我了。”
UK [lɒŋ] US [lɑ:ŋ] adjective
long live sb/sth !
■said to show support for the person or thing mentioned …万岁！
• Long live the President! 总统万岁！
UK [lɒŋ] US [lɑ:ŋ] adjective
long on sth and short on sth
■having too much of one quality and not enough of another 以…见长，但缺乏…
• I've always found his films long on style and short on content. 我一直觉得他的电影风格独特但内容空洞。
UK [lɒŋ] US [lɑ:ŋ] adjective
long story short US
■to not tell all the details 长话短说
• Long story short, I got fired. 长话短说，我被解雇了。
UK [lɒŋ] US [lɑ:ŋ] adjective
Long time no see. saying
■said when you meet someone who you haven't seen for a long period of time 好久不见。
UK [lɒŋ] US [lɑ:ŋ] adjective
a long way to go
■a lot of work to do or improvements to make 很长的路要走，很多工作要做
• He has a long way to go before he can present the scheme to the public. 在将该计划公诸于众之前，他还有很多工作要做。
UK [lɒŋ] US [lɑ:ŋ] adjective
no longer (also not any longer) ADVANCED
■in the past but not now 不再，再也不
• The cinema is no longer used. 这座电影院已经不用了。
• She doesn't work here any longer. 她已经不在这里工作了。
UK [lɒŋ] US [lɑ:ŋ] adjective
not by a long chalk/shot informal
■not in any way 丝毫不，一点也不
• It wasn't as good as his first book - not by a long chalk. 这本书不如他的第一本书好——差远了。
UK [lɒŋ] US [lɑ:ŋ] adjective
not long for this world old-fashioned
■If someone is not long for this world, they will die soon. 行将就木的，将不久于人世的
UK [lɒŋ] US [lɑ:ŋ] adjective
so long informal
■goodbye 再会，再见
UK [lɒŋ] US [lɑ:ŋ] adjective
take a long , hard look at sth
■to examine something very carefully in order to improve it in the future （为了将来改进）审视；仔细考虑
• We need to take a long, hard look at the way we control gun ownership. 我们需要认真审视一下我们对枪械拥有权的管控方式。
UK [lɒŋ] US [lɑ:ŋ] adjective
take the long view
■to think about the effects that something will have in the future instead of in the present 考虑…的长期影响；以长远的眼光看…
• If you take the long view, of course, you can regard staff training as an investment for the company. 当然，长远来看，员工训练可以被视为公司的一种投资。
UK [lɒŋ] US [lɑ:ŋ] adverb
TIME 时间
 ESSENTIAL
■used to mean '(for) a long time', especially in questions and negative sentences （尤用在疑问句和否定句中）长久地，长时间地
• Have you been waiting (for) long? 你等了很久吗？
• I'm just writing a letter but it won't take long. 我在写信，很快就写完了。
• How long have you been in England? 你留在英格兰多久了？
• Don't rush - take as long as you like. 别着急——慢慢来。
• We've been walking all day long. 我们走了整整一天。
• I've known her longer than you have. 我认识她的时间比你长。
• I won't be staying much longer. 我不会逗留很久。
■used with the past participle or the -ing form of the verb to mean that a state or activity has continued for a long time （与过去分词或动词的 ing 形式连用表示持续了很久的状态或活动）
• a long-awaited letter 期盼已久的来信
• long-serving employees 老雇员
UK [lɒŋ] US [lɑ:ŋ] adverb
IF 如果
as/so long as
 IMPROVER
■used to say that something must happen before something else can happen 只要，如果
• I can come as long as I can leave by 4.00. 只要我能在四点钟之前出发，我就能来。
• Bring your friends by all means - just so long as I know how many are coming. 一定要把你的朋友们带来——只要让我知道来多少人就行。
UK [lɒŋ] US [lɑ:ŋ] verb formal
long for sth ; long to do sth
■to want something very much 渴望…；渴望做…
• She longed to see him again. 她很想再见到他。
• I'm longing for news of him. 我正在盼望着得到他的消息。
UK [lɒŋ] US [lɑ:ŋ] noun uncountable written abbreviation for
■ longitude
UK [lɒŋ] US [lɑ:ŋ] noun uncountable
the long and the short of it informal
■said when you want to explain the general situation without giving details 总之，总的来讲，总而言之
• The long and the short of it is that they are willing to start the work in January. 总之，他们愿意在一月份开工。
long, yearn, thirst
这组词都有“渴望”的意思，其区别是：
long: 指诚心诚意地渴望某事或物。
yearn: 通常指急迫不安地渴望或向往，着重怀有柔情或热情。
thirst: 原义指对食物或饮料的渴求，引申指全力以求。
expect, desire, wish, long, want, hope
这组词都有“希望”的意思，其区别是：
expect: 通常指有很大程度的把握，但仍含有预料之意，或预计某事或某行动的发生。
desire: 语气较正式庄重，着重渴望的力量与热切，常含有强烈的意图和目的。
wish: 语气较弱，多指难于实现或不可能实现的愿望。
long: 语气强，指极殷切地盼望着，这种盼望侧重于很难或不可能得到的东西。有时也指一般愿望，但含一定感情色彩。
want: 一般指所想要的东西是切望得到的东西，能弥补实际需要。
hope: 指对愿望实现有一定信心的希望。
adj. 长的；过长的；做多头的
 - tall, full-bottomed
vi. 渴望；热望
 - rare, aspire
adv. 长期地；始终
 - chronically, ever more

Word: scrape
Front: scrape
[skreɪp] (研四六托雅宝 5494/5968 -2)
Vocabulary: scrape
(once / 415 pages)
1vn 2vn 3v
To scrape something is to scratch or remove its surface. If you scrape your knee, you'll probably need a Band Aid.
You can scrape the toe of your favorite boots, or scrape your arm on a branch. This might cause a scrape on your skin or your shoe, a mark that shows. There is also a kind of scrape you can hear, like the scrape of a chair on a floor, and the kind of scrape, or awkward situation, you suddenly find yourself in. People also scrape things together, or gather up as much as they can find.
WORD FAMILY
scrape: scraped, scraper, scrapes, scraping+/scraper: scrapers/scraping: scrapings
USAGE EXAMPLES
There are so few staff that Studdard, the superintendent, helps scrape food from lunch trays and mop the bathroom floors.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It’s the quintessential American mall, once flush with people, now scraping along as national retailers shudder.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
His father scraped together the $90 tuition — a small fortune — to let him stay on as Otis’ youngest student.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. 擦，刮; 擦去; 擦伤，刮破; 挖空
vi. 刮，擦; 搔，抓; 掏; 发出刺耳的声音
n. 擦，刮; 刮痕; 刮擦声; 刮胡子，修面
时态：scraped, scraping, scrapes
分布：擦伤(39%)，刮掉(32%)，刮擦声(22%)，擦掉(7%)
→来自古英语 scrapian,刮，擦，来自 Proto-Germanic*skrapona,刮，擦，来自 skerb,扩大形 式自 sker,砍，切，削，刮，词源同 share,shear,scribe.引申诸相关词义。
v.刮(掉),擦过,勉强通过n.刮,擦痕,刮擦声The scraped escapee taped the grapes into various shapes.擦伤的逃犯用带子把葡萄扎成各种形状.
verb
REMOVE 去除
transitive
■to remove an unwanted covering or a top layer from something, especially using a sharp edge or something rough 去除；刮；擦
• [+ obj + adj] Scrape your boots clean before you come in. 进来前先把靴子擦干净。
• We'll have to scrape the snow off the car before we go out in it. 我们开车出去之前必须先扫除车上的积雪。
• Emily scraped away the dead leaves to reveal the tiny shoot of a new plant. 艾蜜莉把枯叶扫去，使新苗的嫩芽露了出来。
[skreɪp] verb
RUB 擦
intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep]
■to (cause to) rub against a surface so that slight damage or an unpleasant noise is produced 刮坏；擦伤；蹭破
• Jackie fell over and scraped her knee (on the pavement). 杰基跌倒了，（在路面上）擦伤了膝盖。
• I was woken up by the noise of branches scraping against my bedroom window. 我被树枝刮擦卧室窗子的声音吵醒了。
[skreɪp] verb
SUCCEED 成功
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to succeed in getting or achieving something, but only just or with great difficulty 勉强获得；费尽千辛万苦
• She scraped into university on very low grades. 她以很低的分数勉强进入大学。
[skreɪp] verb
scrape (the bottom of) the barrel informal
■to use the worst people or things because that is all that is available （因别无选择）将就，凑合用
• Richard's in the team? - You really are scraping the barrel! 理查进队了？你真是没人可用了！
[skreɪp] verb
scrape a living UK
■to only just earn enough money to provide yourself with food, clothing and a place to live 勉强度日
• He settled in Paris, where he scraped a living writing short stories and magazine articles. 他定居巴黎，以写短篇小说和杂志文章勉强度日。
[skreɪp] verb
scrape home UK
■to win by a very small amount in a competitive situation 险胜
• The reigning champion scraped home just 2.9 seconds ahead of his nearest rival. 卫冕冠军仅以2.9秒的微弱优势险胜第二名选手。
[skreɪp] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  scrape by/along
■to manage to live when you do not have enough money and other necessary things 勉强维持生计
• He lost his job, so the family had to scrape along on £95 a week. 他丢了工作，所以一家人只好靠每周95英镑勉强过活。
■to manage with difficulty to get a successful result or to reach an acceptable standard 艰难成功；勉强达到标准
• I only learnt Spanish for a year but I can just scrape by in most situations. 我只学了一年的西班牙语，但在大多数情况下我都能够勉强应付。
[skreɪp] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  scrape through (sth)
■to succeed in something but with a lot of difficulty （在…中）艰难成功；勉强通过
• He managed to scrape through his exam with 52%. 他考了52分，勉强通过了考试。
[skreɪp] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] scrape sth/sb together/up informal
■to manage with great difficulty to collect enough of something, especially money, or to find the things or people that you need 勉强凑足（尤指金钱）；历经艰难才找到
• I finally scraped together enough money for a flight home. 我终于凑足了搭机回家的旅费。
• Do you think we can scrape up a team for the match on Saturday? 你认为我们可以凑足一支球队参加星期六的比赛吗？
[skreɪp] noun
SITUATION 处境
countable informal
■a difficult or slightly dangerous situation which you cause by your own silly behaviour （由于自身愚蠢而招致的）困境，危境
• She's always getting into silly scrapes - I do wish she'd think before she does things. 她老是做些蠢事——我真希望她做事之前能先考虑一下。
• He had a couple of scrapes with the police and ended up in court. 他跟警方有了点小争执，最后上了法庭。
[skreɪp] noun
RUB 擦
countable or uncountable
■a slight injury or an unpleasant noise produced by rubbing against a surface 擦伤；摩擦声
• "It's just a scrape, " said the boy looking down at his bleeding knee. “只是小擦伤，”男孩低头看看流血的膝盖说。
• I hate the scrape of chalk on a blackboard. 我讨厌粉笔在黑板上的摩擦声。
n. 刮掉；擦痕；困境；刮擦声
 - difficulty, corner, dilemma, fix
vt. 刮；擦伤；挖成
 - raw, brush burn
vi. 刮掉；刮出刺耳声
 - shave off

Word: optical
Front: optical
[ˈɒptɪkl] (研四六托雅 5497/6151 -1)
Vocabulary: optical
(once / 2597 pages)
1adj 2adj
Anything that's optical has something to do with sight. You could call your glasses an optical aid, since they help you see things more clearly.
Optical assistance comes in many forms, from glasses and contacts to binoculars and telescopes. All of these optical devices help magnify or clarify your vision. Using a big telescope to view the stars is known as optical astronomy, as opposed to the kind of astronomy that's practiced using radio signals or math. An optical illusion is a trick played on your eyes, when what they perceive is different from what is actually there.
WORD FAMILY
optical: optically+/ optic: optics / optics: optical
USAGE EXAMPLES
Well they were sunglasses but I swapped in optical lenses because I liked the frames.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Eighty-seven optical scanners broke in the Democratic stronghold on Election Day, causing erroneous vote counts.
Washington Post(Dec 15, 2016)
According to their manifesto, “shooting must be done on location”; “the camera must be hand-held”; “optical filters are forbidden.”
New York Times(Dec 15, 2016)
Back: adj. 视觉的，视力的; 眼睛的; 光学的
分布：光学的(63%)，视觉的(37%)
→来自optic,眼的，眼睛的，引申词义视力的，光学的。
a.眼的,视力的;光学的He has an optical defect.他有种视力缺陷.
US ['ɑ:p-] adjective
■relating to light or the ability to see 光学的；视觉的；视力的
• an optical effect 视觉效果
• an optical microscope 光学显微镜
adj. 光学的；眼睛的， [生理] 视觉的
 - visual, ocular

Word: fourteen
Front: fourteen
[ˌfɔ:ˈti:n] (中高 5498/2877 -5)
Back: num. 十四; 十四个; 第十四
n. 十四的记号; 十四岁; 十四点钟; 十五世纪
分布：十四(100%)
num.十四,十四个He is fourteen, old enough to take care of himself!他十四岁了,可以照顾自己了!
US [ˌfɔ:r-/ UK ['--] number
 ESSENTIAL
■the number 14 （数位）14
• twelve, thirteen, fourteen, fifteen 12，13，14，15
• Her baby is fourteen months old. 她的孩子14个月大了。

Word: ambulance
Front: ambulance
[ˈæmbjələns] (高研四雅 5500/3860 -K2)
Vocabulary: ambulance
(once / 1002 pages)
n
An ambulance is an emergency vehicle that transports people to the hospital in emergencies. If you see that someone's been injured in a car accident, it's a good idea to call an ambulance.
People who are terribly sick, or who are unexpectedly hurt or injured, often need to get to a hospital quickly, and this is what an ambulance is for. As the patient is driven to a hospital, with the ambulance's lights flashing and siren sounding, he or she is often treated by an emergency medical technician. The word comes from the French phrase hôpital ambulant, or "walking hospital," from the Latin ambulare, "to walk."
WORD FAMILY
ambulance: ambulances
USAGE EXAMPLES
Martin said the militants were regularly using municipal facilities for military means, including transporting weapons in ambulances.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Included is one about a woman who holds a dying child’s hand in an ambulance.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
An ambulance arrives, but, as it rushes to the hospital, it runs over an old lady, so it stops and picks her up, too.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 救护车; 野战医院
分布：救护车(100%)
→amble的现在分词，原指战场上救护医生抬着担架四处救助伤员，后专有化指救护车。
救护车,流动医院(ambul+ance→走的东西→救护车)[ambul=walk,表示"行走,走路"]
n.救护车,救护船,救护飞机I glimpsed the dancer balancing herself on the ambulance by chance.我碰巧瞥见舞蹈者在救护车上使自己保持平衡.
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a special vehicle used to take ill or injured people to hospital 救护车
• I called an ambulance. 我叫了救护车。
• We were woken in the night by the wail of ambulance sirens. 深夜，我们被救护车凄厉的警报声吵醒了。
• an ambulance driver 救护车司机
• An ambulance crew was called to his home, but he was dead by the time they arrived. 救护人员接到了求救电话，但是赶到他家时他已经咽气了。
n. [车辆] [医] 救护车；战时流动医院
 - meat wagon

Word: superintendent
Front: superintendent
[ˌsu:pərɪnˈtendənt] (托 5496/5451 -2)
Vocabulary: superintendent
(once / 486 pages)
n
A superintendent is the overseer of an organization. The term superintendent is most often used to refer to someone who oversees a school district and — most importantly — decides when to declare a snow day.
A superintendent is also the caretaker for a building, like an apartment complex. The superintendent is the person to call with maintenance issues, such as a broken lock or clogged toilet. Used in this sense, the word is often shortened to "super." A superintendent was originally a church official who oversaw several churches in a district. The word comes from the Latin superintendere, which means to oversee.
WORD FAMILY
superintendent: superintendents+/superintend: superintended, superintendence, superintendent, superintending, superintends
USAGE EXAMPLES
It also switched the state superintendent of education from an elected position to one appointed by the board.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Superintendent Eddie Johnson tells reporters that the officer shot the man several times during a “verbal altercation” shortly after 9 a.m.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
There are so few staff that Studdard, the superintendent, helps scrape food from lunch trays and mop the bathroom floors.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 监督人，管理人; 主管; （陆海军学校等的）校长; 厂长，所长
分布：监督人(56%)，所长(22%)，管理人(22%)
→superintend,主管，监管，-ent,人。
US [-pɚ.ɪn-] noun countable
■a person who is in charge of work done in a particular department, office, etc., or who is responsible for keeping a building or place in good condition 主管，负责人；（大楼的）看管人
• In the US, a school superintendent is in charge of the schools in a particular area. 在美国，教育局长主管一个地区的学校。
• We asked the superintendent (also USinformalsuper)to fix the broken window in our apartment. 我们请管理员把我们公寓破碎的玻璃窗修一下。
■a British police officer of high rank （英国）警司 ； 警察局长
n. 监督人；负责人；主管；指挥者
 - director, leader

Word: bump
Front: bump
[bʌmp] (研六托雅宝 5504/6508 -2)
Vocabulary: bump
(once / 509 pages)
1nv 2v
A bump is an area that bulges out, like a pregnant woman's stomach. To bump someone is to knock into them.
A pimple is a little bump. A camel’s hump is a larger bump. There are speed bumps sticking up in the road to keep drivers from going too fast. When you bump someone, you hit them with your whole body. If the person in front of you stops walking and you're not paying attention, you might bump right into them. Bumping often happens by accident, unless of course you are doing "the bump" (a 1970's dance).
WORD FAMILY
bump: bumped, bumper, bumping, bumps, bumpy +/ bumper: bumpers/ bumpy: bumpier, bumpiest, bumpily, bumpiness
USAGE EXAMPLES
After that, we bumped into each other occasionally on the street, spending a few minutes catching up.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Lacking the roots to hold his layers of skin together, AJ is at risk of his skin sloughing off from a hard bump.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
This year’s games were also played an hour earlier, so the later game didn’t bump up against the stroke of midnight on the East Coast.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 碰撞，冲撞; 颠簸
vi. 颠簸着前进
n. 碰撞，撞击; 肿块; 隆起物; 鹭鸶的叫声
adv. 突然地，猛烈地; 扑通一声
时态：bumped, bumping, bumps
分布：碰撞(34%)，肿块(25%)，提高(18%)，撞击(16%)，颠簸而行(3%)，猛烈的(2%)，表面隆起(1%)，突然的(1%)
→拟声词。物体相撞的声音。
v.(against,into)碰;颠簸着前进n.碰撞The lump jumped off the pump and bumped on the trumpet in the dump.傻大个跳下水泵撞到垃圾堆里的喇叭上.
【记】象声词
verb
HIT 撞击
 ADVANCED intransitive + adverb or preposition
■to hit something with force 碰；撞
• She bumped into his tray, knocking the food onto his lap. 她碰着了他的盘子，把食物撞翻到了他的腿上。
 ADVANCED transitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to hurt part of your body by hitting it against something hard （身体部位）碰上，撞上（硬物）
• I bumped my head on the shelf as I stood up. 我起身时头撞在了书架上。
[bʌmp] verb
TRAVEL 前进
intransitive + adverb or preposition
■to travel, usually in a vehicle, in an uncomfortable way because the surface you are moving over is rough 颠簸而行
• We bumped along the track in our car holding on to our seats. 汽车沿着小路颠簸而行，我们紧紧抓牢座位坐好。
[bʌmp] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  bump into sb
■to meet someone you know when you have not planned to meet them 与（某人）不期而遇
• We bumped into Alison when we were in London last week. 我们上周在伦敦撞见了爱丽森。
[bʌmp] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] bump sb off slang
■to murder someone 杀死（某人）
[bʌmp] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] bump sth up informal
■to increase the amount or size of something 增加，提高（数量或尺寸）
• The distributors will probably bump up the price of the software when the next version is released. 该软体的下一版本发行时经销商很可能要提价。
[bʌmp] noun countable
RAISED AREA 凸起
■a round, raised area on a surface or on the body 隆起；凸块；肿块
• Her bicycle hit a bump in the road and threw her off. 脚踏车撞上了路上的一个鼓包，她摔了下来。
• Tim had a nasty bump on his head from when he'd fallen over. 蒂姆摔倒了，脑袋上磕了个大肿包。
[bʌmp] noun countable
HIT 撞击
■the sound of something falling to the ground （东西落地时发出的）碰撞声
• We heard a bump from the next room. 我们听见隔壁房间有东西掉在地上的声音。
■an accident involving a car, especially one which is not serious （尤指不严重的）撞车
• A van drove into their car but luckily it was just a bump. 一辆货车撞上了他们的车，所幸只是碰了一下。
collide, conflict, bump, clash
这组词都有“碰撞”的意思，其区别是：
collide: 多指带毁坏性的猛烈相撞，也可指严重的直接冲突。
conflict: 这个词以前可表具体东西的撞击，现在常指冲突或对立。
bump: 主要指具体东西的有力碰撞，也可指碰到困难或障碍。
clash: 指有力的或带有金属碰击声的打、敲或相互冲击。
n. 肿块，隆起物；撞击
 - tumor, knub
vi. 碰撞，撞击；颠簸而行
 - hit, impact on, crash
vt. 碰，撞；颠簸
 - to run into, to hit
adv. 突然地，猛烈地
 - suddenly, heavily, strong, sharp, hard

Word: prey
Front: prey
[preɪ] (研六托雅宝 5502/4181 -2)
Vocabulary: prey
(once / 275 pages)
nv
Prey is an animal hunted for food. If you're a delicious-looking deer during hunting season, watch your back! You're the prey for all those guys in orange jackets carrying rifles.
Prey can also mean the human subject of an attack, or ridicule, by another person. Remember those bullies in school? The younger kids whom they shoved into lockers were their prey. Prey can also be used as a verb, meaning to hunt or go after. I bet most people would agree it's better to prey on something else than to be the preyed upon!
WORD FAMILY
prey: preyed, preying, preys
USAGE EXAMPLES
“He denigrates and preys on people who are unlucky and then reinforces the good fortunes of people who are already lucky.”
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Now, with almost no way to communicate with him, Sovannara’s family waits in Long Beach, fearful that Prey Sar prison may become his tomb.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
When we think we’re on our own, it’s easier to fall prey to temptation.
Salon(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 被捕食的动物; 捕食（习性）; 受害者; 受骗者
vi. 捕食; （疾病等）使人慢慢衰弱; 折磨; （人）靠欺诈为生
时态：preyed, preying, preys
分布：捕食(72%)，掠夺(17%)，牺牲者(10%)，使 ... 苦恼(1%)
→来自拉丁语praeda,猎物，来自（缩写自）prehendere,抓住，握住，词源同prehensile,predator.引申词义捕食，猎捕等。
n.被掠食者,牺牲者,掠食v.捕食,掠夺,折磨The X-rayed prayer preyed a gray tray.照过X光的祈祷者捕获了一个灰色盘子.
noun uncountable
■an animal that is hunted and killed for food by another animal 被捕食的动物，猎物
• A hawk hovered in the air before swooping on its prey. 老鹰在空中盘旋，之后向猎物猛扑过去。
[preɪ] noun uncountable
be easy prey
■to be easy to deceive or be taken advantage of 易成为…的目标，易被…欺骗（或利用）
• Homeless young people are easy prey for drug-dealers and pimps. 无家可归的年轻人很容易成为毒品贩子和皮条客的猎物。
[preɪ] noun uncountable
be/fall prey to sth
■to be hurt or deceived by someone or something bad 成为…的牺牲品，被…欺骗；深受…之害
• Small children are prey to all sorts of fears. 幼童深受各种恐惧的折磨。
[preɪ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  prey on sth
■If an animal preys on another animal, it catches and eats it 捕食
• The spider preys on small flies and other insects. 蜘蛛捕食小苍蝇和其他昆虫。
prey on your mind
■If a problem preys on your mind, you think about it and worry about it a lot 使焦虑不安；使耿耿于怀
• I lost my temper with her the other day and it's been preying on my mind ever since. 前几天我对她发火了，从那以后这件事一直让我惴惴不安。
[preɪ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  prey on sb
■to hurt or deceive a group of people, especially people who are weak or can easily be hurt or deceived 伤害，欺骗，坑害（尤指弱势人群）
• He would attack at night, preying on lone women in their twenties or thirties. 他总在夜间出没，袭击二三十岁的单身女子。
• It's particularly contemptible that these sort of people prey on the elderly. 这种人坑害老年人真是太卑鄙了。
vi. 捕食；掠夺；折磨
 - grind down, lie on
n. 捕食；牺牲者；被捕食的动物
 - victim, predation

Word: dead
Front: dead
[ded] (中高托 726/877 -K4)
Vocabulary: dead
(once / 24 pages)
1adjn 2adj 3adj 4adjadv 5adv
Someone who's dead is not alive anymore. If you accidentally hit a squirrel with your car, you might stop and check to see if it's alive or dead.
People — and animals — who are deceased are dead, and if you forget to water your favorite plant, it may be dead too. You can even use this word for inanimate objects: when your car's battery runs out of power, your car won't start because it's dead. People describe themselves as dead when they're exhausted or lacking appropriate emotion: "Her voice was dead and cold." If your town is boring, you can say, "It's dead here on the weekends."
WORD FAMILY
dead: deaden, deader, deadest, deadly, deadness, deads+/deaden: deadened, deadening, deadens/deadening: deadeningly, deadenings/ deadly: deadlier, deadliest, deadlily, deadliness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Under most antitrust analysis, such a deal would be dead on arrival.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
A minibus filled with dead passengers was on fire.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
When he saw the gunman, Raak dove under a bench and played dead.
Time(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 死去的; 完全的; 无感觉的; 呆板的
adv. 完全地; 非常; 绝对; 极度
n. 死者; （死一样的）寂静; 极寒时候
分布：死的(37%)，完全地(15%)，沉闷的(10%)，麻木的(10%)，完全的(7%)，无效的(5%)，突然地(5%)，直接地(5%)，筋疲力尽的(2%)，不起作用的(2%)，无趣的(2%)
→来自dheu, 死，词源同die.
a.死的;无生命的;死气沉沉的ad.完全地The bead is put on the forehead of the dead shepherd ahead of the herd.珠子被戴在牧群前面的死牧羊人的前额上.
adjective
NOT LIVING 死的
 ESSENTIAL
■not now living 死的，死亡的，去世的
• She's been dead for twenty years now. 到现在她已经去世20年了。
• The motorcyclist was dead on arrival at the hospital. 那位摩托车骑士被送到医院时已经死亡。
• He was shot dead (= killed by shooting) outside his home. 他在家门外被人开抢打死了。
■mainly UK
■If a part of your body is dead, you cannot feel it （身体局部）失去知觉的，麻木的
• I've been sitting with my legs crossed for so long, my right leg has gone dead. 我两双腿盘坐了很久，结果右腿都麻木了。
■UK
■describes empty glasses and bottles that were previously full （杯子、瓶子等）空了的
■In some sports, if a ball is dead, it is outside the area of play. （某些运动中球）出界的
[ded] adjective
BORING 乏味的
■If a place is dead, it is too quiet and nothing interesting happens there （地方）沉寂的，死气沉沉的
• The city centre's quite lively during the day, but it's totally dead at night. 市中心白天相当热闹，晚上却死气沉沉。
[ded] adjective
EQUIPMENT 设备
■If a piece of equipment is dead, it is not working 坏了的，失灵的
• a dead battery 没电的电池
• The phone suddenly went dead. 电话突然不能用了。
[ded] adjective
be (as) dead as a/the dodo informal
■to not be important or popular any longer 失势；过时；不再走红
• Who cares about Socialism any more? Socialism's as dead as the dodo. 谁还会关心社会主义啊？它老早就过时了。
[ded] adjective
be as dead as a doornail informal
■to be clearly and obviously dead 显然已经死了；死僵了
[ded] adjective
be dead in the water
■If something is dead in the water, it has failed and it seems impossible that it will be successful in the future 沉沦，一蹶不振
• So how does a government revive an economy that is dead in the water? 那么政府怎样才能使一蹶不振的经济起死回生呢？
[ded] adjective
be dead on your feet
■to be very tired 疲惫不堪，累极了
[ded] adjective
be dead to the world
■to be sleeping 睡觉
• "Is Georgie up yet?" "I doubt it - she was dead to the world ten minutes ago." “乔姬起床了吗？”“我看还没有--十分钟前她还在睡呢。”
[ded] adjective
Dead men tell no tales. saying
■People who are dead cannot tell secrets 只有死人才会保守秘密
• I think they killed him because he knew too much. Dead men tell no tales. 我认为他们把他杀了是因为他知道的太多了。只有死人才不会乱说话。
[ded] adjective
over my dead body
■If you say something will happen over your dead body, you mean that you will do everything you can to prevent it 只要我还有一口气就不能那样做；除非我死了
• "Joe says he's going to buy a motorbike." "Over my dead body!" “祖说他想买辆摩托车。 ”“只要我还有一口气就不准他买！”
[ded] adjective [before noun] adverb
■complete(ly) 完全（的），全然（的）
• The conductor waited for dead silence before commencing the performance. 乐队指挥等观众们完全安静下来后才开始表演。
• You won't be able to change his mind - he's dead against the plan. 你不可能改变他的想法——他坚决不同意这项计划。
• informal I'm dead certain I left my purse on the desk. 我绝对肯定我把钱包留在桌上。
• informal I'm dead (= very) hungry. 我饿极了。
• informal The exam was dead (= very) easy. 这次考试太容易了。
• UK informal "How was the film?" "It was dead good." “那出电影怎么样？”“棒极了！”
• The post office is dead (= straight) ahead. 邮局就在前面。
• Aim for the dead (= exact) centre of the target. 瞄准靶子的正中心。
• I always try to arrive dead (= exactly) on time. 我总是尽量准时到达。
• Martha's dead set on having (= very much wants to have) a new bike. 玛莎一心想要一辆新脚踏车。
• He's dead set against (= completely opposed to) living in the city. 他坚决反对住在城里。
[ded] noun
the dead
[plural]
■dead people 死去的人们，死者
• Three children were among the dead. 死者中有三名儿童。
• A ceasefire has been called to allow the survivors to bury their dead. 人们呼吁停火以便幸存者能够埋葬他们死去的亲人。
[ded] noun
come back from the dead (also rise from the dead)
■to be successful or popular again after a period of not being successful or popular 东山再起，起死回生
• This was a company that had risen from the dead. 这是一间已经起死回生的公司。
[ded] noun
in the dead of night/winter
■in the middle of night/winter 午夜／隆冬
• The fire broke out in the dead of night. 那场火是午夜时分发生的。
dead, dying
这组词都有“死”的意思，其区别是：
dead: 指已停止呼吸和心脏跳动，与alive(活着的，活的)相对。
dying: 指奄奄一息，行将死亡。
adj. 无生命的；呆板的；废弃了的
 - mechanical, wooden
adv. 完全地
 - totally, entirely, completely, absolutely, thoroughly, strictly, fully
n. 死者
 - decedent, departed

Word: sadness
Front: sadness
[ˈsædnəs] (高四六 5506/6372 -K)
Vocabulary: sadness
(once / 514 pages)
n
Someone who's blue feels sadness, like a little girl whose best friend has moved away.
Use the noun sadness when you're talking about sorrow. Sadness may be the overwhelming mood at a funeral, for example, or an elderly man might describe his life's greatest sadness as letting his childhood sweetheart get away. An interesting thing about sadness is that its original meaning was "seriousness." It wasn't until the 1600s that it came to mean "full of sorrow."
WORD FAMILY
sadness: sadnesses+/ sad: sadden, sadder, saddest, sadly, sadness /sadden: saddened, saddening, saddens
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Stress, anger and sadness break down the immune system. Sound is part of what I do daily to counterbalance that.”
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Despite reeling from a collective gut punch, women who were opposed to President-elect Donald Trump channeled their sadness and rage into activism and organization.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
“Arrival” handles that grief differently, ultimately arguing that there is a humanity in sadness.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 悲哀，忧伤，忧愁，悲哀; 令人悲哀或忧伤的事物; 愁眉苦脸，心境恶劣，心情恶劣; 认真
分布：悲哀(100%)
→sad,伤心的，难过的，-ness,名词后缀。
n. 悲哀
 - sorriness, tristesse

Word: enthusiastic
Front: enthusiastic
[ɪnˌθju:ziˈæstɪk] (高研四六雅 5508/4458 -K2)
Vocabulary: enthusiastic
(once / 316 pages)
adj
Enthusiastic appreciation for something is more than just liking it — it's loving it. You're an enthusiastic fan of Italian food if you not only like it, you can't live without it.
Enthusiastic's Greek origins paint a vivid picture of how an enthusiastic person got that way, as the word literally means "possessed by a god." You may recognize the "god" part of the word — theos, as in theology — "the study of God." If you're enthusiastic about working on your vocabulary words, you don't have to be reminded to do it — you can't wait.
WORD FAMILY
enthusiastic: enthusiastically, overenthusiastic, unenthusiastic+/ enthusiasm: enthusiasms, enthusiast, enthusiastic / enthusiast: enthusiasts/overenthusiastic: overenthusiastically/unenthusiastic: unenthusiastically
USAGE EXAMPLES
That ovation will change — growing more enthusiastic or more disgruntled — depending on their responses.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Gallup regularly asks people if they are “engaged” at work, meaning involved in, enthusiastic about and committed to their job.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Trump said on the campaign trail that he wouldn’t cut the program, and Senate Republicans haven’t been as enthusiastic either.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 热心的; 热情的; 热烈的; 狂热的
分布：热情的(56%)，热烈的(22%)，热心的(22%)
a.热情的,热心的Thus the enthusiastic dumb man thumbed the humble man's umbrella.于是热情的哑巴用拇指拨弄谦卑男子的伞.
【反】halfhearted（adj 不认真的；不热心的）
US [-ˌθu:-] adjective
 IMPROVER
■showing enthusiasm 热心的；热情的；热衷的
• You don't seem very enthusiastic about the party - don't you want to go tonight? 你好像对这个派对不怎么热衷——你今晚不想去了吗？
zealous, enthusiastic, intent
这组词都有“热心的，热诚的”的意思，其区别是：
zealous: 指对所从事的事表现出的高度热情和积极性。
enthusiastic: 指对参与某项活动或对感兴趣的计划或决定表现出的毫无保留的热切心情。
intent: 指集中精力从事正在进行的活动，也可指专心寻求自己感兴趣的东西。
adj. 热情的；热心的；狂热的
 - intense, warm, crazy, eager, tropical

Word: peculiar
Front: peculiar
[pɪˈkju:liə(r)] (研四六托雅 5505/4476 -2)
Vocabulary: peculiar
(once / 73 pages)
adj
Something peculiar is notably unusual. If your friend starts saying strange things you don't understand, ask her why she's suddenly become peculiar.
Peculiar comes from the Latin peculiaris, meaning one's own, or personal. In English, it originally meant belonging to one person, private, like your fondness for your peculiar hairbrush. It also had the meaning of something unlike others, special, or remarkable. Eventually we mostly stopped using it for belongings, instead using peculiar to mean unusual or odd.
WORD FAMILY
peculiar: peculiarity, peculiarly+/ peculiarity: peculiarities
USAGE EXAMPLES
This applies, too, to bestselling books, but the difference is that books often sell well for peculiar and unique reasons.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
The stress I felt instead was the peculiar one of absolute! resistance! to something you don’t necessarily need to resist.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
The DNA test “helps us understand we’re not all from one special place, which is really peculiar to America,” Devor said.
Washington Post(Dec 24, 2016)
Back: adj. 奇怪的，古怪的; 异常的; 特有的，特殊的
n. 专有特权，专有财产; [多用于英国]特殊教堂
分布：独特的(39%)，特殊的(28%)，奇怪的(19%)，古怪的(9%)，特权(5%)
→来自拉丁语peculium,私人财产，私人钱财，私人牛羊等，来自pecus,家畜，牛，羊，词源同fee,pecuniary.其原义为私人所有的，个人的，后引申词义与他人不同的，怪异的，奇怪的。词义演变比较idiom,idiot,idiosyncrasy.
a.古怪的,异常的;特殊的,特有的With one penny I had this peculiar pen opened.我花了一便士让人把这支奇特的钢笔打开了.
US [-'kju:l.jɚ] adjective
STRANGE 奇怪的
 ADVANCED
■unusual and strange, sometimes in an unpleasant way 奇怪的，古怪的
• She has the most peculiar ideas. 她的想法非常古怪。
• What a peculiar smell! 多么奇怪的气味！
• It 's peculiar that they didn't tell us they were going away. 真奇怪，他们并没有告诉我们他们要离开。
• UK The video on road accidents made me feel rather peculiar (= ill). 交通意外的录像让我感觉很不舒服。
UK [pɪ'kju:.li.ər] US [-'kju:l.jɚ] adjective
BELONGING TO 属于
■belonging to, relating to or found in only particular people or things 独特的，特有的
• He gets on with things in his own peculiar way/manner/fashion. 他处理事情有自己独特的方法／方式。
• They noted that special manner of walking which was peculiar to her alone. 他们注意到了她特有的那种走路姿势。
• This type of building is peculiar to the south of the country. 这种建筑物是该国南部所特有的。
distinctive, peculiar, individual, characteristic
这组词都有“特有的，显示特征的”的意思，其区别是：
distinctive: 突出与众不同的或令人称赞的个性或特征。
peculiar: 侧重指某人或某物本身与众不同；也可指种族、民族或性别，着重有其无可争议的特点。
individual: 指特指的人或物，着重其与众不同，强调可将其区别出的品质与特性。
characteristic: 侧重指具有区别能力，典型的或本质的事物。
eccentric, peculiar, strange, queer, curious, crazy, funny, odd, singular, quaint
这组词都有“奇怪的，奇异的，新奇的”的意思，其区别是：
eccentric: 指偏离常规的怪异或怪癖。
peculiar: 侧重令人奇怪的或独一无二的特性，也指性格特征方面显著的与众不同之处。
strange: 普通常用词，含义广泛，指陌生新奇、奇怪、奇怪或不自然的人或物。
queer: 指一种无法解释的怪诞，强调事物的奇特和不可思议。
curious: 通常指非常特别或能引起注意、研究或探索的奇特。
crazy: 多指与众不同的行为、外表或人与物本身，含荒唐可笑或神经不正常的意味。
funny: 较通俗用词，指奇怪得滑稽可笑或反常。
odd: 通常指不规律、偶尔出现的人或事物，往往令人困惑或奇怪。
singular: 通常指异常或奇特，暗含不同于一般。
quaint: 指古色古香，会人感到既奇怪又有趣。
especial, peculiar, distinctive, unique, particular, special
especial: 特别的，含有优越或偏好的意义，多用于书面语。
peculiar: 独特的，独有的，强调某一个体或某一集团所独有的、与众不同的，常与介词about, in, to等搭配。
distinctive: 特别的，有特色的
unique: 独特的，强调独一无二的
particular: 特殊的，过于讲究的，强调同类中某一个体所具有的独特性质，常与介词about, as to, over, to搭配。
special: 特设的，专门的，着重指某事物具有自己特有的性质、性格或个性，与同类明显相异的，常与介词about, to搭配。
peculiar, especial, specific, particular, special, exceptional, extraordinary
这组词都有“特殊的，特别的”的意思，其区别是：
peculiar: 强调指与众不同或独特的意思。
especial: 和special含义很接近，较正式，但侧重有特殊的意义或重要性。
specific: 着重指某种、某类事物具有的特殊或特定的属性，也可指专门提出作特别考虑的事物。
particular: 侧重不同于普遍性的个性或特殊性。
special: 普通用词，指不同于一般、与众不同，着重事物的专门性，突出与一般不同。
exceptional: 指不同于一般，本身是特别的或异常的事物。
extraordinary: 语气比exceptional强，指极大地超过一般或正常情况。
adj. 特殊的；独特的；奇怪的；罕见的
 - specific, distinct, unique, strange, individual
n. 特权；特有财产
 - franchise, special privilege

Word: audit
Front: audit
[ˈɔ:dɪt] (研托雅宝 5503/3172 -2)
Vocabulary: audit
(once / 743 pages)
1vn 2v
An audit is a thorough counting, review, or assessment of a situation or collection of things. Before baking cookies, you'd better make an audit of the ingredients available to see whether there is enough sugar and butter.
The most common use of the word audit is with the Internal Revenue Service, which sometimes performs an audit of a taxpayer’s finances to see whether that taxpayer has accurately reported his or her income. It can also be used in this context as a verb. It's easy to get nervous if the IRS is planning to audit you! You can also audit a class if you attend but don't pay for it. Just don't think that you'll get credit towards graduation from that.
WORD FAMILY
audit: audited, auditing, auditor, audits+/ auditor: auditors
USAGE EXAMPLES
State Auditor and Inspector Gary Jones says he expects at least five of those counties to pass the audit next year.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He keeps copies of both checks in his books, seen by the AP, in case he is ever audited.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
A state audit released in September found the number of liquor stores in Utah so inadequate that adding 19 would just keep up with demand.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 审计，查账
vt. 审计，查账; 旁听
vi. 审计
时态：audited, auditing, audits
分布：审计(94%)，旁听(5%)，查帐(1%)
v.审计;查帐;核对;旁听The audit of the man's estate revealed unpaid taxes.Some students are auditing the art class. but most are taking it for credit.
US ['ɑ:-] verb transitive
FINANCE 金融 specialized
■to make an official examination of the accounts of a business and produce a report 查…的账目；审计
UK ['ɔ:.dɪt] US ['ɑ:-] verb transitive
EDUCATION 教育 US to go to a class or educational course for pleasure or interest, without being tested or receiving a qualification at the end 旁听
• As a senior citizen, he is allowed to audit university classes. 作为一个老年人，他得到准许可以旁听大学的课程。
UK ['ɔ:.dɪt] US ['ɑ:-] noun countable
■an official examination of the accounts of a business 查…的账目；审计
• The company has an audit at the end of each financial year. 这间公司在每个财政年度的年末都要进行一次审计。
vi. 审计； [审计] 查帐
 - examine and verify
vt. （美）旁听
 - sit in on

Word: supporting
Front: supporting
[səˈpɔ:tɪŋ] (5507/5278)
Back: adj. 支持的，支撑的
v. 支持( support的现在分词 ); 帮助; 支撑; 维持
分布：支持的(63%)，次要的(24%)，辅助性的(9%)，动词support的现在分词.(4%)
→support,支持，帮助，-ing,形容词后缀。引申词义次要的，辅助的。
US [-'pɔ:r.tˌɪŋ] adjective
supporting actor/part/role
■not the most important actor, part, or role in a film or play （电影或戏剧中的）配角
• She had a small supporting part in the play. 她在这部戏中扮演一个跑龙套的角色。
adj. 支持的；辅助性的；次要的
 - friendly, secondary, minor, peripheral
n. 支持；支承面
 - holding, adhesion, backing
v. 支持；供养（support的ing形式）
 - encouraging, backing

Word: continually
Front: continually
[kən'tɪnjʊəlɪ] (托 5510/4684)
Vocabulary: continually
(once / 226 pages)
adv
When you do something continually, you do it over and over again. If you keep checking your email to see if you've gotten an important message, you can say you check it continually.
The adverb continually is good for describing something you do repeatedly, or on a regular basis. Your little brother, for example, might complain continually that he's hungry for ice cream. The word continuously is easy to confuse with continually — when you do something continually, you take breaks in between, but when you do it continuously, you don't stop at all. Both come from a Latin root, continuare, or "join together."
WORD FAMILY
continual: continually
USAGE EXAMPLES
Continually over the last few years we’ve seen capital improvement projects soar past their projected budgets and taxpayers are left footing the bill.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Department of Correction says it’s reviewing the cases and continually assessing its practices.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Twitter, in particular, continually partners with movie studios and TV networks on exclusive emojis that are activated with specific hashtags.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adv. 不停地; 持续地; 屡屡地; 一再地
分布：频繁地(54%)，不断地(46%)
ADJ
不停的;不间断的
A continual process or situation happens or exists without stopping.
例：The school has been in continual use since 1883...自1883年以来，该校从未停办过。
例：They felt continual pressure to perform well...他们不断感受到压力，促使他们好好表演。
ADJ
一再的;反复的;频繁的
Continual events happen again and again.
例：...the government's continual demands for cash to finance its chronic deficit...政府为补贴长期的财政赤字而对资金的持续需求
例：She suffered continual police harassment.她不断受到警方的骚扰。
adv. 不断地；频繁地
 - constantly, forever, frequently, unceasingly, straight

Word: modem
Front: modem
[ˈməʊdem] (高托 5518/9165)
Vocabulary: modem
(once / 8371 pages)
n
Simply put, a modem is an electronic device that changes a digital computer signal to audio so it can be carried on telephone lines. It also changes an incoming signal back so it can be read on the computer.
Although a form of modem was used as early as 1940 to connect teletype machines to telephones, the word appeared with growing use in 1958, taken from its function as a "modulator" and "demodulator" of sound signals, changing them from audio to digital and back again. This is critical in computer use. Since its inception, modem speeds, measured in bits per second, or bps, have increased dramatically, from the early 300 bps to scorching speeds of USB wireless modems.
WORD FAMILY
modem: modems
USAGE EXAMPLES
“We want to keep it simple, for people in nursing homes or people on modems,” she said.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
The U.S. firm also hindered competition by refusing or limiting licensing of its standard essential patents for modem chips to rival chipmakers, the regulator said.
Reuters(Dec 27, 2016)
"Qualcomm has those modems, and that in combination with our own products will give us an edge over the competition."
Reuters(Nov 05, 2016)
Back: n. 调制解调器
分布：调制解调器(100%)
→缩写自modulator和demodulator,用于指接通网络的调制解调器。
US ['moʊ.dəm] noun countable specialized
■an electronic device which allows one computer to send information to another through standard telephone wires and therefore over long distances 调制解调器
n. 调制解调器（等于modulator-demodulator）
 - MODEM Modulator And Demodulator, modulator-demodulator

Word: firefighter
Front: firefighter
[ˈfaɪəfaɪtə(r)] (高 5511/17650)
Back: n. <美>消防队员
分布：消防队员(100%)
US ['faɪrˌfaɪ.tˌɚ] UK [-mən] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a person whose job is to stop fires from burning 消防队员
n. 消防队员
 - pompier

Word: supper
Front: supper
[ˈsʌpə(r)] (中高 5514/4153 -2)
Back: n. 晚饭，晚餐; 夜点心; 晚餐会
分布：晚饭(73%)，晚餐(25%)，晚餐会(2%)
→来自 sup,吃晚餐，-er,名词后缀。
n.晚餐The upset supplement supplier went up with the puppet to the upper room for supper.心烦意乱的增刊供给者与傀儡一起到上面的房间吃晚餐.
US [-ɚ] noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■a main meal eaten in the evening, or a small meal eaten in the late evening 晚饭，晚餐；夜宵
• We usually have tea at about 5.30 p.m., then supper before we go to bed. 我们通常会在下午五点半用茶点，然后吃晚饭、睡觉。
• Would you like to come to supper tonight? 你今天一起来吃晚饭好吗?
• They had an early supper before going to the theatre. 他们早早吃完晚饭，去看电影了。
n. 晚餐，晚饭
 - dinner, evening meal

Word: applicant
Front: applicant
[ˈæplɪkənt] (高四托雅宝 5512/3159 -2)
Vocabulary: applicant
(once / 1228 pages)
n
An applicant is someone who signs up or applies for something. A job applicant for example, often fills out a form and then interviews for the position she hopes to get.
When you submit your college application to a school you'd like to attend, you are an applicant to that school. Other kinds of applicants are job candidates and scholarship hopefuls. To apply is to put in for or request entry to something, and the root of both apply and applicant is the Old French aploiier, "apply, use, or attach," from the Latin applicare, "attach to, join, or connect."
WORD FAMILY
applicant: applicants+/ applicable: applicability, applicably, inapplicable / application: applications/applier: appliers/ apply: applicable, applicant, application, applicative, applicatory, applied, applier, applies, applying, misapply/ inapplicable: inapplicability, inapplicably/misapplication: misapplications/misapply: misapplication, misapplied, misapplies, misapplying
USAGE EXAMPLES
Krebs’ office issues a permit after it gets approved by an applicant’s county sheriff.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
The Swedish government says it tries to prioritize cases like Girmay's, where the applicant is about to turn 18.
Reuters(Dec 30, 2016)
It also says the winning applicants should be dispersed across the country “to the maximum extent practicable.”
Science Magazine(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 申请人，求职人; 请求者
分布：申请人(100%)
noun countable
■a person who formally requests something, especially a job, or a place at college or university （尤指求职于或考大学的）申请人
• How many applicants did you have for the job? 申请这份工作的有多少人？
n. [专利] 申请人，申请者；请求者
 - postulant, proposer

Word: sample
Front: sample
[ˈsɑ:mpl] (研四六托雅 1311/1349 -K3)
Vocabulary: sample
(once / 280 pages)
nv
A sample is a small part of something that either represents a bigger whole or is designed to let you try something out. You might ask to try a sample of an exotic ice cream flavor before committing to buying a whole cone.
Sample comes from the Old French essample, meaning "example." In social science experiments, researchers try to find a sample of people to study that is representative of the intended population as a whole. At the grocery store, you might be given a sample of peanut butter on a little cracker to entice you to buy it. In that case, you are given the chance to sample, or taste, the product.
WORD FAMILY
sample: sampled, sampler, samples, sampling+/sampler: samplers/sampling: samplings
USAGE EXAMPLES
A sampling of what was said Monday, and what was left unsaid:
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Ask a random sampling of Washingtonians and you’ll find that many want to be closer to nature.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
But another reader, Daniel Orkwis, more or less counseled diners not to be cavalier about sending back wine once it’s been sampled and approved.
Washington Post(Dec 15, 2016)
Back: n. 样品，华样; 标本，榜样; （化验的）取样; [信]信号瞬时值
vt. 取…的样品，尤指用样品来检验; 品尝; 抽样调查
adj. 作为代表或范例的
时态：sampled, sampling, samples
分布：样品(55%)，样本(33%)，取样(8%)，采样(4%)
→来自盎格鲁法语 saumple,缩写自古法语 essample,异化自拉丁语 exemplum,样本，词源同 example.引申词义抽样，取样等。
样品,标本(s[=se分开]+ample→分开拿出→标本)[em,empt,ampl=take,procure,表示"拿,获得"]
n.样品,实例,标本,抽样检查v.取样,采样For example, this simple sample similar to his can be exemplified.例如,这件与他的相似的简单样品可以作为例证.
US ['sæm-] noun countable
SMALL AMOUNT 少量
 IMPROVER
■a small amount of something that shows you what the rest is or should be like 样品
• a free sample of shampoo 免费的洗发精试用包
• samples of carpet/curtain material 地毯／窗帘材料的样品
• Please bring some samples of your work to the interview. 请带一些你的作品范本去面试。
 IMPROVER
■a small amount of a substance that a doctor or scientist collects in order to examine it （医生或科学家检测用的）样本，试样
• a blood /urine sample 血液／尿液样本
 IMPROVER
■a group of people or things that is chosen out of a larger number and is asked questions or tested in order to get information about the larger group （调查用的）样本
• a random sample of voters 选民随机抽样
• a nationally representative sample of 200 schools 具有全国代表性的200个学校样本
UK ['sɑ:m.pl] US ['sæm-] noun countable
MUSIC 音乐
■a small part of a song which has been recorded and used to make a new piece of music （用于新乐曲中的）选录的歌曲片段
UK ['sɑ:m.pl] US ['sæm-] verb transitive
SMALL AMOUNT 少量
■to taste a small amount of food or drink to decide whether you like it 尝，品尝
• As the food looked so good, he decided to sample a little from each dish. 这些食物看起来很诱人，于是他决定每样菜都尝一点。
■to experience a place or an activity, often for the first time （常指初次）体验，尝试
• So you're going to sample the delights/pleasures of the new restaurant? 那么你要去体验一下在那家新餐厅用餐的乐趣了？
UK ['sɑ:m.pl] US ['sæm-] verb transitive
MUSIC 音乐 specialized
■to record part of a song and use the recording to make a new piece of music 节录，选录（歌曲片段，用于新的乐曲中）
• This song has been heavily sampled. 这首歌的片段频繁地出现在新曲中。
specimen, illustration, case, example, instance, sample
这组词都有“例子、事例”的意思，其区别是：
specimen: 可与sample换用，但常指人或物中选出的有代表性部分，或指供科研、化验或检验用的标本。
illustration: 指用来说明、解释某种理论或看法而引用的例证。
case: 多指需要加以认真研究的实例，如病例，案例等。
example: 普通用词，指能代表同类事物性质或一般规律的典型例子。
instance: 多指用于说明、支持或反证一般事实或理论的事例。
sample: 通常指样品。
vt. 取样；尝试；抽样检查
 - essay, have a try
n. 样品； [图情] 样本；例子
 - example, pattern

Word: Egyptian
Front: Egyptian
[ɪ'dʒɪpʃ(ə)n] (高六雅 5515/5710)
Back: n. 埃及人；古代埃及语
adj. 埃及的；埃及人的
分布：埃及的(50%)，埃及人(40%)，埃及人的(10%)
埃及的[-ian 1.表名词"某种人"2.表形容词"…国家的"]
adjective]ɪˈdʒɪp.ʃən/
■from, belonging to or relating to Egypt 来自埃及的；埃及的；与埃及有关的
• Egyptian art 埃及艺术
noun countable /ɪˈdʒɪp.ʃən/
■a person from Egypt 埃及人

Word: absent
Front: absent
[ˈæbsənt] (中高研四六托 5516/4300 -K2)
Vocabulary: absent
(once / 75 pages)
1adj 2v
Absent means not there. If you absent yourself from class, you're marked as absent. If you have an absent parent, it means they don't live with you or take part in your care.
Absent can also describe a state of mind, meaning "not all there" or "lost in thought." If you are absent from class on a test day, you will have to explain your absence, unless your teacher is so absent minded she forgets and just gives you an A.
WORD FAMILY
absent: absence, absented, absentee, absenting, absently, absents+/ absence: absences/ absentee: absenteeism, absentees
USAGE EXAMPLES
Or to state the matter more bluntly: If U.S. backing for Israel was absent, peace became impossible.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
By the time we reach the Book of Esther, God’s voice is absent.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
But why are black dolls and toys absent from the shelves of many stores in the UK?
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 缺席的，不在场的; 缺少的，缺乏的; 不在意的，茫然的
时态：absented, absenting, absents
分布：缺席的(51%)，缺乏的(21%)，使缺席(15%)，不在的(13%)
→来自拉丁语absentem,缺席的，现在分词格于abesse,缺席，离开，来自ab-,离开，esse,在， 存在，词源同is,essence,present.
缺席的(ab+sent出现→没有出现→缺席的)[ab-,abs-加在词根前,表示"相反,变坏,离去"等]
a.缺席的;缺乏的,不存在的;心不在焉的The absent-minded student consents to the sentence in the presence of me.心不在焉的学生在我面前同意这份判决.
adjective]ˈæb.sənt/
NOT PRESENT 不存在的；缺乏的
 IMPROVER
■not in the place where you are expected to be, especially at school or work （尤指上课或工作）缺勤的，缺席的，不在场的
• John has been absent from school/work for three days now. 约翰到现在已经旷课／旷工三天了。
• We drank a toast to absent friends. 我们为不能来的朋友干杯祝福。
adjective]ˈæb.sənt/
NOT EXISTING 不存在
■not existing 不存在的；缺乏的
• Any sign of remorse was completely absent from her face. 她脸上没有一丝自责的神情。
adjective]ˈæb.sənt/
NOT PAYING ATTENTION 不留心
■describes a person or the expression on their face when they are not paying attention to what is happening near them, and are thinking about other things 心不在焉的；出神的
preposition]ˈæb.sənt/ US without 缺乏；没有
• Absent a detailed plan, the project was doomed from the start. 由于缺乏周详的规划，这项工程从一开始就注定要失败。
verb[æbˈsent/
absent yourself formal
■to not go to a place where you are expected to be, especially a school or place of work （尤指上课或工作时）缺席，缺勤，不在
• You cannot choose to absent yourself (from work/school) on a whim. 你不能随意旷工 ／ 旷课。
adj. 缺席的；缺少的；心不在焉的；茫然的
 - missing, vacant

Word: salvation
Front: salvation
[sælˈveɪʃn] (研六 5519/5297 -2)
Vocabulary: salvation
(once / 267 pages)
n
Salvation is the act of saving from sin or evil, or sometimes just from an unpleasant situation.
The word salvation comes from the Latin salvare, "to save." Each of the monotheistic religions has a different idea about the way to achieve salvation. Salvation doesn't always have to do with theology; if a freak snowstorm on your camping trip has you worried about hypothermia, salvation can come in the form of an abandoned house with a working fireplace.
WORD FAMILY
salvation: salvations+/ salvage: salvageable, salvaged, salvager, salvages, salvaging/salvager: salvagers/salve: salvage, salvation, salved, salves, salving
USAGE EXAMPLES
His favorite thing to do - at home and at The Salvation Army - is to play video games.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Officials with the Salvation Army said that’s largely because of Dagger’s Toy Run.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Should they appoint the right man and back him financially, they are not yet so far adrift as to be beyond salvation.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 拯救，救助; 救星，救世主; 解救办法，救济措施; 救济品
分布：拯救(76%)，救助(12%)，救世(12%)
→来自拉丁语 salvare,挽救，抢救，来自 sol,完整的，词源同 solid,save.-ation,名词后缀。引 申诸相关词义。
救济,救助(svlv+ation)[salvsav=save,表示"救助"]
n.拯救,救助;救济(者,品),救助工具;救世主Christians hope and pray for salvation.基督教徒希望并祈祷灵魂得救.
noun
[S or U]
■(a way of) being saved from danger, loss or harm 救助（途径）； 解救（办法）
• After the diagnosis, getting to know Mary was his salvation. 调查之后，他才知道玛丽是他的救星。
• a marriage beyond salvation 无法挽回的婚姻
uncountable
■In the Christian religion, salvation of a person or their spirit is the state of being saved from evil and its effects by the death of Jesus Christ on a cross （基督教中的）救赎，灵魂得救
• The Gospel message is one of personal salvation. 福音资讯是人们灵魂得救的消息。
n. 拯救；救助
 - retrieval, redemption

Word: namely
Front: namely
[ˈneɪmli] (研四六雅 5524/3346 -2)
Vocabulary: namely
(once / 267 pages)
adv
The word namely is a way of saying, "That is to say." After the word namely, you find out the specifics of something.
We know people and things by their names. Maybe that's why the word namely is use to name the specific details of something that was previously said. You could say, "I have a new job: namely, as a teacher." Maybe you're afraid of an animal, namely, wolves. Namely means almost exactly the same thing as specifically and is followed by an example or examples. This word also works something like the colon, which also introduces information.
WORD FAMILY
namely
USAGE EXAMPLES
The clothing material itself, namely cotton, poses a separate threat to farmers.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Did hockey leagues divert precious resources — namely, young men — from duty, or were they vital to morale?
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
And it’s worth remembering what authoritarian regimes traditionally do to shift attention from failing policies, namely, find some foreigners to confront.
Seattle Times(Dec 23, 2016)
Back: adv. 即，也就是; 换句话说; 亦即; 就是说
分布：即(85%)，也就是(15%)
→name,名字，-ly,形容词后缀。
ad.即,也就是Only one student passed the exam, namely Peter.只有一个学生通过了考试,就是彼得.
adverb
■used when you want to give more detail or be more exact about something you have just said 即，也就是说
• We need to get more teachers into the classrooms where they're most needed, namely in high poverty areas. 我们要让更多教师到最需要他们的课堂中去，也就是极度贫困地区的课堂。
• I learned an important lesson when I lost my job, namely that nothing is a hundred percent guaranteed. 我被解雇时得到了一个重要的教训，即没有任何事情是百分之百有保障的。
adv. 也就是；即是；换句话说
 - viz., i.e.

Word: injured
Front: injured
[ˈɪndʒəd] (5517/5333 -K3)
Vocabulary: injured
(once / 215 pages)
adj
If you break your leg, you are injured. If someone caused the break by pushing you off a swing, you are the injured party. Injured means harmed.
Usually injured means physically harmed, but sometimes you'll see it used with pride. After being yelled at in front of the whole team by your coach, you'll go home with injured pride. Injured shares a Latin root meaning "right" with the word jury. If you are on a jury, you are expected to do what's right. When you are injured, it's just not right.
WORD FAMILY
injured: injuredly, uninjured +/ injure: injured, injures, injuring, injury / injurious: injuriously, injuriousness/ injury: injuries, injurious
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Texas Christian product spent the final 11 weeks of this season on the injured reserve list.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
After two receptions, his season ended on injured reserve.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Schnorenberg was injured during the altercation and treated at a hospital.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 受伤的; 受损害的; 损伤感情的
v. 损害(injure的过去式); 伤害（名誉、自尊等）; （尤指在事故中）伤害; 使受伤
分布：受伤的(100%)
US [-dʒɚd] adjective
 IMPROVER
■hurt or physically harmed 受伤的
• She was told to stay in bed to rest her injured back. 她被告知要卧床休息来养背伤。
UK ['ɪn.dʒəd] US [-dʒɚd] adjective
■If your feelings are injured, someone has offended or upset you. （感情上）受到伤害的
• It's nothing more than injured pride. 只是尊严受损了，没有甚么大不了。
UK ['ɪn.dʒəd] US [-dʒɚd] plural noun
the injured
■people who are injured, considered as a group 伤者
• The injured were taken to several nearby hospitals. 伤者被送到附近几家医院。
adj. 受伤的；受损害的
 - hurt, wounded

Word: conceptual
Front: conceptual
[kənˈseptʃuəl] (托 5522/5871 -1)
Vocabulary: conceptual
(once / 8035 pages)
adj
Something is conceptual when it deals primarily with abstract or original thoughts. A conceptual plan is one in an early stage. To make it work, you'll need to flesh out the details.
Conceptual art is art in which the concept seems more important than the physical aspects of the artwork. In New York's Museum of Modern Art, you can see Marcel DuChamp's conceptual piece, "Bicycle Wheel," which is a bicycle wheel mounted on a stool. Why is this art? The concept, or idea, behind it is that everyday objects become art when looked at outside of their uses. In general, when something is conceptual it takes a bit of thought to figure it out.
WORD FAMILY
conceptual: conceptualise, conceptualism, conceptuality, conceptually+/ conceivable: conceivability, conceivableness, conceivably, inconceivable / conceive: conceivable, conceived, conceiver, conceives, conceiving, conceptive, misconceive, preconceive/conceived: ill-conceived /conceiver: conceivers/ concept: conceive, conception, concepts, conceptual, conceptualize / conception: conceptional, conceptions/conceptualise: conceptualisation/conceptualism: conceptualistic/conceptualization: conceptualizations/ conceptualize: conceptualization, conceptualized, conceptualizes, conceptualizing/inconceivability: inconceivabilities/ inconceivable: inconceivability, inconceivableness, inconceivably/misconceive: misconceived, misconceives, misconceiving, misconception / misconception: misconceptions/preconceive: preconceived, preconceives, preconception/preconception: preconceptions
USAGE EXAMPLES
Kiffin also showed Sports Illustrated a personality assessment that profiled him as a conceptual thinker.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
What about the plan changed to win the board’s conceptual approval?
Washington Post(Dec 19, 2016)
A conceptual deal between electric utilities and their competitors is signaling that lawmakers are close to rewriting 2008 energy laws.
Washington Times(Dec 15, 2016)
Back: adj. 观念的，概念的
分布：概念的(100%)
【反】concrete（adj 具体的；n 混凝土）
adjective
■based on ideas or principles 观念上的；构思的；概念上的
• The main weakness of the proposal is conceptual. 这项提议的主要不足是在构思方面。

Word: visa
Front: visa
[ˈvi:zə] (高研六雅 5525/8033 -2)
Vocabulary: visa
(once / 1932 pages)
nv
A visa is a permit to enter a specific country. Without a visa, you might not be able to travel where you want.
While you may know Visa as the name of a credit card company, a visa is a little different: it's an official authorization to enter a country. This is different from a passport, which is a type of identification geared toward international travel. A visa is a more specific form of authorization, allowing you to travel to a certain country. A visa may only last for a certain amount of time, and different countries have different standards for granting a visa.
WORD FAMILY
visa: visaed, visaing, visas
USAGE EXAMPLES
Inspector Thrower said Mr. Gronych is from Slovenia and is in Canada on a work visa.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Until the last several years, the overwhelming majority of those crossing the Southwest border without visas were Mexicans in search of jobs.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
It does not track what proportion of visas are issued to birth tourists.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 签证
vt. 签发签证
时态：visaed, visaing, visas
分布：签证(99%)，办理签证(1%)
→来自拉丁语charta visa,即验证过的文件，visa,看，词源同visage,charta,纸，词源同chart.
n.(护照等的)签证;维萨信用卡vt.签证To go to the United States, you must get a visa at the U.S. embassy.你必须从美国大使馆得到签证才能去美国.
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■an official mark made in a passport which allows you to enter or leave a particular country 签证
• We travelled to Argentina on a tourist visa. 我们持旅游签证到阿根廷旅行。
n. 签证
 - vise

Word: highlight
Front: highlight
[ˈhaɪlaɪt] (研四六托雅 3369/2853 -K3)
Vocabulary: highlight
(once / 853 pages)
nv
If you missed the big game, don't worry — you can still catch the highlights on the news. A highlight is the most important or memorable part of something.
If you don’t have time to listen to your friend’s long, involved story, you might say, "Just give me the highlights." Highlight can also mean "a lightness or a bright area." If someone puts highlights in their hair, they are adding bright streaks to their hair. When used as a verb, highlight means "to emphasize." You may want to highlight the best grades on a report card while downplaying the lesser ones.
WORD FAMILY
highlight: highlighted, highlighter, highlighting, highlights+/highlighter: highlighters
USAGE EXAMPLES
One of the highlights of the holiday season for me was attending the “It’s a Wonderful Life” Festival in Seneca Falls, New York.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Here are lists of this month’s highlights by two critics for The New York Times.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
She’s also showing off some pink highlights in her hair.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. （图画或照片的）强光部份; 最重要的事情; 最精彩的部分
vt. 强调，突出; 把…照亮; 标示记号; 为…中最突出的事物
时态：highlighted, highlighting, highlights
分布：强调(69%)，加亮(9%)，加亮区(6%)，使突出(4%)，照亮(4%)，闪光点(2%)，精彩部分(2%)，使 ... 显得重要(2%)，最重要的细节或事件(2%)
→原为绘画术语，即最明亮的部分，后引申词义做标记，强调。
v.使显著,使突出;强调n.最精彩的部分The enlightened man highlighted his mighty insight into the fright.开明的人强调他的强大的对惊悸了解.
verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to attract attention to or emphasize something important 使引起注意；强调
• The report highlights the need for improved safety. 那份报告强调了加强安全的重要性。
• The spelling mistakes in the text had been highlighted in green. 文本中的拼写错误用已经用绿色标出了。
['haɪ.laɪt] noun
BEST PART 最好的部分
countable
■the best or most exciting, entertaining or interesting part of something 最精彩的部分
• Highlights of the match will be shown after the news. 比赛的精彩部分将在新闻之后播出。
['haɪ.laɪt] noun
HAIR 头发
countable usually plural
■a narrow strip of hair on a person's head which has been made a more pale colour than the surrounding hair 挑染的头发
stress, emphasize, focus, highlight
stress: 重读（某音节）
emphasize: 加强…的语气
focus: 使…集中于一点
highlight: 对…予以特别的注意；将（头发）染成浅色使之有光泽
vt. 突出；强调；使显著；加亮
 - emphasize, stress
n. 最精彩的部分；最重要的事情； [电子] 加亮区
 - first thing

Word: try
Front: try
[traɪ] (中高 127/159 -K5)
Vocabulary: try
(once / 12 pages)
1vn 2v 3v 4v 5v
Try describes putting effort into something, like when you try to draw a horse, or take a sample of something, like when you try a new flavor of ice cream.
Another meaning is of try is to put on trial — a prosecutor might try a defendant for theft. Try can also describe testing the limits of something, like when a bratty kid you are babysitting tries your patience. When you add an ending to try, you need to change the y to an i, as in tried and tries. When you add -ing, however, you keep the y to form trying.
WORD FAMILY
try: retry, trial, tried, trier, tries, trying+/ mistrial: mistrials/ retrial: retrials/ retry: retrial, retried, retries, retrying/ trial: mistrial, pretrial, trials/tried: triedest, untried/trier: triers/trying: tryinger, tryingest, tryingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The president tried to block a law that allowed 9/11 families to sue Saudi Arabia for its alleged role in the September 11 attacks.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
Domestically, Obama tried and failed to implement a cap-and-trade system to lower emissions and instead turned to direct regulation of coal-fired power plants.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
Franklin said he “tried to push through” the injury, but that his thumb kept locking up on his throwing hand.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 试图，努力; 实验; 审判; 考验
n. 尝试，实验; [橄]触球，（因触球获得的）向球门踢球的权利
时态：tried, trying, tries
分布：尝试(51%)，努力(26%)，设法(11%)，试验(6%)，审判(4%)，考验(2%)
→来自古法语 trier,选择，选出，分开，词源不详。可能置换自古法语 tirer,拉出，拔出，来自 Proto-Germanic*terana,撕，撕开，来自 der,撕，撕开，词源同 tear,tier.引申诸相关词义。
v.尝试,试图;试验,试用;审讯n.尝试The crying boy tries to fry the dry crystal.哭喊的男孩试图用油炸干晶体.
verb
ATTEMPT 试图
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to attempt to do something 试图，想要；设法，努力
• Keep trying and you'll find a job eventually. 不断努力，你最终会找到工作的。
• If I don't get into the academy this year, I'll try again next year. 如果今年进不了这所专科学校，我明年还会努力。
• I've tried really hard but I can't persuade him to come. 尽管我很努力劝他，但他就是不来。
• I'm trying my best/hardest , but I just can't do it. 我在尽最大努力，可就是做不来。
• [+ to infinitive] I tried to open the window. 我试着想打开窗户。
• [+ -ing verb] Perhaps you should try getting up (= You should get up) earlier in the mornings. 也许早晨你应该早点起床。
[traɪ] verb
TEST 试验
transitive
■to test something to see if it is suitable or useful or if it works 试；试用；尝试；试验
• I tried that recipe you gave me last night. 我昨晚尝试了你给我的那个食谱。
• I'm afraid we don't sell newspapers - have you tried the shop on the corner? 很遗憾，我们不卖报纸，你去拐角处的那家商店问过吗？
• [+ -ing verb] Try using a different shampoo. 试着用一下另一种洗发水。
• I thought I might try parachuting. 我想我可能会尝试一下跳伞。
• I've forgotten my door-keys - we'd better try the window (= test it to see if it is open). 我忘了带门锁匙——我们最好试试窗户是否开着。
tried and tested/trusted (US tried and true)
■used by many people and proved to be effective 经反覆考验的，经反覆试验的（许多人用过且证实是有效的）
• Most people would prefer to stick to tried and true methods of birth control. 大多数人都宁愿继续使用已经反覆验证的节育方法。
[traɪ] verb
LAW 法律
transitive
■to examine a person accused of committing a crime in a court of law by asking them questions and considering known facts, and then decide if they are guilty 审理，审讯，审判
• Because of security implications the officers were tried in secret. 出于安全上的考虑，那些军官受到秘密审判。
• They are being tried for murder. 他们因谋杀正在被审讯。
⇒ See also trial
[traɪ] verb
WORRY 担心
transitive
■to worry or annoy someone or upset a person's patience with many, often slight, difficulties 考验，磨炼；使受痛苦
• The demands of the job have tried him sorely. 这项工作的苛刻要求使他深受折磨。
• He's been trying my patience all morning with his constant questions. 他整个早晨都在不停地问我问题，令我烦透了。
• Her endless demands would try the patience of a saint (= are very annoying). 他无休止的要求，即使一个圣者也会忍无可忍。
[traɪ] verb
try sth for size UK (US try sth on for size)
■to test something or to think about an idea in order to decide whether it works or whether you can use it 试用…看是否可用；考虑…看是否合适
[traɪ] verb
try your hand at sth
■to try doing something for the first time 初次尝试做
• I might try my hand at a bit of Chinese cookery. 我或许应该亲手尝试一下煮中国菜。
[traɪ] verb
try your luck
■to try to achieve something although you know you might not succeed 碰碰运气
• He'd always wanted to act and in 1959 came to London to try his luck on the stage. 他一直想从事表演，于是在1959年来到伦敦，想在舞台上试试运气。
[traɪ] verb
try it on UK informal
■to deceive someone or behave badly, especially in order to discover how much of your bad behaviour will be allowed 向…行骗；对…粗鲁无礼；耍弄（尤指为了试探可被容忍的限度）
• He's not really ill - he's just trying it on. 他并不是真的病了——他只是在耍花招。
• The kids often try it on with a new babysitter. 孩子们常常耍弄新来的保姆。
[traɪ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  try for sth
■to attempt to get something 试图获得；争取，谋求
• Are you going to try for that job in the sales department? 你想争取销售部的那份工作吗？
[traɪ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] try sth on IMPROVER
■to put on a piece of clothing to discover if it fits you or if you like it 试穿；试戴
• Try on the shoes to see if they fit. 试试那双鞋子，看合不合适。
• What a lovely dress - why don't you try it on for size (= to discover whether it fits) ? 多漂亮的裙子啊——你为甚么不试试大小呢？
[traɪ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] try sth out
■to use something to discover if it works or if you like it 试用；试验；检验
• Don't forget to try out the equipment before setting up the experiment. 别忘了在安装实验设备以前检验一下。
[traɪ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  try out for sth US
■to compete for a position in a sports team or a part in a play 参加（运动队的）选拔；参加（剧组的）试演
• Luke's trying out for the college football team. 卢克正在参加大学足球队的选拔。
[traɪ] verb
  Common Learner Errors  tryWarning: Check your verb endings! Many learners make mistakes when using try in the past tense. In the past simple and past participle, don't write 'tryed', write tried. The -ing form is trying.
[traɪ] noun
ATTEMPT 试图
 ESSENTIAL countable usually singular
■an attempt to do something 设法，努力；试，尝试
• They might just have a place left on the course - why don't you give it/have a try? 他们在跑道上可能还留了一个位置——你为甚么不试试呢？
• This will be her third try at jumping the bar. 这将是她第三次尝试跳过横杆。
• You could ask him if he's willing - it's worth a try. 你可以问他是否愿意——这值得一试。
[traɪ] noun
SPORT 体育
countable
■(in the game of rugby) the act of a player putting the ball on the ground behind the opposing team's goal line, which scores points for the player's team （橄榄球运动中）在对方球门线后带球触地得分
manage, try
manage: to do设法做成了某事,
try: to do尽力去做某事但不一定成功 He tried to pass the exam, but he failed.
attempt, try, endeavour, strive
这些动词均含有“试图，努力，力图”之意。
attempt: 较正式用词，侧重已经开始，且希望完成，但常隐含着不一定有预期的结果。
try: 普通用词，可与attempt换用，但强调努力或尝试，后跟不定式表示努力或争取；后跟动名词表示尝试。
endeavour: 正式用词，指尽最大努力、认真地克服困难去做某事。
strive: 和endeavour一样，表示付出巨大努力，但strive侧重劳累与紧张，而不强调努力的结果。
test, experiment, trial, try
这组词都有“试验”的意思，其区别是：
test: 普通用词，含义广，指用科学方法对某物质进行测试以估价其性质或效能等。
experiment: 多指用科学方法在实验室内进行较系统的操作实验以验证、解释或说明某一理论、定理或某一观点等。
trial: 指为观察、研究某事物以区别其真伪、优劣或效果等而进行较长时间的试验或试用过程。
try: 普通用词，多用于口语或非正式场合，指试一试。
vt. 试图，努力；试验；审判；考验
 - apply oneself, undertake, offer, proof
vi. 尝试；努力；试验
 - experiment, apply oneself, struggle, labor
n. 尝试；努力；试验
 - effort, pain, stroke, proof, struggle

Word: renew
Front: renew
[rɪˈnju:] (研四六托 5526/4932 -3)
Vocabulary: renew
(once / 150 pages)
v
If you make something like new, you renew it. When you catch up with an old friend you haven't seen in a long time, you renew your friendship.
To renew is to make new again. If you get a new due date for your library books, you've renewed them. If you forget to renew them, your books will be overdue, and you may have to pay a fine. Renew also means to revive, restore, or cause to appear in a new form. Historically, all kinds of tonics have claimed to renew a person's health, but many of the early ones actually contained poisons that could kill you.
WORD FAMILY
renew: renewable, renewal, renewed, renewing, renews+/ new: newer, newest, newly, newness, renew /newness: newnesses/ renewable: nonrenewable, renewably, unrenewable/renewal: renewals, self-renewal/renewed: renewedly, unrenewed/renewing: self-renewing
USAGE EXAMPLES
He said he hoped the case would spark renewed efforts towards enacting anti-discrimination legislation to protect more people like him.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
There weren’t signs of a broader shift in Twitter’s China strategy or renewed efforts to bring its social network back to the country.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
If the show is renewed, his wife gets to keep her writing gig, too.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 重新开始; 使更新; 使恢复; 补充
vi. 重申，重复强调; 重新开始
时态：renewed, renewing, renews
分布：更新(89%)，重新开始(11%)
→re-,再，重新，new,新的。
v.(使)更新,恢复,重新开始,继续The interviewer reviewed the newspaper and renewed his viewpoint on the news.采访者再次查看了报纸并更新了他对该新闻的看法.
US [-'nu:] verb transitive
MAKE NEW 使变新
 ADVANCED
■to increase the life of or replace something old 给…展期，延长…的期限；更新，更换
• Every year I renew my membership of the sports club. 我每年都将体育俱乐部会员资格续期。
• I forgot to renew my season ticket. 我忘了办理季票续期了。
• I'll use this material to renew the chair covers. 我要用这块布料做新的椅子罩来换掉旧的。
UK [rɪ'nju:] US [-'nu:] verb transitive
REPEAT 重复
■to begin doing something again 重新开始
• The kidnappers renewed their threats. 绑架者又发出威胁了。
• She renewed her efforts to escape. 她再次企图逃跑。
vt. 使更新；续借；复兴；重申
 - reiterate, reaffirm
vi. 更新；重新开始
 - to update, start over

Word: overhead
Front: overhead
[ˌəʊvəˈhed] (高研四六雅 5527/7523 -2)
Vocabulary: overhead
(once / 422 pages)
1adjnadv 2n 3n 4n
Anything that's located above you is overhead — it’s literally over your head. An overhead compartment on an airplane is a good place to stash your carry-on suitcase. Overhead is also the money it takes to run a business.
Overhead works as both an adjective and an adverb: "An overhead view of the football field gives the spectators a better idea of the game, and a drone flying overhead is the perfect way to achieve it." There's also an overhead stroke in tennis, an overhead projector showing a movie in science class, and the overhead, or up-front expenses, that a new business requires.
WORD FAMILY
overhead: overheads+/ forehead: foreheads/ head: forehead, headed, header, headful, heading, headless, headlike, heads, headship, heady, overhead, subhead/headed: headeder, headedest, headedly, unheaded/ header: headers/ heading: headings, subheading/headship: headships/ heady: headier, headiest, headily/subhead: subheads/subheading: subheadings
USAGE EXAMPLES
The coal is transported into the power plant through a 14km long, blue, snake-like conveyor belt, saving Reliance Power the overhead costs of railroad transportation.
The Guardian(Dec 01, 2016)
With the increased overtime regulation does come increased overhead.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 01, 2016)
United recently introduced a class that’s worse than economy: passengers board last and have no overhead bin space.
The Guardian(Nov 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 上面的，高架的; 头顶上的; （费用等）经常的，管理的
n. 天花板; 管理费用，经常费用; 船舱的顶板; [体]（网球等的）扣杀
adv. 在头顶上; 在空中; 在楼上; 向上
分布：在头顶上(44%)，在空中(20%)，高架的(9%)，在头上的(8%)，经常开支(8%)，在高处(7%)，普通用费(4%)
a.在头顶上的;架空的ad.在头顶上The plane flew overhead.飞机在头顶上飞.
US ['oʊ.vɚ-] adjective adverb
■above your head, usually in the sky 在头顶上（的）；在空中（的）
• overhead cables 高架电缆
• A flock of geese flew overhead. 一群大雁从空中飞过。
• This room needs overhead lighting (= lights in the ceiling). 这个房间需要有顶灯。
UK ['əʊ.və.hed] US ['oʊ.vɚ-] adjective [before noun]
■relating to the overheads of a business 企业日常开支的；营运费用的
• One way of increasing profit margins is to cut overhead costs. 增加利润的其中一个方法是减少管理费用。
UK ['əʊ.və.hed] US ['oʊ.vɚ-] noun
TEXT/PICTURES 文字／画面
countable (also _overhead trans^parency)
■a transparent sheet used for showing text or pictures with an overhead projector 幻灯片，投影片
UK ['əʊ.və.hed] US ['oʊ.vɚ-] noun
COSTS 开支
overheads [plural] UK (US overhead countable)
■the regular and necessary costs, such as rent and heating, that are involved in operating a business （公司的）经常性开支，营运费用，经费
• We need to reduce our overheads. 我们需要减少经常性开支。
• Many businesses are moving out of New York because the overhead there is so high. 许多企业正迁出纽约，因为那里的营运成本太高了。
adv. 在头顶上；在空中；在高处
 - aerially
n. 天花板； [会计] 经常费用
 - ceiling boarding, current expenses

Word: peach
Front: peach
[pi:tʃ] (高研四六 5531/6592 -2)
Vocabulary: peach
(once / 689 pages)
1n 2n 3v
A peach is a very sweet, juicy fruit with an edible peel and a hard pit in the middle. Peaches vary in color from almost white to yellow and pinkish-red.
Peaches grow on trees in temperate climates — they need warm weather, but they also require a hard freeze in the winter to produce fruit. Before the fruit grows on the tree, it blooms in beautiful pink blossoms. Ripe peaches drip with sweetness. Informally, you can refer to something or someone this nice as a peach: "Thanks for driving me to school today! You're a peach!"
WORD FAMILY
peach: peach-colored, peached, peaches, peaching, peachy +/ peachy: peachier, peachiest, peachy-colored
USAGE EXAMPLES
Alabama’s 24-7 Peach Bowl victory against Washington, which kicked off around 3:15 p.m.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Despite his issues in the Peach Bowl, Browning became a star.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Alabama built its 24-7 Peach Bowl victory on linebacker Ryan Anderson’s interception return for a touchdown at the end of the first half.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 桃子; 桃红色; 极好的人（或物）
adj. 桃红色的; 粉红色的
时态：peached, peaching, peaches
分布：桃子(49%)，桃树(44%)，桃红色(7%)
→来自古法语pesche,来自拉丁语pessica,来自persica拼写变体，缩写自malum Persicum,翻译自希腊语Persikon malon,波斯苹果，词源同Persian.该水果原产于中国，约公元前300年从波斯进入希腊因而称为波斯苹果。
n.桃,桃树Each pea and peach on the beach can be reached by the peacock.海滩上的每一颗豌豆和桃子孔雀都能触及.
noun
FRUIT 水果
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■a round fruit with sweet yellow flesh that has a lot of juice, a slightly furry red and yellow skin and a large seed in its centre 桃（子）
• Would you like peaches and cream for dessert? 你想来点蜜桃冰淇淋当甜点吗？
[pi:tʃ] noun
EXCELLENT 极好的
only singular informal
■someone or something which is excellent or very pleasing 杰出的人；极好的东西；特别讨人喜欢的人（或物）
[pi:tʃ] noun
COLOUR 颜色
uncountable
■a pale colour between pink and orange 桃红色
[pi:tʃ] adjective
■having a pale colour between pink and orange 桃红色的
n. 桃子； [园艺] 桃树；桃红色；受人喜欢的人（或物）
 - fushia, cherry red
vi. 告密
 - inform, rat
vt. 告发
 - tell on, blow the whistle

Word: modification
Front: modification
[ˌmɒdɪfɪˈkeɪʃn] (六 5523/3751)
Vocabulary: modification
(once / 532 pages)
n
A modification is a change or alteration, usually to make something work better.
If you want to change something — in other words, modify it — you need to make a modification. Lots of things require modification, because they get older or just because they can be improved. A car needs modification — in the form of snow tires — to be ready for the winter. Computer programs need modification all the time, because of new products or viruses. When you think of the word modification, think "change."
WORD FAMILY
modification: modifications+/modifiable: unmodifiable/ modified: unmodified / modifier: modifiers/ modify: modifiable, modification, modified, modifier, modifies, modifying
USAGE EXAMPLES
But Lounsbury placed 12th in the triathlon, which was at the Olympic distance, with a slight modification on the run.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
“Many homeowners got similar types of modifications directly through their mortgage company and those were modeled on the HAMP program,” Cohen said.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
“The chief knock on it is the cumulative effect of modifications,” said Brad Sauls, supervisor of the agency’s National Register program.
Washington Times(Dec 26, 2016)
Back: n. 修改，修正，变更，改良，改进，缓和，减轻，限制; [语]修饰，（用变音符号的）母音改变; [生]诱发变异，变态，变体，变型
分布：修改(69%)，修饰(19%)，修正(12%)
→来自modify,修改，调整。引申词义改进等。
修正(modify+ic+ation)[mod=mode,manner,表示"方式,模式,风度"]
修改(modify修改)[-ification表名词,由ific变化而来]
US [ˌmɑ:.dɪ-] noun
CHANGE 改变
countable or uncountable
■a change to something, usually to improve it 改变，修改
• Modification of the engine to run on lead-free fuel is fairly simple. 把引擎改装成可使用无铅汽油是相当简单的事。
• A couple of modifications and the speech will be perfect. 只要稍加修改这篇演讲就完美无缺了。
UK [ˌmɒd.ɪ.fɪ'keɪ.ʃən] US [ˌmɑ:.dɪ-] noun
LANGUAGE 语言
uncountable specialized
■when one word or phrase modifies another 修饰
n. 修改，修正；改变
 - correction, alteration, changing, revision

Word: goose
Front: goose
[gu:s] (中高研四六 5529/6076 -2)
Back: n. 鹅; 鹅肉; 雌鹅; 傻瓜
v. 拧或掐屁股; 忽然加满油； 催促
时态：goosed, goosing, gooses
分布：鹅(85%)，鹅肉(7%)，雌鹅(5%)，笨蛋(2%)，长柄熨斗(1%)
→ghans, 鹅，词源同gannet, gander.
n.(pl.geese)鹅,雌鹅,鹅肉The loosened goose chooses the cheese to eat.被解开的鹅挑选奶酪吃.
noun (plural geese)
BIRD 禽
countable or uncountable
■a large water bird similar to a duck but larger, or the meat from this bird 鹅
[gu:s] noun (plural geese)
PERSON 人
countable old-fashioned informal
■a silly person 傻瓜，笨蛋
[gu:s] verb transitive
SQUEEZE 拧 informal
■to squeeze or press someone's bottom 拧（某人）的臀部；戳（某人）的臀部
[gu:s] verb transitive
MAKE ACTIVE 使活跃 US informal
■to encourage or cause something or someone to be more active 推动；促进；激励
n. [禽] 鹅；鹅肉；傻瓜；雌鹅
 - stupid, fool

Word: fireplace
Front: fireplace
[ˈfaɪəpleɪs] (高研六 5530/6692 -1)
Back: n. 壁炉
分布：壁炉(100%)
n.壁炉He is reading beside the fireplace.他在壁炉边读书.
US ['faɪr-] noun countable
■a space in the wall of a room for a fire to burn in, or the decorated part which surrounds this space 壁炉；火炉
• She swept the ashes from the fireplace. 她把壁炉的灰烬扫掉。
n. [建] 壁炉
 - andiron, chimney place

Word: Caribbean
Front: Caribbean
[.kærɪ'biən] (5535/10367)
Back: n. 加勒比海
adj. 加勒比人的；加勒比海的；加勒比语的
分布：加勒比海(61%)，加勒比海的(26%)，加勒比族的(13%)
→来自加勒比海土著语言，义为勇敢的男人。
US [ˌker.ɪ'bi:-] adjective noun countable
■See table of Geographical names 见地名表
• Caribbean food 加勒比海食物
UK [ˌkær.ɪ'bi:.ən/ UK [kə'rɪb.i-] US [ˌker.ɪ'bi:-] noun only singular
the Caribbean (also the Caribbean Sea)
■the sea which is east of Central America and north of South America; see table of Geographical names 加勒比海
• The hurricane is centered over the eastern Caribbean. 飓风中心在东加勒比海。
■the islands and countries which border the Caribbean Sea; see table of Geographical names 加勒比海地区
• They're holidaying somewhere in the Caribbean. 他们正在加勒比海的某个地方渡假。
n. 加勒比海
 - Caribbean Sea

Word: nurture
Front: nurture
[ˈnɜ:tʃə(r)] (研六托雅宝 5533/8542 -2)
Vocabulary: nurture
(once / 1496 pages)
vn
If you plant a seed, water it daily and give it lots of light, you nurture it until it is ready to be transplanted outside. When you nurture a person or thing, you care for it and help it to grow.
After a fight with your friend, you may have to nurture the relationship a little until you're close again. Use the phrase "nature versus nurture" to help you remember the word. Nature is a baby just out of the womb. Nurture is how that baby is raised or taken care of. Once the child is older, you may wonder if its love of reading is nature or nurture — is it natural born or is it because you read to the baby every night.
WORD FAMILY
nurture: nurtural, nurturance, nurtured, nurtures, nurturing
USAGE EXAMPLES
It is about nurturing, comfort and spending time with people who are important to us.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Physical health is foundational to be sure, but its our more humanitarian capacities that need nurturing.
New York Times(Oct 18, 2016)
“Ergo,” Mr. Heller wrote, “the lid is a nurturing apparatus.”
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 养育; 培育; 滋养; 培植
n. 教养，培育; 营养物，食物; 环境因素
时态：nurtured, nurturing, nurtures
分布：培育(65%)，养育(24%)，照顾(4%)，扶持(4%)，环境因素(3%)
→来自nurse,护理，养育。
n./v.养育,教育,教养n.营养品v.给与营养物The two brothers received very different nurture.这两个兄弟接受过极不同 的教育.
【反】withhold sustenance from（停止供给食物）；impede（v 阻止）；stunt（v 阻碍…发育）；disregard＝ignore（v 不理睬）；neglect＝overlook（v 没注意到）；fail to support（失败的供给）
US ['nɝ:.tʃɚ] verb transitive formal
HELP DEVELOP 培育
■to take care of, feed and protect someone or something, especially young children or plants, and help them to develop 养育，培育（尤指幼儿或植物）
• She wants to stay at home and nurture her children. 她想留在家里照顾孩子。
• a carefully nurtured garden 精心打理的花园
■to help a plan or a person to develop and be successful 促进；扶助；培养
• As a record company director, his job is to nurture young talent. 作为唱片公司主管，他的职责是培养有才华的年轻人。
UK ['nɜ:.tʃər] US ['nɝ:.tʃɚ] verb transitive formal
FOR A LONG TIME 长期
■to have a particular emotion, plan or idea for a long time （长期）怀有，抱有
• Winifred nurtured ambitions for her daughter to be a surgeon. 威妮弗雷德一直盼望她女儿会成为外科医生。
UK ['nɜ:.tʃər] US ['nɝ:.tʃɚ] noun uncountable
■the way in which children are treated as they are growing, especially as compared with the characteristics they are born with 教育，培养；（尤指）后天养育
• Which do you believe has the strongest influence on how children develop - nature or nurture? 你认为先天条件还是后天教育对孩子的成长影响最大？
vt. 养育；鼓励；培植
 - encourage, raise, heart, mother, foster
n. 养育；教养；营养物
 - nursing, breeding

Word: keyboard
Front: keyboard
[ 'kiːbɔːd] (中高研四六托 5541/5374 -K2)
Vocabulary: keyboard
(once / 2339 pages)
1n 2n
What do pianos and computers have in common? They both have keyboards! A computer keyboard has numbers and letters, but a piano keyboard has musical notes. The keyboard is the part that you press with your fingers.
Besides the rockin’ keyboard of a synthesizer, piano, or organ, there is also the computer keyboard. This keyboard is used for typing, with the earliest examples being the keyboards on typewriters. Occasionally, the word keyboard is used as a verb, meaning "to type on keyboard." It’s also, literally, a board with little hooks to hang the other kind of keys on. The musical instrument meaning came first, around 1819.
WORD FAMILY
keyboard: keyboardist, keyboards+/keyboardist: keyboardists
USAGE EXAMPLES
We see Prince’s microphone and keyboards in the control room.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
Gerstein’s recording is an admirable achievement, but it does not quite transcend Liszt’s keyboard acrobatics to reach a higher plane of musical expression.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
This news caused an Internet meltdown as people around the world raced to their keyboards to type: “Who is Meghan Markle?”
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: 开头板
分布：键盘(98%)，用键盘输入(2%)
→key,键，board,板。
n.键盘vt.用键盘输入(信息)The roaring oar hit the coarse keyboard on the cupboard aboard the boat.轰鸣的桨击中了船上碗柜上的粗糙键盘.
US [-bɔ:rd] noun countable
■the set of keys on a computer or typewriter that you press in order to make it work, or the row of keys on a musical instrument such as a piano （电脑、打字机等的）键盘
■an electronic musical instrument similar to a piano （电子）键盘乐器
UK ['ki:.bɔ:d] US [-bɔ:rd] verb intransitive or transitive
■to put information into a computer using a keyboard 操作键盘输入（讯息）
n. [计] 键盘
 - keyset, key panel, klavier
vt. 键入；用键盘式排字机排字
 - key in

Word: lobby
Front: lobby
[ˈlɒbi] (研六托雅宝 3736/5302 -3)
Vocabulary: lobby
(once / 471 pages)
1n 2nv
A lobby is a large waiting room or reception area. If you're waiting for an appointment in a lobby, maybe you'll get lucky and find a good magazine or even a peppermint candy.
You'll find a lot of people hanging around in a lobby — which is basically what it’s there for. A lobby is where you meet your friend at the hotel or catch the elevator for your interview. The idea of the "political lobby group" came from the large entrance halls of the legislature, where people hung around trying to influence the lawmakers. So the next time your class tries to lobby your teacher for extra credit, he can thank the halls of congress.
WORD FAMILY
lobby: lobbied, lobbies, lobbying, lobbyism, lobbyist +/ lobbyist: lobbyists
USAGE EXAMPLES
Johnson said he would lobby the Illinois legislature to reform sentencing guidelines for repeat gun offenders.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Priebus said his new job was not the result of outside lobbying, but “all a matter of Donald Trump’s opinion.”
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
“That’s why the majority of the poor are still in favour of this move,” says Bhardwai, from the small enterprise lobby.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 门厅，大厅; 休息室; 游说团; 投票厅
vi. 为了支持或抵制某项特定目标游说
vt. 对…进行游说; 陈情（试图努力影响某人采取有利行动）
时态：lobbied, lobbying, lobbies
分布：游说(53%)，大厅(46%)，民众接待厅(1%)
→来自拉丁语lobia,修道院的前厅，门廊，词源同leaf,lodge.后词义通用化，用来指大厅，前厅，以及政治术语游说。
n.大厅,休息室,游说议员者v.游说I hope to make copper copies of the telescope and microscope for hobby in the lobby.我希望制作望远镜和显微镜的铜质复制品.
【记】读：老by，很老的人才会休息。
US ['lɑ:.bi] verb intransitive or transitive
 ADVANCED
■to try to persuade a politician, the government or an official group that a particular thing should or should not happen, or that a law should be changed 游说，试图说服（政客、政府或官方团体）
• Small businesses have lobbied hard for/against changes in the tax laws. 小公司极力游说支援／反对修改税法。
• [+ to infinitive] Local residents lobbied to have the factory shut down. 当地居民极力要求关闭该工厂。
• [+ obj + to infinitive] They have been lobbying Congress to change the legislation concerning guns. 他们一直在游说国会修改涉枪法律。
UK ['lɒb.i] US ['lɑ:.bi] noun countable
PRESSURE GROUP 游说团体
■a group of people who try to persuade the government or an official group to do something 游说团体，游说集团
• the anti-smoking lobby 反吸烟游说团体
UK ['lɒb.i] US ['lɑ:.bi] noun countable
ROOM 房间
■the (large) room into which the main entrance door opens in a hotel or other large building 大堂，大厅，门厅
■in the British parliament, a room where someone meets a member of parliament who they have arranged to talk to, or one of the two passages which members of parliament walk through as a way of voting （英国议会的）接见厅，会见厅，表决厅
n. 大厅；休息室；会客室；游说议员的团体
 - sala, salle

Word: formally
Front: formally
['fɔ:məlɪ] (5538/3319 -K)
Vocabulary: formally
(once / 618 pages)
adv
Formally describes something done according to an established custom, like dressing formally for dinner with the President, as people always have done.
In our casual era of wearing jeans almost everywhere and calling our elders by their first name, it's not every day that you meet someone who acts, speaks, or dresses more formally. But there is still value in this kind of expression, especially in showing respect on important occasions like weddings and funerals. Another meaning of the adverb formally is "officially," like being formally invited to dinner at the White House.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
formerly / formally
Formerly is something that happened before, like when a pop star changed his name to a squiggle, he became known as The Artist Formerly Known as Prince. But formally comes from formal, or fancy, like the prom.
Former is at the root of formerly, referring to something that occurred earlier. If you changed your name, you'd be referred to as formerly known as whatever-your-name-used-to-be. It's not just for pop stars. If you want a word that means in the past or before, formerly fits the bill:
Movies, books, television shows, the journalistic outlets formerly known as newspapers, podcasts, YouTube videos, actual museums, tweets—they all comprise the noise. (Slate)
Erskine Bowles, formerly President Bill Clinton's chief of staff, said, "I'm worried you're going to fail." (Business Week)
At the root of formally is formal, an adjective that describes something as following custom, regulations, or ceremonies. You might speak formally during your speech, but chat casually with everyone after. Formally describes something official:
Delaware spent years piloting and fine-tuning their system before putting it in place formally state-wide. (Washington Post)
The current council will formally disband within the next few days. (Time)
Remember where these two words came from and you'll keep them straight: formerly former, and formally formal.
WORD FAMILY
formal: formalest, formalise, formalism, formality, formalize, formally, formalness, formals, informal, semi-formal, semiformal+/formalise: formalisation, formalised, formalising/formalism: formalisms, formalistic/ formality: formalities/formalize: formalization, formalized, formalizes, formalizing/ informal: informality, informally/informality: informalities
USAGE EXAMPLES
The measure was added to a broader rules package that is expected to pass when the House formally convenes on Tuesday.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Perkins is the president of the Family Research Council, a national anti-LGBT organization formally recognized by the Southern Poverty Law Center as a hate group.
Salon(Dec 31, 2016)
They will be formally inducted into the Opry on March 11.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adv. 正式地; 正规地; 拘泥形式地; 形式上
分布：正式地(84%)，形式上地(16%)
US ['fɔ:r-] adverb
OFFICIALLY 正式地
 ADVANCED
■officially 正式地
• The deal will be formally announced on Tuesday. 这笔交易将于周二正式宣布。
UK ['fɔ:.mə.li] US ['fɔ:r-] adverb
SERIOUSLY/CORRECTLY 认真地／正确地
■in a serious and correct way 严肃认真地，正确地
• He was formally dressed in a grey suit. 他身着庄重的灰色西服。
• The headteacher greeted us very formally. 校长非常庄重地向我们致意。
UK ['fɔ:.mə.li] US ['fɔ:r-] adverb
GARDEN 花园
■(of garden design) in a way that is carefully designed and kept according to a plan 精心布置的，布置井然的
formally, formerly
formally: 正式地。如：We were required to dress formally for the party.
formerly: 从前。如：Formerly he worked in a factory, but now he is a teacher.
adv. 正式地；形式上
 - officially, in state

Word: vivid
Front: vivid
[ˈvɪvɪd] (高研四六托雅宝 5539/5560 -2)
Vocabulary: vivid
(once / 224 pages)
adj
Vivid is an adjective that describes a bold and bright color, an intense feeling, or an image in your mind that is so clear you can almost touch it.
Sometimes you have a vivid dream that feels so real that even when you wake up, you can’t tell if the dream is really over. In that dream, perhaps there were flowers with deep, rich, and vivid colors that looked like they were painted. Vivid comes from the Latin vivere, which means “to live,” and vivid memories do seem to live on.
WORD FAMILY
vivid: vivider, vividest, vividly, vividness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Although set in Australia with vivid wilderness descriptions, his theme that you “attempt to tame nature at your peril” is universal.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
If there’s something for everyone on “Coconut Oil,” there’s also a personality vivid enough to hold it all together.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
At the CIA’s annual Memorial Wall ceremony in 2000, Kirzinger said Tenet’s vivid remarks about the slain operatives inspired his project.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: adj. 生动的; （记忆、描述等）清晰的; （人的想像）丰富的; （光、颜色等）鲜艳的，耀眼的
分布：生动的(65%)，鲜艳的(26%)，栩栩如生的(9%)
→来自拉丁语vivus,活的，有生命的，来自gweie,存活，词源同biology,vital,zoo.
活泼的;生动的(viv+id)[vivvitvig=life,表示"生命"]
a.鲜艳的;生动的,栩栩如生的The pious man is dubious about the vicious civilian's vivid description of his vicinity to his wife.虔诚的男子对邪恶的平民生动的描述他与其妻子的密切(关系)半信半疑.
adjective
 ADVANCED
■Vivid descriptions, memories, etc. produce very clear, powerful and detailed images in the mind （描述、记忆等）栩栩如生的，鲜活的，生动的
• He gave a very vivid and often shocking account/description of his time in prison. 他生动地讲述／描述了他的狱中生活，他说的常让人觉得很震惊。
• He's one of those people with a very vivid imagination - every time he hears a noise he's convinced it's someone breaking in. 他是那种想像力异常丰富的人——每次听到声响都以为是有人闯进来了。
 ADVANCED
■very brightly coloured （颜色）鲜艳的，明亮的
• She was wearing a vivid pink shirt. 她穿着一件鲜艳的粉红色衬衫。
picturesque, lively, vivid, pictorial
这组词都有“生动的”的意思，其区别是：
picturesque: 既指景色、人物等犹如图画般美丽，又可指文艺作品的风格绚丽多彩，尤指一种原始粗犷的美。
lively: 普通用词，与vivid可通用。
vivid: 普通用词，侧重有强烈的实际感或逼真感，使人富于想象或留下深刻的印象。
pictorial: 强调产生或制造生动的效果。
diverse, vivid, alive, mobile
diverse: 多种多样的，不同的
vivid: （记忆，描述）清晰的， 逼真的，（光，颜色）鲜艳的，耀眼的
alive: 活着的，有活力的，继续存在的
mobile: 易于快速移动的，易变的，流动的
adj. 生动的；鲜明的；鲜艳的
 - telling, live, bright

Word: frighten
Front: frighten
[ˈfraɪtn] (高研四六 5537/5047 -K2)
Vocabulary: frighten
(once / 120 pages)
v
To frighten is to make someone feel afraid. Your new look — pink hair, tattoos, and piercings — will probably frighten your grandparents.
If horror movies and haunted houses frighten you, they scare you, and all it might take to frighten your skittish cat is the sound of the vacuum cleaner or coffee grinder. Frighten is the verb form of the noun fright. although originally the verb was also fright. The Old English source is fyrhtu, "fear, dread, trembling, or horrible sight."
WORD FAMILY
frighten: frightened, frightening, frightens+/ frightened: frighteneder, frightenedest, frightenedly, unfrightened/ frightening: frighteningly, frightenings
USAGE EXAMPLES
With relatives and friends still in harm's way in Syria, or seeking sanctuary in neighbouring countries, these are frightening times.
BBC(Dec 31, 2016)
The frightening prospect for opponents is, Hurts will only improve.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
And a top national security official who values dialogue over diatribes is what we need to put the brakes on Trump’s most frightening counterterrorism proposals.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 使惊恐，使恐慌; 吓走，赶走
vi. 害怕，惊恐
时态：frightened, frightening, frightens
分布：害怕(45%)，惊吓(40%)，使惊吓(15%)
v.使惊恐The bright fighter is frightened and flies upright in straight line from the right.那架明亮的战斗机受到惊吓后呈直线地从右边垂直飞起来.
verb transitive
 ESSENTIAL
■to make someone feel fear 使害怕，使受惊
• He frightens me when he drives so fast. 他开车这么快，我很害怕。
• You'll frighten the baby wearing that mask. 你戴那个面具会吓着宝宝的。
• The noise frightened me to death/out of my wits (= gave me a severe fright). 那声音吓得我要死／不知所措。
['fraɪ.tən] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  frighten sb/sth away/off
■to make a person or animal feel fear in order to make them go away 把…吓走
• Be quiet or you'll frighten the deer off. 别出声，否则会把鹿吓跑的。
■to make someone so nervous that they decide not to do something 使某人紧张得不去做某事
• Many potential buyers were frightened off by the £1 million price tag. 很多潜在的买家看到这个一百万英镑的价格标签后都望而却步。
['fraɪ.tən] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  frighten sb into sth
■to make someone so frightened that they do something they did not want to do 把（某人）吓得…
vi. 害怕，惊恐
 - be nervous of, be fearful of

Word: frightening
Front: frightening
[ˈfraɪtnɪŋ] (托 5540/5558 -K)
Vocabulary: frightening
(once / 1907 pages)
adjn
Frightening things are scary or alarming. The sign of a really well-made horror film is that it's deeply frightening.
Ghost stories are frightening, and so are car accidents, creepy old houses, and news stories about climate change. All of these things are capable of scaring people, causing them fright or terror or dread. Frightening and the verb frighten come from the noun fright, with its Old English root fyrhtu, which means "fear, dread, trembling," and also "horrible sight."
WORD FAMILY
frightening: frighteningly, frightenings+/ frighten: frightened, frightening, frightens/ frightened: frighteneder, frightenedest, frightenedly, unfrightened
USAGE EXAMPLES
With relatives and friends still in harm's way in Syria, or seeking sanctuary in neighbouring countries, these are frightening times.
BBC(Dec 31, 2016)
The frightening prospect for opponents is, Hurts will only improve.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
And a top national security official who values dialogue over diatribes is what we need to put the brakes on Trump’s most frightening counterterrorism proposals.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 令人恐惧的; 引起突然惊恐的; 吓人
分布：令人恐惧的(70%)，令人害怕的(26%)，动词frighten的现在分词.(4%)
adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■making you feel fear 可怕的，令人恐惧的
• a frightening thought 可怕的想法
• a frightening film 恐怖电影
• It is frightening to think what might happen if she left him. 想到她若离开他后果会怎样让人不寒而栗。
adj. 令人恐惧的；引起突然惊恐的
 - hair-raising, terrifying

Word: furious
Front: furious
[ˈfjʊəriəs] (研四六托雅 5544/4734 -2)
Vocabulary: furious
(once / 206 pages)
adj
If you've ever been so angry you'd swear you felt your blood boiling, you could reasonably say that you were furious. The word basically means "full of fury," so you get the picture.
Think about the angriest you've ever been. Now double it and you might be getting close to furious, from the Latin furiōsus, meaning "full of rage," which in turn comes from furia, "fury." Greek and Roman mythology had the Furies, who dispensed justice by harshly punishing criminals, sometimes driving them mad. They were merciless, fearsome, and feared, with snakes for hair and bloody eyes. When not on earth, they were tormenting the damned in Hell. Now, that's furious!
WORD FAMILY
furious: furiously, furiousness+/ fury: furies, furious
USAGE EXAMPLES
In an upcoming book, “Furious George,” Karl eviscerates seemingly everyone in the league.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
George Smith, St. Thomas’s athletic director, was furious when he learned about McCarty’s concussion.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
One student told the class about how she started to tell a group of friends she’s Republican and they walked away, furious with her.
Washington Post(Dec 24, 2016)
Back: adj. 狂怒的，暴怒的; 激烈的; 热烈兴奋的; 喧闹的
分布：狂怒的(58%)，猛烈的(42%)
→来自fury, 发狂，暴怒。
a.狂怒的,狂暴的,猛烈的The furious obscure curer is curious to secure the curly-curved mercury curiosity.盛怒的不出名治疗者渴望弄到这种带卷曲曲线的水银珍品.
US ['fjɝ:.i-] adjective
ANGRY 愤怒的
 IMPROVER
■extremely angry 极其生气，怒不可遏
• I was late and he was furious with me. 我迟到了，他冲我大发脾气。
• He's furious about/at the way he's been treated. 他因自己受到这样的对待而大发雷霆。
• We had a furious row last night. 我们昨晚吵了个天翻地覆。
UK ['fjʊə.ri.əs] US ['fjɝ:.i-] adjective
STRONG 强烈的
■using a lot of effort or strength 强烈的；激烈的
• There is a furious struggle going on between the two presidential candidates. 两位总统竞选人之间进行着激烈的争斗。
• He set off running at a furious pace. 他出发时猛跑了一阵。
adj. 激烈的；狂怒的；热烈兴奋的；喧闹的
 - acute, stinging

Word: poison
Front: poison
[ˈpɔɪzn] (高研四六托 5542/5601 -K2)
Vocabulary: poison
(once / 148 pages)
nv
Poison is a substance that can harm or even kill you. If you get a spider bite, hopefully it doesn't also have poison in it. (You knew you shouldn't have slept in that creepy old mansion.)
Poison can mean the harmful substance itself, or the act of giving it to someone. Poison is always a great device if you're going to write a murder mystery. We also use poison metaphorically for things that tend to ruin something. Your really obnoxious friend who always insists that he knows more than everyone else might poison the atmosphere at a dinner party. Jealousy can poison a good relationship.
WORD FAMILY
poison: counterpoison, poisoned, poisoner, poisoning, poisonous, poisons+/poisoner: poisoners/poisoning: poisonings/ poisonous: non-poisonous, nonpoisonous, poisonousest, poisonously
USAGE EXAMPLES
It was also the first time poison gas was used on the Western front.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Four minors died from chemical gas poisoning after a resident tried to fumigate a home in Amarillo, Texas with pesticide, fire officials told local media.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
More than 50 cases of food poisoning are being linked to a Cumbrian farm selling raw milk, health officials say.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 毒药; 酒; 极糟的食物; 极有害的思想（或心情等）
vt. 毒死; 污染; 放毒于; 对…有不良影响
adj. 有毒的
时态：poisoned, poisoning, poisons
分布：毒药(59%)，毒害(21%)，中毒(12%)，有毒的(4%)，危险的(2%)，败坏道德之事(1%)，摧毁(1%)
→来自古法语poison,饮料，尤指药饮，来自拉丁语potare,饮水，饮用，词源同potion,symposium.后词义过渡为毒物，毒药。
n.毒物,毒药v.放毒,毒害,污染The newly imprisoned prisoners poisoned poisonous moisture are hoisted out from the prison.中了有毒湿气毒的新近关押的囚犯被从监狱吊出.
noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■a substance that can make people or animals ill or kill them if they eat or drink it 毒；毒药，毒物
• The pest control officer put bowls of rat poison in the attic. 虫害防治官员在阁楼里放了几碗老鼠药。
• Her drink had been laced with a deadly poison. 她的饮料里掺进了致命的毒药。
['pɔɪ.zən] noun countable or uncountable
Name your poison. (also What's your poison?) humorous
■used to ask what type of alcoholic drink someone would like （用于询问想喝的酒）你想喝甚么？
['pɔɪ.zən] verb transitive
ADD SUBSTANCE 下毒
■to kill a person or animal or to make them very ill by giving them poison 毒杀，毒害，使中毒
• Four members of the family had been poisoned, but not fatally. 这家中有四口人被人下毒，但未致命。
■to put poison in someone's food or drink 在…放毒，在…下毒
• He said that someone had poisoned his coffee. 他说有人在他咖啡里下了毒。
■to add dangerous chemicals or other harmful substances to something such as water or air 使（水、空气等）受污染
• The chemical leak had poisoned the water supply. 化学品的外泄污染了供水。
['pɔɪ.zən] verb transitive
SPOIL 破坏
■to spoil a friendship or another situation, by making it very unpleasant 破坏，伤害（友谊等）
• The long dispute has poisoned relations between the two countries. 长期的纠纷损害了两国关系。
['pɔɪ.zən] verb transitive
poison sb's mind disapproving
■to make someone believe unpleasant things about another person which are not true 使（某人）产生厌恶感
• Don't listen to her lies - she's just trying to poison your mind against me. 别听她撒谎，她就是想破坏你对我的印象。
vt. 污染；使中毒，放毒于；败坏；阻碍
 - slow, pollute
n. 毒药， [毒物] 毒物；酒；有毒害的事物； [助剂] 抑制剂
 - wine, liquor, drink
adj. 有毒的
 - toxic, virous, venenous

Word: repeated
Front: repeated
[rɪˈpi:tɪd] (5546/5652 -K2)
Vocabulary: repeated
(once / 70 pages)
adj
Something repeated happens again and again and again. A dog's repeated bark, unfortunately, is a sound that is continuous — and probably keeping you up at night.
A repeated sound goes on and on: honking a horn just once isn't what this word is about. If you honk that horn over and over, it can be described as a repeated honk. In music, many sounds are repeated as well. The repeated beat of a reggae band is pleasant, while repeated non-musical sounds — like dog barks and annoying people who say the same thing over and over — get less and less fun the more they're repeated.
WORD FAMILY
repeated: repeatedly +/ repeat: repeatable, repeated, repeater, repeating, repeats, repetition, repetitive /repeatable: unrepeatable/repeater: repeaters/repeating: repeatings/ repetition: repetitions, repetitious / repetitious: repetitiously, repetitiousness/ repetitive: nonrepetitive, repetitively, repetitiveness
USAGE EXAMPLES
I am remembering how my mother lived with breast cancer for 14 years, through two mastectomies and repeated chemotherapy and radiation.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
“This needs to be repeated since one of the human ways of talking oneself into inhuman acts is to cite the supposed cruelty of nature.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Did the experiments in the second graph need to be repeated?
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 反复的，再三的，重复的; 累; 频仍
分布：重复的(95%)，动词repeat的过去式和过去分词.(5%)
US [-tˌɪd] adjective
 ADVANCED
■happening again and again 反覆发生的；再三的；屡次的
• repeated attempts/mistakes/warnings 一次又一次的努力／屡屡犯下的错误／再三的警告
adj. 再三的，反复的
 - reiterant, iterative
v. 重复；复述（repeat的过去分词）
 - reduplicated

Word: daddy
Front: daddy
[ˈdædi] (4848/3359 -2)
Vocabulary: daddy
(once / 541 pages)
n
Daddy is an affectionate nickname for your father. For many babies, daddy is one of the earliest words they learn to speak.
Many young children call their fathers daddy, and the word is believed to come from baby talk, or the initial sounds — da da — that a baby or toddler tends to make when she's first learning to speak. It's less common for a grown person to call her dad daddy, although some people use the childish nickname throughout their lives.
WORD FAMILY
daddy: daddies
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Daddy put Mommy on the floor and wrapped her up like a snowman,” she told Messmore.
Washington Times(Dec 25, 2016)
A day after Tiger Woods introduced the world to "Mac Daddy Santa," Andrew "Beef" Johnston put his own twist on the odd Christmas character.
Golf Digest(Dec 23, 2016)
RELATED: Tiger Woods posts interesting photo of himself dressed as "Mac Daddy Santa"
Golf Digest(Dec 23, 2016)
Back: n. 爸爸; 爹; 甜心爸爸（在年轻女子身上乱花钱的阔老头）; 老色鬼
分布：名词(100%)
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a word for 'father', used especially by children 爸爸，爹爹（尤指儿童用语）
• Mummy and Daddy are taking me to the circus on Saturday. 周六爸爸妈妈要带我去看马戏。
n. 爸爸
 - dad, father, pa, da, papa

Word: ruler
Front: ruler
[ˈru:lə(r)] (中高研四六 5552/4145 -K2)
Vocabulary: ruler
(once / 244 pages)
1n 2n
The leader of a country is a ruler. If you're a queen, a sultan, or a czar, you're a ruler.
Besides "person who rules or governs," you can define ruler as a measuring device that's marked with inches or centimeters. You can measure the diameter of a circle with a ruler, and you can also draw a perfectly straight line using its edge. Both meanings stem from the verb rule, "to exercise power" or "to control," which came to also mean "mark with lines" in the 1590s.
WORD FAMILY
ruler: rulers, rulership+/misrule: misrules/overrule: overruled, overrules, overruling/ rule: misrule, overrule, ruled, ruler, rules, ruling, self-rule/rulership: rulerships/ ruling: rulingly, rulings
USAGE EXAMPLES
ATLANTA—For a brief moment here in the Georgia Dome there was an unthinkable tension: Washington appeared capable of toppling college football’s supreme ruler.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 01, 2017)
Rajab helped lead protests during Bahrain’s 2011 demonstrations as the island’s majority Shiite population and others demanded more political freedoms from its Sunni rulers.
Seattle Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Parsis arrived in India in the 10th century after Islamic rulers persecuted them in Persia, modern-day Iran.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: n. 尺; 直尺; 统治者
分布：统治者(67%)，尺子(30%)，划线板(2%)，支配者(1%)
→来自 rule,统治，支配，管理。
n.统治者,支配者;尺,直尺By the ruler's schedule, the molecule capsules will play an important role in the roller.根据统治者的时间表,这种分子胶囊将在滚筒上起重要作用.
US [-lɚ] noun countable
CONTROL 恐怖统治（时期）
■the leader of a country 统治者
• The country was without a ruler after the queen died. 女王死后，这个国家陷入了无人统治的状态。
UK ['ru:.lər] US [-lɚ] noun countable
FOR DRAWING 绘图用的 (old-fashioned or formal rule)
■a long, narrow, flat piece of plastic, metal or wood with straight edges where centimetres or inches , or both are printed. It is used for measuring things and for drawing straight lines. 直尺；尺子
n. [计量] 尺；统治者； [测] 划线板，划线的人
 - governor, dominator

Word: undoubtedly
Front: undoubtedly
[ʌn'daʊtɪdlɪ] (研四六托雅 5545/3117)
Vocabulary: undoubtedly
(once / 254 pages)
adv
Undoubtedly means certainly. If you are undoubtedly beautiful, then everyone agrees you are attractive. No one could think otherwise.
There are a lot of things in life that people doubt. However, when you're sure of something or feel strongly about it, this is a handy word. A beautiful spring day is undoubtedly wonderful. Dogs undoubtedly love to chase squirrels. Adults undoubtedly love to drink coffee in the morning, and kids undoubtedly love to get a day off from school. You are undoubtedly aware that this is a long explanation for something as simple as this word.
WORD FAMILY
doubt: doubted, doubter, doubtful, doubting, doubtless, doubts, redoubt, self-doubt, undoubtedly +/doubter: doubters/ doubtful: doubtfully, doubtfulness/doubtfulness: doubtfulnesses/doubting: doubtingly/ doubtless: doubtlessly/redoubt: redoubtable, redoubts/ redoubtable: redoubtably
USAGE EXAMPLES
The result was a massive fraud that undoubtedly stretched to the highest levels of the Kremlin, though no small detail was overlooked.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Now consider that Alabama’s players are undoubtedly aware of that famous play.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
I’m six feet seven and three hundred pounds, and when the bird caught sight of me it undoubtedly feared for its life.
The New Yorker(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adv. 毋庸置疑地，的确地; 显然; 必定; 无疑
分布：无疑地(100%)
ad.无疑,必定Undoubtedly he did it.无疑地是他做了那件事.
ADJ
无疑的；确实的；显然的
You can use undoubted to emphasize that something exists or is true.
例：The event was an undoubted success.这件事毫无疑问是成功的。
例：...a man of your undoubted ability.像你这样确实很有能力的人
adv. 确实地，无庸置疑地
 - strictly, real

Word: rocky
Front: rocky
[ˈrɒki] (托 5549/7774 -1)
Vocabulary: rocky
(once / 278 pages)
1adj 2adj
Anything rocky is covered with rocks, like a rocky beach or hillside. You can also use rocky for something that moves in a bumpy or uneven manner, like a rocky ride in a Jeep.
There's a figurative sense of rocky that means "difficult, rough, or up-and-down" like your rocky relationship with your sister or a struggling business's rocky future. This meaning comes from a combination of the "uneven and covered with rocks" definition and the verb rock, or "sway back and forth." The Rocky Mountains, which aren't actually all that rocky, were named for the local Native American people, called "the stone Sioux" by their Cree neighbors.
WORD FAMILY
rocky: rockier, rockiest, rockily, rockiness+/ rock: rocked, rocker, rockery, rocking, rocklike, rocks, rocky / rocker: rockers/rockery: rockeries
USAGE EXAMPLES
He said that Booker T. embraced “the ‘Rocky’ concept.”
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
The Maltnomah County Sheriff’s Office responded to a call on Saturday at about 12:30 p.m. from a resident at the Rocky Pointe Marina.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
The governor-elect already slipped along the rocky path he must walk to work successfully with the legislature.
Seattle Times(Dec 25, 2016)
Back: adj. 多岩石的; 坚如磐石的，坚硬的; 麻木的; 头晕目眩的
级别：rockier, rockiest
分布：岩石的(76%)，坚硬的(11%)，麻木的(6%)，困难重重的(4%)，像岩石的(3%)
US ['rɑ:.ki] adjective
STONE 岩石
■made of rock and therefore usually rough and difficult to travel along 岩石构成的，多岩石的；崎岖难行的
• She scrambled along the rocky path. 她沿着一条崎岖的小道攀爬。
UK ['rɒk.i] US ['rɑ:.ki] adjective
UNSTEADY/UNCERTAIN 摇晃
■unable to balance very well 身体摇摇晃晃的；头晕目眩的
• After two months in a hospital bed, I felt a bit rocky on my feet. 住院卧床两个月后，我感到走路有点摇摇晃晃的。
■uncertain and difficult and not likely to last long 不稳定的；不牢靠的；动摇不定的
• Their relationship got off to a rocky start. 他们的关系一开始就不很稳定。
UK ['rɒk.i] US ['rɑ:.ki] adjective
rocky road
■If you are on a rocky road, you are experiencing a difficult period and have a lot of problems 障碍重重的道路；重重困难
• Greenspan predicts a rocky road ahead for the economy. 格林斯潘预言经济会面临重重困难。
adj. 岩石的，多岩石的；坚如岩石的；摇晃的；头晕目眩的
 - petrous, lithological

Word: amount
Front: amount
[əˈmaʊnt] (高研四托雅 782/584 -K4)
Vocabulary: amount
(once / 59 pages)
nv
An amount is a number, or quantity, of something. If you're surprised by the amount of work you have to do at your new job, you probably didn't expect such a long list of tasks.
You might complain about the amount of time it takes for the shoes you bought to arrive: amount here means the number of days before you can wear them. Amount is also a verb, meaning "add up to," like when you hope the tips you earn will amount to more than minimum wage. This meaning came before the noun amount, from the now obsolete definition, "to mount a horse," from the Old French amonter, "upward."
WORD FAMILY
amount: amounted, amounting, amounts
USAGE EXAMPLES
Getting people in rural areas onto the national grid is proving too difficult and traditional solar panels generate meagre amounts of energy.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
But such mechanisms are designed for limited amounts of information in a slow-moving world.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
A judge ordered Hamell to pay $1,875 in fines plus an additional amount in surcharges for operating while intoxicated and carrying weapons.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 量，数量; 总额; 本利之和; 全部效果，全部含义
vi. （在意义、价值、效果、程度等方面）等于; 等同，接近; 合计，总共; 发展成为
时态：amounted, amounting, amounts
分布：数量(66%)，总额(18%)，等于(10%)，总计(6%)
→前缀a-同ad-. 词根mount, 山，见mountain. 到山顶，汇总，总计。
n.总数,数量;数额v.共计;等同,接近(to)I mounted the mountain and found a fountain with large amount of water.我登上那座山发现一个水量很大的喷泉.
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a collection or mass especially of something which cannot be counted （尤指不可数事物的）数量；数额；量；总数
• They didn't deliver the right amount of sand. 他们运来的沙子数量不对。
• Small amounts of land were used for keeping animals. 少量的土地用于饲养动物。
• He paid regular amounts of money to a charity. 他定期向一家慈善机构捐钱。
• I didn't expect the bill to come to this amount (= of money). 我没有料到帐单上的金额会这么大。
• The new tax caused a huge amount of public anger. 新税收引起了强烈公愤。
• I had a certain amount of (= some) difficulty finding the house. 我找到这房子费了不少劲。
• You wouldn't believe the amount of trouble (= what a lot of trouble) I've had with this car. 你决不会相信这辆汽车给我带来了多少麻烦。
[ə'maʊnt] noun countable
any amount of
■a very large amount of 极大量的…，很多…
• We had any amount of people applying for the job. 有很多人到我们这儿来应征这份工作。
[ə'maʊnt] noun countable
  Common Learner Errors  amount of or number of? Remember: amount of is usually used with uncountable nouns. With countable nouns, don't say 'amount of', say number of :
✗ They received a large amount of complaints. They received a large number of complaints.
[ə'maʊnt] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [not continuous] amount to sth
ADD UP TO 合计达
 ADVANCED
■to become a particular amount 达到；总计
• The annual cost of income support to unmarried mothers amounted to £700 million in that year. 那一年，共花费了七亿英镑用于未婚母亲的收入补助。
BE 是
■to be the same as something, or to have the same effect as something 等于；意味着
• His behaviour amounted to serious professional misconduct. 他的行为相当于严重失职。
• He gave what amounted to an apology on behalf of his company. 他的话等于是替公司道了歉。
amount, sum, number, quantity
这组词都有“总数、总量”的意思，其区别是：
amount: 普通用词，与quantity近义，但强调整体，指把所有数量、重量及度量归并在一起得出的总数。
sum: 普通用词，指简单加算的结果。
number: 普通用词，指人或物的数目，强调数的概念。
quantity: 书面用词，指事物的总量和总数量，侧重大批计量，含准确测量的意味。
vi. [会计] 总计，合计；相当于； [数] 共计；产生…结果
 - foot, gross total
n. 数量；总额， [数] 总数
 - sum, quantity of, gross, total

Word: concrete
Front: concrete
[ˈkɒŋkri:t] (高研四六托雅宝 3310/3840 -K3)
Vocabulary: concrete
(once / 423 pages)
1adj 2nadjv
Concrete is that pourable mix of cement, water, sand, and gravel that hardens into a super-strong building material. Sidewalks, foundations, and highways are all made of concrete.
Though people use the words cement and concrete as if they were the same, they're not. Concrete has cement in it, but also includes other materials; cement is what binds concrete together. Construction workers hate when kids write their names in concrete before it hardens: once concrete hardens, it's going to be solid for a long time. When used as an adjective, concrete also means solid. If you've got concrete plans for Saturday, then you have a definite plan.
WORD FAMILY
concrete: concreted, concretely, concreteness, concretes, concreting, concretion, concretise, concretism, concretize+/concreteness: concretenesses/concretion: concretions/concretise: concretised/concretism: concretistic/concretize: concretized, concretizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Police said that a search of his apartment turned up no evidence of any concrete danger to New Year’s Eve celebrations.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It will also pay for repairs to the concrete entrance structures of the dry dock.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Movements are born in the moments when abstract principles become concrete concerns.
The New Yorker(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 具体的，有形的，实在的，实际的; 固结成的，混凝土制的; 图案诗歌的
n. 混凝土; 具体物; （图案式）有形诗; 〔建〕钢筋混凝土
vt. 使凝固; 用混凝土修筑; 萃取
vi. 凝固; 固结; 变坚固; 使用混凝土
时态：concreted, concreting, concretes
分布：混凝土(71%)，水泥(10%)，具体的(9%)，混凝土的(6%)，具体物(1%)，结合(1%)，凝结(1%)，实质性的(1%)
→con-, 强调。-cre, 生长，创造，词源同create, crescent. 即长到一起的，聚合成块的。
具体的n.混凝土(con共同+crete[=cre制造]→共同制造→混凝土)[cre,creas=grow,make,表示"增长,产生"]
a.具体的,实质性的n.混凝土v.用混凝土修筑He created the great creature with concrete for recreation.他用混凝土创造了这个伟大的创造物作消遣.
【记】con共同，crete＝create（v 创造）－共同创造的东西是具体的，如果是抽象无形的东西，就太浪费劳动力了。
【反】conceptual（adj 概念上的）
US ['kɑ:n-] noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■a very hard building material made by mixing together cement , sand, small stones and water 混凝土
• reinforced concrete 钢筋混凝土
• a concrete floor/path 混凝土地面／道路
• a grey concrete building 灰色的混凝土建筑物
UK ['kɒŋ.kri:t] US ['kɑ:n-] verb transitive
■to cover something in concrete 用混凝土覆盖
• Why did you concrete over that nice garden? 你为甚么把那个漂亮的花园铺上混凝土？
UK ['kɒŋ.kri:t] US ['kɑ:n-] adjective
 ADVANCED
■clear and certain, or real and existing in a form that can be seen or felt 确定的；确实的；具体的；有形的；实在的
• They think she killed her husband, but they've no concrete evidence. 他们认为她杀死了自己的丈夫，但是他们没有确凿的证据。
• We've got a general idea of what we want, but nothing concrete at the moment. 我们对需要甚么有个大致的想法，可是具体的东西目前还没有想好。
specific, concrete
这组词都有“具体的”的意思，其区别是：
specific: 侧重指具体的细节，是与general(一般)，vague(模糊)相对的具体。
concrete: 指通过感官能看到、听到、触到的具体东西。其反义词是abstract。
adj. [建] 混凝土的；实在的，具体的；有形的
 - honest, effective, real
vi. 凝结
 - to freeze, clot
n. 具体物；凝结物
 - coagulation

Word: tenant
Front: tenant
[ˈtenənt] (研四六托宝 5543/2029 -2)
Vocabulary: tenant
(once / 342 pages)
nv
A tenant is someone who lives in a place owned by someone else, usually paying rent. If you blast your music and let the cat pee in the corner, your landlord will not think that you're a very good tenant.
Tenant is often used to mean "renter," but it can mean anyone who has the right to live in a particular place, either because he signed a lease, which is a rental agreement, because he owns the land, or because government gave him a title to it. If you live in a big apartment building, you should be aware of your rights as a tenant, which usually include things like having heat in the winter and proper fire escapes.
WORD FAMILY
tenant: tenancy, tenanted, tenanting, tenantry, tenants+/ tenancy: tenancies/tenanted: untenanted/tenantry: tenantries
USAGE EXAMPLES
The bad news for landlords is good news for tenants.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Detroit police spokesman Dan Donakowski says tenants of the home told officers they never entered the garage because the landlord prohibited it.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It aims to secure tenants, including community and cultural organizations, to renovate and use about 30 military buildings.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 房客; 佃户; <律>占用者; 占有者
vt. 租借，租用
时态：tenanted, tenanting, tenants
分布：房客(48%)，承租人(21%)，租赁(13%)，佃户(13%)，租借(5%)
→ten-,持有，握住，-ant,人。引申词义租客，租户。
n.承租人;房客;佃户vt.租借,承租The tenant is discontented with the content of the agreement for renting the tennis tent.承租人对租用网球帐篷的协议内容不满.
【记】rent（v 租）房的人是tenant
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a person who pays rent for the use of land or a building 租户；佃户；房客
n. [租赁] 承租人；房客；佃户；居住者
 - lessee, renter
vt. 租借（常用于被动语态）
 - rent

Word: total
Front: total
[ˈtəʊtl] (中高研四六雅 1038/831 -K5)
Vocabulary: total
(once / 54 pages)
nadjv
There are many meanings of total, but they all have something to do with completeness. A total is a whole or complete amount, and "to total" is to add numbers or to destroy something.
In math, you total numbers by adding them: the result is the total. If you add 8 and 8, the total is 16. If a car is totaled in an accident, it has been completely destroyed. A total defeat is a complete and utter defeat with no chance of recovering. The total resources of a company are all its resources, everything it has.
WORD FAMILY
total: subtotal, totaled, totaling, totalisator, totalise, totaliser, totalism, totality, totalizator, totalize, totalizer, totalled, totalling, totally, totals+/totalisator: totalisators/totalise: totalising/totalism: totalistic/totality: totalities/totalizator: totalizators/totalize: totalized, totalizes, totalizing/totalizer: totalizers
USAGE EXAMPLES
A year later, the Spurs were in total control and won in five games.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
A total of 24 cities are under a pollution “red alert,” the highest warning level in China’s four-tiered system.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Precipitation during that period totaled just 38.79 inches — roughly half of the normal amount.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 总计的（金额等）; 全部的; 完全的; 绝对的
n. 总计，总数; 全体数量
vt. & vi. 总计达，计算…的总数
时态：totalled, totalling, totals
分布：总数(44%)，总的(15%)，总计(14%)，合计(13%)，完全的(8%)，共计(5%)，全体的(1%)
→来自拉丁语 totus,总的，全部的。
n.总数,合计a.总的,全部的v.合计,总数达Which method of making the metal helmet is more economical in total?生产这种金属头盔的方法哪一种总体上更节约?
US ['toʊ.tˌəl] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■the amount you get when several smaller amounts are added together 总额；总数
• At that time of day, cars with only one occupant accounted for almost 80% of the total. 一天中的那个时候，只有一人乘坐的汽车几乎占车辆总数的80%。
• A total of 21 horses were entered for the race. 总共有21匹马报名参加比赛。
• We made £700 in total, over three days of trading. 在三天的交易中，我们一共赚了700英镑。
UK ['təʊ.təl] US ['toʊ.tˌəl] adjective
AMOUNT 数量
 ESSENTIAL [before noun]
■including everything 总的，全部的
• the total cost 全部费用
• Total losses were $800. 总损失为800美元。
UK ['təʊ.təl] US ['toʊ.tˌəl] adjective
VERY GREAT 非常大的
 ADVANCED
■very great or of the largest degree possible 完全的，彻底的；绝对的
• total secrecy 绝密
• a total disregard for their feelings 对他们的感受全然不顾
• total silence 万籁俱寂
• The organization of the event was a total shambles (= very bad). 这次活动的组织工作糟糕透了。
• The collapse, when it came, was total. 这种崩溃一旦来临，便无可救药。
UK ['təʊ.təl] US ['toʊ.tˌəl] verb [L only + noun] transitive (-ll- or US USUALLY -l-) US USUALLY
 ADVANCED
■to have as a complete amount, or to calculate this 总数达；合计为
• This is the eighth volume in the series, which totals 21 volumes in all. 该丛书总共有21册，这是第8册。
• We totalled (up) the money we had each earned, and then shared it equally among the three of us. 我们把每个人赚的钱加起来，然后我们三个人平分这笔钱。
total, whole, sum
这组词都有“总数、全体”的意思，其区别是：
total: 指总量之大，强调每一构成部分或成分均被计算在内。
whole: 着重其中没有部分或成分被忽略不计。
sum: 指两个或更多的数目相加的总和。
total, entire, gross, full, complete, whole, all
这组词都有“完整的，全部的，整个的”的意思，其区别是：
total: 与complete用法相近，但强调总量。
entire: 除了有whole的意思外，还强调既不能加一个也不减少一个的含义。
gross: 侧重指未打折扣，未除去成本或皮重等与净重、净数相对。
full: 侧重指内容，含有能包括所有的充足内容的意味。
complete: 强调事物在内容、程度、或数量方面已完整，已达标准。
whole: 比entire更普通，强调每个组成部分都包括在内，无一漏掉或舍去。
all: 有时可与whole, entire和total换用。
adj. 全部的；完全的；整个的
 - entire, all, overall, complete, absolute
vt. [数] 总数达
 - to the amount of
vi. 合计
 - amount, aggregate
n. [数] 总数，合计
 - sum, amount, gross

Word: omit
Front: omit
[əˈmɪt] (研四六托雅宝 5550/4351 -2)
Vocabulary: omit
(once / 233 pages)
v
If you omit one member of the class when you're handing out valentines, it's going to make that person feel terrible. To omit something is to leave it out, to forget or overlook it.
The verb omit comes from the Latin word omittere, "to let go or to lay aside," which is exactly what it means. When you omit an ingredient you need for your brownie recipe from the grocery list, you've accidentally left off an important item. You can also deliberately omit something, which you'd do if you didn't include your least favorite cousin when you invited your relatives to a family reunion.
WORD FAMILY
omit: omissible, omission, omissive, omiting, omits, omitted, omitting+/ omission: omissions
USAGE EXAMPLES
As for healing, though, he omitted the topic from his assignment.
Seattle Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Any “Christmas Classics” playlist that omits the Velvet Fog is a joke.
Slate(Dec 23, 2016)
District Judge Richard Leon last week. What was sad, but not unexpected, is what the FTA omitted from its report.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
Back: vt. 省略; 遗漏; 删掉; 未（做）
时态：omitted, omitting, omits
分布：省略(75%)，遗漏(12%)，删去(10%)，忘记(3%)
→来自拉丁语omittere,松开，放走，来自ob-,向前，朝向，mittere,送走，使离开，词源同mission,emit.后引申词义省略，删除。
省去,略去(o出＋mit→送出→省略)[Miss,mit=send,cast,表示"送,放出"]
v.省略,删去;遗漏,忽略The typist omitted the last letter.打字员遗漏了最后一个字.
US [oʊ-] (-tt-)
verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to fail to include or do something 疏忽，遗漏；删节，排除
• She was omitted from the list of contributors to the report. 这篇报道的撰稿人中漏掉了她的名字。
• The Prince's tour conveniently omitted the most deprived areas of the city. 亲王的巡查为避开麻烦，没有去该市最贫困的地区。
• [+ to infinitive] formal She omitted to mention that she was going to Yorkshire next week. 她没提及自己下星期打算去约克郡的事。
overlook, disregard, omit, neglect, forget, ignore
这组词都有“疏忽，忽略”的意思，其区别是：
overlook: 指因匆忙而疏忽或视而不见。
disregard: 多指有意或自觉地不顾某事。
omit: 指有意或无意地忘记做某事，也指删去被视作不重要、不合意的东西。
neglect: 侧重指有意的忽略或忽视，也可指粗心与疏忽。
forget: 普通用词，侧重某事不重要或太复杂而未能记住，也指有意疏忽或忘掉。
ignore: 通常指有意不顾，或不理显而易见的事物。
vt. [数] 省略；遗漏；删除；疏忽
 - understand, elide

Word: grade
Front: grade
[greɪd] (中高雅 1426/2822 -K3)
Vocabulary: grade
(once / 73 pages)
1nv 2nv 3n
Grade means "to evaluate or rank," like teachers who grade their students or a food inspector who grades a crop, determining whether it is "food-grade."
Grade can be both a noun and a verb. The verb form is used when you grade something, meaning you assign it a value. The actual mark assigned is the noun version of the word grade, such as an A or B. The noun grade can be used to indicate the rank or quality of other items as well, like professional-grade cookware. Grade can also describe the slope of a mountain or road, like a steep grade that is dangerous in bad weather.
WORD FAMILY
grade: gradable, graded, grader, grades, grading, gradual +/ graded: ungraded/grader: graders/ grading: gradings/ gradual: graduality, gradually, gradualness, graduals
USAGE EXAMPLES
Over the next two years, he was hospitalized about 50 times, and he missed much of fourth and fifth grade.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
“They want to at least get you up to passing grades,” Sabado says.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Players in elementary grades at Jewish schools now set their sights on yeshivas with the most powerful hockey programs.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 等级; 职别; 成绩等级; 年级
vt. 安排; 依序排列，依等级排列; 评估; 评分
vi. 属于…等级; 缓缓地变化或发展
时态：graded, grading, grades
分布：年级(43%)，成绩(21%)，等级(18%)，评分(9%)，分级(6%)，斜坡(2%)，渐次变化(1%)
→来自ghredh, 走，台阶，层级，词源同ingress, aggressive.后词义通用化，年级。
等级,阶级[grad=step,grade,表示"步,级"]
n.等级,级别;年级;分数v.分等,分级I'm in Grade One.我是一年级生.
noun countable
LEVEL 等级
 ADVANCED
■a level of quality, size, importance, etc 等级；品级；级别
• He's suffering from some kind of low -grade (= slight) infection, which he can't seem to get rid of. 他感染程度较轻，但好像就是无法痊愈。
• There's some really high -grade (= high quality) musicianship on this recording. 这张唱片表现出高超的音乐技能。
• Bill has been UK on / US at the same grade (= his job has been of the same level of importance, or he has had the same level of pay) for several years now. 比尔那个职位已经做了好几年了。
 ADVANCED
■a number or letter that shows how good someone's work or performance is 成绩等级；评分等级；分数
• Steve never studies, but he always gets good grades. 史蒂夫从来不学习，可成绩总是很不错。
• UK Carla got a grade A in German. 卡拉在德语考试夺得 A 级成绩。
[greɪd] noun countable
SCHOOL 学校
 ADVANCED US
■a school class or group of classes in which all the children are of a similar age or ability 年级
• Jackie is in the sixth grade. 杰克上六年级。
[greɪd] noun countable
SLOPE 斜坡 US for gradient
• The next hill has a real steep grade. 下一座小山有一个很陡峭的斜坡。
[greɪd] noun countable
make the grade
■to perform well enough to succeed in something 做得足够好；达到标准；成功
• Ian wanted to be an actor, but he didn't make the grade. 伊恩想做个演员，但是他不够资格。
[greɪd] verb transitive
■to separate people or things into different levels of quality, size, importance etc 把…分级；把…分等；把…分类
• The fruit is washed and then graded by size. 水果洗净后按大小分等级。
• The books are graded according to the difficulty of the language. 这些书按照语言难易程度分级。
■US (UK mark)
■to give a score to a student's piece of work 给…评分；给…打分数
• to grade work/papers 批改作业／试卷
rank, degree, grade, class
这组词都有“级，等级”的意思，其区别是：
rank: 指人在社会中的地位或等级，尤指军队中的军衔。
degree: 指程度、范围不同，社会地位的高低。也可指形容词或副词的级。
grade: 指按地位或优劣划分的等级，既可指人又可指物。
class: 含义广泛，指人或物按优劣划分的等级，也指学校中的年级或班级。
n. 年级；等级；成绩；级别；阶段
 - degree, classes, stage, phase, rate
vt. 评分；把…分等级
 - class

Word: spider
Front: spider
[ˈspaɪdə(r)] (研四六托雅 5555/5742 -K2)
Back: n. 蜘蛛; 星形轮，十字叉; 带柄三脚平底锅; 三脚架
分布：蜘蛛(96%)，三脚架(2%)，十字叉(1%)，长柄平底锅(1%)
→来自古英语 spider,蜘蛛， 来自 Proto-Germanic*spin, 纺织， 来自 spen, 纺织， 词源同 spin,spindle.-der,-ther,工具格后缀，词源同 rudder,tether.因蜘蛛善织网而得名。
n.蜘蛛Considering considerable spiders outside, I stay in the president's residence.考虑到外面有相当多的蜘蛛,我呆在总统的住宅里.
US [-dɚ] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a small creature similar to an insect with eight thin legs which catches other insects in a web (= a net made from sticky threads) 蜘蛛
• a spider's web 蛛网
n. [无脊椎] 蜘蛛；设圈套者；三脚架
 - araneid, tripod

Word: obsession
Front: obsession
[əbˈseʃn] (研六托雅宝 5558/6354 -2)
Vocabulary: obsession
(once / 1885 pages)
n
If you have an obsession, you're totally fixated on something and unhealthily devoted to it. Some common obsessions include fantasy football leagues, celebrity gossip, and Elvis memorabilia.
Obsession is kind of like a passion for something that crosses the line into crazy territory. Sometimes people get so preoccupied with their obsessions that it makes them anxious or emotionally unstable. If you have an obsession with the Yankees, for example, you might go to every single game, skip work to watch spring training, paper your room with Yankees posters, and write love notes to Derek Jeter.
WORD FAMILY
obsession: obsessional, obsessions+/ obsess: obsessed, obsesses, obsessing, obsession, obsessive /obsessional: obsessionally/ obsessive: obsessively, obsessiveness, obsessives, obsessivity
USAGE EXAMPLES
The responses, though, raised questions for some on social media about Mexico's priorities and Mexicans' supposed obsession with pocketbook issues rather than other social indignities.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
The theft transformed the manuscript into an object of obsession, a kind of Maltese Falcon, for a coterie of Inquisition scholars and rare-book collectors.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Diets only feed the cravings and the obsession with the scale - the outer symptoms of the addiction.
New York Times(May 02, 2016)
Back: n. 着魔，萦绕; 使人痴迷的人（或物）; 摆脱不了的思想[情感等]; 妄想
分布：困扰(60%)，沉迷(27%)，妄想(10%)，着魔(3%)
→来自obsess,着魔，痴迷。
入迷(obsess入迷,ob在...中+sess坐...坐在中间...入迷)[-ion 1.表名词"动作或状态“2.表示"某种物,用品"]
n.迷住,困扰He has an obsession with postage stamps.他为邮票着迷.
noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■something or someone that you think about all the time 困扰；无法摆脱的念头；念念不忘的事（或人）
• an unhealthy obsession with death 总是想到死的不健康念头
• her chocolate obsession 她对巧克力的痴迷
• He's always wanted to find his natural mother but recently it's become an obsession. 他一直想找到自己的生母，但最近这成了他的一块心病。
n. 痴迷；困扰； [内科] [心理] 强迫观念
 - besetment, obsessive idea

Word: corpse
Front: corpse
[kɔ:ps] (托雅 5559/5143 -2)
Vocabulary: corpse
(once / 482 pages)
n
Another name for a dead body is corpse. You might hear the word on TV crime shows, but a corpse doesn't have to be a crime victim, just any lifeless body.
The words corpse and "corps" are often confused, and with good reason — both came from the Latin word corpus, meaning "body," and up until the 19th Century, both referred to a dead person. Around that time, the word with the "e" at the end was established as the word for a person's remains, while the other spelling was relegated to a "body" of people working together or in a military division, and very much alive!
WORD FAMILY
corpse
USAGE EXAMPLES
Medical examiners visually inspected the corpse, which was found dressed in a shirt, sweater and pants.
Reuters(Dec 30, 2016)
Boyle, now 73, was sentenced to 20 years to life in prison for aggravated murder and 18 months for abuse of a corpse.
Washington Times(Dec 25, 2016)
She shot him and slipped his corpse into a coffin with another cadaver to escape detection.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
Back: n. 死尸，尸体
分布：尸体(100%)
→来自词根corp，身体，见corporeal.
尸体(corpse[=corp身体]→尸体)[corp,corpor=body,表示"身体,团体"]
US [kɔ:rps] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a dead body, usually of a person （通常指人的）尸体
n. 尸体
 - lich, carcass, Corse, ptoma

Word: damp
Front: damp
[dæmp] (高研四六托雅宝 5562/3845 -K2)
Vocabulary: damp
(once / 315 pages)
1adjn 2v
Something that's damp is slightly wet or soggy. If your shoes are damp when you enter your friend's white-carpeted house, you should probably take them off.
Damp things are moist. Your lawn might be damp with dew in the morning, and if it's supposed to rain lightly, the weather report might include the word damp. Sometimes damp is a noun, as when your grandmother warns, "Don't go out in the damp without your umbrella!" To damp is to hold back, make soft, or restrain: "Use your hand to damp the sound of the cymbal after you hit it with the drumstick."
WORD FAMILY
damp: damped, damper, dampest, damping, dampish, damply, dampness, damps+/ damper: dampers/dampish: dampishly/dampness: dampnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
But he noted that Apple’s high compensation, focused product mission and top-down decision-making tended to damp the risk-taking necessary to start a company.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The house was full of bedsits with damp armchairs and splintered floorboards.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
It was a damp cardboard box on which I’d drawn a wonky face in Biro.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 微湿的，潮湿的; 消沉的，沮丧的; 沉闷的; 情绪低落的
n. 潮湿; 消沉，失望; 矿井瓦斯; 有毒气体
vt. 使潮湿; 使泄气，使沮丧; 抑制，阻抑; 使减弱
vi. [物]阻尼; 减幅
时态：damped, damping, damps
分布：潮湿(56%)，潮湿的(32%)，湿气(4%)，有湿气的(2%)，沮丧的(2%)，使潮湿(2%)，变潮湿(1%)，使扫兴(1%)
→词源不详。
n.潮湿a.潮湿的vt.使潮湿;使衰减He stamped on the stamps and slammed the lamp on the damp dam.他用脚踩邮票并将灯砰地摔在潮湿的坝上.
【参】dampness（n 潮湿；湿气）
【反】damped（被压低声音的）－amplified（被放大的）；sere（adj 干枯的）
adjective
 ADVANCED
■slightly wet, especially in a way that is not pleasant or comfortable 潮湿的，湿淋淋的
• The grass is still damp. 草还有些潮湿。
• This shirt still feels a bit damp. 这件衬衫摸上去还有点湿的。
• It was a damp, misty morning. 那是一个潮湿而又雾气蒙蒙的早晨。
[dæmp] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] damp sth down
FIRE
■to make a fire burn more slowly 阻止（火势蔓延）；减少，控制（火势）
• Water was pumped from a nearby lake in an attempt to damp down the flames. 人们从附近的湖里抽水，试图控制住熊熊烈火。
FEELING
■to make a strong feeling be felt less strongly 压制（感情）；控制（情感）
• He had tried to damp down speculation about the state of his marriage. 他试图让人们减少对他婚姻状况的种种猜疑。
damp, moist, wet, humid
这组词都有“潮湿的”的意思，其区别是：
damp: 指吸进或覆盖着一点水份，常表示潮湿得使人不舒服。
moist: 指微湿，侧重不干，但并非湿得使人不快。
wet: 普通用词，指各种潮湿的状态。
humid: 正式用词，特指空气与天气的潮湿，相对湿度大。
damp, soak, wet
这组词都有“使潮湿”的意思，其区别是：
damp: 指全部弄湿，侧重状态。
soak: 多指浸没，侧重最后结果。
wet: 普通用词，一般指水所发挥的作用。
vt. [气象] [物] 使潮湿；使阻尼；使沮丧，抑制
 - control, stay, restrain
vi. 减幅，阻尼； [气象] [物] 变潮湿
 - moisturize
n. [气象] [物] 潮湿，湿气
 - moisture, humidity, wet
adj. [气象] [物] 潮湿的
 - wet, humid, moisty

Word: Turkish
Front: Turkish
['tɜː(r)kɪʃ] (5557/4598)
Back: n. 土耳其语
adj. 土耳其人的，土耳其语的；土耳其的；突厥诸语言的
分布：土耳其的(43%)，土耳其语(25%)，土耳其人(22%)，土耳其语的(5%)，土耳其人的(5%)
→来自 Turk,土耳其。
土耳语的n.土耳语[-ish 1.表形容词"像…一样,有的..."通常放在一具体名词后2.表动词"造成…"3.表示"国家的或语言"]
US ['tɝ:-] adjective
■Turkish 土耳其的
adj. 土耳其的；土耳其人的，土耳其语的；突厥诸语言的
 - Ottoman
n. 土耳其语
 - Osmanli

Word: problematic
Front: problematic
[ˌprɒbləˈmætɪk] (5561/7323 -1)
Vocabulary: problematic
(once / 6172 pages)
1adj 2adj
Something problematic poses a problem or causes difficulties. Your ambitions to become the next great leader of Spain are great, but your inability to speak Spanish might prove problematic.
Around 1600, the word problematical was shortened and problematic was born. Perhaps they wanted to make it less problematic for spellers. It's an adjective that means tough, hard to solve, or even questionable. A flat tire in the middle of the desert would certainly be problematic, as would a star witness with a history of telling lies.
WORD FAMILY
problematic: problematically, unproblematic+/ problem: problematic, problematical, problems
USAGE EXAMPLES
“I do think it would be problematic if part of the deal was changed and not the whole deal,” he said.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Russia is a weak power, all right, but also a problematic one.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 31, 2016)
For a fund poised to suspend benefits, holdings like these are especially problematic.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 成问题的，有疑问的，不确定的
分布：问题的(91%)，有疑问的(9%)
有问题的(problem问题)[-atic表形容词"有…性质的"]
US [ˌprɑ:.blə'mætˌ-] (also problematical)
adjective
■full of problems or difficulties 成问题的；疑难的
• Getting everyone there on time might prove problematic. 让每个人都准时到达可能会很难。
adj. 问题的；有疑问的；不确定的
 - indefinite, unsure

Word: certainty
Front: certainty
[ˈsɜ:tnti] (研四六雅宝 5560/4284 -2)
Back: n. 确定性，确实性; 确定的事，必然的事
分布：确定(98%)，确实的事情(2%)
肯定(certain肯定的)[-ty表名词,用在形容词后,把形容词变成名词]
n.确实性,确信,确实I can't say with any certainty when I shall be back.我不能确切地说什么时候回来.
【反】quandary（n 困惑）；supposition（n 推测）；misgiving（n 疑虑）；indecision（n 犹豫不决）
US ['sɝ:-] noun
IN NO DOUBT 毫无疑问
 ADVANCED countable
■something which cannot be doubted 确定的事情；必然的事情
• There are few absolute certainties in life. 世事无绝对。
 ADVANCED uncountable
■the state of being completely confident or having no doubt about something 肯定；确定；确实；确信
• I'm unable to answer that question with any certainty. 我不能确切地回答那个问题。
UK ['sɜ:.tən.ti] US ['sɝ:-] noun
EXTREMELY LIKELY 必然
countable
■something which is very likely to happen 必然的事；很有可能发生的事
• Joan will win - that's a certainty. 琼会赢的——这是必然的。
• [+ to infinitive] Joan is a certainty to win. 琼一定会赢。
certainty, assurance, conviction
这些名词均含有“确信无疑”之意。
certainty: 指在客观上和主观上都无一丝一毫的怀疑。
assurance: 侧重依靠个人力量、本能、方法或对其他人或事的完全信任，强调有信心。
conviction: 多指在理性基础上清除了原有的疑虑或无把握，着重对证据的主观反应。
n. 必然；确实；确实的事情
 - very like a whale, inerrability

Word: unidentified
Front: unidentified
[ˌʌnaɪˈdentɪfaɪd] (4861/11631 -3)
Back: adj. 不能辨认的; 来路[身分]不明的; 未经确认的
分布：身份不明的(88%)，未确认的(8%)，无法识别的(4%)
US [-ə-] adjective
■whose name is not known or is being kept secret （名字）未知的，不明的，保密的
• Police are investigating the death of an unidentified man whose body was found in Crackley Woods yesterday. 昨天在克拉克利林地发现一具无名男尸，警方正在调查这宗案件。
• The airline is currently having merger talks with an unidentified rival. 该航空公司目前正在与一个未透露身份的对手协商并购事宜。
⇒ See also UFO
adj. 未经确认的； [计] 未辨别出的，身分不明的
 - undisclosed

Word: nutrition
Front: nutrition
[njuˈtrɪʃn] (高研六托雅宝 5563/8940 -2)
Vocabulary: nutrition
(once / 1058 pages)
n
Nutrition is the study of food and drink. If you take a nutrition class, you'll become more aware of the health hazards of junk food.
Nutrition also has a more general meaning — the source of materials needed to nourish your body, like vitamins, minerals, calories, carbohydrates, fats, and protein. When you study nutrition, you learn the right combinations of these to have great health. You also gain an understanding of how the body uses food to produce energy, grow stronger and repair itself — this process is also called nutrition.
WORD FAMILY
nutrition: nutritional, nutritionist, nutritions, nutritious +/ nutrient: nutrients/nutrify: nutrient, nutrition /nutritional: nutritionally/nutritionist: nutritionists/ nutritious: nutritiously, nutritiousness
USAGE EXAMPLES
We need to do better in battling poor nutrition and a lack of exercise in our youth.
New York Times(May 02, 2016)
Also, a North Carolina State University nutritionist in Winston-Salem will be presenting nutrition classes in the program.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
To set the reference value, the CDC relies upon data from the National Health and Nutrition Survey.
Reuters(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 营养，滋养; 营养品; 营养学; 食物
分布：营养(100%)
→来自nutrient,营养的，滋养的。
营养;滋养(nutrit+ion)[nutrit,nutri=nourish,表示"营养"]
n.营养,营养学A balanced diet provides nutrition for your body.均衡的食物使你的身体获得营养.
US [nu:-] noun uncountable
■the substances that you take into your body as food and the way that they influence your health 营养物质；营养，滋养
• Good nutrition is essential if patients are to make a quick recovery. 病人如果要迅速康复，必须补足营养。
• improvements in nutrition 改善营养
■the process of taking in and using food, or the scientific study of this 营养（学）
• She's a professor of nutrition at Columbia University. 她是哥伦比亚大学的营养学教授。
n. [生物] 营养，营养学；营养品
 - alimentation, threpsology

Word: melody
Front: melody
[ˈmelədi] (研六托雅宝 5565/7282 -2)
Vocabulary: melody
(once / 333 pages)
n
In any musical composition, there is a dominant line that creates a tone pattern known as the piece's melody. There are specific rules for the musical composition of a melody, and most fall into regular patterns.
The ancient Greek word melōidía was used to denote a tune for lyric poetry. It was derived from melos, which meant "song." In most songs, the melody follows a logical, mathematical pattern that creates a memorable line of notes. The word suggests a beautiful and pleasant sound, as was celebrated in the 1946 Irving Berlin lyrics, "A pretty girl is like a melody that haunts you night and day."
WORD FAMILY
melody: melodies, melodious, melodize+/ melodious: melodiously, melodiousness, unmelodious/melodize: melodized, melodizes/unmelodious: unmelodiously
USAGE EXAMPLES
But in some scenes the melody speaks directly to the action.
Salon(Dec 28, 2016)
He read it and reread it, his eyes brimming with tears, until the words read like a melody.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
Melody Lee, the director of brand marketing at Cadillac, said the company frequently invites “celebrities and influencers” to its events.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
Back: n. 旋律，曲调; 美妙的音乐，和谐的调子; 好听的声音; 歌曲
分布：旋律(74%)，曲调(15%)，曲子(7%)，美妙的音乐(4%)
→来自希腊语meloidia,吟唱，曲调，抒情诗，来自melos, 歌，可能来自mel,蜜，甜的，词源同molasses.oide,歌，颂歌，词源同ode.引申词义旋律，曲调。
旋律(mel[=希腊文melos歌曲]+ody→歌唱歌曲→旋律)[od=song,表示"歌曲"]
n.旋律,曲调;悦耳的音乐He played a delightful melody.他演奏了欢快的曲调.
【记】mel甜蜜，ody唱－旋律
【反】melodious（adj 音调优美的）－jarring（adj 刺耳的）
noun countable or uncountable
■a tune, often forming part of a larger piece of music 旋律；曲调
• He played a few well-known melodies. 他演奏了几首很有名的乐曲。
• His songs are always strong on melody. 他的歌曲一贯以旋律见长。
song, theme, melody, tune
这组词都有“乐曲、曲调”的意思，其区别是：
song: 多指配有歌词的歌曲。
theme: 指主旋律。
melody: 指悦耳的曲调旋律。
tune: 指曲调，与配有歌词的歌曲相对。
n. 旋律；歌曲；美妙的音乐
 - song, cantus

Word: electron
Front: electron
[ɪˈlektrɒn] (研四六托 5566/4252 -2)
Vocabulary: electron
(once / 2528 pages)
n
If you take chemistry, you will learn about electrons. Electrons are the smallest of the particles that make up an atom, and they carry a negative charge.
The number of protons and electrons is equal in each atom. The hydrogen atom, for example, has just one electron and one proton. The uranium atom, on the other hand, has 92 protons, and therefore, 92 electrons. The atom's atomic number is the number of protons in the atom, which by default is also the number of electrons. An electron is so small that it cannot be seen with the naked eye, but neither can the atom itself.
WORD FAMILY
electron: antielectron, electrons+/antielectron: antielectrons
USAGE EXAMPLES
Atomic clocks use ultraviolet signals emitted in the change of electron energy levels to tell the time.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
Nonetheless, Sesame, a type of machine called an electron synchrotron, is about to open for business.
Economist(Dec 20, 2016)
When particles of light from the sun hit a panel’s cells, electrons are knocked free from their atoms, leaving a hole.
Salon(Dec 17, 2016)
Back: n. 电子
分布：电子(100%)
→electro, 电。-on, 离子，来自ion.
电子(electr电＋on)[-on表名词,指人,物和一些物理学上的名词]
n.电子Atoms are made up of electrons and protons.原子由电子和质子构成.
US [-trɑ:n] noun countable
■an extremely small piece of matter with a negative electrical charge 电子 Compare neutron ; proton
n. [物] 电子
 - elektron

Word: physicist
Front: physicist
[ˈfɪzɪsɪst] (高研四六托 5568/8224 -2)
Vocabulary: physicist
(once / 1704 pages)
n
A physicist is a scientist who studies and is trained in physics, which is the study of nature, especially how matter and energy behave.
Do you ever wonder how things work? If you're interested in what makes magnets attract iron or what's happening in atoms, then maybe you should become a physicist. Physicists study physics, which is related to the word physical. Physicists are interested in everything that physically exists, from tiny gadgets to massive stars. It takes many years of school to become a physicist, and physicists work on complex projects such as space travel and new energy sources.
WORD FAMILY
physicist: physicists+/ physical: nonphysical, physicalism, physicality, physically, physicalness/physicality: physicalities/ physics: physical, physicist
USAGE EXAMPLES
He is among the last living physicists who helped usher in the nuclear age.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The physicist Stephen Hawking, who publicly confirmed his atheism in 2014, doesn’t believe that God is needed to explain creation.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 29, 2016)
Perry’s two immediate predecessors in the job were both nuclear physicists.
The Guardian(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 物理学家; 唯物论者; <古>自然科学家; 宇宙机械论者
分布：物理学家(100%)
→来自physics,物理学，-ist,人。
n.物理学家The physician made a physical examination to the sophisticated philosopher and physicist.医生给世故的哲学家和物理学家作了体检.
noun countable
■a person who studies physics or whose job is connected with physics 物理学家
n. 物理学家；唯物论者
 - physical scientist

Word: distinguished
Front: distinguished
[dɪˈstɪŋgwɪʃt] (托宝 5567/4724 -2)
Vocabulary: distinguished
(once / 116 pages)
adj
Being distinguished is a good thing: it implies good behavior, sharp dress, and an excellent reputation. Distinguished people are respected.
When we say someone is distinguished, we're expressing respect for them. Usually, someone distinguished is older: distinguished people are wise, accomplished, and professional-looking — and usually have an impressive reputation to match. A teenager can't really be distinguished. They're too young to look the part, and they haven't done enough to earn the title. We admire people who are distinguished.
WORD FAMILY
distinguished: distinguishedly, undistinguished+/ distinguish: distinguishable, distinguished, distinguishes, distinguishing/ distinguishable: distinguishably, indistinguishable, undistinguishable/ indistinguishable: indistinguishability, indistinguishably/undistinguishable: undistinguishably
USAGE EXAMPLES
Many great football coaches are distinguished by specific philosophical bents.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Baroness Williams is to be recognised for her distinguished parliamentary career stretching back more than 50 years.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
The Lib Dem grandee retired from the House of Lords in February after a distinguished parliamentary career stretching back more than 50 years.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 卓越的; 著名的; 受人尊敬的; 显得重要的
v. 辨别，区别( distinguish的过去式和过去分词); 突出; 区别(distinguish的过去式)
分布：尊敬的(55%)，卓越的(41%)，动词distinguish的过去式和过去分词形式.(4%)
→来自distinguish, 区分。引申词义与众不同的，卓越的。
著名的,卓越的(区别→与众不同→著名的)[sting,stinct,stimul=priek表示"刺,刺激"]
adjective
■describes a respected and admired person, or their work 杰出的，突出的，卓越的
• a distinguished writer/director/politician 杰出的作家／导演／政治家
• a distinguished career 非凡的职业生涯
■describes a person, especially an older person, who looks formal, stylish or wise （尤指长者）气度不凡的，高雅的，睿智的
• I think grey hair on a man can look very distinguished. 我觉得灰白的头发能使人看起来很睿智。
adj. 著名的；卓著的；高贵的
 - famous, noted, royal, renowned, celebrated

Word: vocabulary
Front: vocabulary
[vəˈkæbjələri] (高研四六雅 5564/4802 -K1)
Vocabulary: vocabulary
(once / 1089 pages)
n
Vocabulary is all about words — the words in a language or a special set of words you are trying to learn. Vocabulary is so important, we even created a web site to help expand yours.
First used in the 1500s to mean a list of words with explanations, the noun vocabulary came to refer to the “range of language of a person or group” about two hundred years later. A lot of hobbies, like fishing or knitting, require that you learn their unique vocabulary before you can get the most out of them. If you're in a rush, vocab is a faster way to say vocabulary.
WORD FAMILY
vocabulary: vocabularies
USAGE EXAMPLES
Running year-round in four-week sessions, the program consists of 12 levels of language attainment, with components including grammar and vocabulary, essay writing, and conversational English.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
With gangly limbs, big, expressive eyes and an entire vocabulary’s worth of colorful grunts and groans at her disposal, she’s equally good at nonverbal comedy.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
He also expanded his vocabulary of Arabic slang and abbreviations.
The New Yorker(Dec 25, 2016)
Back: n. （某一语言的）词汇; （尤指外语教科书中附有释义的）词汇表
分布：词汇(85%)，词汇量(15%)
→来自voc-,声音，词源同voice,引申词义词语，词汇表。词义演变参照glossary,dictionary,lexicon.
词汇(vocabul[=vocable词]+ary→词汇)[voc,vok=call,voice表示"叫喊,声音"]
n.词汇,词汇量;词汇表The vocation advocate found the word "vocal" and "reciprocal" not in the vocabulary.职业倡导者发现"嗓音的"和"交互的"两词不在词汇表中.
US [voʊ'kæb.jə.ler-] noun
 IMPROVER countable
■all the words known and used by a particular person 词汇量；（某人掌握的）全部词汇
• a wide/limited vocabulary 词汇量很大／有限
• By the age of two a child will have a vocabulary of about two hundred words. 孩子到两岁时掌握的词汇大约有两百个。
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■all the words which exist in a particular language or subject （某一语言或学科的）词汇，术语
• Every week our French teacher gives us a list of vocabulary (= words) to learn. 每周我们的法语老师都会让我们学一大堆词汇。
• Computing, like any subject, has its own vocabulary. 电脑科学像其他学科一样拥有自己的专业词汇。
UK [və'kæb.jʊ.lər.i] US [voʊ'kæb.jə.ler-] noun
not be in sb's vocabulary humorous
■You say that a particular quality is not in your vocabulary if you never show it or experience it 在（某人的）词汇里没有这个词
• Did you say 'tact'? The word isn't in his vocabulary! 你说的是“圆滑”？他的字典中可没有这个词！
lexicon, term, vocabulary, word, language
这组词都有“文字，词，语言”的意思，其区别是：
lexicon: 指某种语言、某人或某一知识领域的全部词汇。
term: 指有特定意义的词，词语或术语。
vocabulary: 集合名词，指词汇、语汇或词汇量。
word: 普通用词，指语言的最小单位的单词、字，也可指话、整句话或一段话。
language: 普通用词，指国家、民族或种族内部使用，已经系统化的语言。
n. [语] 词汇；词表
 - lexis

Word: maple
Front: maple
[ˈmeɪpl] (高六宝 5571/10494 -1)
Back: n. 枫树; 淡棕色
分布：槭树(100%)
→缩写自古英语mapultreow,枫树，来自Proto-Germanic*maplo,节，结，trewo,树，词源同tree.可能因这种树多枝节而得名。
【记】maple上的枫叶很ample（adj 丰富的）
noun countable or uncountable
■a type of large tree which grows in northern areas of the world, or the wood of this tree 枫树，槭树
• a maple leaf 枫叶
• maple trees 枫树
n. 枫树；淡棕色
 - golden brown

Word: wool
Front: wool
[wʊl] (研四六托 5569/3791 -K2)
Back: n. 羊毛; 羊毛制品; （幼虫的）毛; 羊毛覆盖物
分布：羊毛(78%)，毛线(17%)，毛织品(5%)
→来自wele,羊毛，词源同lanolin,fleece,进一步来自wel,撕，拔，词源同vulture,svelte.
n.羊毛,毛线,毛织品Having played golf, the wolf in wool rested on the tool stool in the zoo.打过高尔夫球之后,穿羊毛衣的狼歇在动物园里的工具登上.
noun uncountable
 IMPROVER
■the soft, thick hair which grows on the bodies of sheep and some other animals 羊毛；动物毛
• The blankets are made from wool and the sheets from cotton. 毯子是羊毛的，床单是棉的。
 IMPROVER
■thick thread or material that is made from this 毛线；毛料
• Put on your red wool cardigan - it'll be nice and warm. 穿上你的红色羊毛衫——会很暖和。
• How many balls of wool did you need to knit that sweater? 你织那件毛衣需要多少团毛线？
[wʊl] noun uncountable
pull the wool over sb's eyes
■to deceive someone in order to prevent them from discovering something 蒙骗（某人）
n. 羊毛；毛线； [纺] 绒线；毛织品；毛料衣物
 - erio, Lana

Word: salesman
Front: salesman
[ˈseɪlzmən] (高研四六 5573/6889 -2)
Back: n. 推销员; 售货员，店员
分布：推销员(90%)，销售人员(10%)
n.售货员,推销员The pale salesman wholesales scales on a large scale.面色苍白的推销员大规模批发比例尺(天平,鱼鳞).
noun countable
■a man whose job is selling things in a shop or directly to customers 男售货员；男推销员
• a car salesman 汽车销售员
• a travelling salesman 巡回推销员
• a door-to-door salesman 上门兜售的推销员
n. 推销员； [贸易] 售货员
 - seller, runner

Word: memoir
Front: memoir
[ˈmemwɑ:(r)] (宝 5572/7238 -1)
Vocabulary: memoir
(once / 400 pages)
n
The beginning of a short memoir of your life might read like this: I was born on a dark and stormy night. My days remained blustery — school was difficult for me, and my parents argued all of the time. My luck changed when...
A memoir is a person's own account of his or her life. Memoirs allow for a bit more literary freedom than autobiographies as they involve introspection and a creative view of your past. As you go through life or a phase in life, you can write things down in your memoirs so that at a later time, you can publish a memoir about it.
WORD FAMILY
memoir: memoirs
USAGE EXAMPLES
In the end, the whole package is engagingly chipper, a memoir of delight.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Ms. Fisher characterizes her memoir as just one more “pathetic bid” for the attention she did not receive as a young child.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
But, like Unsinkable Molly Brown—she called her 1988 memoir “Unsinkable”—she kept at it, touring, performing, entertaining.
The New Yorker(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 回忆录，自传; 记事录
分布：自传(66%)，传记(17%)，实录(13%)，学术论文集.(4%)
→来自拉丁语memoria,记忆，回忆，词源同memory.引申词义回忆录。
US [-wɑ:r] noun
countable
■a book or other piece of writing based on the writer's personal knowledge of famous people, places or events 传记，传略
• She has written a memoir of her encounters with W.H. Auden over the years. 她写了一本传记，记述了自己多年来与维斯敦‧休‧奥登的交往。
memoirs [plural] (US also memoir)
■a written record of a usually famous person's own life and experiences 回忆录；自传
• She plans to write her memoirs. 她计划写自传。
• Waugh's first volume of memoirs dealt with his childhood and youth. 渥夫的回忆录第一册写的是他的童年和青年时代。
n. 回忆录；研究报告；自传；实录
 - autobiography

Word: utterly
Front: utterly
['ʌtəli:] (托雅 5570/4708 -2)
Vocabulary: utterly
(once / 154 pages)
adv
Utterly is an intensifying word: something utterly delicious is very, very delicious.
One thing people love to do is exaggerate. You often hear people talking about how awesome or awful things are. When you're laying it on thick, utterly is an utterly useful word: it means something similar to completely, totally, or very. Something utterly disappointing is extremely disappointing. Something utterly wonderful is wonderful times ten. When you get tired of writing very, utterly is a good word choice.
WORD FAMILY
utter: utterable, utterance, uttered, utterer, utterest, uttering, utterly, uttermost, utterness, utters+/unutterable: unutterablest, unutterably/utterable: unutterable, utterably/ utterance: utterances/uttered: unuttered/utterer: utterers
USAGE EXAMPLES
In some cases, the lies he told were so utterly, demonstrably false that they were almost funny.
Salon(Jan 01, 2017)
Typically, the focus is on security for the Israeli occupier, not for the occupied Palestinians who are in fact utterly insecure.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
As street wear continued asserting its dominance over suiting, one garment became utterly ubiquitous: the bomber jacket.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adv. 全然，完全地; 彻底地，绝对的; 十足地; 十分
分布：全然(51%)，完全(31%)，绝对(18%)
ADV
全然；完全地；彻底地
You use utterly to emphasize that something is very great in extent, degree, or amount.
例：Everything about the country seemed utterly different from what I'd experienced before...这个国家的一切似乎与我以前的经历完全不同。
例：The new laws coming in are utterly ridiculous...新颁布的法律荒唐至极。
entirely, utterly
entirely: 用于说法持肯定态度的场合，we should work entirely in the interests of the people.
utterly: 用于说法持否定态度的场合，I am utterly dissatisfied.
adv. 完全地；绝对地；全然地；彻底地，十足地
 - totally, entirely, completely, absolutely, thoroughly, fully, strictly

Word: cultivate
Front: cultivate
[ˈkʌltɪveɪt] (研四六托雅宝 5574/6415 -2)
Vocabulary: cultivate
(once / 124 pages)
1v 2v 3v
To cultivate is to nurture and help grow. Farmers cultivate crops, fundraising professionals cultivate donors, and celebrities cultivate their images.
When you cultivate something, you work to make it better. Originally, the word referred only to crops that required tilling, but the meaning has widened. No matter what is being cultivated, the word implies a level of care that is reminiscent of gardening. Sometime friendships come naturally and sometimes you have to cultivate them. To cultivate anything requires an attention to detail, an understanding of what is being cultivated, and a lot of patience.
WORD FAMILY
cultivate: cultivable, cultivatable, cultivated, cultivates, cultivating, cultivation, cultivator, overcultivate+/cultivable: uncultivable/cultivatable: uncultivatable/ cultivated: uncultivated/ cultivation: cultivations, self-cultivation/cultivator: cultivators/overcultivate: overcultivated
USAGE EXAMPLES
People who live and die by their reputations and therefore cultivate those reputations.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
As chief minister of Gujarat, one of India’s wealthier states, Modi cultivated a reputation as a master administrator.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
In a global age, should we cultivate national solidarity or aspire to a cosmopolitan ethic of universal human concern?
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. 耕作，种植; 教养，栽培; 改善; 交朋友
时态：cultivated, cultivating, cultivates
分布：培养(83%)，栽培(6%)，陶冶(6%)，耕作(5%)
→来自cult-,耕作。
耕作;培养(cult+ivate表动词)[cult=till,表示"耕种,培养"]
v.耕作,栽培,养殖;培养,教养,磨炼The faculty for agricultural culture isn't difficult to cultivate.农业栽培能力不难培养.
【记】cult培养，种植，ivate表动作
【参】cultivable（adj 可耕种的）；cultured（adj 有教养的；讲究的）
【反】cause to wither（使枯萎）；neglect（vt 忽视）
US [-tˌə-] verb transitive
USE LAND 种植
■to prepare land and grow crops on it, or to grow a particular crop 耕作；栽培；种植
• Most of the land there is too poor to cultivate. 那里大部分土地太贫瘠，无法耕种。
• The villagers cultivate mostly maize and beans. 村民们主要种植玉米和豆类。
UK ['kʌl.tɪ.veɪt] US [-tˌə-] verb transitive
DEVELOP 培养
■to try to develop and improve something 培养，培育；养成；陶冶；改进
• She has cultivated an image as a tough negotiator. 她将自己的形象塑造成一个强硬的谈判者。
■If you cultivate a relationship, you make a special effort to establish and develop it, because you think it might be useful to you 建立，培养（关系）
• The new Prime Minister is cultivating relationships with old Eastern Bloc countries. 新任首相将与原东欧集团国家发展关系。
cherish, nurse, cultivate, foster, tend
这组词都有“照料、培育”的意思，其区别是：
cherish: 强调抚育或爱抚。
nurse: 通常指对无力自顾的婴儿、病人等进行照料或护理。
cultivate: 具体意义指耕耘、培育植物；抽象意义指培养兴趣或向往的理想事物。
foster: 指对孩子的关心、鼓励、供养及抚养其成长；也指鼓励、促进事物的增长与发展。
tend: 指出于责任心、博爱心而不是私人感情去对人或物进行照顾。
vt. 培养；陶冶；耕作
 - rear, foster, plant, nurse

Word: microphone
Front: microphone
[ˈmaɪkrəfəʊn] (研四六雅 5577/5672 -2)
Vocabulary: microphone
(once / 2446 pages)
n
A microphone is an electric device that amplifies the sound of a voice or instrument. If you're going to stand up in front of a large crowd and want to be heard, you better use a microphone.
Microphones require electricity and amplifiers to work — what they do is take a sound and convert it into an electrical signal. That signal can then be amplified and sent to a speaker or recorded. Performers can sing softly into a microphone and still be heard clearly by an audience member at the very back of a huge concert hall. The popularity of radio and film inspired this meaning of microphone — originally, the word meant "ear trumpet for the hard-of-hearing."
WORD FAMILY
microphone: microphones, microphoning
USAGE EXAMPLES
She kept on smiling and strutting in her high heels; she held her microphone toward the crowd.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
After about a minute, she stopped singing, dropping the microphone to her side.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
At one point, she lowered the microphone while the vocals continued.
Time(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 扩音器，麦克风; 话筒
分布：麦克风(90%)，扩音器(10%)
→micro-,微小的，phone,电话。比喻用法。
麦克风(micro小+phone→小声音变大声音)[phon=sound,表示"声音"]
n.话筒,扩音器We need a microphone so that people in the back can hear us.为了让后面的人能听得见, 我们得用个麦克风.
US [-foʊn] noun countable (informal mike/mic)
 ADVANCED
■a piece of equipment that you speak into to make your voice louder, or to record your voice or other sounds 扩音器，麦克风，话筒
• The interviewer asked her to speak into/use the microphone. 采访者请她对着扩音器说话。
• My laptop has a built-in microphone. 我的笔记型电脑有一个内置麦克风。
n. [电讯] [电子] 扩音器，麦克风
 - mike, amplifier

Word: cherry
Front: cherry
[ˈtʃeri] (研四 5582/7088 -2)
Back: n. 樱桃; 樱桃树; 樱桃色; 处女膜
分布：樱桃(77%)，樱桃树(19%)，樱桃色(4%)
→来自拉丁词cerasus,樱桃，词源同cerise。
n.樱桃(树)I hurt my tongue when I hurried to eat cherry and strawberry merrily.我匆忙快活地吃樱桃和草莓时伤了舌头.
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a small, round, soft red or black fruit with a single hard seed in the middle, or the tree on which the fruit grows 樱桃；樱桃树
['tʃer.i] adjective (also cherry-red)
■bright red 樱桃红的，鲜红色的
• cherry-red lips 樱唇
n. [木] [园艺] 樱桃；樱桃树；如樱桃的鲜红色；处女膜，处女
 - hymen, virginal membrane

Word: luxury
Front: luxury
[ˈlʌkʃəri] (研四六托雅宝 5575/5235 -3)
Vocabulary: luxury
(once / 167 pages)
n
A luxury is something that is pleasant to have or experience, but it is not necessary. For example, eating in a restaurant is a luxury — you can always cook and eat at home.
In its earliest days, luxury meant "excess that is sinfully self-indulgent." Over time, this definition softened, losing the air of judgment, but retaining the sense that a luxury is enjoyable or comfortable, but not necessary. We often think of a luxury as something costly, but this isn't always so. For example, being able to sleep late or live within walking distance of loved ones or a beautiful forest can also be luxuries.
WORD FAMILY
luxury: luxuriate, luxuries, luxurious +/ luxuriate: luxuriated, luxuriates, luxuriating, luxuriation/luxuriation: luxuriations/ luxurious: luxuriously, luxuriousness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Loud, inappropriate and unruly behavior is not tolerated in our luxury resorts.”
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Mr Tsang pleaded not guilty to three charges of bribery and misconduct, relating to a luxury flat in China.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
The firm defines luxury buildings as those that command rents in the top 20% of the market.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 奢侈，豪华; 奢侈品，美食，美衣; 乐趣，享受; 不常有的乐趣（或享受、优势）
adj. 奢华的，豪华的
分布：奢侈(44%)，豪华(29%)，奢侈品(27%)
→来自拉丁语luxus,过度，宏伟，壮观，可能来自las,缺乏管制，淫荡，放纵，词源同lust.其原义为自我放纵的，淫荡的，性交等。后词义中性化，用来指感官的愉悦，享受。后词义再次贬义化，用来指奢华，奢侈。
n.奢侈,华贵;奢侈品a.奢华的,豪华的They returned in turn to bury the luxuries burnt in the burst.他们依次返回来埋藏在爆炸中烧毁的奢侈品.
【参】luxuriant（adj 丰产的；丰富的）；luxurious（adj 奢侈的）
【反】spartan（n 简朴的人；adj 简朴的）
US [-ʃɚ-] noun
 ADVANCED uncountable
■great comfort, especially as provided by expensive and beautiful things 奢华，奢侈，豪华
• to live in luxury 生活奢华
• a luxury cruise 豪华巡游
• a luxury hotel 豪华的饭店
 ADVANCED countable
■something expensive which is pleasant to have but is not necessary 奢侈品，名贵品
• luxuries, such as champagne and chocolate 香槟和巧克力之类的奢侈品
• I like to buy myself little luxuries from time to time. 我喜欢时不时地买些小小的奢侈品。
 ADVANCED [S or U]
■something which gives you a lot of pleasure but which you cannot often do 奢侈，奢望
• A day off work is such a luxury. 休息一天不用上班简直是一种奢侈。
n. 奢侈，奢华；奢侈品；享受
 - enjoyment, luxe
adj. 奢侈的
 - extravagant, Lucullian

Word: summarize
Front: summarize
[ˈsʌməraɪz] (研四六 5532/7347 -1)
Vocabulary: summarize
(once / 2902 pages)
v
To summarize something, only include the important stuff. If your teacher asks you to summarize several events from the Civil War, she wants the important facts, not every single detail you can find.
When you summarize something, you write or tell the general idea and only the most important points. It's a skill we often use in school or at work, but even in our personal lives, we summarize: like when a friend asks what the book you're reading is about, or someone wants to know about your recent vacation. You don't tell them every single detail, talking yourself to exhaustion. Instead, you summarize — describing just the key events that "sum up" the experience.
WORD FAMILY
summarize: summarization, summarized, summarizes, summarizing+/summarise: summarisation, summarised, summarises, summarising/ summary: summaries, summarily, summarise, summarize
USAGE EXAMPLES
Without summarizing it in any way, what would you say your book is about?
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Frustrated vets summarize the VA’s position this way: “Delay, deny, wait till I die.”
Salon(Dec 31, 2016)
Dorthea is the kind of character who’s impossible to summarize.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 总结，概述
时态：summarized, summarizing, summarizes
分布：概述(96%)，摘要而言(4%)
→来自 summary,总结性的，概括性的，-ize,使。
概括(summ+ar+ize)[sum,summ=addup,表示"总,加"]
v.(summarise)概括,总结She wrote something to summarize her hypothesis.她写了一些东西来概述她的假设.
US [-ə.raɪz] verb intransitive or transitive
 ADVANCED
■to express the most important facts or ideas about something or someone in a short and clear form 总结，概述，概括
• I'll just summarize the main points of the argument in a few words if I may. 如果可以的话，我会用几句话把争论的要点概括一下。
vt. 总结；概述
 - sum up, outline

Word: meadow
Front: meadow
[ˈmedəʊ] (研四六雅 5581/6474 -1)
Vocabulary: meadow
(once / 242 pages)
n
The noun meadow is another word for a hayfield, but offers a much more picturesque view as an open field of lush grass filled with butterflies and birds, with room to run. It can also refer to a piece of land found along a river.
The word meadow refers to any grassland or hayfield, often just an expansive area that should be mowed. Indeed, the word comes from the Old English word mæd from the Germanic mædwon the base of which means “mow.” Still, the bucolic feeling is retained, as Dale Carnegie put it: “Let us not get so busy or live so fast that we can't listen to the music of the meadow or the symphony that glorifies the forest."
WORD FAMILY
meadow: meadows
USAGE EXAMPLES
Meadow and Morrow were found by wardens Monday.
Washington Times(Dec 26, 2016)
There are three tracks that are considered the holy trinity of bridge jumping: Charles Town and Mountaineer in West Virginia and Prairie Meadows in Iowa.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 23, 2016)
One search operation still under way in Meadow Heights on Friday morning, Ashton said.
The Guardian(Dec 22, 2016)
Back: n. 草地; 牧场
分布：草地(80%)，牧场(20%)
→来自古英语maedwe,来自Proto-Germanic*medwo,来自metwa,割过的草地，来自*me,割草，割谷子，可能来自拟声词。最后词义演变成草地本身。比较pork,farrow,furrow.
n.草地,牧场The dreadful tread on the meadow broke the deadly deadlock.草场上可怕的践踏声打破了致命的僵局.
US [-oʊ] noun countable or uncountable
■a field with grass and often wild flowers in it （常指有野花的）草地，牧场
• There was a path through the meadow to the village. 有一条小径穿过草地通向村庄。
pasture, lawn, meadow
这组词都有“草地”的意思，其区别是：
pasture: 通常指放牧用的草地或牧草。
lawn: 多指公园、庭院中经常加以修剪的草坪。
meadow: 指为牲畜提供食用草，可以贮备干草的牧草地；也指野外的低草地。
n. [畜牧] 草地；牧场
 - grass, field, lawn

Word: goodbye
Front: goodbye
[ˌgʊdˈbaɪ] (中 5578/5756 -K2)
Vocabulary: goodbye
(once / 1772 pages)
n
Goodbye is a parting word, something you say to other people when you're leaving. You might say goodbye to all your favorite teachers on your last day of high school.
A goodbye means that someone's departing: you say goodbye to your parents when you go off to college, and you also say goodbye to guests when they leave after a visit. The original goodbye, dating from the 1570s, was godbwye, which was a contraction of the farewell phrase "God be with ye!"
WORD FAMILY
goodbye: goodbyes
USAGE EXAMPLES
As players arrived to collect their belongings from the team’s practice center, some exchanged goodbyes, unsure if they would be back here in the spring.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
After saying their goodbyes, the group moved on to the town's senior center where they drew holiday posters with the help of some local pre-schoolers.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
KING’S GOODBYE: The Outback Bowl will mark the final appearance by Iowa cornerback Desmond King, one of the best players in school history.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 再见
分布：再见(62%)，说再见(38%)
/'gʊb-] [ˌ-'-] exclamation
 ESSENTIAL (informal bye)
■used when someone leaves or is left 再见，再会；道别，告别
• Goodbye Bill! See you next week. 再见比尔！下星期见。
['gʊd.baɪ] /'gʊb-] [ˌ-'-] noun countable
■the words or actions that are used when someone leaves or is left 再见，再会；道别，告别
• Don't go without saying goodbye to me, will you? 不要不辞而别，好吗？
• She kissed her children goodbye before leaving for work. 她去上班前亲吻孩子们跟他们说再见。
• We said our goodbyes, and left. 我们道别之后离开了。
• I hate long drawn-out goodbyes (= acts of leaving). 我讨厌告别时难舍难离的样子。
['gʊd.baɪ] /'gʊb-] [ˌ-'-] noun countable
goodbye to sth
■used when accepting that there is no possibility of getting, keeping or achieving a particular thing 失去…的机会；与…无缘
• She only finished sixth - that surely means goodbye to a place in the final. 她只拿到第六名——那无疑意味着她已经无缘进入决赛。
int. 再见
 - bye, adios, tatas, pippip, bye-bye

Word: disposal
Front: disposal
[dɪˈspəʊzl] (研四六托雅宝 5580/3208 -2)
Vocabulary: disposal
(once / 493 pages)
1n 2n
Disposal means getting rid of something, or throwing it away. When you go on a picnic, be sure to have a bag for the disposal of your trash afterward, or you will be a terrible litterbug.
You can use a garbage disposal, a grinder in your sink drain that allows you to wash down certain waste items without causing clogs, for the disposal of vegetable scraps. In addition to meaning "getting rid of something," disposal can also mean "the power or means to accomplish something." If you have a fleet of limousines at your disposal, it's easy to get a large number of guests to a wedding.
WORD FAMILY
disposal: disposals+/ disposable: disposables, nondisposable/ dispose: disposable, disposal, disposed, disposes, disposing, disposition, indispose, predispose, redispose/disposed: disposedly/ disposition: dispositions/indispose: indisposed, indisposes, indisposing, indisposition/indisposition: indispositions/ predispose: predisposed, predisposes, predisposing, predisposition / predisposition: predispositions/redispose: redisposed, redisposes, redisposing, redisposition/redisposition: redispositions
USAGE EXAMPLES
With gangly limbs, big, expressive eyes and an entire vocabulary’s worth of colorful grunts and groans at her disposal, she’s equally good at nonverbal comedy.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
By law, landowners in England and Wales are responsible for the disposal of whales, porpoises or dolphins that wash up on their estates.
BBC(Dec 29, 2016)
Energy Department is authorizing its contractor to resume the disposal of radioactive waste at the federal government’s underground repository in southern New Mexico.
Seattle Times(Dec 23, 2016)
Back: n. （事情的）处置; （自由）处置权; 清理; 排列
adj. 处理（或置放）废品的
分布：处理(72%)，处置(25%)，布置(3%)
n.处理,处置;布置,安排The disposal of rubbish is always a problem.垃圾的处理总是个难题.
US [-'spoʊ-] noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■when you get rid of something, especially by throwing it away 清除；处理；抛弃
• waste disposal 废物处理
• the disposal of hazardous substances 危险物质的处理
at sb's disposal formal
■available to be used by someone 可供（某人）使用
• I would take you if I could, but I don't have a car at my disposal this week. 我会尽可能带你去，但是这周我没汽车可用。
• Having sold the house she had a large sum of money at her disposal (= to spend as she wanted). 卖掉房子后，她手头有一大笔钱可用。
n. 处理；支配；清理；安排
 - transactions, settlement, treating, handling, governance

Word: magical
Front: magical
[ˈmædʒɪkl] (托 5584/6055 -2)
Vocabulary: magical
(once / 861 pages)
adj
Something magical seems to work by way of some mysterious, unseen force. If you had magical powers, you could make annoying people disappear or instantly fill your room with adorable kittens.
Wizards and witches are know for their magical and sometimes evil powers. However, a gorgeous sunset or a perfect day at Disney World can also feel magical. Magical comes from the Greek magikos, (also "magical"), from magos, "member of the learned and priestly class," probably stemming from the Proto-Indo-European magh-, "to have power."
WORD FAMILY
magical: magically+/ magic: magical, magician, magics/ magician: magicians
USAGE EXAMPLES
The underlying absurdity of those shows was redoubled through his lens, occasionally in the form of magical realism.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
The magical world of Oz now features a medieval look with period dress wear for women and the men in tunics.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
In Benedict Cumberbatch’s capable hands, the magical man of mystery transcends his comic-book roots and becomes a character with plenty of genuine dramatic heft.
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 魔力的，不可思议的，迷人的; 神; 幻; 神奇
分布：神奇的(51%)，有魔力的(21%)，魔术的(17%)，迷人的(11%)
adjective
OF MAGIC 魔法的
■produced by or using magic 有魔力的；用魔法的
• Diamonds were once thought to have magical powers. 钻石曾一度被认为具有魔力。
['mædʒ.ɪ.kəl] adjective
SPECIAL/EXCITING 特别的／兴奋的
■describes something with a special and exciting quality 魔幻的，十分奇妙的（形容事物不可思议）
• We walked home arm-in-arm in the magical moonlight. 我们在皎洁的月色下手牵手走回家。
adj. 魔术的；有魔力的
 - demonic

Word: accordingly
Front: accordingly
[əˈkɔ:dɪŋli] (研四六 5589/3199 -2)
Vocabulary: accordingly
(once / 148 pages)
adv
Accordingly means in accord with, or in correspondence with something. If you learn that your so-called best friend is spreading nasty rumors about you, act accordingly and stop being her friend.
Accordingly is the adverb form of accord, which means harmony, or agreement. We often use the phrase "act accordingly," which just means to behave in a logical manner based on what you feel, learn, or are told. If you are half-starved after being lost in the woods for three days, when you come across a house with a full kitchen, you will act accordingly. Accordingly can also mean "therefore." You were hungry, accordingly you ate.
WORD FAMILY
according: accordingly +/ accord: accordant, accorded, according, accords, disaccord/ accordance: accordances/accordant: accordance, accordantly/disaccord: disaccording, disaccords
USAGE EXAMPLES
As with any NFL quarterback, he is more important than everyone else in the room, and the Rams need to build accordingly.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Accordingly, he wanted religious experts to be part of his Harvard Psilocybin Project for the study of mind-altering drugs.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
He found every woman who was being paid less than a male colleague doing the same job and adjusted her salary accordingly.
The Guardian(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: adv. 因此，于是; 依据; 照着，相应地
分布：相应地(42%)，因此(29%)，于是(29%)
ad.相应地,照着办,按照;于是,因此You may arrange this accordingly.你可以权宜处理这件事.
US [-'kɔ:r-] formal
adverb
■in a way that is suitable or right for the situation 照着，相应地
• When we receive your instructions we shall act accordingly. 我们接到你的指示就会遵命行事。
• She's an expert in her field, and is paid accordingly. 她是这个领域的专家，且得到了相对的报酬。
accordingly, consequently, hence, so, therefore, thus
这些连接副词均有“因此，所以”之意。
accordingly: 书面用词，强调根据某种原因而得出的结果，其前可用冒号或分号，但不用逗号。
consequently: 正式用词，侧重符合逻辑的结果。
hence: 较正式用词，指接下来的东西是理所当然的必需的东西，但强调其重要性。
so: 用于比较随便的场合，口语中多用。
therefore: 通常指引出一个推断出的必然结论。
thus: 多用于书面语中，可与therefore换用。
adv. 因此，于是；相应地；照著
 - therefore, hence, consequently, thus, then

Word: defy
Front: defy
[dɪˈfaɪ] (研六托雅宝 5583/5975 -2)
Vocabulary: defy
(once / 164 pages)
v
To defy is to openly refuse to do something. You can defy the no-costumes-in-class rule if you wear your fairy wings to school, but just don’t try to defy the laws of gravity unless you can actually fly.
If you deliberately break a rule or ignore an order, you defy, or resist, that rule. The word defy comes from the Latin word disfidare for "renounce one's faith." So if you're expected to be faithful to a certain law or rule but you refuse to be, you defy it. There are different ways to defy — defy your parents by staying out past curfew, or defy common sense by walking in with shoes on your head.
WORD FAMILY
defy: defiant, defied, defies, defying+/ defiance: defiances/ defiant: defiance, defiantly
USAGE EXAMPLES
As a ubiquitous, cross-border commons, it often defies notions of state sovereignty.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
The wolf hunt issue is just one example of a larger trend in which elected officials defy the will of the people who elected them.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
They suspect that Trump, despite his self-evident indiscipline, may prove to be a popular and consequential President, defying his critics—many of them conservative.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 不服从; 公然反抗; 蔑视; 向…挑战
n. 挑战; 对抗
时态：defied, defying, defies
分布：反抗(42%)，藐视(40%)，挑衅(18%)
→de-, 不，非，使相反。-fy, 同-fid, 相信，词源同faith, confident. 即不再相信，引申义违抗。
v.(公然)违抗,反抗;蔑视Time is finite and infinite. I defy the indefinite definition.时间既是有限的又是无限的.我公然对抗这个模糊的定义.
【反】acquiesce（vi 默许；勉强同意）；obey（v 服从；顺从）
verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to refuse to obey a person, decision, law, situation, etc. 对抗；违抗；反抗
• children openly defying their teachers 公然与老师作对的孩子们
• A few workers have defied the majority decision and gone into work despite the strike. 几个工人不顾大多数人的罢工决定自己去上班了。
• The fact that aircraft don't fall out of the sky always seems to me to defy (= act against) the law of gravity. 我总认为飞机没有从天上掉下来，是不符合万有引力定律的。
• A forest fire raging in the south of France is defying (= is not changed by) all attempts to control it. 尽管采取了各种措施，法国南部的一场森林大火依然在肆虐。
defy belief/description/explanation
■to be extreme or very strange and therefore impossible to believe, describe or explain （因过于极端或奇特而）让人无法相信／描述／解释
• The chaos at the airport defies description. 机场里乱得一塌糊涂。
defy sb to do sth
■to tell someone to do something that you think will be impossible （用于向某人挑战）（某人）做出来看看，（某人）做一个试试
• I defy you to prove your accusations. 我倒要看看你能不能拿出证据来证实你的指控。
• I defy you to tell where I've painted over the scratch on my car. 你倒是给我指出来车的哪个地方因为有划痕而补过漆。
withstand, defy, resist, oppose
这组词都有“反抗，抵抗”的意思，其区别是：
withstand: 较正式用词，指坚强地抵抗攻击或压力，有时也指抗住影响或吸引力。
defy: 指公开地、勇敢地反对或抵抗，有时含公然挑衅之意。
resist: 指积极地反抗一种攻击或暴力，或诱惑。
oppose: 普通用词，可表不同程度的抵抗。
vt. 藐视；公然反抗；挑衅；使落空
 - spurn at, sneeze at
n. 挑战；对抗
 - challenge, dare, war, confrontation

Word: plug
Front: plug
[plʌg] (高研四六雅 5586/5970 -K2)
Vocabulary: plug
(once / 732 pages)
1nv 2n 3nv 4nv
A plug is something that blocks a hole, particularly one that water normally flows through. For some reason, it also means to promote something. If you plug your new book, you sneak it into every conversation.
You can buy a plug at a hardware store — it might be made of rubber, so it fits snugly in your kitchen sink drain. There are also accidental plugs that block the flow of water through a pipe, and plugs that fit securely in wall sockets. These plugs form a connection between an electrical source and an appliance, rather than stemming the flow. And to plug means to stop up or block, or alternately, to try hard to promote something.
WORD FAMILY
plug: plugged, plugger, plugging, plugs, unplug+/plugger: pluggers/unplug: unplugged, unplugging, unplugs
USAGE EXAMPLES
One of my customers suggested that I put them in an old medicine bottle taped to the plug cord.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
They transmit data wirelessly to an adapter that plugs into the car’s diagnostic port near the steering wheel.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Plugging that shortfall, while debating the next two-year state budget Walker will introduce in February, will drive legislative debate for the year.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 塞子; 插头; 消防栓; （内燃机的）火花塞
vt. & vi. 插上插头
vt. 以（塞子）塞住; 插入; 〈俚〉枪击，殴打
vi. 填塞，堵; 〈俚〉勤苦工作，用功
时态：plugged, plugging, plugs
分布：塞(40%)，插头(25%)，堵(16%)，塞子(8%)，火花塞(6%)，宣传(2%)，插上插头(1%)，苦干(1%)，推销(1%)
→来自中古荷兰语plugge,塞子，孔塞，词源不详，可能同pluck,拔。由拔的动作引申为拔的对 象。
n.塞子,插头v.堵,塞,插上,插栓The ugly druggist gauged the huge plug in the refugee's rug.丑陋的药剂师测量了难民毛毯中的巨大插头.
noun countable
ELECTRICAL OBJECT 电的物品
 IMPROVER
■a small plastic or rubber object with two or three metal pins which is fixed to the end of a wire on a piece of electrical equipment, and which is pushed into a special opening in a wall in order to connect the equipment to a supply of electricity 插头
• a three-pin/two-pin plug 三相／两相插头
• to fit/change a plug 安装／更换插头
• If a plug is wired incorrectly, it can be dangerous. 如果插头接线接错的话会很危险。
 IMPROVER mainly UK informal
■an electric socket 插座
• Is there a plug in the bedroom that I can use for my hairdryer? 卧室里有没有插座让我用一下吹风机？
US for * jack plug
informal for * spark plug
[plʌg] noun countable
FOR HOLE 用于孔洞
■a small piece of rubber, plastic, wood, etc. that fits into a hole in order to close it 塞子，栓子
⇒ See also earplug
■a round piece of rubber or plastic that fits into the hole in a sink or a bath （洗涤槽或浴缸的）塞子，栓
• a bath plug 浴缸塞
• Put the plug in the sink and run some water. 把水槽排水孔塞上，然后放些水。
■a small piece of plastic or wood that you put into a hole in a wall before putting a screw into it （打入墙上孔内以旋进螺丝钉的）螺钉楔子，螺钉栓塞
■a small, tightly twisted or squeezed piece of material such as cotton wool 棉球，药棉
[plʌg] noun countable
ADVERTISEMENT 广告
■the act of telling people publicly about a product, event, etc 宣传；推荐
• She never misses an opportunity to get in a plug for her new film. 她从来不会错过向大众宣传自己新片的机会。
[plʌg] verb transitive (-gg-)
ADVERTISE 做广告
■to advertise something by talking about it a lot or praising it, especially on the radio or television （尤指透过广播或电视）宣传，推广
• That interview was just a way for him to plug his new book. 那次采访只是宣传他的新书的一种方式。
• They're plugging this new chocolate bar everywhere at the moment. 此时他们正在到处宣传这种新巧克力。
[plʌg] verb transitive (-gg-)
SHOOT 射击 US slang
■to shoot someone with a gun 射击，射杀
• Sure, boss, we plugged the guy (full of lead). 是的，老大，我们（乱枪）打死了那家伙。
[plʌg] verb transitive (-gg-)
FILL HOLE 填满洞口
■to fill a hole with a piece of suitable material 堵；塞；填
• Have you plugged that leak (= stopped it by filling the hole) in the pipe? 你把管子上的裂缝堵起来了吗？
• My nose was bleeding and I plugged it with cotton wool. 我鼻子流血了，便塞了棉球止血。
[plʌg] verb transitive (-gg-)
  Phrasal Verbs  plug away informal
■to work hard and in a determined way, especially at something that you find difficult 坚持不懈地做（尤指困难的事情）
• Katie has been plugging away at her homework for hours. 凯蒂已经做了好几个小时的作业了。
[plʌg] verb transitive (-gg-)
  Phrasal Verbs  plug (sth) in/plug (sth) into sth
■to connect an electrical device to an electrical system or device so that it can be used, by pushing its plug into a socket 给…接通电源；把（某一电器）与（另一电器）接通
• Of course the radio isn't working - you haven't plugged it in! 你没有插电源，收音机当然不响了！
• I want to plug the kettle into the right-hand socket. 我想把水壶插到右手边的插座上。
• Can you show me where the microphone plugs into the tape recorder? 你能指给我看麦克风接在答录机哪里吗？
• The keyboard plugs in at the back of the computer. 键盘接在电脑背后。
[plʌg] verb transitive (-gg-)
  Phrasal Verbs  plug (sth/sb) into sth informal
■to make something or someone fit well or have good connections with something （使）适应，成功融入
• This new product line should be able to plug into our existing distribution network. 这条新生产线应该能与我们现有的销售网路相适应。
[plʌg] verb transitive (-gg-)
  Phrasal Verbs  plug into sth informal
■to get to know and receive information about something, or to start using or being involved in it 开始认识，开始收取相关资讯；开始使用、参与
• Andy is really plugged into the popular music scene. 安迪真的踏入流行音乐界了。
• We also plug into the research facilities available, and license technology from independent sources. 我们也开始使用可用的研究设施，并从独立来源获得技术的许可权。
n. [电] 插头； [核] 塞子；栓
 - male connector, tampion
vi. 塞住；用插头将与电源接通
 - stop up
vt. 插入；塞住； [电] 接插头
 - build in, add on

Word: mining
Front: mining
[ˈmaɪnɪŋ] (雅 5588/4383 -2)
Back: n. 采矿（业）
v. 在…中开采，开采(mine的现在分词); 在…中[下]布雷; 以地雷[水雷]炸毁
分布：采矿(57%)，矿业(43%)
→来自mine,采矿，开矿。mining 采矿
noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■the industry or activity of removing substances such as coal or metal from the ground by digging 采矿；矿业
• coal/salt mining 煤／盐矿业

Word: wallet
Front: wallet
[ˈwɒlɪt] (高研四六 5587/7130 -K1)
Back: n. 钱包，皮夹子
分布：钱包(81%)，皮夹(19%)
→可能来自wel,转，卷，词源同volume,vulva，-et,小词后缀。引申词义包裹，钱包。
n.皮夹,钱包The tall man installed a small wallet on the wall.高个男子把一小钱包安放到墙上.
US ['wɑ:.lɪt] noun countable
 ADVANCED (US also billfold)
■a small folding case for carrying paper money, credit cards and other flat objects, used especially by men （尤指男士的）钱包，钱夹子
• He pulled out a big fat wallet stuffed with bank notes. 他掏出一个塞满钞票的鼓鼓囊囊的大钱包。
Compare purse (also document wallet)
■a large flat case that is made of card and used for holding documents 文件夹；硬纸夹
n. 钱包，皮夹
 - bag, purse

Word: socialist
Front: socialist
[ˈsəʊʃəlɪst] (高四六 5591/2568 -3)
Vocabulary: socialist
(once / 330 pages)
adjn
A socialist is someone who supports the political philosophy of socialism, which is a governmental system that advocates community ownership and control of all lands and businesses rather than individual ownership.
The Latin word socius meant "companion," and led to the Old French word social, from which the word socialist derived. However, the meaning came to be so much more than just "associate." As opposed to a capitalist, a socialist advocates a society based on cooperation rather than competition . Winston Churchill once said, “It is a socialist idea that making profits is a vice; I consider the real vice is making losses."
WORD FAMILY
socialist: socialists+/sociability: sociabilities/ sociable: sociability, sociableness, sociables, sociably, unsociable/ social: antisocial, nonsocial, sociable, socialise, socialism, sociality, socialize, socially, socials, unsocial/socialise: socialisation, socialised, socialiser, socialising/ socialism: socialisms, socialist, socialistic/socialistic: socialistically/sociality: socialities/ socialization: socializations/ socialize: socialization, socialized, socializer, socializes, socializing/socializer: socializers/unsociable: unsociability, unsociableness, unsociably/unsocial: unsocially
USAGE EXAMPLES
Maduro attempted to outlaw Venezuela’s largest banknote in mid-December, a measure that he said would strike at foreign powers conspiring to sabotage his socialist government.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
In 1976, the young engineering lecturer was elected a Socialist MP in Portugal’s first democratic vote since the revolution.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
In is Victor Gruen, a European socialist and the unlikely father of the modern American mall.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 社会主义者
adj. 社会主义的; 社会党的
分布：社会主义的(57%)，社会主义者(43%)
→socialism,社会主义，-ist,人。
社会主义者(的)(social社会的)[-ist表名词"表示信仰,专家或从事某活动的人"以-ist结尾的单词,不少同时可作形容词用]
US ['soʊ-] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a supporter of socialism or member of a socialist political party 社会主义者（社会主义的支持者或社会主义政党的成员）
• He was a socialist all his life. 他一生都是个社会主义者。
UK ['səʊ.ʃəl.ɪst] US ['soʊ-] adjective
■supporting or relating to socialism 支持社会主义的；与社会主义有关的
• socialist policies 社会主义政策

Word: lamb
Front: lamb
[læm] (中高研四六雅 5590/4170 -2)
Vocabulary: lamb
(once / 882 pages)
1nv 2n
A lamb is a baby sheep. Most female sheep, or ewes, give birth to one or two lambs each spring. Lambs are so cute that they tend to show up in nursery rhymes — as in "Mary had a little lamb." Awwww.
When you're petting a newborn sheep, you can call it a lamb, but if you're eating meat that comes from this same animal, it's a mass noun, lamb without the a. The word can be a verb too, as when a ewe lambs, or gives birth, and it's been a common pet name, especially for a young child, since at least the eleventh century: "Okay, time for bed, lamb!"
WORD FAMILY
lamb: lambed, lambing, lamblike, lambs
USAGE EXAMPLES
The cutout of Christ and a lamb allows the prairie in the distance to become part of the artwork.
Washington Times(Dec 26, 2016)
The cookie-baking retirees were planning a party to welcome her the Syrian way, by feasting on a newly slaughtered lamb on her 40th day.
New York Times(Jun 30, 2016)
The 11 sheep - two rams, three lambs and six radio-collared ewes - are part of the Asotin band that Cassirer is closely monitoring.
Washington Times(Dec 24, 2016)
Back: n. 羔羊，小羊; 羔羊肉; <宗>耶稣
vi. 生小羊，产羊羔
时态：lambed, lambing, lambs
分布：羔羊(52%)，小羊(34%)，羔羊肉(12%)，产羊羔(1%)，温顺的人(1%)
→词源不详。
n.羔羊,小羊;羔羊肉L-of God (=the Lamb)【宗】耶稣基督.
noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■a young sheep, or the flesh of a young sheep eaten as meat 羊羔，小羊；羊羔肉
• lambs gambolling about in the fields 在牧场上跳来跳去的一群羊羔
• lamb chops 羊排
• roast lamb 烤羊肉
⇒ See also mutton
[læm] noun countable or uncountable
Lamb of God
■in the Christian religion, a name for Christ 上帝的羔羊（基督的别称）
[læm] noun countable or uncountable
like a lamb to the slaughter
■If a person does something or goes somewhere like a lamb to the slaughter, they do it without knowing that something bad is going to happen and therefore act calmly and without fighting against the situation. 如同待宰羔羊，温顺地
[læm] verb intransitive
■When sheep lamb, they give birth to lambs. 产羊羔，生小羊
n. [食品] [畜牧] 羔羊，小羊；羔羊肉
 - kidlet, yeanling

Word: scrap
Front: scrap
[skræp] (研六托雅宝 5594/5535 -2)
Vocabulary: scrap
(once / 410 pages)
1nv 2nv
A scrap is a little leftover bit of something. You might jot down notes on a scrap of paper, or you might toss a scrap of food to your happy dog.
A scrap is typically a small item that originally was part of something larger, like a scrap of fabric that was once part of a larger piece. Scrap can also describe something that’s no longer useful. For example, you might take scrap metal to the recycling center. Scrap also has a verb form that means "discard." When you scrap your plan to move to the Bahamas, that means you’re abandoning the plan.
WORD FAMILY
scrap: scrapped, scrapper, scrapping, scrappy, scraps+/scrapper: scrappers/scrappy: scrappier, scrappiest, scrappily, scrappiness
USAGE EXAMPLES
At the Penn State 27-yard line, receiver Deontay Burnett unilaterally decided to scrap his pass route and beeline to the end zone.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
And she warned that his threat to scrap climate protection policies puts the world's future at risk.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
The backlash saw sports events and concerts cancelled and businesses scrapping investment plans.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 废料; 残余物; 小片; 吵架
vt. 废弃; 取消; 抛弃; 报废
vi. 吵架，打架
adj. 废弃的; 零星的; 剩余的; 由零碎（或废料）组成的
时态：scrapped, scrapping, scraps
分布：废品(34%)，报废(30%)，打架(17%)，碎片(14%)，争斗(2%)，瘦小的人(1%)，少许(1%)，舍弃(1%)
→来自 scrape 对词形式，来自 scrape,刮，擦，磨，引申词义碎片，废料，垃圾等。
n.碎片;废料v.废弃,报废This car will soon go for scrap.这部车子很快将作为废铁处理.
【记】源于：crap（n 废物）
【反】retrieve（v 重新得到）
verb (-pp-)
THROW AWAY 扔掉
transitive
■to not continue with a system or plan 放弃；取消
• They're considering scrapping the tax and raising the money in other ways. 他们正在考虑废除这个税目，用其他方法募集款项。
• We scrapped our plans for a trip to France. 我们取消了法国之行的计划。
transitive
■to get rid of something which is no longer useful or wanted, often using its parts in new ways 销毁；毁掉
• Hundreds of nuclear weapons have been scrapped. 数百件核子武器已被销毁。
[skræp] verb (-pp-)
ARGUMENT 争论
intransitive
■to have a fight or an argument 打架，吵架
[skræp] noun
METAL 金属
uncountable
■old cars and machines or pieces of metal, etc. that are not now needed but have parts that can be used to make other things 废料，废品
• scrap iron/ metal 废铁／金属
• We've sold our old car for scrap. 我们把那辆旧车当作废品卖掉了。
[skræp] noun
SMALL PIECE 小片
countable
■a small irregular piece of something or a small amount of information 碎片，碎屑；少量（资讯）
• Have you got a scrap of paper I could write on? 你有没有可以写字的小纸片？
• I've read every scrap of information I can find on the subject. 我读了所有能找到的关于该主题的资料。
• There's not a scrap of (= no) evidence to suggest that he committed the crime. 没有任何证据显示他犯了罪。
scraps [plural]
■small bits of food which have not been eaten and which are usually thrown away 厨余； 剩菜剩饭
• We give all our scraps to our cat. 我们把剩菜剩饭都拿去喂猫了。
[skræp] noun
ARGUMENT 争论
countable
■a fight or argument, especially a quick noisy one about something not important （尤指琐事引发的短暂而吵闹的）打架，吵架
• A couple of kids were having a scrap in the street. 有几个孩子在街上打架。
shed, scrap, discard
这组词都有“抛弃、丢弃”的意思，其区别是：
shed: 指毛发、皮肤、叶等经过某种自然的过程而脱落。
scrap: 指抛弃过时不再有用的东西。
discard: 指把具体的东西抛掉不要，着重扔、丢的动作。
bit, scrap, slice, fragment, sheet, piece
这组词都有“片、块、段”的意思，其区别是：
bit: 侧重指微小，一点点，小碎片。
scrap: 侧重指废弃的零碎之物。
slice: 多指切得很薄的一片食物。
fragment: 指破裂的，不完整的，不可完整的碎片。
sheet: 侧重指平整很薄的一张或一片。
piece: 最普通用词，多指从整体上分割下来的东西，可大可小。
n. [机] 碎片；残余物；打架；少量
 - bit, debris, chip, fight
vt. 废弃；使解体；拆毁
 - out of use, disaffirm
adj. 废弃的；零碎的
 - waste, dumped
vi. 吵架
 - quarrel, exchange words

Word: tempt
Front: tempt
[tempt] (研四六托 5592/4078 -1)
Vocabulary: tempt
(once / 110 pages)
v
To tempt is to lure or entice. You might tempt your runaway dog back inside with pieces of cheese.
The verb tempt often has negative implications: "Don't let those bullies tempt you into picking on smaller kids!" When something tempts you, it's often with the knowledge that it's not the best idea, however attractive it might be. Tempt was originally a religious term, meaning "to entice to evil or sin," while today it's more likely to be a slice of cake that tempts us than the devil.
WORD FAMILY
tempt: temptable, temptation, tempted, tempter, tempting, tempts+/ temptation: temptations/tempter: tempters/tempting: temptingly, temptingness, untempting/untempting: untemptingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
When the burdens of modern life weigh people down, a huge life change is tempting.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Now, viewers may be tempted to split their time between assessing the show’s new host, Arnold Schwarzenegger, and checking Mr. Trump’s Twitter feed.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
That sounds pretty tempting after watching Reed dominate at the Ryder Cup.
Golf Digest(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 引诱，怂恿; 吸引; 冒…的风险; 使感兴趣
vi. 有吸引力
时态：tempted, tempting, tempts
分布：引诱(37%)，吸引(32%)，诱惑(25%)，怂恿(6%)
→来自拉丁语 temptare,尝试，试探，改写自 tentare,接触，尝试，试探，来自 ten,展开，词 源同 tentative,tentacle.引申词义引诱，诱惑。
诱惑,尝试[tempt=try,表示"尝试"]
v.诱惑,引诱;吸引,使感兴趣The empty empire's emperor made an attempt to tempt the contemptuous man.空虚帝国的皇帝试图诱惑那个轻蔑的人.
verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to make someone want to have or do something, especially something that is unnecessary or wrong 引诱，诱惑
• The offer of a free car stereo tempted her into buying a new car. 免费赠送汽车音响让她禁不住诱惑买了一辆新车。
• [+ to infinitive] They tempted him to join the company by offering him a large salary and a company car. 他们承诺给他优厚的薪水和一辆公司汽车，以诱使他加入该公司。
be tempted ADVANCED
■to want something or to want to do something 想要（某物）；想做（某事）
• "Did you apply for that job?" "Well, I was very tempted but in the end I decided not to." “你申请那份工作了吗？”“唔，我是很想申请，但最后还是决定放弃了。”
• I was sorely (= very) tempted to resign after my boss was so rude to me. 老板对我如此粗鲁，令我很想辞职。
[tempt] verb transitive
tempt fate/providence
■If you tempt fate or providence by doing something, you take a silly risk by doing it and depend too much on your good luck 玩命；冒不必要的危险
• You're tempting fate by riding your bike without wearing a cycle helmet. 你不戴头盔骑自行车简直是在玩命。
attract, charm, enchant, fascinate, tempt
这些动词均含有“吸引，引诱”之意。
attract: 普通用词，指客观上吸引人的注意力。
charm: 侧重迷住某人或使之高兴。
enchant: 着重指有能力引起被迷住者的欢乐或赞美。
fascinate: 通常含使人无法拒绝、无法摆脱的意味。
tempt: 指吸引力很强，强调欲望被唤醒。
tempt, induce
tempt: 诱使（做坏事），贬义
induce: 诱导，引导，中性词；
vt. 诱惑；引起；冒…的风险；使感兴趣
 - attract, produce, cause, operate, occasion

Word: fundamentally
Front: fundamentally
[ˌfʌndəˈmentəli] (5593/6126)
Vocabulary: fundamentally
(once / 2127 pages)
adv
The word fundamentally isn’t fun, exactly, but it does describe things that are true through and through. Vegetarians and meat eaters often have fundamentally different ideas about what makes a healthy meal.
Anything fundamental has to do with the foundation or bare bones of something. Similarly, anything described fundamentally is getting down to the essence. Lying is fundamentally dishonest. If something is fundamentally wrong, don’t do it! If you and your dad have fundamentally different opinions about restaurants, it’s better to make dinner at home. This word means about the same as basically or essentially. If something is fundamentally true, it's true in a deep sense.
WORD FAMILY
fundamental: fundamentalism, fundamentally, fundamentals+/ fundamentalism: fundamentalisms, fundamentalist, fundamentalistic/ fundamentalist: fundamentalists
USAGE EXAMPLES
But on Nato, protectionism, climate change, Islam and much else, they differ fundamentally.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Fundamentally, the two countries are destined to be at odds, because they view the world through different lenses.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Yet, despite the temporal coincidence and surface similarities, I believe the election of Trump is fundamentally different from what is occurring in Europe.
Salon(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adv. 基础地; 根本地; 从根本上
分布：从根本上(72%)，基本地(28%)
US [-tˌəl-] adverb
 ADVANCED
■in a basic and important way
• Our new managing director has reorganized the company a bit, but nothing has fundamentally changed/altered (= its basic character has not changed). 我们的新总裁对公司进行了一些重组，但没有甚么根本性的变化。
• I still believe that people are fundamentally good. 我仍然认为人性本善。
• I disagree fundamentally with what you're saying. 我完全不同意你所说的。

Word: wildly
Front: wildly
[ˈwaɪldli] (5596/6577 -K2)
Vocabulary: wildly
(once / 406 pages)
adv
If you've ever done something in a big, excited, uninhibited way, you know what it means to do things wildly. Preschoolers might sit in a calm circle for a little while, but they're usually happier running around wildly.
Doing something wildly involves exaggerating it, or doing it in an unpredictable or uncivilized way, like a wild animal. Angry people shout and gesture wildly, and sports fans jump around and cheer wildly when their team wins an important game. The adverb wildly comes from wild and its Proto-Indo-European root that means "wild" or "woodlands."
WORD FAMILY
wild: semi-wild, wildest, wildly, wildness, wilds+/wildness: wildnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Shocked, stunned and wildly disappointed,” said Patrick Nolan of Arlington.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
The current iteration of the Second Avenue subway is both wildly more expensive and less ambitious than anticipated.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
His choice of the wildly unqualified Ben Carson to be Secretary of Housing and Urban Development is a discouraging early sign.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adv. 疯狂地; 粗暴地，野蛮地; 野生地; 失去控制地
分布：鲁莽地(36%)，激动地(16%)，狂热地(16%)，剧烈地(16%)，轻率地(16%)
adverb
 ADVANCED
■in an uncontrolled or extreme way 狂野地；失控地；狂暴地
• He was dancing wildly. 他疯狂地跳着舞。
• Inflation figures have fluctuated wildly between 0.2% and 25%. 通货膨胀指数在0.2%至25%之间剧烈波动。
• It was wildly (= very) expensive. 它贵得离谱。
• I must say I'm not wildly (= very) keen on the idea. 我必须说，我对这个想法不是特别热衷。
adv. 野生地；野蛮地；狂暴地；鲁莽地
 - savagely, barbarously

Word: declaration
Front: declaration
[ˌdekləˈreɪʃn] (研六托雅 5595/3227 -3)
Vocabulary: declaration
(once / 245 pages)
1n 2n
An emphatic statement — either written or spoken — is called a declaration. The Continental Congress announced their intention to form a new nation when they wrote the Declaration of Independence.
To declare is a verb, but when you add the suffix tion, you transform it to a noun. A formal public statement can be called a declaration. You would be making a formal declaration of your love, if you paid to have "I Love You, Alex" put on the big screen at the game. When you travel, you may need to make a declaration — a formal statement — about any taxable items you purchased outside the country when you return.
WORD FAMILY
declaration: declarations+/ declarative: declaratively/ declare: declarable, declaration, declarative, declaratory, declared, declarer, declares, declaring/declared: declaredly, undeclared/declarer: declarers
USAGE EXAMPLES
The declaration says a significant amount of livestock was lost in the storm.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Much like the Balfour declaration, these parameters were in fact tailored point by point to Zionist desires.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
He compared the value of the declaration to the one U.S.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 宣言，布告，公告，声明; （纳税品在海关的）申报; [法]（原告的）申诉，（证人的）陈述，口供; [牌]摊牌，叫牌
分布：申报(53%)，宣言(26%)，宣布(21%)
定言;陈述(declare+ation)[clear,clar,clair=clear,bright,表示"清楚,明白"]
n.宣言,宣布,声明Ancient people like to have a declaration before war.古人开战以前都喜欢声明一下.
noun countable
ANNOUNCEMENT 公告
 ADVANCED
■an announcement, often one that is written and official 宣言；声明；公告
• Members of Parliament must make a declaration of their business interests. 议员们必须将自己的商业股权公诸于众。
• As witnesses to the accident, we were asked to make written declarations of what we had seen. 作为事故的目击者，我们被要求以书面形式陈述看到的一切。
• The company made a declaration of intent to follow an equal opportunities policy. 公司宣称愿意遵守平等机会原则。
[ˌdek.lə'reɪ.ʃən] noun countable
CRICKET 板球
■in cricket, when a team stops batting (= hitting the ball) because they think they already have enough runs (= points) to win 在板球比赛中，一方因已达足够分数获胜，而放弃继续击球。
• a cleverly timed declaration 时机掌握得恰到好处的宣布停止击球
n. （纳税品等的） [税收] 申报；宣布；公告； [法] 申诉书
 - profession, announcement

Word: axis
Front: axis
[ˈæksɪs] (研四六托雅宝 5598/5787 -1)
Vocabulary: axis
(once / 1863 pages)
1n 2n
An axis is a straight line, sometimes seen, sometimes not, that is important in mathematics, art, science and our survival. The most famous axis is the one the earth spins around, giving us the 24-hour day.
In graphs, one side is usually the "X axis" and the other the "Y axis." Axis lines are also the lines that run through spheres, like our earth, around which those spheres rotate. In a totally different area, axis is used to describe countries in an alliance. In World War II, Germany, Japan and Italy were known as the Axis Powers. More recently, George W. Bush referred to Iraq, Iran, and North Korean as an Axis of Evil.
WORD FAMILY
axis: axial, axises+/axial: axially, biaxial
USAGE EXAMPLES
They imagine this as a tube sitting around the solid inner core, running along Earth’s rotation axis.
BBC(Dec 19, 2016)
First, the tilt of the earth’s axis relative to the sun.
New York Times(Dec 07, 2016)
“What we see here is the enemy reacting to a new axis of advance,” said coalition spokesman U.S.
Washington Times(Dec 07, 2016)
Back: n. 轴，轴线; [政]轴心; 轴心国; [植]茎轴
分布：轴(99%)，中枢(1%)
→来自PIE *aks, 轴。
n.轴,轴线,中心线;坐标轴,基准线The slim Muslim reached his climax when he found the axis of the galaxy.苗条的穆斯林在发现银河的轴线时达到了(人生的)顶点.
【记】i象虚线－虚轴
['æk.sɪs] (plural axes)
noun countable
■a real or imaginary straight line which goes through the centre of a spinning object, or a line which divides a symmetrical shape into two equal halves, or a line on a graph used to show the position of a point 轴（线）；中心线；参考轴线，基准线，坐标线
• The Earth revolves about the axis which joins the North and South Poles. 地球围绕贯穿南北两极的地轴自转。
• The diameter of a circle is also an axis. 一个圆的直径也是一条轴线。
• Plot distance on the vertical Y-axis against time on the horizontal X-axis. 用纵坐标Y轴表示距离，用横坐标X轴表示时间。
■an agreement between governments or politicians to work together to achieve a particular aim 轴心（指政府或从政者之间的联盟）
• the Franco-German axis 法德轴心
n. 轴；轴线；轴心国
 - sheft, spindle

Word: academy
Front: academy
[əˈkædəmi] (高研四六托 4895/4366 -2)
Vocabulary: academy
(once / 179 pages)
n
An academy is a fancy school, often one devoted to one subject or discipline, such as music or science. You can also use academy to describe the world of higher learning.
If you show unusual gifts as a clarinetist, you should consider attending the music academy in the next town. That's where you'll learn the most about your art. It's a private school, the Goodman Academy of Music, named after Benny Goodman, who was the greatest jazz clarinetist ever. If you want to use academy in its other sense, try "Those home experiments are cool, but without peer review, the academy will never accept them as science." Darn academy.
WORD FAMILY
academy: academic, academies, academism+/ academia: academias/ academic: academia, academically, academician, academicism, academics/academician: academicians, academicianship/academicianship: academicianships
USAGE EXAMPLES
Who is talking about this: It is shortlisted for the 2017 Royal Academy of Engineering Africa Prize.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
He previously taught for three years at Integrated Arts Academy in Chaska.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Weaver graduated from the police academy last summer and was assigned to the Huntingdon barracks.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 专科学校; 学会，学院; 一般的高等教育; 私立学校，学术团体
分布：学院(84%)，学会(13%)，专科学校(3%)
→来自雅典城外一树林地名，哲学家柏拉图讲学之所，后代指学术。地名来自雅典英雄Akademos的名字,传说中他帮助海伦兄长解救了古希腊第一美女海伦而获赠此地。
n.(高等)专科院校;学术社团,协会,研究院Our professor is an academician of the Science Academy.我们的教授是科学院的院士.
noun countable
■an organization intended to protect and develop an art, science, language, etc., or a school which teaches a particular subject or trains people for a particular job 研究院；学会；专科学院
• a military/police academy 军事／员警学院
• the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art 皇家戏剧艺术学院
institute, university, school, college, academy
这组词都有“学院，大学”的意思，其区别是：
institute: 指设立有专门学科的学院，如外语学院、地质学院、建筑学院等。
university: 主要指综合大学，一般由多个学院组成。当泛指大学时通常用college表示。
school: 指大学所属的学院或系。
college: 多指大学内的学院，分科学院或科目较少的高等学校。
academy: 指(高等)专科院校或研究专门学术的学校。
n. 学院；研究院；学会；专科院校
 - college, school

Word: applause
Front: applause
[əˈplɔ:z] (研四六宝 5599/7743 -2)
Vocabulary: applause
(once / 381 pages)
n
After a theatrical performance, audience members typically use applause, or hand-clapping, to express their approval. (Of course, sometimes applause just means the audience is glad it’s time to go home.)
Back in ancient Rome, actors requested applause from the audience by declaring “Plaudite!” This fact sheds light on the origin of applause — and it definitively proves that performers have been seeking approval from audiences for millennia. Oddly enough, however, it’s considered inappropriate to applaud between the movements of a piece of classical music, regardless of how much you enjoyed the performance. Some concertgoers choose to defy this rule, in spite of the nasty looks they get from neighbors.
WORD FAMILY
applause: applauses
USAGE EXAMPLES
When the police removed a blockade to the escalator exactly on schedule, applause erupted from the crowd.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The driver invited everyone on the bus to welcome the Vietnam vet and the applause was loud and long.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
They brought him down to the rapturous applause of the entire street.
BBC(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: n. 热烈鼓掌; 喝彩; 掌声
分布：鼓掌(52%)，喝彩(43%)，赞许(5%)
鼓掌(ap+pease赞扬→一再赞扬→鼓掌)[ab-,ac-,ad-,af-,ag-,an-,ap-,ar-,as-,at-等加在同辅音字母的词根前,表示"一再"等加强意]
鼓掌(applaud的名词)[plaud=clap hands表示"鼓掌"]
n.鼓掌;喝彩;夸奖,赞扬The applause paused because of the cause caused by a cautious plausible clause.掌声停了是因为一条谨慎的似乎有理的条款引起的原因.
US [-'plɑ:z] noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■when people clap their hands repeatedly to show enjoyment or approval of something such as a performance or speech 鼓掌（对演出或演讲等表示赞赏）
• His speech met with (= received) loud applause. 他的讲话赢得热烈的掌声。
• So let's have a round of applause, please, for (= please applaud) a very lovely and talented young lady who is going to sing for us. 好，让我们热烈鼓掌，欢迎一位集美丽与才华于一身的年轻女士为我们演唱。
applause, acclaim
这两个名词均有“喝彩，鼓掌”之意。
applause: 侧重以掌声表示喝彩和赞扬。
acclaim: 较正式用词，现多用于引申表示赞许。
n. 欢呼，喝采；鼓掌欢迎
 - acclamation, cheer

Word: inject
Front: inject
[ɪnˈdʒekt] (研六托雅 5597/5577 -2)
Vocabulary: inject
(once / 873 pages)
v
To inject is to give an injection, or a shot. When your doctor tells you that you need a flu shot, she wants to inject you with a vaccine that will help keep you from getting sick.
You are most likely to hear the verb inject at the doctor's office. Veterinarians inject dogs each year with rabies vaccines, and sometimes if you're sick enough, a doctor or nurse might need to inject you with antibiotics. You can use inject in a figurative way, too: "I'd like to inject a new topic into this conversation, it's getting so boring." The Latin root is inicere, "to throw in" or "to throw on."
WORD FAMILY
inject: injectable, injected, injecting, injection, injector, injects+/injectable: uninjectable/ injection: injections/injector: injectors
USAGE EXAMPLES
Now, they’ve injected major oomph to the curious equation of this rematch.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Hughes-Games proposed injecting conservation themes into TV dramas and children’s programming.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
The plan is to inject the liquid radioactive waste so that it coats the tiny particles that would ultimately be sealed in stainless-steel canisters.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. （给…）注射（药物等）; （给…）注射（液体）; （给…）添加; （给…）投入（资金）
时态：injected, injecting, injects
分布：注入(70%)，注射(23%)，插入(4%)，引入(3%)
→in-,进入，使，-ject,投，掷，词源同jet,project.即扔进去，引申词义注射。
注射(in进+ject→扔进去→注射)[ject=throw,cast,表示"投掷,扔"]
vt.注射(药液等);注入The adjective injected new meaning into the objected objective object.这个形容词给受到反对的客观物体注入了新的意义.
verb transitive
DRUG 药
■to use a needle and syringe (= small tube) to put a liquid such as a drug into a person's body 注射；给…注射
• Phil's a diabetic and has to inject himself with insulin every day. 菲尔患有糖尿病，每天都要替自己注射胰岛素。
[ɪn'dʒekt] verb transitive
SOMETHING NEW 新东西
■to introduce something new that is necessary or helpful to a situation or process 投入；增添；引入，带来
• A large amount of money will have to be injected into the company if it is to survive. 如果要挽救这家公司就必须注入大量资金。
• I tried to inject a little humour into the meeting. 我试图给会议增添一点幽默气氛。
project, inject, eject
这是一组形近易混词。
project: v.伸出，突出；预计，预报；投射，放映。
 • The balcony projects out beyond the wall of the house.   阳台从房子的墙壁上突出来。
 • The government projects that the defence budget will increase by 20% .   政府预计国防预算将增长百分之二十。
inject: v.注射。
 • The nurse injected some medicine into the patient with a needle.   护士用注射器给患者打针。
eject: v.跳出，喷出，弹射出。
 • The pilot ejected from the falling airplane.   飞行员从坠落的飞机中弹射出去。
vt. 注入；注射
 - breathe into, inflood

Word: evenly
Front: evenly
[ˈi:vnli] (六托 5601/6879)
Back: adv. 平坦地; 均匀地; 淡然地; 不卑不亢地
分布：平坦地(45%)，平等地(33%)，平衡地(22%)
adverb
CALMLY 平静地
■If you say something evenly, you speak without showing emotion in your voice although you are angry or not satisfied in some way 平静地，镇定地，平和地
• "We are not terrorists," he said evenly. "We are freedom fighters." “我们不是恐怖分子，”他镇定地说，“我们是自由斗士。”
['i:.vən.li] adverb
EQUALLY 均等
■in or into equal amounts 平均；均等
• Divide the mixture evenly between the baking pans. 将混合物分成等份放在烤盘中。
• Congress is still evenly divided on the issue. 在这个问题上，国会仍旧分成两个阵营，旗鼓相当。
adv. 均匀地；平衡地；平坦地；平等地
 - equally, plainly

Word: precede
Front: precede
[prɪˈsi:d] (研六托宝 5604/4328 -2)
Vocabulary: precede
(once / 116 pages)
v
To precede is to come before. A short speech will precede the dinner. As you walk down the garden path, the bed of roses precedes the holly bush. When marching into the room, the younger kids precede the older ones.
Precede is one of many verbs ending in "-ceed" or "-cede" that trace their roots back to the Latin word cedere which means "to go." For precede, know that it's pre "first" + cedere "go." When you precede, you go first. You might precede your best friend in line, lunch might precede math class, a joke might precede a lecture, and radio preceded television. Anything that goes first or comes before precedes.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
precede / proceed
Choose the correct word:
Deadly Skills Days Precede/Proceed the Deadly Days Festival
CO2 regulation to precede/proceed in U.S. without climate bill
These two words have similar sounds. They also have similar definitions, encompassing an idea of forward movement. This leads to some confusion. Precede is to go before. Proceed means to move ahead, to continue.
Our first sentence, then, calls for precede, because the skills day will come before the festival. In the second sentence, proceed is the right choice; CO2 regulation will happen even though there's no overarching climate bill.
This is one of those cases when knowing your prefixes can help you choose the right word. The two words share a root, cede, which comes from the Latin cedere, which originally meant to go. With precede, the prefix pre- means before.So precede is to go before. In proceed, the prefix pro- means forward, and therefore proceed is to go forward.
Sometimes writers will also confuse the terms by misspelling precede as preceed:
The event will preceed the men's soccer exhibition match against UNC Chapel Hill.
Preceed your website development with a proper graphics design.
Here, it's just a matter of memorizing the spellings: precede and proceed.
WORD FAMILY
precede: preceded, precedency, precedent, precedes, preceding, precession+/ precedence: precedences, precedential/precedency: precedencies/ precedent: precedence, precedently, precedents/precession: precessions
USAGE EXAMPLES
And those meetings were preceded by meetings of specially designated committees designed to analyze policies and proposals pertaining to certain aspects of county government.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The “orange alert” is the third level, preceding a “red alert,” in China’s four-tiered warning system.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
O’Neill said that complaints about some elementary schools starting too late preceded the change in bell times.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 在…之前发生或出现，先于; 在…之上，优于; 给…作序; 处于…前面的位置
时态：preceded, preceding, precedes
分布：先于(60%)，领先(26%)，在前面(10%)，在 ... 之前(4%)
→pre-,在前，早于，-cede,走，词源同accede,access.
(在时间上)先于,早于(pre+cede走→走在前面→[时间上]先于)[pre-表示"…前的,预先"]
在先,优于(pre预称＋cede→预先走→优走)[ced,ceed,cess=go,表示"行走,前进"]
v.领先(于),在(...之前);优先,先于I highly appreciate the preceding man's precious precise exercise.我高度欣赏前面那个人可贵的精确演练.
US [pri:-] verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to be or go before something or someone in time or space （指时间或空间上）处在…之前，先于
• Boutros Boutros-Ghali preceded Kofi Annan as the Secretary-General of the UN. 布特罗斯•布特罗斯－加利在科菲•安南之前担任联合国秘书长。
• It would be helpful if you were to precede the report with an introduction. 你帮这份报告加上一段引言会更好些。
vt. 领先，在…之前；优于，高于
 - take over the lead, keep ahead
vi. 领先，在前面
 - take over the lead, keep ahead

Word: dual
Front: dual
[ˈdju:əl] (托雅宝 5602/5018 -2)
Vocabulary: dual
(once / 1308 pages)
adj
Dual means double, or having two elements. If you have a dual major, it means you're majoring in two subjects, like astronomy and microbiology.
The adjective dual comes from the Latin duo, for two, and means having two parts. You can have a dual purpose, following two goals at once. To copilot an airplane, you need a cockpit with dual controls. If you're sometimes nasty and sometimes sugar sweet, people might think you have a dual personality. Don't confuse dual, though, with duel, which is a fight between two people.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
dual / duel
Seeing double? Not quite! Dual is two, or double, but a duel is a fight. If you're getting sick of your fair-weather friend's dual personality, perhaps you should throw down your glove and challenge him to a duel at high noon.
Dual, which dates from the early 1600s, is borrowed from the Latin dualis, from duo, for two. Dual still means double or two similar parts:
The ego becomes dual, one part active, the other watching and judging. (Max Simon Nordau)
Last night's game had kind of a dual purpose — playing Oregon and sending out this version of Husky Stadium. (Seattle Times)
Duel once referred to an arranged, formal contest to the death between two people, preferably men with handlebar mustaches. These formal contests are no longer practiced, so duel has broadened to mean any contest between two people, teams, or even ideas:
In early days a properly regulated duel was an ordeal showing the judgment of heaven. (Max Simon Nordau)
In a savage duel between the regime and Islamist guerrillas, entire villages were wiped out. (Business Week)
There are dueling pension propositions on Tuesday's ballot. (Washington Post)
Save dual for double, for things that come in pairs, like your hot/cold friend with the dual personality. Use duel for an old timey sword fight, or any modern version of it. Handlebar mustache not required.
WORD FAMILY
dual: dualism, duality, dually+/dualism: dualisms, dualist, dualistic/dualist: dualists/dualistic: dualistically/ duality: dualities
USAGE EXAMPLES
Nationals of Saudi Arabia, Morocco, Lebanon, Libya, Israel, India, a Turkish-Belgian dual citizen and a Franco-Tunisian woman were among those killed, officials said.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
“I am a dual national and voted for Hillary Clinton in Wisconsin,” said the party co-founder, Catherine Mayer.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
State Department officials might also be reluctant to intervene because Sovannara is a dual citizen, said Ear, the Occidental College professor.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 双的，两部分的，二体的，二重的
n. 双数; 双数词
分布：双重的(62%)，双数(28%)，成双的(10%)
→来自拉丁语duo, 二，词源同two.
二重的,二元的(du+al)[du,dub,doub=two,表示"二,双"]
【记】du二
【参】duel（n /v 决斗）；duet（n 二重奏）
US ['du:.əl] adjective [before noun]
 ADVANCED
■with two parts, or combining two things 两部分的；二元的；双重的
• This room has a dual purpose , serving as both a study and a dining room. 这个房间有两个用途，既作书房又当饭厅。
• the dual role of chairman and chief executive 董事长和首席执行官的双重角色
dual controls
■two sets of controls in a car, one for the person who is learning to drive and one for the teacher （教练汽车的）双重控制，复式操纵
dual nationality/citizenship
■the nationality of two countries at the same time 双重国籍
• She has dual British and American nationality. 她有英美双重国籍。
adj. 双的；双重的
 - double, two-tier

Word: supervise
Front: supervise
[ˈsu:pəvaɪz] (研六托雅宝 5603/4673 -2)
Vocabulary: supervise
(once / 440 pages)
v
If your mother asks you to supervise your little brother and his friends, it means she'd like you to keep an eye on them.
The verb supervise has origins in the Latin word supervidere, from super-, meaning “over” and videre, meaning “to see.” When you supervise something, it means you oversee the project, managing the people working on it, perhaps by figuring out what needs to be done, assigning the work, and making sure it gets done properly. You serve as the boss when you supervise; other people are the workers.
WORD FAMILY
supervise: supervised, supervises, supervising, supervision, supervisor, supervisory+/supervised: unsupervised/supervision: supervisions/ supervisor: supervisors
USAGE EXAMPLES
Christian Weiss, who supervises the coin and bank-note collection at the Swiss National Museum, said the Swiss favor cash even when traveling abroad.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Opponents of I-122 said the voucher program would be complicated to supervise.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Providence, who was on supervised release stemming from a gun charge from 2013, was charged with tampering with a detection device.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 监督; 管理; 指导
时态：supervised, supervising, supervises
分布：监督(62%)，管理(26%)，指导(12%)
→super-,在上，上方，-vis,看，词源同 visit,advise.引申词义监督，监管。
临视(super+vise看→在上面看→临视)[super-①表示"超级,超过,过度"②表示"在…上面"]
监督(super在上面+vis+e→在上面看→监督)[vis,vid=see表示"看"]
v.管理,监督"The enterprise will be supervised by a group comprising prominent men," the despising chairman said concisely with no compromise."企业将由杰出人员构成的小组来监管,"轻蔑的主席毫不妥协简明地
US [-pɚ-] verb intransitive or transitive
 ADVANCED
■to watch a person or activity to make certain that everything is done correctly, safely, etc. 监督，管理，指导
• The UN is supervising the distribution of aid by local agencies in the disaster area. 联合国正在监督灾区地方机构救援物资的发放。
• The children play while two teachers supervise (= make certain that they behave correctly and are safe). 孩子们在两位教师的监管下玩耍。
direct, control, supervise, govern, administer, rule, manage
这组词都有“管理、支配”的意思，其区别是：
direct: 侧重行使领导或指导权。
control: 含义广泛的常用词，指对人或物施以约束或控制的力量。
supervise: 侧重指运用本身的或被授予的权力来管理、检查工作，含监督意味。
govern: 侧重指运用任何控制的权力来统治或管理一个国家、一个社会或一个部门，暗含能力和知识的运用。
administer: 指官方的或正式的对事务的管理。
rule: 强调用绝对或独裁的权力来管理或统治。
manage: 强调对具体事务机构进行管理，有时含受权管理或处理之意。
vt. 监督，管理；指导
 - manage, police, conduct, run, direct
vi. 监督，管理；指导
 - direct, charge of

Word: shield
Front: shield
[ʃi:ld] (研四六托雅宝 5606/4113 -2)
Vocabulary: shield
(once / 204 pages)
nv
A shield is a cover that protects whatever is behind or beneath it. If you carry a shield you might be a knight, or a traffic cop who likes to flash the badge.
Ancestors of the word shield include the Old English scild, similar to sciell, or "shell," which suggests the meaning of the word. If you're a turtle, you might use your shell as a shield. But a shield doesn't have to be something physical. Philosopher Soren Kierkegaard once said, "Love is my sword, goodness my armor, and humor my shield." The word can also be used as a verb. You might shield your tender ears from hearing naughty words. Don't worry, shield is perfectly safe.
WORD FAMILY
shield: overshielding, shielded, shielder, shielding, shields+/shielded: unshielded/shielder: shielders
USAGE EXAMPLES
Later, he taught overseas suppliers how to shield production lines and compartmentalize information to avoid leaks.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Hens recalls ruefully that she did not try to shield her sons from their brutal father.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Brown’s parents insist the academic records are shielded as private because they involve a juvenile.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 盾; 护罩; 盾形奖牌; 保护人
vt. 保护; 掩护; 庇护; 给…加防护罩
时态：shielded, shielding, shields
分布：盾(74%)，保护(20%)，庇护(4%)，盾状物(1%)，防卫物(1%)
→来自中古英语 shelde,来自古英语 scield,盾，防御物，板，来自 Proto-Germanic*skelduz,分开， 来自 skel,分开，词源同 scale,shell.原指简易的木头板，引申词义盾。
n.防护物,护罩;盾,盾状物v.保护,防护The unyielding man fiercely pierced the shield in the field.那个不屈的人凶猛地刺穿田野里的盾牌.
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■in the past, a large flat object made of metal or leather that soldiers held in front of their bodies to protect themselves （旧时的）盾（牌）
 ADVANCED
■a large flat object made of strong plastic that policemen hold in front of their bodies to protect themselves （警用的）防暴盾牌
• The police held up their riot shields against the flying rocks and bricks. 员警举着防暴盾牌阻挡飞来的石头和砖块。
■something or someone used as protection or providing protection 保护物，屏障；保护者
• The anti-personnel mines were laid as a protective shield around the town. 城镇周围布设了杀伤性地雷作为保护屏障。
• Anger can function as a shield against (= a way of avoiding) even more painful emotions of loss and hurt. 愤怒可以起到这样的作用：避免更加痛苦的失落感和受伤害情绪。
■a flat object with two straight sides, a rounded or pointed lower edge and usually a straight top edge, on which there is a coat of arms 盾形纹章（或徽章）
■an object shaped like a shield, which is given as a prize or used as a symbol or badge 盾形奖牌
• Our school won the county football shield this year. 我们学校赢得了今年全郡足球赛盾形奖牌。
[ʃi:ld] verb transitive
■to protect someone or something 保护
• She held her hand above her eyes to shield them from the sun. 她把手搭在眼睛上方以遮挡太阳。
• They are accused of trying to shield the General from US federal investigators. 他们被指控试图包庇将军，使其逃避美国联邦调查员的调查。
shelter, guard, harbour, safeguard, defend, shield, protect
这组词都有“保护、保卫”的意思，其区别是：
shelter: 通常指寻找安全地方躲避风雨或使人免遭危害。
guard: 普通用词，指保持警惕以防可能的攻击或伤害。
harbour: 贬义词，指隐匿或非法保护、窝藏。
safeguard: 语气强，指采取积极措施预防可能发生的一切攻击或危险。
defend: 普通用词，指用武力或其它措施使人或物不受损害，消除危险。用作比喻时，指坚持某种行动、决定或意见。
shield: 语气比protect强，但侧重防止迫在眉睫的攻击或伤害。
protect: 普通用词，指用某种手段作为防御工具以防危险或伤害。
n. 盾；防护物；保护者
 - dong, fendering
vt. 遮蔽；包庇；避开；保卫
 - avoid, shadow, guard, curtain
vi. 防御；起保护作用
 - protect sb./sth. from sth.

Word: newcomer
Front: newcomer
[ˈnju:kʌmə(r)] (5610/5316 -2)
Vocabulary: newcomer
(once / 834 pages)
n
When you show up at your first meeting of the local swim club and you're the only one who didn't bring a towel, it may be because you're a newcomer, or someone who's new at participating in a particular group.
When you're a newcomer, you're an outsider just joining an activity or group. There are a lot of great words that have the same meaning as newcomer, like neophyte, rookie, and Johnny-come-lately. One popular slang term for newcomer is newbie, which is often shortened on the Internet to noob.
WORD FAMILY
newcomer: newcomers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Then the class breaks into groups: Newcomers in a small cluster, returning fighters in a larger circle, brandishing their weapons.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The newcomers shared their adopted homeland's optimism about the journey ahead.
BBC(Dec 31, 2016)
A relative newcomer to the telecommunications big leagues, Wave is now focused largely on building fiber infrastructure to businesses and apartment buildings.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 新来的人; 新手; 新生事物
分布：新来的人(56%)，新手(38%)，新近出现的事物(6%)
→即新来的人。
US ['nu:ˌkʌm.ɚ] noun countable
■someone who has recently arrived in a place or recently become involved in an activity 新来者；新手
• We've lived here for 15 years, but we're relative newcomers to the village. 我们在这里生活了15年，但在村子里相对来说还是年头短的。
• The newcomer on the radio scene is a commercial station devoted to classical music. 广播界新出现了一家专门播放古典音乐的商业电台。
n. [劳经] 新来者；新到的移民
 - latecomer, tenderfoot

Word: triangle
Front: triangle
[ˈtraɪæŋgl] (高研四六托雅 5605/5296 -K1)
Back: n. 三角形; 三人一组; 三角铁; 三角板
分布：名词(100%)
→tri-, 三，angle,角。
三角形(tri[tri-表示"三"]+angle角)
n.三角(形)The language angel hanged up the gang and banged them at the angle of the triangle.语文天使将那伙人吊起朝三角形的角上猛撞.
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a flat shape with three straight sides 三角形
• an equilateral/isosceles triangle 等边／等腰三角形
 ADVANCED
■anything which has three straight sides 三角形物
• Which earrings did you buy in the end - the triangles or the circles? 最后你买了甚么样的耳环——三角形的还是圆的？
■a musical instrument consisting of a thin metal bar bent into a triangle shape which is hit with a metal bar to make a sound 三角铁（打击乐器）
US for * setsquare
(also frame)
■a three-sided frame for arranging the balls at the start of a game of billiards , pool , etc. 三角板（一种三边的框架，用于在撞球、弹子球等比赛开始时把球放好）
n. [数] [昆] [测] 三角（形）；三角关系；三角形之物；三人一组
 - trigona, Misumi

Word: aspiration
Front: aspiration
[ˌæspəˈreɪʃn] (六托雅宝 5607/4763)
Vocabulary: aspiration
(once / 577 pages)
1n 2n 3n
If your aspiration, or ambition, is to climb Mt. Everest someday, you better start training, because it’s a long, hard climb that requires a lot of preparation.
Aspiration means "inhalation" or "breathing." So how did it come to mean "ambition" or "the will to succeed"? The Latin gives us a clue: spirare ("to breathe") and spiritus ("spirit"). It was once believed that our breath was our soul or spirit, which might explain why we talk about "breathing life into" something, or coming up with energy and ideas to invigorate it. How else to breathe life into something than with ambition and drive, in other words, "spirit"?
WORD FAMILY
aspiration: aspirations+/ aspirant: aspirants/ aspire: aspirant, aspiration, aspired, aspirer, aspires, aspiring /aspirer: aspirers/ aspiring: aspiringly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The news was devastating: I assumed a lifetime of “difference” and exclusion, all my aspirations for my child seemingly in tatters.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
He is determined to earn a degree from a prestigious university to back up his professional basketball aspirations.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Naypyidaw, the grand but empty capital Myanmar’s generals built for themselves, means “abode of kings”, a hint at their aspirations.
The Guardian(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 强烈的愿望; 吸气，吸入; 发送气音; 发 h 音
分布：渴望(33%)，抽吸(24%)，抱负(15%)，志向(12%)，发送气音(6%)，吸引术(5%)，热望(3%)，吸气(2%)
渴望,热望(aspire+ation)[spir=breathe表示"呼吸"]
【记】a非，无，spir呼吸－屏住呼吸等待－渴望
【参】respiration（n 呼吸，呼吸作用）；conspire（v 同谋）
US [-pɚ'eɪ-] noun
countable usually plural uncountable
■something that you hope to achieve 志向，抱负；渴望达到的目标
• I've never had any political aspirations. 我从来就没甚么政治抱负。
• It's a story about the lives and aspirations of poor Irish immigrants. 这个故事讲述了穷苦的爱尔兰移民的生活与抱负。
n. 渴望；抱负；呼气；吸引术
 - longing for, eagerness

Word: financing
Front: financing
[faiˈnænsiŋ] (托 5608/7327)
Vocabulary: financing
(once / 977 pages)
n
Financing is the process of finding money for something you want. If you don't have enough money to buy the hot new video-game, you could try telling your parents that you need help financing your leisure activities.
Notice the similarity between finance and finish? The root of both words is fin, which is Latin for "end," or "limit." Originally, financing meant ending a debt. If you owed money, you might ask a bank to finance you. Eventually people began asking banks for money even when they didn't owe anything. Now the word can be used to talk about getting money for almost any project, from a video-game purchase to a war.
WORD FAMILY
financing: financings+/ finance: financed, finances, financial, financier, financing, refinance / financial: financially, nonfinancial/ financier: financiering, financiers/ refinance: refinanced, refinances, refinancing
USAGE EXAMPLES
A construction loan was turned over into long-term financing this week as the long-anticipated project moves closer to operations.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The United States Treasury’s schedule of financing this week includes an auction of four-week bills on Tuesday.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
I’ve mentioned quite a few drivers, but transit users also provided reality checks during some intricate discussions of Metro financing, leadership and strategy.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 筹措资金; 理财; 筹集资金; 融资
v. 为…供给资金，从事金融活动( finance的现在分词 )
分布：融资(99%)，资金供应(1%)
VERB
给…提供资金;资助
When someone finances something such as a project or a purchase, they provide the money that is needed to pay for them.
例：The fund has been used largely to finance the construction of federal prisons...该基金大部分用于了资助联邦监狱的建造。
例：Government expenditure is financed by taxation and by borrowing.政府开支依靠征税款和借贷来维持。
N-UNCOUNT
财政;金融
Finance is the commercial or government activity of managing money, debt, credit, and investment.
例：...a major player in the world of high finance...高级金融界的大户
例：The report recommends an overhaul of public finances...该报告建议对公共财政进行彻底改革。
N-UNCOUNT
财力;财务状况(或管理)
You can refer to the amount of money that you have and how well it is organized as your finances .
例：Be prepared for unexpected news concerning your finances...对财务上的意外状况要做到有备无患。
例：In general, women manage the day-to-day finances but leave most longer-term decisions to men...通常，妇女管理日常财务，而把大多数较长期的决策交给男人。
n. 融资；财务；筹措资金
 - financial affairs

Word: narrator
Front: narrator
[nəˈreɪtə(r)] (托雅 4907/10638)
Vocabulary: narrator
(once / 1972 pages)
n
A narrator is the storyteller in a book or movie. One of the most famous literary narrators is Mark Twain's character Huck Finn, who tells the story of "Huckleberry Finn."
The narrator is the person who tells the story — in other words, she narrates it. In a fictional work, the narrator is a character who relays the story from her own perspective, which is different from the writer. If you don't trust the narrator's version of the story, you may have encountered an "unreliable narrator." The Latin root is narrare, "to tell or relate," or literally "to make acquainted with," from gnarus, "knowing."
WORD FAMILY
narrator: narrators+/ narrate: narrated, narrates, narrating, narration, narrative, narrator / narration: narrations/ narrative: narratively, narratives
USAGE EXAMPLES
For the narrator, his daughter’s death and the end of the world are indistinguishable.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
She is angry at the assertions from some critics of the film that she an “unreliable narrator”.
The Guardian(Dec 27, 2016)
Sir David Attenborough is back as the narrator and Hans Zimmer as the composer.
Time(Dec 21, 2016)
Back: n. （故事的）讲述者，（戏剧、电影等的）解说员
分布：叙述者(95%)，讲解员(5%)
→来自narrate,叙述。
US ['nær.eɪ.tˌɚ] noun countable
■the character who tells you what is happening in a book or film （书或电影中的）叙述者，讲述者；旁白
n. 叙述者；解说员
 - relater, commentator

Word: fried
Front: fried
[fraɪd] (高 5612/10093)
Vocabulary: fried
(once / 999 pages)
adj
Things that are fried are cooked in very hot fat or oil. You can order fried rice at a Chinese restaurant, or fried clams at your favorite seafood place.
Some foods are lightly stir fried, while others are submerged in boiling oil and deep fried. At a state fair, there are offerings including fried dough and fried chicken, and it's even possible to eat fried candy bars or fried ice cream. Colloquially, someone who's exhausted might say, "I'm totally fried." Fried comes from the verb fry, which has the Latin root frigere, both "to fry" and "to roast."
WORD FAMILY
fried: frieder, friedly+/friable: friability/frier: friers/fries: frieses, friess/ fry: friable, fried, frier, fries, fryer, frying/fryer: fryers/frying: fryings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Our new friend invited us to share a lunch buffet of fried chicken, potato salad and sweets.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
She recalls visiting one avant garde gallery to discuss her work and as she left, the owner, Rose Fried, called her back.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
We also get the chili chicken, sautéed green vegetables and fried rice.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 喝醉了的; 油炸的，油煎的
v. 油炸，油煎（ fry的过去式和过去分词 ）; 皮肤晒黑
分布：炸过的(100%)
adjective
■cooked in hot oil or fat 油炸的；油煎的；油炒的
• a fried egg 煎蛋
• fried onions 炒洋葱
adj. 油炸的，油煎的；喝醉了的
 - loaded, drunk

Word: suitcase
Front: suitcase
[ˈsu:tkeɪs] (高六托雅宝 5600/6625 -K2)
Back: n. 手提箱; 衣箱
分布：手提箱(100%)
→suit,套装，case,箱子。原指装套装的小箱子，后用于指手提箱，文件箱。
【记】suit一套衣服，case箱子
US ['su:t-/ (UK also case)
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a large rectangular case with a handle for carrying clothes and possessions while travelling （旅行用的）手提箱
• Have you packed/unpacked your suitcase yet? 你把衣物都放进手提箱了吗／从手提箱里拿出来了吗?
trunk, suitcase
这组词都有“衣箱，箱”的意思，其区别是：
trunk: 指旅行用的坚固的大衣箱。
suitcase: 指装替换衣服等的小型旅行箱，手提箱。
n. [轻] 手提箱；衣箱
 - carrying case, hold-all

Word: inclined
Front: inclined
[ɪnˈklaɪnd] (托 5609/4683 -1)
Vocabulary: inclined
(once / 166 pages)
1adj 2adj 3adj
If you're inclined to do something, you want to do it, you like doing it, and you may even have an inherent talent for doing it. Alternatively, if the sidewalk outside your house is inclined, that means it slopes upward.
Inclined means that you're likely to do something, you're leaning toward doing it, or you do it habitually. If you're inclined to eat too much at Thanksgiving, you're not alone. If you're inclined to want to join the Iditarod dog sled race, get a warm jacket. Inclined can also be an adjective describing something that's at an angle. If a ramp is inclined, it's on a slant, sloping up toward something else.
WORD FAMILY
incline: disincline, inclination, inclined, inclines, inclining+/ disinclination: disinclinations/disincline: disinclination, disinclined, disinclines, disinclining/ inclination: inclinations/inclining: inclinings
USAGE EXAMPLES
As a clergy person I’m inclined to see more than just team loyalty.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
U.S.-born Latinos typically are bilingual or speak mostly English and are inclined to watch TV in English — if they watch at all.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
So it was something of a surprise when, this past February, an academically inclined online publication appeared, full of erudite arguments in favor of Trump.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 倾斜的; 倾向的
v. （使）倾斜( incline的过去式和过去分词); （使）偏向
分布：倾向于 ... 的(100%)
adjective [after verb] [+ to infinitive]
■tending or wanting to do something 倾向于…的
• Tom is inclined to be lazy. 汤姆喜欢偷懒。
• No one seemed inclined to help. 似乎没有人愿意帮忙。
artistically/technically, etc. inclined
■having natural artistic/technical, etc. ability 在艺术／技术等方面有天赋的
• She's very bright, but she's not academically inclined. 她很聪明，但她在学术方面没有天赋。

Word: calcium
Front: calcium
[ˈkælsiəm] (研托雅宝 5615/4908 -2)
Back: n. <化>钙
分布：钙(100%)
→来自词根calc, 小石子。词源同calculate.
钙(cale+ium表名词,常指化学元素,如;alu-minium铝)[calc=stone,表示"石头"]
n.钙(化学符号Ca)Calcium is good to the growth of your bones.钙有助于你的骨骼生长.
【记】calc石头；或：元素符号Ca
noun uncountable
■a chemical element which is present in teeth, bones and chalk （化学元素）钙

Word: supervision
Front: supervision
[ˌsju:pə'vɪʒn] (六托 5614/3976 -2)
Back: n. 监督; 管理; 监督的行为、过程或作用
分布：监督(75%)，管理(25%)
US [-pɚ-] noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■when someone watches a person or activity and makes certain that everything is done correctly, safely, etc. 监督，管理，指导
• Students are not allowed to handle these chemicals unless they are under the supervision of a teacher. 学生们只有在老师的指导下才能动这些化学物品。
n. 监督， [管理] 管理
 - governance, administration, management, surveillance, regulation

Word: substitute
Front: substitute
[ˈsʌbstɪtju:t] (高研四六托雅宝 5613/4548 -K3)
Vocabulary: substitute
(once / 220 pages)
nvadj
Something or someone that takes the place of another is said to be a substitute. You may be sent into a game as a substitute for an injured player, or you might substitute chocolate chips for blueberries in a pancake recipe.
Substitute can be used as an adjective to describe something or someone that takes the place of another. Teenagers are notoriously hard on substitute teachers, sometimes giving them fake names or wrong information about classroom work. Substitute can also be used as a verb. So if you are asked to substitute for a teacher, you probably shouldn't believe everything the students tell you!
WORD FAMILY
substitute: substitutable, substituted, substitutes, substituting, substitution +/substitutable: substitutability/ substitution: substitutions
USAGE EXAMPLES
And despite my willingness to experiment with substitutes, there’s nothing like the real thing when the real thing is at its best.
The New Yorker(Jan 02, 2017)
A full-time substitute will replace Weichmann at the high school for second semester.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
“The world will be laughing at us. He’s like a substitute president. Trump is the substitute teacher of presidents!”
Salon(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 代替，替换，代用
n. 代替者; 替补（运动员）; 替代物; [语法学]代用词
vi. 用…替代
时态：substituted, substituting, substitutes
分布：代替(76%)，代用品(14%)，代替者(7%)，代以(2%)，用 ... 代替(1%)
→sub-,在下，向上，-stit,站立，词源同 stand,institute.即站在下面的，随时准备站上去的，引申 词义代替，替代。
替代人员v.代替(sub下面+stitute→在下面放着→代替)[atitut,stit=setup,place,表示"建立,放"]
n.代替者;替身;代用品v.(for)代替,替换Home-made parts are being substituted for imported ones.国产零件取代进口零件.
US [-tu:t] verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to use something or someone instead of another thing or person 用…代替，代之以
• You can substitute oil for butter in this recipe. 这道菜中你可以用食用油代替牛油。
• Dayton was substituted for Williams in the second half of the match. 下半场比赛戴顿上场取代了威廉斯。
substitute for sth
■to perform the same job as another thing or to take its place 取代，代替
• Gas-fired power stations will substitute for less efficient coal-fired equipment. 以煤气为燃料的发电站将会代替效率较低的燃煤装置。
UK ['sʌb.stɪ.tju:t] US [-tu:t] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a thing or person that is used instead of another thing or person 替代品，代替物
• Tofu can be used as a meat substitute in vegetarian recipes. 素食食谱中豆腐可用以替代肉类。
• Vitamins should not be used as a substitute for a healthy diet. 维他命不应用于替代健康饮食。
 ADVANCED (informal sub)
■in sports, a player who is used for part of a game instead of another player （体育比赛中的）替补队员
• Johnson came on as a substitute towards the end of the match. 约翰逊在比赛接近尾声时作为替补队员上场。
• The manager brought on (US alsosent in)another substitute in the final minutes of the game. 比赛还剩下最后几分钟时，主教练又换上了一位替补队员。
there is no substitute for sth
■nothing is as good as the stated thing …是无可替代的
• You can work from plans of a garden, but there's no substitute for visiting the site yourself. 你可以从花园的设计图入手，但最好还是亲自到实地看一看，仍是有必要的。
(also substitute teacher) (informal sub) US for * supply teacher
representative, deputy, substitute, agent, delegate
这组词都有“代表、代理人”的意思，其区别是：
representative: 一般指被选举或委派代表某人或一些人或某个较大团体的人，其职务有时是较长期的。
deputy: 指上级授权代理行事的代表，特指被选择为执行全部或部分公务的人。
substitute: 主要强调某人或某物可以用来代替别的人或物的作用。
agent: 普通用词，通常指经授权代理另一个人或团体，或指在双方之间代表一方起中间作用的人。
delegate: 指一般被派参加某一会议的代表。
displace, replace, substitute
这组词都有“替代、取代”的意思，其区别是：
displace: 侧重指用另外的人或物强行取代并非称职的人或无用之物，指人时往往暗含带不满情绪的意味。
replace: 最普通用词，指任何形式的替代，尤指以新的替代旧的、老的和坏的等，指人指物均可。
substitute: 指某人因故不在时，由别人代理其职，有时也可指由一物去代替另一物。
replace, substitute, exchange
这组词都有“换”的意思，其区别是：
replace: 的含义为“替换”，“取代”。如：George has replaced Edward as captain of the team.(乔石治已接替爱德华担任队长。)
substitute: 则表示“用……代替”。如：We substitute nylon for cotton.(我们用尼龙代替了棉花。)
exchange: 指“互相交换”。
replace, submit, substitute, place
replace: 强调某种永久性的取代
submit: 呈交（hand in）
substitute: 强调暂时性的替代
place: 放置
n. 代用品；代替者
 - replacement, proxy
vi. [计] 替代
 - supply, fill in
vt. 代替
 - replace, cover for, take the place of somebody, stand in for sb

Word: con
Front: con
[kɒn] (5617/7549 -2)
Vocabulary: con
(once / 635 pages)
1nadv 2nv 3v 4n
A con, or confidence game, is a swindle — when you take advantage of someone's trust. If you con someone out of their life savings, you might wind up a con — as in convict.
The word con has many meanings, none of them good. An argument has pros and cons, and the cons are always the downside. An ex-con is someone who spent time in jail as a convict, and a con artist is someone who scams people out of their money.
WORD FAMILY
con: cons
USAGE EXAMPLES
Qualls, a junior defensive lineman, was asked what pros and cons he would weigh in his decision.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
He’s an advocate for simple living but his research explores both the pros and cons of frugality.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
There’s a split in the yoga world about the pros and cons of flesh-eating but unanimous consent that gluttony is not your friend.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 反对票，反对者; 反对的论点，反对的理由
vt. 精读，熟读; 默记，谙记
prep. 以…，用…; 反对
adj. 欺诈的，骗取信任的
adv. 反面地，从反面
时态：conned, conning, cons
分布：骗局(39%)，反对(16%)，精读(13%)，反对的理由(11%)，反面地(10%)，记诵(8%)，反对地(3%)
US [kɑ:n] verb transitive (-nn-) informal
■to make someone believe something false, usually so that they will give you their money or possessions 骗，诈骗，哄骗（通常指钱财）
• She felt she had been conned into buying the car. 她觉得自己上当受骗买下了这辆车。
• Thieves conned him out of his life savings. 小偷骗走了他一辈子的积蓄。
• He managed to con £20 out of them (= get that amount from them by deceiving them). 他从他们那里骗得20英镑。
UK [kɒn] US [kɑ:n] noun
TRICK 欺骗
countable informal
■a trick to get someone's money, or make them do what you want 骗局；圈套；花招
• It's a con - you get half the food for twice the price! 这是个圈套——你花两倍的钱才买到一半的食物！
• a con trick 骗局
UK [kɒn] US [kɑ:n] noun
DISADVANTAGE 劣势
countable usually plural informal
■a disadvantage or a reason for not doing something 不利条件；弊病
• One of the cons of buying a bigger car is that it costs more to run. 买辆大一点的汽车的缺点是跑起来更费油。
• You have to weigh up all the pros and cons of the matter before you make a decision. 作决定之前，你要权衡问题的利弊。
UK [kɒn] US [kɑ:n] noun
PRISONER 囚犯
countable slang
■a convict
n. 反对票；反对论
 - non
vt. 精读；默记
 - peruse, learn by heart
adv. 反面地
 - reversely
adj. 欺诈的
 - deceptive, imposturous

Word: realization
Front: realization
[ˌri:əlaɪˈzeɪʃn] (六托 5579/7207)
Vocabulary: realization
(once / 792 pages)
1n 2n 3n 4n
A realization is the act of becoming completely aware of something. Many children who walk into a circus tent for the first time are struck with the realization that clowns are terrifying.
A realization is a gradual or sudden understanding or comprehension of something. Another way to use the word realization is to mean the fulfillment of something that was previously only imagined, like the realization of your dream of becoming a pastry chef, or the realization on stage of the play you scribbled on napkins and scraps of paper. Realization grew out of the French réaliser, "to make real."
WORD FAMILY
realization: realizations, self-realization+/realizable: realizably, unrealizable/ realize: realizable, realization, realized, realizes, realizing/realized: unrealized/unrealizable: unrealizably
USAGE EXAMPLES
There was also a realization that China’s key role in the illicit ivory trade was damaging its image in Africa.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
But amazingly, I was able to bury this realization beneath my embarrassment and eagerness to get on with the next phase of my life.
Salon(Dec 29, 2016)
Bubbling to the surface, though, is the realization that the two charges are not mutually exclusive.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 认识，领会; 实现
分布：实现(96%)，领悟(3%)，实得(1%)
实现(real真实的)[-ization表名词,来自-ize+ation,"…化"或"发展过程"]
US [ˌri:.ə-] noun
BECOMING AWARE 意识
countable usually singular
■when you start to understand a situation, especially suddenly 明白；认识到；意识到
• [+ that] The realization was dawning that this was a major disaster. 人们开始意识到这是一场大灾难。
(UK usually realisation) UK [ˌrɪə.laɪ'zeɪ.ʃən] US [ˌri:.ə-] noun
ACHIEVEMENT 夙愿
uncountable
■when you achieve something you planned to do or hoped for 实现夙愿
• To win the Olympic gold medal was the realization of his life's dream. 赢得奥运会金牌就实现了他平生的夙愿。
(UK usually realisation) UK [ˌrɪə.laɪ'zeɪ.ʃən] US [ˌri:.ə-] noun
MONEY 钱
uncountable legal
■when you get money by selling something 变卖资产；变现
• Even the realization of all his assets would not be enough to prevent financial ruin. 即使变卖他所有的资产也无法使他免于破产。
n. 实现；领悟
 - implementation, completion

Word: picnic
Front: picnic
[ˈpɪknɪk] (中高研四雅 5619/6512 -2)
Vocabulary: picnic
(once / 860 pages)
nv
A picnic is a meal that you eat outside. For your birthday, you might take a picnic lunch (including celebratory cupcakes) to a nearby beach with some friends.
You can use the word picnic for both the occasion — "Let's go on a picnic!" — and for the meal itself: "I am packing the best picnic to take on our hike." It's also a verb, meaning "to eat outside." And when a friend describes a difficult task and adds, "It was no picnic," they mean to emphasize how hard it was — the opposite of an easy, breezy picnic.
WORD FAMILY
picnic: picknicker, picniced, picnicing, picnicked, picnicker, picnicking, picnics+/picknicker: picknickers/picnicker: picnickers
USAGE EXAMPLES
The family often picnics at Central Park and plays board games around their new table.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Sigler recalled visiting the property for a Labor Day picnic last year and “drinking copious amounts of Russian vodka.”
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Last fall, the neighborhood planned to move an annual neighborhood picnic and I replied that I wouldn’t be able to attend if the date changed.
Slate(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 野餐郊游; 供野餐吃的食品; 猪的肩肉; 轻松的工作
vi. 去野餐，参加野餐; 野餐式地用餐; 在户外用餐
vt. 用野餐招待
时态：picnicked, picnicking, picnic
分布：野餐(98%)，愉快的时间(1%)，猪脊肉(1%)
→来自法语pique-nique,来自pique,捡，拾，词源同pick.nique可能为pique同韵构词。用以指过去每个人准备一份食物的聚餐社交活动，可在室内，也可以室外，但现仅指室外野餐。
n.野餐v.(去)野餐In the fiction, the victim of the conflict pictured the picnic after victory.在小说中,冲突中的受害者描绘了胜利后的野餐.
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■an occasion when you take a meal with you to eat outside in an informal way, or the food itself 野餐；供野餐吃的食物
• If the weather's nice we could have a picnic in the park. 天气好的话我们就能去公园野餐。
• Why don't you take a picnic with you? 你为甚么不带着野餐时吃的东西？
• a picnic area/lunch/table 野餐区域／野外午餐／野餐桌
• a picnic basket/hamper 野餐篮
['pɪk.nɪk] noun countable
be no picnic informal
■to be a difficult or unpleasant situation 不是轻松愉快的事
• Being a single parent is no picnic, I can tell you. 我跟你说，做个单亲父母绝非易事。
['pɪk.nɪk] verb intransitive (picnicking, picnicked, picnicked)
■to have a picnic somewhere 去野餐
• There were several families picnicking on the river bank. 有几家人在河岸上野餐。
n. 野餐
 - junket

Word: gravel
Front: gravel
[ˈgrævl] (六雅宝 5620/4805 -1)
Vocabulary: gravel
(once / 549 pages)
1nv 2v 3v
Gravel is very small, irregular pieces of rock and stone. Your gravel driveway might crunch under your boots as you walk to the mailbox.
Roads, paths, walkways, and yards are all sometimes paved with gravel, which is a relatively inexpensive material to use for marking areas and preventing the growth of weeds and other plants. Gravel is more rough and rocky than sand, and smaller than stones. The word gravel comes from the French word gravele, "gravel or sand," which in turn comes from grave, "seashore or sand." The ultimate Proto-Indo-European root may be ghreu, "to rub or grind."
WORD FAMILY
gravel: graveled, graveling, gravelled, gravelling, gravelly, gravels
USAGE EXAMPLES
When the crash occurred, Grogan was driving 50 mph down a gravel road.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
His voice is like gravel on a Queens road.
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
I followed a sign that advertised Te Motu Vineyard as a short walk up a gravel road.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 沙砾，碎石; 砾石; [医]结石
vt. 以砾石铺路; 使困惑; 使（船）搁浅在沙滩上
时态：gravelled, gravelling, gravels
分布：碎石(92%)，使困惑(6%)，铺碎石(2%)
→来自ghreu, 刮，磨，擦，词源同chrism, great, grit. 即磨下来的小砂子。
【记】grave（n 墓穴；坟墓），l：grave是用gravel堆积而成的
noun uncountable
■small rounded stones, often mixed with sand 沙砾，砾石
• a gravel path 石子路
pebble, stone, rock, gravel
这组词都有“石、石头”的意思，其区别是：
pebble: 多指海边、河边或沙中圆形的小卵石。
stone: 普通用词，泛指井然的或经加工的各类石头，可大可小。
rock: 普通用词，指构成地表最坚硬部分或突出于周围地面的巨大岩石，也可指石头或石块。
gravel: 集合名词，常指用于铺路的小石子和沙砾。
n. 碎石；砂砾
 - rubble, crushed stone
vt. 用碎石铺；使船搁浅在沙滩上；使困惑
 - confuse, perplex

Word: nationalism
Front: nationalism
[ˈnæʃnəlɪzəm] (5625/5868)
Vocabulary: nationalism
(once / 682 pages)
n
Nationalism is the belief that your own country is better than all others. Sometimes nationalism makes people not want to work with other countries to solve shared problems.
It is important not to confuse nationalism with patriotism. Patriotism is a healthy pride in your country that brings about feelings of loyalty and a desire to help other citizens. Nationalism is the belief that your country is superior, without question or doubt. In some cases, nationalism can inspire people to break free of a foreign oppressor, as in the American Revolution, but nationalism can also lead a country to cut itself off from the rest of the world.
WORD FAMILY
nationalism: nationalisms, nationalist, nationalistic, ultranationalism+/International: Internationals/denationalise: denationalisation, denationalised, denationalising/denationalize: denationalization, denationalized, denationalizes, denationalizing/ international: internationalise, internationalism, internationality, internationalize, internationally/internationalise: internationalisation, internationalised, internationalising/ internationalism: internationalist, internationalistic/internationalist: internationalists/internationality: internationalities/internationalize: internationalization, internationalized, internationalizes, internationalizing/ nation: national, nationhood, nations/ national: International, international, multinational, nationalise, nationalism, nationality, nationalize, nationally, nationals, supranational, transnational /nationalise: denationalise, nationalisation, nationalised, nationalising/ nationalist: nationalists/ nationalistic: nationalistically/ nationality: nationalities/ nationalization: nationalizations/nationalize: denationalize, nationalization, nationalized, nationalizes, nationalizing/nationhood: nationhoods/supranational: supranationally/ultranationalism: ultranationalistic
USAGE EXAMPLES
“I don’t share those kinds of extreme views,” he said, when asked about nationalism and the Russian Imperial Movement.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
But as for the first, a Chinese nationalism: forget it.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
As China and the United States brandish a new form of economic nationalism, they risk disrupting the system, without necessarily achieving their goals.
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 爱国主义，爱国心; 民族主义; 国家主义; 民族特性
分布：民族主义(97%)，爱国心(2%)，政治独立运动(1%)
→来自national,国家的，民族的。
noun uncountable
■the wish for and the attempt to achieve political independence for your country or nation 国家主义；民族主义
■a great or too great love of your own country 爱国心；民族自豪感；民族优越感
• The book documents the rise of the political right with its accompanying strands of nationalism and racism. 这本书记载了政治权利的提高，以及随之而来的民族主义和种族主义倾向。
n. 民族主义；国家主义；民族特性
 - statism

Word: textile
Front: textile
[ˈtekstaɪl] (研四六托雅 5621/4824 -2)
Vocabulary: textile
(once / 935 pages)
nadj
A textile is something made by knitting, weaving, or crocheting fibers together. Textiles are fabrics. Unless you’re naked or wearing only a fig leaf, you’re wearing a textile right now!
Textile comes from the Latin word, textilis for "woven fabric” and that's exactly what it is. If you’re in the textile business, you’re dealing with the stuff that gets turned into clothes, flags, dishrags, or anything else made of cloth. If you knit a scarf, you create a hand-made textile. Nudists call people who wear clothes textiles. A sign on a beach might say, “nudists to the left of the palm trees, textiles to the right.”
WORD FAMILY
textile: textiles
USAGE EXAMPLES
The canoe was heaped with valuable trade goods: copper, flint, weapons, textiles, and beer.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Conventional textile manufacturing is tough on both the people who work in it and their land.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
A beautifully illustrated meditation on two of the 19th century’s greatest exponents of textile arts, Mariano Fortuny and William Morris.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 纺织品，织物; 纺织业
分布：纺织品(100%)
→text-,纺织，编织，-ile,形容词后缀。词性由形容词作名词使用。
纺织品(text+ile→编织出的物品)[text=weave,表示"编织"]
结构;质地(text+ure→编制状态→结构)[text=weave,表示"编织"]
n.纺织品a.纺织的From the context of the text, I find the next pretext for selling the textile.我从课文的前后关系中找到卖纺织品的下一个借口.
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a cloth made by hand or machine 纺织物；织物
• the textile industry 纺织业
n. [纺] 纺织品，织物
 - cloth, web
adj. [纺] 纺织的
 - spinning

Word: precedent
Front: precedent
[ˈpresɪdənt] (研六托雅 5624/5093 -2)
Vocabulary: precedent
(once / 518 pages)
nadj
A precedent is something that sets a standard for future events. It's hard to say what the legal community would do without the word precedent, since so many legal judgments and decisions are based on what came before.
Lawyers and judges often look for a precedent can be used as a guide for a similar case. This word is used elsewhere too. Your mom might not let you stay up late because it would set a bad precedent for future bedtimes. A teacher who lets kids chew gum is setting a precedent that gum-chewing will be OK in the future. People often refer to a precedent later on as a reference point for how things should be.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
precedent / president
How has the United States affected this word pair, precedent and president? Let's find out.
Precedent refers to something that went before; it precedes something or serves as an example:
This may be a dangerous precedent that facilitates and enables dozens and potentially hundreds of unethical fathers to solicit money for their sons in a pay-for-play manner.
The decision sets up a precedent for other cases, which means it's possible that the ruling will be taken to the US Supreme Court.
There is no precedent for what Manny Pacquiao has now done, winning eight titles in eight weight classes.
President refers to the leader of an organization, the chief presider. It was first used to mean the executive leader of a republic in 1787 in the American colonies and is used in that manner in the U.S. Constitution:
The president of Fresno State University's student body acknowledged publicly that he is an illegal immigrant.
Eric Rosengren, the president of the Boston Federal Reserve Bank said Wednesday that he doubted the economy was about take off.
President Obama's planned meeting for Thursday with top Congressional leadership has been postponed until Nov. 30.
So you could say America set a precedent by creating the role of president within a republic.
WORD FAMILY
precedent: precedence, precedently, precedents+/ precede: preceded, precedency, precedent, precedes, preceding, precession/ precedence: precedences, precedential/precedency: precedencies/precession: precessions
USAGE EXAMPLES
Her allies were delighted that Trump raised the precedent of Ronald Reagan’s bond with Margaret Thatcher in his first phone call with May.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
“There is long historical precedent for a Supreme Court with fewer justices,” Cruz lied at a campaign event.
Salon(Jan 01, 2017)
“District judges are the first to encounter novel issues, and they must resolve them without the aid of guiding precedent,” the chief justice wrote.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 前例; 先例
adj. 在前的，在先的
分布：先例(91%)，惯例(4%)，在先的(3%)，先前的(2%)
→来自precede,先走，先于，-ent,现在分词后缀。词性由形容词变名词，引申词义先例，常规等。
先例(pre+ced走+ent→走在前面的东西→先例)[pre-表示"…前的,预先"]
先例;惯例(precede+ent→预先走的东西→先例)[ced,ceed,cess=go,表示"行走,前进"]
n.先例There is no precedent for such a procedure.这样的程序是没有前例的.
US [-ə.dent] noun
 ADVANCED countable
■an action, situation or decision which has already happened and which can be used as a reason why a similar action or decision should be performed or taken 先例，前例
• There are several precedents for promoting people who don't have formal qualifications. 提拔没有正式学历的人是有几个先例的。
• Some politicians fear that agreeing to the concession would set a dangerous precedent. 一些政客担心同意让步会开创危险的先例。
 ADVANCED uncountable
■the way that something has been done in the past which therefore shows that it is the correct way 惯例
• Would it be breaking with precedent for the bride to make a speech? 新娘发表讲话是否有悖于惯例？
 ADVANCED countable legal
■a decision about a particular law case which makes it likely that other similar cases will be decided in the same way （可援引的）先例，判例
• The judgment on pension rights has established/set a precedent. 对养老金领取权的裁决成了一个判例。
adj. 在前的；在先的
 - prior, prius

Word: visiting
Front: visiting
[ˈvɪzɪtɪŋ] (5622/5240)
Back: n. 拜访，访问
v. 访问( visit的现在分词 ); 探望; 参观; 游览
分布：参观(41%)，访问(35%)，拜访(21%)，访问的(2%)，动词visit的现在分词形式.(1%)
VERB
看望;拜访
If you visit someone, you go to see them and spend time with them.
例：He wanted to visit his brother in Worcester...他想去看望住在伍斯特的哥哥。
例：He was visited by an old friend from Iraq...一位来自伊拉克的老朋友来看望他。
VERB
访问;参观;游览
If you visit a place, you go there for a short time.
例：He'll be visiting four cities including Cagliari in Sardinia...他将要访问4个城市，包括萨迪尼亚的卡利亚里。
例：Caroline visited all the big stores.卡罗琳光顾了所有的大型商店。
VERB
访问，浏览（网站）
If you visit a website, you look at it.
例：For details visit our website at www.cobuild.collins.co.uk.欲知详情，请访问我们的网站www.cobuild.collins.co.uk。
VERB
上门咨询（专业人士）;（专业人士）上门服务
If you visit a professional person such as a doctor or lawyer, you go and see them in order to get professional advice. If they visit you, they come to see you in order to give you professional advice.
例：If necessary the patient can then visit his doctor for further advice...如有必要，病人可以上门咨询自己的医生以得到更多的建议。
例：A doctor will visit you in your apartment.会有医生到您的住所出诊。
V-PASSIVE
（不快之事）降临在…身上
If something very unpleasant is visited upon you, it happens to you.
例：Violence is visited upon us every day...暴力事件每天都会降临在我们身上。
例：Death and suffering had been visited on thousands of innocents.死亡和苦难降临在了数千名无辜的人身上。
n. 拜访，访问；参观
 - called on, addressing
adj. 参观的；游览的
 - touring

Word: eternal
Front: eternal
[ɪˈtɜ:nl] (研六托雅宝 5626/6025 -2)
Vocabulary: eternal
(once / 102 pages)
adj
If something lasts forever or even if it just feels like it’s going to last forever, you could call it eternal, which means that it goes on and on and will never change or end.
The Fountain of Youth is a mythical spring of water that rewards its bathers with eternal life, free from sickness and death forever. The Latin root of eternal is aeternalis, translating roughly as “of great age,” and eternal things are really, really old. Eternal can describe an abstract idea that never changes, like the eternal truths of war, or it can describe an annoyance that you wish would end, like the eternal boredom you feel watching a really dull movie.
WORD FAMILY
eternal: eternalise, eternalize, eternally, eternise, eternity, eternize+/eternalise: eternalised/eternalize: eternalized, eternalizes, eternalizing/eternise: eternised, eternises, eternising/ eternity: eternities/eternize: eternized, eternizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Called “Eternal Sites: From Bamiyan to Palmyra,” the show aims to draw attention to the rising threats to global heritage.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
But these were questions to add to the eternal mystery of Egyptian police work.
The New Yorker(Dec 25, 2016)
There is something profound & terrible in this eternal desire to establish contact.
The New Yorker(Dec 25, 2016)
Back: adj. 永恒的，永久的; 似乎不停的，没完没了的; 不朽的; 永生的
n. 永恒的事物; Eternal 上帝，与定冠词the 连用
分布：永恒的(85%)，永久的(12%)，永恒的事(3%)
→来自拉丁语aeviternus, 永久，永恒。来自词根ev, 长久，时期，词源同eon, longevity.
n.永久的,永恒的The principles of Paris Commune are eternal.巴黎公社的原则是永存的.
【源】The Eternal＝god上帝（被认为是永恒之神）
【反】ephemeral（adj 朝生暮死的）
US [-'tɝ:-] adjective
■lasting forever or for a very long time 永远的，永恒的；长期的
• The company is engaged in the eternal search for a product that will lead the market. 该公司一直在进行长期的研究，以开发出可以引领市场的产品。
• Will you two never stop your eternal arguing! 你们两个吵个没完没了，就不能停一停吗！
UK [ɪ'tɜ:.nəl] US [-'tɝ:-] adjective
Hope springs eternal. saying
■said when you are hopeful that something will happen although it seems unlikely 希望之泉永不枯竭；希望常在
permanent, eternal, perpetual, everlasting, endless
这些形容词均有“持久的，永久的”之意。
permanent: 指总是处于相同的情况和地位，可长期持续下去，永久不变。
eternal: 语体较庄重，侧重指永远存在，无始无终。
perpetual: 语气最强，指保持永久不变，没有中断的行为，永无止境地持续下去。有时用于贬义，指令人厌烦之事。
everlasting: 语气较庄重，有时可与eternal换用，侧重持续不尽，或指开始后一直进行下去。
endless: 系日常用词，指无尽无休。
adj. 永恒的；不朽的
 - permanent, lasting, everlasting, undying, timeless

Word: interpreter
Front: interpreter
[ɪnˈtɜ:prɪtə(r)] (高四六 5628/7208)
Vocabulary: interpreter
(once / 597 pages)
n
An interpreter is someone who translates something to make it understandable, usually spoken language. When your class takes a trip to Russia, you’ll likely have an interpreter to translate Russian to English so you can understand what people are saying to you.
Need to talk to someone who doesn't speak your language? You'll need an interpreter. Say you're interviewing a Bulgarian diplomat, but you don't speak Bulgarian. The interpreter would listen to a few sentences in Bulgarian and then repeat them in English, and then listen to your English response and repeat that in Bulgarian. We also use interpreter for artists who represent ideas or places in their work. If you paint industrial cityscapes, you're an interpreter of urban life.
WORD FAMILY
interpreter: interpreters+/ interpret: interpretable, interpretation, interpretative, interpreted, interpreter, interpreting, interpretive, interprets, misinterpret, reinterpret / interpretation: interpretations/ interpretative: interpretatively/interpreting: interpretings/ misinterpret: misinterpretation, misinterpreted, misinterpreting, misinterprets/ misinterpretation: misinterpretations/ reinterpret: reinterpretation, reinterpreted, reinterpreting, reinterprets/ reinterpretation: reinterpretations
USAGE EXAMPLES
A timely novel about the conflict in Syria, told from the perspective of an Arab American interpreter trapped in Turkey.
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
They settled inside, listening with an interpreter to intercepted Taliban radio chatter.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Haydarov required a Russian interpreter during a court appearance Tuesday.
Seattle Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 解释者; 口译译员; [军事]判读员; [自]翻译器
分布：口译员(94%)，演绎的人(6%)
→来自interpret,口译。
US [-'tɝ:.prɪ.tˌɚ] noun countable
BETWEEN LANGUAGES 不同语言之间
■someone whose job is to change what someone else is saying into another language 口译员
• She works as an interpreter in Brussels. 她在布鲁塞尔做口译员。
• Speaking through an interpreter, the president said the terms of the ceasefire were completely unacceptable. 透过口译员的翻译，总统说该停火条件完全不能接受。
■specialized
■a computer program that changes the instructions in another program into a form that can be easily understood by a computer （电脑）解译程式
UK [ɪn'tɜ:.prɪ.tər] US [-'tɝ:.prɪ.tˌɚ] noun countable
EXPRESSING 表达
■someone who performs a piece of music or a part in a play, etc. in a way that expresses their own ideas about its meaning （音乐或戏剧的）表演者；演绎者（以自己的理解方式表演）
• He's a noted interpreter of traditional Irish music. 他是爱尔兰传统音乐的著名演绎者。
n. 解释者；口译者；注释器
 - expounder

Word: indictment
Front: indictment
[ɪnˈdaɪtmənt] (托 5627/10038 -2)
Vocabulary: indictment
(once / 908 pages)
n
An indictment, or a legal document charging you with a crime, is something you don't want to be the recipient of, so try not to rob any banks or start any money laundering schemes, and you'll probably be okay.
An indictment is most frequently a charge of a serious crime. You may have heard on television legal programs the phrase "on the first count of the indictment," which means that there's more than one charge of a category of crime in the indictment. The word can also be used more informally to mean an accusation. A book or article detailing the wrongdoing of a person or industry may be said to be an indictment of that person or industry.
WORD FAMILY
indictment: indictments+/ indict: indictable, indicted, indicting, indictment, indicts/indictable: indictability
USAGE EXAMPLES
Though the police recommended an indictment, the attorney general at the time decided not to pursue the case for lack of evidence.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Nor are the successes of rural schools necessarily an indictment on the struggles of those in metropolitan areas.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Jackson newspaper reports that an indictment accuses Calloway of trying to get accused murderer Marvin Banks away from the scene of the officers’ shootings.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 诉状，起诉书; <尤美>刑事起诉书; 控告，起诉
分布：起诉(77%)，控告(15%)，起诉状(8%)
→来自indict,控告，起诉。词义腐败迹象来自indicate,指示，暗示。
起诉,控诉(indict+ment)[dict,dic=say,assert,表示"说话,断言"]
noun
countable usually singular
■a reason for giving blame 控诉；谴责
• This seems to me to be a damning indictment of education policy. 我觉得这似乎应看作是对教育政策的一种深刻谴责。
countable legal
■a formal statement of accusing someone 起诉书；公诉书
• The charges on the indictment include murder and attempted murder. 起诉书上的指控包括谋杀罪及企图谋杀罪。
n. 起诉书；控告
 - charge, statement of claim

Word: current
Front: current
[ˈkʌrənt] (研四六托雅 652/755 -K5)
Vocabulary: current
(once / 52 pages)
1adj 2n
If it's in the past, it's not current. If it's out of date, out of style, or out of time, it's not current. If it's up-to-the-minute, right now, and in the present, it is current.
Origins of the word current all point to the meaning "present." Things that are current are happening now; they are part of the present time. News reporting looks at "current affairs" because past affairs are no longer news; they are history. Expressions like "staying current" or "keeping up with current events" show a need or desire to know what's popular, important, or relevant now. As a noun, a current can be a flow of water, electricity, or ideas.
WORD FAMILY
current: countercurrent, currency, currently, currentness, currents, noncurrent, undercurrent+/countercurrent: countercurrents/ currency: currencies/undercurrent: undercurrents
USAGE EXAMPLES
“This is why the current job discrimination situation is so grim.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The current 10-year moratorium is scheduled to expire next year.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
"While these sweet treats might be well meaning, they are also contributing to the current obesity epidemic and poor oral health," he added.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 现在的; 最近的; 流行的; 流传的
n. 趋势; 电流; 水流; 涌流
分布：现在的(60%)，趋势(28%)，流通的(12%)
→来自kers, 跑，词源同car,course.
流动的,n.潮流(currr+cnt→跑的→流动的)[cur(r),curs,cours=run,表示"跑,发生"]
n.电流,水流;潮流,趋势a.当前的;流通的The current occurrence of torrent spurs him to buy fur and sulfur.现行的倾泻事件驱使他买毛皮衣服和硫磺.
US ['kɝ:-] adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■of the present time 现时的，当前的；现行的
• Have you seen the current issue of (= the most recently published) Vogue magazine? 最新一期《时尚》杂志你看过了吗？
• The word 'thou' (= you) is no longer in current use. thou 这个单词现在已不再使用了。
UK ['kʌr.ənt] US ['kɝ:-] noun countable
FLOW 流动
■a movement of water, air or electricity, in a particular direction 水流；气流；电流
• to swim against / with the current 逆流／顺流而游
• He was swept out to sea by the strong current. 他被急流冲到了海里。
• Switch off the electric current before touching that machine. 触摸那台机器前先把电源切断。
UK ['kʌr.ənt] US ['kɝ:-] noun countable
FEELING 思潮
■a particular opinion or feeling that a group of people have 思潮；潮流
• There is a growing current of support for green issues among voters. 投票者对环境问题的支援呈增长趋势。
modern, present, up-to-date, contemporary, current, recent
这组词都有“现代的，当代的”的意思，其区别是：
modern: 指现代或近代，时期可长可短。也可指新颖、时髦的。
present: 是这些词中语气最强的一个。指现在正发生、起作用的。
up-to-date: 一般用于非正式场合，指很时新、能反映当前的最新发展。
contemporary: 仅指当今这个时代，不涉及任何过去的时代。但可表示不同的人或物存在于同一时代。
current: 指目前存在和发生的。
recent: 表示新近的，最近的，时间的长短依据所修饰的人或物而定。
trend, tendency, current
这组词都有“趋势，倾向”的意思，其区别是：
trend: 指事物发展总的方向、倾向或趋势。
tendency: 指固有或习得的倾向性，强调没有外来的影响或干扰。
current: 指向某一方面发展或在确趋向中行动。
adj. 现在的；流通的，通用的；最近的；草写的
 - recent, now, universal, late, present
n. （水，气，电） [流] 流；趋势；涌流
 - tendency, direction, tide, trend, set

Word: planned
Front: planned
[plænd] (5629/4600)
Back: adj. 计划了的，根据计划的
v. 计划，打算，设计( plan的过去式和过去分词 )
分布：有计划的(50%)，根据计划的(40%)，动词plan的过去式和过去分词.(10%)
N-COUNT
计划；规划；方案
A plan is a method of achieving something that you have worked out in detail beforehand.
例：The three leaders had worked out a peace plan...3位领导人已制订出了一个和平方案。
例：The project is part of a United Nations plan for refugees.该项目是联合国难民计划的一部分。
VERB
计划；筹划；谋划
If you plan what you are going to do, you decide in detail what you are going to do, and you intend to do it.
例：If you plan what you're going to eat, you reduce your chances of overeating...如果计划一下要吃什么，就有可能不会吃得过多。
例：He planned to leave Baghdad on Monday...他计划周一离开巴格达。
N-PLURAL
（有做某一特定事的）计划，打算，意向
If you have plans, you are intending to do a particular thing.
例：'I'm sorry,' she said. 'I have plans for tonight.'“抱歉，”她说，“我今晚有安排了。”
例：The government is making plans to evacuate more than two hundred of its citizens from the troubled area.政府打算疏散200多名留在骚乱地区的公民。
VERB
设计；绘制…的图样（或图表）
When you plan something that you are going to make, build, or create, you decide what the main parts of it will be and do a drawing of how it should be made.
例：We are planning a new kitchen.我们在设计新厨房。
N-COUNT
平面图；详图；图表
A plan of something that is going to be built or made is a detailed diagram or drawing of it.
例：...when you have drawn a plan of the garden.当你画出花园的平面图后
adj. 有计划的；根据计划的
 - studied, designed, shaped, calculated
v. 打算（plan的过去分词）；设计
 - intended, designed

Word: encompass
Front: encompass
[ɪnˈkʌmpəs] (托宝 5635/6021 -1)
Vocabulary: encompass
(once / 1518 pages)
v
Encompass means to contain. When you see the word, picture a campus which encompasses lecture halls, a football field, a medical center, a dining hall and some parking lots.
Encompass can be used when talking about anything that contains something else. A lecture on Edward Hopper might encompass all aspects of his life and art, a work of art could encompass many techniques, and a policeman's jurisdiction may encompass an entire state. The continental U.S. encompasses 48 states. This entry encompasses many examples of the word encompass in use!
WORD FAMILY
encompass: encompassed, encompasses, encompassing, encompassment+/ compass: compassed, compasses, compassing, encompass / encompassing: encompassingly/encompassment: encompassments
USAGE EXAMPLES
The North Texas Regional Veterans Court, which encompasses those two counties plus the more rural Grayson, Fannin and Kaufman counties, was dedicated in October.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
This extremely broad standard may encompass all manner of company operations.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 29, 2016)
While the Assad regime holds large territory encompassing major population centers of western Syria, there is no contiguity between that territory and Iraq.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vt. 围绕，包围; 包含或包括某事物; 完成
时态：encompassed, encompassing, encompasses
分布：包括(59%)，包围(18%)，围绕(16%)，完成(7%)
→en-, 进入，使。compass, 范围，界限。
包围,围绕(en+compass包围)[em-,en-①表示"进入…之中,包围"②表示"使…进入状态"]
包围,环绕(en进入+compass范围→进入范围→包围)[pass=passthrough表示"通过"]
【记】compass（n 罗盘v 包围）
【反】exclude（vt 拒绝接纳；排斥）
[ɪn'kʌm.pəs] formal
verb transitive
■to include, especially different types of things 包含，包括（尤指很多不同事物）
• The festival is to encompass everything from music, theatre and ballet to literature, cinema and the visual arts. 本届文化节将涵盖从音乐、戏剧、芭蕾到文学、电影、视觉艺术等各种艺术形式。
vt. 包含；包围，环绕；完成
 - involve, contain, carry out, accomplish, achieve

Word: collision
Front: collision
[kəˈlɪʒn] (高研四六托雅宝 5633/6488 -2)
Vocabulary: collision
(once / 822 pages)
n
A collision is when two or more things smash together. You shouldn't give yourself a pedicure while driving because it might result in a collision, wrecking your car and spoiling your toenail polish to boot.
Collision comes from the Latin col-, "together," and lædĕre, "to hurt by striking." When a train hits a car, that's a collision. An asteroid hurtling toward earth is on a "collision course" with our planet. Collision also works for abstract conflicts that get violent or hurt your brain somehow, like the collision between two politicians during a debate, or the collision of colors in your outfit.
WORD FAMILY
collision: collisions+/ collide: collided, collider, collides, colliding, collision /collider: colliders
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Federal Aviation Administration says the collision occurred shortly after 5:30 p.m. near Aero Country Airport.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
This vignette gets its bathetic comedy from the collision of two scales: the immensity of war and its mass casualties hitting against private comforts.
The New Yorker(Dec 31, 2016)
Spain's Catalonia region seems set on a new collision course with Madrid after a vow by its leader to hold an independence referendum in 2017.
BBC(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 碰撞; 冲突; （意见，看法）的抵触; （政党等的）倾轧
分布：碰撞(79%)，冲突(21%)
→来自collide,碰撞。
n.碰撞;(利益,意见等的)冲突,抵触His bus had a collision with a truck.他开的公车与货车相撞.
noun
ACCIDENT 意外
countable or uncountable
■an accident that happens when two vehicles hit each other with force （车辆的）碰撞，相撞
• There has been a collision on the southbound stretch of the motorway. 在高速公路南向路段上发生了一宗撞车事故。
• Two drivers were killed in a head-on (= direct) collision between a car and a taxi last night. 昨晚，一辆轿车与一辆计程车迎面相撞，两名司机身亡。
• The cyclist was in collision with a bus. 那个骑脚踏车的人与一辆公车相撞。
[kə'lɪʒ.ən] noun
DIFFERENCE 冲突
countable
■a strong disagreement 冲突，抵触
• There was a collision of interests/opinions. 存在利益冲突／意见不合。
[kə'lɪʒ.ən] noun
be on a collision course
■If two or more people or groups are on a collision course, they are doing or saying things which are certain to cause a serious disagreement or fight between them 必然导致冲突；势必发生冲突
• All attempts at diplomacy have broken down and the two states now appear to be on a collision course. 所有的外交努力都失败了，现在两国发生冲突似乎在所难免。
clash, collision, impact, shock
这组词都有“冲击，碰撞”的意思，其区别是：
clash: 通常指两个或多个物体，特别是金属物发出刺耳声音或破裂声的撞击。也可引申指意见、利益等的冲突。
collision: 指物体相撞，其结果不是受损就是严重受阻。
impact: 正式用词，侧重指物体相撞的结果或接触点。
shock: 指强烈冲击在肉体上或思想感情上所产生的效果。
n. [物] 碰撞；冲突
 - interference, conflict, war, crash, impact

Word: calf
Front: calf
[kɑ:f] (5631/5425 -1)
Vocabulary: calf
(once / 461 pages)
1n 2n
The word calf can mean either a baby cow or bull, or the area of the back of your leg between your ankle and knee.
Cattle are not the only animals whose babies are called calves. You can use the word to mean a baby whale, baby elephant, camel, bison, elk, giraffe, gnu, hippopotamus, moose, ox, reindeer, rhinoceros, and yak. If a large piece of ice breaks off of a glacier or iceberg, well that's a calf too! If you want to strengthen your calves, doing heel raises while holding a calf is an interesting way to go about it.
WORD FAMILY
calf: calfs, calves, mid-calf
USAGE EXAMPLES
He’s dealt with a sore right calf but showed no ill effects while smoothly eluding Detroit’s pass rush all night.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
North, as the Packers did in the 2014 finale, when quarterback Aaron Rodgers played through a calf injury to beat Detroit.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
The calf is the second endangered species to be born at the zoo this month.
The Guardian(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 牛犊; 犊皮; 腓，腿肚子
分布：小牛(78%)，小牛皮(9%)，小腿肚(8%)，幼崽(4%)，愚蠢的年轻人(1%)
→来自PIE *gel, 鼓起，子宫，词源同child, dolphin.
【记】读：卡夫（一种酸牛奶品牌）－小牛
US [kæf] (plural calves)
noun countable
ANIMAL 动物
■a young cow, or the young of various other large mammals such as elephants and whales 小牛，牛犊；（象、鲸等大型哺乳动物的）幼崽，幼兽
⇒ See also calve
in calf
■If a cow is in calf, it is pregnant. （母牛）怀孕的，怀崽的
UK [kɑ:f] US [kæf] (plural calves)
noun countable
LEG 腿
■the thick curved part at the back of the human leg between the knee and the foot 腓；小腿肚
• She's been unable to play since January because of a torn calf muscle. 她因为小腿肚肌肉拉伤从一月份以来就无法上场。
n. [解剖] 腓肠，小腿； [印刷] 小牛；小牛皮
 - crus, shank

Word: clan
Front: clan
[klæn] (托雅 5636/7945 -2)
Vocabulary: clan
(once / 625 pages)
n
A clan is an extended family. Your clan might include your parents and siblings, but also your cousins and second cousins, aunts and uncles, and grandparents.
Families that are related to each other, whether through marriage or as distant cousins, are members of the same clan. If you get together with a big family group every summer, you can say you vacation with your clan. In Scotland, a person's clan has a specific name, like "clan MacLachlan." The word comes from the Gaelic clann, "family" or "offspring," with the Latin root planta, "offshoot."
WORD FAMILY
clan: clannish, clans+/clannish: clannishly, clannishness
USAGE EXAMPLES
These nations are bounded by mountains and forests and buttes, with embracing clans, leaders and spiritualism woven deep.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The Droz clan’s New Year’s card is more than a mere family portrait.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 30, 2016)
And that was just some of the clan’s style news.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 宗族; 氏族; 庞大的家族; 宗派
分布：氏族(65%)，宗族(30%)，党派(5%)
→来自苏格兰盖尔语clann,家族，种族，来自拉丁语planta,新枝，植物，后代。因盖尔语字母 p 不能用做首字母，因而用字母c 代替。比较pole,collar,cycle,来自kwel,转。
【记】clan不仔细看是dan拼：党－党派
【参】clannish（adj 宗族排外的，团结心很强的）
noun countable + singular or plural verb
■a group of families, especially in Scotland, who originally came from the same family and have the same name （尤指苏格兰的）宗族，氏族，家族
■informal
■a large family, or a group of people who share the same interest 家族，氏族；（享有共同利益的）群体，集团
• Is/Are the whole clan coming to visit you for Christmas? 你那一大帮亲戚圣诞节都要来探望你吗？
[klæn] noun countable + singular or plural verb
a/the gathering of the clans
■when a large group of family or friends meet, especially in order to enjoy themselves 家族聚会；亲朋聚会
n. 宗族；部落；集团
 - nationality, collective, tribe

Word: verify
Front: verify
[ˈverɪfaɪ] (研四六托宝 5634/7592 -1)
Vocabulary: verify
(once / 663 pages)
v
When you verify something, you show that it's true. Do you have a photograph to verify your claim that there's a dinosaur in your backyard?
Physical evidence and records are often used to verify what's happened. Your receipt verifies that you purchased the tall, striped hat you'd now like to return. You can also verify something verbally. Can you verify that your cat was home all evening on the night of the canary's "accident"?
WORD FAMILY
verify: verifiable, verification, verificatory, verified, verifier, verifies, verifying+/ verifiable: unverifiable, verifiably/ verification: verifications/verified: unverified/verifier: verifiers
USAGE EXAMPLES
The other debris hadn’t been verified as from the plane.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Check the links on all articles to verify that those links actually back up what the original article is saying with source material.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Identities must be verified and travel documents obtained.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. 核实; 证明; 判定
时态：verified, verifying, verifies
分布：核实(63%)，证明(37%)
→来自拉丁语verus,真实的，词源同very.
核实,证实(ver+ify→使真实→核实)[uer=true,表示"真实"]
vt.证实,查证;证明Has the fact been verified?事实已被证实了吗?
【记】ver真实，ify：证明…的真相
verb transitive
■to prove that something exists or is true, or to make certain that something is correct 证明；证实
• Are you able to verify your account/allegation/report/theory? 你能证明你的陈述／指控／报告／理论吗？
• These figures are surprisingly high and they'll have to be verified. 这些数字高得令人吃惊，必须加以查证。
• [+ (that)] Under interrogation, she verified (that) the tapes were authentic. 经过审问，她证实那些录音带是真实的。
verify, confirm
这组词都有“证实”的意思，其区别是：
verify: 强调以具体的事实和细节为证据。
confirm: 侧重以事实或以不容置疑的陈述来证实某事的正确与真实。
certify, testify, verify, rectify
这是一组形近易混词。
certify: v.证明，声称是真的。
 • He certified it was his wife's handwriting.   他证明那是他妻子的手迹。
testify: v. (在法庭上)宣誓作证；表明。
 • He is the only person who can testify in this case, because the other witnesses were killed mysteriously.   由于其他的证人已经被神秘地杀害，他成为这件案例中唯一可以作证的人。
verify: v. (用事实)证实或核实。
 • I verified the store's address by calling to check it.   我打电话询问，以核实商店的地址。
rectify: v.改正，纠正；整顿。
 • He rectified the mistake in the contract by changing its wording.   他通过改变措辞纠正了合同里的错。
vt. 核实；查证
 - touch bottom, check on

Word: creek
Front: creek
[kri:k] (托宝 4931/11888 -1)
Vocabulary: creek
(once / 609 pages)
n
A creek is a stream — like a river, but smaller — and if you grew up in the TV version of rural America, you probably had a creek babbling through your backyard and a dog that looked like Lassie.
If you're "up a creek," or "up a creek without a paddle," you've got a problem with no solution in sight. Say you're out in the middle of nowhere, your cell phone battery has just died, and your car won't start. Unless you've got a solar charger or a tow truck comes along, you're definitely up a creek.
WORD FAMILY
creek: creeks
USAGE EXAMPLES
Blaikie invited the students into her back yard to see the creek.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The spill was contained to about a quarter mile in the creek.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
By the next day, nearby creeks were teeming with oily, black waste.
Salon(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. <英>小湾; <美>小河，小溪; 〈废〉弯曲狭窄的通路; 克里克人，克里克语
分布：小溪(82%)，小湾(11%)，克里克族(4%)，克里克人(2%)，克里克语(1%)
→词源同crook, 弯，转，多指弯弯曲曲的小河，小溪。
【记】娃娃鱼在creek里creep（v 爬行），结果被creel（n 捕鱼篮）抓住了！
noun countable UK a narrow area of water that flows into the land from the sea, a lake, etc. （通海、湖等的）小湾，小港
■US
■a stream or narrow river 小溪，小河
[kri:k] noun countable
up the creek informal
■in trouble 陷入困境；处于困境
• If any more people resign, we'll be really up the creek. 如果再有更多的人辞职，我们真的就麻烦了。
n. 小溪；小湾
 - burnie, rivulet

Word: nursery
Front: nursery
[ˈnɜ:səri] (高研四六雅 5632/3383 -2)
Vocabulary: nursery
(once / 560 pages)
1n 2n
In a nursery, you're going to find a lot of growth — and either babies or plants.
The word nurse is a clue to the meaning of nursery: nurses take care of people, and a nursery is a place of caretaking. One kind of nursery is for babies: it's a child's room with a crib and lots of baby toys. The other kind of nursery is for plants: this type of nursery usually has glass walls and a roof, plus everything plants need to be healthy. Nurseries keep plants or babies safe so they can grow.
WORD FAMILY
nursery: nurseries+/ nurse: nursed, nurser, nursery, nurses, nursing/nurser: nursers/nursing: nursings
USAGE EXAMPLES
At least one more additional license will likely be granted after a recent settlement between the Department of Health and two Southwest Florida nurseries.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
With Portugal’s rapid economic growth and nearly full employment, Guterres was able to set up a guaranteed minimum income and nursery schooling for all.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
His mother Lynne, who is from Essex, found a job as a nursery schoolteacher and his father as a coach at Guildford swimming club.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 婴儿室，幼儿园; 苗圃; 临时托儿所; 温床，滋生地
分布：托儿所(63%)，苗圃(31%)，保育室(6%)
→来自nurse,护理，照料。引申词义幼儿园，苗圃。
托儿所(nurse养育,护理+ery)[-ery 1.表名词"场所,地点"2.表名词"行为,情况"]
n.托儿所The nursery teacher made the children sit bolt upright.幼儿园的老师让孩子们笔直地坐着.
US ['nɝ:.sɚ-] noun countable
FOR CHILDREN 为儿童
 IMPROVER
■a place where young children and babies are taken care of while their parents are at work 幼儿园，托儿所
• Does Jake go to a nursery or a childminder? 杰克是去托儿所还是由家庭保育员照顾？
 IMPROVER
■a room in a house where small children sleep and play 育儿室
UK ['nɜ:.sər.i] US ['nɝ:.sɚ-] noun countable
FOR PLANTS 为植物
■a place where plants and trees are grown, especially for sale （尤指商业目的的）苗圃，育苗场
UK ['nɜ:.sər.i] US ['nɝ:.sɚ-] adjective [before noun]
■relating to the teaching of children who are between the ages of two or three to five years old 幼儿教育的
• Do you think the state should provide free nursery education ? 你认为国家应该提供免费幼儿教育吗？
n. [林] 苗圃；托儿所；温床
 - soil, nest

Word: skillet
Front: skillet
[ˈskɪlɪt] (宝 5643/43295)
Back: n. 煎锅; 长柄锅
分布：煎锅(100%)
→词源不确定，可能来自中古法语 esculette,小盘子，-ette,小词后缀，来自（缩写自）拉丁语 scutella,盘子，木盘，-ella,小词后缀，词源同 scull,scuttle.后引申词义煎锅，长柄锅。
noun countable US for frying pan
n. 煮锅；长柄平底煎锅
 - stew-pan

Word: boxing
Front: boxing
[ˈbɒksɪŋ] (高 5637/5109 -2)
Back: n. 拳击; 装箱; 做箱（或盒）的材料; 箱形的罩（或框）
v. 将…装入盒中(box的ing形式)
分布：拳击(66%)，盒式包装(17%)，制箱材料(17%)
US ['bɑ:k-] noun uncountable
 IMPROVER
■a sport in which two competitors fight by hitting each other with their hands 拳击运动
• Many doctors believe that boxing is too dangerous and should be banned. 许多医生认为拳击运动太危险，应该禁止。
• He's a former world heavyweight boxing champion. 他是一位前世界重量级拳王。
n. 拳击； [交] 装箱；围模； [轻] 做箱的材料
 - pugilism, incasement

Word: faction
Front: faction
[ˈfækʃn] (六托宝 5641/4622 -3)
Vocabulary: faction
(once / 474 pages)
n
Fractions are smaller parts of whole numbers: one-quarter, one-tenth, one-half, and a faction is a smaller portion of a larger group that breaks away from it. A faction might take a fraction of the people from a large group and start a new group.
The Latin source of the word faction means to "do" or "make," though a faction can seem to be a taking away or un-doing. Politics is one area where faction gets a lot of use, because a political party often starts with a large group but has some members who disagree with a belief or direction. These members separate from the larger party and become a faction of their own, with many of the same beliefs as the original group but with a few new differences, too.
WORD FAMILY
faction: factions, factious +/ factious: factiously
USAGE EXAMPLES
Other factions call clean coal a fig leaf to keep coal, with all of its environmental baggage, in the energy mix.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
As with previous agreements, the current cease-fire excludes both the al-Qaida-affiliated Fatah al-Sham Front, which fights alongside other rebel factions, and the Islamic State group.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
The Syrian army said the truce does not include al-Qaida’s branch in Syria and the Islamic State group, two of the most powerful armed factions.
Washington Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 派系; 派系斗争; 内讧; 纪实与虚构相结合的电影
分布：内讧(49%)，小集团(36%)，派系斗争(15%)
→来自词根fact, 做，词源同fact,face. 即做事情的不同人或派别，词义贬义化，指派系等。
宗派,小集团(fact+ion→[一帮人]做→小集团)[fac,fact,fect,fic,fig=make,do,表示"做,制作"]
['fæk.ʃən] mainly disapproving
noun countable
■a group within a larger group, especially one with slightly different ideas from the main group （大团体中的）派别，派系，小集团
• the left-wing faction of the party 党内左翼派别
n. 派别；内讧；小集团；纪实小说
 - wing, junta

Word: diplomacy
Front: diplomacy
[dɪˈpləʊməsi] (托 5638/7925 -2)
Vocabulary: diplomacy
(once / 197 pages)
n
Diplomacy is the art of helping groups to get along and even work together. If you have a gift for diplomacy, you can get bickering siblings to cooperate.
The word diplomacy comes from the French word diplomatie, which means “diplomat.” A diplomat lives in a foreign country, fluent in its language — and culture. The job of a diplomat is to practice diplomacy among nations, understanding the concerns and needs of all and, if possible, guiding them toward decisions that are mutually agreeable.
WORD FAMILY
diplomacy: diplomacies, diplomatic, diplomatical, diplomatist+/ diplomat: diplomacy, diplomats/ diplomatic: diplomatically, undiplomatic, undiplomatically/diplomatist: diplomatists
USAGE EXAMPLES
The politics and diplomacy may be murky, but, based on a visit to the area late last month, the infrastructure here is ready to roll.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
China sees self-ruled Taiwan as part of its territory and curbs the Taipei government’s foreign diplomacy.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Guterres, privately growing disillusioned with internal party politics, turned increasingly to his interest in international diplomacy.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 外交; 外交手腕，交际手段; 外交使团; 处世之道
分布：外交(100%)
→词源同diplomatist, 外交家，引申词义外交手腕。
US [-'ploʊ-] noun uncountable
■the management of relationships between countries 外交
• Diplomacy has so far failed to bring an end to the fighting. 外交活动迄今未能结束那场战事。
■approving
■skill in dealing with people without offending or upsetting them （处理人际关系的）手腕，手段
• It took all her tact and diplomacy to persuade him not to resign. 她使出所有计谋和手腕劝说他不要辞职。
n. 外交；外交手腕；交际手段
 - outcrossing

Word: spice
Front: spice
[spaɪs] (六 5640/7749 -K2)
Back: n. 香料，调味品; 香气，香味; 趣味，情趣; 少许
vt. 加香料于; 使增添趣味
时态：spiced, spicing, spices
分布：香料(76%)，调味品(13%)，情趣(9%)，用香料调味(1%)，给…增添趣味(1%)
→来自古法语 espice,香料，来自晚期拉丁语 species,香料，物品，词义衍生自早期拉丁语 species, 种类，类别，词源同 special,specific.引申诸相关词义。
【记】源于：species（n 种类），多种东西混合形成spice
noun
FOOD 食物
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■a substance made from a plant, which is used to give a special flavour to food （调味）香料
• Cinnamon, ginger and cloves are all spices. 肉桂、姜和丁香都属于香料。
• Spices are widely used in South Asian cooking. 印度菜中广泛使用各种调味香料。
[spaɪs] noun
INTEREST 趣味性
[S or U]
■something that makes something else more exciting and interesting 调剂品；额外的刺激（或趣味）
• A scandal or two adds a little spice to office life. 一两个谣言为办公室生活平添了一点乐趣。
[spaɪs] verb transitive
■to use spice to add flavour to food or drink 在…中加香料
• coffee spiced with cinnamon 加了肉桂调味的咖啡
• a highly spiced curry 味道很重的咖喱
[spaɪs] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] spice sth up
■to add excitement or interest to a speech, story or performance 给（演说、故事或表演）增添趣味
• He'd spiced up his speech with a few rude jokes. 他讲了几个粗俗的笑话，让自己的讲话显得更有趣一点。
• It was one of those articles on how to spice up your sex life. 那是那种谈论如何为性生活增添情趣的文章。
n. 香料；情趣； [食品] 调味品；少许
 - flavor, little, touch

Word: confused
Front: confused
[kənˈfju:zd] (5646/3616 -K2)
Vocabulary: confused
(once / 249 pages)
adj
If you are confused about something, you can't think clearly. If your new friend keeps impossibly showing up in different outfits, you'll be confused until you discover she has an identical twin.
Confuse is a modern verb, the old form being confound which means "to bring to ruin or disorder." When you are confused, what's ruined is your sense of the order of things. If you return to a city where you used to live, and a dog grooming store has replaced your apartment and a dump has replaced the park, you'll feel emotionally confused. If you think that Tom is Harry and Harry is Tom, you've confused them in your mind.
WORD FAMILY
confused: confusedly, confusedness, unconfused+/ confuse: confusable, confused, confuses, confusing, confusion / confusing: confusingly/ confusion: confusions/unconfused: unconfusedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
“People were confused about the issue,” he said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
They lost by 33 at home against St. John’s two games ago and looked confused offensively on a number of possessions Sunday.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The experience — and diagnosis — is often confused with heart attack, Creager said.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 糊涂的; 迷乱的; 混杂的; 不清楚的
v. 困惑(confuse的过去式)
分布：困惑的(48%)，混乱的(44%)，混杂的(8%)
adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■unable to think clearly or to understand something 迷惑的；糊涂的
• Grandfather gets quite confused sometimes, and doesn't even know what day it is. 祖父有的时候很糊涂，甚至不知道当天是星期几。
• I'm a bit confused. Was that her husband or her son she was with? 我有些糊涂。跟她在一起的是她丈夫还是她儿子？
■not clear and therefore difficult to understand 不清楚的；混乱的
• Your essay gets a bit confused halfway through when you introduce too many ideas at once. 你的文章写到一半时一下子提出了太多观点，显得有些混乱。
adj. 困惑的； [昆] 混乱的；糊涂的
 - troubled, chaotic, puzzled

Word: mat
Front: mat
[mæt] (高研四六 5639/6419 -1)
Vocabulary: mat
(once / 752 pages)
1n 2nv 3nvadj
When you walk into someone else's house, it's polite to wipe your feet on the mat — the pad that covers part of the floor inside the front door.
A mat is a kind of floor covering, often smaller than a rug or carpet. You might buy a sea grass mat to put in your bedroom, or a door mat for your apartment entryway. You can also use the word mat as a verb, to mean tangle or snarl: "The dog managed to mat the fur on his belly by rolling around on the beach." The Old English matte came from the Latin word matta, "mat made of rushes."
WORD FAMILY
mat: mats, matted, matting+/matting: mattings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Prosecutor Mat Heck Jr. said Kettering police responded Feb. 29 to call about a possible break-in at an elderly resident’s home.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
And the Nissan Texas Titan, the floor mats and tailgate of which are emblazoned with the shape of Texas.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Massive Attack brought everyone down, then Patrick played African drums and guitar and then a flute and we all laid on yoga mats.
The Guardian(Dec 26, 2016)
Back: n. 席子，垫子; （体育运动用的）厚垫子; 衬边; 团，簇
vt. 遮盖，用垫子作装饰; 使…缠结; 给（照片）镶框; 使…表面无光
vi. 缠结
adj. 粗糙的; 暗淡的，无光泽的
时态：matted, matting, mats
分布：垫子(71%)，席子(22%)，编织(4%)，集结(2%)，铺席于 ... 上(1%)
→来自拉丁语matta,垫子，可能来自希伯来语mittah,床，睡椅。
n.席子,垫子The cat catches a fat rat and scatters the others under the mat.猫抓了一只肥鼠并驱散了席子下面的其它老鼠.
【记】主要记住形容词的意思。
noun countable
FLOOR 地面
 ADVANCED
■a small piece of strong material which covers and protects part of a floor 地垫，地毯
• Wipe your feet on the mat before you come inside. 你进来前先在地垫上擦擦脚。
⇒ See also doormat
[mæt] noun countable
TABLE 桌子
■a small piece of cloth, cardboard or plastic which is put on a surface such as a table to protect it 桌垫；衬垫
• a beer mat 啤酒杯垫
• a place mat 餐具垫
[mæt] noun countable
SPORT 运动
■a piece of thick rubber or other soft material used in some sports for people to lie or fall on （体育运动中用的）垫子
• Please remember to bring a mat and a towel with you to the next aerobics class. 下次上有氧健身课时请记得带垫子和毛巾。
[mæt] noun countable
LAYER 层
■a thick layer of something, such as grass or hair, which is twisted together untidily 一厚层（玻璃、毛发等）；（结缠的）一团，一簇
• The top few buttons on his shirt were open, revealing a mat of dark hair on his chest. 他衬衫最上面的几颗钮扣没扣上，露出一片黑色的胸毛。
n. 垫；垫子；衬边
 - cushion, gaddi
vt. 缠结；铺席于……上
 - entwist
adj. 无光泽的
 - lustreless, unpolished

Word: hop
Front: hop
[hɒp] (研六雅 5647/7840 -2)
Vocabulary: hop
(once / 401 pages)
1vn 2n
To hop is to bounce or jump, either on one foot or both feet. Bunnies hop. People hop. And, sometimes, people do a dance called the "Bunny Hop." No joke.
If you lose a shoe in a rainstorm, you might hop along on one foot until you find it again. You can also hop into and out of things, or up to or down from a height: "Hop in the car, let's go!" Something that's "a hop, skip, and a jump" from where you are is extremely close, a short trip. The Old English root of hop is hoppian, "to spring, leap, or dance."
WORD FAMILY
hop: hopped, hopper, hopping, hops+/ hopper: hoppers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Did you hop in the shower, check your email or grab a doughnut?
New York Times(Oct 18, 2016)
I hopped a flight and drove to the Navajo Nation.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
He hopped through the back of the end zone and did a little dance in front of the Ohio State section.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vi. 跳上[下]; 单足蹦跳; 齐足（或双足）跳行; 摘葎草花
vt. 跃过; 登上（飞机、汽车、火车等）; 在…跳来跳去; 加啤酒花于
n. 跳舞; 蹦跳; （棒球等的）弹跳; （非正式）舞会
vt. & vi. 换来换去，不断更换
时态：hopped, hopping, hops
分布：跳跃(76%)，单脚跳(24%)
→来自古英语hoppian,跳，弹，跳舞，来自Proto-Germanic*huppona,跳，来自keub,弯，转，词源同hoop,cubit,cooper.
v.人单足跳;跳上(车等)n.蹦跳;短程飞行A number of sparrows were hopping about.有一群麻雀到处跳跃着.
US [hɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
 ADVANCED intransitive
■to jump on one foot or to move about in this way 单脚跳
• I tried to hop on my good foot while holding onto Jim. 我抓住吉姆，并用我那只好脚努力向前跳。
intransitive + adverb or preposition informal
■to go somewhere quickly or to get into or out of a vehicle quickly 快速去（某地）；快速跳上（或跳下）（车辆）
• We hopped over to Bruges for the weekend. 我们飞速赶到布鲁日去度周末。
• I hopped on the bus at the traffic lights. 我在红绿灯处匆匆跳上公共汽车。
intransitive
■If a small animal, bird or insect hops, it moves by jumping on all or two of its feet at the same time （鸟、兽或昆虫）蹦跳
• The rabbit/bird hopped across the grass. 兔子／鸟蹦跳着穿过草地。
UK [hɒp] US [hɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
hop it UK old-fashioned informal
■used to tell someone to go away 走开
UK [hɒp] US [hɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
hopping mad old-fashioned
■very angry 暴怒
UK [hɒp] US [hɑ:p] noun
JUMP 跳跃
countable
■a short jump by a person on one foot, or by a small animal, bird or insect on all or two of its feet at the same time 单足短距离跳跃；（小动物、鸟或昆虫的）齐足（或双足）短距离跳跃
• With his feet tied together he could only move in little hops. 他双脚被捆在一起，只能小步跳。
be a short hop informal
■to be a short journey or distance, especially in an aircraft 短程旅行（尤指搭飞机）
• London to Edinburgh is just a short hop by plane. 搭飞机的话，从伦敦到爱丁堡只是很短的一程。
UK [hɒp] US [hɑ:p] noun
PLANT 植物
hops
[plural]
■the dried fruits of a climbing plant which are used to give a bitter flavour to beer 啤酒花
UK [hɒp] US [hɑ:p] noun
catch sb on the hop UK informal
■to do something when someone is not ready for it and is not able to deal with it 使（某人）措手不及
• I'm afraid you've caught me on the hop - I wasn't expecting you till next week. 恐怕你让我有点措手不及——我以为你下周才会来。
UK [hɒp] US [hɑ:p] adjective [before noun]
■relating to hops 啤酒花的
• a hop plant 啤酒花植株
skip, hop, spring, bound, leap, jump
这组词都有“跳，跳跃”的意思，其区别是：
skip: 指两脚交替轻地跳或跨的动作。
hop: 指单脚短跳或双足猛力的动作。也指小鸟、青蛙等的跳。
spring: 更强调有力和弹跳的运动。
bound: 多指向前向上或向下跳跃、奔跳。
leap: 常可与jump换用，但侧重身体猛力向上升起并朝前急冲的动作，有时含突然的意味。
jump: 是普通用词，指用双脚向上跳，向下跳，或在同一平面上跳到有一定距离的某一点上，或跳过。
vt. [计] [通信] 跳跃；跳过
 - jump, clear
n. [计] [通信] 跳跃；舞会；短途旅行
 - jump, ball, dance, spring
vi. [计] [通信] 跳跃；单脚跳；作短途旅行
 - jump, dance

Word: immense
Front: immense
[ɪˈmens] (研四六托雅宝 5645/4545 -2)
Vocabulary: immense
(once / 129 pages)
adj
Immense means very large in size, amount, or degree. You might describe the ocean as immense, or your homework load, or the slice of cake your brother took, leaving you a tiny sliver.
This word has an immense number of near synonyms: huge, great, enormous, vast, gigantic, colossal, mammoth, copious, tremendous are a few of the more common ones. If you're having immense difficulty deciding which word to use, just plain "very big" might do.
WORD FAMILY
immense: immensely, immenseness, immenser, immensest, immensity +/ immensity: immensities
USAGE EXAMPLES
Few athletes might be as prepared for a life after basketball than Kobe, a man of diverse interests and immense worldwide popularity.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
If Harwood’s prototype at the school was the Wright brothers’ first biplane, this immense scaled-up elaboration of it was a spaceship in drydock.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
In other words, the advantage of the bye and needing to win just one home game to get to a conference final is fairly immense.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 极大的，巨大的; 浩瀚的，无边际的; 〈口〉非常好的; 弘道
分布：巨大的(86%)，广大的(14%)
→im-,不，非，-mens,测量，词源同meter,measurable.即没法测量的，巨大的。
无限的,广大的(im不+mense→不能测量→无限的)[meter,metr,meas,mens=measure,表示"计量,测量等"]
a.广大的,巨大的;[口]极好的The immense expense in condensing the steam made me tense.凝结蒸汽的巨大开支使我感到紧张.
【记】im不，mense＝measure（vt 测量；调节）－不能测量的－巨大的
【参】immensity（n 巨大；无限；浩瀚）
adjective
■extremely large in size or degree 巨大的，无限的
• immense wealth/value 巨大的财富／价值
• They spent an immense amount of time getting the engine into perfect condition. 他们花了大量时间使引擎运转完美。
■slang
■extremely good 非常好，极好
• He's an immense goalkeeper. 他是一名非常出色的守门员。
tremendous, colossal, huge, gigantic, massive, vast, enormous, immense, giant
这组词都有“巨大的，庞大的”的意思，其区别是：
tremendous: 指某物很大，大得惊人；也可用作引申意义。
colossal: 侧重尺寸、规模和体积的无比巨大。
huge: 含义广，强调体积或容积的庞大。也可用于引申意义。
gigantic: 指面积或体积的巨大，但多用于引申意义。
massive: 指大的体积、数量和重量，侧重庞大而笨重。
vast: 多指空间、面积、范围的巨大，不涉及重量。
enormous: 指体积、数量或程度远远超过一般标准。
immense: 正式用词，侧重空间的广阔，也指面积或分量的巨大。
giant: 非正式用词，多为褒义。指如巨人般的庞大体积。
adj. 巨大的，广大的；无边无际的；非常好的
 - huge, tremendous, enormous, massive, macro

Word: sixty
Front: sixty
[ˈsɪksti] (中高四六 5642/1655 -5)
Back: num. 六十
分布：六十(57%)，六十的(25%)，六十个的(18%)
→six,六，-ty,十。
number
 ESSENTIAL
■the number 60 数字60
• fifty, sixty, seventy 五十，六十，七十
• There are sixty (people) coming to the wedding. 有60人来参加婚礼。
['sɪk.sti] noun
sixties [plural]
■A person's sixties are the period in which they are aged between 60 and 69 六十多岁（指60到69岁的时期）
• Many people retire in their sixties. 许多人60多岁退休。
the sixties [plural]
■the range of temperature between 60° and 69° Fahrenheit 六十多度（指华氏60到69度之间）
• The temperature is usually in/around the sixties at this time of year. 每年这个时候的气温通常都是华氏60多度。
■the period of years between 60 and 69 in any century 六十年代
• The Beatles made their first hit records in the sixties. 披头四乐队在20世纪60年代推出了他们首批风靡一时的唱片。

Word: thirteen
Front: thirteen
[ˌθɜ:ˈti:n] (中高 5649/3309 -5)
Back: n. 十三; 十三岁; 十三个
num. 十三
adj. 十三的，十三个的
分布：十三(100%)
→来自 three,三，-teen,十，词源同 ten.
num./a.十三pron.十三(个,只...)He is thirteen.他十三岁.
US [θɝ:-] number
 ESSENTIAL
■the number 13 （数字）13
• eleven, twelve, thirteen, fourteen 11，12，13，14
• Some people think that thirteen is an unlucky number. 一些人认为十三是个不吉利的数字。
n. 十三；十三岁；十三个
 - baker's dozen

Word: African-American
Front: African-American
['æfrikən ə'merikən] None
Back: 非洲裔美国人（指美国黑人）
N-COUNT
非裔美国人；美国黑人
African-Americans are black people living in the United States who are descended from families that originally came from Africa.
例：Today African-Americans are 12 percent of the population.如今非裔美国人占总人口的12%。

Word: ashamed
Front: ashamed
[əˈʃeɪmd] (高研四雅 5651/5292 -K2)
Vocabulary: ashamed
(once / 186 pages)
adj
When you have done something you know you shouldn't have, or just something embarrassing, you feel ashamed, or remorseful. Don't be ashamed of your unusual dance moves — you were the life of the party!
The word ashamed has, in some form, been around since before the 11th Century. You might feel less ashamed of your mistakes if you're able to learn from them. As Jonathan Swift put it, "A man should never be ashamed to own that he has been in the wrong, which is but saying... that he is wiser today than yesterday."
WORD FAMILY
ashamed: ashamedly, unashamed+/unashamed: unashamedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
She’s not ashamed of her father’s work, and it helped supplement his firefighter’s income.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 28, 2016)
“These public funds, which pay their bills on the backs of taxpayers and public servants, should be ashamed of their craven greed,” Chiang said.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 21, 2016)
Michael Rapaport: The actor thinks anyone who performs at the inauguration “should be ashamed of themselves.”
Time(Dec 21, 2016)
Back: adj. 惭愧的，羞耻的，害臊的; 难为情
分布：感到惭愧的(60%)，感到害臊的(40%)
a.惭愧的,羞耻的,害臊的I am ashamed of you.我为你感到羞耻.
adjective [after verb]
 IMPROVER
■feeling guilty or embarrassed about something you have done or a quality in your character 羞耻的，羞愧的；不好意思的，难为情的
• You've got nothing to be ashamed of. 你没有需要对甚么感到内疚的。
• She ought to be thoroughly ashamed of herself - talking to her mother like that! 她应该感到无地自容才对——她怎么能那样跟她母亲说话！
• [+ to infinitive] He was ashamed to admit to his mistake. 他不好意思承认错误。
• [+ that] I was ashamed that I'd made so little effort. 我付出的努力太少，真是羞愧。
• I'm ashamed to be seen with you when you behave so badly! 你表现得那么恶劣，让别人看到我跟你在一起我都觉得丢面！
• I felt so ashamed of myself for making such a fuss. 我那么小题大做，真是不好意思。
• How could you treat her like that? I'm so ashamed of you (= embarrassed to be connected with you) ! 你怎么能那样对她？我真为你所做的事感到羞耻！
shameful, ashamed
这组词都有“羞愧的”的意思，其区别是：
shameful: 指人或人的行为本身不光彩、不道德。
ashamed: 用于人，指因干了错事、坏事或傻事等而感到羞愧。
adj. 惭愧的，感到难为情的；耻于……的
 - compunctious

Word: bitch
Front: bitch
[bɪtʃ] (5650/5873 -2)
Vocabulary: bitch
(once / 2903 pages)
1n 2n 3vn
Bitch is a commonly used slang word that is nonetheless vulgar when you throw it at a woman or a man. The word originally meant, and still means, a female dog.
This word for a female pooch has evolved to a more common meaning: a woman you don't like. In those cases, a bitch is kind of a female jerk, although feminists would argue that the term often gets unfairly thrown at any strong willed, assertive woman. Many males call each other bitch, too, implying that the other guy is a weakling. Another common use is bitching or to bitch and moan, meaning to complain about something.
WORD FAMILY
bitch: bitched, bitchery, bitches, bitching, bitchy+/bitchery: bitcheries/bitchy: bitchiest, bitchily, bitchiness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Messages range from “Long live D. Trump” to “I Have a Dream” to “Follow your bliss” to “He is our President, stop bitching.”
Salon(Nov 29, 2016)
WATCH: Trump supporter calls women "Hillary Bitches" on flight to Allentown.
The Guardian(Nov 28, 2016)
WATCH: Trump supporter calls women “Hillary Bitches” on flight to Allentown.
Washington Times(Nov 28, 2016)
Back: n. 母狗; 淫妇; 牢骚事; 坏女人
vi. 埋怨; 发牢骚; 挖苦; （背后）说坏话
vt. 把…搞糟; 弄坏; 抱怨; 埋怨
时态：bitched, bitching, bitches
分布：母狗(62%)，埋怨(19%)，搞砸(19%)
→词源同peck, 啄，咬。t为插入字母。
noun
ANIMAL 动物
countable
■a female dog 母狗
[bɪtʃ] noun
UNPLEASANT PERSON 坏人
countable offensive
■an unkind or unpleasant woman 坏女人；悍妇
• She can be a real bitch. 她真是个坏女人。
[bɪtʃ] noun
PROBLEM 麻烦
only singular informal
■something which causes difficulties or problems, or which is unpleasant 带来麻烦的事；令人讨厌的事
• I've had a bitch of a week at work. 我这星期的工作很不顺利。
[bɪtʃ] noun
COMPLAINT 抱怨
only singular informal
■when you complain or talk unkindly about people 抱怨，牢骚
• Most of us enjoy having a (good) bitch from time to time. 我们大多数人都喜欢不时地（痛快地）发牢骚。
[bɪtʃ] noun
CONTROLLED PERSON 被控制的人
countable offensive slang
■someone who will do everything you tell them to do because you have complete control over them 被控制的人
[bɪtʃ] noun
life's a bitch (and then you die)
■said when you find a situation difficult or have had a bad experience 人生真受罪
[bɪtʃ] verb intransitive informal
■to complain and make unkind remarks about someone or something 抱怨；挖苦；说坏话
• She's always bitching about Tanya. 她总是说塔亚坏话。
n. 母狗，母狼；泼妇；牢骚事
 - she-wolf, slut
vt. 糟蹋；弄糟
 - hash up, run into the ground
vi. 发牢骚
 - complain, whine about, pinge

Word: dean
Front: dean
[di:n] (研六雅 4946/3709 -1)
Vocabulary: dean
(once / 1447 pages)
n
A dean is the head of a specific area of a college, university, or private school. When you're thinking about studying in Madagascar for a semester, you might make an appointment to talk to the study abroad dean.
Individual colleges within a larger university system often have separate deans, like the dean of the medical school and the dean of arts and sciences. Within the college, there might also be a dean for each separate year, like the sophomore class dean, and deans for different offices or departments. Dean comes from the Latin decanus, first "commander of ten soldiers," and then "head of ten monks in a monastery," from the Greek word for "ten," deka.
WORD FAMILY
dean: deanery, deans, deanship+/deanery: deaneries/deanship: deanships
USAGE EXAMPLES
“In many ways, I think, he deferred,” said Mr. Nasr, now the dean of the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
She's in Northeastern's MBA program, and works in the dean's office on the side, coordinating with the school to help students find jobs and internships.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
He returned to the university in 1978 as vice chancellor for research and dean of the graduate college.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. （大学的）学院院长，系主任; 教务长; [宗]主任牧师; （大学，尤指牛津、剑桥大学的）学监
分布：系主任(48%)，学院院长(33%)，教务长(19%)
→来自拉丁语decanus, 修道院管理十个人的牧师，词源同ten, December.后词义通用化。
n.(大学)院长;主持牧师;(基督教)教长They hate the dean.他们恨那个学监.
noun countable
COLLEGE OR JOB 学院或职业
■a high-ranking official in a college or university who is responsible for the organization of a department or departments 系主任；学院院长
• She is the new dean of the Faculty of Social Sciences. 她是社会科学学院的新任院长。
• the Dean of Medicine 医学系系主任
■US
■someone among a group of people who has worked the longest in the particular job or activity they share, and who is their unofficial leader （某行业或活动中的）元老，前辈，资深人物
• Parsons is the dean of the TV news correspondents at Channel Nine. 帕森斯是9频道电视新闻记者中的元老。
[di:n] noun countable
CHURCH 教会
■a high-ranking priest in the Church of England or the Roman Catholic Church, who is in charge of managing a large church or cathedral （英格兰圣公会的）主任牧师；（天主教的）枢机主教长

Word: afterwards
Front: afterwards
[ˈɑ:ftəwədz] (5652/1951 -K3)
Back: adv. 然后，后来地; 以后; 之后; 继
分布：后来(50%)，以后(50%)
→after,在后。-ward, 副词后缀，向。-s, 副词所有格。
US ['æf.tɚ.wɚdz/ (US also afterward)
adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■after the time mentioned; later 过后，以后，后来
• We had tea, and afterwards we sat in the garden for a while. 我们喝了茶，后来在花园里坐了一会儿。
• They separated, and soon/shortly afterwards Jane left the country. 他们分手了，此后不久简就离开了这个国家。
adv. 后来；然后
 - then, next, since, subsequently

Word: independently
Front: independently
[ˌɪndɪ'pendəntlɪ] (5654/4568 -K)
Vocabulary: independently
(once / 1008 pages)
adv
If something happens independently, it happens totally on its own: there was no help from anyone or anything else.
To be independent is to be on your own, making your own decisions and doing what you want to do. America became an independent country when it rebelled against England. Similarly, things that occur independently happen on their own. If the President makes a decision independently, no one else was consulted. If a student finished a project independently, it was a solo effort.
WORD FAMILY
independent: independence, independency, independently, independents+/ depend: dependable, dependant, depended, dependent, depending, depends, interdepend/ dependable: dependability, dependableness, dependably, undependable/ dependant: dependants/ dependence: dependences/ dependency: dependencies/ dependent: dependence, dependency, dependently, dependents, independent / independence: independences/independency: independencies/interdepend: interdependent / interdependence: interdependences/interdependency: interdependencies/ interdependent: interdependence, interdependency, interdependently/undependable: undependability, undependableness
USAGE EXAMPLES
They are small electricity generation and distribution systems that operate independently of larger grids.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
“My father once told me, ‘Son, unless you’re independently wealthy and you want things in life, you better learn to do them yourself.’
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
His conviction that central banks should conduct their policies independently of politics affected Germany and its European neighbors alike.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adv. 独立地，自立地，无关地
分布：独立地(53%)，自立地(47%)
ADJ
相互独立的;彼此不关联的
If one thing or person is independent of another, they are separate and not connected, so the first one is not affected or influenced by the second.
例：Your questions should be independent of each other...你的问题应该彼此无关。
例：We're going independent from the university and setting up our own group...我们马上就将从大学分离出去,成立我们自己的团体。
ADJ-GRADED
自立的;不需外援的
If someone is independent, they do not need help or money from anyone else.
例：Phil was now much more independent of his parents...菲尔现在不那么依赖父母了。
例：She would like to be financially independent...她希望在经济上能够自立。
ADJ-GRADED
(国家)独立的
Independent countries and states are not ruled by other countries but have their own government.
例：...a fully independent state...一个完全独立的国家
例：Papua New Guinea became independent from Australia in 1975.巴布亚新几内亚 1975 年脱离澳大利亚正式独立。
ADJ
(组织)独立的，不受他人控制的
An independent organization or other body is one that controls its own finances and operations, rather than being controlled by someone else.
例：...an independent television station.独立电视台
例：...the Office of Government Ethics, an independent agency.政风处,一个独立的机构
ADJ
(学校)私立的
An independent school does not receive money from the government or local council, but from the fees paid by its students' parents or from charities.
例：He taught chemistry at a leading independent school.他在一所重点私立中学教化学。
ADJ
(调查、意见)独立的，不偏不倚的
An independent inquiry or opinion is one that involves people who are not connected with a particular situation, and should therefore be fair.
例：The government ordered an independent inquiry into the affair...政府下令对该事件进行独立调查。
例：An independent opinion poll published today shows growing discontent with the government.今天发表的一项独立民意测验表明民众对政府的不满正与日俱增。
ADJ
无党派的
An independent politician is one who does not represent any political party.
例：There's been a late surge of support for an independent candidate.最近一位无党派候选人的支持率迅速上升。
例：...the most powerful independent politician in France.法国最有影响力的无党派政治家
adv. 独立地；自立地
 - off one's own bat, on one's own

Word: instrumental
Front: instrumental
[ˌɪnstrəˈmentl] (研六托雅宝 5653/6161 -1)
Vocabulary: instrumental
(once / 1044 pages)
adj
Instrumental music involves just instruments — no singing. But you could also say that the conductor is instrumental to — or a critical part of — an orchestra's success.
If you like instrumental music, you dislike vocals. An instrumental song is one without a singer, and there can be instrumental passages of any song, where the band just plays and the singer is quiet. But this word also means something like useful. You could say that Martin Luther King was an instrumental part of the civil rights movement because he was such an important part of it.
WORD FAMILY
instrumental: instrumentalism, instrumentality, instrumentally+/ instrument: instrumental, instrumentalist, instrumentation, instrumented, instruments/instrumentalist: instrumentalists/instrumentality: instrumentalities/instrumentation: instrumentations
USAGE EXAMPLES
How instrumental was he in your musical education?
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
It was considered instrumental in Russian manoeuvres to annex Crimea in 2014 and subsequent interference in eastern Ukraine.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Cutler’s return from a sprained right thumb was just as instrumental as Howard in the first game against Minnesota.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 乐器的; 仪器的; 有帮助的; 起作用的
分布：仪器的(30%)，有帮助的(26%)，器乐曲(23%)，乐器的(18%)，可做为手段的(3%)
→来自instrument,工具，仪器。引申词义起重要作用的。
有帮助的;工具的(instrument工具+al)[struct=build,表示"建立"]
a.仪器的;器械的;乐器的;起作用的;有帮助的His father was instrumental in getting him the job.他找到这份工作,得力于父亲的帮助.
【记】instrument（n 工具；仪器；手段），al－用乐器演奏的
US [-tˌəl] adjective
INFLUENCE 作用
[after verb] formal
■If someone or something is instrumental in a process, plan or system, they are one of the most important influences in causing it to happen 起作用的；有帮助的
• She was instrumental in bringing about the prison reform act. 监狱改革条例得以出台多亏她大力促成。
UK [ˌɪn.strə'men.təl] US [-tˌəl] adjective
MUSIC 音乐
■involving only musical instruments, and no singing 用乐器演奏的，器乐的
• instrumental music 器乐
• an instrumental piece/arrangement 器乐曲／器乐编曲
UK [ˌɪn.strə'men.təl] US [-tˌəl] noun countable
■a piece of music without singing 器乐曲
institutional, instrumental, universal, fundamental
institutional: 制度上的，公共机构的
instrumental: 起作用的，有助于
universal: 全体的，普及的，大众的
fundamental: 基础的，根本的，必要的
adj. 乐器的；有帮助的；仪器的，器械的
 - helpful, useful, assistant

Word: noble
Front: noble
[ˈnəʊbl] (高研四六雅 5553/4808 -2)
Vocabulary: noble
(once / 42 pages)
1adjn 2adj
A noble is a titled peer of the realm or an aristocrat. As an adjective, noble describes someone with high or elevated character, or who is impressive in appearance.
From feudal times, we have known nobles as the heirs to thrones or as the holders of aristocratic title. British aristocracy, for example, produces many people of various noble titles, including dukes, earls, princes, kings, and queens. As various royal histories tell us, however, many of these nobles in title weren't quite so noble in character.
WORD FAMILY
noble: ennoble, nobility, nobleness, nobler, nobles, noblest, nobly+/ ennoble: ennobled, ennoblement, ennobles, ennobling/ennobling: ennoblingly/ nobility: nobilities/nobleness: noblenesses/nobly: noblys
USAGE EXAMPLES
We are a country of laws. School authorities, however noble their intentions, should not, directly or indirectly, encourage flouting of those laws.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
The Alexandrov Ensemble, the army choir, is more noble and highbrow.
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
The books are available on Amazon, at Barnes And Noble and griefdairies.com.
Washington Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: adj. 高尚的; 贵族的; 外表庄严和庄重的; 表现出崇高的
n. 尊贵的人; 旧时在英国使用的金币
分布：贵族(34%)，高尚的(32%)，高贵的(31%)，宏伟的(3%)
→来自拉丁语nobilis,出身高贵的，有名望的，来自gno,知道，词源同know,notice.也可能来自gen,生育，词源同genuine,gentleman.
a.高尚的;贵族的,高贵的n.贵族No, nobody's body is noble, nor is his.不,没有任何人的躯体是高贵的,他的也不是.
US ['noʊ-] adjective
MORAL 道德的
■moral in an honest, brave and not selfish way 高尚的，伟大的，崇高的
• a noble gesture 高姿态
• His followers believe they are fighting for a noble cause. 他的追随者相信他们是在为一项崇高的事业而奋斗。
UK ['nəʊ.bl] US ['noʊ-] adjective
HIGH RANK 贵族阶层
■belonging to a high social rank in a society, especially by birth （尤指出身）贵族的，显贵的
• a noble family 贵族家庭
UK ['nəʊ.bl] US ['noʊ-] adjective
CAUSING ADMIRATION 令人钦佩的
■causing admiration because of a particular appearance or quality 高贵的；宏伟的
• a noble bearing/gesture 高贵的气质／仪态
• a building with a noble facade 外观气派的建筑
UK ['nəʊ.bl] US ['noʊ-] noun countable
■a person of the highest social group in some countries 贵族
magnificent, grand, majestic, splendid, noble
这组词都有“宏伟壮丽的”的意思，其区别是：
magnificent: 指环境、建筑物等本身的壮丽、堂皇、庄严、崇高或出色等。
grand: 侧重规模大，豪华而宏伟壮丽、盛大。也可指人的崇高、伟大。
majestic: 侧重状态、外表、仪态等给人以威严感。
splendid: 指人在行为、品德或性格等方面的卓越超群；指物侧重外观上的辉煌。用于口语中，作“极好的，绝妙的”解。
noble: 指因本身著名或从外表上看有令人难忘的华丽、庄严、卓越、雄壮或崇高。
adj. 高尚的；贵族的；惰性的；宏伟的
 - magnificent, grand
n. 贵族
 - prince, nobility, aristocrat
vt. 抓住；逮捕
 - grasp, collar

Word: aftermath
Front: aftermath
[ˈɑ:ftəmæθ] (宝 5655/6944 -2)
Vocabulary: aftermath
(once / 2313 pages)
n
The aftermath of a car crash might include a broken fender, a sprained rib, and a lecture from a police officer. The consequences of an unpleasant event make up its aftermath.
The math in aftermath does not refer to adding or subtracting numbers, rather it is related to a Germanic word for mowing, or harvest. If you have been mowed down by a class of excited first graders, the aftermath might be a bruised knee, a headache from all of the squealing, and red face from embarrassment.
WORD FAMILY
aftermath: aftermaths
USAGE EXAMPLES
Carandiru was Latin America’s largest jail before it was demolished in the aftermath of that uprising.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Aftermath: Population Zero imagines that overnight humanity vanishes from the planet.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
And while an onslaught of publications ably assessed the aftermath of the presidential election, the most surprising was Teen Vogue.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 后果; 余波; 再生草
分布：后果(72%)，余波(25%)，灾后时期(2%)，再生作物(1%)
→after,在后。-math,割草，拟声词，同mow。原指割的第二遍草，即质量比较差的草，引申比喻义后果，余波。
【记】after以后，ma拼：马，th读：死－马死以后。在香港赌马特容易受骗。我有一次根据《马经》精心挑选了的一匹“阿伏特马嘶”竟然在赛场上暴毙，害的我损失惨重。当然，事情不会这样快的结束，事件的后果、余波，还有待进一步的追踪报道。据说是有人赛假马！
UK [-mɑ:θ] US ['æf.tɚ-] noun only singular
■the period which follows an unpleasant event or accident, and the effects which it causes （不愉快事件）结束后的一个时期；（不愉快事件的）后果
• Many more people died in the aftermath of the explosion. 更多的人死于爆炸后的一段时间里。
n. 后果；余波
 - sequel, backwash

Word: millennium
Front: millennium
[mɪˈleniəm] (托雅宝 5666/12504 -1)
Vocabulary: millennium
(once / 1537 pages)
n
A decade means ten years, a century means a hundred, and millennium means a thousand. Think: a decade of marriage, the new millennium.
In Latin, in the Romance languages, and in the metric system, mille refers to a thousand. A millimeter is a thousandth of a meter, a milliliter a thousandth of a liter, a millennium is a thousand years. Think of the number "one million" as a thousand thousands, and you'll get the idea.
WORD FAMILY
millennium: bimillennium, millenarian, millennia, millennial, millenniumism, millenniums+/bimillennium: bimillenial/ millenarian: millenarianism, millenarians/millennial: millennially, postmillennial
USAGE EXAMPLES
There were washboard abs and dad bods, tattooed torsos and blinding white chests that seemed as if they hadn’t seen the sun this millennium.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 28, 2016)
They studied 300 specimens from different species spanning 400 million years to see how bones changed subtly over millennia.
BBC(Dec 26, 2016)
DNR says Millennium Bulk Terminals would need additional agency authorization for the project, noting that the state’s lease is with another party not with Millennium.
Washington Times(Dec 25, 2016)
Back: n. 一千年; 千年期; 千禧年; 全人类未来的幸福时代
分布：一千年(69%)，太平盛世(31%)
→来自拉丁语mille,千，词源同million,annus,年，词源同annual.即一千年，千禧年。
【记】mill＝mile（n 千米）；enn＝ann年，ium－一千年源于：《启示录》第20章提到的神圣的一千年，在此期间耶稣及其信徒统治着世界。
noun countable (plural millennia or millenniums)
 ADVANCED
■a period of 1000 years, or the time when a period of 1000 years ends 一千年，千周年；千周年纪念日
• The corpse had lain preserved in the soil for almost two millennia. 那具尸体在地下保存了近两千年。
• How did you celebrate the Millennium? 你们是怎么庆祝千禧年的？
Compare century
n. 千年期，千禧年；一千年，千年纪念；太平盛世，黄金时代
 - chiliad, Golden Age

Word: gasp
Front: gasp
[gɑ:sp] (研四六托雅 5660/5196 -2)
Vocabulary: gasp
(once / 222 pages)
nv
A gasp is the sound made by a sharp inward breath. After running up a steep hill, your breath will come in gasps.
When you make the sound of a gasp, you gasp: "It was so surprising to see my lost cat sitting calmly on the front porch that it made me gasp." People tend to gasp when they're shocked or hurt. A "last gasp" is the moment just before someone dies — it can also mean the point of completing or ending something: "It was the last gasp of video stores in my city when that one closed."
WORD FAMILY
gasp: gasped, gasping, gasps
USAGE EXAMPLES
On Sunday, nearly a century later, one of the most star-crossed infrastructure projects in the United States opened to gasps of disbelief.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Police say he was gasping for air and bleeding from the chest when officers arrived.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
When I remind her of that lie about living in Brooklyn, she gasps.
The Guardian(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vi. 喘气，喘息; 倒抽气; 渴望
vt. 喘着气说出
n. 喘气，喘息
时态：gasped, gasping, gasps
分布：喘气(47%)，喘息(36%)，渴望(17%)
→来自gape,目瞪口呆，喘气。
n.喘息,气喘v.喘息;气吁吁地说The wagging wasp grasps the crisp clasp for a gasp.摇摆的黄蜂抓住脆钩喘息.
US [gæsp] verb intransitive
 ADVANCED
■to take a short quick breath through the mouth, especially because of surprise, pain or shock （尤指由于惊奇、痛苦或震惊而）喘息，喘气，倒抽气
• When she saw the money hidden in the box she gasped in surprise. 她看到藏在盒子里的钱时，惊得倒吸了一口气。
• [+ speech] "Help me!" he gasped. “帮帮我！”他上气不接下气地喊道。
UK [gɑ:sp] US [gæsp] verb intransitive
be gasping UK informal
■to be very thirsty 渴得嗓子冒烟
UK [gɑ:sp] US [gæsp] verb intransitive
be gasping for sth UK informal
■to want or need something very much 渴望，切望；很想要
• I'm absolutely gasping for a cigarette. 我真想抽支烟。
UK [gɑ:sp] US [gæsp] noun countable
■when you gasp 喘息，喘气，倒抽气
• He gave a gasp of amazement. 他惊讶得倒吸了一口气。
vi. 喘气；喘息；渴望
 - blow, rare
vt. 气喘吁吁地说；喘着气说话
 - puff out
n. 喘气
 - broken wind, pursiness

Word: select
Front: select
[sɪˈlekt] (高研四六托 1733/1614 -K3)
Vocabulary: select
(once / 73 pages)
vadj
To select something means to choose it from among others. If you select the most expensive phone, it doesn’t necessarily mean you will be happy with what you get.
You can use select as an adjective as well as a verb. It means "specially chosen" or "of superior quality." For instance, you might be one of the select few who know how to really appreciate a game of Tetris, or you might want to choose a wine from a select list of Spanish reds. All of this assumes that if you select one thing, you feel that it's better than all the other choices.
WORD FAMILY
select: selected, selectest, selecting, selection, selective, selectly, selector, selects+/ selected: unselected/ selection: selections/ selective: selectively, selectivity, unselective/selector: selectors/unselective: unselectively
USAGE EXAMPLES
He was selected in the first round, sixth overall by the New York Rangers at the 2004 draft.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Expect individual panels to investigate, but not a special, high-profile select committee.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Saints drafted Bush with the No. 2 overall pick, and he remains the last running back to be selected so high.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 选择; 挑选; 选拔
adj. 精选的; 挑选出来的; 苛择的; 〈口〉爱挑三拣四的，挑剔的
时态：selected, selecting, selects
分布：选择(93%)，挑选(5%)，精选的(1%)，优等的(1%)
→se-,分开，-lect,拿，收集，词源同 collect,elect.即拿出来，分开，引申词义选择。
选出(se+lect选→选出分开)[se-表示"分开,离开,区别开"]
选择(se分开+lect→选出来→选择)[lect,lig=choose,gather表示"选择,收集"]
v.选择,挑选a.精选的,选择的In the selection the lecturer neglected the negligible negative reflection on the election.在选集中演讲者忽视了对选举的微不足道的消极反思.
verb intransitive or transitive
 IMPROVER
■to choose a small number of things, or to choose by making careful decisions 选择；挑选
• There was a choice of four prizes, and the winner could select one of them. 有四种奖品可供选择，获胜者可以从中挑选一个。
• A mouse is a device which makes it easier to select different options from computer menus. 滑鼠这种工具能够使人更方便快捷地从电脑功能表中选择不同的选项。
• How do you select people for promotion? 你如何选拔晋升者?
• [+ obj + to infinitive] He was selected to play for Australia at the age of only 18. 他才18岁就被选进了澳大利亚队。
• formal The supermarket's policy is to select out (= choose) the best fruit and discard the rest. 这家超市的原则就是挑选最好的水果，其余的就丢掉。
[sɪ'lekt] adjective
■of only the best type or highest quality, and usually small in size or amount 精选的；最优秀的
• It's a very select club - I've been trying unsuccessfully to join it for years. 这是个高级俱乐部——我多年来一直想加入都未能成功。
• These activities should be available to all pupils, not just a select few. 这样的活动应该让所有学生都参加，而不只是特定少数。
• Hamilton lives in a very select part of London. 汉密尔顿住在伦敦的高级社区。
prime, first-rate, choice, select, splendid, excellent
这组词都有“极好的”的意思，其区别是：
prime: 常指最重要、价值最高的东西，也可以表示最佳、最典型或最高的人或物。
first-rate: 多用于指对抽象事物的主观评估，有时含夸大、自负的意味。
choice: 指通过精心挑选达到水平，尤指罕见或品质精良的商品。
select: 指精挑细选出来作为范例的物或人。
splendid: 口语常用词，指非常令人满意，显得完美无缺。
excellent: 通常指事物在等级品位以及职位级别等方面的最优或接近最优。
elect, select, pick, prefer, choose, opt
这组词都有“选择”的意思，其区别是：
elect: 指按照一定的规章或法律，用投票等方式进行的认真慎重的选择。
select: 书面用词，具有庄严、正式的感情色彩。强调精选。
pick: 口语用词，多指从个人角度仔细挑选，也含任意挑选之意。
prefer: 强调个人偏爱，不一定有选择的行动。
choose: 普通用词，侧重根据个人意愿和判断从众多的对象中进行选择，着重被选者的优点。
opt: 多指在几种可能性之间进行选择。
vt. 挑选；选拔
 - pack, choose from
adj. 精选的；挑选出来的；极好的
 - wonderful, excellent, famous, chosen, choice
vi. 挑选
 - choose from, pick on

Word: astronaut
Front: astronaut
[ˈæstrənɔ:t] (高研四六 5656/16330 -1)
Vocabulary: astronaut
(once / 2308 pages)
n
An astronaut is someone who travels in space. While the term was once reserved for military-trained professionals, recent accessibility of space travel has seen the term astronaut now used to refer to anyone traveling in a spacecraft, including civilians.
The word astronaut includes the root naut, from nautes, the Greek word for "sailor." This suffix can be used to create many travel-specific words. For example, the Argonauts were mythical Greek sailors on the ship named the Argo. Astronaut gets the astro from the Greek word astron, meaning "star," making an astronaut a “star sailor.” Russian space explorers took the title cosmonauts, with the cosmo part coming from the Greek for "universe," kosmos, so both have the same meaning.
WORD FAMILY
astronaut: astronautic, astronautical, astronauts
USAGE EXAMPLES
Mr. Petraeus and retired astronaut Mark Kelly teamed up this year to launch the gun control advocacy group Veterans Coalition for Common Sense.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
SpaceX is slated to shuttle astronauts to the International Space Station — the first crewed space station launch from U.S. soil in years.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Glenn was the first American astronaut to orbit Earth and later became a U.S. senator.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 宇航员; 太空人; 航天员
分布：宇航员(100%)
→词根astro, 星。词根naut, 航行，见nautical, 航海的。
宇航员(astro+naut航行员)[astro,aster=star,表示"星星"]
宇航员(astro天空+naut船员)[nav,naus,naut=ship表示"船",naut引申为"海员"]
n.太空人,太空旅行者The astronaut, an astronomy fan, is astonished at the gymnastics show in the gymnasium.宇航员(一位天文学迷)对体育馆里的体操表演感到惊骇.
US [-nɑ:t] noun countable
■a person who has been trained for travelling in spacecraft 太空人
pilot, astronaut
这两个名词者指驾驶飞行装置的人员。
pilot: 指不进入外层空间的各类飞机的驾驶员。
astronaut: 指在外层空间(outer space)驾驶宇宙飞船、航天飞机等飞行装置的宇航员。
n. [航] 宇航员，航天员；太空旅行者
 - cosmonaut, spaceman

Word: crust
Front: crust
[krʌst] (研四六托雅宝 5659/7209 -1)
Vocabulary: crust
(once / 546 pages)
1nv 2n
The crust is a hard layer that forms on the outside of something, like a loaf of bread. Little kids often like their sandwiches with the crust cut off.
You’ve probably eaten lots of crusts — bread crust, pie crust — any food that’s hard on the outside and soft on the inside has a crust. Crust is also a verb meaning “to form a hard outer layer.” Crusting happens with more than just food, like when a layer of dirt crusts your clothes after a romp in the mud. The Earth has a hard crust too. Little kids don’t like to eat that either, usually.
WORD FAMILY
crust: crusted, crusting, crustlike, crusts, crusty, encrust +/ crusty: crustier, crustiest, crustily/ encrust: encrustation, encrusted, encrusting, encrusts/encrustation: encrustations
USAGE EXAMPLES
The outside crust was flaky, and inside, big chunks of chicken were swimming in a mildly spiced Thai curry.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
He par-bakes the crust, cools it, adds toppings and bakes it for about 2½ minutes.
Washington Post(Dec 16, 2016)
The meat arrives with a textured, almost brittle outer bark, like the crust on a really great loaf of sourdough.
New York Times(Dec 20, 2016)
Back: n. 面包皮; 外壳; 硬外皮; 地壳
vt. 用外皮覆盖; 在…上结硬皮; 生痂儿
vi. 结成外壳; 结硬皮
时态：crusted, crusting, crusts
分布：外壳(60%)，面包皮(20%)，结硬皮(10%)，盖以硬皮(5%)，坚硬的外壳(5%)
→来自kreus,冷冻，结晶，词源同crystal,cryogenic.原指由冷冻形成的硬壳。
n.外皮,壳;地壳The exhausted man and the trustful guy thrust a knife into the rusty crust.精疲力竭的男子和深信不疑的家伙将一把刀子刺向生锈的外壳.
noun
countable or uncountable
■a hard outer covering of something （某物的）硬皮，外壳
• pie crust (= the cooked pastry on top of it) 馅饼皮
• the Earth's crust 地壳
countable
■the outside layer of a loaf of bread 面包皮
• Could you cut the crusts off the sandwiches, please? 请把三明治的面包皮切掉，好吗？
n. 外壳；面包皮；坚硬外皮
 - outer housing, encloser

Word: useless
Front: useless
[ˈju:sləs] (高四六托雅 5657/4667 -K2)
Vocabulary: useless
(once / 181 pages)
adj
When all else fails, you still have the word useless. Use this adjective when nothing is working and there is no hope of improvement.
Less means "without." So something that is useless has no use or value, at least at the present time. Long ago, many blacksmiths concluded it was useless to try to get by making horseshoes after the automobile caught on. Their tools and supplies? Useless, so they thought. They moved on to other careers. Some even bought Fords. Fast forward about a hundred years. Ask antiques dealers if is it useless to present artifacts for sale to history buffs.
WORD FAMILY
useless: uselesser, uselessest, uselessly, uselessness+/ disuse: disused, disuses/misuse: misused, misuses, misusing/ overuse: overused, overuses, overusing/ reuse: reusable, reused, reuses, reusing/ usable: unusable, usability, usableness/ usage: ill-usage, usages/usance: usances/ use: disuse, ill-use, misuse, overuse, reuse, usable, usage, usance, useable, used, useed, useful, useless, user, uses, using/useable: unuseable, useableness/ used: ill-used, unused, useder/ useful: usefuler, usefulest, usefully, usefulness/usefully: usefullys/usefulness: unusefulness, usefulnesss/ user: users/using: usings
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Sandpaper is useless to this kind of wood. But woodworkers who aren’t afraid of that difficulty should definitely enter. It’s a once-in-a-lifetime experience.”
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Their predictive powers were among the most useless in 2016.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
If the person at the other end asked to leave a message, I would sigh heavily, like a useless personal assistant.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 无用的，无效的; 无价值的; 差劲的; 不怎么样的
分布：无用的(84%)，无效的(16%)
adjective
 IMPROVER
■of no use; not working or not achieving what is needed 无用的；无效的
• Without fuel, the vehicles will become useless for moving supplies. 没有燃料，车辆就无法运送物资。
• [+ to infinitive] It's useless to speculate without more information. 没有更多资讯，推断毫无意义。
• She's very good at methodical work, but useless when there's a lot of pressure. 她很善于做条理性强的工作，但要是压力太大她就做不来了。
• informal You're absolutely useless (= not able to act effectively) - can't you even go to the shops without getting lost! 你真没用——连去商店买东西都会迷路！
adj. 无用的；无效的
 - unnecessary, futile

Word: reproduction
Front: reproduction
[ˌri:prəˈdʌkʃn] (六托 5658/4803 -1)
Vocabulary: reproduction
(once / 807 pages)
1n 2n 3n
A reproduction of a painting is a copy of the original that looks just like it. The act of reproduction involves making copies or having babies.
We won't get into the birds and the bees, but reproduction is the sexual activity of producing offspring, also known as procreation. But reproduction isn't just the act of making babies. It can involve making copies or replications. Similarly, a reproduction is an identical version of something, often artwork. There are many reproductions of Picasso's paintings but in every case, there is only one original and it's worth far more than all the copies combined.
WORD FAMILY
reproduction: reproductions+/ reproduce: reproduced, reproducer, reproduces, reproducing, reproduction, reproductive /reproducer: reproducers/ reproductive: reproductively
USAGE EXAMPLES
Several of the entries are reproductions of painterly originals, but the shiny surfaces are better suited to hard-edged images.
Washington Post(Dec 23, 2016)
Reproduction is complicated and messy and unpredictable, and every pregnancy, like every fetus and every baby, is different.
Time(Dec 20, 2016)
The stones I saw are a reproduction of the original.
New York Times(Dec 20, 2016)
Back: n. 繁殖，生殖; 再生产，再现，[心]再生作用; 复制品
分布：生殖(43%)，复制(39%)，再现(17%)，幼树(1%)
→来自 reproduce,复制，繁殖。
noun
PRODUCING YOUNG 生育下一代
 ADVANCED uncountable
■the process of producing babies or young animals and plants 生殖；生育；繁殖
• human/ sexual reproduction 人类繁衍／有性生殖
• We are researching reproduction in elephants/ the reproduction of elephants. 我们正在研究大象的繁殖问题。
[ˌri:.prə'dʌk.ʃən] noun
COPY 复制
countable or uncountable
■a copy of something, especially a painting, or the process of copying something （尤指画作的）复制品；复制，翻版
• The book contains excellent colour reproductions of Monet's paintings. 这本书有莫内作品的精美彩色翻版插图。
• This system has excellent sound reproduction. 这套系统的声音效果极佳。
model, facsimile, duplicate, reproduction, copy
这组词都有“复制品”的意思，其区别是：
model: 可指按某物式样制造、按比例缩小的模型，也可指某物未制成之前做出的模型。
facsimile: 含义与copy大体相同，但较文雅。
duplicate: 常指完全一模一样，可代替原件的复制品。
reproduction: 批按原物复制的产品，着重复制品与原物相似。
copy: 普通用词，含义广泛，指精确的或不精确的复制品。
n. [生物] 繁殖，生殖； [古] 复制；复制品
 - generation, breeding, propagation, get

Word: burn
Front: burn
[bɜ:n] (中高研四六 1422/1754 -K4)
Vocabulary: burn
(once / 52 pages)
1vn 2v 3vn 4v 5v
When things burn, they're on fire. People who live in the country sometimes burn leaves and brush, setting big piles alight until they're reduced to ash.
A house can burn to the ground, and you can burn a stick of incense or a candle with a tiny flame. Another way things burn is from the heat of the sun, as your pale skin burns if you lie on a beach in your bathing suit with no sunblock. Yet another thing that burns is energy, whether it's a motorcycle that burns too much gasoline or a child who burns excess energy by jumping on a trampoline.
WORD FAMILY
burn: burnable, burned, burner, burning+/burnable: burnability/burner: burners/burning: burningly, burnings
USAGE EXAMPLES
The burned woman was found outside the house.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Twenty bodies that were found inside the vessel were burned beyond recognition and were transferred to a police hospital for identification, said Col.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Smog worsens in the winter as coal burning spikes to provide heat for millions of people.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi.& link-v. （使）燃烧
vt. & vi. 使用某物为燃料; 烧毁; 烧坏; 烧伤
n. 烧伤，烧痕
时态：burned, burnt, burning, burns
分布：烧伤(48%)，燃烧(37%)，灼伤(6%)，烧毁(6%)，烧着(2%)，急于(1%)
→来自PIE *bher, 燃烧，发光，加热。词源同brew.
v.燃烧,烧着;烧毁;灼伤n.烧伤,灼伤They returned in turn to bury the luxuries burnt in the burst.他们依次返回来埋藏在爆炸中烧毁的奢侈品.
US [bɝ:n] verb (burnt or burned, burnt or burned)
DAMAGE 损坏
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to (cause something to) be hurt, damaged or destroyed by fire or extreme heat （把…）烧坏，（使）烧伤，（使）烧毁；（使）晒伤；（使）烫伤
• He was badly burnt in the blaze. 他在大火中严重烧伤。
• She burnt his old love letters. 她烧掉了他的旧日情书。
• The brandy burned (= felt too hot on) my throat. 白兰地喝下去后我感到喉咙里火辣辣的。
• On her first day in the Caribbean Josie was badly burned (= her skin became red and painful from too much sun). 到加勒比海的第一天，乔西就晒伤了。
• Fair-skinned people burn easily in the sun. 白皮肤的人很容易晒伤。
• Unable to escape, six people were burnt alive /burnt to death (= died by burning) in the building. 由于未能逃脱，有六个人在大楼里被活活烧死。
• The vegetables were burnt to a crisp (= badly burnt). 蔬菜烧焦了。
transitive always passive
■to cause emotional pain or damage to someone 给…造成感情伤害
burn sb at the stake
■to kill someone by tying them to a post and burning them 对（某人）处以火刑
burn sth to the ground
■to completely destroy a building by fire 彻底烧毁
• The building was burned to the ground ten years ago. 这幢建筑十年前被烧毁了。
UK [bɜ:n] US [bɝ:n] verb (burnt or burned, burnt or burned)
PRODUCE FLAMES 燃烧
 ESSENTIAL intransitive
■to be on fire, or to produce flames 着火；烧着；燃烧
• The wood was wet and would not burn. 木头湿了，烧不着。
• Helplessly we watched our house burning. 我们无助地看着房子在燃烧。
• A fire was burning brightly in the fireplace. 壁炉里火烧得正旺。
UK [bɜ:n] US [bɝ:n] verb (burnt or burned, burnt or burned)
PRODUCE LIGHT 发光
intransitive
■to produce light 发光
• I saw a light burning in her window. 我看见了她窗口的灯光。
UK [bɜ:n] US [bɝ:n] verb (burnt or burned, burnt or burned)
FEEL HOT 感到热
intransitive
■If your face burns, it feels very hot （脸）发烧
• His face burned with embarrassment/shame/anger. 他因尴尬／羞愧／愤怒而感到脸上发烫。
UK [bɜ:n] US [bɝ:n] verb (burnt or burned, burnt or burned)
WANT 渴望
[+ to infinitive]
■to want to do something very much 迫不及待地想（做某事）；渴望
• She was burning to tell us her news. 她迫不及待想把她的消息告诉我们。
UK [bɜ:n] US [bɝ:n] verb (burnt or burned, burnt or burned)
COPY 复制
transitive
■to copy information, recorded music, images, etc. onto a CD 把（资料、音乐、图片等）复制（到光碟上）；刻录；烧录
• Burn your favourite songs or your important files onto CDs. 把你最喜欢的歌曲或重要的文件烧录到光碟上。
UK [bɜ:n] US [bɝ:n] verb (burnt or burned, burnt or burned)
burn your boats/bridges
■If you are in a situation and you burn your boats/bridges, you destroy all possible ways of going back to that situation. 自断退路；破釜沉舟
UK [bɜ:n] US [bɝ:n] verb (burnt or burned, burnt or burned)
burn a hole in sb's pocket
■If money is burning a hole in your pocket, you are very eager to spend it. （某人）钱在口袋里留不住，一有钱就想花
UK [bɜ:n] US [bɝ:n] verb (burnt or burned, burnt or burned)
burn the candle at both ends
■to work or do other things from early in the morning until late at night and so get very little rest 劳累过度
UK [bɜ:n] US [bɝ:n] verb (burnt or burned, burnt or burned)
burn the midnight oil
■to work late into the night 工作到深夜；熬夜工作
UK [bɜ:n] US [bɝ:n] verb (burnt or burned, burnt or burned)
get/have your fingers burnt (also burn your fingers) informal
■to suffer unpleasant results of an action, especially loss of money, so you do not want to do the same thing again （因错误决定而）吃亏，蒙受损失，（尤指）遭受金钱损失
• She'd invested extensively in stocks and got her fingers burnt when the market collapsed. 她在股市上大量投资，结果股市崩溃损失惨重。
UK [bɜ:n] US [bɝ:n] verb (burnt or burned, burnt or burned)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] burn (sth) down
■to destroy something, especially a building, by fire, or to be destroyed by fire 烧毁，焚毁（尤指建筑物）
• He tried to burn down the school by setting fire to papers on a noticeboard. 他放火点燃了贴在布告板上的报纸，妄图烧毁学校。
UK [bɜ:n] US [bɝ:n] verb (burnt or burned, burnt or burned)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] burn sth off/up
■to use or get rid of energy or fat by doing a lot of physical exercise （透过大量体育锻炼）消耗（能量或脂肪）
• Running is an excellent way to burn off excess calories. 跑步是消耗多余热量的极好办法。
UK [bɜ:n] US [bɝ:n] verb (burnt or burned, burnt or burned)
  Phrasal Verbs  burn out
FIRE
■If a fire burns out, it stops producing flames because nothing remains that can burn. （火）烧尽
BREAK
■If something such as a motor burns out, it stops working because of damage from heat （马达等因过热）烧坏，出故障
• It looks like the starter motor on the car has burnt out. 看起来像是汽车引擎的启动装置被烧坏了。
UK [bɜ:n] US [bɝ:n] verb (burnt or burned, burnt or burned)
  Phrasal Verbs  [R] burn yourself out
■to be forced to stop working because you have become ill or very tired from working too hard 把（自己）累垮
• Stop working so hard - you'll burn yourself out. 工作别这么拼命——你会累垮的。
⇒ See also burn-out
UK [bɜ:n] US [bɝ:n] verb (burnt or burned, burnt or burned)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] burn (sth) up
■to destroy something completely with fire or heat, or to be destroyed completely by fire or heat 烧光；烧尽
• Meteorites often burn up in the atmosphere before they reach the Earth. 流星常常在到达地球之前就已经在大气层中燃尽了。
UK [bɜ:n] US [bɝ:n] verb (burnt or burned, burnt or burned)
  Phrasal Verbs  burn up informal
■to have a bad fever 发高烧
• "You're burning up!" she said, touching his forehead. “你烧得很厉害！”她摸着他的额头说道。
UK [bɜ:n] US [bɝ:n] verb (burnt or burned, burnt or burned)
  Phrasal Verbs  burn up with sth
■If you burn up with an emotion, you feel that emotion so strongly that you cannot act in a reasonable way 心中充满…；备受…煎熬
• He was burnt up with jealousy and suspicion. 他妒火中烧，满腹狐疑。
UK [bɜ:n] US [bɝ:n] verb (burnt or burned, burnt or burned)
  Phrasal Verbs  burn with sth
■If you burn with an emotion, you feel that emotion very strongly 心中充满（情感）；受…煎熬
• They were both burning with desire. 他们俩欲火焚身。
UK [bɜ:n] US [bɝ:n] noun countable
DAMAGE 损坏
■a place where fire or heat has hurt or damaged something 烧伤（的痕迹）；烫伤（的痕迹）
• One rescue worker caught in the explosion sustained severe burns. 一名营救人员在爆炸中身上多处严重烧伤。
• I noticed a cigarette burn in the carpet. 我注意到地毯上有烟头烫出的痕迹。
⇒ See also heartburn;sunburn
UK [bɜ:n] US [bɝ:n] noun countable
STREAM 小溪 Scottish a small stream 小溪
scratch, bruise, bump/lump, cut, burn
scratch: 抓伤；
bruise: 擦伤
bump/lump: 碰伤肿块；
cut: 割伤；
burn: 灼伤；
vt. 燃烧；烧毁， [植保] [外科] 灼伤；激起…的愤怒
 - combust, overfire
vi. 燃烧；烧毁；发热
 - glow, conflagrate
n. [植保] 灼伤， [外科] 烧伤；烙印
 - brand, scaldy

Word: flu
Front: flu
[flu:] (中高研四六雅 5662/8041 -K1)
Vocabulary: flu
(once / 1722 pages)
n
The flu is a disease that's easily spread between people. When you have body aches, a fever, and a sore throat, you probably have the flu.
The word flu is shorthand for "influenza," the official name of this infectious, viral illness. It's not unusual to get the flu, especially in the winter, and while it usually isn't serious, it can be deadly for some groups of people. Your chances of getting the flu are greatly reduced if you get a flu shot. The Italian root influenza means "influenza" or "epidemic," but also "visitation" or "influence of the stars."
WORD FAMILY
flu: flus
USAGE EXAMPLES
Pneumonia and flu together are on the top 10 list of causes of death, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
South Korea is fighting its worst bird flu outbreak in a decade.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Some people who get the flu do not seek medical assistance and are not tested.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 流行性感冒，流感
分布：流行性感冒(100%)
→缩写自influenza,流感。
n.(influenza)流行性感冒The bright fighter is frightened and flies upright in straight line from the right.那架明亮的战斗机受到惊吓后呈直线地从右边垂直飞起来.
noun uncountable (formal influenza)
 ADVANCED
■an infectious illness which is like a very bad cold, but which causes a fever 流行性感冒，流感
• a flu virus 流感病毒
• to catch/get/have (the) flu 患／染／得流感

Word: embarrassing
Front: embarrassing
[ɪmˈbærəsɪŋ] (5663/5241 -K)
Vocabulary: embarrassing
(once / 926 pages)
adj
Use the adjective embarrassing to describe something that is shameful or humiliating. You probably have a few embarrassing stories that you'd rather not remember, but your siblings are always happy to bring them up at holidays.
It's really embarrassing how many people misspell embarrassing. The word has two r's and two s's but you might forget and leave one of them out. Imagine how embarrassing it would be if you were winning the third grade spelling bee and got the word embarrassing wrong. You know everyone would be talking about it. How embarrassing!
WORD FAMILY
embarrassing: embarrassingly+/disembarrass: disembarrassed, disembarrasses, disembarrassing, disembarrassment/ embarrass: disembarrass, embarrassed, embarrasses, embarrassing, embarrassment / embarrassed: embarrassedly, unembarrassed/ embarrassment: embarrassments/unembarrassed: unembarrassedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
It started with an embarrassing blowout loss against an NFC West opponent.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Online sign-ups for his health care law were crippled by massive technical issues, resulting in one of the most embarrassing episodes of his presidency.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Metro’s BusETA system does not do this, but the result would be pretty embarrassing.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 使人尴尬的，令人为难的
v. （使）窘迫，（使）局促不安( embarrass的现在分词)
分布：尴尬的(85%)，令人为难的(15%)
US [-'ber-] adjective
 IMPROVER
■making you feel embarrassed 使人感到窘迫的，令人尴尬的，使人难堪的
• an embarrassing situation 令人尴尬的情形
• [+ to infinitive] It 's embarrassing to be caught telling a lie. 说谎被人当场识破是件很尴尬的事情。
• My most embarrassing moment was trying to introduce a woman whose name I couldn't remember. 我最狼狈的一刻是，我想要介绍一位女士却怎么也想不起来她的名字。
UK [ɪm'bær.ə.sɪŋ] US [-'ber-] adjective
  Common Learner Errors  embarrassingWarning: Check your spelling! Embarrassing is one of the 50 words most often spelled wrongly by learners. Remember: the correct spelling has 'rr' and 'ss'.

Word: altar
Front: altar
[ˈɔ:ltə(r)] (5661/5800 -1)
Vocabulary: altar
(once / 216 pages)
n
An altar is a raised area in a house of worship where people can honor God with offerings. It is prominent in the Bible as "God's table," a sacred place for sacrifices and gifts offered up to God.
The word altar comes from the Latin altārium, meaning "high," and also to the Latin adolere, which means "to ritually burn or sacrifice," which suggests its early purpose as detailed in the Bible. Nowadays, the altar is the place for non-sacrificial religious rites such as communion or weddings, and is a metaphor for offerings. Comedian Stephen Fry once said, “I am a lover of truth, a worshipper of freedom, a celebrant at the altar of language and purity and tolerance.”
WORD FAMILY
altar: altars
USAGE EXAMPLES
With a permanent smile fixed on her face, she runs to the altar and settles into a life of suburban contentment.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
The float will be festooned with thousands of flowers beneath a giant gold crown, which will serve as a makeshift altar for the ceremony.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
“Under the Shadow”: This unsettling film tells a truly terrifying ghost story that doesn’t sacrifice its profound themes at the altar of scaring the audience.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 祭坛，圣坛; 圣餐台
分布：祭坛(100%)
→词根al, 滋养。此处用于宗教义，指祭祀神灵。同时，受词根alt强化，alt, 高。
祭坛(alt+ar→高出的东西→祭坛)[alt=high,表示"高"]
祭坛(alt高+ar...离出地面...祭坛)[-ar 1.表形容词"…的"2.表名词"人,物"]
UK ['ɒl-] US ['ɑ:l.tˌɚ] noun countable
■a type of table used in ceremonies in a Christian church or in other religious buildings 圣坛，祭坛
n. 祭坛；圣坛；圣餐台
 - prothesis

Word: umbrella
Front: umbrella
[ʌmˈbrelə] (中高 5664/5549 -K2)
Vocabulary: umbrella
(once / 613 pages)
nadj
An umbrella is the gizmo used to protect yourself from rain or sun. An umbrella can also be something that groups similar things, like an umbrella organization that protects and serves many smaller organizations.
An umbrella is that lightweight, collapsible cover that’s handy on a rainy day. People also use umbrellas to protect themselves from the sun. Since an umbrella covers people and things, umbrella is also a metaphor for something that brings unity. An umbrella agency brings together other smaller and related agencies. An umbrella term can be applied to many concepts. To bring things together in this way is to umbrella, as in “The merger umbrellas several companies.”
WORD FAMILY
umbrella: umbrellalike, umbrellas
USAGE EXAMPLES
These dream lives tend to fall under two umbrellas.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Black bass are fair on football jigs, umbrella rigs and lipless crankbaits.
Washington Times(Dec 28, 2016)
It’s the neighborhood’s plaza, a traffic circle furnished with crayon-color folding chairs and umbrellas, tables.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 雨伞; 〈比喻〉保护物; [军]空中掩护幕; 总括
分布：伞(72%)，雨伞(27%)，庇护(1%)
→来自拉丁语umbra,阴影，影子，词源同adumbrate, umbrage,-ella, 小词后缀。用来指遮阳伞或雨伞。
伞(umbr+ella小东西→带来影子的小东西)[umbr=shadow表示"影子"]
n.伞Thus the enthusiastic dumb man thumbed the humble man's umbrella.于是热情的哑巴用拇指拨弄谦卑男子的伞.
noun countable
DEVICE 器具
 ADVANCED
■a device for protection against the rain which consists of a stick with a folding frame covered in material at one end and usually a handle at the other, or a similar, often larger, device used for protection against the sun 伞；雨伞；阳伞
• I felt a few spots of rain so I put my umbrella up. 我感到有几滴雨点，于是便撑起了雨伞。
• I left another umbrella on the bus yesterday. 我昨天又把一把伞落在公车上了。
• a folding umbrella 折叠伞
[ʌm'brel.ə] noun countable
GROUP 群体
■something which includes or represents a group or range of similar things 综合体；总体
• Mr. Hughes's agency is one of 980 community agencies under the umbrella of the National Community Action Foundation (NCAF) in Washington, D.C. 休斯先生的办事处是全国社区行动基金会辖下的980个社区办事处中的一个，该基金会总部设在华盛顿特区。
• Donations should be sent to the Disaster Emergency Committee, an umbrella organization for UK-based aid agencies. 捐助应送到赈灾委员会——该委员会是设在英国的各个援助机构的一个综合机构。
• Existentialism was really an umbrella term to lump together the works of several philosophers and writers. 存在主义实际上是一个把几位哲学家和作家的作品归并在一起的总称。
n. 雨伞；保护伞；庇护；伞形结构
 - shadow, bumbershoot

Word: enrollment
Front: enrollment
[ɪn'rəʊlmənt] (雅 6365/-)
Back: n. 登记; 注册; 入会
分布：登记(46%)，注册(42%)，入伍(7%)，入会(5%)
n. 登记；入伍
 - registration, entry

Word: unconscious
Front: unconscious
[ʌnˈkɒnʃəs] (高四六托雅宝 5668/5026 -K2)
Vocabulary: unconscious
(once / 161 pages)
adjn
When you're unconscious you're passed out or asleep. Anything going on in the body that we're not aware of can also be called unconscious.
Being unconscious can be very nice, especially when you're in the middle of a deep sleep. But if you're unconscious because you fainted or got hit in the head, that's not so good. Unconscious people aren't aware of what's going on, and they can't talk or do things — except maybe for sleepwalking and sleeptalking. There are also unconscious thoughts and desires: things going on in the mind that you don't know about.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
unconscionable / unconscious
These two words look and sound similar. In fact, if you think too hard about them together, you might find your tongue tripping over them.
The older unconscionable, dating back to the 1560s, is the absence of reason or right; having no idea between right and wrong:
She said she finds WWE's simulated rape scenes "unconscionable.''
It is unconscionable that the Obama Administration is gambling with American lives.
Attempting to fence them out of their home is unconscionable.
Relative newcomer unconscious originated in 1712, meaning unaware. In the 1860s, it picked up the meaning to lose consciousness, to not be awake:
Fidgeting and Doodling Could Be Unconscious Focus Tools
Woman attacked and left unconscious under bridge in Edinburgh
Zsa Zsa Gabor is unconscious as she's been fitted with a feeding tube in the hospital.
Both words descend from the Old French conscience (inner knowledge), which in turn comes from the Latin conscientia, which means both inner knowledge and a knowledge of right and wrong.
How can you tell these cousins apart? Unconscionable's opposite would be the obsolete conscionable,and it sometimes seems right behavior is also obsolete in our society—just look at our example sentences! If that's not the word you're after, it must be unconscious.
WORD FAMILY
unconscious: unconsciously, unconsciousness+/ conscious: consciously, consciousness, nonconscious, self-conscious, semiconscious, subconscious, unconscious / consciousness: consciousnesses/ self-conscious: self-consciously, self-consciousness/semiconscious: semiconsciously, semiconsciousness/ subconscious: subconsciouses, subconsciously, subconsciousness/unconsciousness: unconsciousnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
The unconscious man was arrested on suspicion of 100 misdemeanor counts of discharging a firearm.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
They initially claimed he fell unconscious after repeatedly and violently resisting arrest, then died of a heart attack.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
The first time, other inmates broke her nose, and the second time, they stomped on her and knocked her unconscious, she said.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 失去知觉的，无意识的; 无意的，不自觉的; 不知道的; 不受意识控制的
n. [心]无意识
分布：失去知觉的(78%)，无意的(22%)
【记】un不，conscious（adj 有意识的；故意的）：无意识的
【反】sentient（adj 有感觉力的）
US [-'kɑ:n-] adjective
 ADVANCED
■in the state of not being awake, especially as the result of a head injury （尤指因头部受伤）昏迷的，不省人事的
• She was hit on the head by a stone and knocked unconscious. 一块石头击中了她的头部，使她昏了过去。
■An unconscious thought or feeling is one that you do not know you have （想法或感情）无意识的，潜意识的
• my unconscious desire to impress him 我潜意识里想吸引他注意的欲望
UK [ʌn'kɒn.tʃəs] US [-'kɑ:n-] noun
the unconscious
■the part of your mind that contains feelings and thoughts that you do not know about, and that influences the way you behave 潜意识
adj. [心理] 无意识的；失去知觉的； [医] 不省人事的；未发觉的
 - mechanical, automatic, cold, spontaneous

Word: listing
Front: listing
[ˈlɪstɪŋ] (5669/5739 -2)
Vocabulary: listing
(once / 1121 pages)
n
A listing is a catalog or list or items. You might be in the habit of checking TV listings every night, to see what's on the next day.
You might make a listing of every cupcake and brownie that's donated to your school bake sale, or consult a listing of the available puppies at your local animal shelter. In either case, listing simply means "list." You can also use the word to describe the act or process of making such a list: "Listing all the things I want for my birthday would take far too long." The Middle English root, liste, means "border, or edging stripe."
WORD FAMILY
listing: listings+/delist: delisted, delisting/ enlist: enlisted, enlistee, enlisting, enlistment, enlists/enlistee: enlistees/enlisting: enlistings/enlistment: enlistments, reenlistment/ list: delist, enlist, listed, lister, listing, listless, lists/listed: unlisted/lister: listers/ listless: listlessly, listlessness/reenlistment: reenlistments
USAGE EXAMPLES
I don’t even want to delay you by listing any more.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
But remember, a job in hand may be worth two in the listings.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Alabama, Oklahoma, Louisiana, Arkansas and Mississippi are the least-healthiest states in the U.S., according to USA Today listings.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 列表; 名单; （刊印在报纸上的如电影、戏剧等; （名单中的）一个位置
v. 列表(list的现在分词）
分布：目录(60%)，名单(22%)，动词list的现在分词.(9%)，表上的一项(9%)
N-COUNT
目录；名册；（目录或名册等上的）一项
A listing is a published list, or an item in a published list.
例：A full listing of the companies will be published quarterly...公司名录大全每季度出版一次。
例：For details of the nearest performance look in the local listings magazines.欲知离自己最近的演出的详情，请查询当地文娱预告杂志。
n. [计] 列表，清单
 - statement, bill
v. [计] 列表（list的现在分词）
 - tabbing

Word: mosquito
Front: mosquito
[məˈski:təʊ] (高研四六雅宝 5667/12347 -1)
Vocabulary: mosquito
(once / 924 pages)
n
A mosquito is a tiny stinging insect that leaves an itchy welt on your skin. Between its annoying bites and its ability to spread disease, the mosquito is not the most popular of insects (unlike the fair ladybug).
Male mosquitoes feed on nectar and live only a few days, while females need to feed on blood in order for their eggs to develop and be laid. Female mosquitoes, therefore, can be a nuisance on summer evenings, and can even be downright dangerous in tropical areas where they often spread diseases like malaria. In Spanish, mosquito means "little gnat," from mosca, "gnat or fly."
WORD FAMILY
mosquito: mosquitoes, mosquitos
USAGE EXAMPLES
Officials also are considering locations for a separate test of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes genetically modified to produce offspring that die outside a lab.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
By the fifteen-thirties, the slavers were ravaging the Mosquito Coast and the Olancho Valley of central Honduras, destroying villages and rounding up people like cattle.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Better diagnostics are also needed, he said, along with more effective pesticides and other mosquito control methods.
Reuters(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 蚊子
分布：蚊子(100%)
→来自西班牙语mosca,蚊子，-ito,小词后缀，来自拉丁语musca,蚊子，来自mu,蚊子，拟声词，模仿蚊子嗡嗡的声音，词源同moth,midge.
n.蚊子The biscuit compels the mosquitoes quit the equipment.这种饼干迫使蚊子离开设备.
【记】读：冒死quit头，在蚊帐里的时候把头伸出去，就会体会什么叫冒死quit头。Quit退出
【参】mote（n 微粒）mot＝mos小；
US [-tˌoʊ] noun countable (plural mosquitoes) (UK informal mozzie/mossie)
■a small flying insect that bites people and animals, and sucks their blood 蚊
• Some types of the anopheles mosquito transmit malaria to humans. 某些种类的按蚊能将疟疾传染给人类。
n. 蚊子
 - skeeter

Word: intimacy
Front: intimacy
[ˈɪntɪməsi] (托 5670/7930 -1)
Vocabulary: intimacy
(once / 547 pages)
n
Intimacy is closeness with another person, like the intimacy that develops between friends as you tell one another your life stories and all your secrets and dreams for the future.
The noun intimacy comes from the Latin word intimare, which means “impress,” or “make familiar,” which comes from the Latin intimus, meaning “inmost.” Intimacy is a close, family-like connection. There is another kind of intimacy — physical intimacy, which comes from having a sexual relationship, which, one hopes, fosters the other kind of intimacy as well.
WORD FAMILY
intimacy: intimacies+/ intimate: intimacy, intimated, intimately, intimates, intimating, intimatingly, intimation / intimation: intimations
USAGE EXAMPLES
The added dimension has the paradoxical effect of enhancing the sense of intimacy while inserting a level of distancing artifice.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Central to Miller’s concerns was the intimacy of the encounter between a viewer and a work of art.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 01, 2016)
But, more than that, “Moonlight” is about intimacy, vulnerability and connection, all of which seem more precious than ever.
New York Times(Nov 30, 2016)
Back: n. 亲密; 亲近; 亲昵的言行; 性行为
分布：亲密(96%)，隐私(4%)
→来自intimate,亲密的。
亲密(intim亲密;参考:intimate亲密的)[-acy表名词"→性质,状态"]
US [-tˌə-] noun
uncountable
■when you have a close friendship or sexual relationship with someone 亲密；密切；暧昧关系
• Intimacy between teachers and students is not recommended. 不提倡师生之间关系过于密切。
countable usually plural
■things which are said or done only by people who have a close relationship with each other 亲昵的言行
• It was obvious from their witty intimacies that they had been good friends for many years. 从他们风趣的亲昵言行很容易看出，他们已是多年的好友。
n. 性行为；亲密；亲昵行为；隐私
 - privacy, sexual behavior

Word: divert
Front: divert
[daɪˈvɜ:t] (研六托雅宝 5673/4924 -2)
Vocabulary: divert
(once / 279 pages)
1v 2v
To divert means to shift or turn from one thing to another. A magician might attempt to divert your attention as he shoves the rabbit into the hat.
The police will divert traffic if there has been an accident that blocks the road, and it's a good idea to divert some of your income into a savings account so you don't spend it all. Are you throwing a surprise party for a friend at his house? Have a neighbor divert him for a little while if he comes home early so that you can finish getting ready. While these uses concern physically guiding something to a different location, divert can also be used to mean "distract" or "entertain." If your friend can't stop worrying about her grades, you might want to divert her with the latest school gossip.
WORD FAMILY
divert: diversion, diverted, diverting, diverts+/ diversion: diversionary, diversionist, diversions/diversionist: diversionists/ diverting: divertingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Did hockey leagues divert precious resources — namely, young men — from duty, or were they vital to morale?
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
“To divert attention, their networks overseas were being told” to attack.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 28, 2016)
A news release from the Tampa Police Department said traffic was diverted while police investigated.
Seattle Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: vt. 使转移; 娱乐; 转移注意力
时态：diverted, diverting, diverts
分布：转移(97%)，娱乐(3%)
→来自diverse, 转开，转移。-t,过去分词后缀。
转向;消遣(di偏离+vert转偏离→转向)[ver,ert=turn,表示"转"]
vt.使转向,使改道;转移(注意力);使娱乐The noise diverted our attention from the books.噪音把我们的注意力从书本上移开.
【记】di离开，vert转－转向
US [dɪ'vɝ:t] verb transitive
CHANGE DIRECTION 改变方向
■to cause something or someone to change direction 使改变方向，使转向
• Traffic will be diverted through the side streets while the main road is resurfaced. 这条主干道重铺路面时，车辆行人将被分流到小路通行。
• Our flight had to be diverted to Stansted because of the storm. 由于暴风雨，我们的班机被迫改在斯坦斯特德机场降落。
■to use something for a different purpose 将…用于其他目的；改变…的用途
• Should more funds/money/resources be diverted from roads into railways? 是否应该将更多的资金／资源从公路转投到铁路上？
UK [daɪ'vɜ:t] US [dɪ'vɝ:t] verb transitive
TAKE ATTENTION AWAY 转移注意力
■to take someone's attention away from something 分散，转移（注意力）
• The war has diverted attention (away) from the country's economic problems. 战争转移了人们对国家经济问题的关注。
■formal
■to entertain someone 使开心，供（某人）消遣
• It's a marvellous game for diverting restless children on long car journeys. 这个游戏很棒，可供那些乘车长途旅行时出现烦躁情绪的孩子们进行消遣。
deviate, divert, distract
这组词都有“转移”的意思，其区别是：
deviate: v.背离，偏离。多指脱离正轨或正题等。
 • He deviated from society by becoming a drug addict.   他成为一名吸毒者，从而违背了社会道德准则。
divert: v.转移，使转向，着重改变后的结果，后常接介词from。
 • A loud noise diverted everyone's attention from their work.   一声巨响转移了每个人的工作注意力。
distract: v.使分心，分散(注意力、心理等)。常带有不能专心的意思。
 • Noise distracts him, so he can't study for exams.   喧闹声分散了他的注意力，所以他无法进行考试的复习。
vt. 转移；使…欢娱；使…转向
 - shift, distract from
vi. 转移
 - transfer, metastasize

Word: vine
Front: vine
[vaɪn] (四六托 5675/6623 -2)
Back: n. 藤; 藤本植物; 葡萄树
vi. 形成藤蔓
分布：藤(73%)，蔓(25%)，攀爬植物(2%)
→来自拉丁语vinea,葡萄藤，葡萄园，来自wei,弯，转，缠绕，词源同viticulture,vetch,wind。用于指藤蔓植物，特别用来指葡萄。
noun countable
 ADVANCED (also grapevine)
■the climbing plant which produces grapes as its fruit 葡萄藤
⇒ See also vineyard
■any type of plant which climbs or grows along the ground and which has woody twisting stems 藤本植物；攀缘植物
• Ivy is a type of vine. 常青藤是一种藤本植物。
n. 藤； [园艺] 葡萄树； [植] 藤本植物；攀缘植物
 - grape, rattan

Word: guardian
Front: guardian
[ˈgɑ:diən] (雅 5671/2951 -2)
Vocabulary: guardian
(once / 120 pages)
n
A guardian is a keeper or protector who looks after the welfare of other people or their property. In legal language, guardian is typically used as an alternative to "parent."
Guardians are often adults who can make legal decisions for children who are not their own. Sometimes they take care of them, too, just like a parent would. A guardian angel is a figure that some people believe (either seriously or jokingly) watches over them and protects them. The term is also used to describe people who believe they are "guarding" something important, like morality, culture, or fashion.
WORD FAMILY
guardian: guardians, guardianship+/guardianship: guardianships
USAGE EXAMPLES
In June the Kenyan company won awards from the clean energy charity Ashden, reports the Guardian.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
The president-elect did not respond to a question from the Guardian about whether Ferguson would be performing Strange Fruit at the inauguration.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
It "reached new heights of action and emotion", according to The Guardian's Mark Lawson, who saw parallels between Benedict Cumberbatch's Sherlock Holmes and James Bond.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 监护人; 保护者，维护者; 法国修道院院长
分布：监护人(85%)，保护人(15%)
US ['gɑ:r-] noun countable
■a person who has the legal right and responsibility of taking care of someone who cannot take care of themselves, such as a child whose parents have died 监护人
• The child's parents or guardians must give their consent before she has the operation. 在给这个孩子动手术前，一定要得到她父母或其监护人的同意。
■formal
■someone who protects something 保护者；护卫者；维护者
• These three official bodies are the guardians of the nation's countryside. 这三个官方机构负责监护全国乡村地区。
• a self-appointed guardian of public morals 自封的社会公德卫道人士
n. [法] 监护人，保护人；守护者
 - keeper, curator
adj. 守护的
 - warding

Word: obey
Front: obey
[əˈbeɪ] (高研四六 5672/4952 -K2)
Vocabulary: obey
(once / 106 pages)
v
When you obey, you follow someone's rules or instructions. In the old days, all of a monarchy's citizens were expected to obey the commands of their king or queen.
You might be expected to obey the rules your strict parents lay down, or to obey the guidelines of a group or club you belong to. Religious Christians obey God, and soldiers obey the direct orders their commanding officers give them. To obey is to be obedient, and both words come from the Latin obedire, which literally means "listen to," but is used to mean "pay attention to."
WORD FAMILY
obey: disobey, obeyed, obeying, obeys+/ disobey: disobeyed, disobeying, disobeys
USAGE EXAMPLES
Gorman cited the victim’s decision to rush Wright, which apparently led to the shooting, instead of obeying Wright’s request for money.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Officers ordered Hall to drop the knife but he did not obey and was shot, the report said.
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
The DMV noted that 20 companies are currently approved to operate 130 test vehicles, and they are “obeying the law.”
Washington Times(Dec 21, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 服从，听从
vt. 遵守，遵循
时态：obeyed, obeying, obeys
分布：服从(46%)，遵守(39%)，听从(9%)，顺从(6%)
→来自拉丁语obedire,听从，顺从，来自ob-,向前，-ed,听，词源同audit,audience,obedient.
v.服从,顺从The one-eyed man obeyed the obedient audience's order.独眼人服从了顺从的听众的命令.
US [oʊ-] verb
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to act according to what you have been asked or ordered to do by someone in authority or to behave according to a rule, law or instruction 服从，顺从；遵守，遵循
• The soldiers refused to obey (orders). 士兵们拒不服从（命令）。
• to obey the rules of international law 遵守国际法的规定
• Falling objects obey the law of gravity. 自由落体遵循引力定律。
⇒ See also obedient
transitive
■If your body or part of your body does not obey you, it does not work in the way it should （身体或身体某部位）不听使唤
• She was so tired her legs just wouldn't obey her any longer. 她疲惫不堪，再也迈不动腿了。
obey, submit, comply
这组词都有“服从、听从”的意思，其区别是：
obey: 一般用词，指服从或接受某种权威，或遵循某种原则而行事。
submit: 指顺从或屈服于自己不能进一步抵制或抵抗的人或事物。
comply: 指同意依从他人的愿望或请求，或遵守某种规则或顺应某种环境条件。
vt. 服从，听从；按照……行动
 - be obedient to, subordinate to
vi. 服从，顺从；听话
 - comply, be obedient to

Word: thoughtful
Front: thoughtful
[ˈθɔ:tfl] (研四六托雅 5674/7655 -2)
Vocabulary: thoughtful
(once / 197 pages)
adj
You are thoughtful if you consider how your actions and words will affect other people’s feelings. It is thoughtful to cook your friend's favorite dish when you invite him over for dinner.
The adjective thoughtful describes someone who pays attention or considers others' feelings when they speak and act. If your friend is heartbroken about a recent break-up, holding off on gushing about your new love is the thoughtful thing to do. Thoughtful can also describe intellectual depth, like a thoughtful essay on a well-known poem that focuses on a line that other scholars have overlooked.
WORD FAMILY
thoughtful: thoughtfully, thoughtfulness, unthoughtful+/ forethought: forethoughtful, forethoughts/forethoughtful: forethoughtfully, unforethoughtful/ rethink: rethinking, rethinks, rethought/ think: rethink, thinkable, thinker, thinking, thinks, thought /thinkable: thinkably, unthinkable/ thinker: thinkers/thinking: thinkingly, thinkings, unthinking/ thought: forethought, thoughtful, thoughtless, thoughts, unthought/ thoughtfulness: thoughtfulnesses/thoughtless: thoughtlessly, thoughtlessness/thoughtlessness: thoughtlessnesses/unthinkable: unthinkably/unthinking: unthinkingly/unthoughtful: unthoughtfully, unthoughtfulness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Deeply thoughtful and compassionate, this sci-fi drama is all about trying to communicate with aliens rather than defeat them.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
British officials said they regarded Mr. Kerry’s speech as a thoughtful summary of longstanding British and European concerns about the direction of Israeli politics.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
In the random spare slivers of his day, Paterson, quiet and thoughtful by nature, writes poetry.
Time(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: adj. 沉思的; 体贴的; 缜密思考过的，深思熟虑的
分布：体贴的(64%)，深思的(36%)
→thought,思想，-ful,形容词后缀。引申词义思考的，体贴的等。
a.认真思考的,沉思的;体贴的,关心的He remained thoughtful for a while.他深思了一会儿.
US ['θɑ:t-] adjective
 ADVANCED
■carefully considering things 考虑周到的；计划周密的
• He has a thoughtful approach to his work. 他工作很细心周到。
 ADVANCED
■quiet because you are thinking about something 沉思的
• You look thoughtful. 你看起来心里有事。
 ADVANCED
■kind and always thinking about how you can help other people 体贴的，关心的
• Thank you for phoning when I was ill - it was very thoughtful of you. 我生病时谢谢你打电话来问候——你真是体贴人。
• She's a very thoughtful person. 她是一个很体贴的人。
Opposite thoughtless
considerate, thoughtful, attentive
这些形容词均含“关心的，体贴的”之意。
considerate: 指能设身处地为别人着想，给予同情或谅解。
thoughtful: 指为他人着想，主动关怀，做有益于他人的事。
attentive: 指对人关怀备至，热情周到，这可能出于真诚，也可能出于私利。
adj. 深思的；体贴的；关切的
 - considerate