Title: COCA-4K-6K

Word: performer
Front: performer
[pəˈfɔ:mə(r)] (高托 3962/5369 -K)
Back: n. 执行者; 演奏者; 演员，歌手; 完成者
分布：表演者(76%)，执行者(24%)
US [pɚ'fɔ:r.mɚ] noun countable
ENTERTAIN 娱乐
 ADVANCED
■a person who entertains people by acting, singing, dancing or playing music 表演者；演出者；演员
• He's a brilliant performer. 他是个出色的演员。
UK [pə'fɔ:.mər] US [pɚ'fɔ:r.mɚ] noun countable
DO 做
■If you are a particular type of performer, you are able to do the stated thing well or badly 表现得…者；做得…者
• The British boat was the star performer in the race. 英国赛船在比赛中表现非凡。
player, performer, actor
这组词都有“演员”的意思，其区别是：
player: 侧重指职业或业余舞台演员。
performer: 使用广泛，不仅可指舞台或影视演员，而且可指舞蹈演员、乐器演奏等的演员，侧重在观众面前的实际表演。
actor: 指在舞台剧、电影、电视剧或广播剧中以演出为职业的男演员，侧重扮演的角色。
n. 执行者；演奏者
 - player, executive

Word: intent
Front: intent
[ɪnˈtent] (六托雅宝 3961/4702 -2)
Vocabulary: intent
(once / 196 pages)
nadj
If you are intent on doing something, you are determined to get it done. If you have an intent, you have a motive or purpose.
Intention and intent are synonyms, but with a subtle difference. Intention implies a general desire or plan to accomplish something, while intent is a little stronger, indicating a firm resolve to get it done. Intent can be used as a noun or adjective. So you may be intent on finishing your homework, but the amount of it has you convinced of your teacher's ill intent.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
intense / intensive / intent
If your teacher offered you a choice between an intense course or an intensive one, which one would you choose? And would you wonder what his intent was?
Intense means of severe strength or force; having strong feelings. An intense course, then, would be an extremely tough course, such as advanced nuclear science. Intensive means focused on one subject or area for a short time; extremely thorough. So an intensive course would be very focused on one topic and would last short time, as with summer courses. The teacher's intent, his purpose or intention, might be to guide you to the best course for you. Or it might be to fill his summer course.
Searching online, you'll find that in particular intensive is used instead of intense:
Michigan Solar Panel Factory's Labor-Intensive Assembly Tasks
These hiking-intensive trips can, of course, be strenuous.
Implementation can be a time-intensive process in terms of training, data input, data conversion, and down time.
Some dictionaries point out that intense is usually connected with a subjective response, while intensive is generally connected to an objective description. Here are a few examples that get it right:
Intense heat sears Southern California for 4th day
‎Seaton's intent to lie, cheat is as serious as a felony‎
Professional mountain bike rider in intensive care after hit-and-run
WORD FAMILY
intent: intently, intentness, intents
USAGE EXAMPLES
Minnesota’s burglary law includes entering a building without consent and with the intent to commit a crime.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Obama administration appears intent on educating Americans about the Russian threat before it leaves office.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Privately, Grimes was intent on attending Ohio State.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 意图，目的; 意思，含义
adj. 专心的，专注的; 意愿坚决的; 急切的; 一心想…的
分布：意图(52%)，目的(27%)，意向(14%)，专心的(3%)，含义(2%)，热切的(1%)，决心的(1%)
→来自intend,打算，计划，-t,过去分词后缀。引申词义意图，目的。
意图(intend的名词)[tend,tent,tens=stretch表示"伸展"]
adjective
■giving all your attention to something 专心致志的，专注的
• an intent stare 目不转睛的注视
• She had an intent look on her face. 她的面部表情非常专注。
[ɪn'tent] adjective
be intent on sth /doing sth
■to be determined to do or achieve something 执意要做；决意要达成
• I've tried persuading her not to go but she's intent on it. 我试图劝她不要去，但她坚决要去。
• He seems intent on upsetting everyone in the room! 他看来存心要惹恼屋子里的每个人！
[ɪn'tent] noun uncountable formal
■when you want and plan to do something 意图，目的
• I spent half the morning on the phone, which wasn't really my intent. 我半个早上都花在了打电话上，这可不是我真正想做的。
• [+ to infinitive] It was not his intent to hurt anyone. 他的本意并不是想伤害谁。
• legal She was charged with possessing weapons with intent to endanger life. 她被指控以故意伤人为目的持有武器。
[ɪn'tent] noun uncountable formal
to/for all intents and purposes
■in all the most important ways 在所有主要方面；实际上
• For all intents and purposes, the project is completed. 这个专案实际上已经完成了。
zealous, enthusiastic, intent
这组词都有“热心的，热诚的”的意思，其区别是：
zealous: 指对所从事的事表现出的高度热情和积极性。
enthusiastic: 指对参与某项活动或对感兴趣的计划或决定表现出的毫无保留的热切心情。
intent: 指集中精力从事正在进行的活动，也可指专心寻求自己感兴趣的东西。
intention, intent, design
这组词都有“意图，企图”的意思，其区别是：
intention: 普通用词，指某人内心产生的想做某事的想法，侧重内心活动。
intent: 法律用词，常指某人怀有歹意而犯罪。
design: 多用复数形式，含贬义多指行为不轨的意图。
n. 意图；目的；含义
 - goals, purpose, sake, meaning, will
adj. 专心的；急切的；坚决的
 - focused, determined, decided, anxious

Word: isolate
Front: isolate
[ˈaɪsəleɪt] (研四六托雅宝 3963/3830 -1)
Vocabulary: isolate
(once / 258 pages)
v
When you remove or set apart one thing from others, you isolate it. You could isolate yourself from people by living in a remote hut or, if you're a biologist, you could isolate a chromosome.
The verb isolate comes from the adjective isolated, which comes from the Latin insulatas, meaning “made into an island.” You may have heard the John Donne quote, “No man is an island.” Donne was claiming that no matter how much you might try to isolate yourself from the rest of humanity, in the end people are all connected to one another. Humanity’s need for connectedness may, in fact, be illustrated by the fact that jailers frequently isolate criminals as punishment.
WORD FAMILY
isolate: isolable, isolated, isolates, isolating, isolation +/ isolated: isolatedly/ isolation: isolationism, isolations/ isolationism: isolationist, isolationistic/isolationist: isolationists
USAGE EXAMPLES
He also said he would ratchet up pressure on China to further isolate North Korea if necessary.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 03, 2017)
His contentious Twitter posts belie his relative calm when he is at Mar-a-Lago compared with when he is isolated inside Trump Tower.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Isolating a moment of inspiration in a film is an interesting challenge.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 使隔离，使孤立; [电]使绝缘; [化]使离析; [微]使细菌分离
vi. 隔离，孤立
n. [微]分离菌; 隔离种群
adj. 隔离的，分离的; 孤立的
时态：isolated, isolating, isolates
分布：隔离(87%)，使孤立(6%)，孤立的(4%)，单独的(3%)
→来自isle,岛，引申词义使成孤岛，隔离，孤立，词源同insulate.
孤立[isol=island(岛)]
vt.隔离,孤立He relates that he is isolated from his relatives.他叙述说他与亲戚们隔离开了.
【记】源于island（n 岛）－孤立状态
【反】group（v 聚合；聚集）；amalgamate（v 合并）
verb transitive
■to separate something or someone from other things or people with which they are joined or mixed, or to keep them separate 隔离；孤立；分离
• He was isolated from all the other prisoners. 他被人从其他所有囚犯隔离开来。
• A high wall isolated the house from the rest of the village. 一堵高墙将这栋房子与村庄的其他部分隔离开来。
• They tried to isolate (= find) the cause of the problem. 他们试图找出问题的原因。
• specialized Virus particles were eventually isolated from the tissue. 终于将病毒粒子与组织分离开了。
separate, segregate, insulate, isolate
这组词都有“分开，分离，隔离”的意思，其区别是：
separate: 指一般意义上的分开或隔开。
segregate: 指把一群人或物从整体或主体中分离出来。
insulate: 指隔开、分离，尤指用某种东西阻挡从里面逃出或从外面进入的东西。作技术用词时，专指用某种绝缘体隔断通路。
isolate: 侧重指完全分离、隔开，也指人或处于完全孤立的状态。
vt. [生物] 使隔离；使孤立；使绝缘
 - segregate, seclude
vi. [生物] 隔离；孤立
 - cordon off, to stand alone
adj. [生物] 隔离的；孤立的
 - shielded, insular

Word: pump
Front: pump
[pʌmp] (高研四六托雅 3444/4317 -3)
Vocabulary: pump
(once / 340 pages)
1nv 2n 3n
A pump is a machine that sucks up liquid from one place and moves it somewhere else, like a gas pump. If you’re pumped about this word, you can put on pumps, pump up the volume, and pump some iron!
When you use the device called a pump, you pump water or gas. Other things that force some liquid or gas to move, also pump: your heart pumps blood, and your foot pumps the brake of your car when you're stopping on an icy road. If you pump iron, you lift weights. If you’re pumped, you’re excited. “Pump Up the Volume” was a hit song in 1987, so turn it up. A pump is also a woman's dress shoe.
WORD FAMILY
pump: pumped, pumping, pumps
USAGE EXAMPLES
Commonly called “secondary hearts,” these muscles pump blood back to our heart, allowing us to maintain our normal rate of metabolic activity during sedentary activities.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
He maintains that even the small flow of American ships that visited Subic over the past year pumped roughly $500 million into the local economy.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The host business for the engineering strand will be Viking Pump.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 抽水机; 打气筒; 泵; 轻软舞鞋
v. 用泵输送 ; 涌出; 急速摇晃; 盘问
时态：pumped, pumping, pumps
分布：泵(88%)，抽水(4%)，打气(2%)，抽水机(2%)，打气筒(2%)，增加(1%)，灌输(1%)
→词源不确定，可能来自拟声词，模仿泵发出的声音。
n.泵v.用(泵)抽(水);打气,泵送The lump jumped off the pump and bumped on the trumpet in the dump.傻大个跳下水泵撞到垃圾堆里的喇叭上.
noun countable
DEVICE 设备
 ADVANCED
■a piece of equipment which is used to cause liquid, air or gas to move from one place to another 唧筒，帮浦，抽水机；油泵；打气筒
• a water/bicycle/fuel pump 水泵／自行车打气筒／油泵
• a UKpetrol / USgas pump 汽油泵
[pʌmp] noun countable
SHOE 鞋子
[usually plural] US (UK court shoe)
■a type of plain shoe with a raised heel and no way of fastening it to the foot which is worn by women 高跟无带女鞋
[usually plural]
■a type of flat shoe, like a ballet dancer's shoe, which is worn by women 平底鞋
[usually plural] UK
■a flat shoe made of heavy cloth, which is worn by children for doing sports 橡胶底帆布鞋，体操鞋
[pʌmp] verb
LIQUID/GAS 液体／气体
transitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to force liquid or gas to move somewhere （用泵）抽吸，抽送（液体或气体）
• Our latest machine can pump a hundred gallons a minute. 我们最新的机器每分钟能抽100加仑的液体。
• The new wine is pumped into storage tanks. 新酿的酒被抽送到储藏罐里。
• The heart pumps blood through the arteries/ round the body. 心脏透过动脉输送血液／将血液输送到全身。
[pʌmp] verb
INFORMATION 资讯
transitive informal
■to keep asking someone for information, especially in a way that is not direct （尤指间接地）盘问，套问
• She was pumping me for details of the new project. 她在套问我有关新专案的详细情况。
[pʌmp] verb
pump sb's hand
■to shake someone's hand (= hold their hand and move it up and down, especially in order to greet them) 与（某人）握手
[pʌmp] verb
pump iron informal
■to lift heavy weights for exercise 举重（运动）
• These days both men and women pump iron for fitness. 现在不论男女都练举重健身。
[pʌmp] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  pump sth into sth
■to spend a lot of money trying to make something operate successfully 投入大量资金
• They had been pumping money into the business for some years without seeing any results. 几年来他们一直在为这个企业投入大量资金，但看不到任何成果。
[pʌmp] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] pump sth out
REMOVE
■to remove water or other liquid from something using a pump 用帮浦抽出（某物中的）液体
• We took turns pumping out the boat. 我们轮流用帮浦把水从船里抽出去。
PRODUCE informal disapproving
■to produce words or loud music in a way that is repeated, forceful and continuous 不断制造；连续播放
• The government keeps pumping out the same old propaganda. 政府大肆进行那套老式的宣传。
• The car radio was pumping out music with a heavy beat. 汽车的收音机不停地播放着节奏感强的歌曲。
[pʌmp] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  pump out sth
■If someone's stomach is pumped out, a poisonous substance is removed from it by being sucked through a tube 洗（胃）
• She had to go to hospital to have her stomach pumped out. 她不得不去医院洗胃。
[pʌmp] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] pump sb up informal
■to make someone feel more confident or excited 为打气，使鼓起勇气
• He was offering them advice and trying to pump them up. 他向他们提建议，努力为他们打气。
• [R] The players were pumping themselves up by singing the national anthem before the game. 比赛前，运动员都唱起了国歌，为自己打气。
[pʌmp] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] pump sth up
■to fill something with air using a pump 给…充满气，给…打气
• Have you pumped up the balloons yet? 你帮气球充气了吗？
• I must pump the tyres up on my bike. 我必须给我的脚踏车灌满气。
■informal
■to increase something by a large amount 大量增加
• The US was able to pump up exports. 美国有能力大量增加出口。
• Let's pump up the volume a bit! 我们把音量调大一点吧。
vt. 打气；用抽水机抽…
 - pull for
n. [机] 泵，抽水机；打气筒
 - inflator

Word: inventory
Front: inventory
[ˈɪnvəntri] (研六托雅宝 3967/7219 -2)
Vocabulary: inventory
(once / 1131 pages)
nv
An inventory is an itemized list of everything you have. So you better take inventory of what’s in the fridge before going grocery shopping. Otherwise you'll end up with more jars of mustard that you don't need.
The noun form of inventory developed in the early 15th century from the Middle French inventaire, meaning “detailed list of goods.” It's most commonly used in retail: a shop's inventory is everything that they have in stock, ready to sell. You can also use inventory as a verb when you want to describe the act of listing out the merchandise or supplies you have on hand.
WORD FAMILY
inventory: inventoried, inventories, inventorying
USAGE EXAMPLES
As she unpacked gloves, socks, hats, mugs and ski goggles, Meddles said the inventory is “based on what everyone forgets or loses while they’re here.”
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Meanwhile, Mr. Putin, with his large nuclear inventory and even larger insecurities, is a problem to be managed.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 31, 2016)
The company slashed output by 30 percent in the January-March quarter this year due to accumulated inventory, the Nikkei reported.
Reuters(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 存货清单; 财产目录，财产目录的编制; 存货总值; 清查
vt. 编制…的目录; 开列…的清单; 盘存; 总结
时态：inventoried, inventorying, inventories
分布：详细目录(100%)
→in-,进入，使，-vent,来，来到，词源同advent,venture.即来到，到达，引申词义找到，发现，后用于指发现的存货，清单等。
清单,财产目录(in进+vent+ory→进来的[全部财产]清单)[ven,vent=come,表示"来"]
财产清单,概括(in进＋vent走...走进来的东西)[-ory 1.表形容词"…的"2.表名词,指场所等]
n.详细目录,存货,财产清册,总量Some stores inventory their stock twice a month.有些商店每月盘货两次.-.
【记】列inventory不需要invention（n 创造发明），要如实记录
US [-tɔ:r.i] noun
countable
■a detailed list of all the things in a place （地方的）物品清单
• A set of twenty-four carved and gilded chairs appear on the inventory of the house for 1736. 这幢房子1736年的物品清单上列有一套雕花镀金椅子，共24把。
uncountable US
■the amount of goods a shop has, or the value of them （商店的）存货；存货价值
• Our inventory of used cars is the best in town. 我们卖的二手车是城里最好的。
uncountable US for * stocktaking
n. [贸易] 存货，存货清单；详细目录； [会计] 财产清册
 - goods in stock, stock-sheet

Word: productive
Front: productive
[prəˈdʌktɪv] (研四六托雅 3966/4557 -2)
Vocabulary: productive
(once / 402 pages)
adj
If you're productive, that means you do a lot — you create or produce large amounts of something. A productive worker makes more widgets than the shirker who keeps sneaking out to gossip and drink coffee.
The word productive often describes a person's capability to do a lot of work, but is can refer to anything that produces a lot. The land in your area might be the most productive in the state, meaning crops grow very well there. Productive can be used more broadly to describe something that produces a positive result. For example, you might have a productive conversation with your mom about your college plans, or you might make a productive investment.
WORD FAMILY
productive: counterproductive, nonproductive, productively, productiveness, productivity, unproductive+/counterproductive: counterproductively/overproduce: overproduced, overproducing, overproduction/overproduction: overproductions/ produce: overproduce, produced, producer, produces, producing, production, productive, underproduce/produced: self-produced/ producer: producers/ production: productions/underproduce: underproduced, underproduces, underproducing, underproduction/unproductive: unproductively, unproductiveness
USAGE EXAMPLES
The truth remains that Cousins was a highly productive passer this season for a team with obvious flaws in other areas, particularly on defense.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
She’s one of the most watchable filmmakers around, and luckily for us, she’s also one of the most productive.
Salon(Dec 31, 2016)
“In fact, the majority of those on welfare who are not children, aged or disabled are people who want the opportunity to be productive.”
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 富有成效的; 多产的; 生产性的; 具有创造性的
分布：有成效的(43%)，多产的(37%)，生产的(20%)
→来自product,生产，产品。
生产的;多产的(product+ive)[duc,duct=lead,bring,表示"引导,带来"]
a.生产(性)的,能产的,多产的The producer introduced a productive technological product into production.制造者把一项多产的技术成果引进到生产中.
adjective
 IMPROVER
■resulting in or providing a large amount or supply of something 多产的，富饶的
• In order to turn the deserts into fertile and productive land, engineers built an 800-mile canal. 为了把沙漠变成肥沃富饶的农田，工程师们修建了一条800英哩长的运河。
• He had an amazingly productive five years in which he managed to write four novels. 五年内他写了四部小说，如此多产真让人难以置信。
Opposite unproductive
 IMPROVER
■having positive results 富有成效的
• We had a very productive meeting - I felt we sorted out a lot of problems. 我们开了一个极有成效的会议——我觉得我们解决了很多问题。
• Theirs was a very productive partnership. 他们之间的合作很有成效。
adj. 能生产的；生产的，生产性的；多产的；富有成效的
 - fruitful, procreative

Word: assembly
Front: assembly
[əˈsembli] (研四托 3965/1596 -3)
Vocabulary: assembly
(once / 119 pages)
1n 2n
Use the noun assembly to refer group of people meeting up for a mutual purpose, such as a church service.
Often used to describing a gathering of people, the word assembly can also refer to putting something together, such as a machine or a piece of furniture. No matter if the individual components are people or objects, assembly implies a bringing together. You may be familiar with the term "freedom of assembly," which is considered a basic human right. It means that people are free to peacefully gather together to protest the government, to worship, to hold a public meeting . . . or even to play poker. This allows people to exchange information and pursue mutual goals.
WORD FAMILY
assembly: assemblies, reassembly, sub-assembly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The first regular session of the new assembly of state lawmakers - the 30th Alaska Legislature - begins Jan. 17.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Wednesday marks the opening day of the General Assembly.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But Assembly Republican leaders say other ideas, including tax and fee increases, should be in the mix.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 立法机构; 议会; 集会; 装配
分布：装配(65%)，集会(11%)，集合(10%)，议会(9%)，与会者(4%)，聚集在一起的人(1%)
n.集合;会议;装配;(美)洲议会的众议院The trembles of the umbrella assembly lines have resemblances.这些雨伞装配线的抖动有相似之处.
noun
MEETING 集会
 ADVANCED countable
■a group of people, especially one that meets regularly for a particular purpose, such as government, or more generally, the process of coming together, or the state of being together （尤指为特定目的而经常）聚集在一起的人，（所有）与会者；集合，聚集
• the United Nations General Assembly 联合国大会
• She has been tipped as a future member of the Welsh Assembly. 大家预测她将会成为威尔士议会议员。
Assembly
 ADVANCED US
■one of the two parts of the government that makes laws in many US States （美国某些州的）州众议院
• the New York Assembly 纽约州众议院
• The Senate and the Assembly put aside political differences to pass the aid package. 州参众两院搁置了政治分歧，以通过有关援助的一连串计划。
countable or uncountable
■a meeting in a school of several classes for a group activity such as singing, a theatrical performance or a film （多个班级参加的）集体活动，集会
• All pupils are expected to attend school assembly. 所有学生都要参加学校集会。
• There's a religious assembly every morning. 学校每天早上都举行宗教早会。
[ə'sem.bli] noun
JOINING 连接
uncountable
■the process of putting together the parts of a machine or structure 组装；装配
countable specialized
■the structure produced by this process 组合体；组成
• The frame needs to be strong enough to support the engine assembly. 座身要非常坚固，足以承受引擎所有组件的重量。
rally, congress, session, assembly, meeting, gathering, convention, conference, council
这组词都有“会，会议”的意思，其区别是：
rally: 指大规模的群众性政治集会。
congress: 指国会、议会、代表大会等机构，尤指经选举产生的国家立法机构的大会或由这些机构召开的大会，也可指专业人员代表大会。
session: 一般指议会等召开的正式会议。
assembly: 多指一个通常有许多人参加、计划好的，为某一特殊目的而召集的会议。
meeting: 普通用词，词义广泛。指一般性的会议，可用于任何场合。
gathering: 指两人以上的聚会或集会，强调非正式性。
convention: 侧重指某一政党或团体为某一特殊目的而召开的会议；也可指学术团体的年会。
conference: 正式用词，一般指大型会议，如政府工作会议、国际学术交流会议、各国之间的协商、会谈等。
council: 在国际上多指由各国代表参加的政治会议，或常设的政治机构。在国内、地方上，此词多指常设的政务领导机构，如市政委员会等。
n. [机] 装配；集会，集合
 - concentration, convergence, fishing, set, gathering

Word: civic
Front: civic
[ˈsɪvɪk] (托雅 3970/5715 -2)
Vocabulary: civic
(once / 982 pages)
adj
If something is related to or benefits an individual citizen, it can be described as civic. People often say that it is your civic duty to vote.
The adjective civic comes from the Latin word civis, which was the word for a citizen of Ancient Rome. It is also a root word for "city," so civic can also mean anything related to a city. In your town, civic leaders meet frequently and public input is always welcome. So if you have a grievance about a civic issue, you should attend a meeting — or drop by the diner where the mayor always eats breakfast.
WORD FAMILY
civic: civically
USAGE EXAMPLES
Not a fancy car, mind you—a fifteen-year old Civic with 170,000 miles on it—but a car nonetheless.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Now, more than a decade later, the Saints are a civic treasure and the Chargers on the verge of leaving San Diego.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
I’m hopeful that 2017 will see the flickering resurgence of outdoor civic spaces blossom into something more profound and lasting.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 城市的; 公民的，市民的
分布：公民的(56%)，市民的(27%)，城市的(17%)
→来自civil,城市的，市民的，-ic,形容词后缀。
adjective [before noun]
■of a town or city or the people who live in it 城镇的；城市的；市民的
• The Prime Minister met many civic leaders , including the mayor and the leaders of the immigrant communities. 首相接见了许多市政领导，包括市长和移民社团的领导人。
• She felt it was her civic duty (= her duty as a person living in the town) to tell the police. 她觉得把这件事告诉警方是她作为市民应尽的义务。
• The opera house is a great source of civic pride. 该歌剧院是市民的一大骄傲。
adj. 市的；公民的，市民的
 - municipal

Word: silk
Front: silk
[sɪlk] (中高 3969/3130 -K2)
Vocabulary: silk
(once / 133 pages)
n
Silk is a very smooth, light fabric that's usually made of fibers from silkworm cocoons. Your sister might decide to wear a white dress made of silk to her wedding.
Silk is often an expensive kind of fabric from which fancy curtains and upholstery are made, as well as clothing. Things made of silk are soft and satiny, and they usually have an almost glossy sheen. The word silk has an Old English root, sioloc, from Sēres, the Greek word for people from the region in Asia where silk was first made.
WORD FAMILY
silk: silken, silklike, silks, silky +/silken: silkenly/ silky: silkier, silkiest, silkily, silkiness
USAGE EXAMPLES
The higher-end options — linen, silk, llama, alpaca — hang in a narrow section along the back wall.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Silk says the victim responded by joking with him with a knife.
Washington Times(Dec 29, 2016)
At night, they will be worn with black silk wrap tops, and during the day they will be worn with silver wrap tops like this:
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 丝，蚕丝; 丝绸，丝织物; （用于缝纫的）丝线; 王室法律顾问
vi. （玉米）处于长须的阶段中
adj. 丝的; 丝绸的; 丝制的
分布：丝(65%)，丝绸(29%)，丝的(3%)，丝绸衣服(2%)，丝织品(1%)
→来自古英语 sioloc,丝，丝织品，来自拉丁语 sericum,丝，来自 Sericus,丝，来自希腊语 Serikos, 丝织品，来自 Seres 国的物品，来自 Seres,古希腊时期的某东方国家，通常认为是指中国， 可能来自古汉语丝。比较 mare,母马，可能来自古汉语马。
n.丝,绸The silly spilled the milk on the silver silk.傻子把牛奶溅到银白色的丝绸上.
noun
CLOTH 织物
 ADVANCED uncountable
■a delicate, soft type of cloth made from a thread produced by silkworms , or the thread itself 丝绸；丝线
• a silk dress 丝绸连衣裙
• a silk shirt 丝绸衬衫
silks [plural]
■the brightly coloured shirts worn by jockeys (= people who ride horses in a race) （骑手在赛马时穿的）彩色丝绸赛马服
[sɪlk] noun
LAWYER 律师
countable UK specialized
■a high-ranking lawyer in the British legal system; a QC 王室律师
[sɪlk] noun
take silk UK specialized
■to become a QC 成为王室律师
[sɪlk] noun
You can't make a silk purse out of a sow's ear. saying
■used to mean that you can't make something good out of something that is naturally bad 劣材难成器；朽木不可雕也
n. 丝绸； [纺] 蚕丝；丝织物
 - seda
adj. 丝的；丝绸的；丝制的
 - filar, sericeous

Word: magnitude
Front: magnitude
[ˈmægnɪtju:d] (研六托雅宝 3971/5792 -1)
Vocabulary: magnitude
(once / 637 pages)
n
Earthquakes have great magnitude in that they are powerful. Their power is rated by their level of magnitude, or how much energy they release relative to other earthquakes.
In math, magnitude compares numbers by powers of 10. If your weekly allowance was $10, but your brother's was $100, his allowance would be one order of magnitude higher than yours. If your sister's was $10,000, hers would be three orders of magnitude higher. A difference of that magnitude is just not fair!
WORD FAMILY
magnitude: magnitudes
USAGE EXAMPLES
“I think the magnitude and the opportunity, I think he pressed a little bit,” Del Rio said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In September, a 5.8 magnitude earthquake struck Pawnee and caused widespread property damage.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In late September, one such swarm began in the northern Brawley Seismic Zone, with three measuring above magnitude 4.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 巨大，广大; 重大，重要; 量级; （地震）级数
分布：大小(69%)，重要(26%)，光度(5%)
→magni-,巨大的，-tude,名词后缀。即巨大之物，同时用于地震震级等多种科学术语。
重量(magn大)[-itude表名词"性质,状态等"]
n.大小,数量;巨大,广大Magnify the magnitude of the magnetism.放大磁性的大小.
US [-tu:d] noun uncountable
■the large size or importance of something 巨大；重大，重要性
• They don't seem to grasp the magnitude of the problem. 他们似乎没有领会到问题的重要性。
n. 大小；量级； [地震] 震级；重要；光度
 - dimensions, moment, size, importance

Word: steep
Front: steep
[sti:p] (高研四六托雅宝 3973/3793 -K2)
Vocabulary: steep
(once / 197 pages)
1adjn 2v
Steep means sharply angled. When hiking trails lead straight up mountainsides, they've got a steep incline. Steep also means "to soak in," as in steeping a tea bag in boiling water.
You often hear steep used as an adjective to describe cliffs, hills, or even water park slides that have a perilous slope. Steep can apply to curves on a chart––you might say when someone who has a lot to learn that their learning curve is going to be steep. Steep also comes up to describe exorbitant changes in costs or spending. Everyone would love to travel more, but sometimes plane fare is too steep.
WORD FAMILY
steep: steeped, steeper, steepest, steeping, steepish, steeply, steepness, steeps+/steepness: steepnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
The climb to the top appears as steep as ever.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Baldwin Street in the city of Dunedin on New Zealand's South Island is officially the world's steepest residential road.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
State highway officials say the department plans to place new signs in the area warning of the steep hills.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 陡峭的，险峻的; 过分的，夸张的; 极高的; 急剧升降的
vt. 浸泡; 使渗透或沉溺; 使浸透
vi. 在液体中浸泡
n. 泡的行为或过程; 被浸泡的状态; 浸泡液
时态：steeped, steeping, steeps
→来自古英语 steap,高耸的，深的，突出的，来自 Proto-Germanic*staupaz,高的，深的，来自 steup,扩大形式自 steu,推，击，打，刺，词源同 stoop,study,type.引申词义陡峭的，急剧 的等。
a.陡峭的;险峻的;急剧升降的vt.浸泡,沉浸After a deep sleep, the weeping sweeper keeps on peeping the sheep on the steep.酣睡之后,哭泣的清扫者继续窥视峭壁上的羊.
【记】从steep的悬崖上跳到下面的深谭中就steep了。
【参】steeple（n 尖塔）
【反】parch（v 烘干）
adjective
NOT GRADUAL 不平缓的
 IMPROVER
■(of a slope) rising or falling at a sharp angle （斜坡）陡的，陡峭的
• a steep slope 陡坡
• It's a steep climb to the top of the mountain, but the view is worth it. 爬上山顶的路非常陡，不过风景非常好，值得一爬。
• The castle is set on a steep hill/hillside. 城堡坐落在陡峭的山／山坡上。
 IMPROVER
■A steep rise or fall is one which goes very quickly from low to high or from high to low （上升或下降）急剧的，大起大落的
• There has been a steep increase/rise in prices. 物价飞涨。
[sti:p] adjective
TOO MUCH 太多 informal
■(especially of prices) too much, or more than is reasonable （尤指价格）过高的，高得离谱的
• They are having to face very steep taxes. 他们得面对非常高的税金。
• We enjoyed our meal at the restaurant, but the bill was a bit steep. 我们喜欢这家餐厅的东西，但价格高得有点离谱了。
• The membership fees at the golf club are pretty steep. 高尔夫球俱乐部的会费相当高。
[sti:p] verb intransitive or transitive
■to cause to stay in a liquid, especially in order to become soft or clean, or to improve flavour （尤指为软化、清洁或入味儿）浸，浸泡
• Leave the cloth to steep in the dye overnight. 把布放进染料里浸一夜。
• We had pears steeped in red wine for dessert. 我们的餐后甜品是红酒浸梨。
[sti:p] verb intransitive or transitive
steeped in blood literary
■describes a place where many people have died in a violent way, or a person responsible for the deaths of many people （地方）浸满鲜血的；（人）双手沾满鲜血的
• The castle's history is steeped in blood. 这个城堡的历史浸满鲜血。
[sti:p] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [usually passive] steep sth/sb in sth
■If something or someone is steeped in something, they are completely surrounded by or involved in it, or they know a lot about it 使沉浸于；使深深浸入；使精通
• The college is steeped in history/tradition. 这所学院有着浓厚的历史／传统气息。
• These ancient scholars were steeped in poetry and painting, as well as maths and astronomy. 这些古代学者精通诗歌和绘画，同时对数学和天文学也深有研究。
steep, abrupt, sheer
这些形容词均含“陡峭的，险峻的”之意。
steep: 指坡度向上逐渐增加的斜陡坡，强调险峻，暗示难于攀登。
abrupt: 着重指地形突然起伏，形成尖角状。
sheer: 指自始至终近于垂直的陡峭，不仅仅很难爬上去，甚至于不可能攀登。
adj. 陡峭的；不合理的；夸大的；急剧升降的
 - tall, unreasonable
vt. 泡；浸；使…充满
 - dip, dunk
n. 峭壁；浸渍
 - crag, krantz

Word: hostage
Front: hostage
[ˈhɒstɪdʒ] (研六雅 3972/5420 -4)
Vocabulary: hostage
(once / 837 pages)
n
A hostage is a prisoner taken by kidnappers and held until the kidnappers get whatever they’re asking for. If you refuse to empty the litter box, your roommate might take your cat as a hostage until you clean it.
When hostages are taken, the hostage-takers often ask for ransom, which is money paid for the hostages. The funny thing about the movie Dog Day Afternoon is that when the bank robbers take hostages, the hostages don’t really want to leave because they sympathize with the robbers. People who take hostages might have other demands too. Unfortunately, hostages are not just in the movies, they’re abducted in real life for political and personal reasons.
WORD FAMILY
hostage: hostages
USAGE EXAMPLES
Jimmy Carter watched haplessly as the Soviets marched into Afghanistan and the Iranians held America hostage for 444 days.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Negotiators eventually won the release of the hostages by assuring the inmates that they would not be harmed or transferred to other prisons.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Capucci remained in the headlines following his release, attempting to mediate in the Iran hostage crisis.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 人质; 抵押品
分布：人质(100%)
→来自古法语hostage,客人，作为抵押的人质，来自拉丁语hospes,客人，来自ghostis,外来人，陌生人，词源同guest.
人质(host+age表名词→把客人[留住]→人质)[hospit,host=guest,表示"客人"]
n.人质Most hosts are hostile to the foremost ghost hostage almost to the utmost.大多数主人对最前面的幽灵人质的敌对态度几乎到了极顶.
US ['hɑ:.stɪdʒ] noun countable
■someone who is taken as a prisoner by an enemy in order to force the other people involved to do what the enemy wants 人质
• She was taken/held hostage by the gunmen. 她被持枪歹徒劫持作为人质。
• The terrorists have seized 20 hostages and are threatening to kill one a day unless their demands are met. 恐怖分子劫持了20名人质，并威胁除非他们的要求得到满足，否则将每天杀掉一名人质。
UK ['hɒs.tɪdʒ] US ['hɑ:.stɪdʒ] noun countable
hostage to fortune
■an action or statement that is risky because it could cause you trouble later 将来可能会引起麻烦的言行；冒险行为；冒险言论
• The Prime Minister was extremely cautious, saying nothing inflammatory and giving no hostages to fortune. 首相极为谨慎，不说任何具有煽动性和可能在将来引起麻烦的话。
n. 人质；抵押品
 - guarantee, pledge

Word: collector
Front: collector
[kəˈlektə(r)] (3975/3678 -1)
Back: n. 收藏家，采集者; 收集器; 收税员; [电子学] 集流器
分布：收集器(87%)，收税员(7%)，收取款项的人(4%)，收集家(2%)
→来自collect, 收集，集中。词义由收税者外延至地方行政长官。
US [-tɚ] noun countable
HOBBY 爱好
■someone who collects objects because they are beautiful, valuable or interesting 收集者；收藏者；收藏家
• a keen stamp/antiques collector 著迷的集邮者／古董收藏家
• a collector of modern art 现代艺术收藏家
UK [kə'lek.tər] US [-tɚ] noun countable
JOB 职业
■someone whose job is to collect tickets or money from people 检票员；收款人；讨债人
• a tax/ticket collector 税务员／检票员
n. 收藏家； [电子] 集电极； [税收] 收税员；征收者
 - publican, taxman

Word: popularity
Front: popularity
[ˌpɒpjuˈlærəti] (六托 3974/4588)
Back: n. 普及; 流行; 名气，名望，通俗性，大众性; 人望
分布：流行(39%)，受欢迎(35%)，普及(22%)，名望(4%)
→来自popular,流行的，-ity,名词后缀。
[见上,-ity名词字尾,表示性质]大众性,通俗性[popul-人民;dem(o)人民]
大众性;流行(popular流行+ity)[Popul,publ=people,表示"人民"]
US [ˌpɑ:.pjə'ler.ə.tˌi] noun uncountable
 IMPROVER
■when something is liked, enjoyed or supported by many people 流行
• the increasing popularity of organic food 有机食品的日益受欢迎
peculiarity, quality, attribute, feature, property, characteristic, publicity, trait, character, popularity
peculiarity: 独具的或奇怪的特点，常带感情色彩；
quality: 既可指有形或无形的特性，又可指个性或共性的特征；
attribute: 通常指人主观赋予某事物的属性，可指典型事物
feature: 指事物突出引人注目的特点。多用来说明人的容貌特征或地理特征；
property: 多指同类事物所共有的特性，一般不用于指人；
characteristic: 指某人或某物天生有别于他人或他物的内部特质或外表特征；
publicity: 公开，宣传；
trait: 多指人的性格、心情的特征，尤指先天秉赋的持久的行为模式或性格特征；
character: 多指一类人或事物所具有的独特的典型的特征；
popularity: 普遍，流行；
n. 普及，流行；名气；受大众欢迎
 - prevalence, diffusedness

Word: kiss
Front: kiss
[kɪs] (中高研四 2302/2408 -K3)
Vocabulary: kiss
(once / 67 pages)
1vn 2n
To kiss is to touch someone's face or lips with your own lips. Most people kiss each other as a way of saying "Hello!" or because they love each other.
You might kiss your grandma on the cheek, kiss your girlfriend on the mouth, or kiss your dog on his furry head. In each case, you're using an ancient human practice that anthropologists believe evolved either from a basic instinct, or perhaps from the habit of mothers feeding their babies pre-chewed food, mouth-to-mouth. Colloquially, you can "kiss something goodbye," or accept the fact that you'll lose it — and "the kiss of death" is something sure to bring failure.
WORD FAMILY
kiss: kissed, kisser, kisses, kissing+/kisser: kissers/kissing: kissings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Bar, a candy named for his New York Yankees pal Reggie Jackson, and a wine called French Kiss.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
A cute kiss on the cheek at the end of the night – but not before exchanging numbers.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
A new single mother, she kissed her infant daughter goodbye that morning, promising to be home soon.
New York Times(Jan 12, 2012)
Back: vt. 接吻; 轻拂; 轻微碰撞
vi. 接吻; 轻触
n. 吻; 轻触; 小糖果; 蛋白甜饼，球形饼干
时态：kissed, kissing, kisses
分布：吻(97%)，轻触(3%)
→来自古英语cyssan,亲吻，来自Proto-Germanic*kuss,吻的声音。比较osculate.
n./v.吻,接吻The dismissed Swiss miss kissed the once missing missile and scissors.被解雇的瑞士小妞吻了一度失踪的导弹和剪刀.
verb
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to touch with your lips, especially as a greeting, or to press your mouth onto another person's mouth in a sexual way 吻；接吻
• There was a young couple on the sofa, kissing passionately. 沙发上一对年轻人正在热吻。
• She kissed him on the mouth. 她吻了一下他的嘴唇。
• [+ two objects] He kissed the children good night/goodbye (= kissed them as a part of saying good night/goodbye). 他吻了孩子们，道了晚安／他和孩子们亲吻道别。
transitive literary
■to gently touch something 轻拂；轻触
• The breeze/sun kissed her bare shoulders. 微风轻拂／阳光洒照她裸露的肩膀。
kiss sth better
■If you tell a child you will kiss a part of the body that hurts better, you mean you will make it feel better by kissing it 吻（孩子的伤痛处）以示安慰；以吻消除疼痛
• "Mummy, I hurt my knee." "Come here, darling, and let me kiss it better." “妈妈，我的膝盖受伤了。”“过来，宝贝，我亲一下就不痛了。”
[kɪs] verb
kiss sb's arse UK (US kiss sb's ass) offensive
■to be very nice to someone in order to get an advantage 拍（某人）的马屁，谄媚巴结（某人）
[kɪs] verb
kiss sth goodbye (also kiss goodbye to sth) informal
■to accept that you have lost something or that you will not be able to have something 放弃；丧失获得…的希望；承认对…无能为力
• If France lose this game, they can kiss their chances of winning the cup goodbye. 如果法国队输掉这场球赛，他们就休想捧杯了。
[kɪs] verb
kiss and tell
■to talk on television, in a newspaper, etc. about a sexual relationship you have had with a famous person, especially in order to get a lot of money （尤指为钱而在电视或报纸等上）泄露与名人的私情
⇒ See also kiss-and-tell
[kɪs] verb
kiss ass mainly US offensive
■to be very nice to someone in authority because you want them to help you 拍马屁；谄媚
[kɪs] verb
Kiss my arse! UK (US Kiss my ass!) offensive
■used to tell someone that you will not do what they want you to do 不要妄想了！（表示拒绝按别人的意志行事）
[kɪs] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■an act of kissing someone 吻
• Give your granny a kiss. 吻一下你祖母。
• a kiss on the lips 在唇上吻一下
[kɪs] noun countable
kiss of death informal
■If you describe something as the kiss of death, you mean that it is certain to cause something else to fail 必然会导致其他事物失败的事物
• Rain is the kiss of death for a barbecue. 下雨就肯定不能烤肉了。
[kɪs] noun countable
the kiss of life mainly UK informal
■ artificial respiration
vi. 接吻；（风等）轻触
 - light touch
n. 吻；轻拂
 - proboscis

Word: alien
Front: alien
[ˈeɪliən] (研六托雅 3977/5998 -2)
Vocabulary: alien
(once / 399 pages)
1adjn 2adj 3v 4v
Something that's alien is different or foreign. In science fiction, space aliens come from other planets. In reality, illegal aliens come from other countries.
When we talk about aliens, or things that are alien, we're talking about things and people that are different and strange to us. Like an alien from outer space. Some people are afraid of illegal aliens from other countries. Besides people, experiences can be alien. If you've never owned a cat, then having a cat is alien to you. You can also alienate people by making them feel weird, disconnected, and alone: like an alien.
WORD FAMILY
alien: alienated, aliened, alienism, alienly, aliens+/alienism: alienisms, alienist/alienist: alienists
USAGE EXAMPLES
Alien: Covenant A new planet and new dangers for Ridley Scott’s space franchise.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Deeply thoughtful and compassionate, this sci-fi drama is all about trying to communicate with aliens rather than defeat them.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
In his world, aliens will land before the Wizards get national recognition — but he will play on like everyone’s watching just the same.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 外国的; 相异的; 异已的; 不相容的
n. 外国人; 外侨; 局外人; 外星人
vt. 让渡，转让; 疏远; 离间
时态：aliened, aliening, aliens
分布：外星人(65%)，外国人(14%)，陌生的(9%)，外国的(5%)，外侨(4%)，相异的(3%)
→拉丁词。词根al, 其它，同else.
外国的,外来的(ali+en表形容词或名词→其他地方的→外国的,外国人的)[alter,altern,ali=other,to change表示"其他的,改变状态"]
n.外侨,外国人;外星人a.外国的;相异的The recipe recipient transiently made the conscientious alien client unconscious.烹饪法接受者瞬变使有责任心的外国人客户无意识.
adjective
■coming from a different country, race, or group; foreign 外国的；异域的；异族的
• an alien culture 异域文化
■strange and not familiar 怪异的；截然不同的；不熟悉的
• When I first went to New York, it all felt very alien to me. 我初到纽约的时候，觉得一切都非常陌生。
[before noun]
■relating to creatures from another planet 外星人（或生物）的
• an alien spacecraft 外星人飞船
['eɪ.li.ən] noun countable legal
■a foreigner, usually someone who lives in a country of which they are not a legal citizen （通常指不是所在国公民的）外国人，外侨，侨民
• When war broke out the government rounded up thousands of aliens and put them in temporary camps. 战争爆发时，政府把数以千计的外国人集中在一起，关在临时拘留营中。
■a creature from a different planet 外星人（或生物）
stranger, foreigner, alien, immigrant
这些名词均有“陌生人，外人”之意。
stranger: 指对当地的生活习惯、语言等不熟悉，或为某团体不熟的人，也指不认识的人。
foreigner: 指在异国作短期访问或长期居住的外国人。
alien: 指没有成为侨居国正式公民的移民。
immigrant: 指在别国定居并取得所在国国籍的外国人。
adj. 外国的；相异的，性质不同的；不相容的
 - foreign, external
n. 外国人，外侨；外星人
 - foreigner, uitlander
vt. 让渡，转让
 - transfer, negotiate

Word: dynamic
Front: dynamic
[daɪˈnæmɪk] (高研四六托雅宝 3978/4218 -2)
Vocabulary: dynamic
(once / 923 pages)
1n 2adj 3adj 4adj
If a person, place, or thing is energetic and active, then it's dynamic. When things are dynamic, there's a lot going on.
Even the most exciting rural town won't be as dynamic as a big city: there are just more things happening in a city. Someone with a dynamic personality is probably funny, loud, and excitable; a quiet, mousy person isn't dynamic. You can also talk about the dynamic aspect of music, which has to do with how the music uses dynamics, which means "changes in volume." When things are dynamic, changes and energy are in the air.
WORD FAMILY
dynamic: dynamically, dynamics, dynamise, dynamism, dynamize, undynamic+/dynamism: dynamical, dynamisms/dynamize: dynamized
USAGE EXAMPLES
Pittsburgh’s seven-game winning streak to end the regular season coincided with the versatile Bell’s emergence as one of the league’s most dynamic players.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Austrian innovation produces small physical bubbles in an area above its touchscreen which delivers refresh double lines of dynamic Braille.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
The dynamic between career researchers and politically appointed officials will be one to watch.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 动态的; 动力的，动力学的; 充满活力的，精力充沛的; 不断变化的，充满变数的
n. 动态; 动力，推动变化的力量; 动力学; 活力
分布：动力(45%)，动态的(26%)，动力学(19%)，动力的(6%)，有活力的(4%)
→来自希腊语dynamis, 力量，权力，统治者。引申义动态的。
a.动力的,电动的;有生气的A dynamic government is necessary to meet the demands of a changing society.一个有活力的政府必须适应社会的改变.
【参】dynamite（n 炸药；v 炸毁）；dynamics（n 动力学）；dynamite（n 炸药）＝explosives
adjective
 ADVANCED
■having a lot of ideas and enthusiasm; energetic and forceful 思维活跃的；活泼的，充满活力的，精力充沛的
• She's young and dynamic and will be a great addition to the team. 她年轻活泼，会给团队增添不少活力。
• We need a dynamic expansion of trade with other countries. 我们需要大力发展与其他国家的贸易。
[daɪ'næm.ɪk] adjective
■relating to forces that produce movement 动力的（与产生运动的力有关的）
• a dynamic force 动力
adj. [力] 动态的；动力的；动力学的；有活力的
 - vital, actional
n. 动态； [力] 动力
 - trends, momentum, impetus

Word: scary
Front: scary
[ˈskeəri] (3979/14507 -1)
Vocabulary: scary
(once / 2749 pages)
adj
If something is scary, it makes you afraid, or scared. Horror films — scary movies — are a very popular genre. Apparently people like to be frightened.
Scary is more a more casual way to say "frightening," and you can also use it to describe something that's just bizarre or odd or exceptional: you've become such a good golfer, it's scary; or, you cleaned up you room so fast, it's scary. Note that there is no "e" in scary, even though the verb to scare ends in one.
WORD FAMILY
scary: scarier, scariest, scarily
USAGE EXAMPLES
Like the kid said, before crazy, there was scary.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
As Anderson was recounting the scary scene, linebacker Corey Nelson leaned in and told him, “I was scared for you. I was so scared, bro.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
This year, Clemson, which repeated as Atlantic Coast Conference champion, looks at least as scary.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 使人惊慌的; 胆小的，容易受惊的; 可怕的，吓人的
级别：scarier, scariest
分布：可怕的(88%)，容易受惊的(10%)，引起恐慌的(2%)
→来自 scare,惊吓，恐惧，-y,形容词后缀。
US ['sker.i] adjective
 ADVANCED informal (ALSO UK also scarey)
■frightening 骇人的
• a scary movie/story 恐怖电影／故事
adj. 提心吊胆的；引起惊慌的；胆小的
 - timid, tremulous

Word: equation
Front: equation
[ɪˈkweɪʒn] (研四六托雅宝 3982/2458 -2)
Vocabulary: equation
(once / 1679 pages)
n
In an equation, the quantities on both sides of the equal sign are equal. That's the mathematical meaning of equation, but equation can also be used in any number of situations, challenges, or efforts to solve a problem.
The "equa" at the beginning of equation will be familiar from other words such as "equal," "equality," and "equate." All of these words have to do with making things balance out. An equation is a statement of the equality of two quantities. If that equation is not a mathematical one but rather, say, an interpersonal one, it's still a situation in which you might try to make the two sides equal. For example, taking marriage out of the equation might make it easier for two people to decide to stay together for a while.
WORD FAMILY
equation: equations+/coequal: coequally/ equable: equablest, equably/ equal: coequal, equaled, equaling, equalise, equality, equalize, equalled, equalling, equally, equals, equate, unequal/equaled: unequaled/equalisation: equalisations/equalise: equalisation, equalised, equaliser, equalises, equalising/equalised: unequalised/equalitarian: equalitarianism/ equality: equalitarian, equalities, inequality /equalization: equalizations/equalize: equalization, equalized, equalizer, equalizes, equalizing/equalized: unequalized/equalizer: equalizers/equalled: unequalled/ equate: equable, equatability, equated, equates, equating, equation, equator / equator: equatorial, equators/equatorial: equatorially, equatorials/ inequality: inequalities/unequal: unequally
USAGE EXAMPLES
Now, they’ve injected major oomph to the curious equation of this rematch.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
So the injuries are part of the equation.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Conspicuously missing from the equation is the United States.
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 方程式; 等式; 相等; [化学] 反应式
分布：方程式(54%)，等式(28%)，相等(11%)，均衡(7%)
→来自equal, 平等的。用作数学名词。
方程式(equate+ion)[equ,equi=equal,even,表示"相等,平均"]
n.(数学)等式,方程式;(with)相等;均衡equal, equator, equation, equivalent, quiver相等的赤道方程式均等颤动.
noun
STATEMENT 表述
countable
■a mathematical statement in which you show that two amounts are equal using mathematical symbols 方程式；等式
• In the equation 3x - 3 = 15, x = 6. 在方程式 3x-3 = 15中，x = 6。
countable (also chemical equation)
■a statement containing chemical symbols, used to show the changes that happen during a particular chemical reaction 化学（反应）方程式
[ɪ'kweɪ.ʒən] noun
COMPLEX SITUATION 复杂的状况
countable usually singular
■a difficult problem which can only be understood if all the different influences are considered （多种因素的）平衡，综合体
• Managing the economy is a complex equation of controlling inflation and reducing unemployment. 经济管理包括控制通货膨胀、降低失业率等复杂的因素。
[ɪ'kweɪ.ʒən] noun
THE SAME AS 等同
uncountable
■when you consider one thing to be the same as or equal to another 相等；等同
• There is a tendency in films to make the equation between violence and excitement. 电影倾向把暴力和刺激画上等号。
n. [数] 方程式，等式；相等； [化学] 反应式
 - eqs, equivalence

Word: angel
Front: angel
[ˈeɪndʒl] (研四 3980/3295 -2)
Vocabulary: angel
(once / 164 pages)
1n 2n
An angel is a messenger of God, characterized as having human form with wings and a halo. The word suggests goodness, and is often used to refer to someone who offers comfort and aid to others in times of trouble. As a child, you looked like an innocent angel; appearances can be deceiving.
The word angel derives from the Greek angelos, meaning "messenger." It is used in the Bible to denote God's attendants, with angels often depicted as being guardians of humans, an idea found in ancient Asian cultures as well. The Biblical sense was continued in a medieval gold coin called an angel, which depicted the archangel Michael. The word has been applied to angel fish, so named because they appear to have wings, and nurses, often called "angels of mercy."
WORD FAMILY
angel: angelic, angelical, angels, archangel +/ angelic: angelically/ archangel: archangelic, archangelical, archangels
USAGE EXAMPLES
He thought that the voice of a soprano singing upstairs was surely that of an angel.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
“When they operated on my son, they told me he was an angel, because he was supposed to die,” Ms. Muñiz, 50, said.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
I repeated, by now fully believing in angels, miracles and just the basic amazingness of me.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 天使，天使般的人; 守护神; 善良可爱的人; 安琪儿
分布：天使(99%)，天使般的人(1%)
→可能来自希伯来语。
n.天使,安琪儿The language angel hanged up the gang and banged them at the angle of the triangle.语文天使将那伙人吊起朝三角形的角上猛撞.
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a good spiritual creature in stories or some religions, usually represented as a human with wings 天使
• According to the Bible, an angel told Mary that she would have God's son, Jesus. 据《圣经》所述，一位天使告知玛利亚她将生下上帝之子耶稣。
■someone who is very good, helpful or kind （善良、乐于助人的）安琪儿；善人；仁慈的人
• Be an angel and help me with this. 行行好，帮我把这个做了。
[as form of address]
■used when speaking to someone you like very much and know very well （用来称呼非常喜爱和熟悉的人）小天使，宝贝，乖乖
• What's the matter, angel? 怎么啦，宝贝？
• Come along, my angels, time for bed. 来吧，我的宝贝们，该睡觉了。
['eɪn.dʒəl] noun countable
be no angel
■to sometimes behave badly 有时会表现很坏
• He's no angel but he can't be blamed for everything that has happened. 他有时会表现很差，但也不能把发生的一切都归咎于他。
['eɪn.dʒəl] noun countable
be on the side of the angels UK
■to be doing something good or kind 在道义一方；在善的一方
• He was, in this matter at least, firmly on the side of the angels. 至少在这件事情上，他坚决站在了道义的一方。
n. 天使；守护神；善人
 - cherubs, nat

Word: switch
Front: switch
[swɪtʃ] (高研四六托雅 2604/1952 -K3)
Vocabulary: switch
(once / 358 pages)
1nv 2vn 3nv 4n
If you and your friend are seated separately on an airplane, you can always ask a stranger if they will switch seats with you. To switch is to change or exchange.
Switch can be a noun or verb, and in most cases it has the meaning of change. You can switch classes, political parties, or the radio station. Sometimes if you switch something with someone, they take yours and you take theirs — as in an exchange or trade. However, there is one unrelated and frightening meaning for the word. In the olden days, a form of punishment was to be hit with a thin, flexible, piece of wood called a switch.
WORD FAMILY
switch: switched, switcher, switches, switching+/switcher: switchers/switching: switchings
USAGE EXAMPLES
It also switched the state superintendent of education from an elected position to one appointed by the board.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
While players switch roles in practice to get the experience, using Burnett in that position is a last resort.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The red card switched the flow of possession.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 开关; 转换，转换器; 软鞭子; [信]接线台
vt. & vi. 转变，改变; 转换; 关闭电流; 鞭打
vt. 转换; 挥动（棍棒、鞭子等）; 迅速转动; 鞭打
vi. 交换; 调换
时态：switched, switching, switches
分布：开关(68%)，转换(12%)，交换(10%)，改变(7%)，鞭子(2%)，鞭打(1%)
→最终来自 swei,弯，转，摆动，词源同 swing,swivel.引申诸相关词义。
n.开关;转换;鞭子v.转变,转换;抽打The pitch made me itch. I pitched the switch into the ditch around the kitchen.沥青使我发痒.我把开关抛进围绕厨房的水沟里.
noun
DEVICE 装置
 IMPROVER countable
■a small device, usually pushed up or down with your finger, that controls and turns on or off an electric current 开关
• a light switch 电灯开关
• Can you flip the switch? 你能打开那个开关吗？
switches [plural] US for
■ points (RAILWAY) 改变
[swɪtʃ] noun
CHANGE 改变
countable
■a sudden or complete change, especially of one person or thing for another （尤指由此至彼地）突然改变，彻底改变；调换；转换
[swɪtʃ] verb transitive intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
DEVICE 装置
 IMPROVER
■to use a switch to change a device from one state or type of operation to another （用开关）打开，关闭，转换
• switch the TV off/on 关／开电视
[swɪtʃ] verb transitive intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
CHANGE 改变
 IMPROVER
■to change suddenly or completely, especially from one thing to another, or to exchange by replacing one person or thing with another （尤指由此至彼地）突然改变，彻底改变；调换；转换
• She started studying English at college, but switched to Business Studies in her second year. 她刚上大学时是学英语，但二年级的时候改学商了。
• In 1971, Britain switched over (= changed completely) to a decimal currency. 1971年，英国改用十进制货币。
• After the bank robbery, the gang switched cars (= left one car and got into another). 抢劫银行后，劫匪马上换了车。
[swɪtʃ] verb transitive intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
  Phrasal Verbs  switch off informal
 ADVANCED
■to stop giving your attention to someone or something 不再关注，不再理睬
• If he gets bored, he just switches off and looks out the window. 他觉得无聊时，就心不在焉地朝窗外看。
[swɪtʃ] verb transitive intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
  Phrasal Verbs  switch sth on usually disapproving
■If someone switches on a particular emotion or behaviour, they suddenly start to feel or behave in that way, but usually not sincerely （通常不是发自内心地）突然变得，突然装出
• When a customer walks in, she switches on the charm. 一有顾客走进来，她就马上装出亲切可人的样子。

Word: offering
Front: offering
[ˈɒfərɪŋ] (3988/4716 -3)
Vocabulary: offering
(once / 145 pages)
n
An offering is a type of offer or bid, like the kind made in a business meeting.
When you offer something—like a cookie—you're asking someone if they want it. An offering is like that: it's an offer. One type of offering is a proposal or bid made in business. A sports team could make an offering of three million dollars a year to a running back. A bidder could make an offering of one thousand dollars at an auction. An offering is a promise to pay that much if the offering is accepted.
WORD FAMILY
offering: offerings+/counteroffer: counteroffers/ offer: counteroffer, offered, offerer, offering, offeror, offers/offerer: offerers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Jurors would later see a video of Roof confessing to the crime — “Well, I killed them, I guess,” he said — and offering a racist rationale.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Developers in New York are already offering up to three months of free rent on some projects.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
And this year, the lab started a partnership with Bellevue College’s Autism Spectrum Navigators program, and is offering students with autism a chance to intern.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 提议; 课程; 贡品，祭品; 奉献物
v. 提供(offer的ing形式)
分布：出售物(39%)，供品(31%)，作品(18%)，动词offer的现在分词.(12%)
提供物,祭品(offer+ing)[fer=bring,carry,表示"带来,拿来"]
US ['ɑ:.fɚ-] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■something that you give or offer to someone 礼物；供物，祭品
• a peace offering 求和的礼物
• a sacrificial offering 祭献的贡品
n. 提供；祭品；奉献物；牲礼
 - sacrifice, oblation
v. 提供（offer的ing形式）
 - lending

Word: rage
Front: rage
[reɪdʒ] (研四六托雅宝 3984/4836 -3)
Vocabulary: rage
(once / 102 pages)
1nv 2n
Rage is a really intense anger. Some frustrated drivers let their emotions boil over into road rage when another car cuts them off, for example.
If you're full of rage, you're full of anger — powerful, extreme, sometimes even violent anger. Rage can also be a verb: you might rage against something you hate or as the poet Dylan Thomas pleaded, "Rage, rage against the dying of the light." Things that rage are out of control, like a raging, roaring fire or a wild storm. Another meaning involves the latest, greatest trend — you'd say it's "all the rage."
WORD FAMILY
rage: enrage, raged, rages, raging+/ enrage: enraged, enragement, enrages, enraging/ enraged: enragedly/raging: ragingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
So the debate rages on and we continue ...
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
We are simply beneficiaries of their good graces, and prisoners of their rages.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Despite reeling from a collective gut punch, women who were opposed to President-elect Donald Trump channeled their sadness and rage into activism and organization.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 愤怒; 激烈，猛烈; 渴望，疯狂; 〈口〉战争狂
vi. 大发脾气，动怒; 流行，风行
时态：raged, raging, rages
分布：大怒(40%)，狂怒(17%)，狂暴(15%)，肆虐(12%)，风行(9%)，怒斥(4%)，激烈进行(3%)
→来自古法语 rage,生气的，狂怒的，来自拉丁语 rabere,发狂，发怒，来自 rebh,暴力的， 冲动的，可能来自 reb,撕开，抢，词源同 rob,rip.字母 b,g 音变，比较 ruby,red,rouge.
狂怒[roge=mad,表示"疯狂"]
n.愤怒The villagers in rage caused a tragedy on the cage-like stage.狂怒的村民在笼子形的舞台上制造了一场悲剧.
noun
ANGER 愤怒
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■(a period of) extreme or violent anger （一阵）盛怒；（一阵）狂怒；（一阵）暴怒
• Her sudden towering rages were terrifying. 她突然暴跳如雷，很吓人。
• I was frightened because I had never seen him in such a rage before. 以前从未见他如此狂怒，我被吓坏了。
• He flew into a fit of rage over the smallest mistake. 微不足道的小错误就会使他大发雷霆。
[reɪdʒ] noun
EVENT 事件
countable usually singular Australian informal
■an exciting or entertaining event involving a lot of activity 热闹的活动
• The party was a rage. 派对办得热闹极了。
[reɪdʒ] noun
be (all) the rage old-fashioned
■to be very popular at a particular time 风靡一时；非常时兴；十分流行
• Long hair for men was all the rage in the seventies. 在70年代，男人留长发风靡一时。
[reɪdʒ] verb intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to speak very angrily to someone 怒斥；发怒；发脾气
• He raged at (= spoke angrily to) us for forgetting to order a replacement. 我们忘了订购替换件，他对我们大发雷霆。
■to happen in a strong or violent way 激烈进行；猛烈发作；肆虐
• The storm raged outside. 屋外暴风雨大作。
• A flu epidemic is raging in/through local schools. 一场流感在当地各学校肆虐。
• The argument rages on (= continues strongly). 正在进行激烈的争论。
fury, anger, wrath, rage, indignation
这组词都有“愤怒”的意思，其区别是：
fury: 语气最强，指极端的气愤，甚至达到发疯的程度。
anger: 普通用词，通常指因受到侮辱、损害、指责或顶撞等而引起的愤怒。
wrath: 文学用词，含义与anger相近，但语气强，含欲加惩罚或报复的意味。
rage: 侧重突然而猛列发作，难以控制的大怒。
indignation: 较正式用词，指出于正义或对不公正之事而发出的愤怒。
n. 愤怒；狂暴，肆虐；情绪激动
 - anger, wrath
vi. 大怒，发怒；流行，风行
 - obtain, anger

Word: photography
Front: photography
[fəˈtɒgrəfi] (六 3986/5389 -K2)
Back: n. 摄影，摄影术; 一组照片
分布：摄影(100%)
→来自photography,照相。
US [-'tɑ:.grə-] noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■(the activity or job of taking) photographs or films 摄影；摄影业；照片
• She's doing an evening class in photography. 她在夜校学摄影。
• The film won an award for its photography. 该影片获得了一项摄影奖。
n. [摄] 摄影；摄影术
 - photo shoot, camerawork

Word: repair
Front: repair
[rɪˈpeə(r)] (中高研四六托雅 3874/2940 -K3)
Vocabulary: repair
(once / 142 pages)
1vn 2vn
To repair means to fix or mend something so that it is in good working order again. If you forget to put oil in your car and you blow the engine, it's going to cost you an awful lot to repair it.
Not only does repair describe the act of fixing something, it can also be used as a noun for the fixing itself, as in “Who did the repair on this house? It looks terrible!” In a totally different meaning, if you repair somewhere, you return back to or go to a place for rest or shelter. If you're outside and it begins to rain, you might want to repair to the house where it's dry.
WORD FAMILY
repair: disrepair, repaired, repairer, repairing, repairs, reparable, reparation +/ disrepair: disrepairs/ irreparable: irreparably/repaired: unrepaired/repairer: repairers/ reparable: irreparable / reparation: reparations
USAGE EXAMPLES
The long slog to fund road and bridge repairs continues in 2017.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Emergency bridge repairs on the northbound side in December 2014 and January 2015 sometimes caused traffic to back up for 6 miles.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
To top it off, she also broke her right femur, which was repaired by surgery.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 修理; 纠正; 恢复; 弥补
n. 修理; 修理工作; 维修状态; 经修理的东西
时态：repaired, repairing, repairs
分布：修理(69%)，修补(16%)，去(9%)，补救(3%)，维修工作(1%)，维修状态(1%)，赴(1%)
→来自拉丁语 reparare,修复，复原，来自 re-,再，重新，parare,准备，词源同 prepare.
修理(re再+pair→重新准备好→修理)[par=get ready表示"准备"]
n.修理,修补v.补救,纠正;修理You ought to get your watch repaired.你该把表送去修理了.
US [-'per] verb transitive
 ESSENTIAL
■to put something that is damaged, broken or not working correctly, back into good condition or make it work again 修理；修补；修复；整修
• to repair (the surface of) the road 修路（面）
• to repair a roof after a storm 暴风雨后修理房顶
• The garage said the car was so old it wasn't worth repairing. 修车厂的人说这辆车太旧，不值得修了。
• I really must get my bike repai red this weekend. 这个周末我真得修修脚踏车了。
■If you repair something wrong or harmful that has been done, you do something to make it right 补救；纠正；弥补
• to repair a broken friendship 修复破裂的友情
• Is it too late to repair the damage we have done to our planet? 现在采取措施挽回我们对地球所造成的破坏已为时太晚了吗？
UK [rɪ'peər] US [-'per] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  repair to somewhere formal
■to go to another place, usually in a group of people （通常指一群人）去某处，赴某地
• After dinner, we repaired to the lounge for coffee. 晚餐后，我们一起去了酒吧雅间喝咖啡。
UK [rɪ'peər] US [-'per] noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■when something is done to fix something that is broken or damaged 修理；修补；修缮
• My car is in the garage for repairs. 我的车正放在修车厂里维修。
• The repairs to the roof will be expensive. 修理房顶将会花很多钱。
• The mechanic pointed out the repair (= repaired place) on the front of my car. 修车工人给我指出车前部修过的地方。
UK [rɪ'peər] US [-'per] noun countable or uncountable
in good/bad repair (also in a good/bad, etc. state of repair)
■in good/bad, etc. condition 状况良好／不佳等
• The house is in very good repair. 这座房子状况很好。
UK [rɪ'peər] US [-'per] noun countable or uncountable
under repair
■being repaired 在修理；正在维修中
• This section of motorway will be under repair until January. 这段高速公路正在维修中，要到一月份才开放。
fix, mend, repair, patch
这组词都有“修理，修复”的意思，其区别是：
fix: 多用于美语，仅用于指带有安装固定性质的修理。
mend: 通常指较简单的修复过程，一般不需要专门技术或特殊工具。
repair: 可与mend换用，但一般指需要较高的职业技能和使用较复杂的工具进行修理。
patch: 通常指用类似材料修补破洞、裂缝或磨损的地方。
vi. 修理；修复
 - perform maintenance, fix up
vt. 修理；恢复；补救，纠正
 - restore, doctor, help
n. 修理，修补；修补部位
 - renovation, fixing

Word: toilet
Front: toilet
[ˈtɔɪlət] (中高研四六 3983/3550 -K2)
Back: n. 洗手间; 坐便器; 梳洗
分布：厕所(73%)，卫生间(20%)，盥洗室(7%)
→来自 toil,网，-et,小词后缀。字面意思即小网，引申词义小袋子，后用于指厕所挂衣服或化 妆品的网兜或袋子，引申词义梳妆，打扮，梳妆室，并最终主要用于指厕所，卫生间。
n.厕所,盥洗室Boil the oil soiled by the coil in the toilet lest it spoil.把被盥洗室里的线圈弄脏的油煮开,免得它变质.
noun
CONTAINER 容器
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a bowl-shaped device with a seat which you sit on or stand near when emptying the body of urine or solid waste, or another device used for this purpose 坐便器，马桶
• I was on (= using) the toilet when the phone rang. 电话铃响时我正在上厕所。
• Don't forget to flush the toilet. 别忘了冲马桶。
• Excuse me, Miss Lewis, I need/want (to go to) the toilet. 对不起，刘易斯小姐，我要去一下洗手间。
• The toilet seat was cracked and there was no paper. 马桶座圈裂了，也没有卫生纸。
 ESSENTIAL countable UK (US bathroom)
■a room with a toilet in it 卫生间
• Someone's in the toilet. 卫生间里有人。
go to the toilet IMPROVER
■to empty the body of urine or solid waste, usually using a toilet to do so 上厕所
• It's going to be a long journey, kids, so if you want to go to the toilet do so now. 孩子们，我们要作长途旅行，所以如果要上厕所现在就去。
toilets [plural]
 IMPROVER UK (US restroom) (US also ladies'/men's room)
■a room or small building in a public place in which there are several toilets 卫生间，厕所
• Do you know where the ladies' toilets are? 你知道女厕所在哪里吗？
  Common Learner Errors  toiletToilet is the most general word. In British English the informal word loo is often used. In American English bathroom is often used to mean toilet, especially in the home. In public places toilets are usually called the ladies or the gents in British English and the men's room , ladies' room , or restroom in American English. The lavatory is a slightly formal word for toilet, and WC is only used in British English. WC is usually only used in advertisments describing houses, hotels, etc.
['tɔɪ.lət] noun
WASHING 洗刷
uncountable old-fashioned formal
■the process of washing and dressing yourself 梳洗打扮
• Virginia had spent longer than usual over her toilet that evening, with pleasing results. 那天晚上弗吉尼娅梳洗打扮的时间比平时要久，效果很好。
n. [建] 厕所，盥洗室；梳妆，打扮
 - john, convenience, bathroom, lavatory
vi. 梳妆，打扮
 - dress oneself, sharp

Word: disappointed
Front: disappointed
[ˌdɪsəˈpɔɪntɪd] (3987/3371 -K3)
Vocabulary: disappointed
(once / 226 pages)
adj
Disappointed means discouraged or sad because what you hoped for didn't happen. If you write a fan letter to your favorite actress hoping for a personal reply, you're likely to be disappointed.
The original French root of disappointed is desappointer, which has one meaning that's basically "to fail to keep an appointment." So you might imagine the word disappointed like this: you made an appointment with a friend, but he blew it off. What could leave you more disappointed than that?
WORD FAMILY
disappointed: disappointedly+/ disappoint: disappointed, disappointing, disappointment, disappoints/ disappointing: disappointingly/ disappointment: disappointments
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Shocked, stunned and wildly disappointed,” said Patrick Nolan of Arlington.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
You are disappointed and you want to bounce back.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
He remained disappointed Sunday that the Titans missed the playoffs, done in by a 2-4 record inside the AFC South.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 失望的; 沮丧的，失意的
v. 使（人）失望( disappoint的过去式和过去分词); 使破灭，使落空
分布：失望的(100%)
US [-tˌɪd] adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■unhappy because someone or something was not as good as you hoped or expected, or because something did not happen 失望的，沮丧的
• We were deeply disappointed at/about the result. 我们对这个结果深感失望。
• His parents were bitterly disappointed in/with him. 父母对他非常失望。
• [+ (that)] She was disappointed (that) they hadn't phoned. 他们没来电话让她感到很失望。
• [+ to infinitive] He was disappointed to find they'd already gone. 他失望地发现他们已经走了。
• If you're expecting Dad to let you borrow his car, you're going to be sorely disappointed. 如果你指望爸爸能把汽车借给你，那你会失望透顶的。
UK [ˌdɪs.ə'pɔɪn.tɪd] US [-tˌɪd] adjective
  Common Learner Errors  disappointedWarning: Check your spelling! Disappointed is one of the 50 words most often spelled wrongly by learners. Remember: the correct spelling has 's' and 'pp'.
adj. 失望的，沮丧的；受挫折的
 - blue, depressed

Word: precious
Front: precious
[ˈpreʃəs] (高研四六托雅 3989/4109 -2)
Vocabulary: precious
(once / 142 pages)
adjadv
To call something precious is to describe it as highly valued. Think of a gemstone when you call your baby sister precious.
Diamonds, emeralds and rubies are all precious stones and gold and silver are precious metals. If it is something valuable and treasured, it can be called precious too. Fresh water is a precious resource especially in desert countries. Many precious books and painting have been destroyed through fire and war. On a more personal note, guard your memories as they will always be precious to you.
WORD FAMILY
precious: preciosity, preciousest, preciously, preciousness, semiprecious+/preciosity: preciosities
USAGE EXAMPLES
Gold XAU= was sluggish, with the precious metal sliding about 0.1 percent to $1,150.82, after a flat start to the year on Monday.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Some critics find Mills’s work quirky or precious; some find it inert.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
If the result is great literature, it would be perverse to judge hearing voices an aberration requiring treatment rather than a precious gift.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 宝贵的，珍贵的; 贵重的; 矫揉造作的; 可爱的，宝贝的
adv. <口>很，非常
n. 珍爱的人; 可爱的人
分布：珍贵的(50%)，宝贵的(45%)，矫揉造作的(3%)，极其(2%)
→来自拉丁语pretium,价格，价值，词源同price,prize.引申词义有价值的，值得珍惜的，珍贵的。
珍贵的(prec+ious→有价值的)[prais,preci=value表示"价值"]
a.珍贵的,贵重的I highly appreciate the preceding man's precious precise exercise.我高度欣赏前面那个人可贵的精确演练.
adjective
VALUABLE 珍贵的
 ADVANCED
■of great value because of being rare, expensive or important 珍贵的，宝贵的
• a precious gift 珍贵的礼物
• a precious moment/memory 宝贵的时刻／记忆
• Clean water is a precious commodity in many parts of the world. 在世界上很多地方洁净的水是昂贵的商品。
• You're so precious to me. 你对我来说就是珍宝。
['preʃ.əs] adjective
NOT NATURAL 不自然的 mainly UK disapproving
■behaving in a very formal and unnatural way by giving too much attention to details that are not important and trying too hard to be perfect 过分讲究的，做作的
• He's so precious about his work that he never gets anything done. 他对自己的工作太讲究了，反而甚么都做不成。
• Don't you hate the precious way she speaks, pronouncing each single consonant so precisely. 她讲话做作的样子真让人讨厌，每个子音都发得那么准确。
['preʃ.əs] adjective
DISLIKE 讨厌
[before noun] informal
■used to express dislike and/or anger （表示讨厌和／或恼怒）宝贝似的
• You and your precious car - it's all you're interested in! 你心里只有你和你那辆宝贝车！
['preʃ.əs] adverb informal
■very 极其，非常
• A lot of people will start, but precious few will finish. 许多人即将开始去做，但极少数能完成。
• Be careful - you'll be precious little help if you come back injured. 小心——如果你受了伤回来就帮不上甚么忙了。
valuable, precious
这组词都有“贵重的，有价值的”的意思，其区别是：
valuable: 指有相当价值，可高价出售的，或有用、有益的东西。
precious: 指因稀罕、不易得到而很值钱，或因本身的品质而具有极大的价值。
adj. 宝贵的；珍贵的；矫揉造作的
 - golden, valued

Word: prohibit
Front: prohibit
[prəˈhɪbɪt] (高研四六托雅 3990/5809 -2)
Vocabulary: prohibit
(once / 208 pages)
v
If a sign says "Swimming Prohibited," don't go for a dip. It's not allowed. To prohibit is to forbid, or to disallow something.
In school, you are prohibited from leaving the premises before the end of the school day. The school administration also prohibits smoking and chewing gum. In 1920, it became illegal to sell alcohol in the United States. This time period when alcohol was prohibited is known as the era of Prohibition. Famously Prohibition did not work. When you prohibit something, you often make it seem more appealing.
WORD FAMILY
prohibit: prohibited, prohibiting, prohibition, prohibitive, prohibits+/ prohibition: prohibitionist, prohibitions/prohibitionist: prohibitionists/ prohibitive: prohibitively
USAGE EXAMPLES
The measure also prohibits limits the OCE’s jurisdiction to the previous three Congresses, aligning its statute of limitations to the Ethics Committee’s.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The manual adds, “Cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment is prohibited.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Detroit police spokesman Dan Donakowski says tenants of the home told officers they never entered the garage because the landlord prohibited it.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 禁止，阻止，防止; 不准许
时态：prohibited, prohibiting, prohibits
分布：禁止(99%)，妨碍(1%)
→来自pro-,向前，提前，-hibit,持有，握住，词源同habit,inhibit.即先行持有的，引申比喻义禁止。
阻止,禁止(pro前面+hibit→在前面拿住→不让前进→阻止)[hibit=hold,表示"拿住"]
v.禁止,不准;阻止Smoking is strictly prohibited.严禁吸烟.
verb
 ADVANCED transitive often passive
■to officially forbid (= refuse to allow) something 禁止；阻止
• Motor vehicles are prohibited from driving in the town centre. 机动车辆禁止在市中心行驶。
• The government introduced a law prohibiting tobacco advertisements on TV. 政府颁布了一项法律： 禁止在电视上播放烟草广告。
• Parking is strictly prohibited between these gates. 这些大门之间严禁停车。
transitive
■to prevent a particular activity by making it impossible 阻止；妨碍；使不可能
• The loudness of the music prohibits serious conversation in most nightclubs. 大多数夜总会里音乐声嘈杂，根本没法进行严肃的谈话。
ban, forbid, prohibit
这组词都有“禁止”的意思，其区别是：
ban: 语气最强，指权威机关明文取消或禁止严重危害公众利益的事或行为，隐含道义上的谴责意味。
forbid: 通俗用语，指直接地、面对面吩咐不许他人采取某种行动。
prohibit: 正式用词，多指通过法律手段或制订规则加以禁止。
vt. 阻止，禁止
 - stem, block, dispute, bar, discourage

Word: representative
Front: representative
[ˌreprɪˈzentətɪv] (高研四六托雅 1976/1470 -K4)
Vocabulary: representative
(once / 103 pages)
adjn
If you're representative of some group, you're typical, you’re a lot like most of the others. You might also be a representative for your group; you were elected to act on behalf of those you represent.
The US and many other democracies have representative governments, in which voters elect people to act on their behalf — to represent them. In the US, the House of Representatives is the largest legislative body. Its members — congressmen and congresswomen — are elected by the voters of their districts. These representatives are supposed to listen to the views of the people from their districts and act in their best interests.
WORD FAMILY
representative: nonrepresentative, representatively, representatives, unrepresentative+/ misrepresent: misrepresentation, misrepresented, misrepresenting, misrepresents/ misrepresentation: misrepresentations/ represent: misrepresent, representable, representation, representative, represented, representing, represents/ representation: representational, representations/representational: nonrepresentational, representationally/unrepresentative: unrepresentatively
USAGE EXAMPLES
Trade Representative, a transition official says, filling in one of the final pieces in the new administration’s senior team.
Seattle Times(Jan 03, 2017)
A company representative did not respond Monday night to requests for comment.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Trade Representative, a transition official said Monday night, filling in one of the final pieces in the new administration’s senior team.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 代表; 继任者; 议员; 类似物
adj. 典型的; 有代表性的; 代议制的; 相当[类似]（另一种属）的
分布：代表(84%)，典型(8%)，典型的(3%)，代表的(3%)，众议员(1%)，代表制的(1%)
→来自 represent,呈现，代表，描绘。
n.代表,代理人a.(of)典型的,有代表性的Presently the present is presented to the representative.现在这份礼物已呈现在代表面前.
US [-tˌə.tˌɪv] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■someone who speaks or does something officially for another person or group of people 代表；代理人
• The firm has two representatives in every European city. 这间公司在每个欧洲城市设有两名销售代表。
 IMPROVER US
■someone who has been elected to the US House of Representatives （美国）众议院议员
UK [ˌrep.rɪ'zen.tə.tɪv] US [-tˌə.tˌɪv] adjective
TYPICAL 典型的
■typical of, or the same as, others in a larger group of people or things 有代表性的；典型的；代表…的
• Are your views/opinions representative of all the workers here? 你的观点／意见可以代表这里所有工人的想法吗？
• a representative sample/cross-section/selection 典型的样品／有代表性的社会典型人物／有代表性的选择
UK [ˌrep.rɪ'zen.tə.tɪv] US [-tˌə.tˌɪv] adjective
ACTING FOR 替…行动
■A representative system of government is one in which people vote for politicians to represent them. 代议制政体
representative, deputy, substitute, agent, delegate
这组词都有“代表、代理人”的意思，其区别是：
representative: 一般指被选举或委派代表某人或一些人或某个较大团体的人，其职务有时是较长期的。
deputy: 指上级授权代理行事的代表，特指被选择为执行全部或部分公务的人。
substitute: 主要强调某人或某物可以用来代替别的人或物的作用。
agent: 普通用词，通常指经授权代理另一个人或团体，或指在双方之间代表一方起中间作用的人。
delegate: 指一般被派参加某一会议的代表。
adj. 典型的， [数] 有代表性的；代议制的
 - typical, characteristic
n. [数] 代表；典型；众议员
 - deputy, model, behalf of, ambassador

Word: content
Front: content
['kɒntent] (高研四六托雅宝 1732/1281 -K2)
Vocabulary: content
(once / 41 pages)
1adjvn 2n 3n
If you feel content, you're satisfied and happy. The content of a book, movie, or song is what it's about: the topic.
This word has two main meanings. The first has to do with being pleased and satisfied (feeling content) or making someone else feel happy and at peace with things (contenting them). The other meaning has to do with subject matter: the content of a history class might be American history. The content of a math class might be geometry. As long as there's a topic or subject, there's content.
WORD FAMILY
content: contented, contenting, contentingly, contently, contentment, contents, discontent +/ contented: contentedest, contentedly, contentedness/ contentment: contentments/ discontent: discontented, discontenting, discontently, discontentment, discontents/discontented: discontentedly, discontentedness/discontentment: discontentments
USAGE EXAMPLES
Facebook says it restricts nudity because “some audiences within our global community may be sensitive to this type of content”.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
They’d be well advised to fire their Growth Hackers and start prioritizing intellectual integrity over content farming.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
"And as other big media and content companies get involved, they will attract more types of consumers to VR, rather than just the tech-enthused. "
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 内容; （书等的）目录; 满足; 容量
时态：contented, contenting, contents
分布：内容(69%)，含量(25%)，目录(2%)，满意的(2%)，满足的(1%)，使 ... 满足(1%)
→con-, 强调。-ten, 持有，握住，词源同tenable, tenure. 即包含于其中的，心满意足的。
内容,容量[ken'tent]a.满足的(com全部+ten→全部拿住→容量,引申为满足)[tain,ten,tin=hold表示"拿住"]
n.容量,内容,(pl.)目录a.(with)满足的The tenant is discontented with the content of the agreement for renting the tennis tent.承租人对租用网球帐篷的协议内容不满.
【记】con共同，tent拉－全部拉开－全身舒展－满意
【参】discontent（n 不满）；contented（adj 满足的）
【反】disaffected（adj 不满的；造反的）；contented（adj 满足的）－avaricious（adj 贪婪的）
US [ˈkɑːn-]
SUBJECT 主题
contents [plural]
 IMPROVER
■the list of articles or parts contained in a magazine or book, with the number of the page they begin on （杂志或书的）目录
 ADVANCED [S or U]
■the ideas that are contained in a piece of writing, a speech or a film （文章、演讲、电影等的）内容
• It's a very stylish and beautiful film, but it lacks content. 这出电影很新潮而且画面美丽，但内容空洞。
• We've discussed the unusual form of the book - now, what about the content? 我们已经讨论了这本书与众不同的形式——现在，谈谈它的内容怎么样？
noun UK [ˈkɒn.tent] US [ˈkɑːn-]
AMOUNT 数量
contents [plural]
 IMPROVER
■everything that is contained within something 所含之物；容纳的东西；内容
• The contents of his bag spilled all over the floor. 他袋子里的东西掉了一地。
• He hardly needed to open the letter because he already knew the contents. 他几乎不用拆那封信，因为他已经知道内容了。
 ADVANCED only singular
■the amount of a particular substance contained in something 含量
• Chocolate has a high fat content. 巧克力脂肪含量很高。
verb transitive /kənˈtent/
■to make someone feel happy and satisfied 使满意，使满足
• You're quite easily contented, aren't you? 你很容易满足，是不是？
• My explanation seemed to content him. 我的解释似乎让他很满意。
verb transitive /kənˈtent/
  Phrasal Verbs  content yourself with sth
■to do something or have something although it is not exactly what you want 使自己满足于；使自己甘心于
• I wanted to take two weeks' holiday, but had to content myself with one because the office was so busy. 我本想休假两周，不过因为公司太忙，休假一周也就算了。
content, contrast, context, contest
content: 内容；
contrast: 对比，差异；
context: 上下文
contest: 比赛，竞赛；
n. 内容，目录；满足； [物] 容量
 - satisfaction, directory, bulk, list, fill
adj. 满意的
 - satisfactory, well-pleasing
vt. 使满足
 - gratify, appease

Word: realistic
Front: realistic
[ˌri:əˈlɪstɪk] (研六 3993/3620 -K2)
Vocabulary: realistic
(once / 885 pages)
adj
If your friend says she is going to fly on wings made of wax, you might tell her to "be realistic!" What you mean is, "In the real world, that is not going to happen."
While you might really want to go to an Ivy League college, it's probably more realistic to apply to state schools if your grades aren't that good. A movie can be called realistic if it seems to represent life as it is. Do you ever wonder if reality TV is more realistic than scripted television? The jury is still out on that, but most people agree that if you're being realistic, what matters most about a TV show are its ratings.
WORD FAMILY
realistic: realistically, unrealistic+/irreality: irrealities/ real: realer, reales, realest, realism, reality, really, realness, reals, reis, unreal/ realism: realisms, realist, realistic, unrealism/ realist: realists/ reality: irreality, realities/ really: reallys/unreal: unreality, unreally/unrealism: unrealisms/unrealistic: unrealistically/unreality: unrealities
USAGE EXAMPLES
Ameer Riley, the defensive coördinator, said that, starting in the off-season, he hoped to incorporate the robots in more “realistic” practice scenarios.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
From then on, slightly abstract, sometimes surreal touches are added to this realistic backdrop.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The first scenario seems realistic, whereas the second seems like a lovely daydream.
Salon(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 现实的; [艺] 现实主义的，[哲]实在论（者）的; 逼真的; 栩栩如生的
分布：现实的(93%)，现实主义的(7%)
a.现实(主义)的It isn't a realistic plan.那是一项不切实际的计划.
US [ˌri:.ə-] adjective
 ADVANCED
■accepting things as they are in fact and not making decisions based on unlikely hopes for the future 现实的；实事求是的；务实的
• Let's be realistic (about this) - I just can't afford to pay that much money. （在这一点上）我们还是现实一点吧——我根本就付不起那么一大笔钱。
• It isn't realistic to expect people to work for so little money. 给那么点报酬还指望人们做这个工作，这是不现实的。
⇒ See also realpolitik
 ADVANCED
■seeming to exist or be happening in fact 逼真的；栩栩如生的
• The special effects were so realistic. 那些特技镜头太逼真了。
realistic, practical, feasible, reasonable
realistic: 符合实际的，现实的
practical: 实际的，现实的，实用性的
feasible: 可行的，适当的
reasonable: 合理的，有道理的，适当的
adj. 现实的；现实主义的；逼真的；实在论的
 - living, breathing

Word: Russian
Front: Russian
['rʌʃ(ə)n] (中高 1562/1791)
Back: n. 俄语；俄国人
adj. 俄国的；俄语的
分布：俄语(62%)，俄国人(15%)，俄国的(10%)，俄语的(9%)，俄国人的(4%)
→来自拉丁语 Russi,俄罗斯人，来自 Rus,俄罗斯，原指公元 9 世纪在今乌克兰基辅定居并建立 公国的一群瑞典商人和士兵。词源有争议，一种俗词源认为该词来自 reudh,红色的，词 源同 red,russet.因俄罗斯人红色的毛发而得名。
adjective
■from, belonging to or relating to Russia 俄国的，俄罗斯的
['rʌʃ.ən] noun countable
■a person from Russia 俄罗斯人

Word: hidden
Front: hidden
[ˈhɪdn] (3996/4719 -2)
Vocabulary: hidden
(once / 132 pages)
adj
Hidden things can't be seen — they're concealed in some way. A hidden video camera inside a teddy bear might secretly be keeping an eye on a new babysitter.
People with hidden feelings don't let their sadness, anger, and joy show; and hidden clues in a treasure hunt can't be easily found. Hidden things can be obscured deliberately (like hidden eggs at an Easter egg hunt), or simply out of view or undetected by you. Hidden is the past participle of hide, from the Old English hydan, which means "to hide or conceal," but also "to bury a corpse."
WORD FAMILY
hidden: hiddenest, hiddenly, hiddenness+/ hide: hid, hidden, hides, hiding/hiding: hidings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Separately, a young African man was found hidden in a woman's suitcase.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Melania Trump’s barely hidden misogyny revealed itself in her softball interview with Anderson Cooper in October.
Salon(Jan 01, 2017)
They are supposed to sing “I See Victory” from the soundtrack of the new movie “Hidden Figures.”
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 隐藏的; 神秘的; 秘密的
v. 隐藏( hide的过去分词)
分布：隐藏的(84%)，秘密的(14%)，动词hide的过去分词.(2%)
Hidden is the past participle of hide .
ADJ
难以看见（或发现）的;隐藏的
Hidden facts, feelings, activities, or problems are not easy to notice or discover.
例：Under all the innocent fun, there are hidden dangers, especially for children...在所有简单无害的娱乐项目背后都隐藏着危险，特别是对儿童而言。
例：The precise details of the origins of life remain hidden.生命起源的确切详情仍是个谜。
ADJ
（地方）隐秘的
A hidden place is difficult to find.
例：As you descend, suddenly you see at last the hidden waterfall.一直往下走，最终你会突然看到那条隐秘的瀑布。
adj. 隐藏的
 - latent, veiled
v. 隐藏，躲藏（hide的过去分词）
 - jooked

Word: command
Front: command
[kəˈmɑ:nd] (高研四六 2378/2166 -K3)
Vocabulary: command
(once / 25 pages)
1nv 2n 3n 4n
A command is an order that you have to follow, as long as the person who gives it has authority over you. You don't have to comply with your friend's command that you give him all your money.
Command, which can be a noun or a verb, combines the Latin prefix com-, meaning "with," and mandāre, "to charge, enjoin," so to give someone a command is to say something with the authority that charges him to follow it. Your mother might command you to clean your room. Command can also mean a position of power, like having command of a battleship, or possession of a skill, like having a great command of video games.
WORD FAMILY
command: commandant, commanded, commander, commanding, commandment, commands, self-command+/ commandant: commandants/ commander: commanders, commandership, commandery/commandership: commanderships/commandery: commanderies/ commanding: commandingly/commandment: commandments
USAGE EXAMPLES
The firm defines luxury buildings as those that command rents in the top 20% of the market.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
The investigative reporting is as strong as the film-making, fearless and commanding.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
A few hundred yards away, a similar building marks the place where the border region military command was housed.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 命令，指挥; 司令部，指挥部; [计算机]指令; 控制力
vt. 指挥，控制，命令; 命令; 应得，值得
vi. 给出命令; 命令，指令
adj. 指挥的，根据命令（或要求）而作的
时态：commanded, commanding, commands
分布：命令(74%)，指挥(21%)，掌握(4%)，博得(1%)
→com-, 强调。-mand, 命令，词源同mandate.
命令,指挥(com一起+mand→命令大案一起做→指挥)[mand=order,表示"命令"]
n./v.命令,指挥,控制n.掌握,运用能力The grand commander demands thousands of sandy sandwiches.大司令官要成千个沙色三明治.
【记】com一起，mand命令
【参】demand（v /n 要求, 需求）；countermand（v 撤消命令）；mandatory（adj 命令的）
US [-'mænd] noun
ORDER 命令
 ADVANCED countable
■an order, especially one given by a soldier （尤指军人发出的）命令，指示
• You will run forward at (= when you hear) my command. 听到我的命令你们就向前冲。
• When I give the command, fire! 我一下命令就开火！
• He hated being in the army because he had to obey commands. 他讨厌当兵，因为当兵必须服从命令。
uncountable
■control over someone or something and responsibility for them 指挥；控制；管辖
• Colonel Sailing has command over /is in command of the Guards Regiment. 赛林上校统率着近卫团。
• General Haig took command of the British Expeditionary Force in 1915. 黑格将军在1915年统领英国远征军。
• The soldiers were under the command of a tough sergeant-major. 士兵由一位严厉的军士长指挥。
UK [kə'mɑ:nd] US [-'mænd] noun
COMPUTER 电脑
countable
■an instruction to a computer to perform a particular action 指令
UK [kə'mɑ:nd] US [-'mænd] noun
KNOWLEDGE 知识
[S or U]
■a great knowledge of a subject and an ability to use that knowledge （对知识的）掌握，运用能力
• She has an impressive command of the English language. 她精通英语。
UK [kə'mɑ:nd] US [-'mænd] noun
VIEW 景色
only singular formal
■a view 景色，风景
• a fine castle with its command of the surrounding countryside 可饱览四周乡间景致的漂亮城堡
UK [kə'mɑ:nd] US [-'mænd] noun
at your command
■If you have particular qualities at your command, you are able to use them effectively 娴熟，得心应手，运用自如
• As a writer, she has both style and humour at her command. 作为一名作家，她对文风和幽默都能运用自如。
humorous
■If someone says that they are at your command, they mean they are willing to do what you ask 听从（某人）吩咐，任由（某人）安排
• "I can't reach my zip - could you unfasten it, please?" "I'm at your command!" “我触不到我的拉链——请你帮我拉开好吗？”“遵命！”
UK [kə'mɑ:nd] US [-'mænd] noun
be in command (of yourself)
■to be calm and completely in control of your behaviour and emotions 镇定自若
• Suntanned and relaxed, looking calmly about the room, he appeared completely in command. 他皮肤晒得黑黑的，神态悠闲，镇定地环视房间，显得胸有成竹。
UK [kə'mɑ:nd] US [-'mænd] verb
ORDER 命令
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to give someone an order 命令，指示
• [+ to infinitive] The officer commanded his men to shoot. 军官命令他的手下射击。
• [+ that] He commanded that the troops (should) cross the water. 他命令部队度河。
intransitive or transitive
■to control someone or something and tell them what to do 指挥；统率；管辖
• Colonel Sailing commands the Guards Regiment. 赛林上校统率着近卫团。
transitive
■to deserve and get something good, such as attention, respect, or a lot of money 应得，值得
• She was one of those teachers who just commanded respect. 她是那些值得尊敬的老师中的一位。
• She commands one of the highest fees per film in Hollywood. 她是好莱坞片酬最高的演员之一。
UK [kə'mɑ:nd] US [-'mænd] verb
VIEW 景色
transitive formal
■to give a view 呈现，可看到
• The master bedroom commands a view of rolling green hills. 从主卧室望去，绵延起伏的青山一览无遗。
order, command, bid
这组词都有“命令”的意思，其区别是：
order: 普通用词，多指上级对下级，主人对仆人以及教师对学生等发出的命令，也指态度专横地命令他人。
command: 话意强，指正式下令，强调下令者的权威性，要求必须服从。
bid: 与order同义，但较正式，文学意味强，多指口头直接下的命令。
command, commend, demand
command: 命令
commend: 称赞，推荐；
demand: 要求；
order, direction, command, instruction
这组词都有“命令”的意思，其区别是：
order: 普通用词，侧重指具体的命令。
direction: 正式用词，指口头或书面的指示或命令。内容不一定详尽，语气较缓和，不太强调强制性。也可指指导性的说明。
command: 较正式用词，强调权威性、全局性和强制性。
instruction: 书面用词，指不容违反、不容推翻的命令。也多指包含具体说明的指示。
vi. [计] 命令，指挥； [自] 控制
 - order, control over
vt. [计] 命令，指挥； [自] 控制；远望
 - require, possess, regulate, order, contain
n. 指挥， [自] 控制； [计] 命令；司令部
 - instruction, control, headquarters, bidding, order

Word: tender
Front: tender
[ˈtendə(r)] (研四六托雅宝 4225/4672 -2)
Vocabulary: tender
(once / 65 pages)
1adjv 2adj 3adj 4adj 5vn 6n
If you're tender, it means you're fragile, sensitive, easily bruised or gentle. Young, easily cut beef and a sentimental heart can both be called tender.
The many meanings attributed to tender developed over time. In the early 13th century, the word meant soft or easily injured. About a hundred years later, its meaning expanded to include kind and loving. Skip forward another century, and tender could also imply a lack of maturity.
WORD FAMILY
tender: tendered, tenderer, tenderest, tendering, tenderise, tenderize, tenderized, tenderly, tenderness, tenders+/ tend: tended, tendency, tender, tending, tends/tended: untended/ tendency: tendencies, tendencious, tendentious / tendentious: tendentiously, tendentiousness/tenderise: tenderisation, tenderised, tenderiser/tenderize: tenderization, tenderizer, tenderizes, tenderizing/tenderizer: tenderizers/tenderness: tendernesses/tending: tendings
USAGE EXAMPLES
The round £1 will be legal tender alongside the new, more-secure coin until October 15.
BBC(Dec 31, 2016)
That led the Peruvian government to announce on Wednesday that the company would not be permitted to participate in the country's future public works tenders.
Reuters(Dec 31, 2016)
This is a tender, moving tribute to a great author.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 纤弱的; 嫩的; 温柔的; 疼痛的
n. （正式）提出; 投标; 供应船，联络船; 照看者
vt. 正式提出; 使变脆弱; <古>温柔地对待
时态：tendered, tendering, tenders
分布：投标(56%)，温柔的(16%)，嫩的(11%)，提出(5%)，脆弱的(3%)，亲切的(3%)，敏感的(2%)，煤水车(2%)，补给船(1%)，痛的(1%)
→tend-,延伸，伸长，词源同 tend,extend.引申词义投标，建议。tender 嫩的，柔软的，亲切的，和善的
a.嫩的;敏感的;温柔的v.提出,提供;投标The tenderer surrendered her tremendously slender tender fingers.投标者交出了她异常纤细娇嫩的手指.
【记】tender作为“温柔的”意思大家都熟悉，温柔的提出才能让人接受
【参】tenderize（v 使嫩）
【反】withdraw（vt 收回）
US [-dɚ] adjective
GENTLE 温柔的
■gentle, loving or sympathetic 温柔的；温情的；关怀的；慈爱的
• a tender look/smile 温柔的眼神／微笑
• What you need is some tender loving care. 你需要的是体贴入微的关怀。
UK ['ten.dər] US [-dɚ] adjective
PAINFUL 疼痛的
■(of part of the body) painful, sore or uncomfortable when touched （身体部位）疼痛的，一触即痛的
• My arm was very tender after the injection. 打针后，我的胳膊一碰就痛。
UK ['ten.dər] US [-dɚ] adjective
SOFT 柔软的
■(of meat or vegetables) easy to cut or chew (= crush with the teeth) （肉或蔬菜）嫩的，软的
• My steak was beautifully tender. 我的牛排做得很嫩，好极了。
■describes plants which are easily damaged by cold weather （植物）娇嫩的，不抗寒的
UK ['ten.dər] US [-dɚ] adjective
YOUNG 年轻的 literary
■young 年幼的；未成熟的
• He was sent off to boarding school at the tender age of seven. 他在七岁就被送去上寄宿学校了。
UK ['ten.dər] US [-dɚ] verb
intransitive
■If you tender for a job, you make a formal offer to do it for a stated price 投标
• Five companies have tendered for the hospital contract. 已有五家公司投标承建该医院。
intransitive specialized
■If you tender for something such as shares , you make a formal offer to buy them for a stated price. 出价购买（股票等）
transitive formal
■to give or offer something 提出；提供
• Please tender the exact fare. 请如数交费。
• The health minister has tendered her resignation (= has offered to leave her job). 卫生部长已提交辞呈。
UK ['ten.dər] US [-dɚ] noun countable
OFFER 提供
■a written or formal offer to supply goods or do a job for an agreed price 投标（书）
• The council has invited tenders for the building contract. 市政会已经为建筑工程招标。
■specialized
■a written offer to buy or sell shares in a company （期货交易中的）交割意向通知书
put sth out to tender UK
■If you put work out to tender, you ask people to make offers to do it 对…招标
• Education departments in all the prisons are being put out to tender. 现在正在对所有监狱的教管部门进行招标。
UK ['ten.dər] US [-dɚ] noun countable
CONTAINER 容器 specialized
■a vehicle used for transporting water, wood or coal, especially one which is pulled behind a railway engine or used by the fire service, or a small boat used for transporting people or goods between a larger boat and the coast （尤指挂在火车头后的）煤水车；勤务船，供给船
gentle, moderate, tender, mild, soft
这组词都有“温和的，柔和的”的意思，其区别是：
gentle: 指温柔、亲切、优雅。常含有节制和意味。
moderate: 中性词，指温和稳健，有节制，不走极端。
tender: 和gentle意思很接近。指人的感情细腻、温情慈爱和有同情心，侧重心理素质。也可指物的柔嫩等。
mild: 用于人时，指天性温顺，脾气好，不放肆粗野；用于物时，主要指适度，程度上相当缓和给人以愉快感觉。
soft: 侧重柔软或安稳、光滑，使人不感到粗糙或严酷。
adj. 温柔的；柔软的；脆弱的；幼稚的；难对付的
 - soft, fond
n. 偿付，清偿；看管人；小船
 - boat, payback
vt. 提供，偿还；使…变嫩；是…变柔软
 - afford, replace, lend, put up
vi. [贸易] 投标；变柔软
 - bid for a project, base bid

Word: wake
Front: wake
[weɪk] (中高 1764/2178 -K3)
Vocabulary: wake
(once / 107 pages)
1v 2n 3n
In the wake, or aftermath, of a death, it's traditional in many cultures to hold a wake, a vigil for the dead. There's a third meaning of wake, too, you know: it's the waves that a boat leaves behind as it slices through the water. And that's not all...
Wake has three meanings as a noun, and, yes, just about as many meanings as a verb! So get set. To wake is come out of sleep, a verb you'll recognize from "Wake up! You're asleep at the wheel!" You can wake feelings, as well as the people who are having them. The wake before the funeral caused Mike to wake from his depression and decide to live life to the fullest. His first act was to water ski; he eventually mastered staying upright while crossing the wake of the boat that was towing him.
WORD FAMILY
wake: waked, wakeful, wakeless, waken, waker, wakes, waking, woke, woken+/wakeful: wakefully, wakefulness/waken: wakened, wakening, wakens/wakening: wakenings/waker: wakers/waking: wakingly, wakings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Mr. Watson said he sees the potential for a new push for an Article V convention in the wake of the November election.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Tournament of Roses Rose Parade Facebook page posted this photo of Palmer in the wake of his death in September.
Golf Digest(Jan 02, 2017)
A strong response is needed in the wake of these failures.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vi. 醒，醒来; 苏醒，复活; 警觉; 弄醒，叫醒
vt. 激发，唤醒; 使意识到，使警觉; 为…守夜
n. 守灵，守夜; （船航过时的）尾波; 年度假期
时态：woke, woken, waking, wakes
分布：醒来(68%)，唤醒(18%)，意识到(7%)，守夜(4%)，航迹(3%)
→来自weg,强健的，有活力的，词源同vigor,vegetable,watch。引申词义睡醒，醒来。尾流义词源不详。
v.醒来,唤醒;使觉醒,激发,引起I woke up at six this morning.今天早晨我六点钟醒来.
verb intransitive or transitive (woke or waked, woken or waked or US ALSO woke) (also wake up) US ALSO
 ESSENTIAL
■to (cause someone to) become awake and conscious after sleeping 醒来；叫醒，吵醒
• Did you wake at all during the night? 夜里你一点都没醒吗？
• Please wake me early tomorrow. 明天请早点叫醒我。
• I woke up with a headache. 我醒来时觉得头痛。
• Jane's hand on my shoulder woke me out of/from a bad dream. 简的手放在我肩上，把我从噩梦中摇醒。
[weɪk] verb intransitive or transitive (woke or waked, woken or waked or US ALSO woke) (also wake up) US ALSO
Wake up!
■something you say to tell someone to listen or to become involved when they have not been listening or paying attention 注意听！注意点！
• Wake up, Daniel! It's your turn. 注意点，丹尼尔！轮到你了。
[weɪk] verb intransitive or transitive (woke or waked, woken or waked or US ALSO woke) (also wake up) US ALSO
wake up and smell the coffee informal
■used to tell someone that they are wrong about a particular situation and that they must realize what is really happening （用于告诉某人）认清形势，正视目前的情况
[weɪk] verb intransitive or transitive (woke or waked, woken or waked or US ALSO woke) (also wake up) US ALSO
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] wake (sb) up
STOP SLEEPING
 ESSENTIAL
■to (cause to) become conscious after sleeping （某人）醒来；叫醒（某人），弄醒（某人）
• Come on, wake up - breakfast is ready. 快点，快醒醒——早饭都准备好了。
• He woke himself up with his own snoring! 他打鼾都把自己打醒了！
REACT
■to start to react to a situation after a period in which you have done very little, or to make someone start to react to a situation （使）（某人）清醒过来，（使）（某人）反应过来
• Companies need to wake up and take notice of the public's increasing concern with the environment. 各企业需要清醒过来，注意了解公众对环境的日益关注。
[weɪk] verb intransitive or transitive (woke or waked, woken or waked or US ALSO woke) (also wake up) US ALSO
  Phrasal Verbs  wake up to sth
■to start to understand that a situation or problem exists 开始意识到（问题）
• Governments are finally waking up to the fact that the environment should be cleaned up. 各国政府终于开始意识到应该整治环境这个事实。
[weɪk] noun countable
WATER 水
■the waves that a moving ship or object leaves behind （航行的船只等留下的）尾流，航迹
• The wake spread out in a v-shape behind the ship. 轮船的航迹呈V字形在船后扩散开来。
[weɪk] noun countable
FUNERAL 葬礼
■when the family and friends of a dead person meet in order to look at the dead body the night before it is buried, or when they meet after a dead person has been buried to drink and talk about the person's life （葬礼前后的）守灵，守夜
[weɪk] noun countable
in the wake of sth
■If something happens in the wake of something else, it happens after and often because of it 作为…的后果；随…之后而来
• Airport security was extra tight in the wake of yesterday's bomb attacks. 昨天的炸弹袭击发生之后，机场安检变得格外严格。
[weɪk] noun countable
leave sth in your wake
■to go somewhere new, leaving problems, confusion, etc. behind you, that you have caused （离开某地）留下（麻烦或一片混乱等）
• The soldiers rampaged through the town centre, leaving chaos in their wake. 士兵们在市中心横冲直撞，留下一片狼藉。
waken, evoke, wake, arouse, awake
这组词都有“唤醒,唤起”的意思，其区别是：
waken: vi.醒来,睡醒(up);觉醒,振奋 vt.唤醒,弄醒;使觉醒;使振奋,激发;激起
evoke: vt.唤起,引起,使人想到
wake: vi.醒来 vt.唤醒,唤起,激起,使认识到 wake (up) to 认识到,意识到
arouse: vt.引起,唤起,激起;唤醒=awaken
awake: adj.[用作表语]醒着的 vt.唤醒,觉醒 vi.醒,觉醒,意识到
waken, rouse, wake, arouse, awake
这组词都有“唤醒、醒来”的意思，其区别是：
waken: 书面用词，常用于被动态和引申意义。
rouse: 较正式用词，用主动语态时，强调弄醒别人的努力，用被动语态时，指轻而易举地醒过来。可用于引申意义。
wake: 普通常用词，指真正的醒来。即可作及物动词也可作不及物动词。
arouse: 除表示一般的唤醒外，多作引申用。
awake: 正式用词，常指觉醒、警惕的状态，也多用于比喻。
vi. 醒来；唤醒；警觉
 - awake, arouse
vt. 叫醒；激发
 - inspire, make someone tick
n. 尾迹；守夜；守丧
 - vigil, night watch

Word: gathering
Front: gathering
[ˈgæðərɪŋ] (六 3999/4936 -2)
Back: n. 聚集; 集会; 采集; 积累
v. （使）聚集( gather的现在分词); 集合; 推断; 了解
分布：聚集(64%)，集会(34%)，动词gather的现在分词.(2%)
US [-ɚ-] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a party or a meeting when many people come together as a group 聚会；集会
• There will be a gathering of world leaders in Vienna next month. 下月世界各国领导人将共聚维也纳。
• a social gathering (= when people meet for pleasure not work) 社交聚会
rally, congress, session, assembly, meeting, gathering, convention, conference, council
这组词都有“会，会议”的意思，其区别是：
rally: 指大规模的群众性政治集会。
congress: 指国会、议会、代表大会等机构，尤指经选举产生的国家立法机构的大会或由这些机构召开的大会，也可指专业人员代表大会。
session: 一般指议会等召开的正式会议。
assembly: 多指一个通常有许多人参加、计划好的，为某一特殊目的而召集的会议。
meeting: 普通用词，词义广泛。指一般性的会议，可用于任何场合。
gathering: 指两人以上的聚会或集会，强调非正式性。
convention: 侧重指某一政党或团体为某一特殊目的而召开的会议；也可指学术团体的年会。
conference: 正式用词，一般指大型会议，如政府工作会议、国际学术交流会议、各国之间的协商、会谈等。
council: 在国际上多指由各国代表参加的政治会议，或常设的政治机构。在国内、地方上，此词多指常设的政务领导机构，如市政委员会等。
n. [涂料] 聚集；集会；收款
 - collection, assembly, clustering, meet
v. [涂料] 聚集（gather的ing形式）
 - aggregating

Word: outstanding
Front: outstanding
[aʊtˈstændɪŋ] (高研四六托 4000/2714 -K3)
Vocabulary: outstanding
(once / 870 pages)
1adj 2adj
Something outstanding stands out for good reasons. Your outstanding presentation captured everyone's attention; unfortunately, so did the tear in the seat of your pants.
An outstanding performance of any kind will impress people, but there's one meaning to outstanding that most of us would rather avoid: that which remains unpaid. Outstanding gift ideas can lead to outstanding debt. Your outstanding mood was ruined when you saw the size of your outstanding credit card balance.
WORD FAMILY
outstanding: outstandingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Last week, a survey for Uswitch suggested that consumers will carry an average outstanding sum of £636 on their credit cards into the New Year.
BBC(Jan 03, 2017)
The last and most common argument against Prescott for MVP—as well as Elliott for MVP—is that outstanding Dallas offensive line.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
This outstanding ability is widely implemented during one of the most neurologically challenging actions people are engaged with on a daily basis: driving.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 杰出的; 显著的; 凸出的; 未完成的
分布：优秀的(55%)，突出的(28%)，未完成的(14%)，未支付的(3%)
→out-,向外，stand,站立。比喻用法。
a.突出的,显著的,杰出的Standing under the outstanding rock I misunderstood his standard standpoint.站在突出的岩石下,我误解了他的标准立场.
adjective
EXCELLENT 优秀的
 IMPROVER
■excellent; clearly very much better than what is usual 优秀的；卓越的；出众的
• an outstanding performance/writer/novel/year 杰出的表现／优秀的作家／出色的小说／不同凡响的一年
• It's an area of outstanding natural beauty. 这地区自然风景极为优美。
[ˌaʊt'stæn.dɪŋ] adjective
NOT FINISHED 未完成的
 ADVANCED
■not yet paid, solved or done 未支付的；未解决的；未完成的
• $450 million in outstanding debts 4.5亿美元的拖欠债款
• There are still a couple of problems outstanding. 还有几个问题未解决。
striking, remarkable, noticeable, outstanding, conspicuous
这组词都有“显著的，引人注意的”的意思，其区别是：
striking: 侧重能给观察者产生强烈而深刻印象。
remarkable: 通常指因有与众不同的特点或优越性而引起人们注意或称道。
noticeable: 指所描绘的事物引人注意。
outstanding: 通常指与同行或同类的人相比显得优秀或杰出，或具有他人或别的事物所没有的特征。
conspicuous: 通常指因成绩卓著，而引人注意，或指因外观奇特、花哨或言行举止不合常规而令人注意。
famous, notorious, eminent, notable, noted, prominent, outstanding
这组词都有“著名的，知名的”的意思，其区别是：
famous: 是普通用词，指传播很广，引起人们注意的人或事物。
notorious: 指因劣迹而臭名昭著，含强烈贬义；但有时也作“众所周知的”解。
eminent: 指在某方面杰出卓越或突出的人或物。
notable: 用于指事件时，侧重其重要、值得注意；用于指人时，与famous同义，但语气较弱。
noted: 多指因成绩卓著而备受注意的专家或权威及其著作，有时含贬义。
prominent: 指出人头地，为公众所熟悉，至少在地方上闻名。
outstanding: 侧重指因素质优良，功绩卓著而超过同类的人或物，强调“突出”。
striking, remarkable, unusual, prominent, outstanding, extraordinary
striking: 引人注意的，饶有兴趣的；（因相貌好）吸引人的，惹人注目的
remarkable: 值得注意的，不寻常的；独特的
unusual: 罕见的，异乎寻常的；独特的，与众不同的
prominent: 凸出的,显著的，惹人注目的,杰出的，重要的
outstanding: 杰出的，优秀的；地位显著的，为人瞩目的，（报酬、工作、问题等）未偿付的，未完成的，未解决的
extraordinary: 不平常的，不普通的，非常的，格外的，；（安排、会议等）特别的，（官员）特命的，特派的
adj. 杰出的；显著的；未解决的； [会计] [经] 未偿付的
 - prominent, excellent, obvious, brilliant, marked

Word: stumble
Front: stumble
[ˈstʌmbl] (研四六托雅 4001/5372 -2)
Vocabulary: stumble
(once / 320 pages)
vn
To stumble means to nearly fall by tripping or missing a step. When you walk over uneven cobblestones, it’s easy to stumble, so please be careful.
While stumble often means to nearly fall, it can also mean to make a misstep of a different kind. If you stumble over your words, you speak in a stuttering confused manner. Politicians make so many public decisions that they're bound to stumble — make a mistake — occasionally. When you stumble on rare mushrooms, i.e. come across them unexpectedly, be sure have the species verified before you eat them.
WORD FAMILY
stumble: stumbled, stumbler, stumbles, stumbling+/stumbler: stumblers
USAGE EXAMPLES
“The stumbling block over and over again is the federal illegality,” he said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
After World War II, the United States stumbled upon a global strategy.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
At one point, he hit a Palm Beach Lakes running back so hard that the player stumbled grotesquely around the field before collapsing.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vi. 跌跌撞撞地走，蹒跚; 结巴; 弄错，失足; 偶然碰见
n. 绊脚，失足; 差错，失误; 过失，失败
时态：stumbled, stumbling, stumbles
分布：绊倒(46%)，蹒跚(26%)，错误(14%)，犯错误(7%)，无意中发现(7%)
n.跌倒,绊倒vi.绊(摔)倒;结结巴巴说I stumbled over a stone and fell.我在石头上绊了一下跌倒了.
【记】s，tumble（v /n 跌倒）－绊脚
verb
WALK 行走
intransitive
■to step awkwardly while walking or running and fall or begin to fall 绊脚；绊倒
• Running along the beach, she stumbled on a log and fell on the sand. 她沿着海滩跑步时绊到一块木头上摔倒了。
• In the final straight Meyers stumbled, and although he didn't fall it was enough to lose him first place. 迈耶斯在最后的直线跑道绊了一下，虽然没有摔倒，但也足以使他丢掉第一的位置。
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to walk in a way which does not seem controlled 跌跌撞撞地走，蹒跚而行
• We could hear her stumbling about/around the bedroom in the dark. 我们可以听到她摸黑在卧室里跌跌撞撞地走动。
• He pulled on his clothes and stumbled into the kitchen. 他披上衣服，摇摇晃晃地走进厨房。
['stʌm.bl] verb
PAUSE 停顿
intransitive
■to make a mistake, such as repeating something or pausing for too long, while speaking or playing a piece of music 犯错；结结巴巴地说，支吾；不顺畅地演奏
• When the poet stumbled over a line in the middle of a poem, someone in the audience corrected him. 诗人在朗诵一首诗的过程中念错了一句，听众中有人纠正了他。
['stʌm.bl] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  stumble across/on/upon sth/sb
■to discover something by chance, or to meet someone by chance 偶然发现；撞见；邂逅
• Workmen stumbled upon the mosaic while digging foundations for a new building. 工人在挖一栋新楼的地基时，偶然发现了那幅镶嵌画。
vi. 踌躇，蹒跚；失足；犯错
 - hesitate, stand at
vt. 使…困惑；使…绊倒
 - puzzle, baffle
n. 绊倒；蹒跚而行
 - trip

Word: lonely
Front: lonely
[ˈləʊnli] (中高研四六 4002/3842 -K3)
Vocabulary: lonely
(once / 139 pages)
adj
There are a few definitions of lonely but they all share the same qualities: solitude, the absence of human company, and not a lot of exciting stuff going on.
If being alone makes you sad, that’s one definition of lonely: the depressing feeling you get when no one else is around. Being alone doesn’t have to be a bummer, and sometimes lonely simply means preferring to be by yourself, like the lonely poet who takes long walks in the woods. Mars is a lonely planet because no life can survive there, and on a cross country trip you’ll drive down many long and lonely roads.
WORD FAMILY
lonely: lonelier, loneliest, lonelily, loneliness +/ loneliness: lonelinesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
People are either concealed in shadow or seen at some distance, as lonely silhouettes in a big, uncaring land.
The New Yorker(Jan 02, 2017)
Britain’s vote to leave the EU was the grand finale of a 25-year campaign by a lonely sect of true believers.
The Guardian(Dec 26, 2016)
It’s a lonely experience in the dressing room.
Washington Post(Dec 23, 2016)
Back: adj. 孤独的，孤单的; 寂寞的; 荒凉的，幽静的; 在孤单中度过的
级别：lonelier, loneliest
分布：荒凉的(100%)
a.孤独的,寂寞的;荒凉的,人迹稀少的Once none of you is here, the man in throne will live alone in the lonely zone.一旦你们没有人在此,王位上的人就要孤独地生活在这个孤寂的地带.
US ['loʊn-] adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■unhappy because you are not with other people 孤独的，寂寞的
• She gets lonely now that all the kids have left home. 现在孩子们都离开了家，她感到有些孤独。
• the lonely life of a farmer 农夫寂寞的生活
 IMPROVER
■A lonely place is a long way from where people live 孤独的，孤零零的，远离人群的
• a lonely stretch of Arizona highway 亚利桑那一段荒凉的公路
UK ['ləʊn.li] US ['loʊn-] adjective
lonely hearts (also lonely hearts club/column, etc.)
■a place or section of a magazine etc. for people who would like to make new friends or meet a sexual partner 知音俱乐部；（杂志的）交友专栏
lonely, laone, desolate, lone, solitary
这些形容词均有“孤单的，寂寞的”之意。
lonely: 强调孤独感，含“渴望和他人在一起”的意味。
alone: 普通用词，指独自一人的状态，有时含孤寂之意。
desolate: 语气强烈，强调遭受损失和失去亲人所带来的难以忍受的痛苦。
lone: 较文雅，可与lonely换用。
solitary: 可指因被遗忘或遗弃而产生的孤独感，也可指人的生性孤僻。
solitary, desolate, lone, alone, lonely
这组词都有“孤单的，寂寞的”的意思，其区别是：
solitary: 可指因被遗忘或遗弃而产生的孤独感，也可指人的生性孤僻。
desolate: 语气强烈，强调遭受损失和失去亲人所带来的难以忍受的痛苦。
lone: 较文雅，可与lonely换用。
alone: 普通用词，指独自一人的状态，有时含孤寂之意。
lonely: 强调孤独感，含“渴望和他人在一起”的意味。
only, lonely, alone
only: 与alone均可表“只有”，但alone须置于被修饰词之后，only往往置于被修饰词前。如：He alone (Only he) can remember the story. (只有他才能记起这段经历。)
lonely: 表“孤独”，“寂寞”，能作定语和表语。如：When she is left alone, she feels lonely. (剩下她一人时她就感到寂寞。)
alone: 只表“独自”的客观状态，没有感情色彩，只作表语；
solitary, desolate, lonely, alone, lonesome
solitary: 独居的，独自的
desolate: 指某地无人烟的，荒凉的
lonely: 偏重一种主观感受上的“寂寞” lonely和solitary可用以形容很少有人到的偏僻地方。
alone: 和solitary都用以形容一人或一事物与他人或他事物相分离，二者形容的人可能是其本人愿意如此，这两个词并无不愉快的含义。
lonesome: 孤独的 lonely和lonesome指并非本人愿意如此，含有不愉快之意。
adj. 寂寞的；偏僻的
 - remote, doleful

Word: automobile
Front: automobile
[ˈɔ:təməbi:l] (四六雅 4005/11452 -2)
Vocabulary: automobile
(once / 341 pages)
nv
An automobile is a car: a vehicle with four wheels and an internal combustion engine. The automobile is one of the most common ways to travel.
Thanks in part to Henry Ford, automobiles are just about everywhere: in cities, small towns, and even in rural areas, where it's too far to walk from place to place and there's very little public transportation. Trucks, vans, buses, and limousines are bigger than the typical automobile, but they’re automobiles, too. A motorcycle isn't an automobile because it only has two wheels. Automobiles are good for getting around, but they also cause pollution and automobile accidents.
WORD FAMILY
automobile: automobiled, automobiles, automobiling, automobilist+/automobilist: automobilists
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Swiss use it in shops, restaurants and for train travel, he said, and “it is also widely used for automobile purchases and in agriculture.”
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
In Utah, alcohol is not a major cause of fatal automobile crashes.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
He died 14 years to the day of his son’s death in a 2002 automobile crash.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. <美>汽车
v. 开汽车，坐汽车
分布：汽车(93%)，汽车的(7%)
→前缀auto-, 自己的。mobile, 移动的。
汽车(auto自己+mobile动→自己动的[车]→汽车)[mob=move,表示"动"]
汽车(auto自己+mob动+ile)[-ile 1.表形容词"…的"2.表名词"物体"]
US ['ɑ:.tˌə.moʊ-] US
noun countable
■a car 汽车
• the automobile industry 汽车工业
car, bus, truck, lorry, coach, automobile, jeep, carriage, waggon
这些名词都与“车”有关。
car: 多指乘坐人的小汽车或轿车。
bus: 一般指公共汽车或大型客车。
truck: 与lorry同义，都指卡车或货车，前者为美国用词，后者用于英国。
coach: 原义指四轮马车，现指轿式汽车，长途公共汽车，还可指火车设有卧铺的车厢。
automobile: 是汽车的总称。
jeep: 吉普车，指一种小型轻便、适合在崎岖路面或野外使用的车子。
carriage: 指马车，两匹或两匹以上马拉的四轮马。
waggon: 指四轮运货马车或牛车，也指铁路的无盖货车。
n. [车辆] 汽车
 - car, motor

Word: artificial
Front: artificial
[ˌɑ:tɪˈfɪʃl] (高研四六托雅宝 4003/3499 -K2)
Vocabulary: artificial
(once / 279 pages)
adj
From fake flowers to faux food flavors, our world is full of things that are artificial –- that is, produced by humans rather than by nature.
While artificial can simply mean “made by humans,” it’s often used in a negative sense, conveying the idea that an artificial product is inferior to the real thing. If you remark that your friend’s new hair color looks artificial, for example, you’re not paying her a compliment. Artificial can also describe a behavior or expression that seems insincere — much like the smile on your girlfriend’s face if you bring her artificial flowers instead of real ones.
WORD FAMILY
artificial: artificialest, artificiality, artificially+/artificiality: artificialities
USAGE EXAMPLES
“It is clear that the people do not think that the creation of artificial islands should be a priority,” he said.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
“Back in 2014 when everybody was just talking about automotive, artificial intelligence, virtual reality, they were very busy reshaping their product areas.”
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
This is particularly true when talking about artificial intelligence systems.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 人造的; 人工的; 虚假的，非原产地的; 人为的
n. 人造肥料; <美>假花
分布：人造的(68%)，虚伪的(16%)，武断的(16%)
人工的;矫揉造作的(artifice技巧＋ial→用技巧做出的→人工的)[art=skill,joint,trick,表示"技巧,关节,诡计"]
a.人工的,人造的,人为的;虚伪的,做作的With rhythm, the arithmetic teacher put the artist's artificial articles on the vehicle.算术老师把艺术家的人造物品有节奏地放到运载工具里.
【记】art艺术家，ficial读：踢飞手。艺术家踢飞手。艺术家不光胡子是假的。有一次，我亲眼看见一个舞蹈艺术家表演的时候，没小心，把自己的手给踢飞了，开始表演棒操！不知道艺术家们还有那里是人造的，假的。
US [ˌɑ:r.tˌɪ-] adjective
 IMPROVER
■made by people, often as a copy of something natural 人造的，人工的；仿造的
• clothes made of artificial fibres 人造纤维质地的服装
• an artificial heart 人造心脏
• an artificial lake 人工湖
• artificial fur/sweeteners/flowers 人造毛皮／人造甜味剂／假花
■disapproving
■not sincere 虚假的，不真诚的；矫揉造作的
• Their cheerfulness seemed rather strained and artificial. 他们的高兴表情看上去非常造作虚伪。
synthetic, false, artificial, man-made
这组词都有“人造的，非自然的”的意思，其区别是：
synthetic: 与artificial近义，但前者强调通过化学作用或化学处理把几种物质复制成与原材料截然不同的新产品。
false: 指因缺失而补上的替代物，有时也指伪装的。
artificial: 指模仿天然材料由人工制造的东西，侧重真伪对比。
man-made: 指完全用人工制造，不含仿造和真伪对比的意味。
adj. 人造的； [自] 仿造的；虚伪的；非原产地的；武断的
 - synthetic, false, simulated, arbitrary

Word: dawn
Front: dawn
[dɔ:n] (高研四六托雅 4004/4374 -2)
Vocabulary: dawn
(once / 126 pages)
nv
The noun dawn refers to the first light of day, or the first time period, like the dawn of a new era, which occurs when a new president takes office.
Not just the beginning of a day, the noun dawn can refer to any beginning, like the dawn of the Internet era. As a verb, dawn can mean "become light" or "become clear," like when it dawns on you that you left an important paper at home today. In that case, you can suddenly see what you did wrong, like at the dawn of a new day, when it is no longer dark and you can see, literally.
WORD FAMILY
dawn: dawned, dawning, dawns+/dawning: dawnings
USAGE EXAMPLES
On New Year’s Eve, anything with feathers and a pulse was counted by about 200 birders from dawn until almost dusk.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Decius, the faceless blogger, is hoping instead that Trump’s Presidency will mark the dawn of a new kind of conservative movement.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
At dawn now, it will be high in the south.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 黎明，拂晓; 开端; 醒悟
vi. 破晓，（天）刚亮; 开始出现; 变得明朗
vt. （开始）被理解，被领悟; 被看清，被想到
时态：dawned, dawning, dawns
分布：黎明(61%)，破晓(18%)，曙光(12%)，开端(6%)，开始出现(2%)，逐渐明白(1%)
→来自dhegwh, 燃烧，发光，词源同day, yesterday. 引申义曙光，黎明。
n.黎明,拂晓v.破晓;开始现出At the dawn on the lawn the yawning drowned man began to frown.拂晓时在草坪上,打呵欠的溺水者开始皱眉头.
US [dɑ:n] noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■the period in the day when light from the sun begins to appear in the sky 拂晓，破晓，黎明
• We woke at dawn. 天一亮我们就醒了。
• We left as dawn was breaking (= starting). 我们离开时天将破晓。
• We left at the break of dawn. 我们是在天刚破晓时离开的。
• Twenty-three people were arrested and large quantities of heroin were seized in a dawn raid (= when police officers suddenly enter a building, in an attempt to catch people involved in illegal activities). 在一次清晨突袭行动中，警方逮捕了23人，并没收了大量的海洛因。
the dawn of sth literary
■the start of a period of time or the beginning of something new …的开始；…的曙光
• The fall of the Berlin Wall marked the dawn of a new era in European history. 柏林墙的倒塌标志着欧洲历史上一个新纪元的开始。
from dawn to dusk
■from early morning until night 从早到晚
• We worked from dawn to dusk, seven days a week. 我们从早到晚地工作，一周七天都是如此。
UK [dɔ:n] US [dɑ:n] verb intransitive
BEGIN 开始
■If a day or period of time dawns, it begins 破晓；开始
• He left the house just as the day was dawning. 天将破晓时他离开了那座房子。
• As 1990 dawned, few people could have predicted the dramatic changes that were to take place in eastern Europe during that year. 1990年到来之时，几乎没人能预见到在那一年里东欧将发生剧烈的变化。
UK [dɔ:n] US [dɑ:n] verb intransitive
BECOME KNOWN 为人所知
■to become known or obvious 见分晓，水落石出；变得明朗
• Gradually the truth about him dawned. 他的真实面目渐渐暴露了出来。
• [+ that] It eventually dawned that he wouldn't be coming back. 最终证明他不会回来了。
UK [dɔ:n] US [dɑ:n] verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  dawn on sb
■If a fact dawns on you, you understand it after a period of not understanding it 使（某人）明白，使（某人）意识到
• [+ that] I was about to pay for the shopping when it suddenly dawned on me that I'd left my cheque book at home. 我买完东西要付钱时，才突然发现我把支票簿留在家里了。
dawn, twilight, dusk
这组词都有“黎明，黄昏”的意思，其区别是：
dawn: 指天刚亮时的黎明，可作引申用。
twilight: 指日落后或日出前的微明，但通常侧重于前者。
dusk: 指接近夜晚的黄昏时刻。
n. [天] 黎明；开端
 - morning, origin
vt. 破晓；出现；被领悟
 - come out, break of day

Word: abstract
Front: abstract
[ˈæbstrækt] (高研四六托雅宝 4007/3729 -2)
Vocabulary: abstract
(once / 249 pages)
1adjvn 2nv 3v
Use the adjective abstract for something that is not a material object or is general and not based on specific examples.
Abstract is from a Latin word meaning "pulled away, detached," and the basic idea is of something detached from physical, or concrete, reality. It is frequently used of ideas, meaning that they don't have a clear applicability to real life, and of art, meaning that it doesn't pictorially represent reality. It is also used as a noun, especially in the phrase "in the abstract" (a joke has a person laying down a new sidewalk saying "I like little boys in the abstract, but not in the concrete"), and as a verb (accented on the second syllable), meaning "to remove."
WORD FAMILY
abstract: abstracted, abstracter, abstracting, abstraction, abstractive, abstractly, abstractness, abstractor, abstracts, semiabstract+/abstracted: abstractedly, abstractedness/ abstraction: abstractionism, abstractions, semi-abstraction/abstractionism: abstractionist/abstractionist: abstractionists/abstractive: abstractively/abstractor: abstractors
USAGE EXAMPLES
Movements are born in the moments when abstract principles become concrete concerns.
The New Yorker(Dec 31, 2016)
From then on, slightly abstract, sometimes surreal touches are added to this realistic backdrop.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
There also are small abstract paintings — and lots of gold leaf, symbolic of divinity in many cultures.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 抽象的，理论上的; 难解的; 抽象派的; 茫然的
n. 抽象概念; 抽象派艺术作品; 摘要; [化]萃取物
vt. 提取，分离; 转移（注意等）; 概括，摘录; <婉辞>剽窃
时态：abstracted, abstracting, abstracts
→前缀abs-为ab-变体，离开。词根tract,拉，见attract，吸引。
抽象的;心不在焉的(abs+tract拉→被拉开→心不在焉)[ab-,abs-加在词根前,表示"相反,变坏,离去"等]
抽出a.抽象的(abs离开+tract→拉出,抽出)[tract=draw,表示"拉,拖"]
a.抽象的n.摘要,梗概vt.提取;摘录要点The distracted reader can't be absorbed in the abstract extract.心神纷乱的读者无法专心于抽象的节录.
【参】intractable（adj 倔强的）；contract（n 合同，v 收缩）
【反】elaborate（adj 详细阐述的）
adjective
GENERAL 笼统的
 ADVANCED
■existing as an idea, feeling or quality, not as a material object 抽象的；纯理论的，纯概念的
• Truth and beauty are abstract concepts. 真和美都是抽象的概念。
 ADVANCED
■describes an argument or discussion that is general and not based on particular examples （辩论或讨论）抽象的，空泛的，空洞的
• This debate is becoming too abstract - let's have some hard facts! 这场辩论变得太空洞了——拿出一些具体的事实根据来吧！
the abstract
 ADVANCED
■general ideas 抽象概念；理论
• I have difficulty dealing with the abstract - let's discuss particular cases. 我难以理解抽象概念，我们讨论一些具体的事例吧。
• So far we've only discussed the question in the abstract (= without referring to any real examples). 目前我们只是笼统地讨论过这个问题。
['æb.strækt] adjective
ART 艺术
■describes a type of painting, drawing or sculpture which tries to represent the real or imagined qualities of objects or people by using shapes, lines and colour, and does not try to show their outer appearance as it would be seen in a photograph 抽象（派）的
• abstract art 抽象艺术
• an abstract painter 抽象派画家
['æb.strækt] noun countable
SHORT DOCUMENT 简短文献
■a shortened form of a speech, article, book, etc., giving only the most important facts or ideas 摘要；梗概；概要
• There is a section at the end of the magazine which includes abstracts of recent articles/books. 杂志的最后一部分收录了近期发表的文章／出版的书籍的摘要。
['æb.strækt] noun countable
ART 艺术
■a painting which represents the qualities of something, not its outer appearance 抽象画；抽象派艺术作品
abstract, summary, resume, digest, outline
这组词都有“摘要、概要、概括”的意思，其区别是：
abstract: 指论文、书籍等正文前的内容摘要，尤指学术论文或法律文件的研究提要。
summary: 普通用词，指将书籍或文章等的内容，用寥寥数语作简明扼要的说明。
resume: 源于洁语，与summary极相近，通常可互换使用。
digest: 侧重对原文融汇贯通，重新谋篇布局，以简明扼要的语言，简短篇幅成文，展现原作精华。
outline: 指配以释议文字的提纲。
abstract, subtract, contract, attract
abstract: vt 抽取；
subtract: vt 减去
contract: vt 使缩小（招致，染上（疾病等））；
attract: vt 吸引；
n. [图情] 摘要；抽象；抽象的概念
 - brief, summary, resume
adj. 抽象的；深奥的
 - deep, nonobjective
vt. [图情] 摘要；提取；使……抽象化
 - extract, brief

Word: descend
Front: descend
[dɪˈsend] (研四六托雅宝 4006/3971 -2)
Vocabulary: descend
(once / 82 pages)
v
In its simplest sense, descend means to go or move downward, but there are a couple of subtle variations on this theme. Yes, a bird can descend from the sky, but also, humans are descended from prehistoric ancestors.
If you've ever heard a pilot say "prepare for our descent", then you know that only one letter separates the noun descent from the verb descend. They both derive from the same Latin components de, meaning "down," and scandere, "to climb." Similarly, if someone condescends to you, they are said, derogatorily, to be coming down to your level. All Americans are descended from peoples from other continents, such as Europe, Africa, and Asia. We've all "come down" from our ancestors.
WORD FAMILY
descend: descendant, descended, descendent, descender, descending, descends+/ descendant: descendants/descended: undescended/descendent: descendents/descender: descenders/descending: descendingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Just minutes into the cocktail reception, a few of Ms. Kerr’s best friends descended upon her.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Officials believe as many a million people will descend upon Times Square to bring in the New Year.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
And when one or more of us gets ill, it quickly descends into near-farcical scenes of horror.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: v. 下来，下降 ; 下斜; 降临; 突然造访
时态：descended, descending, descends
分布：下降(61%)，降临(15%)，遗传(9%)，突然袭击(7%)，传下来(5%)，突然拜访(3%)
→de-, 向下。-scend, 爬，上升，词源同ascend, scan.即爬下，下降。
下降;传下(de向下+scend→向下爬)[scend,scens,scent=climb,表示"爬,攀"]
v.下来,下降;遗传(指财产,气质,权利)He descended from a royal family.他出身贵族.
【记】de下，scend爬－向下爬－下降；参：ascend（v 上升）
verb
POSITION 位置
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive formal
■to go or come down 下降；走下；降下
• The path descended steeply into the valley. 这条路很陡，一直通到山谷。
• Jane descended the stairs. 简走下了楼梯。
intransitive literary
■If darkness or night descends, it becomes dark and day changes to night. （暮色）降临；（天幕）落下
[dɪ'send] verb
NEGATIVE MOOD 负面情绪
intransitive literary
■If a negative or bad feeling descends, it is felt everywhere in a place or by everyone at the same time （坏心情）遍布
• A feeling of despair descended (on us) as we realized that we were lost. 当我们发现自己迷了路的时候，一种绝望的情绪（在我们之间）弥漫开来。
intransitive literary
■If a condition, usually a negative condition, descends, it quickly develops in every part of a place 笼罩
• Silence descended on the room/ over the countryside. 寂静笼罩着房间／田野。
[dɪ'send] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  descend from sth
■to have developed from something that existed in the past 从…发展演变而来
• All living creatures are thought to descend from an organism that came into being three billion years ago. 据说所有生物都是从30亿年前出现的一种有机体演变而来的。
be descended from sb
■to be related to a particular person or group of people who lived in the past 从…繁衍而来；是…的后代
• Her father is descended from Greek royalty. 她的父亲是希腊皇室的后代。
• Humans are descended from (= developed from) ape-like creatures. 人类是从类人猿进化而来的。
[dɪ'send] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  descend into sth formal
■If a situation descends into a particular state, it becomes worse 陷入
• The demonstrations in the capital rapidly descended into anarchy. 首都的游行示威活动迅速陷入一种无政府状态。
[dɪ'send] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  descend on/upon sb/sth
■If a group of people descend on a place or person, they arrive, usually without warning or without being invited 突然造访，突然到达
• Sorry to descend on you like this, but we had no time to phone. 如此唐突造访非常抱歉，我们实在没来得及事先给你打电话。
• The police descended on the house in the early hours of the morning. 凌晨员警突然闯进那所房子。
[dɪ'send] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  descend to sth
■to behave badly in a way that other people would not expect you to 堕落成为，堕落到
• I never thought she would descend to stealing. 我从来没想到她会堕落到行窃的地步。
drop, fall, sink, descend
这组词都有“落下，下降”的意思，其区别是：
drop: 指物体从一定高度落下。
fall: 与drop同义，指突然或猛烈地降落，但fall也可指任何下落，同高度或形式无关。
sink: 指在空气或水中垂直下降、下沉。
descend: 通常指沿斜线或斜坡下降。
vi. 下降；下去；下来；遗传；屈尊
 - decline, go down

Word: silly
Front: silly
[ˈsɪli] (中高研四六托 4009/2789 -K2)
Vocabulary: silly
(once / 240 pages)
adjn
Silly describes something that can't be taken seriously. You might not mind telling silly jokes, but you don't want to be told a project you've worked hard at is silly.
Silly originally meant “happy,” which gives the sense of children's games or harmless jokes. Later, it came to mean “foolish”: silly ideas are looked down on because they're not very smart. Silly can also mean a state of foolishness brought on in a specific way. Your mother “worried herself silly” when you stayed out late, and promised to “slap you silly” when you got home.
WORD FAMILY
silly: sillier, sillies, silliest, sillily, silliness+/silliness: sillinesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
“If we answered those every time, it would be silly.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
One lighter side to the job, though, is the silly calls the three say they’ve answered over the years.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Suddenly Depressed: I don’t think this is silly at all, and I also believe it’s more common than you may realize.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 蠢的; 糊涂的; 不明事理的; 没头脑的
n. （常用于向孩子指出其愚蠢行为）傻孩子，淘气鬼; 傻子，蠢货
级别：sillier, silliest
分布：愚蠢的(81%)，可笑的(12%)，傻孩子(5%)，琐屑的(1%)，犯晕的(1%)
→来自古英语 saelig,高兴的，愉悦的，无忧无虑的，来自 Proto-Germanic*seligaz,高兴的，来自 sel,高兴的，词源同 solace,console.后词义由高兴的，无忧无虑的引申为傻里傻气的，愚 蠢的。词义演变比较 nice,好的，原义为无知的。
a.傻的,糊涂的,愚蠢的The silly spilled the milk on the silver silk.傻子把牛奶溅到银白色的丝绸上.
adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■showing little thought or judgment; foolish 愚蠢的，傻的
• Don't do that, you silly boy! 不要那么做，你这个傻小子！
• a silly mistake 愚蠢的错误
• It was silly of you to go out in the sun without a hat. 你不戴帽子就顶着太阳出门真是太傻了。
• I feel silly (= embarrassed) in this dress. 穿这条裙子让我感觉很蠢。
['sɪl.i] adjective
drink/laugh, etc. yourself silly
■to drink/laugh, etc. so much that you are unable to think clearly or behave with good judgment 喝得烂醉／笑糊涂了
• I laughed myself silly at his jokes. 他的笑话让我笑糊涂了。
['sɪl.i] adjective
silly billy informal
■a silly person, especially a child 傻瓜（尤指孩子）
• You're being a silly billy, now stop it. 你在做傻事啊，快停下来。
silly, dull, simple, stupid, foolish
这组词都有“愚蠢的，笨的，傻的”的意思，其区别是：
silly: 口语用词，可和foolish互换，但语气稍强。侧重指人的言行不合常规或不理智，强调单纯、低能和糊涂。
dull: 指对问题理解迟钝，缺乏灵敏机智头脑，可能是先下智力低下，也可能因疲倦或健康不佳所致。
simple: 强调头脑简单或缺少智慧。
stupid: 多指人或行为的愚蠢，尤指先天智能低下，或因某种原因失去正常的反应或感觉。有时也可与silly和foolish换用，但语气强，常含贬义。
foolish: 一般指人的无头脑、愚蠢，或缺乏常识与判断力，或指行动的愚蠢可笑。
ridiculous, silly, absurd
这组词都有“愚蠢，可笑”的意思，其区别是：
ridiculous: a.荒唐可笑的，指因为愚昧无知而令人发笑并成为笑柄，含有蔑视成分。
 • It is ridiculous to judge a foreign culture only by its food.   仅仅根据一个国家的饮食来评价该国家的文化是荒唐可笑的。
silly: a.愚蠢的，傻的，指由于单纯或者头脑简单而显得愚蠢。
 • a silly little boy   傻小子
absurd: a.荒谬的，可笑的，指因不符合常识、违反真理或不合逻辑而令人发笑。
 • There was an absurd idea that the earth was flat and motionless.   过去曾经有一种荒谬的观点认为地球呈扁平状而且静止不动。
adj. 愚蠢的
 - foolish, stupid, mad, doltish, insipient
n. 傻瓜
 - stupid, fool, donkey, gump, aleck

Word: hook
Front: hook
[hʊk] (高研四六托 3791/4337 -K3)
Vocabulary: hook
(once / 245 pages)
1nv 2nv 3nv 4v
A hook is a curved piece of metal or other hard material that's used or pulling or holding something. A tow truck is equipped with a large hook to pull cars, and the fictional Captain Hook came equipped with an iron hook to pull off dastardly deeds.
There are coat hooks in a classroom, picture hooks on the your walls, and fishhooks for catching trout in a lake. You might have a hook and eye lock on your bedroom door, or enjoy crocheting scarves with yarn and a crochet hook. To catch a fish or a loop of yarn is to hook it. In boxing, a curving, bent-elbow punch is a hook. and in basketball a hook shot is a high, one-handed, sweeping play.
WORD FAMILY
hook: hooked, hooker, hooking, hooklike, hooks, unhook+/hooker: hookers/hooking: hookings/unhook: unhooked, unhooking, unhooks
USAGE EXAMPLES
But the BBL prides itself on the outreach work it does, and Lyons says as soon as they can connect with people, they get hooked.
BBC(Dec 01, 2016)
In October, Rayaan was hooked up to an IV drip and given nutritional supplements and medicine.
Washington Post(Nov 30, 2016)
“They bought everything he said hook, line and sinker,” she said.
New York Times(Nov 30, 2016)
Back: n. 钩，铁钩; 弯曲部分，有钩部分; 圈套，陷阱; 〈俚〉锚
vt. &vi. 用钩挂; 〈俚〉偷，扒
vt. 钩，钩住; 引上钩; 牢牢抓住
vi. 弯成钩状
时态：hooked, hooking, hooks
分布：钩(91%)，钩住(5%)，勾拳(2%)，钩状物(1%)，当妓女(1%)
→来自古英语hoc,钩子，来自keg,钩子，齿，词源同hack,haggle.引申词义鱼钩，挂钩等。
n.钩,吊钩,钩状物v.钩住By the crook, the cook looked through a cookbook before making hooked cookies.在溪边,厨子在做钩形饼干之前查阅了一本食谱.
noun countable
DEVICE 装置
 ADVANCED
■a curved device used for catching or holding things, especially one fixed to a surface for hanging things on 钩子，挂钩
• a coat/picture hook 挂衣钩／挂画的钩子
• a boat hook 船竿
• a fish hook 鱼钩
[hʊk] noun countable
HIT 击打
■a way of hitting in boxing , cricket or golf （拳击的）勾拳；（板球或高尔夫球中右手持板或棒者击出的）左曲球
• a right/left hook 右／左勾拳
• a hook shot 单手勾射投篮
[hʊk] noun countable
by hook or by crook
■by any method possible 不择手段，千方百计
• I decided I was going to get that job by hook or by crook. 我下定决心无论如何都要得到那份工作。
[hʊk] noun countable
fall for sth hook , line and sinker
■to completely believe something that someone tells you which is not true 完全相信（某人的谎言）
• She told him she needed the money for her baby and he fell for it hook, line and sinker. 她告诉他，她需要这笔钱给她的孩子用，他便完全相信了。
[hʊk] noun countable
get your hooks into sb/sth
■to get control or influence over someone or something 获得对…的掌控；对…产生影响
• This product has really got its hooks into the American market. 这种产品已经主导了美国市场。
[hʊk] noun countable
off the hook
■If you leave the telephone off the hook, you do not put the part of it that you talk with back correctly and it will not ring. （电话听筒）未挂上
■If you are off the hook, you have escaped from a difficult situation 脱离困境，脱身
• John's agreed to go to the meeting in my place so that gets/lets me off the hook. 约翰答应帮我去开会，这样我就能脱身了。
[hʊk] verb
DEVICE 装置
transitive
■to fasten something with a hook, hang something on a hook, or catch something with a hook （用钩子）固定，挂，钩住
• He hooked the trailer (= joined it with a hook) to his car. 他把拖车挂在自己的汽车上。
• How many salmon did you hook (= catch) this afternoon? 今天下午你钓到了多少鲑鱼？
• She hooked the shoe (= lifted it with a hook) out of the water. 她用钩子将鞋钩出了水面。
[hʊk] verb
SEX 性
intransitive US informal
■to have sex for money 卖淫
[hʊk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  hook (sb/sth) up to sth
■to connect a machine to a power supply or to another machine, or to connect a person to a piece of medical equipment 给（机器）接（电源）；连接（两台机器）；将（医疗器械）接到（某人）身上
• Can we hook up to the electricity supply at the campsite? 我们的露营地能接电吗？
• Helen was unconscious and hooked up to a life support machine. 海伦不省人事，于是就给她接上一台生命维持系统。
n. 挂钩， [机] 吊钩
 - towing eye, drawhook
vt. 钩住； [口腔] 引上钩
 - hitch

Word: tide
Front: tide
[taɪd] (研四六托雅 4010/3284 -3)
Vocabulary: tide
(once / 117 pages)
nv
The tide is the daily rise and fall of the sea level. You can count on the regular changing patterns of the tide, unless of course a tsunami is headed your way.
In a figurative sense, tide can mean a rising swell of support or unified feeling about a certain opinion or topic. So you may surf at high tide but also enjoy the rising tide of enthusiasm about surfing. If there is a wave of anything — immigration, inflation, terror — it can be referred to as a tide. No surfboards can navigate those tricky waves.
WORD FAMILY
tide: tidal, tided, tides, tiding, undertide+/tidal: intertidal/tiding: tidings /undertide: undertides
USAGE EXAMPLES
As always, the Crimson Tide program exudes an air of quiet determination and poise.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Lewis’ 10 topped the Crimson Tide, who were held to their smallest point total of the season.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The Tide is still seeking its fifth national title in eight years, not a runner-up finish.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 潮汐; 潮流，趋势; 时机; 时期，季节
vt. 顺应潮水航行; 使随潮水漂行
时态：tided, tiding, tides
分布：潮水(36%)，潮流(21%)，潮汐(17%)，渡过(15%)，趋势(11%)
→来自古英语 tid,一段时间，时期，时节，来自 Proto-Germanic*tidiz,一段时间，来自 di-ti, 分开，切分，扩大格于 da-,分开，切开，词源同 time,deal.后用于指潮汐，潮水，因潮涨 潮落的规律而引申该词义。
n.潮,潮汐;潮流,趋势The tides slide on the tidy wide beach and collide each other.海潮在整洁宽阔的海滩上滑行并相互碰撞.
noun
SEA 海洋
 ADVANCED countable
■the rise and fall of the sea that happens twice every day 潮汐；潮水
• high/low tide 高／低潮
• The tide is out/in. 潮退了／涨了。
[taɪd] noun
CHANGE 变化
only singular literary
■a noticeable change in a situation or increase in a particular type of behaviour 潮流，趋势
• We must look for ways of stemming (= stopping) the rising tide of protest. 我们必须想办法阻止日益高涨的抗议活动。
[taɪd] noun
go/swim against the tide
■to not follow what everyone else is doing 逆潮流，反潮流
[taɪd] noun
go/swim with the tide
■to follow what everyone else is doing 赶潮流；随大流
• I thought I'd just swim with the tide and leave when everyone else does. 我想我会随大流，像别人一样离开。
[taɪd] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  tide sb over (sth)
■to help someone to work or operate normally through a difficult period, usually by lending them money 使（某人）渡过难关，使（某人）捱过困难时期
• Can you lend me some money to tide me over till the weekend? 你能借些钱帮我撑到周末吗？
• Have another piece of cake. It'll tide you over till supper. 再吃块蛋糕吧，这样你就可以忍到吃晚饭的时间了。
n. 趋势， [海洋] 潮流；潮汐
 - tendency, direction, trend, stream, set

Word: shared
Front: shared
[ʃeəd] (4011/4327)
Vocabulary: shared
(once / 281 pages)
adj
Shared describes something you have in common with another person. You can describe the people both you and your sister know well as your shared friends.
Things that are shared are mutual — or jointly owned. A shared car is used by more than one person, all of whom can drive it and are responsible for buying gas and paying for insurance. If you sit at a big, shared table in a restaurant, you'll probably be seated next to people you don't know. Shared has an Old English origin, the word scearu, or "division, part into which something is divided," from a Germanic root word.
WORD FAMILY
shared: unshared+/ share: shared, shareed, sharer, shares, sharing /sharer: sharers/ sharing: sharings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Fliers there and elsewhere shared photos and videos of the long lines and the delays they faced.
New York Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Miss Cartwright shared her many memories of working with Danny Thomas, “The Sound of Music” and “Lost in Space.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
When we win, there is shared pride and a communal awareness that we are part of a unique fellowship.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 共享的，共用的
分布：共享的(93%)，共用的(7%)
US [ʃerd] adjective
■owned, divided, felt or experienced by more than one person 分享的；共有的；共同的
• The company is in shared ownership. 这家公司是由多人共同拥有的。
• She and her husband have many shared interests. 她和她丈夫有许多共同的兴趣。
• We talked about our shared experiences of India. 我们谈论著我们在印度的共同经历。
n. 共享
 - communion

Word: hopefully
Front: hopefully
[ˈhəʊpfəli] (4012/3650 -2)
Back: adv. 有希望地; 有前途地; 抱有希望地
分布：但愿(80%)，怀着希望地(20%)
US ['hoʊp-] adverb
 IMPROVER
■used, often at the start of a sentence, to express what you would like to happen （常用于句首）但愿，真希望
• Hopefully it won't rain. 但愿老天不会下雨。
• Hopefully we'll be in Norwich by early evening. 但愿我们在傍晚时分能到达诺里奇。
 IMPROVER
■in a hopeful way 满怀希望地
• "Do you have a cigarette?" he asked hopefully. ｢你有香烟吗？｣他满怀希望地问道。

Word: readily
Front: readily
[ˈredɪli] (研四六托雅宝 4013/2847 -2)
Vocabulary: readily
(once / 189 pages)
1adv 2adv
Anything happening readily is happening without difficulty. A great party has cupcakes that are readily available. A great host will readily admit when it’s time to put more on the table.
Things happening readily are easy and accessible. If you readily admit that you love cupcakes, you’ll tell anyone who asks. A readily available product is easily available to just about everyone. Thanks to the Internet, pictures of cats wearing funny outfits are readily available. This word can also apply to things that happen quickly. When a party is over, good guests readily get their coats and leave.
WORD FAMILY
ready: readied, readier, readies, readiest, readily, readiness, readying, unready+/unready: unreadily
USAGE EXAMPLES
The attorney general advises not to trust your caller ID phone feature because technology is readily available to create a fake sender name and number.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The state readily accepted the land, though it was deemed too small to be a Florida park.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The squash is ready when it is readily pierced with a paring knife.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adv. 乐意地; 快捷地; 轻而易举地; 便利地
分布：乐意地(43%)，容易地(23%)，迅速地(17%)，欣然(17%)
ad.容易地;乐意地,欣然地The reader already readily spread the thread on the ready-made bread.那位读者已经欣然将丝线铺散在现成的面包上.
adverb
 ADVANCED
■quickly, immediately, willingly or without any problem 迅速地；心甘情愿地；轻而易举地
• He readily agreed to help. 他乐意帮忙。
• Larger sizes are readily available. 较大号随时都有货。
adv. 容易地；乐意地；无困难地
 - easily, lightly

Word: cooperate
Front: cooperate
[kəʊ'ɒpəreɪt] (研四六托雅宝 4015/8712)
Vocabulary: cooperate
(once / 378 pages)
v
When you cooperate, you work together. You can cooperate with the police by telling them everything you know about your neighbor’s pet leopard, or your preschooler can cooperate with you by doing everything you tell him to do, now!
The verb cooperate is originally from the combination of The Latin prefix co-, meaning “together,” and operari, meaning “to work.” The term “co-op” is a shortening of cooperative and is used when people work together (or cooperate) to run a preschool, health food store, or a residence. When you start or join a co-op, be prepared to cooperate with your partners, and remember: somebody has to clean the bathrooms.
WORD FAMILY
cooperate: cooperated, cooperates, cooperating, cooperation, cooperative, cooperator+/ cooperation: cooperations/ cooperative: cooperatively, cooperativeness, cooperatives, uncooperative/cooperator: cooperators/uncooperative: uncooperatively
USAGE EXAMPLES
Wood County Prosecutor Paul Dobson says one received leniency after cooperating with the investigation.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Critics on social media said her tweets appeared to reflect lack of familiarity with Twitter and a willingness to cooperate with China’s state-controlled media.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Still, even those 21 municipalities don’t fully cooperate, officials acknowledged.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vi. 合作，配合，协助
v. 合群; 互助; 结合
时态：cooperated, cooperating, cooperates
分布：合作(82%)，配合(16%)，协力(2%)
→co-, 强调。-oper, 工作，词源同operate, opus.
合作(co共同+oper+ate→共同工作)[Oper=work,表示"工作"]
v.(with)合作,协作,相配合The British cooperated with the French in many things.英,法两国在很多方面合作.
【记】co共同，operate（v 操作）－共同操作－合作
【反】stonewall（vi 妨碍；阻碍）
US [koʊ'ɑ:.pə.reɪt] verb intransitive
 IMPROVER
■to act or work together for a particular purpose, or to be helpful by doing what someone asks you to do 合作，协作；配合
• I find it very hard to dress my two-year-old when she refuses to cooperate. 我发觉两岁的女儿要是不配合的话，我就很难给她穿上衣服。
• The two companies have cooperated in joint ventures for the past several years. 两家公司在过去几年中合作经营合资企业。
• The Spanish authorities cooperated with the British police in finding the terrorists. 西班牙当局与英国警方相互配合搜捕恐怖分子。
cooperate, collaborate
这组词都有“合作”的意思，其区别是：
cooperate: 指为相互支持或行动而进行的合作或协作，强调通力合作。
collaborate: 多指文化领域中，文艺、科学等方面有明确目的合作。
vi. 合作，配合；协力
 - fit, work together

Word: revolutionary
Front: revolutionary
[ˌrevəˈlu:ʃənəri] (研四六托 4014/3153 -3)
Vocabulary: revolutionary
(once / 339 pages)
1adjn 2adj
A revolutionary person fearlessly advocates radical change. Revolutionary people and ideas challenge the status quo and might be violent or willing to upset the natural order to achieve their goals.
Like the word revolve, it's all about turning things around. Revolutionary leaders want to change the world by any means necessary. Before he was the coolest face on a T-shirt, Che Guevara was ready to die for change in South America (and in fact, he did). You don't need to be violent to be revolutionary, just ask Gandhi and Rev. Martin Luther King. You don't even need to be political. Alexander McQueen, John Lennon, and Picasso could tell you that.
WORD FAMILY
revolutionary: revolutionaries, revolutionarily+/counterrevolution: counterrevolutionary, counterrevolutionist, counterrevolutions/counterrevolutionary: counterrevolutionaries/ revolt: revolted, revolting, revolts, revolution / revolting: revoltingly/ revolution: counterrevolution, revolutionary, revolutionise, revolutionism, revolutionize, revolutions/revolutionise: revolutionised, revolutionises, revolutionising/revolutionism: revolutionisms, revolutionist / revolutionist: revolutionists/ revolutionize: revolutionized, revolutionizes, revolutionizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Proceeds from a so-called revolutionary tax imposed on wood sales was transferred to his personal accounts, prosecutors allege.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
A collection of nine black powder rifles, replicas of the sort used in the Revolutionary and Civil wars.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
“Revolutionary violence is necessary, and it is a liberating force,” she told the jury.
New York Times(Jan 12, 2012)
Back: adj. 革命的; 革命性的，创新的; 旋转的
n. 革命者，革新者
分布：革命的(76%)，革命者(24%)
a.革命的,革新的n.革命者The voluntary revolutionaries revolted like the outbreak of volcano.志愿革命者们象火山爆发一样起义了.
US [-er-] adjective
POLITICS 政治
 ADVANCED
■involved in or relating to a revolution 革命的，革命性的
• a revolutionary leader/movement 革命领导人／运动
UK [ˌrev.ə'lu:.ʃən.ər.i] US [-er-] adjective
NEW AND IMPORTANT 革命性的；大变革的；完全创新的
■completely new and having a great effect 革命性的；大变革的；完全创新的
• Penicillin was a revolutionary drug. 青霉素是具有革命性意义的药物。
■2. The twentieth century brought about revolutionary changes in our lifestyles.
UK [ˌrev.ə'lu:.ʃən.ər.i] US [-er-] noun countable
■someone who tries to cause or take part in a revolution 革命者
adj. 革命的；旋转的；大变革的
 - rotary, rolling

Word: romance
Front: romance
[rəʊˈmæns] (研六托 4016/5329 -2)
Vocabulary: romance
(once / 148 pages)
1nv 2nv
Romance is the relationship between two lovers. Is there a romance blossoming between you and your lab partner, or is the assignment so hard you have to work together constantly?
Romance comes from Roman, and first meant a story translated into French from Latin (the common language of old Rome), usually about the amorous adventures of chivalrous knights, which is how romances came to be associated with love stories. Now it's used to mean a love relationship, in a story or not. The Romance languages are those derived from Latin. If you romance a tale, you exaggerate it, and if you romance a person, you're making advances.
WORD FAMILY
romance: romanced, romances, romancing, romantic +/ romantic: romantically, romanticise, romanticism, romanticize, romantics, unromantic/romanticise: romanticisation, romanticised, romanticises, romanticising/ romanticism: neoromanticism, romanticist, romanticistic/romanticist: romanticists/ romanticize: romanticization, romanticized, romanticizes, romanticizing/unromantic: unromantically
USAGE EXAMPLES
That year, her first Oscars season, Ms. Bening playfully deflected personal questions about her budding romance and attended the ceremony with her parents.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
They include fake IRS calls, bogus sweepstakes, phony grandchild in distress calls and romance scams.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
They are generally syrupy romances, family dramas or action movies peppered with elaborate song and dance routines.
Reuters(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 浪漫史; 爱情小说; 恋爱; 传奇色彩
vt. & vi. 虚构; 渲染; 谈情说爱; 追求某人
时态：romanced, romancing, romances
分布：浪漫史(34%)，冒险故事(20%)，虚构(18%)，爱情故事(18%)，讲虚构故事(7%)，传奇文学(3%)
→来自 Romance,罗曼语。用以指兴起于中世纪的用罗曼语写作的骑士冒险故事小说，常常含 有大量的英雄救美的情节，后由该词引申词义浪漫，风流韵事，且成为主要词义。Romance 罗曼语
n.传奇,爱情故事There was an air of romance about the old inn.这家老客栈颇有些浪漫气氛.
US [roʊ'mænts] noun
 IMPROVER countable
■a close, usually short relationship of love between two people （通常短暂的）恋爱关系，罗曼史，风流韵事
• They got married last year after a whirlwind (= very short and unexpected) romance. 一段闪电式恋爱后，他们去年就结了婚。
• It was just a holiday romance. 那只是假期中的一场浪漫恋情而已。
• Office romances are usually a bad idea. 一般说来，和办公室的同事搞风流韵事可不怎么好。
 IMPROVER uncountable
■when you feel love for and are sexually attracted to someone 爱意；爱情；浪漫
• I felt as though all the romance had gone out of my marriage. 我感到自己的婚姻已经完全失去了浪漫的感觉。
uncountable
■the feeling of excitement or mystery that you have from a particular experience or event 传奇色彩；浪漫氛围
• He loves the romance of travelling on a steam train. 他喜欢乘蒸汽火车旅行的那种浪漫感觉。
countable
■a story about love 爱情故事
• a historical romance 历史爱情故事
• She loves reading romances. 她喜欢读爱情故事。
countable
■a story of exciting events, especially one written or set in the past （尤指旧时创作或以古代为背景的）传奇故事
• medieval romances 中世纪传奇故事
UK [rəʊ'mænts/ UK ['rəʊ.mænts] US [roʊ'mænts] verb
intransitive
■to tell stories that are not true, or to describe an event in a way that makes it sound better than it was 虚构；夸大
transitive old-fashioned
■to try to persuade someone to love you 向…求爱，追求
story, tale, fiction, fable, romance, novel
这组词都有“小说，故事”的意思，其区别是：
story: 指篇幅较短，常包含一系列情节或事件，口述或书写成文的故事。
tale: 常可与story换用，指以事实为中心作叙述的故事，也指古代流传下来的传说故事或神话故事。
fiction: 指部分或全部虚构的短篇、中篇、长篇小说，也指传奇故事，是小说的总称。
fable: 指短小而寓有教育意义的虚构故事。故事的主人公多为拟人化的动物或非动物之类。也作传说解。
romance: 系novel早期的代用词，泛指具有强烈神话和传奇色彩的故事，现指爱情故事。
novel: 指任何有情节、人物、对白，虚构的长篇散文体故事。
n. 传奇；浪漫史；风流韵事；冒险故事
 - legend, affair
vi. 虚构；渲染；写传奇
 - cook up, think up

Word: hardware
Front: hardware
[ˈhɑ:dweə(r)] (研四六托雅 4019/3435 -2)
Vocabulary: hardware
(once / 1343 pages)
n
As the word suggests, the word hardware usually refers to tools used to build something — “wares” that are “hard.” It also is used to refer to the computer equipment that stores and uses “software,” the programs used in computing.
The word hardware dates back to the early 16th Century, where it was used to indicate such items as tools and weapons. Nowadays, that meaning holds, with hardware stores traditionally specializing mainly in materials and tools for building and repairs. The military use of the word has also remained, referring to major weapons such as tanks and missiles. However, since 1947, the word hardware has also taken on an ironically softer meaning — that of the components of a computer system.
WORD FAMILY
hardware: hardwares
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Today’s biggest expense is not hardware but software,” says Mr. Leonard.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
The sign for his shop says simply “Hardware.”
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
The company is also marketing a package that executives say is the only off-the-shelf hardware and software platform for builders of self-driving cars available today.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 五金器具; 计算机硬件; 武器装备
分布：五金器具(65%)，武器装备(35%)
→比喻用法。
n.五金,金属制品;硬件I can hardly pardon his discarding the hardware and cardboard in the harbour.我简直不能原谅他在港口丢弃五金和硬纸板.
US ['hɑ:rd.wer] noun uncountable
COMPUTER 电脑
 ADVANCED
■the physical and electronic parts of a computer, rather than the instructions it follows 硬体 Compare software
UK ['hɑ:d.weər] US ['hɑ:rd.wer] noun uncountable
TOOLS 工具
■metal tools, materials and equipment used in a house or a garden, such as hammers, nails and screws 金属工具；五金制品
UK ['hɑ:d.weər] US ['hɑ:rd.wer] noun uncountable
MILITARY 军事的 informal
■equipment, especially if it is for military use or if it is heavy 重武器；重型装备
n. 计算机硬件；五金器具
 - brightwork

Word: pillow
Front: pillow
[ˈpɪləʊ] (高研四六托雅 4017/5447 -2)
Vocabulary: pillow
(once / 307 pages)
nv
A pillow is something you rest your head on while you sleep. Or, during a slumber party, a pillow could be used as a weapon.
While in some cultures people have used hard pillows made of stone or wood, it's most common today to sleep with your head on a pillow stuffed with feathers or foam. Many people also have pillows on their chairs and sofas, either as decoration or to make them more comfortable. During a "pillow fight," playful combatants hit each other with soft pillows.
WORD FAMILY
pillow: pillowed, pillowing, pillows
USAGE EXAMPLES
An accelerometer about the size of a quarter attaches to a pillow and tracks tosses and turns.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
We slept in our car, and once, in the back of Foot Locker, using packs of socks for pillows.
Salon(Dec 27, 2016)
In 1959’s “Pillow Talk,” released three years before the first Bond film, Rock Hudson defined a certain version of the “ladies man” in romantic cinema.
Salon(Dec 26, 2016)
Back: n. 枕头; 垫子; 花边垫子
vt. 搁于枕上; 当作枕头用
vi. 以…为枕
时态：pillowed, pillowing, pillows
分布：枕(52%)，枕头(43%)，垫(4%)，搁(1%)
→来自古英语pyle,枕头，来自West Germanic*pulwi,借自拉丁语pulvinus,垫子，枕头，词源不详。
n.枕头The fellow's yellow pillow is hollowed by his follower.那个家伙的黄色枕头被他的跟随者掏空了.
US [-oʊ] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a rectangular cloth bag filled with soft material, such as feathers or artificial materials, used for resting your head on in bed 枕头
• Do you prefer a feather pillow or a foam pillow? 你喜欢羽绒枕头还是海绵枕头？
 ADVANCED US for
■ cushion (= bag of soft material for sitting or leaning on) 坐垫；靠垫
n. 枕头
 - weeping willow

Word: kit
Front: kit
[kɪt] (研六雅 4018/3278 -2)
Vocabulary: kit
(once / 556 pages)
1nv 2n
A collection of things used for a certain purpose is a kit, like a first aid kit with bandages and aspirin, or a tool kit with hammers, screwdrivers, and wrenches.
There are kits meant for camping, taking care of your cat, and painting landscapes. A group of items needed to build or assemble something is also a kit, like a model airplane kit. The case you keep these things in can also be called a kit. A completely different sort of kit is a baby animal like a fox or beaver kit. A set of drums — bass, tom, snare and cymbals — is commonly called a "drum kit."
WORD FAMILY
kit: kits, kitted, kitting
USAGE EXAMPLES
Each school received a starter kit and handbook to design and build one VEX brand robot.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The website carried a video from the Twitter account of blogger Evgeny Kozlov showing one of the kits being unpacked.
BBC(Dec 28, 2016)
Donors also add other items, including lights, stockings, window ornaments and letter-to-Santa writing kits.
Washington Times(Dec 24, 2016)
Back: n. 衣物和装备; 成套用品; 配套元件
vt. （为特定活动而）使某人装备起来
时态：kitted, kitting, kits
分布：装备(53%)，工具箱(36%)，成套工具(11%)
→可能来自中古荷兰语kitte,水桶，木桶。引申词义一桶装的全套装备，成套元件。kit 小提琴
n.成套工具,用具包,工具箱The soldiers packed their kit for the journey.士兵们整理他们的装备,准备行军.
noun
 ADVANCED countable
■a set of things, such as tools or clothes, used for a particular purpose or activity （用于某种目的或活动的）成套工具（或服装）
• a first-aid/tool kit 一套急救用品／工具
• a pregnancy-testing kit 一套验孕用具
 ADVANCED countable
■a set of parts sold ready to be put together 配套元件（供购买者装配成件）
• He's making a model car from a kit. 他在用整套元件组装汽车模型。
 ADVANCED uncountable mainly UK
■the particular clothing worn by a sports team, or the particular clothing and small pieces of equipment worn and used by people such as soldiers and sailors （运动队的）全套服装；（士兵、水手等的）全套装备
• football kit 足球运动服
[kɪt] noun
get your kit off mainly UK slang humorous
■to take off your clothes 脱掉衣服
• Come on, get your kit off! 快，把你的衣服脱下来！
[kɪt] verb (-tt-)
[kɪt] verb (-tt-)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] kit sb/sth out mainly UK
■to supply someone or something with the clothes or equipment that are needed for a particular purpose （为某一目的）给…配备服装（或装备）
• They went shopping to get kitted out for the trip. 他们去购买旅行所需的东西。
n. 工具箱； [机] 成套工具
 - toolbox, tool chest
vt. 装备
 - prepare, provide
vi. 装备
 - equip with, fit out

Word: cook
Front: cook
[kʊk] (中高 1419/2338 -K4)
Back: vt. & vi. 烹调; 编造; 篡改; 密谋
vt. 烹调; 煮
vi. 烹调; 做菜
n. 厨师; 厨子
时态：cooked, cooking, cooks
分布：厨师(76%)，烹调(18%)，炊事员(3%)，捏造(2%)，烧煮(1%)
→来自pekw, 燃烧，加热，词源同kiln, cuisine, dyspeptic.
n.厨师v.烹调,烧煮;纂改(账目),捏造By the crook, the cook looked through a cookbook before making hooked cookies.在溪边,厨子在做钩形饼干之前查阅了一本食谱.
verb
HEAT 加热
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■When you cook food, you prepare it to be eaten by heating it in a particular way, such as baking or boiling, and when food cooks, it is heated until it is ready to eat 做饭，烹调；烧，煮
• I don't cook meat very often. 我不常煮肉吃。
• [+ two objects] He cooked us an enormous meal./He cooked an enormous meal for us. 他给我们准备了一顿丰盛的饭菜。
• Let the fish cook for half an hour before you add the wine. 先把鱼煮半个小时再加入酒。
[kʊk] verb
CHANGE 改变
transitive informal
■to change evidence , written facts or records in order to deceive people 篡改；伪造；捏造
[kʊk] verb
be cooking US informal
■to be making good progress or doing something well 正在进步；做得非常好
• "Look! I've found the missing puzzle pieces." "Now we're cooking!" “看，我找到所缺的拼图块了。”“这下我们就好办了！”
• Jean's new band was really cooking at the party last night. 琼的新乐队在昨晚聚会上的演出确实很棒。
[kʊk] verb
cook sb's goose
■to do something that spoils someone's plans and prevents them from succeeding 扰乱（某人）的计划；使（某人）丧失成功机会；毁掉（某人）的前程
• Just tell her we can't - that'll cook her goose. 只要告诉她我们不能——那她就没戏了。
[kʊk] verb
cook the books informal
■to change numbers dishonestly in the accounts (= financial records) of an organization, especially in order to steal money from it （尤指为偷钱而）篡改账目
[kʊk] verb
What's cooking? old-fashioned slang
■used to ask about what is happening or what someone is planning 发生甚么事了?怎么回事?在干甚么?
• I just saw the police arrive - what's cooking? 我刚看到员警来了——发生甚么事了？
[kʊk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] cook sth up informal
■to invent a story, plan, etc., usually dishonestly 编造，捏造
• She'd cooked up some weird scheme that was going to earn her a fortune. 她想出了个能使自己发财的怪点子。
• I had to cook up an excuse about my car breaking down. 我只好编个借口说车子出了故障。
[kʊk] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■someone who prepares and cooks food 厨师；炊事员
• She's a wonderful cook. 她是位很出色的厨师。
[kʊk] noun countable
Too many cooks spoil the broth. UK saying (US Too many cooks spoil the soup.)
■said when there are too many people doing the same piece of work at the same time, so that the final result will be spoiled 厨师太多烧坏汤；人多反倒误事
cook, cooker
cook: 厨师,
cooker: 厨具 He is a good cook.
n. [劳经] 厨师，厨子
 - chef, kitchener

Word: spread
Front: spread
[spred] (中高研四六 1371/1575 -K4)
Vocabulary: spread
(once / 63 pages)
1vnadj 2vnadj 3n 4nadj 5n 6n
When something is spread, it's stretched or extended as far as it can go. It's a beautiful sight to see a bald eagle spread its wings and fly.
When you spread a picnic blanket on the ground, you open it and stretch it across the grass. You can also see the ocean spread out in front of you, or spread butter on toast, for example. Any way you use it, spread implies an extension across some distance, a stretching of some sort. The expression spread too thin means you are having trouble finding the time and energy to do everything in your life.
WORD FAMILY
spread: dispread, overspread, spreader, spreading, spreads+/dispread: dispreading, dispreads/overspread: overspreading, overspreads/spreader: spreaders/spreading: spreadings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Amnesty International says he was convicted of “spreading propaganda against the system” and “insulting the founder of the Islamic Republic.”
Seattle Times(Jan 03, 2017)
It warns that sugary cereals, juices and spreads are all damaging to health.
BBC(Jan 03, 2017)
These situations nearly always involve not just one harasser, but dozens or even thousands threatening or spreading a false rumor about their victim.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 伸开; 展开; （使）传播; （使）散布
n. 范围; 连续的一段时间
vt. 涂; 把…覆盖在…上(over); 把…敲平; 散发（气、烟等）
vi. （景色、景致）展现; 传开; （人群）散开; 软化
adj. 张开的; [语言学]双唇展开的; （宝石）扁薄发光的; （文章、照片等）跨两栏（或多栏）的
时态：spread, spreading, spreads
分布：传播(69%)，散布(8%)，展开(6%)，范围(6%)，伸展(4%)，铺开(3%)，幅度(2%)，盛宴(1%)，差额(1%)
→来自古英语 spraedan,张开，展开，来自 Proto-Germanic*spreit,展开，散开，来自 sper, 播撒，散播，词源同 spark,sprawl.引申诸相关词义。
v./n.伸开,伸展;散布,传播The reader already readily spread the thread on the ready-made bread.那位读者已经欣然将丝线铺散在现成的面包上.
verb intransitive or transitive (spread, spread)
 ESSENTIAL
■to (cause to) cover, reach or have an effect on a wider or increasing area （使）展开，（使）铺开；（使）蔓延，（使）扩散
• The fire spread very rapidly because of the strong wind. 风很大，火势迅速蔓延开来。
• It started off as cancer of the liver but it spread to other areas of the body. 开始的时候是肝癌，后来扩散到了身体的其他部位。
• The redundancies are spread across the clothing, banking and building industries. 裁员风气席卷了服装业、银行业和建筑业。
• We spread the picnic rug out on the ground and sat down to eat. 我们把野餐毯铺在地上，坐下来吃东西。
• The AIDS virus is spread (= given to other people) through contact with blood and other body fluids. 爱滋病毒透过血液及其他体液的接触而传染。
• Are you spreading (= telling a lot of people) gossip/rumours again? 你是不是又在四处散播谣言了？
• If we spread (= divide) the work between us, it won't seem so bad. 如果我们大家分担一下工作，情况可能就没那么糟糕了。
• She spread her toast with a thick layer of butter./She spread a thick layer of butter on her toast. 她在吐司上涂了厚厚的一层牛油。
• It's a special sort of butter that spreads easily even when cold. 这是一种很特别的牛油，在凉的时候也很容易涂抹。
• The suburbs spread (out) for miles to either side of the city. 郊区向城市两边都伸展出数哩。
• Slowly a smile spread across her face. 她的脸上慢慢露出了微笑。
[spred] verb intransitive or transitive (spread, spread)
spread your wings
■to use your abilities for the first time in your life to do new and exciting things 展翅高飞；初试身手
• She'd been working for the same company for fifteen years and it was time to leave and spread her wings. 她已经在同一家公司工作了15年，该是换个环境展翅高飞的时候了。
[spred] verb intransitive or transitive (spread, spread)
spread the word
■to communicate a message to a lot of people 散布消息
• We've arranged a meeting for next Thursday so if you see anyone do spread the word. 我们安排在下周四开会，你如果看到谁的话，务必告诉他一声。
[spred] verb intransitive or transitive (spread, spread)
spread yourself too thin
■to try to do too many things at the same time, so that you cannot give enough time or attention to any of them 同时做太多事情（以致没有足够时间或精神关注其中之一）
• I realised I'd been spreading myself too thin so I resigned as secretary of the golf club. 我发觉到我做的事情太多，因此我辞去了高尔夫球俱乐部的秘书一职。
[spred] verb intransitive or transitive (spread, spread)
  Phrasal Verbs  spread out
■If people spread out, they move from being close together in a group to being in different places across a larger area （人）散开
• They spread out to search the whole area. 他们散开来搜查整个地区。
[spred] verb intransitive or transitive (spread, spread)
  Phrasal Verbs  spread sth over sth
■to arrange for something to happen in stages during a period of time 使…分期完成；使…分次进行；分摊
• The course is spread over two years. 课程两年完成。
• The repayments on the loan can be spread out over three years. 这笔贷款可以在三年内分期偿还。
[spred] noun
AREA COVERED 覆盖范围
 ADVANCED only singular
■when something moves to cover a larger area or affect a larger number of people 扩散，蔓延
• The spread of AIDS in the last few years has been alarming. 近几年爱滋病的广泛传播确实令人担忧。
only singular
■the area or range covered by something 涉及区域；范围
• The survey found a wide spread of opinion over the proposed new building. 调查广泛征集了对于拟议中的新建筑的意见。
countable
■a large article or advertisement covering one or more pages in a newspaper or magazine 整版（或横贯几版的）文章（或广告）
• There's a double-page spread on the latest fashions. 有一篇两面全版的文章介绍最新的时尚。
[spred] noun
SOFT FOOD 酱
countable or uncountable
■a soft food for putting on bread and biscuits 涂在面包（或饼干）上的食物；抹酱
• cheese/chocolate/fish spread 乳酪／巧克力／鱼酱
• There's bread and various spreads for tea. 茶点有面包和各种抹酱。
[spred] noun
LAND 地
countable US for
■ ranch
[spred] noun
MEAL 膳食
countable UK old-fashioned or US
■a meal, especially one for a special occasion with a lot of different dishes arranged on a table （尤指丰盛的）饭菜，酒席
• Sheila laid on / UK alsoput on (= made) a lovely spread for us. 希拉为我们准备了丰盛的饭菜。
distribute, propagate, spread, circulate
这组词都有“传播，散播”的意思，其区别是：
distribute: 指把一定数量的东西分成若干等份进行分发。
propagate: 指自觉地努力推广，也指宣传或散布。
spread: 普通用词，使用广泛。指传播疾病、思想、文化、习惯或谣言等。
circulate: 既指某物在一物体内循环流动，又可指在一定范围内传播物品、刊物或思想、语言等。
scatter, diffuse, spread, disperse
这组词都有“使分散、使散开”的意思，其区别是：
scatter: 普通用词，指用暴力等手段使人或物向四处散开，或把物随意撒开。
diffuse: 指光线、声音或气味等在空中传送或散布，强调覆盖面积与物质分布相对密度之间的关系。
spread: 指一直延伸、蔓延，侧重遍及。
disperse: 多指把一群人或物等彻底驱散。
vi. 传播；伸展
 - extend, push
vt. 传播，散布；展开；伸展；铺开
 - distribute, string, transmit
n. 传播；伸展
 - circulation, extension, propagation, diffusion
adj. 伸展的
 - extense, patulous

Word: continent
Front: continent
[ˈkɒntɪnənt] (高研四六托宝 4022/3626 -K3)
Vocabulary: continent
(once / 315 pages)
1n 2adj 3adj
A continent is one of the seven largest landmasses found on Earth. Asia, Australia, and Africa are three continents. Can you name the other four?
Some folks forget the continent of Antarctica, because so few humans live there—none of them permanently. And you might be surprised how many people think that Africa is a country and not a continent. Due to a process known as continental drift, the extremely slow movement of the continents across the face of the globe, our world looks very different from the way it did 100 million years ago.
WORD FAMILY
continent: continence, continency, continental, continently, continents, incontinent, subcontinent+/continental: continentally, intercontinental, transcontinental / incontinence: incontinences/incontinency: incontinencies/ incontinent: incontinence, incontinency, incontinently/ transcontinental: transcontinentally
USAGE EXAMPLES
“We on the African continent could boast that we had a contemporary descendent ruling the United States,” he said.
Washington Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Leggeri called for increased cooperation between U.S. and European Union border protection services, saying that would contribute to stability on both continents.
Seattle Times(Dec 01, 2016)
That would make Taiwan the only country in Asia to permit gay marriage, unless you consider New Zealand part of the continent.
Economist(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: n. 大陆，陆地; 欧洲大陆; <美>北美洲大陆
adj. 自制的，克制的; 节欲的; 贞洁的; 禁欲的
分布：大陆(54%)，洲(46%)
→con-, 强调。-tin, 持，握，词源同contain, tenable. 即一块未分割的土地，大陆。
n.大陆,洲The continent continues to control the import of petrol and petroleum.大陆方面继续控制汽油和石油进口.
【记】con共同，tin拿－全部拿住自己－克制的我们虽然生长在美丽的中国大陆，但是仍然不能阻止我们向往另一片大陆，在登上充满危险的美利坚之前，我们还是要克制、克制、再克制：先把单词背好。
【参】continence（n 禁欲；节制；克制）；continental（adj 大陆的）
US ['kɑ:n.tˌən.ənt] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■one of the seven large land masses on the Earth's surface, surrounded, or mainly surrounded, by sea and usually consisting of various countries 洲，大洲，大陆
• the North American continent 北美大陆
• the continents of Asia and Africa 亚非两洲；亚洲和非洲
UK ['kɒn.tɪ.nənt] US ['kɑ:n.tˌən.ənt] adjective specialized
■able to control when you urinate and empty your bowels 有排便节制力的 Opposite incontinent old use
■able to control your sexual desires 能节制性欲的
n. [地理] 大陆，洲，陆地
 - mainland, earth, land
adj. 自制的，克制的
 - self-regulating, restrained

Word: seal
Front: seal
[si:l] (高研四六托雅 4021/4259 -K1)
Vocabulary: seal
(once / 193 pages)
1nv 2nv
A seal can be either the cute mammal at the aquarium balancing a beach ball on its nose, or the fancy stamp on your diploma that acts as an official "seal of approval" from your school.
Seal is a tricky word since its meanings are so diverse. One type of seal lives in water, coming ashore to breed, give birth, and nurse their young. The largest type of seal — the elephant seal — can weigh 6,000 pounds! On the other hand, seal can also mean a stamp that may be placed on a document to show that the document is official and authentic. And, if you want to make sure that your document is safe in its envelope, you might need to seal (make tight) the envelope with some tape.
WORD FAMILY
seal: reseal, sealant, sealed, sealer, sealing, seals, underseal, unseal+/reseal: resealed, resealing, reseals/sealant: sealants/sealed: undersealed/sealer: sealers/sealing: sealings, self-sealing/unseal: unsealed, unsealing, unseals
USAGE EXAMPLES
The motion that prompted Monday’s hearing was submitted under seal.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The theory is that moisturizers “seal” a baby’s skin against some invader that triggers inflammation.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
That sealed the outcome of the game and the 2016 season.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 密封; 印章; 海豹; 封条
v. 密封; 盖章; 决定; 封上（信封）
时态：sealed, sealing, seals
分布：密封(68%)，海豹(15%)，印章(10%)，封条(5%)，盖印(1%)，明确(1%)
→来自古法语 seel,封印，图章，来自拉丁语 sigillum,小图片，小印，封印，来自 signum,标记， 记号，词源同 sign.原指书信上的封蜡标记，引申诸相关词义。seal 海豹
n.封铅,封条;印,图章;海豹v.封,密封He conceals the fact that he is jealous of my seal and wants to steal it.他隐瞒了他嫉妒我的印章并想偷的事实.
【区】seam（v /n 接缝）
noun countable
ANIMAL 动物
 ADVANCED
■a large mammal that eats fish and which lives partly in the sea and partly on land or ice 海豹
[si:l] noun countable
COVERING 覆盖物
■something fixed around the edge of an opening to prevent liquid or gas flowing through it 密封垫；密封装置
• Clean the seal on/around the fridge door regularly so that it remains airtight. 定期清洁冰箱门上的密封条，可以使它保持密闭。
■a thin piece of material such as paper or plastic that covers the opening of a container and has to be broken in order to open the container and use the contents 封口
[si:l] noun countable
MARK 标记
■an official mark on a document, sometimes made with wax, which shows that it is legal or has been officially approved 封蜡；印章；封条
• The lawyer stamped the certificate with her seal. 律师在证书上盖上了她的印章。
[si:l] noun countable
seal of approval
■an official sign of approval 官方批准，正式批准
• The Government has given the proposal its seal of approval. 政府已经批准了这项提案。
[si:l] noun countable
set/put the seal on sth
■to make the result of something certain 使有确切结果；使成定局
• The meeting set the seal on the negotiations. 会议使谈判有了结果。
[si:l] verb transitive
COVERING 覆盖物
 ADVANCED
■to close an entrance or container so that nothing can enter or leave it 封，密封
■to cover a surface with a special liquid to protect it （用特殊液体）覆盖…的表面
• This floor has just been sealed (with varnish), so don't walk on it! 地板刚刚上过清漆，别在上面走！
■to close a letter or parcel by sticking the edges together 封上（信或包裹）； 弥封
• Seal the package (up) with sticky tape. 用透明胶带把包裹封起来。
• He sealed (down) the envelope and put a stamp on it. 他封上信封，贴上邮票。
[si:l] verb transitive
MARK 标记
■to make an agreement more certain or to approve it formally 确认，正式批准（协定）
• The two leaders sealed their agreement with a handshake. 两位领袖握手表示达成协定。
[si:l] verb transitive
seal your fate
■If an action, event or situation seals your fate, nothing can stop some unpleasant thing happening to you 注定（或决定）（某人）的命运
• From the moment she stepped into the busy road her fate was sealed. 从她踏上这条路时起，就注定了她劳碌的命运。
[si:l] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] seal sth in
■to prevent a substance or quality from being lost from something during a process such as cooking 保持，使不丧失
• Fry the meat quickly in hot oil to seal in the flavour/juices. 把肉在热油中迅速过一下，以保持它的原汁原味。
[si:l] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] seal sth off
■to prevent people from entering an area or building, often because it is dangerous 封锁，隔离
• Two more bombs have been discovered since the police sealed off the area. 员警将这个地区封锁后，又发现了两枚炸弹。
n. [机] 密封；印章； [皮革] [脊椎] 海豹；封条；标志
 - symbol, print
vt. [机] 密封；盖章
 - pressure, air proof

Word: circuit
Front: circuit
[ˈsɜ:kɪt] (高研四六托雅宝 4023/2539 -3)
Vocabulary: circuit
(once / 375 pages)
1nv 2n 3n 4n
A circuit is a circular path. It could be the circuit of an electric current or the route of the Indianapolis Motor Speedway. If you’re promoting your new book, you’ll be making the talk show circuit.
What all these circuits have in common the idea of tracing a circle. A circuit preacher doesn't stay at one church, but instead travels from church to church, following a particular route. Originally US judges traveled from town to town, too, and today’s division of the country into twelve judicial circuits is a holdover from that era — "the Third Circuit," for instance, includes Delaware, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania.
WORD FAMILY
circuit: circuited, circuiting, circuits, microcircuit+/microcircuit: microcircuits
USAGE EXAMPLES
If they got the right answer, a circuit would be completed, lighting up a light bulb.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“That case was decided by three 4th Circuit judges who were appointees of the incumbent president,” Mr. Nussbaum said.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Circuit — oftentimes dubbed the second-most powerful court in the country.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 电路，线路; 巡回; 唤醒，环形道; 〔电〕电流
vt. 巡回，周游
时态：circuited, circuiting, circuits
分布：电路(79%)，线路(11%)，回路(5%)，巡回(4%)，环形(1%)
→circle,圈，-it,走，词源同ion,exit,itinerary.
环行;电路(circu+it走→环行)[circ,cycl=ring,circle,表示"圆,环"]
环行;电路(circu环+it→环着走→环行)[it=go,表示"行走"]
n.环行,周线,巡回;电路,线路The recruit made the current circulate in the circuit on the circumference.新兵使电流在周长上在电路内循环.
US ['sɝ:-] noun
VISITS 访问
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■a regular pattern of visits or the places visited 巡回；巡游；巡回之地
• They first met each other on the tennis circuit (= while at different tennis competitions). 他们在网球巡回赛上首次交锋。
• He was a familiar figure on the lecture circuit. 他是巡回讲学中的座上常客。
countable or uncountable legal
■a particular area containing different courts which a judge visits 巡回审判区
• The judge had served for many years on the Northeast Circuit. 这位法官多年来效力于东北部巡回法庭。
• a circuit judge 巡回法官
UK ['sɜ:.kɪt] US ['sɝ:-] noun
TRACK 路径
countable
■something shaped approximately like a circle, especially a route, path or sports track which starts and ends in the same place 环行物；（尤指）环形道路（或路线、赛道）
• They test the car tyres on a motor racing circuit. 他们在环形赛车道上测试轮胎。
• We made a leisurely circuit of the city walls. 我们悠闲地围着城墙走。
UK ['sɜ:.kɪt] US ['sɝ:-] noun
CLOSED SYSTEM 封闭的系统
countable
■a closed system of wires or pipes through which electricity or liquid can flow （电流的）电路；（液体的）回路
• A defect was found in the water-cooling/electrical circuit. 在水冷回路／电路中发现了一点毛病。
n. [电子] 电路，回路；巡回；一圈；环道
 - electrocircuit, contour
vi. 环行
 - round

Word: sink
Front: sink
[sɪŋk] (高研四六托雅 2809/2585 -K3)
Vocabulary: sink
(once / 77 pages)
1v 2n
When things sink, they settle or drop to a lower level. If your kayak has a leak, it might fill with water and sink to the bottom of the lake.
Things can sink, like a toy octopus descending to the bottom of the bathtub or the sun appearing to sink below the horizon. You can also deliberately sink something, as when you capsize your friend's remote controlled speedboat on purpose. When sink is a noun, it's the water basin in your kitchen or bathroom. The Old English root of both kinds of sink is sincan, "become submerged or go under," from a Germanic source.
WORD FAMILY
sink: sank, sinkable, sinked, sinker, sinking, sinks, sunken+/sinkable: unsinkable/sinker: sinkers/sinking: sinkings/unsinkable: unsinkably
USAGE EXAMPLES
Alonso hit 8 of 14 from the field and sank all seven of his free throws.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
At last, we are allowed to sit, and we sink into a velvet, purplish sofa.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
But Anderson sank a 3, Cooper followed with a layup and Green Bay led by double figures the rest of the way.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vi. 淹没; 下落; 退去; 渐渐进入
vt. 使下沉; 使下垂; 砸入地面; 使败落
n. 水池; 洗涤槽; 污水坑
时态：sank, sunk, sinking, sinks
分布：水槽(42%)，下沉(30%)，沉没(16%)，散热器(4%)，渗透(3%)，低落(2%)，衰弱(1%)，沟渠(1%)，变低(1%)
→来自古英语 sincan,下沉，下陷，来自 Proto-Germanic*senkwan,下沉，下陷，来自 sengw, 下沉，下陷，词源同 sag,saggy.
v.(使)下沉,下落n.水槽,水池While sinking into thinking, the shrinking linkman drank the pink ink sprinkled on the wrinkly paper.陷入沉思时,退缩的联络员喝掉了洒在皱纹纸上的粉红色墨水.
verb (sank or US ALSO sunk, sunk)
GO DOWN BELOW 沉没
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to (cause something or someone to) go down below the surface or to the bottom of a liquid or soft substance （使）沉没；（使）陷入
• The Titanic was a passenger ship which sank (to the bottom of the ocean) in 1912. 铁达尼号是1912年沉没（海底）的一艘客轮。
• The legs of the garden chair sank into the soft ground. 休闲椅的脚陷入松软的土中。
• Enemy aircraft sank two battleships. 敌机击沉了两艘军舰。
• The dog sank her teeth into (= bit) the ball and ran off with it. 狗叼着球跑走了。
⇒ See also sunken
[sɪŋk] verb (sank or US ALSO sunk, sunk)
FALL 下落
 IMPROVER intransitive
■to (cause something or someone to) fall or move to a lower level 落下，沉下；降低
• The sun glowed red as it sank slowly below the horizon. 太阳缓缓沉到地平线下，发出红色的余晖。
• Student numbers have sunk considerably this year. 今年的学生人数大幅减少。
• informal We sank (= drank) a bottle of wine each last night. 昨天晚上，我们每人喝了一瓶葡萄酒。
• The wounded soldier sank (= fell) to the ground. 受伤的士兵跌倒在地。
• He sank into deep despair (= became very unhappy) when he lost his job. 失去工作后，他极其绝望。
transitive
■to hit a ball into a hole or pocket, especially in golf or snooker （尤指在高尔夫球或撞球运动中）击（球）进洞
[sɪŋk] verb (sank or US ALSO sunk, sunk)
DIG 挖
transitive
■to dig a hole in the ground, or to put something into a hole dug into the ground 挖，掘（洞）；把…插入，把…埋入（洞里）
• Sinking more wells is the best way of supplying the population with clean drinking water. 要为人们提供清洁的饮用水，最好的方法是挖更多的井。
• The first stage of building the fence is sinking the posts into the ground. 筑栅栏的第一步是把柱子插进地里。
⇒ See also sunken
[sɪŋk] verb (sank or US ALSO sunk, sunk)
FAILURE 失败
transitive
■to cause something to fail or be in trouble 使失败；使陷入麻烦
• This rain could sink our plans for the garden party. 这场雨会让我们举行露天派对的计划泡汤。
[sɪŋk] verb (sank or US ALSO sunk, sunk)
sink your differences UK
■to forget your disagreements 搁置分歧；忘却不和
• Paul and Mark agreed to sink their differences and be friends. 保罗和马克同意放下成见，成为朋友。
[sɪŋk] verb (sank or US ALSO sunk, sunk)
sink like a stone (also sink like a lead balloon)
■to attract no support, attention or interest 石沉大海，无人关注
• My suggestion that we all play tennis sank like a stone. 我所提出大家都去打网球的建议犹如石沉大海，无人回应。
[sɪŋk] verb (sank or US ALSO sunk, sunk)
sink or swim
■If someone leaves you to sink or swim, they give you no help so that you succeed or fail completely by your own efforts 自己去闯，成败全凭自己
• My employer gave me no help when I started my new job - I was just left to sink or swim. 开始做新工作时，我的老板没有为我提供任何帮助——全凭我自己打拼。
[sɪŋk] verb (sank or US ALSO sunk, sunk)
sink to a whisper
■to speak very quietly 非常小声地说话，如耳语般说话
• The child's voice sank to a whisper as she admitted that she had broken the window. 那个女孩承认自己打破窗户玻璃时，声音低得如同耳语。
[sɪŋk] verb (sank or US ALSO sunk, sunk)
sink to such a level/such depths (also sink so low)
■to do something so bad 堕落到如此地步
• I can't believe you would sink so low as to snitch on your best friends. 我无法相信你堕落到如此地步，竟然会告发你最要好的朋友。
[sɪŋk] verb (sank or US ALSO sunk, sunk)
sink without (a) trace informal
■to be forgotten about completely, or to not attract any attention or interest 彻底被人遗忘，销声匿迹
• Since his last book five years ago, he seems to have sunk without trace. 自从五年前出了最后一本书之后，他好像就销声匿迹，音讯全无。
• Her second symphony sank without a trace. 她的第二部交响乐无人问津。
[sɪŋk] verb (sank or US ALSO sunk, sunk)
sinking fast
■(of a person's health) getting much worse quickly so that death is likely （病情）迅速恶化
• Mrs Jones is sinking fast, and the doctor doesn't think she'll live much longer. 琼斯太太的病情迅速恶化，医生认为她活不了多久了。
[sɪŋk] verb (sank or US ALSO sunk, sunk)
sinking feeling
■a feeling that something bad is going to happen 不祥的预感
• When I woke up this morning, I had a sinking feeling that it was going to be a difficult day. 今天早晨醒来时，我有种不祥的预感——这将是艰难的一天。
[sɪŋk] verb (sank or US ALSO sunk, sunk)
sinking ship
■a company or other organization that is failing 正在沉没的船（暗示某个公司或组织正要垮掉）
• He'd seen the accounts, realized he was on a sinking ship, and decided to get off. 他看到了账目，意识到犹如站在沉船上一般的危险处境，因此决定离开。
[sɪŋk] verb (sank or US ALSO sunk, sunk)
sunk in thought UK
■thinking deeply 沉思；深思
• Rodin's sculpture 'The Thinker' is of a man sitting with his head in his hand, sunk in thought. 罗丹的雕塑《沉思者》刻画的是一名坐着的男子，他手托着下巴，陷入沉思。
[sɪŋk] verb (sank or US ALSO sunk, sunk)
  Phrasal Verbs  sink in informal
■If an unpleasant or surprising fact or idea sinks in, you gradually start to believe it, understand it, or realize the effect it will have on you （事实或想法）逐渐被完全理解，被充分意识到
• How many times do I have to tell you something before it sinks in? 要我对你说多少遍，你才能明白?
• His voice trailed off as the seriousness of his position sank in. 他渐渐明白了自己处境的险峻，语调慢慢低了下来。
[sɪŋk] verb (sank or US ALSO sunk, sunk)
  Phrasal Verbs  sink in/sink into sth
■If a liquid or soft substance sinks into something solid, it gradually passes into it through its surface 逐渐渗入
• You'd better wipe up that coffee you spilled on the carpet before it sinks in. 趁洒在地毯上的咖啡没有渗进去之前，你最好把它擦干净。
[sɪŋk] verb (sank or US ALSO sunk, sunk)
  Phrasal Verbs  sink into sth
■to slowly move your body into a sitting or lying position, in a relaxed or tired way （放松地）坐下，躺下
• I was so tired when I got home that all I wanted to do was sink into bed/an armchair/a hot bath. 我回家后太累了，只想躺在床上／坐进扶手椅里／洗个热水澡。
[sɪŋk] verb (sank or US ALSO sunk, sunk)
  Phrasal Verbs  sink sth into sth
■to spend a large amount of money on a business or other piece of work 把大量（资金）投入（生意或工作）
• We sank all our money into my brother's business. 我们把自己所有的钱都投注在我哥哥的生意上。
[sɪŋk] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a bowl that is fixed to the wall in a kitchen or bathroom in which you wash dishes or your hands, etc. （厨房的）水槽，洗碗槽；（浴室的）洗脸盆
• a bathroom/kitchen sink 浴室／厨房水槽
drop, fall, sink, descend
这组词都有“落下，下降”的意思，其区别是：
drop: 指物体从一定高度落下。
fall: 与drop同义，指突然或猛烈地降落，但fall也可指任何下落，同高度或形式无关。
sink: 指在空气或水中垂直下降、下沉。
descend: 通常指沿斜线或斜坡下降。
vi. 下沉；消沉；渗透
 - dip
vt. 使下沉；挖掘；使低落
 - to dig, tap into
n. [化工] 水槽；洗涤槽；污水坑
 - trough, washing tank

Word: ruling
Front: ruling
[ˈru:lɪŋ] (4026/3354 -3)
Vocabulary: ruling
(once / 325 pages)
adjn
The official decision a judge makes is a ruling. You can also use this word as an adjective, to describe something or someone in charge, like a ruling political party.
The group with political power in a country might be described as the ruling coalition, and the government itself could be called the ruling authority. When it's a noun, the word ruling has a legal meaning: it's the court's opinion. This definition dates from the 1550s, from the verb rule, from its Latin root regula, "straight stick or bar."
WORD FAMILY
ruling: rulingly, rulings+/misrule: misrules/overrule: overruled, overrules, overruling/ rule: misrule, overrule, ruled, ruler, rules, ruling, self-rule/ ruler: rulers, rulership/rulership: rulerships
USAGE EXAMPLES
Although satisfied with the ruling, Chen vowed to continue legal challenges to force an apology.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
The court’s ruling was issued on Dec. 30.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Prosecutors objected at every turn, and Gergel wouldn't allow any of it into court, ruling mitigation evidence is allowable during sentencing and not before.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 统治的; 支配的; 管辖的; 流行的
n. 统治; 支配; 裁定; [法]判决
分布：裁决(80%)，统治的(10%)，流行的(5%)，支配的(5%)
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a decision 裁决；裁定；判定；决定
• [+ that] The court has made a final ruling on the case that the companies acted illegally. 法庭对此案作出终审判决，判涉案公司违法经营。
['ru:.lɪŋ] adjective [before noun]
 IMPROVER
■being in control and making all the decisions 统治的，支配的；占统治地位的
• The Communists are the ruling party at the moment. 当前共产党是执政党。
['ru:.lɪŋ] adjective [before noun]
ruling passion
■most important interest 最大的乐趣
• His ruling passion is music. 他最大的乐趣是音乐。
adj. 统治的；主要的；支配的；流行的，普遍的
 - popular, widespread, primary, major, central
n. 统治，支配；裁定
 - governance, disposal, dominance

Word: shortage
Front: shortage
[ˈʃɔ:tɪdʒ] (研四六托雅 4027/3405 -3)
Vocabulary: shortage
(once / 845 pages)
n
A shortage is a lack of something, especially a severe lack. A drought is a shortage of water.
When there's a shortage, there's not enough of something. If you don't have enough money to pay your bills, you have a shortage of money. A bad football team may have a shortage of good players. This kind of shortage is like a deficit or shortfall. A shortage can also be a severe dearth of something, like a famine, which is a lack of food. If there's a drought because of little rainfall, that's a serious shortage.
WORD FAMILY
shortage: shortages
USAGE EXAMPLES
In late 2015, a university in Osaka announced a new effort to deal with the eel shortage.
The New Yorker(Jan 02, 2017)
In the streets below, ordinary citizens wrestle with 41% inflation and chronic shortages of staples such as sugar, cooking oil and medicine.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
But “this lifesaving work remains hindered by the shortage of funding and limited access to areas caught in the fighting,” he said.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 不足，缺点; 缺少; 缺少量; 不足额
分布：不足(100%)
→short,短缺的，-age,名词后缀。
n.不足,缺少The immortal man's mortgage can be a shortcut to resolve the food shortage.不朽之人的抵押可以作为解决食品短缺的捷径.
US ['ʃɔ:r.tˌɪdʒ] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■when there is not enough of something 缺乏，缺少
• There's a shortage of food and shelter in the refugee camps. 难民营里缺少足够的食物和住处。
• The long hot summer has led to serious water shortages. 这个夏天漫长而炎热，导致严重缺水。
shortage, absence, scarcity, lack, want
这组词都有“缺乏，不足”的意思，其区别是：
shortage: 指不足，但侧重达不到规定的，需要的或已知应有的数量。
absence: 指某物根本不存在或完全短缺，或某人虽存在，但未到现场。
scarcity: 指产量不足或缺乏某物难以应付或满足需要。
lack: 普通用词，指部分或完全的不足。
want: 指完全或短缺某物，侧重缺少之物是必需的东西。使用范围比lack窄些。
n. 缺乏，缺少；不足
 - poverty, short of, deficiency, need, drought

Word: annually
Front: annually
[ˈænjuəli] (六托 4025/5431 -K)
Vocabulary: annually
(once / 473 pages)
adv
Something that happens annually occurs once a year, every year. If you vacation at the beach annually, you do it every summer.
Many people send holiday cards annually, mailing stacks of them every December, and everyone celebrates a birthday annually. If your work performance is reviewed annually, your boss might consider giving you a raise each year. The adverb annually comes from the adjective annual, which is rooted in the Late Latin annualis, based on annus, or "year."
WORD FAMILY
annual: annually, annuals, biannual, semiannual+/ biannual: biannually/semiannual: semiannually
USAGE EXAMPLES
Apple annually publishes a list of its top suppliers, a rare move in an industry that prefers to keep supply details secret.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
The global trade, thought to be worth around $10 billion annually, is run by international criminal syndicates, sometimes with help from African rebel groups.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
The federal government does not comprehensively record how many people are killed by police annually and depends on voluntary reporting from police departments.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adv. 每年，每年一次; 一年一度
分布：每年(78%)，年年(22%)
adverb
 ADVANCED
■once every year 一年一度；每年
• Your starting salary is £13 000 per annum and will be reviewed annually. 你的起薪是每年13000英镑，以后每年核定一次。
adv. 每年；一年一次
 - yearly

Word: lately
Front: lately
[ˈleɪtli] (高研四六托 4028/6088 -2)
Vocabulary: lately
(once / 166 pages)
adv
Something that happened lately occurred very recently. If you've spotted a fox every day for the last week, you might say, "I've seen so many foxes lately!"
If your friend says, "I've been really stressed out lately," she means she's been overworked and tense for the past few days, weeks, or possibly months. Lately is an adverb that covers the immediate past, a period of time that wasn't too long ago. A more old-fashioned way to say lately is "of late." Though this word has had its current meaning since the fifteenth century, it originally meant "slow or sluggish."
WORD FAMILY
lately: latelys+/ late: lately, lateness, later, latish/lateness: latenesses/ later: laterly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Core manufacturing otherwise remains stable, although the strong dollar lately may hurt production in the months ahead.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
We should all be able to agree the problem hasn’t been managed well lately.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 31, 2016)
Lately I am most enamored of yellow beets, even more so when they are a bright, intensely golden hue.
New York Times(Dec 23, 2016)
Back: adv. 近来，最近; 不久以前
分布：最近(100%)
ad.最近,不久前The missionary transmitted emission emitted lately.传教士传播了新近散发出来的散发物.
adverb
■recently 最近，近来
• I haven't been feeling so well lately. 最近我一直有些不舒服。
• Have you been doing anything interesting lately? 最近你做了甚么有趣的事吗？
initially, afterward, subsequently, ultimately, lately, previously, eventually, shortly, presently
initially: 最初，开头
afterward: 以后，后来
subsequently: 随后，后来
ultimately: 最后，终于
lately: 最近，不久前
previously: 以前，先前
eventually: 终于，后来
shortly: 立刻，马上
presently: 马上，一会儿，很快
late, lately
late: 迟,晚,
lately: 最近,近来 I haven't seen him lately.
recently, lately
recently: 可用来指一段时间，也可指某一时刻
lately: 用来指一段时间，常用现在完成进行时；
adv. 近来，不久前
 - of late, odd-come-shortly

Word: trap
Front: trap
[træp] (高研四六托雅 3538/3373 -K3)
Back: vt. 诱骗; 使受限制; 困住; 使（水与气体等）分离
n. 圈套; （对付人的）计谋; （练习射击用的）抛靶器; （捕捉动物的）夹子
vi. 设陷阱; 装捕捉机; 设圈套
时态：trapped, trapping, traps
分布：陷阱(70%)，圈套(22%)，困境(4%)，设圈套(3%)，双轮轻便马车(1%)
→来自古英语 traeppe,陷阱，罗网，来自 Proto-Germanic*trep,踩踏，来自 der,走，跑，步 行，词源同 trip,tramp,tread.词义通俗化为圈套。
n.陷阱,圈套vt.诱捕;使中圈套vi.设圈套The mapper trapped in the gap tapped the tap wrapper with strap.陷在缝中的制图者用皮带轻击塞子套.
noun
STH THAT PREVENTS ESCAPE 防止逃走的物件
 IMPROVER countable
■a device or hole for catching animals or people and preventing their escape 陷阱；夹子；捕捉器
• The fox got its foot caught in a trap. 狐狸的一只脚被夹子夹住了。
 IMPROVER only singular
■a dangerous or unpleasant situation which you have got into and from which it is difficult or impossible to escape 圈套；诡计
• The undercover agents went to the rendezvous knowing that it might be a trap. 尽管知道这可能是个圈套，这些秘密特工还是去了会面地点。
• She's too clever to fall into the trap of doing any unpaid work. 她这人很聪明，决不会上当去做任何没有报酬的工作。
[træp] noun
MOUTH 嘴
countable slang
■a mouth 嘴
• Oh, shut your trap (= stop talking) - I'm bored of listening to you! 哦，闭嘴——我讨厌听你说话！
• I've told him it's a secret and he's to keep his trap shut (= not say anything about it). 我告诉过他这是个秘密，他得守口如瓶。
[træp] noun
VEHICLE 车辆
countable
■a light carriage with two wheels pulled by a horse, used especially in the past （尤指旧时使用的）双轮轻便马车
[træp] verb transitive (-pp-)
 IMPROVER
■to catch an animal in a trap 设陷阱（或夹子、捕捉器）捕捉
• She survived in the forest by eating berries and trapping small animals and birds. 她靠着吃浆果和设陷阱捕捉小动物和飞鸟，在森林活下来了。
 IMPROVER
■to keep something such as heat or water in one place, especially because it is useful （尤指为利用而）收集，存住，保存（热量、水等）
• A greenhouse stays warm because the glass traps the heat of the sun. 温室保持温暖，因为玻璃吸收了太阳的热量。
be trapped
 IMPROVER
■If someone or something is trapped, they are unable to move or escape from a place or situation 被困住；陷入困境
• The two men died when they were trapped in a burning building. 这两名男子因被困在燃烧的大楼里而丧生。
• Fire officers used cutting equipment to free his legs, which were trapped under a steel beam. 消防队员们用切割设备松开他被压在一根钢梁下的双腿。
• figurative Jack left the job after ten years because he was beginning to feel trapped. 杰克十年后辞掉这份工作，因为他开始感到被束缚住了。
be trapped into (doing) sth
■to be forced or tricked into doing something that you do not want to do 被迫做；被诱骗做
• In his book, Holden speculates that Shakespeare was an unfaithful husband who was trapped into marriage. 霍尔登在其书中推测莎士比亚是个被迫结婚而对妻子不忠的丈夫。
• She had been trapped into saying something she did not mean. 她被迫说了违心的话。
arrest, seize, catch, capture, trap
这组词都有“抓住，捕捉”的意思，其区别是：
arrest: 指根据法律或命令进行逮捕并予以监禁或拘留。
seize: 侧重指以突然、有力地动作迅速抓住或捉住。
catch: 普通用词，指捉住跑动或隐藏中的人或动物，一般指活捉。
capture: 指通过武力或计谋等，战胜抵抗而捉住敌人或动物。
trap: 多指诱捕。
vt. 诱捕；使…受限制；使…陷入困境
 - ensnare
n. [计] 陷阱；圈套； [建] 存水弯
 - web, mesh, pit

Word: scan
Front: scan
[skæn] (高研四六托雅宝 4031/5003 -2)
Vocabulary: scan
(once / 456 pages)
1vn 2vn
When you scan a subway car to see if your friend is on it, your eyes pass quickly across the riders. When you get a scan of your knee at the doctor's office, a much more detailed picture is taken, showing your bones, tendons, and muscles.
You might need a medical scan if you are in an accident or have a terrible headache. One of the most common kinds of scans is performed on a pregnant woman, to check out the size and health of her fetus. This kind of scan is called an "ultrasound" or a "sonogram." These use sound waves to take a picture of the inside of a person's body.
WORD FAMILY
scan: scanned, scanner, scanning, scans, scansion+/scanner: scanners/scanning: scannings/scansion: scansions
USAGE EXAMPLES
My patient completed his course of radiation and chemotherapy, and his subsequent scans showed no evidence of residual disease.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
A CT scan found a 15-centimeter tumor in his chest, so big it was pressing on his windpipe.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Soon after bringing her home, the then-7-year-old child scanned the night sky and asked, “What’s that?”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. <计>扫描; 细看; 细查; （雷达）对…进行扫描
n. 扫描; 浏览; 审视; （雷达）（屏面上的）光点
vi. （光束、雷达等）扫描; 扫略; （诗歌）符合韵律; 标出诗歌的格律
时态：scanned, scanning, scans
分布：扫描(77%)，浏览(12%)，审视(5%)，细看(4%)，合韵律(1%)，划分音步(1%)
→来自拉丁语 scandere,攀爬，攀登，来自 skand,爬，跳，词源同 ascend,descend.字母 d 脱 落，比较 lawn,land.引申词义标出诗歌的韵律，即标出诗歌的抑扬顿挫，并进一步引申词义 仔细看，检查，察看，浏览，后用于指扫描，且成为主要词义。
v.细看,审视;浏览;扫描n.扫描Having canceled X-ray scan, the cancerous candidate on the canvas ate the idle candles in the candy can.取消X线扫描后,帆布上的癌症候选人吃了糖果罐里的闲置蜡烛.
verb (-nn-)
LOOK 看
transitive
■to look at something carefully, with the eyes or with a machine, in order to get information （用肉眼或用机器）细看，审视
• She anxiously scanned the faces of the men leaving the train. 她急切地盯着一张张走下火车的人的脸。
• Doug scanned the horizon for any sign of the boat. 道格注视着海平面，搜寻着那只船。
intransitive + adverb or preposition transitive
■to look through a text quickly in order to find a piece of information that you want or to get a general idea of what the text contains 粗略地看；快读，浏览
• I scanned through the booklet but couldn't find the address. 我很快地翻阅了一遍小册子，但没有找到那个地址。
• Scan the newspaper article quickly and make a note of the main points. 把报上的那篇文章快速浏览一遍，记下要点。
intransitive or transitive
■to use a machine to put a picture of a document into a computer, or to take a picture of the inside of something 扫瞄（使用机器，将某一档的图片输入到电脑中，或拍摄某物内部的图片）
• I'll just scan the article into the computer. 我就把这篇文章扫瞄到电脑中。
• Volunteers' brains were scanned while they looked at the pictures. 在自愿者观察这些图片的同时，他们的脑部都经过扫瞄了。
• All hand luggage has to be scanned. 所有手提行李都必须先经扫瞄。
[skæn] verb (-nn-)
POEM 诗
intransitive specialized
■If a poem or part of a poem scans, it follows a pattern of regular beats （诗）符合韵律节拍
• This line doesn't scan - it's got too many syllables. 这行诗不合节拍——它的音节太多。
[skæn] noun
only singular
■when you look at or through something carefully or quickly 粗略一看；浏览
• I gave the book a quick scan, and decided not to buy it. 我粗略翻阅了一下那本书，决定不买了。
countable
■a medical examination in which an image of the inside of the body is made using a special machine （身体的）扫描检查
• to do a brain scan 接受脑部扫描
• to have an ultrasound scan 接受超音波扫瞄
examine, scan, inspect, investigate
这组词都有“调查、检查”的意思，其区别是：
examine: 最普通用词，可指粗略地查看，也可指仔细观察或调查以确定事物的性质、功能、特点等。
scan: 原义是仔细地检查分析，现用于指细看或浏览。
inspect: 侧重按一定质量标准检查某物，找出不足或不同之处。
investigate: 指为发现事实真相或了解掌握情况而进行深入细致的现场考察。
devor, read, scan, skim
这组词都有“读、阅读”的意思，其区别是：
devor: 指贪婪地读，暗含对某些作者或作品迷恋之义。
read: 最普通用词，含义广泛。既指朗读又可指默读。
scan: 指快速扫视文章等以抓住其要旨。
skim: 指略读或浏览。
vt. 扫描；浏览；细看；详细调查；标出格律
 - glance through, look through
n. 扫描；浏览；审视；细看
 - survey, scrutiny

Word: fool
Front: fool
[fu:l] (高研四 4030/3660 -3)
Vocabulary: fool
(once / 52 pages)
1nv 2v
In the Middle Ages, a fool was a clown or jester. Today fools are simply idiots who clown around.
The original fools were clowns hired by the king for entertainment. They were actually witty and smart, but today's fools are not. When you call someone a fool, you either mean he's gullible or just a run-of-the-mill idiot. To fool also means to play a trick or hoax on someone, and fooling around is carelessly spending time on something silly. If someone doesn't believe something you said, you might defend yourself by saying, "I'm not fooling!"
WORD FAMILY
fool: fooled, foolery, fooling, foolish, fools+/foolery: fooleries/ foolish: foolisher, foolishest, foolishly, foolishness/foolishness: foolishnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
The media spent the better part of a decade swearing they wouldn’t be fooled again by intelligence assessments the way they were before 2003.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
It also prompted suspicions that David might be playing Goliath for a fool.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
In 2013, Company of Fools merged with the Sun Valley Center for the Arts, creating the largest arts organization in Idaho.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 愚人，傻瓜; 受骗者; 有癖好的人; 受愚弄的人
vt. 愚弄，欺骗; 浪费，虚度; 闹笑话; 游手好闲
vi. 开玩笑; 欺骗; 戏弄
adj. 愚蠢的; 傻的
时态：fooled, fooling, fools
分布：傻瓜(51%)，愚弄(20%)，欺骗(18%)，开玩笑(4%)，小丑(3%)，玩弄(2%)，鬼混(1%)，干蠢事(1%)
→来自拉丁语follis, 风箱，皮袋，词源同bellows. 特指铁匠的鼓风袋，后来词义引申为夸夸其谈的人，笨蛋，傻瓜，等。
n.傻子,笨蛋vt.欺骗,愚弄vi.干蠢事You can't fool me!I don't believe you.你骗不了我!我不相信你.
noun
PERSON 人
 ADVANCED countable
■a person who behaves in a silly way without thinking 傻瓜，笨蛋，蠢人
• [as form of address] You fool, you've missed your chance! 你这个傻瓜，你错过机会了！
• He's a fool if he thinks she still loves him. 如果他以为她还爱着自己，那他就是个傻瓜。
• [+ to infinitive] He's a fool to think she still loves him. 他以为她还爱着自己，真是个傻瓜。
• He's fool enough to think she still loves him. 他可够蠢的，以为她还爱着自己。
• My fool of a (= silly) husband has gone out and taken my keys! 我的笨蛋老公出门时拿了我的锁匙！
countable
■in the past, a person who was employed in the court of a king or queen to make them laugh by telling jokes and doing funny things （旧时宫廷里的）弄臣，小丑
act/play the fool
■to behave in a silly way, often intentionally to make people laugh （常指为逗人笑）装疯卖傻，干蠢事，扮丑角
• Stop acting the fool, I'm trying to talk to you. 别再装疯卖傻了，我有话要跟你说。
any fool
■anyone 任何人
• Any fool could tell that she was joking. 谁都看得出她是在开玩笑。
make a fool of sb
■to trick someone or make them appear stupid in some way 愚弄（某人），令（某人）出洋相
make a fool of yourself
 ADVANCED
■to do something that makes other people think you are silly or not to be respected 出丑，出洋相
• I got a bit drunk and made a fool of myself. 我有点喝醉了，出了洋相。
more fool sb mainly UK
■said to mean that you think someone is being unwise （某人）蠢极了，犯傻
• "I lent Rhoda $100 and she hasn't paid me back." "More fool you - you know what she's like!" “我借了100美元给罗达，她到现在还没还我。”“你真傻——你知道她是个甚么样的人！”
be no fool (also be nobody's fool)
■to not be stupid or easily deceived 一点都不傻，不易受人愚弄（或欺骗）
• I notice Ed didn't offer to pay for her - he's no fool. 我发现埃德并没有提出要替她结账——他可一点都不傻。
[fu:l] noun
SWEET DISH 甜品
countable or uncountable
■a sweet soft food made of crushed fruit, cream and sugar 鲜奶油果泥
• gooseberry fool 鲜奶油醋栗
[fu:l] verb
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to trick someone 愚弄（某人），欺骗（某人）
• Don't be fooled by his appearance. 别被他的外表给骗了。
• She said she was doing it to help me but I wasn't fooled. 她说她这样做是为了帮我，但我没上她的当。
• Tim was fooled into believing that he'd won a lot of money. 蒂姆受了骗，以为自己赢了很多钱。
You could have fooled me! informal
■used to tell someone that you do not believe what they have just said 我才不相信你呢！
• "Really, I'm very happy." "You could have fooled me." “真的，我很快乐。”“说得像真的一样。”
[fu:l] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  fool around/about
SILLY
■to behave in a silly way, especially in a way that might have dangerous results 干蠢事，瞎弄，乱弄（尤指可能带来危险的后果）
• Don't fool around with matches. 不要摆弄火柴。
FUNNY
■to behave in a humorous way in order to make other people laugh 吊儿郎当
• He's always getting into trouble for fooling around in class. 他老是因为在课堂上吊儿郎当而惹麻烦。
NOT USEFUL
■to spend your time doing nothing useful 虚度光阴，闲荡
• We spent the afternoon fooling around on the beach. 我们在海滩上闲荡了一个下午。
HAVE A SEXUAL RELATIONSHIP mainly US
■If a married person fools around, they have a sexual relationship with someone who is not their husband or wife 乱搞男女关系
• She'd been fooling around with someone at work. 她和某个同事乱搞男女关系。
[fu:l] adjective [before noun] mainly US informal
■silly 愚蠢的，傻的
• You've done some fool things in your time, but this beats everything. 你以前也做过些蠢事，但没有一件比得上这一次。
deceive, cheat, trick, fool
这组词都有“欺骗”的意思，其区别是：
deceive: 最普通用词，指用虚假外表使人信以为真，或蓄意歪曲事实，或造成错误印象使人上当受骗。
cheat: 普通用词，指用蒙蔽他人的手段取得所需之物，尤多指在赢利的买卖中欺骗人。
trick: 指用阴谋诡计等骗得信任或得到所需之物。
fool: 指把别人当傻瓜，愚弄欺骗别人。
idiot, fool
这组词都有“笨蛋，傻瓜”的意思，其区别是：
idiot: 指智能低、动作迟钝、行为不符合正常的人。
fool: 一般指缺乏智力、无判断力和识别能力、头脑糊涂的人。
vi. 欺骗；开玩笑；戏弄
 - pull a fast one, give the shaft
n. 傻瓜；愚人；受骗者
 - stupid, donkey
vt. 欺骗，愚弄
 - sell, fox, kid
adj. 傻的
 - twp, softheaded

Word: deadline
Front: deadline
[ˈdedlaɪn] (高研雅 4032/5295 -3)
Vocabulary: deadline
(once / 1207 pages)
n
A deadline is a date or time when something must be finished. At work and school, most projects have deadlines. If you don’t get your paper in by the deadline, you won’t get a good grade.
If you think missing a deadline and getting a low grade is bad, think about how this word came to be: It was a line that went around a prison and if a prisoner crossed it, he could be shot. Now that’s a deadline! A deadline sounds scary, and it does frighten a lot of people — if you don't get a paper in by the deadline, you could lose points or fail. But hey, you’ll live.
WORD FAMILY
deadline: deadlines
USAGE EXAMPLES
Expect hundreds more, however, once the Legislature settles in the in the first few weeks, and before filing deadlines.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
While new deadlines, limits and rules will offer guidelines, the real needed change is in the culture.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Deadlines are regularly set, and flaws are relentlessly investigated.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 最后期限; 截止期限; 死线; 原稿截止时间
vt. 通过设定一时间期限来统治
分布：最后期限(90%)，截止时间(10%)
→死亡日期，引申义截止日期。
n.最后期限The deadline is next Monday.截止日期是下周一.
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a time or day by which something must be done 最后期限；截止日期
• There's no way I can meet that deadline. 我根本无法在那个期限内完成。
• We're working to a tight deadline (= We do not have much time to finish the work). 我们的工作期限很紧。
• I'm afraid you've missed the deadline - the deadline for applications was May 30th. 恐怕你已经错过了规定的期限——申请的截止日期是5月30日。

Word: rear
Front: rear
[rɪə(r)] (研四六托雅 4033/4511 -K3)
Vocabulary: rear
(once / 119 pages)
1nadj 2v 3v
The rear is the back end of something, like the rear of a school bus or the members of the marching band who stand at the rear of the parade.
At the other end of something's front is its rear, whether it's a car or a line of people standing outside a theater. You can also use rear informally to mean "bottom" or "hindquarters," as an adjective meaning "toward the back," or as a verb: "The horses started to rear up on their back legs." The verb comes from a Germanic root meaning "to raise," while the noun is rooted in the Latin retro, "behind."
WORD FAMILY
rear: reared, rearing, rearmost, rears+/rearing: rearings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Authorities say the fire is about 10 percent contained and "could still rear its head".
BBC(Nov 30, 2016)
These two vacant buildings, joined in the rear, in Hell’s Kitchen, offer frontage on Ninth Avenue and West 52nd Street.
New York Times(Nov 29, 2016)
Police say the car struck the rear of a delivery truck, which was stopped at the intersection.
Washington Times(Nov 28, 2016)
Back: vt. 饲养; 养育; 抚养; 养育
vt. & vi. 抬起
n. 后部，背面，背后; 臀部; （舰队或军队的）后方，后尾，殿后部队; 〈英口〉厕所
vi. 直立; 高耸
adj. 后面的，后部的
时态：reared, rearing, rears
分布：后方(42%)，后部(15%)，后面的(11%)，后方的(8%)，尾部(8%)，养育(5%)，饲养(5%)，背面的(3%)，举起(3%)
→来自古英语 raeran,升起，上升，来自 Proto-Germanic*risana,上升，举起，来自 rei,上升， 举起，词源同 rise,raise.引申词义抚养，养育。rear 后面的，屁股
n.后面,背后,后方v.饲养,抚养,栽培,举起Next year the bearded bear will bear a dear baby in the rear.明年,长胡子的熊将在后方产一头可爱的小崽.
US [rɪr] adjective [before noun]
 ADVANCED
■at the back of something 后部的；后面的；背部的
• There's a sticker on the rear door/window. 后门／后窗户上贴着一张纸条。
• The horse had injured one of its rear legs. 这匹马一条后腿受伤了。
⇒ See also rearguard
UK [rɪər] US [rɪr] noun
the rear
 ADVANCED
■the back part of something 后面；后部；背部
• We walked round to the rear of the house. 我们绕道走到房子的后面。
• Two police motorcyclists brought up the rear (= formed the last part) of the demonstration. 游行示威队伍尾部有两位员警骑着摩托车殿后。
countable (also rear end) old-fashioned informal
■a person's bottom 屁股，腚
UK [rɪər] US [rɪr] verb
CARE FOR 照顾
 ADVANCED transitive
■to care for young animals or children until they are able to care for themselves 养育；抚养；饲养
• Some women make a deliberate choice to rear a child alone. 一些妇女经过慎重考虑，作出独自抚养孩子的抉择。
• He describes how these birds rear their young. 他描述了这些鸟是如何养育幼鸟的。
⇒ See also child-rearing
UK [rɪər] US [rɪr] verb
RISE 举起
intransitive or transitive
■to rise up or to lift up 竖起；举起；抬高
• The horse reared (up) (= suddenly rose onto its back legs) when it heard the gun shot. 马听到枪响突然直立起后腿。
• The lion slowly reared its head (= lifted it up) and looked around. 狮子缓缓抬起头环顾四周。
UK [rɪər] US [rɪr] verb
rear its (ugly) head
■(of something unpleasant) to appear （令人不快的事情）出现，冒头，发生
• The familiar spectre of drought and famine has reared its ugly head again. 人们所熟悉的干旱和饥饿的凶兆已经再度出现。
UK [rɪər] US [rɪr] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  rear above/over sth/sb literary
■to appear very tall and big in comparison with another thing or person 高高耸立于…之上；赫然高耸在…旁边
• The mountain reared above the village. 村子旁边，一座大山直入云端。
vt. 培养；树立；栽种
 - cultivate, foster, plant, set, bed
vi. 暴跳；高耸
 - rise, tower
adv. 向后；在后面
 - fro, aback
adj. [军] 后方的；后面的；背面的
 - latter, back
n. 后面；屁股；后方部队
 - back, behind, ass

Word: processing
Front: processing
[prəʊˈsesɪŋ] (雅 4034/2730)
Vocabulary: processing
(once / 1305 pages)
n
The noun processing means a complex treatment or process — for example, the processing that coffee beans go through before becoming a hot drink.
Processing is often used to talk about the procedures that are used on food or other products before people buy or consume them. The processing of milk involves heating it to kill bacteria, cooling it, and separating the cream. Wool processing is also complicated, including shearing a sheep, cleaning the fleece, washing it, and carding or combing it. The Latin root of processing is processus, "a going forward or advance."
WORD FAMILY
processing: multiprocessing+/microprocessor: microprocessors/ process: processed, processes, processing, processor, reprocess/ processed: semi-processed, unprocessed/processor: microprocessor, multiprocessor, processors/reprocess: reprocessed, reprocesses, reprocessing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Expect delays in passenger processing until the system is restored.
Time(Jan 03, 2017)
Estimating the costs of lost productivity and slower processing of transactions is more difficult.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Intel focuses on central processing units, the general-purpose chips proficient in completing a wide range of tasks and quickly switching from one to the next.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. （数据）处理; 整理; 配置; 工艺（生产方法）设计
v. 加工( process的现在分词 ); 处理; 审阅; 审核
分布：数据处理(37%)，进程(21%)，配制(14%)，步骤(14%)，整理(14%)
N-COUNT
过程；进程
A process is a series of actions which are carried out in order to achieve a particular result.
例：There was total agreement to start the peace process as soon as possible...全体一致同意尽快开始和平进程。
例：They decided to spread the building process over three years...他们决定用3年时间建成。
N-COUNT
（生物或化学的）变化过程
A process is a series of things which happen naturally and result in a biological or chemical change.
例：It occurs in elderly men, apparently as part of the ageing process...这种情况出现在老年人当中，显然是衰老过程的一部分。
例：The regularity with which this occurs suggests that the process is genetically determined.这种现象出现的规律性表明这个过程是由基因决定的。
VERB
加工；处理
When raw materials or foods are processed, they are prepared in factories before they are used or sold.
例：...fish which are processed by freezing, canning or smoking...经过冷冻、罐装或熏制处理的鱼
例：The material will be processed into plastic pellets.这些材料将会被加工成塑料小球。
VERB
处理（信息）
When people process information, they put it through a system or into a computer in order to deal with it.
例：...facilities to process the data, and the right to publish the results...处理数据的设备和公开其结果的权利
例：The information gathered by the telescopes will be processed by computers.通过望远镜获得的信息将由计算机进行处理。
VERB
审核；审议；检查；使接受处理
When people are processed by officials, their case is dealt with in stages and they pass from one stage of the process to the next.
例：Patients took more than two hours to be processed through the department.病人在这个科看病需要两个多小时的时间。
PHRASE
在…的过程中；正在做
If you are in the process of doing something, you have started to do it and are still doing it.
例：The administration is in the process of drawing up a peace plan...政府正在起草和平计划。
例：Her novel is in the process of being turned into a television series.她的小说正被拍成电视连续剧。
PHRASE
在此过程中；与此同时
If you are doing something and you do something else in the process, you do the second thing as part of doing the first thing.
例：He finished ahead of the Spaniard, and in the process picked up his first time trial win as a pro...他领先那个西班牙人到达终点，同时也首次作为职业选手获得计时赛的胜利。
例：You have to let us struggle for ourselves, even if we must die in the process.你得让我们为自己拼搏，哪怕我们会在这个过程中死去。
v. 加工； [自] 处理；对…起诉（process的ing形式）
 - machining, treating

Word: ranch
Front: ranch
[rɑ:ntʃ] (六托 4036/14603 -1)
Vocabulary: ranch
(once / 322 pages)
nv
A ranch is a large farm that raises animals, generally grazing animals like cows or sheep. If you dream of raising big, strange-looking birds, you could decide to have an emu or an ostrich ranch instead.
Ranches raise animals for meat, and in the case of sheep or alpacas, for wool. When you work on a ranch, you can say that you ranch. A ranch is also a type of single-story, simple house architecturally influenced by the western, informal style of working ranches, which first appeared in the 1950s in the Western US. Ranch comes from the Spanish rancho, first "group of people who eat together" and later "group of farm huts."
WORD FAMILY
ranch: ranched, rancher, ranches, ranching+/rancher: ranchers
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Banning Ranch Conservancy lawsuit was filed in Superior Court soon after the council's decision in 2012.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
The nearly 140-square-mile preserve was purchased by the federal government in 2000 and managed as a working ranch for years.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The downturn for Nebraska farms and ranches crept into small town main streets across the state.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 大牧场，大农场; 牧场工作人员
vi. 经营牧场; 在牧场工作
vt. 经营牧场; 在牧场饲养…
时态：ranched, ranching, ranches
分布：牧场(100%)
→来自美式西班牙语 rancho,农场，农庄，来自西班牙语 rancho,一起吃饭的人，来自古法语 ranger, 扎寨，安营，安置，来自 rang,排列，布置，词源同 range,rank.
US [ræntʃ] noun countable
■a very large farm on which animals are kept, especially in North and South America （尤指美洲的）大牧场，大农场
• a cattle ranch 牧牛场
• a sheep ranch 牧羊场
• He went to work on a ranch. 他去一个大牧场工作了。
n. 大农场；大牧场
 - estancia, plantation

Word: coastal
Front: coastal
[ˈkəʊstl] (六雅 4039/4584)
Back: adj. 临海的，沿海的; 海岸的; 沿岸
分布：沿海的(53%)，海岸的(28%)，沿岸的(19%)
US ['koʊ-] adjective
 ADVANCED
■situated on, or relating to the coast （位于）海岸的；临海的；沿海的
• a coastal town 海滨城镇
adj. [海洋] 沿海的；海岸的
 - maritime, littoral

Word: undertake
Front: undertake
[ˌʌndəˈteɪk] (高研四六托雅 4035/1604 -2)
Vocabulary: undertake
(once / 107 pages)
v
When you undertake a task or challenge, you attempt to accomplish it. If you want to undertake a verbal challenge right now, try saying “sushi chef” ten times quickly without messing up.
Way back in the 13th century, undertake meant “seize” or “entrap.” Of course, the meaning has shifted significantly since then, and we hope you don’t feel entrapped when you decide to undertake a project. However, undertake does convey a level of commitment and involvement that’s somewhat stronger than the words try or attempt might suggest.
WORD FAMILY
undertake: undertaken, undertaker, undertakes, undertaking, undertook+/ undertaker: undertakers/ undertaking: undertakings
USAGE EXAMPLES
He was so supportive, she said, that she and her team decided to undertake even more changes.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Utah is undertaking a test of the technology on a stretch of Salt Lake City’s Redwood Road, a major north-south commuter route.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
The project is one of the largest undertaken in the state.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 承担，从事; 保证; 同意，答应; 承诺
时态：undertook, undertaken, undertaking, undertakes
分布：承担(62%)，从事(21%)，保证(10%)，答应(7%)
→词源理解存争议。under-, 来自inter-变体，在里面，词源同interact, understand, take, 带走，承担。即承担起来的。
v.承担,担任;许诺,保证;着手,从事I overtake the undertaker who takes my stake by mistake.我追上那个误拿我赌注的承办人
US [-dɚ-] (undertook, undertaken)
verb transitive
DO 做
 ADVANCED slightly formal
■to do or begin to do something, especially something that will take a long time or be difficult （开始）做，承担，从事（尤指耗时或困难之事）
• Students are required to undertake simple experiments. 要求学生们做些简单的实验。
UK [ˌʌn.də'teɪk] US [-dɚ-] (undertook, undertaken)
verb transitive
PROMISE 承诺
   formal
■to promise that you will do something 承诺，允诺，答应
• [+ to infinitive] She undertook not to publish the names of the people involved. 她答应不公布有关人员的名字。
• [+ that] The government undertook that the buildings would not be redeveloped. 政府承诺不会改造这些大楼。
vt. 承担，保证；从事；同意；试图
 - accept, pursue, address, try, offer

Word: softly
Front: softly
[ˈsɒftli] (四六 4040/3081 -K)
Back: adv. 柔软地; 静静地; 温和地; 柔和地
分布：静静地(34%)，柔和地(33%)，温柔地(33%)
US ['sɑ:ft-] adverb
 ADVANCED
■gently 温柔地，轻柔地
• She speaks softly but usually gets her own way. 她说起话来轻声细语，但通常很有主见。
adv. 温柔地；柔和地；柔软地；静静地
 - gently, silently

Word: reserve
Front: reserve
[rɪˈzɜ:v] (高研四六托雅宝 3740/2475 -K4)
Vocabulary: reserve
(once / 74 pages)
1vn 2n 3n
As a noun, reserve refers to the quality of a shy or modest person who doesn’t easily express his or her feelings. As a verb, to reserve is to stash something away or to set it aside for future use.
Reserve can also refer to backup supplies or resources. If a military is running out of ammunition or food, they may have to dig into the reserve to replenish their supplies. Reserve is also used as a verb to mean "obtain in advance." If you’re expecting a big crowd at your sister's dance recital, you might show up early to reserve seats for your family members. You could also reserve a table at a restaurant for dinner after the show.
WORD FAMILY
reserve: reservation, reserved, reserves, reserving, reservist+/ reservation: reservations/ reserved: reservedly, unreserved/reservist: reservists/unreserved: unreservedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Texas Christian product spent the final 11 weeks of this season on the injured reserve list.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
After two receptions, his season ended on injured reserve.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The Times reserves the right to edit and publish any submissions online and/or in print.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 储备; 保护区; 保留; 替补队员
vt. 储备; 保留; 预约
vi. 预订
adj. 保留的; 预备的
时态：reserved, reserving, reserves
分布：保留(64%)，预订(23%)，含蓄(3%)，克制(2%)，延期(2%)，候补(2%)，贮存(2%)，预备品(2%)
→re-,向后，往回，-serv,看护，保护，词源同 conserve,preserve.引申诸相关词义。
保留;预定n.内向,沉默寡言(re再+serve→再留住→预定)[serv=serve,keep表示"服务,保持"]
n.储备(物),储备金;缄默v.保留,储备;预定The reservoir in the reserved preserve is an obstacle to the obstinate observer.预留保护区内的水库对固执的观察者是一个障碍.
【记】“保留”的意思大家很熟，一个人总是保留想法－沉默寡言
US [-'zɝ:v] verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to keep something for a particular purpose or time 把…专门留给；把…留作；保留
• I reserve Mondays for tidying my desk and answering letters. 我把周一的时间留出来专门清理办公桌和回覆信件。
• These seats are reserved for the elderly and women with babies. 这些座位是专留给老人和抱小孩的妇女的。
• I reserve judgment on this issue (= I won't give an opinion on it now) until we have more information. 在我们得到更多的资讯之前，我暂不对此事发表意见。
 ADVANCED
■If you reserve something such as a seat on an aircraft or a table at a restaurant, you arrange for it to be kept for your use 预订；预约
• I reserved a double room at the Lamb Hotel. 我在兰姆饭店预订了一间双人房。
• [+ two objects] If you get there early, reserve me a seat/reserve a seat for me. 如果你先到那里，给我预订个座位。
UK [rɪ'zɜ:v] US [-'zɝ:v] noun
BEHAVIOUR 举止
uncountable
■the habit of not showing your feelings or thoughts 拘谨；矜持；内向
• I took her out for a drink and tried to break through her reserve. 我带她出去喝了杯酒，想消除她的拘谨。
UK [rɪ'zɜ:v] US [-'zɝ:v] noun
KEPT 贮藏
countable or uncountable
■when you keep something or a supply of something until it is needed, or a supply that you keep 贮藏（物）；储备（物）；备用（物）
• She keeps a little money in reserve (= for use if and when needed). 她留下了一些钱以备不时之需。
• The librarian has put the book on reserve for me (= will keep it for me when it becomes available). 图书管理员已经替我预约了这本书。
• We still have a reserve of food/food reserves in case of emergency. 我们仍然还有储备粮／粮食储备以应付紧急情况。
countable (also reservation) (US also preserve)
■an area of land kept in its natural state, especially for wild animals to live in and be protected （尤指保护野生动物生存的）自然保护区，禁猎区，保护区
• a nature/game/wildlife reserve 自然保护区／禁猎区／野生动物保护区
countable
■in sports, an extra player who is ready to play if needed 替补队员；后备队员
• We had two reserves in case anyone was injured. 我们有两名替补队员，以防有人在场上受伤。
the reserves [plural]
■a group of people who are not permanently in the armed forces but are used only if needed 后备军；后备部队
• They will call up the reserves. 他们将召集后备军。
UK [rɪ'zɜ:v] US [-'zɝ:v] noun
DOUBT 存疑
uncountable formal
■when you have reservations about someone or something 保留
• I can recommend him to you without reserve. 我可以毫无保留地向您推荐他。
UK [rɪ'zɜ:v] US [-'zɝ:v] noun
PRICE 价格
countable usually singular (also reserve price)
■the lowest amount of money the owners will accept for something being sold, especially at auction (= public sale) （尤指拍卖中买方定的）底价，保留价格，最低价
• A rare Stradivarius violin failed to reach (= no one offered to pay) its reserve price when put up for auction on Tuesday. 星期二的拍卖会上，对一把稀有的斯特拉迪瓦里制造的小提琴的出价没能达到其拍卖底价。
• We set/put a reserve of £50 on the picture. 我们为这幅画定的底价为50英镑。
conserve, reserve, retain, withhold, preserve, keep
这组词都有“保持，保存”的意思，其区别是：
conserve: 一般指保存自然资源，保全人的精力、力量等。
reserve: 正式用词，指为了将来的用途或其他用途而保存、保留。
retain: 指继续保持。
withhold: 指扣住不放，暗示有阻碍。
preserve: 主要指为防止损害、变质等而保存。
keep: 最常用词，指长时间牢固地保持或保存。
n. [贸易] [金融] 储备，储存；自然保护区； [军] [林] 预备队；储备金
 - store, repertory
vt. [贸易] [金融] 储备；保留；预约
 - stay at, save from
vi. 预订
 - book for, make reservation

Word: burning
Front: burning
[ˈbɜ:nɪŋ] (托 4041/4690 -2)
Back: adj. 燃烧的; 发热的; 急切的; （欲望等）炽烈的
v. 燃烧(burn的现在分词); 使用某物为燃料
分布：燃烧(70%)，燃烧的(27%)，热烈的(2%)，紧急的(1%)
US ['bɝ:-] adjective
FIRE 火
 ADVANCED
■on fire 燃烧的
• A man staggered from the burning car. 一个男子跌跌撞撞地从燃烧着的车里逃出来。
UK ['bɜ:.nɪŋ] US ['bɝ:-] adjective
HOT 热
■very hot 感到很热
• burning sand 炽热的沙
• Suddenly she felt a burning (sensation) (= feeling of heat) in her throat. 她突然感觉到喉咙里热辣辣的。
UK ['bɜ:.nɪŋ] US ['bɝ:-] adjective
STRONG 强烈
■A burning desire , need, etc., is one that is very strong （愿望、需求等）强烈的，迫切的
• a burning ambition 野心勃勃
• He spoke of his burning desire to play for England. 他谈到非常希望为英国队效力。
burning issue/question
■a subject or question that must be dealt with or answered quickly 当务之急，极待解决的问题
warm, hot, burning
这组词都有“热的”的意思，其区别是：
warm: 通常指温度不太高，介于hot与cold之间，不太热也不太凉，给人以舒适感。
hot: 最普通用词，指温度很高，往往有灼热、滚烫含义。
burning: 暗示热源是火，多用于夸张，指像火烧一样热。
adj. 燃烧的；强烈的；发热的
 - intense, sharp, keen, consuming
n. 燃烧
 - combustion, inflammation

Word: verbal
Front: verbal
[ˈvɜ:bl] (研六托雅宝 4037/4311 -2)
Vocabulary: verbal
(once / 792 pages)
adj
If your friend tells you that the speech you just made was really verbal, he means you used too many words, overstated the point, went on too long, were redundant.
Verbal simply means, "having to do with words." If you hit someone that's a physically assault, but if you say nasty things to him, it's a verbal assault. Sometimes we use verbal to mean "spoken instead of written," usually to talk about agreements we've made. A child who is verbal is a child who can speak, and we call someone who's very articulate a verbal person.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
aural / oral / verbal
Aural refers to the ear or hearing, and oral to the mouth or speaking. Something verbal is expressed in words, either spoken or written. Listen to the aural sensations of songs from outer space when you've been gassed for your oral surgery. Then stay non-verbal because you can't use words for a long time after the dentist wakes you up.
Aural is related to the sense of hearing:
While the songs may be familiar, the delivery is the aural version of having one's stocking stuffed. (technorati.com)
Audio teams capture far-flung aural impressions to set the proper movie mood (Dallas Morning News)
Our second word, oral, refers to something spoken (rather than written) or something related to the mouth:
The Long Island Storytelling Network will be telling tales at the library on Wednesday to help revive the oral tradition. (Storynet.org)
Oral cancer has always been a bigger threat to men than women. (Washington Post)
Now what about oral vs. verbal? They both relate to something expressed through words, but oral is spoken and verbal can be spoken or written. Oral and verbal are often used interchangeably — both describe spoken words after all. But they're not always interchangeable. If your little sister sticks everything in her mouth, she has an oral fixation. If she can recite the Constitution by age two, she's quite verbal. Consider these quotes from articles about college basketball:
K-State basketball gets oral commitment from 7-footer Diaz. (Wichita Eagle)
Gipson is Kansas State's second verbal commitment. (Fox Sports)
Using those definitions, Diaz told K-State he'd join the team. He didn't sign any paperwork. But Gipson could have signed on the dotted line, or he might have just spoken his commitment.
Remember: if it's related to the ear or hearing, you want aural. If it's related to something spoken or to the mouth, it's oral. And although verbal can mean spoken or written, oral can only mean spoken.
WORD FAMILY
verbal: nonverbal, verbalise, verbalism, verbalize, verbally+/ nonverbal: nonverbally/ verb: verbal, verbify, verbs/verbalise: verbalisation, verbalised, verbaliser/verbalised: unverbalised/verbalism: verbalisms/ verbalization: verbalizations/ verbalize: verbalization, verbalized, verbalizer, verbalizes, verbalizing/verbalized: unverbalized/verbally: non-verbally
USAGE EXAMPLES
Superintendent Eddie Johnson tells reporters that the officer shot the man several times during a “verbal altercation” shortly after 9 a.m.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Verbal rehearsal of material—the shopping list you recite as you walk the aisles of a supermarket—is part of our working memory system.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Also, he often prefers to educate somebody, with a verbal warning.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 词语的; 言语的; 口头的; 动词的
分布：口头的(47%)，动词的(29%)，动名词(9%)，逐字的(9%)，用文字的(3%)，用言语的(3%)
→来自verb,言语。
词语的[verb=word,表示"词语"]
a.用言辞的,用文字的;口头的;动词的The difference is merely verbal.那只不过是言辞上的差异.
US ['vɝ:-] adjective
SPOKEN 口头的
 ADVANCED
■spoken rather than written 口头的；非书面的
• a verbal agreement/description/explanation 口头协议／描述／解释
• Airport officials received a stream of verbal abuse from angry passengers whose flights had been delayed. 航班被延误，机场的官员们遭到了愤怒的乘客们的一顿臭骂。
UK ['vɜ:.bəl] US ['vɝ:-] adjective
WORDS 文字
■relating to words 用言辞的；文字的
• It can sometimes be difficult to give a verbal description of things like colours and sounds. 有时候可能很难用语言来描述颜色、声音之类的东西。
oral, verbal
这组词都有“口头表达的”的意思，其区别是：
oral: 侧重指用嘴进行表达或交流。
verbal: 指口头进行，但不排除使用文字的可能性。
adj. 口头的；言语的；动词的；照字面的
 - oral, spoken

Word: tribal
Front: tribal
[ˈtraɪbl] (托 4042/7251)
Vocabulary: tribal
(once / 1035 pages)
adj
Tribal things have something to do with a group or tribe, like Native Americans' tribal land, where certain tribes lived for thousands of years.
You might have heard the term "tribal sovereignty" before — it's basically the legal right of indigenous or native people to govern themselves under certain conditions. In the United States, for example, tribal groups are recognized as "domestic dependent nations." Sometimes the adjective tribal is slightly derogatory, but only when it's used to mean "overly loyal to a group."
WORD FAMILY
tribal: detribalise, detribalize, intertribal, tribalisation, tribalism, tribalization, tribally+/detribalise: detribalisation/detribalize: detribalization, detribalized, detribalizing/tribalism: tribalisms/ tribe: tribal, tribes
USAGE EXAMPLES
A Legislative committee in November voted to halt presentations from Native American tribal leaders and from the state’s chief justice.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The country “was riven with all kinds of ethnic and tribal divisions before we got there. It’s still there.”
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Among the 4,000 sites are fishing and hunting processing areas, ancestral village areas and tribal corridors.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 部落的，部族的; 种族的
分布：部落的(100%)
→tribe,部落，-al,形容词后缀。
adjective
 ADVANCED
■relating to a tribe 部落的；部族的
• tribal dress/leaders 部落的服装／首领
• informal figurative The fierce tribal loyalty among soccer supporters leads to violence between opposing fans. 足球迷对自己球队强烈的忠诚感引发了对立球队球迷之间的暴力冲突。
adj. 部落的；种族的
 - ethnic, racial

Word: ridiculous
Front: ridiculous
[rɪˈdɪkjələs] (高研四六托雅 4043/3632 -K2)
Vocabulary: ridiculous
(once / 265 pages)
adj
Did you just say that you could toss a rubber chicken over an ocean? Don’t be ridiculous, because ridiculous words are hard to believe, and they will make others laugh at you, not always in a good way either.
The adjective ridiculous comes from the Latin word ridere, which means “to laugh,” but it’s also related to the word ridicule, which means to mock in a cruel way. A mocking and cruel laughter, that’s a common reaction to ridiculous situations. However, there are all different kinds of ridiculous, like seeing a fish holding an umbrella while riding a bike.
WORD FAMILY
ridiculous: ridiculousest, ridiculously, ridiculousness+/ ridicule: ridiculed, ridiculer, ridicules, ridiculing, ridiculous /ridiculer: ridiculers/ridiculousness: ridiculousnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
The case in Fredericksburg really shows the ridiculous hoop-jumping that Muslims are facing.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
"It's possible, but I think it's sad and ridiculous if that's the case," Bradley, speaking of the possible xenophobia, told a British radio interviewer.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
He calls a Group of Five national championship “ridiculous.”
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 可笑的，荒谬的; 荒唐的，愚蠢的; 胡枝扯叶
分布：荒谬的(56%)，可笑的(44%)
→来自 riducule,嘲笑，嘲弄。
可笑的(rid+ic+ulous多...的→多笑的→可笑的)[Rid,ris=laugh,表示"笑"]
a.荒谬的,可笑的The kid kidnapper can't get rid of a ridiculous kidney disease.绑架小孩的家伙无法摆脱荒谬的肾病.
【反】sublime（adj 庄严的）
adjective
 IMPROVER
■stupid or unreasonable and deserving to be laughed at 愚蠢的；荒唐的；可笑的
• Do I look ridiculous in this hat? 我戴这顶帽子看着很可笑吗？
• Don't be so ridiculous! I can't possibly afford to go on holiday. 别那么傻了！我才不可能有那么多钱去渡假呢。
• It's ridiculous to expect a two-year-old to be able to read! 指望一个两岁的孩子会读书真是太荒唐了！
ridiculous, silly, absurd
这组词都有“愚蠢，可笑”的意思，其区别是：
ridiculous: a.荒唐可笑的，指因为愚昧无知而令人发笑并成为笑柄，含有蔑视成分。
 • It is ridiculous to judge a foreign culture only by its food.   仅仅根据一个国家的饮食来评价该国家的文化是荒唐可笑的。
silly: a.愚蠢的，傻的，指由于单纯或者头脑简单而显得愚蠢。
 • a silly little boy   傻小子
absurd: a.荒谬的，可笑的，指因不符合常识、违反真理或不合逻辑而令人发笑。
 • There was an absurd idea that the earth was flat and motionless.   过去曾经有一种荒谬的观点认为地球呈扁平状而且静止不动。
adj. 可笑的；荒谬的
 - laughing, preposterous

Word: automatic
Front: automatic
[ˌɔ:təˈmætɪk] (高研四六托雅 4045/3184 -K3)
Vocabulary: automatic
(once / 425 pages)
1adj 2n
If someone asks, “How are you?” and you reply, “Fine,” without really thinking about it, that’s an automatic reply. Something that’s automatic is done without thinking, almost as if you’re a well-programmed machine.
The word automatic can be used to describe a machine that works on its own, performing its tasks with little or no human intervention, such as an automatic transmission on a car. Or, automatic can describe a person whose actions are like a machine's. If you flash a smile every time someone walks through the door, it’s an automatic smile, a natural reaction you didn't think about or plan in advance.
WORD FAMILY
automatic: automatically, automatics, automatise, automatize, non-automatic, semiautomatic+/automatise: automatised, semi-automatise/automatize: automatized, semi-automatize/semiautomatic: semiautomatically, semiautomatics
USAGE EXAMPLES
And then, over time, it will become automatic to lace up your jogging shoes each morning.
New York Times(Oct 18, 2016)
Witnesses described diving under tables as he walked around spraying bullets from an automatic rifle.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
The goal should be accountability, not automatic opposition.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 自动的; 不假思索的，无意识的; 必然发生的
n. 自动化机器或设备; 自动手枪
分布：自动的(63%)，无意识的(15%)，必然的(13%)，自动装置(7%)，半自动武器(2%)
→前缀auto-, 自己的。-mat, 同词根men, 思考，见mind.
a.自动(装置)的;无意识的;n.自动机械The heating system has an automatic temperature control.取暖系统是自动调温的.
US [ˌɑ:.tˌə'mætˌ-] adjective
INDEPENDENT 自主的
 IMPROVER
■An automatic machine or device is able to operate independently of human control 自动的；自动化的
• automatic doors 自动门
• an automatic rifle 自动步枪
• automatic focus on a camera 相机的自动对焦装置
UK [ˌɔ:.tə'mæt.ɪk] US [ˌɑ:.tˌə'mætˌ-] adjective
NOT CONSCIOUS 无意识的
■done without thinking about it 无意识的，不自觉的；不假思索的，机械的
• Over time, driving just becomes automatic. 时间长了，开车也就成了一个机械的过程。
• My automatic response was to pull my hand away. 我不自觉的反应就是把手抽回。
UK [ˌɔ:.tə'mæt.ɪk] US [ˌɑ:.tˌə'mætˌ-] adjective
CERTAIN 必然的
■certain to happen as part of the normal process or system 必然随之发生的；自然而然的
• Citizenship is automatic for children born in this country. 婴儿出生在这个国家，就自然而然地成为这个国家的公民。
• You get an automatic promotion after two years. 两年后你就会自动晋升。
UK [ˌɔ:.tə'mæt.ɪk] US [ˌɑ:.tˌə'mætˌ-] noun countable
■a vehicle in which you do not have to change the gears 自动变速汽车，自动换档汽车
• Kate drives an automatic. 凯特开的是一辆自动档汽车。
adj. [军] [自] 自动的；无意识的；必然的
 - inevitable, mechanical, certain, necessary, unconscious
n. 自动机械； [军] 自动手枪
 - robot

Word: diamond
Front: diamond
[ˈdaɪəmənd] (高研四六 4044/3941 -K2)
Vocabulary: diamond
(once / 194 pages)
n
A diamond is a valuable gemstone that's often used to make expensive jewelry. You might admire your friend's diamond earrings, but secretly wonder if they're real.
An engagement ring is typically set with one or more diamonds. Diamonds used for jewelry are cut and polished, and they're evaluated for quality and price by weight, or carat, as well as by their cut, clarity, and color. Another kind of diamond is the geometrical shape, which is also seen on playing cards called diamonds, and echoed in the shape of a baseball field, also known as a diamond.
WORD FAMILY
diamond: diamonds
USAGE EXAMPLES
It’s diamonds and Priuses — or really just a few ounces of vegan caviar — with all the savings.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Friday in Diamond Bar at the 60 Freeway ramp to the southbound 57 Freeway.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Wednesday when a man in a cloth mask and dark hoodie entered the Kohl’s store and swiped diamonds, watches and other jewelry.
Washington Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 钻石，金刚石; 菱形; 方块
vt. 镶钻石于; 用钻石装饰
adj. 金刚石的; 菱形的; 用钻石装饰的
分布：钻石(87%)，菱形(11%)，用钻石装饰(1%)，棒球内场(1%)
→来自拉丁语adamans, 不可驯服的，词源同adamant. a-, 不，非，-dam, 同tame, 驯服。用来指钻石。
n.金钢石,钻石;菱形The man beyond the bond is fond of the second wonderful diamond.那位不受约束的人喜欢第二颗奇异的钻石.
noun
STONE 石
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■an extremely hard valuable stone which is used in jewellery, and in industry for cutting hard things 钻石，金刚石
• a diamond ring/necklace 钻戒／钻石项炼
• The tiara was set with diamonds and rubies. 头饰上镶嵌着钻石和红宝石。
• He had worked in the diamond mines of South Africa. 他曾在南非的钻石矿上干活。
• diamond-tipped saw blades 金刚石锯片
diamonds [plural noun]
■jewellery made from diamonds 钻石珠宝；钻饰
• Shall I wear the diamonds or the pearls with this dress? 我到底是戴钻石还是珍珠来配这件礼服好呢？
['daɪə.mənd] noun
SHAPE 形体
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■a shape with four straight sides of equal length, forming two opposite angles which are wide and two which are narrow 菱形
• Joe's socks had diamond patterns on them. 乔的袜子上有菱形图案。
countable
■a card, with a red diamond shape on it, which belongs to one of the four suits in a set of playing cards 方块（扑克牌的四种花色之一）
• the six of diamonds 方块六
countable
■the square part of a field on which baseball is played, which is surrounded by the four bases , or the whole field on which the game is played 棒球场，棒球场地
n. [宝] 钻石， [矿物] 金刚石； [数] 菱形；方块牌
 - sparkler, adamas
adj. [数] 菱形的；金刚钻的
 - rhombic

Word: credibility
Front: credibility
[ˌkredəˈbɪləti] (4048/5675)
Vocabulary: credibility
(once / 1843 pages)
n
You have credibility when you seem totally trustworthy or believable. You lose it when you start lying, cheating and acting rather shady.
Credibility is a noun that speaks to plausibility or believableness, so the star witness at your trial or the person writing your recommendation letter should certainly have it. Be careful though, because someone with credibility isn't necessarily telling the truth. As any con man or politician can tell you, credibility can easily come from nothing more than a confident smile.
WORD FAMILY
credibility: credibilities+/ credible: credibility, credibleness, crediblest, credibly, incredible /incredibility: incredibilities/ incredible: incredibility, incredibleness, incredibly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Then larger news organisations report what is happening on social media and add credibility to the story without fact-checking.
BBC(Dec 29, 2016)
Rare is the Marine who does not wish to shoot better; a culture that celebrates riflery bestows credibility and respect on those who shoot best.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
This access would let attackers steal personal information, divert frequent flyer benefits or use the data to lend credibility to phishing attacks.
BBC(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 可靠性，可信性; 确实性
分布：可信(78%)，可靠(19%)，确实性(3%)
US [-ə.tˌi] noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■when someone can be believed or trusted 可信性；可靠性
• His arrest for lewd behaviour seriously damaged his credibility as a religious leader. 他因猥亵行为被捕，这严重地损害了他作为宗教领袖的信誉。
• He complained that we had tried to undermine his credibility within the company. 他抱怨说我们企图损害他在公司的威信。
n. 可信性；确实性
 - authenticity, trustworthiness

Word: import
Front: import
[ˈɪmpɔ:t] (高研四六托宝 4050/2757 -K4)
Vocabulary: import
(once / 148 pages)
1vn 2v 3nv
Imports are the products shipped into our country from other places. We import Japanese autos and export our pop music to Tokyo. Import also means to signify something. Is it of import to our economic security to have so many Japanese imports on our roads?
The origins of the word import are literally "to bring into port." The ratio of imports to exports is a big indicator of the health of a nation's economy. The word import can also refer to attitudes or behaviors that come as part of the culture of a place. "New York media is dominated by British journalists who have imported the snarky style of gossip reporting famous in London."
WORD FAMILY
import: importation, imported, importee, importer, importing, imports+/ importation: importations/importee: importees/importer: importers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Mexico imports more than half of the roughly 34 million gallons a day of gasoline it consumes.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
The car dealer used to import some 2,000 cars every six weeks.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
The demands for bribes delay shipments, and state officials sometimes neglect to distribute what they import.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 进口，进口商品; 输入; 重要性; 意义
vt. 输入，进口; 对…有重大关系; 意味着
vi. 具重要性
时态：imported, importing, imports
分布：进口(87%)，输入(9%)，意义(2%)，进口商品(2%)
→im-,进入，使，port,港口。即入港，进口，引申词义输入，重要性。
进口;意味着(im进+port→拿进港口)[Port=carry,表示"拿,运"]
v./n.进口,输入,(pl.)进口商品;要旨,含意The airport and seaport are important to import and export of portable goods.机场和海港对于进口和出口轻便商品很重要.
【记】im进入，port带，拿，运－带入港口
【参】portable（adj 轻便的；便携式的）
US [ˈɪm.pɔːrt]
 IMPROVER
■to buy or bring in products from another country 进口
• We import a large number of cars from Japan. 我们从日本进口大量的汽车。
Compare export to introduce new goods, customs or ideas to one country from another 引入，引进
• The fashion for wearing baseball hats was imported directly from the States. 戴棒球帽的潮流是直接从美国传进来的。
■specialized
■to copy information from one computer or computer program to another 导入；输入
• I need to import data from the database into my word processor. 我需要将资料从资料库导入到我的文字处理器中。
• imported files 导入的文件
noun UK [ˈɪm.pɔːt] US [-pɔːrt]
BRINGING IN 引进
 IMPROVER countable
■goods bought by one country from another 进口商品
• restrictions on foreign imports 对外国进口商品的限制
 IMPROVER uncountable (also importation)
■the action of bringing goods or fashions into a country 进口；输入；引进
• the illegal importation of drugs 非法的毒品输入
• an import licence 进口许可证
• import duties 进口税
noun UK [ˈɪm.pɔːt] US [-pɔːrt]
IMPORTANCE 重要性
uncountable formal
■importance or meaning 重要性；意义
• Whether it is to be a 'working' visit or an 'official' visit is of little/no import. 是“工作访问”还是“正式访问”，这并不重要。
n. [贸易] 进口，进口货；输入；意思，含义；重要性
 - significance, stress, value, weight, meaning
vt. 输入， [贸易] 进口；含…的意思
 - to input, type in
vi. 输入， [贸易] 进口
 - to input, type in

Word: sexually
Front: sexually
['sekʃəlɪ] (4046/5579 -K)
Back: adv. 性别上地; 按性别地; 性欲地; 两性之间地
分布：性别地(50%)，两性之间地(50%)
adverb
SEX 性
■to do with sexual activity 性欲地，在性方面
• She's fun to be with, but I don't find her sexually attractive (= do not want to have sex with her). 和她在一起很有趣，但在性方面她对我没有吸引力。
['sek.sjʊə.li] adverb
MALE OR FEMALE 雄性或雌性
■to do with being male or female 有性地；性别地
• sexually stereotyped behaviour (= behaviour which is considered to be typical of a male or a female) 典型的性别行为

Word: spring
Front: spring
[sprɪŋ] (中高托雅 901/1503 -K4)
Vocabulary: spring
(once / 32 pages)
1vn 2v 3n 4n
There's nothing like sitting on a sharp tack to make you spring out of your chair. The verb spring means to leap or bounce up suddenly.
When you spring, you jump abruptly. In fact, your body acts like another definition of spring, "a coil of metal that bounces back when pushed." The Old English springan, "to leap, burst forth, or fly up," is the root of spring, and most uses of the word are clearly connected to that origin. Even when an idea springs to mind, or you spring bad news on someone, the thoughts seem to leap forward.
WORD FAMILY
spring: sprang, springed, springing, springless, springlike, springs, sprung
USAGE EXAMPLES
She was a Girl Scouts leader, Sunday school teacher and volunteer at Rock Spring Congregational Church in Arlington.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
As players arrived to collect their belongings from the team’s practice center, some exchanged goodbyes, unsure if they would be back here in the spring.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He first appeared with Trump during the spring’s Indiana primary and reappeared at rallies in the Midwest during the general-election stretch run.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 春季; 泉水，小溪; 弹簧，弹性; 跳跃
vi. 跳，跃; 突然发出或出现; 发源; 劈开，裂开
vt. 突然跳出; 跳过; 使开裂
adj. 春天的; 弹簧的，有弹性的
时态：sprang, sprung, springing, springs
分布：春天(49%)，弹(13%)，春季(12%)，弹簧(11%)，跳(4%)，泉水(4%)，出现(2%)，生长(2%)，涌出(1%)，弹力(1%)，突然提出(1%)
→来自古英语 springan,蹦，跳，跃，来自 Proto-Germanic*springana,弹，跳，冲出，来自 spergh, 弹，跳，快速移动，可能来自 sper,播撒，展开，词源同 spread,spark.
n.春;跳;泉,源泉;弹簧,发条v.跳,跳跃The ring on the spring string rings during springtime.弹簧弦上的环在春天鸣响.
noun
SEASON 季节
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■the season of the year between winter and summer, lasting from March to June north of the equator , and from September to December south of the equator, when the weather becomes warmer, leaves and plants start to grow again and flowers appear 春天，春季
• spring flowers/weather 春花／春日天气
• Many bulbs bloom in (the) spring. 很多球茎植物春天开花。
• Janet's coming over for a couple of weeks next spring. 珍妮特明年春天要来这里待几个星期。
[sprɪŋ] noun
CURVED METAL 弯曲的金属
countable
■a piece of curved or bent metal that can be pressed into a smaller space but then returns to its usual shape 弹簧，发条
• The children have jumped on the couch so much that they've ruined the springs. 孩子们老是在沙发上跳来跳去的，把弹簧都跳坏了。
uncountable
■something's ability to return to its usual shape after it has been pressed 弹性，弹力
• Over the years the mattress has lost its spring. 几年下来，床垫失去了弹性。
[sprɪŋ] noun
WATER 水
countable (also springs)
■a place where water naturally flows out from the ground 泉
• bubbling/hot springs 汩汩冒泡的泉／温泉
[sprɪŋ] noun
a spring in your step
■If you walk with or have a spring in your step, you walk energetically in a way that shows you are feeling happy and confident 步伐轻快；（走路）轻松自信
• There's been a definite spring in his step ever since he met Joanna. 自从他遇见乔安娜之后，走起路来步伐都变轻快了。
[sprɪŋ] verb intransitive usually + adverb or preposition (sprang or US ALSO sprung, sprung)
MOVE QUICKLY 快速移动
■to move quickly and suddenly towards a particular place 跳，跃，蹦
• I sprang out of bed to answer the door. 我从床上跳起来去开门。
• The organization is ready to spring into action (= start taking action) the moment it receives its funding. 那个组织已准备好了，一得到资金就立即采取行动。
• He always springs to his feet when she walks in the room. 她走进房间时，他总是会立即站起来。
• figurative I noticed the way you sprang to his defence when Caroline started joking about his clothes. 我注意到，卡罗琳取笑他的穿着时，你立刻就开始为他说话了。
• The lid of the box sprang shut. 盒盖啪的一下关上了。
[sprɪŋ] verb intransitive usually + adverb or preposition (sprang or US ALSO sprung, sprung)
APPEAR SUDDENLY 突然出现
■to appear or start to exist suddenly 突然出现；涌现
• Thousands of new businesses have sprung up in the past couple of years. 过去几年里数千家新企业如雨后春笋般纷纷涌现。
• informal "Where did you spring from ? - I didn't see you come in!" “你从那里冒出来的？——我都没看到你进来！”
[sprɪŋ] verb intransitive usually + adverb or preposition (sprang or US ALSO sprung, sprung)
spring to life
■to suddenly become very active or busy 突然活跃（或忙碌）起来
• After about 8 o'clock the city springs to life. 大约八点钟过后，整个城市突然热闹起来。
[sprɪŋ] verb intransitive usually + adverb or preposition (sprang or US ALSO sprung, sprung)
spring to mind
■to come quickly into your mind 跃入脑海
• Say the word 'Australia' and a vision of beaches and blue seas immediately springs to mind. 一提起“澳大利亚”两个字，脑海中立刻呈现出沙滩和蔚蓝的大海。
[sprɪŋ] verb intransitive usually + adverb or preposition (sprang or US ALSO sprung, sprung)
  Phrasal Verbs  spring from sth
■to come from or be a result of something 起源于；来自；由…造成
• His need to be liked obviously springs from a deep-rooted insecurity. 他渴望别人喜欢他，这显然出自一种根深柢固的不安全感。
[sprɪŋ] verb intransitive usually + adverb or preposition (sprang or US ALSO sprung, sprung)
  Phrasal Verbs  spring sth on sb
■to suddenly tell or ask someone something when they do not expect it 突然告诉（某人）；冷不防地问（某人）
• I hope he's not going to spring any nasty surprises on us at the meeting this morning. 我希望今天上午的会议他不会冷不防对我们说出一些让人讨厌的话来。
fountain, spring
这组词都有“泉”的意思，其区别是：
fountain: 指天然或供观赏或饮水用的人工泉或喷泉。引申用根“根源”或“源泉”解。
spring: 指从地面自然涌出的天然泉。
skip, hop, spring, bound, leap, jump
这组词都有“跳，跳跃”的意思，其区别是：
skip: 指两脚交替轻地跳或跨的动作。
hop: 指单脚短跳或双足猛力的动作。也指小鸟、青蛙等的跳。
spring: 更强调有力和弹跳的运动。
bound: 多指向前向上或向下跳跃、奔跳。
leap: 常可与jump换用，但侧重身体猛力向上升起并朝前急冲的动作，有时含突然的意味。
jump: 是普通用词，指用双脚向上跳，向下跳，或在同一平面上跳到有一定距离的某一点上，或跳过。
n. 春天；弹簧；泉水；活力；跳跃
 - energy, vitality, jump, vigor
adj. 春天的
 - vernal
vi. 生长；涌出；跃出；裂开
 - grow, develop, flood, gap
vt. 使跳起；使爆炸；突然提出；使弹开
 - shoot, set sth off

Word: way
Front: way
[weɪ] (中高托 84/86 -K5)
Vocabulary: way
(once / 7 pages)
1n 2n 3n 4n 5adv
The means by which you go about doing something is the way you do it. Although you "cleaned" your room, the way you did it — shoving everything into your closet — didn't exactly solve the problem.
Your manner of behavior or how you usually conduct yourself is also called your way. If it's not your way to let someone be bullied, you'll stand up for kids being pushed around, even if the bully is twice your size. A road or path can also be called a way. The Queen Elizabeth Way is a highway in Ontario, Canada, for example.
WORD FAMILY
way: ways+/ways: wayses
USAGE EXAMPLES
Existing wholesalers will be allowed to operate outside their previously designated areas, run marketing campaigns and introduce “modern ways of distribution.”
Seattle Times(Jan 03, 2017)
“I said, ‘If you are not right, and you are not executing all of the way through, you will not be successful.’
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But according to experts, checking your weight is a misguided, demoralizing way to gauge overall health.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 道路; 方法; 方向; 某方面
adv. 远远地，大大地
分布：方式(32%)，路(25%)，方法(22%)，方面(5%)，方向(3%)，非常(3%)，远远地(3%)，作风(2%)，样子(2%)，距离(2%)，情况(1%)
→来自wegh,移动，词源同wagon,vehicle,via。引申词义路，方法。
n.道路,路程;方法/式,手段;习惯;状态It was a long way.路程很远.
noun
ROUTE 道路
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a route, direction or path 路，道路；路线
• Do you know the way to the train station? 你知道去火车站怎么走吗？
• I've only been living in Madrid for a couple of weeks so I don't really know my way around it yet. 我只在马德里住了几个星期，所以还不太认识周围的路。
• We'll have to stop for fuel on the way to the airport. 我们将不得不在去机场的路上停下来加油。
• Can you find your own way out of the building? 你自己能找对路走出这栋楼吗？
• It's getting late - we should make our way (= go) home soon. 时候不早了——我们应该马上回家。
• He elbowed/pushed his way (= hit/pushed people so that he could go past them) to the front of the crowd. 他用胳膊肘／手推搡出一条路，挤到了人群前面。
• The coach stopped for us to eat lunch but within half an hour we were on our way] under way (= travelling) again. 长途汽车停下来让我们吃午饭，不过不到半小时，我们又上路了。
• There's no way through the centre of town in a vehicle - it's for pedestrians only. 市中心没有供车辆通行的道路——仅有一条步行街。
• You'll have to go by way of (= travel through) Copenhagen if you want to go to Southern Sweden from here. 从这里去瑞典南部只能取道哥本哈根。
• Many people have lost their way (= become lost) in the forest. 很多人在森林里迷了路。
• Only a local person could find their way through the maze of narrow streets. 只有本地人才能在迷宫般的狭窄街道中找到自己的路。
 ESSENTIAL countable
■used to talk about the direction in which something is facing （某物面对的）方向
• "Which way does the room face?" "North." “这个房间朝哪个方向？”“朝北。”
• Which way up should this box be (= Which side should be on top) ? 这个箱子应该哪一面朝上？
• The numbers are the wrong way round - it should be 71, not 17. 那个数字颠倒了——应该是71，不是17。
Way
■used in the names of some roads …路（用于道路的名称）
• Our offices are at 17 King's Way. 我们的办事处在国王路17号。
[weɪ] noun
DISTANCE 距离
 ESSENTIAL only singular (US ways)
■distance or a period of time 距离；一段时间
• We walked a long way yesterday. 昨天我们走了很长的一段路。
• The holidays seem like they're a long way off. 假期似乎还很遥远。
• figurative There were people of every political belief at university, ranging all the way from communists to fascists. 大学里有各种政治信仰的人，从极左分子到极右派人物都可以找到。
• US They still have a ways to go. 他们还要走一段路。
[weɪ] noun
POSSIBILITY 可能性
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■a particular choice, opinion, belief or action, especially from among several possibilities 方式，方法；样式；方面
• I like the way you've had your hair done. 我喜欢你的发型。
• In some/many ways it would be better if we met on Monday rather than Wednesday. 从某些／好多方面来说，我们周一见面要比周三见面好一些。
• In a way (= Partly) , I would prefer it if they didn't come because it would mean extra work. 从某一方面来说，我不太愿意他们来，因为那将意味着要额外操劳。
• He might have to resign or he might be demoted, but either way, his career is effectively over. 他可能要被迫辞职或被降职，但不管怎么说，他的事业实际上已经结束了。
• They don't write songs the way (= as) they used to. 他们不像以前那样写歌了。
[weɪ] noun
MANNER 方式
 ESSENTIAL only singular
■the manner in which someone behaves or thinks, or in which something happens （思维）风格；（行事）作风；（某事发生的）方式
• Don't be alarmed - it's just his way. 别害怕——他就那样。
• He looked at me in a sinister way. 他恶狠狠地看着我。
• It 's amazing the way she manages to stay so calm. 她能保持如此镇定，真让人惊讶。
• The way he was shouting, you'd have thought he was badly hurt. 看他大喊大叫的样子，还以为他受了重伤。
• To my way of thinking, they shouldn't be building so many roads. 依我看，他们不该修这么多路。
• It's always the way at work - either I've got nothing to do or I'm rushed off my feet! 我工作时总是这样——要不无事可做，要不忙得停不住脚！
ways [plural]
■types of behaviour 行为方式，举止
• Over the years we've got used to his funny little ways. 多年来，我们已经习惯了他那些滑稽的举动了。
[weɪ] noun
METHOD 方法
 ESSENTIAL countable
■an action that can produce the result you want; a method
• There are many ways of solving the problem.
• [+ to infinitive] That's not the way to do it - let me show you.
• That method hasn't worked, so let's try your way.
[weɪ] noun
FREE SPACE
 IMPROVER only singular
■the space needed for a particular movement or action
• "Sorry, am I in your way? I'll move."
• I couldn't see the stage because there was a pillar in the way (= between me and the stage).
• Please make way so the ambulance can get by.
• The best thing you can do if you're near to a tornado is get out of its way.
• figurative She's determined to succeed and she won't let anything get/stand in her way (= prevent her).
[weɪ] noun
WANT
 ADVANCED only singular informal
■If someone gets or has their way, what they want happens
• If she doesn't get/have her (own) way, she sulks like a four-year-old.
[weɪ] noun
CONDITION
only singular
■the bad condition or state of someone or something, especially the state of a person's health
• He's been in a bad way (= very ill) ever since the operation.
[weɪ] noun
all the way
■as much as possible or completely
• If you want to take it up with the boss, I'll support you all the way.
[weɪ] noun
all the way to
■as far as someone or something at a high level in a process or structure
• I'll take my complaint all the way to the managing director.
[weɪ] noun
(in) any way , shape or form
■in any way at all
• I have never been involved in any way, shape or form with criminal activities.
[weɪ] noun
be on the way to sth
■to be close to doing something
• I'm well on the way to completing the report.
[weɪ] noun
be out of the way
■If a place or a building is out of the way, it is a long distance from where most people live
• It's a very beautiful village but it's a bit out of the way.
[weɪ] noun
by the way ADVANCED
■used to introduce a new subject to be considered or to give further information
• I think we've discussed everything we need to - by the way, what time is it?
• Oh, by the way, my name's Julie.
[weɪ] noun
by way of
■as a type of
• He sent me some flowers by way of an apology.
[weɪ] noun
find a way
■to discover how to achieve or deal with something
• Finding a way through the legislation is impossible without expert advice.
[weɪ] noun
give way to sth (also make way for sth) UK
■to be replaced by something, especially because it is better, cheaper, easier, etc
• In some areas, modern intensive farming is giving way to the re-introduction of traditional methods.
[weɪ] noun
go your own (sweet) way
■to do what you want without considering other people
• It doesn't matter how much advice I give Cathy, she always goes her own sweet way.
[weɪ] noun
go your own way
■When people or groups of people choose to go their own way, they decide to live or work without continuing their previous personal or business relationship
• After a couple of years together, we realized we weren't suited to one another and decided to go our own ways.
[weɪ] noun
go all the way informal
■to have sex, especially after a period of kissing and touching
• Did you go all the way last night?
[weɪ] noun
go out of your way
■to try very hard to do something, especially for someone else
• They really went out of their way to make us feel welcome by giving us the best room in the house.
[weɪ] noun
have it both ways
■to get advantages from two opposing things
• You can't have it both ways - you either work longer and get paid more or have more leisure time and get paid less.
[weɪ] noun
no way informal ADVANCED
■used to tell someone that something is impossible
• I'm sorry but there's no way we can help you.
• No way will she agree to you leaving early.
■No way! * used to say 'no' in a forceful way
■1. "Go on, lend me your bike." "No way!"
[weɪ] noun
point the way
■to show how something can be done better in the future
• Recent medical discoveries are already pointing the way to more efficient vaccines.
[weɪ] noun
talk your way into/out of sth informal
■to persuade people that you should do something/not do something by the reasons you give
• He talked his way into the job.
• You might be able to talk your way out of most things but you still have to clean the dishes!
[weɪ] noun
way of life ADVANCED way 1 * the manner in which a person lives
• Sleeping in doorways, begging for food and money - it's not a very enviable way of life.
[weɪ] noun
The way to a man's heart is through his stomach. humorous saying
■said to mean that a woman can make a man love her by cooking him good meals
[weɪ] noun
way / direction the wind blows
■If a person tries to discover which way the wind blows/is blowing, they try to discover information about a situation, especially other people's opinions, before they take action
• I think I'll see which way the wind is blowing before I vote at the board meeting.
[weɪ] noun
ways and means
■The ways and means of achieving something are the methods and other things needed to make it happen
• With computer technology, even people working on their own have the ways and means to produce professional-looking documents.
[weɪ] noun
work your way up/to the top
■to make progress in a process or structure
• He started as an office junior and worked his way up through the company to become a director.
[weɪ] noun
wouldn't have it any other way
■If a person says they wouldn't have something any other way, they mean they would not change any of it, especially despite connected difficulties
• It's never going to be easy having kids but I wouldn't have it any other way.
[weɪ] noun
  Common Learner Errors  wayRemember: to talk about an action that produces the result you want, use way to do sth or way of doing sth. What is the best way to send a parcel? What is the best way of sending a parcel? After a possessive, don't say 'way to do sth', say way of doing sth : It was his way of telling me he was proud of me. If you are using a noun to talk about how something is achieved, don't say 'way of', say means/method of :
✗ way of communication/transport. means of communication/transport.
[weɪ] noun
  Common Learner Errors  way To talk about a method for doing something, don't say 'way how', just say way :
✗ We must find a way how to reduce queues. We must find a way to reduce queues.
[weɪ] adverb
EMPHASIS informal
■used to emphasize degree or separation, especially in space or time
• After the third lap, she was way behind the other runners.
• She spends way too much money on clothes.
[weɪ] adverb
PLACE slightly old-fashioned
■in the direction of
• I think they live Birmingham way.
motorway（free way，express way）, vessel, pavement（sidewalk）, highway, route, trail, street, way, road, channel, lane
motorway（free way，express way）: 高速公路；
vessel: 血管，管道，一般指细小管道；
pavement（sidewalk）: 街道两旁的人行道；
highway: 通常指市区外可以通行各种机动车辆的交通干线;
route: 路线，航线；path：乡间小路，公园小径；
trail: 指人或兽在森林、荒野或山中踩出的小径或崎岖小道
street: 尤指城市中的道路；
way: 可指各种路、道或通道，也可指抽象的道路、方法；
road: 广阔平坦的大道，多指公路；
channel: 海峡，渠道，管道；
lane: 指农村或城镇的小道或小径，也指小巷；
highway, route, avenue, trail, street, path, motorway, way, road, pavement, lane
这组词都有“路”的意思，其区别是：
highway: 通常指市区外可以通行各种机动车辆的交通干线。
route: 指从此处通往彼处的路线、路程等。
avenue: 在美国，指城市中一侧或两侧建筑物林立的大道或马路；而在英国则常指通住乡村大住宅、私人大庄园或两旁栽树的道路。
trail: 指人或兽在森林、荒野或山中踩出的小径或崎岖小道。
street: 尤指城市中的道路，往往一侧或两侧有高大建筑物；还可指城市小镇、近郊可供人、车、马行走的平坦道路。
path: 多指由人或动物在田间、小丘或树丛中经常走动而踩出的小路，也指公园或花园等供人走的小径。
motorway: 高速公路，新词，特指为车辆快速通行而修的专线，美语为freeway或expressway。
way: 普通用词，含义广泛，可指各种路、道或通道，也可指抽象的道路。
road: 指连接两地间供行人或车辆使用的广阔平坦的大道，多指公路，也可用于引申意义。
pavement: 在英国，多指街道两旁的人行道，而美国人常用sidewlk表示人行道。
lane: 指农村或城镇的小道或小径，也指小巷。
fashion, means, approach, way, method, manner, mode
这组词都有“方法、方式”的意思，其区别是：
fashion: 着重独特的程序或方式，尤指个人的偏爱或习惯。
means: 指为达到某种目的或目标而采用的方法、手段或途径。
approach: 指从事某事的特别方法、途径。
way: 普通用词，可指一般的方法，有时也指个人的方法或方式，也可指特殊的方式或方法。
method: 指有系统、有条理地办事或解决问题的方法。
manner: 多指行动的特殊方式或独特的方法。
mode: 书面用词，常指因个人爱好或传统习俗等因素而遵循的方法。
n. 方法； [交] 道路；方向；行业；习惯
 - path, method, direction, orientation, approach, aspect, system
adv. 大大地；远远地
 - greatly, large

Word: divine
Front: divine
[dɪˈvaɪn] (研六雅宝 4052/4739 -2)
Vocabulary: divine
(once / 89 pages)
nadjv
"To err is human, to forgive divine" means that everyone makes mistakes, but we should try to be like god and forgive one another. Divine basically means relating to, coming from, or like God or a god.
Divine also has an old-fashioned and informal meaning of being very good or pleasing, as in "She looked absolutely divine in her blue and white gown." This is an adjective that goes back to Middle English, borrowed from Old French devine, from Latin dīvīnus "divine, foreseeing," from dīvus "god."
WORD FAMILY
divine: divination, divinatory, divined, divinely, diviner, divines, divinest, divining, diviningly, divinity +/ divination: divinations/diviner: diviners/ divinity: divinities
USAGE EXAMPLES
But in later prophetic books the divine voice grows quieter.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
The harmony that was created when they laughed simultaneously was close to divine.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Of course, many of the city’s old guard still think the Reagan era was just divine.
Washington Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: adj. 神的， 天赐的; 极好的; 神圣的
vt. &vi. 占卜，预言; 猜测， 预测; （用丫形杖）探测（地下水）
n. 牧师; 神学家
时态：divined, divining, divines
分布：神圣的(45%)，神的(38%)，预言(6%)，牧师(4%)，理解(3%)，神学家(3%)，推断(1%)
→来自dyeu, 照耀，神，词源同diva, divine,Zeus.即神灵的，能预测未来的。
a.神的,神授的,天赐的;极好的,极美的People used to believe in the divine right of kings.过去人们相信君权神授.
adjective
GOD-LIKE 似神一样的
■connected with a god, or like a god 神的；像神一样的
• The Ayatollah described the earthquake in Iran as a divine test. 那位阿亚图拉把伊朗发生的地震说成是神的一次考验。
• Some fans seem to regard footballers as divine beings. 有些球迷似乎把球员神化了。
• England have fallen so far behind in the championship that their only hope of victory is divine intervention (= help from God). 英格兰队在此次锦标赛中的名次已经远远落后了，他们获胜的唯一希望就是要靠神来帮忙了。
• Just because you've been promoted that doesn't give you a divine right (= one like that of a god) to tell us all what to do. 获得晋升并不等于你有权像神一样对我们发号施令。
[dɪ'vaɪn] adjective
SPLENDID 极佳的 old-fashioned
■extremely good, pleasant or enjoyable 极好的，美妙的，美好的
• We had a perfectly divine time in Switzerland. 我们在瑞士渡过了一段非常美好的时光。
• Their new house is quite divine! 他们的新房子相当棒！
[dɪ'vaɪn] verb
GUESS 猜测
transitive
■to guess something 猜，猜测；估计
• [+ that] I divined from his grim expression that the news was not good. 他的表情很严肃，我猜不是甚么好消息。
[dɪ'vaɪn] verb
SEARCH 搜索
intransitive or transitive
■to search for water or minerals underground by holding horizontally in your hands a Y-shaped rod or stick, the end of which suddenly points down slightly when water or minerals are below it （用丫形杖）探测（地下水或矿藏）
• a divining rod 探矿杖
divine, holy, sacred
这组词都有“神圣的”的意思，其区别是：
divine: 指来源于神或神有关，侧重神性；在现代英语中指绝妙或非人世所有的事物。
holy: 可与sacred换用，但holy侧重于内含一种神圣的本质，使之值得崇拜，通常具有传统、世袭或固有的性质。
sacred: 指由于是献给上帝或神的事物，因而是神圣的，不容亵渎；也指被普遍视为神圣不可侵犯的东西。
adj. 神圣的；非凡的；天赐的；极好的
 - remarkable, extraordinary, wonderful, excellent, famous
vt. 占卜；预言；用占卜勘探
 - predict, prognosticate
vi. 占卜；预言；使用占卜勘探矿
 - soothsay
n. 牧师；神学家
 - minister, priest, preacher

Word: sentiment
Front: sentiment
[ˈsentɪmənt] (研六雅宝 4051/5275 -2)
Vocabulary: sentiment
(once / 85 pages)
n
Your opinion that most comedies are terrible and that you'd rather watch any other kind of movie could be described as your sentiment, or your attitude, about films.
Sentiment means a view or opinion, but it can also mean an emotion. Maybe you prefer tragic movies because you enjoy the sentiment of sadness. This meaning of sentiment is taken to an extreme in yet another version of the word, meaning something like "overdone, exaggerated feelings, especially of sadness or nostalgia." An overly soppy tragedy is a good example of this kind of sentiment; it's the kind of film that might make you cringe instead of cry.
WORD FAMILY
sentiment: presentiment, sentimental, sentimentise, sentimentize, sentiments+/ presentiment: presentiments/ sentimental: sentimentalest, sentimentalise, sentimentalism, sentimentality, sentimentalize, sentimentally, unsentimental/sentimentalise: sentimentalisation, sentimentalised, sentimentalises, sentimentalising/sentimentalism: sentimentalisms, sentimentalist/sentimentalist: sentimentalists/ sentimentality: sentimentalities/sentimentalization: sentimentalizations/sentimentalize: sentimentalization, sentimentalized, sentimentalizes, sentimentalizing/unsentimental: unsentimentally
USAGE EXAMPLES
None of these boded well for investor sentiment or subsequent returns.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
The archbishop echoed the sentiment of Prime Minister Theresa May, who called for unity following June's "divisive" vote in her new year message.
BBC(Dec 31, 2016)
When combined, these sentiments yield a volatile brew of anger and resentment, which Trump, though a billionaire, understands and exploits.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 感情，情绪; 情操; 意见，观点; 感伤
分布：情绪(66%)，感情(21%)，观点(10%)，感伤(3%)
→来自拉丁语 sentire,感觉，感知，词源同 sense.-ment,名词后缀。原指客观的感觉，后词义感 情化，多用于指伤感，哀伤。
感情(senti+ment→感觉→感情)[Sens,sent=feel,表示"感觉"]
n.感情,柔情;看法;感觉They have hostile sentiments towards us.他们对我们怀有敌意.
US [-tˌə-] noun
IDEA 思想
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable formal
■a thought, opinion or idea based on a feeling about a situation, or a way of thinking about something 观点；意见；看法；情绪
• Nationalist sentiment has increased in the area since the bombing. 爆炸案发生以来，该地区的民族主义情绪开始高涨。
• I don't think she shares my sentiments. 我认为她不同意我的观点。
• His son was overwhelmed by the sentiments of love and support in the cards and letters he received. 他儿子陶醉在自己所收到卡片和信件所表达的爱意和支持之中。
• formal "It's a very bad situation." "My sentiments exactly (= I completely agree)." “情况很糟。”“我也这么认为。”
UK ['sen.tɪ.mənt] US [-tˌə-] noun
FEELINGS 感情
uncountable often disapproving
■gentle feelings such as sympathy, love, etc., especially when considered to be silly or not suitable （尤指愚蠢的或不合适的）温情，伤感
• The film is flawed by slightly treacly sentiment. 这部电影的缺点在于其有点过于伤感滥情。
sentiment, sensation, feeling, passion, emotion
这组词都有“感情”的意思，其区别是：
sentiment: n.思想感情，情绪，感情色彩，指由于某种思想唤起的感情，强调主观作用，有时候也带有理智成分。
 • When our grandmother died, we remembered her life with strong sentiment.   当祖母逝世时，我们深深地怀念她的一生。
sensation: n.指人体感官受到外部刺激时产生的感觉，知觉。
 • When she watched the film, she had the sensation that she was in a moving car.   她看电影时，感觉自己正坐在一辆开动的汽车上。
feeling: n.指一般的情绪、感觉，它一般不反映感情的本质和强度。
passion: n.激情，热情，欲望，极度的仇恨，指强烈的爱好、愤怒或情欲。
 • He spoke with passion about the love of freedom.   他满腔热情地谈论着对自由的热爱。
emotion: n.情感，感情，指喜怒哀乐等较激动的情绪，表示某物引起的激动。
 • He felt mixed emotions when he thought of her.   当他想起她时便产生一种复杂的感情。
sentiment, affection, feeling, passion, emotion
这组词都有“感情”的意思，其区别是：
sentiment: 一般指由一种思想激起的感情，含较大的理智因素。
affection: 指对人的爱慕或深厚、温柔的感情。
feeling: 普通用词，含义广。多指具体的或内心的感受，或表露出来的强烈情感。
passion: 指极强烈的感情、尤指愤怒、爱好等。也常指两性间的爱情。
emotion: 普通用词，词义中性。泛指因外界刺激而引起思想情感从细微变化到最强烈的发作。
sentiment, idea, opinion, view
这组词都有“意见，看法，见解”的意思，其区别是：
sentiment: 着重指基于情感而非推理所得出的，已经固定了的看法，常用复数形式。
idea: 普通用词，通常指凭感觉和想象所形成的看法或意见。
opinion: 普通用词，使用广泛。多指初步的或缺证据支持因而不十分肯定的意见或看法。
view: 侧重指个人对较广泛或重大问题所持的看法，常用复数形式。
n. [心理] 感情，情绪；情操；观点；多愁善感
 - mood, emotion, viewpoint, affection, heart

Word: cart
Front: cart
[kɑ:t] (研四六托雅 4053/5076 -2)
Vocabulary: cart
(once / 269 pages)
nv
A cart is a vehicle with wheels that's pulled by an animal, a person, or by another vehicle. You could attach a cart to your dog and teach him to pull it around.
The typical cart is hooked up to a draft horse or another farm animal. Other kinds of carts include hand carts, which can be stacked with heavy items and easily pushed or pulled by people; and golf carts, which are open vehicles that are powered by electricity or gasoline. When you cart something around, you lug it or transport it. The word cart comes from a Scandinavian source, probably the Old Norse kartr.
WORD FAMILY
cart: cartage, carted, carter, carting, carts+/carter: carters/carting: cartings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Shortly after 5 a.m., a vendor selling chicken and cheese tamales wheeled her cart up to the group.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Its former customers now roam the aisles of Walmart and Target, or fill their carts virtually.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
The area that was targeted on Saturday is packed with wholesale markets and usually teeming with daily labourers unloading vans and wheeling carts around.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 运货马车，手推车; 一车之量
vt. 用推车或卡车运送; 费力搬运; 强行带走，抓走
时态：carted, carting, carts
分布：手推车(90%)，粗鲁地)拖(5%)，(用力(5%)
→来自PIE *sker, 围，转，编织，词源同cradle。本义为提东西的篮子，后词义外延至小推车。
n.(二轮货运)马车,手推车The smart star starts to make cart chart for the commencement.精明的明星开始制作授学位典礼用的马车图表.
US [kɑ:rt] noun countable
■a vehicle with either two or four wheels which is pulled by a horse, and which is used for carrying goods （两轮或四轮的）运货马车
• a horse and cart. 一套马车
US for * trolley (FOR CARRYING)
UK [kɑ:t] US [kɑ:rt] noun countable
put the cart before the horse
■to do things in the wrong order 本末倒置；前后颠倒
• Aren't you putting the cart before the horse by deciding what to wear for the wedding before you've even been invited to it? 还未被邀请参加婚礼，就先决定该穿甚么，你这不是本末倒置吗？
UK [kɑ:t] US [kɑ:rt] verb transitive + adverb or preposition
■to take something or someone somewhere, especially using a lot of effort （尤指费力地）运送，搬运
• We carted all the rubbish to the bottom of the garden and burned it. 我们把所有的垃圾都运到了花园的尽头烧掉了。
• Council workers have carted away all the dead leaves that had collected at the side of the road. 市政工作人员已将收拢在道路一旁的枯叶运走了。
• informal I've been carting (= carrying) these letters around with me all week, and I still haven't posted them. 我整个星期都把这些信带在身边，但还没有寄出去。
• informal The drunks who had been sleeping in the park were carted off (= taken by force) to the police station. 睡在公园里的醉汉被强行带到了警察局。

Word: oversee
Front: oversee
[ˌəʊvəˈsi:] (托雅宝 4055/8611 -2)
Back: vt. 监督，监视; 俯瞰; 错过，宽恕，省略
时态：oversaw, overseen, overseeing, oversees
分布：监督(73%)，监管(23%)，监视(4%)
→over-,在上，see,看。即在上面看的，引申词义监督，监管。
US [ˌoʊ.vɚ-] (overseeing, oversaw, overseen)
verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to watch or organize a job or an activity to make certain that it is being done correctly 监督；监察；监管
• As marketing manager, her job is to oversee all the company's advertising. 作为行销经理，她的工作是负责公司所有的广告业务。
vt. 监督；审查；俯瞰；偷看到，无意中看到
 - police, survey

Word: stem
Front: stem
[stem] (研四六托雅宝 3414/4527 -3)
Vocabulary: stem
(once / 241 pages)
1nv 2n 3nv 4n 5v 6v
Sometimes stem means to originate; other times it means to stop something at its source. You stem the flow of a river, but you can also observe that a river’s flow stems from a spring.
To remember stem’s meaning think of the stem of a plant––it’s where a plant begins but also where you pluck it from the ground. Once teachers realized that the students’ anger stemmed from the overload of homework, they stemmed the rebellion’s tide.
WORD FAMILY
stem: stemless, stemmed, stemmer, stemming, stems+/stemmed: multi-stemmed/stemmer: stemmers
USAGE EXAMPLES
In time Roosevelt was able to stem the economic bloodbath, but only to be confronted by the Nazi menace overrunning Europe.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
A news release from his office says the projects stem from the Continuum of Care program.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Ten involved some kind of robbery and at least two stemmed from road-rage incidents.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. （花草的）茎; 词干; （高脚酒杯的）脚; 烟斗柄
vt. 遏制[阻止]（液体的流动等）; 阻止; 封堵; 遏止
时态：stemmed, stemming, stems
分布：干(62%)，茎(29%)，柄(5%)，起源于(2%)，船首(1%)，逆 ... 而行(1%)
→来自古英语 stemn,植物茎，树干，来自 Proto-Germanic*stamniz,站立，来自 sta,站立，词 源同 stand,state.引申诸相关词义。
n.茎,干,船首vt.堵(挡)住vi.起源于,由...造成The systematic items stem from the walker's talk about the chalk.这些系统的条款来源于步行者关于粉笔的谈话.
noun countable
CENTRAL PART 中心部分
■a central part of something from which other parts can develop or grow, or which forms a support 主干
■the stick-like central part of a plant which grows above the ground and from which leaves and flowers grow, or a smaller thin part which grows from the central part and which supports the leaves and flowers （植物的）干，茎，梗，柄
• flower stems 花茎
■the vertical part of a glass or similar container which supports the part into which you put liquid （高脚杯的）杯脚
• Champagne glasses usually have long stems. 香槟酒杯通常有长长的杯脚。
[stem] noun countable
WORD 词
■the part of a word that is left after you take off the part which changes when forming a plural, past tense, etc. 词干
• From the stem 'sav-' you get 'saves', 'saved', 'saving' and 'saver'. 由词干 sav- 可以衍生出 saves，saved，saving 和 saver。
[stem] noun countable
WATCH 手表 US the small part on the side of the watch which you turn to change the position of the pointers on the watch, or to make the watch operate （手表的）发条转柄，拨针柄
[stem] noun countable
SHIP 船
■the main supporting structure at the front of a ship （船）艏，艏柱
[stem] noun countable
from stem to stern US
■from one end of something to the other 从头至尾
• We overhauled the car from stem to stern. 我们把车从头到尾彻底检修了一遍。
[stem] verb transitive (-mm-)
■to stop something unwanted from spreading or increasing 阻挡；阻止；遏制
• These measures are designed to stem the rise of violent crime. 这些措施旨在遏制暴力犯罪增加。
• We must take action to stem the tide of resignations. 我们必须采取行动制止愈演愈烈的辞职潮。
■to stop the flow of a liquid such as blood 堵住，止住（出血等）
• She tied a handkerchief around the wound to stem the flow of blood. 她用手帕绑住伤口来止血。
[stem] verb transitive (-mm-)
  Phrasal Verbs  stem from sth
■to start or develop as the result of something 源自；由…造成
• Her problems stem from her difficult childhood. 她的问题主要是由艰苦的童年生活造成。
• Their disagreement stemmed from a misunderstanding. 他们的分歧源自误会。
n. 干； [植] 茎；船首；血统
 - birth, blood, stock
vt. 阻止；除去…的茎；给…装柄
 - block, dispute, prohibit, discourage
vi. 阻止；起源于某事物；逆行
 - prevent from, head off

Word: elder
Front: elder
[ˈeldə(r)] (中高研四雅 4056/5602 -2)
Vocabulary: elder
(once / 155 pages)
1nadj 2n 3n
An elder is any person who is older than you, which you may know from your sister who is only two years older than you saying, "Listen to your elders!" A church elder is someone who helps run the church, not necessarily its eldest member.
Elder can be used as an adjective: Abel was the elder brother of Cain. Elder can also be a noun: showing respect for one’s elders is a value instilled from a young age by our parents. Elder is also a kind of tree. In Act Five of “Love’s Labour Lost” Shakespeare plays with the meanings of elder: Holofernes says that Berowne should speak first because he is the elder (older), which inspires Berowne to mention the folklore that Judas was hanged on an elder tree.
WORD FAMILY
elder: elders, eldership+/eldership: elderships
USAGE EXAMPLES
The elder Word predicts the transition will be smooth.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Soon afterward, father and son were separated once more, when the elder Wong moved to Los Angeles to seek work.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Crow even met with Amish elders to weigh the effect of John’s decision when he faced his community.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 长者; 长辈; 元老; 比…年长的人
adj. 年纪较大的; 资格老的; 老练的
分布：年长的(39%)，长者(28%)，长辈(26%)，年龄较大的(7%)
→来自old的比照级。
a.年长的,资格老的n.长辈Henry is my elder brother; he is two years older than I.亨利是我的哥哥;他比我大两岁.
US [-dɚ] noun countable
■an older person, especially one with a respected position in society （尤指在社会上地位高、受人尊敬的）长者，长辈，老年人
• You should listen to the advice of your elders. 你应该听长辈的建议。
• They consulted the village elders. 他们向村里的长辈们咨询了意见。
• formal She is my elder by three years (= three years older than me). 她比我年长三岁。
■an official of a religious group （教会中的）长老
• a church elder 教会长老
■* elderberry
UK ['el.dər] US [-dɚ] adjective
elder sister/brother/son/daughter
 ADVANCED
■a sister/brother/son/daughter who is older than the other sister(s), brother(s), etc.
■the elder
 ADVANCED
■the older person of two people （两人中的）年长者
• Of the two brothers Harvey is the elder. 两兄弟中哈维是哥哥。
 ADVANCED
■used after someone's name to show that they are the older of two people who have the same name, especially a father and son （用于人名后表示两个同名者、尤指两父子中的父亲）大，老
• William Pitt the elder 老威廉‧彼特
UK ['el.dər] US [-dɚ] adjective
  Common Learner Errors  elder or elderly? Warning: choose the right adjective! To refer politely to a person who is old, don't say 'elder', say elderly :
✗ Loneliness is a big problem for elder people. Loneliness is a big problem for elderly people.
elder, older
这组词都有“年长的，年龄较大的”的意思，其区别是：
elder: 是old的比较级。指家庭成员中年龄较长的，或指两人中年龄较长的。
older: 也是old的比较级，指年龄较大、较老，指物时作“较旧的”解。
n. 老人；长辈；年长者；父辈
 - better, ancient
adj. 年长的；年龄较大的；资格老的
 - older, senior, advancing

Word: pro
Front: pro
[prəʊ] (4060/6425 -2)
Vocabulary: pro
(once / 340 pages)
1nadjadv 2n
Pro is a Latin root word meaning for. If you make a list of pros and cons, you are listing the reasons for doing something and the reasons not to, respectively.
Pro is also the shortened form of the word "professional," often referring to professional sports. If your cousin plays college basketball — and he's really good — he'll have to decide if he is going to turn pro or finish college first. The shortened form isn't always about sports, however. You might handle your little sister's bicycle accident like a pro, cleaning her up, sticking bandages on her knees, and handing her a lollipop.
WORD FAMILY
pro: proly, pros, semipro+/semipro: semipros
USAGE EXAMPLES
Donald, a Pro Bowl selection in each of his first three seasons, finished with eight sacks.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Green said will not play in the Pro Bowl because of a right hamstring strain suffered in November.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Baseball officials refused to confront the problem for years, then became more aggressive than other pro leagues in policing the use of illicit drugs.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 专业人员; 职业选手; 老手
adj. 职业的; 专业的
prep. 赞成; 支持
分布：赞成(36%)，赞成的(19%)，专业的(19%)，正面地(8%)，正面(6%)，能手(6%)，行家(6%)
US [proʊ] noun countable (plural pros)
ADVANTAGE 好处
 ADVANCED
■an advantage or a reason for doing something 好处，益处
• One of the big pros of living in Madrid is the night life. 住在马德里的一大好处就是那里的夜生活丰富。
• We're just weighing up the pros and cons (= advantages and disadvantages) of moving to a bigger house. 我们正在权衡搬进大房子里住的利弊。
UK [prəʊ] US [proʊ] noun countable (plural pros)
SPORTSPERSON 运动员 informal
■a person who plays sport as a job rather than as a hobby 职业运动员
• a tennis pro 职业网球运动员
• a pro golfer 职业高尔夫球手
UK [prəʊ] US [proʊ] adjective preposition
 ADVANCED
■supporting or agreeing with something 赞成的，支持的
• Are you pro or anti (= Do you support or are you against) the new bill? 你是赞成还是反对这个新议案？
n. 赞成者；赞成的意见
 - favorer, assentor
prep. 赞成
 - in favour of, in sympathy with

Word: inspiration
Front: inspiration
[ˌɪnspəˈreɪʃn] (研六托雅宝 4058/4499)
Vocabulary: inspiration
(once / 284 pages)
1n 2n
An inspiration is a product of your thought, like a brilliant idea. If you have the next revolutionary inspiration like the printing press, the telephone, or the computer, you may just change the world.
The noun inspiration can also mean a sudden intuition or idea, or something that arouses your desire to take action. You may find that doing some routine provides inspiration (gets your creative juices flowing), like going for a walk, looking at art, or reading a great poem. Inspiration can also mean breathing in or inhaling.
WORD FAMILY
inspiration: inspirational, inspirations+/ inspirational: inspirationally/ inspire: inspiration, inspiratory, inspired, inspirer, inspires, inspiring / inspired: inspiredly, uninspired/inspirer: inspirers/ inspiring: inspiringly, uninspiring/uninspiring: uninspiringly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Isolating a moment of inspiration in a film is an interesting challenge.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Rubin became an inspiration for women in science, especially, and further afield.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
“As 2016 continued, Trump delighted them, or derived inspiration from them.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 灵感; 鼓舞人心的人或事; 启发灵感的人（或事物）; 吸气
分布：灵感(93%)，吸气(7%)
→来自inspire,启发，鼓舞。
吸气;灵感(有灵气)[spir=breathe表示"呼吸"]
n.灵感;鼓舞,激励Poets and artists often got their inspiration from nature.诗人与艺术家往往由自然得到灵感.
【记】原指：把空气吸到肺里，这种行为容易产生灵感，很多作家喜欢在户外进行创作就是这个道理。in进入spir呼吸
【参】expire（v 期满；断气）；aspiration（n 渴望；热望）；inspired（adj 得到灵感的）
noun
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■someone or something that gives you ideas for doing something 给人以灵感的人（或物）
• The golden autumn light provided the inspiration for the painting. 秋天金色的阳光给这幅画的创作带来了灵感。
• He went to church, perhaps seeking divine inspiration. 他去做礼拜，也许为的是寻找神的启示。
countable
■a sudden good idea 灵感；突然想出的好主意
• He had an inspiration - why not apply for some government money? 他突然想到一个好主意——为甚么不去申请一些政府资金呢？
only singular
■an example which people admire （受人仰慕的）典范
• She has been an inspiration to us all. 我们所有人都从她身上得到了鼓舞。
n. 灵感；鼓舞； [生理] 吸气；妙计
 - stimulation, afflatus

Word: Dutch
Front: Dutch
[dʌtʃ] (4059/3191)
Back: adj. 荷兰人的，荷兰的，荷兰语的
n. 荷兰; 荷兰语; 各付各的账; 酒后之勇; [电影]小鬼精灵
分布：荷兰人(53%)，荷兰的(47%)
→来自teuta, 人民，民族，词源同Deutsch,Teutonic.在14世纪前用于日耳曼通称，在16世纪后指荷兰。
adjective
■from, belonging to or relating to the Netherlands 荷兰的
[dʌtʃ] adjective
go Dutch informal
■to agree to share the cost of something, especially a meal 分摊费用，各付各的帐（尤指餐费）
[dʌtʃ] noun uncountable
■the language of the Netherlands 荷兰语

Word: quantity
Front: quantity
[ˈkwɒntəti] (高研四六托 4057/2082 -K3)
Vocabulary: quantity
(once / 114 pages)
n
Quantity tells you “how much.” If you're concerned with quantity not quality, it's more important how many you have than how good they are.
If you get confused about quantity vs. quality, remember that quant is close to count. In Latin, quantus means “how great” or “how much.” When you count how many oranges are in a bowl, you know the quantity. When you count the grains of sand in a desert, you're counting a very large quantity . . . and you need a new hobby.
WORD FAMILY
quantity: quantities
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Before it was about large quantities, and small margins. Now it’s the opposite,” he says.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Lucia is the daughter of novelist James, a black hole who swallows both the world’s attention and domestic affection in industrial quantities.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
It was not the quantity of Mr. Snowden’s theft but the quality that was most telling.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 量，数量; 定量，大批; 数目; [语音学、韵律学]音量（指元音或音节的长短）
分布：量(62%)，数量(29%)，大量(9%)
→来自拉丁语quantus,多大，多少，来自qui,谁，什么，如何，该，来自kwo,疑问代词词干，词源同quality,who,how.
n.量,数量;大量Qualified quality and adequate quantity are equally important.合格的质量和足够的数量同等重要.
US ['kwɑ:n.tˌə.tˌi] noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■the amount or number of something, especially that can be measured or is fixed （尤指可测量或确定的）量，数量，分量
• Police found a large/small quantity of drugs in his possession. 警方发现他携带大/少量的毒品。
• We consumed vast quantities of food and drink that night. 那天晚上我们大吃大喝了一顿。
• The (sheer)quantity (= large amount) of equipment needed for the trip is staggering. 这次旅行所需的装备数实在多得惊人。
• They are now developing ways to produce the vaccine in large quantities and cheaply. 目前他们正在研究怎样大量且廉价地生产这种疫苗。
• This recipe is only for four, so I usually do double the quantity if I'm cooking for my family. 这食谱的份量只够4个人吃，所以我在为全家人煮饭时通常会做双倍的份量。
• It's quality not quantity that really counts. 真正重要的是质量而非数量。
amount, sum, number, quantity
这组词都有“总数、总量”的意思，其区别是：
amount: 普通用词，与quantity近义，但强调整体，指把所有数量、重量及度量归并在一起得出的总数。
sum: 普通用词，指简单加算的结果。
number: 普通用词，指人或物的数目，强调数的概念。
quantity: 书面用词，指事物的总量和总数量，侧重大批计量，含准确测量的意味。
n. 量，数量；大量；总量
 - lots of, wealth, ocean, volume, sea

Word: trailer
Front: trailer
[ˈtreɪlə(r)] (4062/7912 -2)
Vocabulary: trailer
(once / 1925 pages)
1n 2n 3n
A trailer is a wheeled vehicle that can't move on its own — it needs to be pulled by a car, truck, or other vehicle. Some bike-riding parents tow their small children behind them in bicycle trailers.
The trailer you might put a boat on, hitching it to your truck, trails behind the vehicle that's pulling it. Another meaning of trailer is a film preview or advertisement that theaters show before a movie. It might seem strange to call it a trailer when it comes first, but the earliest trailers, at the start of the 20th century, came after the movie, trailing it.
WORD FAMILY
trailer: semitrailer, trailers+/semitrailer: semitrailers/ trail: trailed, trailer, trailing, trails/trailing: trailings
USAGE EXAMPLES
A preliminary investigation shows two Fairfax men were traveling in a truck with a lowboy flatbed trailer attached.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
The driver wasn’t hurt, but the truck and trailer were deemed a total loss.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It was clear from all the enraged comments on the YouTube trailer that a certain segment of the population wouldn’t be satisfied no matter what.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
Back: n. 拖车; 追踪者; <美>拖车式活动房屋; （电影或电视节目的）预告片
vt. 用拖车运
vi. 乘拖带式居住车旅行
分布：拖车(66%)，预告片(25%)，活动房(3%)，追踪者(3%)，住在拖车(1%)，用拖车运(1%)，乘拖车(1%)
→trail,拖，拉，-er,表物。引申词义拖车，拉车，后用于指电影预先片，即先拖出来的东西。 train 火车，列车，行列，一系列，训练，受训
US [-lɚ] noun countable
VEHICLE 车辆
■a box on wheels that is pulled by a car and is used for taking things from one place to another 拖车；挂车
• The car was pulling a trailer with motorcycle on it. 这辆汽车拖着一辆挂车，挂车上面载着一辆摩托车。
■the separate back part of a large truck （大货车的）挂车
US for * a caravan (= wheeled vehicle for living or travelling in)
UK ['treɪ.lər] US [-lɚ] noun countable
ADVERTISEMENT 广告
■an advertisement for a film, or television or radio programme, consisting of short parts taken from it （影视节目、广播的）预告片
• I saw a trailer for the latest Spielberg film. 我看了史匹柏最新一部电影的预告片。
n. [车辆] 拖车； [电视] 预告片；追踪者
 - articulated lorry, tow truck

Word: mate
Front: mate
[meɪt] (研四六托宝 4061/3060 -K3)
Vocabulary: mate
(once / 162 pages)
1nv 2nv 3n
Someone's mate is their spouse, partner, boyfriend, or girlfriend. Your grandmother's long-term sweetheart is her mate. Awwww.
A husband or wife is one kind of mate, and animals have mates too, chosen for reproduction and sometimes to assist in raising babies. Anything that comes in a pair — like socks, contacts, shoes, or earrings — also has a mate. Your pal or buddy can be called a mate as well. As a verb, to mate means "to breed" or "to reproduce." In Middle Low German, mate means "one eating at the same table."
WORD FAMILY
mate: mated, mateed, mateless, mater, mates, matey, mating, mismate+/mated: unmated/mater: maters/mating: matings/mismate: mismated, mismates, mismating
USAGE EXAMPLES
But he looked deeper and found this lovely move, calculating – despite having just two minutes left on his clock – that mate was inevitable.
The Guardian(Dec 01, 2016)
July 12: Trump again attacks the Carrier decision during a campaign rally in suburban Indianapolis, three days before he announces Pence as his running mate.
Washington Times(Nov 30, 2016)
A tiger mates with a lion in the distance.
The Guardian(Nov 30, 2016)
Back: n. （工人间的）伙伴，同事，老兄，老弟〔工人，水手间的亲密称呼〕; 配偶〔男女任何一方〕，动物之偶（尤指鸟类），（一对中的）一只，配对物; [医学]（军医等的）助手; [航海]（商船的）大副，驾驶员
vt. & vi. （使）成为配偶; （使）交配; （一对动物或鸟）交配; 交尾(~ with sth)
时态：mated, mating, mates
分布：交配(40%)，配偶(28%)，伙伴(20%)，同事(10%)，使 ... 配对(1%)，使 ... 一致(1%)
→来自低地德语gemate,同桌吃饭的人，餐桌伙伴，来自Proto-Germanic*ga-maton,一起吃饭，来自*ga-,一起，词源同com-,*maton,食物，词源同meat.引申词义伙伴，伴侣，以及动物交配等。mate 将军，将死
n.伙伴,同事,同伴,配偶v.结伴,配对,交配My intimate mate's ultimate estimate approximates the appropriate value.我亲密伙伴的最终估计接近恰当的值.
noun countable
FRIEND 朋友
 IMPROVER UK informal
■a friend 朋友，伙伴
• We've been mates since our school days. 我们从学生时代起就是朋友。
• I usually play football with some of my mates from the office on Saturdays. 我星期六通常和办公室的同事一起踢足球。
• She's my best mate. 她是我最好的朋友。
■UK informal
■used as a friendly way of talking to someone, especially a man （尤用作男人间的友善称呼）老兄，老弟，伙计
• Have you got a light, mate? 有火吗，老兄？
[meɪt] noun countable
SEXUAL PARTNER 配偶
■an animal's sexual partner （动物的）偶
• Peacocks use their beautiful tails to attract mates. 孔雀用美丽的尾巴来吸引配偶。
[meɪt] noun countable
HELPER 帮忙者 UK a person who is employed to help a skilled worker 助手，帮手
• a carpenter's/plumber's mate 木工／管道工的助手
[meɪt] noun countable
SHIP 船
■a type of officer on a trading ship rather than a military ship （商船上的）大副
• He had worked as a ship's mate for ten years. 他当了十年的大副。
[meɪt] verb intransitive or transitive
■to have sex and produce young, or to make animals do this （使）交配
• Tigers mate repeatedly over a period of several days. 老虎在几天里多次交配。
• Mating a horse with a donkey produces a mule. 马和驴交配后生出骡子。
[meɪt] verb intransitive or transitive
mate for life
■If animals mate for life, they keep the same sexual partner for their whole life. （动物）终生保持同一配偶
acquaintance, pal, mate, friend
这组词都有“朋友”的意思，其区别是：
acquaintance: 指彼此相识，但交往不甚密切，相互间没有深厚情感的人。
pal: 口语用词，指十分要好的朋友。
mate: 最普通用词，既可指好友、同事，又可指合伙人，还可指配偶的一方。
friend: 一般用词，指某人喜爱并乐意与之相交往的人。
n. 助手，大副； [生物] 配偶；同事；配对物
 - friend, assistant, brother, aid, fellow
vt. 使配对；使一致；结伴
 - accord, unify
vi. [生物] 交配；成配偶；紧密配合
 - copulate, close fit

Word: o''clock

Word: Greek
Front: Greek
[ɡriːk] (高四六 4063/35822)
Back: n. 希腊语；希腊人
adj. 希腊的；希腊人的，希腊语的
分布：希腊的(31%)，希腊语(30%)，希腊人(22%)，希腊人的(10%)，希腊语的(7%)
→来自拉丁语Graeci, 希腊，种族名。可能来自gray, 灰白色，因原居住于海边岩石地而命名。
adjective
■from, belonging to or relating to Greece 希腊的；希腊式的
• Greek history/culture 希腊历史／文化
• Greek food 希腊食物
See table of Geographical names
[gri:k] adjective
It's all Greek to me.
■a way of saying that you do not understand something that is said or written 我全然不懂；我一窍不通；对我来说是天书
[gri:k] noun
uncountable
■the language of Greece 希腊语
• modern/ancient Greek 现代／古希腊语
See table of Geographical names
countable
■a person from Greece 希腊人 See table of Geographical names
⇒ See also Grecian
n. 希腊人；希腊语
 - Hellene, Achaean
adj. 希腊的；希腊人的，希腊语的
 - hellenic, Grecian

Word: genius
Front: genius
[ˈdʒi:niəs] (研四六托雅 4065/5000 -2)
Vocabulary: genius
(once / 105 pages)
n
Genius is an exceptional talent or skill, something above and beyond the norm. A genius is someone who possesses this brilliance, like a child prodigy who learned the piano at age 3 and played sold-out concerts by age 5.
Genius comes from the Latin word of the same name, meaning "guardian deity or spirit which watches over each person from birth" or "innate ability." Your genius — your superior talent — at the game of chess could make you a world champion. Your amazing genius would also make you a genius. The word can be used more lightheartedly to describe a natural ability or flair for something. You may have a genius for putting together stylish outfits.
WORD FAMILY
genius: genii, geniuses
USAGE EXAMPLES
Here’s true genius, though: Being owed money from two teams that fired you 367 days apart.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The intertwining of madness and genius remains an essential part of his posthumous legend, and Lowell himself saw the two as related.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
And that, in many ways, was George Michael’s true genius.
Salon(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 天才; 天赋; 天才人物; （特别的）才能
分布：天才(85%)，天赋(15%)
→来自词根gen, 生育，词源同generate.原义为守护精灵，传说中每个人出生时都会有守护精灵相伴而生，并一生陪伴成长，引申义天资。参考电影《黄金罗盘》。
天才(geni+us→生出[就有]→天才)[gen,gener,genit=birth,produce,表示"出生,产生"]
n.天才,天赋,天资The generous general's genuine genius is in making generators.那位慷慨将军的真正天才在于制造发电机.
['dʒi:.ni.əs] (plural geniuses)
noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■very great and rare natural ability or skill, especially in a particular area such as science or art, or a person who has this （尤指在某科学或艺术领域中的）天赋，天资；天才，天才人物
• (an) artistic/creative/musical genius （一个）艺术／创新／音乐天才
• Einstein was a (mathematical) genius. 爱因斯坦是个（数学）天才。
• From the age of three, she showed signs of genius. 从三岁起，她就表现出了天赋。
• It was such a brilliant idea - a real stroke of genius. 这主意太妙了——真是天才的设想。
evil genius literary
■a person who has a strong bad influence over other people 对别人产生严重坏影响的人
• The film was about an evil genius who wanted to control the world. 那部电影讲的是一个想要控制全世界的恶魔的故事。
have a genius for sth
■to be especially skilled at a particular activity 在…方面有天分
• She has a genius for raising money. 她很善于筹款。
gift, genius, aptitude, talent, capacity, capability, faculty, ability, competence
这组词都有“能力，才能”的意思，其区别是：
gift: 着重个人的天赋的才能或在某方面的显著本领，常暗含不能用一般规律作解释的意味。
genius: 语气最强，指天赋的高度才能与智力。
aptitude: 多指先天或后天习得的运用自如的能力，常暗示接受能力强，能迅速掌握一种学术训练或艺术技巧。
talent: 着重指人某方面具有可发展和倍养的突出天赋才能，但语意比genius弱。
capacity: 侧重指人的潜在能力，通常不指体力，多指才智，尤指接受与领悟能力。
capability: 多用于人，指胜任某项具体工作的能力，也指本身具有、尚未发挥的潜在能力。常与of或for连用。
faculty: 指特殊的才能或智力。
ability: 普通用词，指人先天的或学来的各种能力。
competence: 正式用词，侧重指令人满意的业务能力与水平，达到胜任某项工作等的要求。
n. 天才，天赋；精神
 - energy, gift, spirit, soul, mind

Word: monument
Front: monument
[ˈmɒnjumənt] (高研四六托 4066/4736 -2)
Vocabulary: monument
(once / 224 pages)
n
A monument is a statue or other sculpture meant to honor a great person, like the Lincoln Monument or Washington Monument.
You can find monuments in the downtown area of most cities. Many honor a specific person, while other are dedicated to soldiers who fought in a certain war, such as Vietnam or World War I. Cemeteries are also full of monuments, and monument can mean a type of burial vault. Whenever people create a monument, they're trying to make sure that a person or event is remembered.
WORD FAMILY
monument: monumental, monuments+/ monumental: monumentalest, monumentalise, monumentalize, monumentally/monumentalize: monumentalized, monumentalizes, monumentalizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Whether Mr. Obama’s latest monuments will survive is also in question.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
“It’s not like preserving a building or a battlefield — there were some 300 of these monuments originally set in place, each separated by a mile.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Christy said the monument designation and restrictions on its land raise the bar on fully developing resources on the trust’s parcels.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 纪念碑; 遗迹; 遗址; 丰碑
分布：纪念碑(96%)，历史遗迹(3%)，不朽作品(1%)
→来自拉丁语monere,警告，提醒，记忆，词源同admonish,monitor,mind.-ment,名词后缀。引申词义纪念碑。
纪念碑(monu警告,提醒+ment→提醒的东西→纪念碑)[mon,monit=warn,表示"警告"]
n.纪念碑,纪念馆,遗迹,不朽的业绩This monument was erected in honor of the martyrs.这座纪念碑是为烈士们而建立的.
US ['mɑ:n-] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a statue or building that is built to honour a special person or event 纪念碑；纪念馆
• In the square in front of the hotel stands a monument to all the people killed in the war. 在那家饭店前的广场上矗立着纪念所有战争死难者的纪念碑。
ancient/historic monument
■an old building or place which is an important part of a country's history 历史遗迹，遗址，名胜古迹
• Parts of the Berlin wall are being allowed to stand as historic monuments. 当局允许把柏林围墙的一部分保留下来，作为历史遗迹。
UK ['mɒn.jʊ.mənt] US ['mɑ:n-] noun countable
be a monument to sth
■to be an important and permanent result of an action or characteristic 是…的丰碑；是…的不朽成果
• The annual arts festival is a monument to her vision and hard work. 一年一度的艺术节展示了她的广阔视野和勤奋创作的成果。
• Protesters have called the building a monument to corporate greed. 抗议者称这座大楼是企业贪婪的永久见证。
n. 纪念碑；历史遗迹；不朽的作品
 - memorial, cenotaph

Word: bid
Front: bid
[bɪd] (高研六雅宝 4069/2359 -K4)
Vocabulary: bid
(once / 66 pages)
1vn 2vn 3v
If you make the winning bid on an item, you offer the highest price and get to take it home. Congratulations, and enjoy your new paper weight!
Bid comes from an Old English word meaning “to offer,” which is right in line with its meaning today. To bid is the act of offering a bid, or more generally to try to get something. With several companies bidding for your services, you have a lot to consider. Tip: go where the weather's warmest.
WORD FAMILY
bid: bade, biddable, bidden, bidder, bidding, bids, overbid, underbid+/ biddable: biddablest, biddably/bidder: bidders/ bidding: biddings/overbid: overbidden, overbidding, overbids/underbid: underbidding, underbids
USAGE EXAMPLES
Scotland's Anderson, 46, bidding to become only the third man to win three successive titles, broke to lead 2-1.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
There are understandable questions about the bidding criteria.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Instead, we’ve seen over the recent past a short list of companies submit bids and be awarded work.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 出价，投标; 努力争取; 喊价; 叫牌
vt. & vi. 出价， 投标
vt. 恳求; 命令; 说（问候话）; 邀请，致敬
vi. 投标; 力求，企图得到或赢得某物; 企图(for)
时态：bade, bid, bidding, bids
分布：出价(45%)，投标(40%)，叫牌(6%)，努力(5%)，吩咐(4%)
→来自PIE *bheudh, 意识到，觉醒，原义见Buddha, 佛。此处用于经济义，指投标须对价格有着清醒的认识。bid 道别，吩咐
v.祝愿;命令,吩咐;报价,投标n.出众,投标To abide the abiding bidding, the oxide bidder strides on the seaside.为了忍耐无休止的吩咐,氧化物投标者在海滨阔步行走.
verb
OFFER 出价
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive (bidding, bid, bid)
■to offer a particular amount of money for something which is for sale and compete against other people to buy it, especially at a public sale of goods or property （尤指在拍卖中）出价，喊价竞买
• She knew she couldn't afford it, so she didn't bid. 她知道买不起，所以没有出价。
• The communications group has shown an interest in bidding for the company. 该通讯集团有意出价竞买这间公司。
• A foreign collector has bid £500 000 for the portrait. 一位外国收藏家出价50万英镑，买下了这幅画像。
• [+ two objects] What am I bid for this fine vase? 各位愿给这精美的花瓶出价多少？
 ADVANCED intransitive (bidding, bid, bid)
■If two or more people bid for a job, they compete with each other to do the work by offering to do it for a particular amount of money 投标，竞标
• The department is trying to ensure fairer competition among firms bidding for government contracts. 该部门正努力确保竞标政府合约的公司之间能更公平地竞争。
 ADVANCED transitive + to infinitive (bidding, bid, bid)
■If someone bids to do something, they compete with other people to do it 争取；竞争
• Paris is bidding to host the next Olympics. 巴黎正在争取主办下一届的奥运会。
[bɪd] verb
TELL 告诉
transitive (bidding, bid or bade, bidden) old-fashioned
■to give a greeting to someone, or to ask someone to do something 打招呼，致意；请求
• [+ two objects] They bade her good morning. 他们向她说了一声早安。
• I must now bid you farewell (= say goodbye to you). 我现在必须向您道别了。
• literary She bade her hopes farewell (= She stopped being hopeful). 她已经不抱甚么希望了。
• [+ (to) infinitive] He bade (= asked) them (to) leave at once. 他请他们马上离开。
[bɪd] noun countable
OFFER 出价
 ADVANCED
■an offer of a particular amount of money for something which is for sale 出价，喊价
• I made a bid of $150 for the painting. 我出价150美元买这幅画。
• She made/put in a bid of £69 000 for the flat, which was accepted. 她为这个单位出价69000英镑，并以这出价达成了交易。
 ADVANCED
■an offer to do something when you are competing with other people to do it 投标，竞价
• [+ to infinitive] Sydney made a successful bid to host the Olympic Games. 雪梨成功取得了奥运会申办权。
• I gave the job to the contractors who made/gave the lowest bid (= who offered to do the work for the lowest amount of money). 我将这项工程给了投标出价最低的承包商。
[bɪd] noun countable
ATTEMPT 试图
 ADVANCED
■an attempt to achieve or get something 企图得到；努力争取
• Her bid for re-election was unsuccessful. 她争取连任的努力没有成功。
• The company has managed to fight off a hostile takeover bid (= an attempt by another company to take control of it). 公司成功挫败了一宗恶意的收购计划。
• The government has reduced the cost of borrowing in a bid to get the economy moving again. 政府已经降低了借贷成本，试图重新刺激经济。
order, command, bid
这组词都有“命令”的意思，其区别是：
order: 普通用词，多指上级对下级，主人对仆人以及教师对学生等发出的命令，也指态度专横地命令他人。
command: 话意强，指正式下令，强调下令者的权威性，要求必须服从。
bid: 与order同义，但较正式，文学意味强，多指口头直接下的命令。
vt. 投标； [贸易] 出价；表示；吩咐
 - tell, tender for
vi. [贸易] 投标；吩咐
 - tender for
n. [贸易] 出价；叫牌；努力争取
 - offer

Word: quest
Front: quest
[kwest] (研六托雅宝 4067/6427 -2)
Vocabulary: quest
(once / 442 pages)
1nv 2v 3v
A quest is all about seeking something important, and it often involves a journey. You would travel the world in a quest for gold. You would not travel to the front of the lunchroom in a quest for tater tots.
Knights in the Middle Ages were forever taking on quests––most famously to find the Holy Grail. In modern times, you can quest without ever leaving home, thanks to the Internet. A scientist might embark on a quest to find the cure for cancer. A detective might quest for the truth.
WORD FAMILY
quest: quested, quester, questing, quests+/quester: questers
USAGE EXAMPLES
On the evidence of the movie, Saroo’s remarkable quest was not.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
It’s not somber scientists who drive human ingenuity, nor the warrior class and its quest for a better spear.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
“This is without seeing the script or anything,” D'Onofrio said of his quest.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 探索; 追求; 远征; 验尸陪审团
vt. 寻找; 探索
vi. 进行探求; （猎犬等）跟踪搜寻
时态：quested, questing, quests
分布：探索(41%)，寻求(29%)，寻找(27%)，搜索(3%)
→来自拉丁语quaere, 疑问， 询问， 查问， 可能来自kwo, 疑问代词词干， 词源同 quality,quantity,who,how.-st,过去分词后缀。
探求,寻找[Quest,quir,quis,quer=seek,search,表示"寻求,询问"]
n.探寻,探求;寻求,追求The dogs were questing for rabbits.猎狗正在搜寻兔子.
[kwest] literary
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a long search for something that is difficult to find, or an attempt to achieve something difficult 探索；寻求；追求
• Nothing will stop them in their quest for truth. 没有甚么可以阻止他们对真理的追求。
• She went to India on a spiritual quest. 她为了追求宗教而去印度。
• [+ to infinitive] She does aerobics four times a week in her quest to achieve the perfect body. 为了锻炼完美的身材，她一周做四次有氧健身操。
n. 追求；寻找
 - pursuit, looking for
vi. 追求；寻找
 - pursue / pursuit, go after
vt. 探索
 - explore, search after

Word: sacrifice
Front: sacrifice
[ˈsækrɪfaɪs] (高研四六雅宝 4068/5282 -3)
Vocabulary: sacrifice
(once / 79 pages)
1nv 2n
A sacrifice is a loss or something you give up, usually for the sake of a better cause. Parents sacrifice time and sleep to take care of their children, while kids might sacrifice TV time to hang out with mom and dad.
Though no longer used only in a religious context, sacrifice comes from the Latin sacra and facere, meaning "to perform sacred rites." If you've studied ancient cultures like the Incas, you've probably heard of "human sacrifice," where a person is killed in a sacred ceremony to please the gods. But thankfully those kinds of sacrifices don't happen anymore.
WORD FAMILY
sacrifice: sacrificeable, sacrificed, sacrificer, sacrifices, sacrificial, sacrificing, self-sacrifice+/sacrificer: sacrificers/ sacrificial: sacrificially/sacrificing: self-sacrificing
USAGE EXAMPLES
They played well without sacrificing anything through a significant injury.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Governor Tom Wolf in a statement said Weaver would be remembered for “his bravery, his sacrifice, and his willingness to serve”.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Rather than revenue or profit, Kevin measures a small business through the family it supports and the sacrifices it demands.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 牺牲; 献祭，供奉; 牺牲行为; [宗]基督的献身
vt. & vi. 牺牲，把…奉献给…; 廉价卖出; 牺牲，献祭; [棒]作牺牲打
vt. 献祭; 奉献; 牺牲; 亏本出售
时态：sacrificed, sacrificing, sacrifices
分布：牺牲(78%)，献祭(11%)，祭品(5%)，供奉(4%)，亏本出售(2%)
→sacri-,神圣的，-fic,做，词源同 fact,benefice.引申诸相关词义。
牺牲n.牺牲品(sacri神圣+fice→为神做的东西→牺牲品)[fac,fact,fect,fic,fig=make,do,表示"做,制作"]
牺牲牺牲品(sacr+I+fic[=fact做]+e→做出来下献给神的东西→牺牲品)[sacr=holy表示"神圣"]
n.牺牲,牺牲品;祭品v.(for,to)牺牲,献出A mother will sacrifice her life for her children.母亲会为自己的孩子操劳一生的.
【记】sacr是“神圣”的词根
【参】sacrament（n 基督教圣礼）；sacred（adj 神圣的）；sacrosanct（adj 极神圣的）；sanctity（n 圣洁）
verb
GIVE UP 放弃
 ADVANCED transitive
■to give up something that is valuable to you in order to help another person 牺牲；献出
• Many women sacrifice interesting careers for their family. 许多女性为了家庭牺牲了自己感兴趣的工作。
['sæk.rɪ.faɪs] verb
KILL 杀
intransitive or transitive
■to kill an animal or a person and offer them to a god or gods 献祭；以（人或动物）为祭品
['sæk.rɪ.faɪs] verb
be sacrificed on the altar of sth literary
■to be destroyed by an activity, system or belief that is bad but more important or more powerful 成为…的牺牲品
• Service and quality have been sacrificed on the altar of profit. 为了利润牺牲了服务和品质。
['sæk.rɪ.faɪs] noun countable or uncountable
GIVING UP 放弃
 ADVANCED
■when you give up something that is valuable to you in order to help someone else 牺牲；献出
• We had to make sacrifices in order to pay for our children's education. 为了支付孩子们的教育费用，我们不得不作出牺牲。
• They cared for their disabled son for 27 years, at great personal sacrifice. 27年来，他们为照料残障的儿子作出了伟大的个人牺牲。
['sæk.rɪ.faɪs] noun countable or uncountable
KILLING 杀
■the act of killing an animal or person and offering them to a god or gods, or the animal, etc. that is offered 献祭，供奉；祭品，供品
• The people offered a lamb on the altar as a sacrifice for their sins. 人们在祭坛上献祭一头羔羊作为赎罪的祭品。
['sæk.rɪ.faɪs] noun countable or uncountable
make the ultimate / supreme sacrifice formal
■to die while fighting for a principle 牺牲生命，捐躯
n. 牺牲；祭品；供奉
 - offering, victimization
vt. 牺牲；献祭；亏本出售
 - immolate, martyr
vi. 献祭；奉献
 - offer, devote to

Word: invitation
Front: invitation
[ˌɪnvɪˈteɪʃn] (高研四六 4072/3177 -K3)
Vocabulary: invitation
(once / 199 pages)
n
An invitation is a request, a solicitation, or an attempt to get another person to join you at a specific event. You need an invitation to go to the Academy Awards, even if you're George Clooney.
When you ask people to attend a party, visit your beach house, or witness your marriage, you invite them — using the verb — and you've given them an invitation. An invitation can be delivered as a verbal request, a beautifully engraved card, or even puffs of smoke behind an airplane. If you give invitations to two hundred of your closest friends to attend your Mardi Gras party, you’d better make a lot of jambalaya.
WORD FAMILY
invitation: invitational, invitations+/ invite: invitation, invitatory, invited, invitee, invites, inviting /invited: uninvited/invitee: invitees/ inviting: invitingly, uninviting/uninvited: uninvitedly/uninviting: uninvitingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Singer Rebecca Ferguson says she will accept Donald Trump’s invitation to sing at his inauguration under one condition: she wants to sing “Strange Fruit.”
Time(Jan 02, 2017)
I'm not a believer, and was not brought up religious in any way, but I followed her invitation.
BBC(Dec 31, 2016)
She capitalized with a best-selling book, movie roles and an invitation to host “Saturday Night Live.”
Wall Street Journal(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 招待，邀请; 请柬，请帖; 引诱，吸引，诱惑
分布：邀请(93%)，邀请函(5%)，招待(2%)
→来自invite,邀请，招致。
n.邀请,招待;请柬Naturally, she accepted the invitation to the party.她当然接受了参加宴会的邀请.
noun countable or uncountable
ASK TO AN EVENT 邀请
 ESSENTIAL
■when someone is asked to go to an event 邀请，约请
• Thanks for the invitation to your birthday party. 谢谢你邀请我参加你的生日聚会。
• I'm happy to accept your invitation. 我很高兴接受你们的邀请。
• The first day of the exhibition will be by invitation (only) (= only those who have been invited can come). 展览会的第一天只有持请柬者可以入场。
[ˌɪn.vɪ'teɪ.ʃən] noun countable or uncountable
ENCOURAGEMENT 鼓励
■an action which causes or encourages something to happen 引起，招致
• Leaving your house unlocked is an open (= clear) invitation to burglars. 你不锁房子的门无异于开门揖盗。
[ˌɪn.vɪ'teɪ.ʃən] noun countable or uncountable
FORMAL REQUEST 正式请求
■when someone is formally requested to do something （尤指正式地）征求，请求
• [+ to infinitive] This is a once in a lifetime invitation to invest in your dream home in the sun. 这是一个千载难逢的机会，购买即可拥有你阳光普照的梦想之屋。
n. 邀请；引诱
 - calling, temptation

Word: accuracy
Front: accuracy
[ˈækjərəsi] (高研四六托雅宝 4076/3958)
Vocabulary: accuracy
(once / 359 pages)
1n 2n
Accuracy refers to a lack of mistakes or errors. "I type very fast, but the accuracy of my typing is n't very goode."
Accuracy is a must for anyone who works in a precise profession. Would you trust a surgeon who lacks accuracy to remove your appendix? His lack of precision might result in the accidental removal of your spleen. A meteorologist with questionable accuracy isn't going to be popular either, especially when it rains every time he predicts a sunny day.
WORD FAMILY
accuracy: accuracies, inaccuracy +/ accurate: accuracy, accurately, accuratest, inaccurate / inaccuracy: inaccuracies/ inaccurate: inaccurately
USAGE EXAMPLES
Recipes were judged on flavor, creativity and originality, accuracy and methodology.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Begay said he thought it was too early to tell about Woods' accuracy off the tee.
Reuters(Dec 30, 2016)
In advance of its release last month, he submitted the calendar to the agency’s museum and staff historians to verify its accuracy.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 精确（性），准确（性）
分布：精确度(100%)
正确,准确(ac+cur+acy)[cur=care,表示"关心"]
n.准确(性);精确;准确度He aimed at accuracy and perfection.他力求准确和完美.
【源】源于accurate（adj 正确的，精确的），其中cura注意，关心，因为只有细心“注意”，才能做到准确
noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■being exact or correct 准确的；精确的；正确的
• We can predict changes with a surprising degree of accuracy. 我们可以出奇准确地预测变化。
■the ability to do something without making mistakes 准确性，正确无误

Word: juror
Front: juror
[ˈdʒʊərə(r)] (4070/16094 -1)
Vocabulary: juror
(once / 1517 pages)
n
Anyone who's a member of a jury in a court of law is called a juror. When you serve as a juror, you're part of a group that hears evidence in a trial and gives a verdict.
When someone gets called for jury duty, it's an opportunity to be a juror for a trial. A juror is typically one of twelve people who swear to make an impartial, unbiased decision based on legal evidence. The jurors must come to a unanimous agreement about their verdict after all evidence is presented, generally either "guilty" or "not guilty." The Latin root is iuratorem, or "swearer," from iurare, "to swear."
WORD FAMILY
juror: jurors
USAGE EXAMPLES
Jurors would later see a video of Roof confessing to the crime — “Well, I killed them, I guess,” he said — and offering a racist rationale.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
His two-hour confession to the FBI seemed key to jurors’ deliberation.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Smith’s trial earlier this month, jurors acquitted him on three counts of misdemeanor battery on a police officer but deadlocked on four other misdemeanor charges.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 陪审员; 审查委员; 宣誓人; 评委
分布：陪审员(100%)
→来自jury,陪审团，-or,人。即陪审的人，陪审团成员。
US ['dʒʊr.ɚ] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a member of a jury 陪审员；陪审团成员
n. 审查委员， [法] 陪审员
 - juryman, venireman

Word: officially
Front: officially
[əˈfɪʃəli] (4075/3779 -K)
Vocabulary: officially
(once / 670 pages)
adv
If something's done officially, it's done formally, often with the backing of some kind of authority, like a government. You might be elected president in November, but you won't officially take office until January of the following year.
The adverb officially can describe something that's done publicly in an official and formal way. A company's CEO may officially resign after speculation about money laundering became public. An advertising campaign might officially launch with a Super Bowl ad. Officially can also describe something authorized by a government or other organization with authority. The government may officially announce that unemployment has decreased in the last six months.
WORD FAMILY
official: officialdom, officialise, officialize, officially, officials, semiofficial, unofficial+/ office: officer, offices, official, officiate / officer: officered, officering, officers/officialdom: officialdoms/officialise: officialised/officialize: officialized/ officiate: officiated, officiates, officiating, officiation/semiofficial: semiofficially/unofficial: unofficially
USAGE EXAMPLES
Baldwin Street in the city of Dunedin on New Zealand's South Island is officially the world's steepest residential road.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
“It’s very hard for us ever to get the satisfaction of MacArthur and the emperor meeting, and a war being officially over,” he said.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
You’re officially on to the second phase, which is about refining the roster and looking like a true perennial division title contender.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adv. 官方地; 正式地; 公务上
分布：官方地(37%)，正式地(35%)，职务上(17%)，公务上(11%)
adverb
 ADVANCED
■formally and in a way agreed to or arranged by people in positions of authority 官方地（经官方同意的；由官方组织的）
• The royal engagement was announced officially this morning. 今天上午官方正式宣布了皇室订婚一事。
■as stated or accepted by people publicly but not privately or in reality 已被公开宣称且获人们在大众面前接受地（而并非私下地或事实上被宣称，或获得接纳）
• Well, officially I am on holiday this week but I'm just catching up on some paperwork. 这周名义上我是应该休假的，但事实上我还在赶文书工作。
■in or relating to a position of responsibility that you hold 以担任某职务的身份…；和所担任的职务相关地
• He has not visited the country officially since his election, only in a private capacity. 自从当选之后，他还没有以官方身分访问过该国，只进行了私人访问。
adv. 正式地；官方地；作为公务员
 - formally, in state

Word: broker
Front: broker
[ˈbrəʊkə(r)] (宝 4073/5375 -3)
Vocabulary: broker
(once / 522 pages)
nv
A broker is someone who buys or sells for someone else for a commission. You may go to a real estate company to get a broker to help you buy a house.
In Middle English broker meant "peddler or retailer." Nowadays a broker still sells things — but she's acting as an agent making deals for someone else and collecting a commission for all that work. Used as a verb, broker means to arrange a deal or negotiate. Working for an advisory firm, a broker may convince you to invest in a company — so the broker would broker a business deal.
WORD FAMILY
broker: brokerage, brokered, brokering, brokers+/brokerage: brokerages
USAGE EXAMPLES
What the page doesn’t say is that those sources include detailed dossiers obtained from commercial data brokers about users’ offline lives.
Salon(Jan 01, 2017)
Today, he is one of the biggest obstacles to U.S. efforts to broker peace in Yemen and threatens Washington’s influence in the Middle East.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
The resolution also welcomed plans for the talks in Kazakhstan before a resumption of U.N.-brokered talks in Geneva in February.
Reuters(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. （股票、外币等）经纪人; 中间人，代理人; 旧货商人; 〈口〉婚姻介绍人
vt. 作为权力经纪人进行谈判; 作为中间人来安排、设法
时态：brokered, brokering, brokers
分布：经纪人(93%)，安排(4%)，协商(3%)
→来自拉丁词brocca, 针，刺，词源同broach. 原指卖散酒的零售商，后来词义由散酒零售商到皮条客到经纪人。
【源】“一笔交易做成时作为礼节性的礼品”
【记】pawnbroker（n 典当商）
US ['broʊ.kɚ] noun countable
■a person who buys and sells foreign money, shares in companies, etc., for other people 经纪人，掮客
• a commodity/insurance/mortgage broker 商品／保险／按揭经纪人
• I called my broker for advice about investing in the stock market. 我给我的经纪人打电话咨询股市投资的问题。
■a person who talks to opposing sides, especially governments, making arrangements for them or bringing to an end disagreements （尤指政府的）中间人，调停人
• During the war Wallas became a power broker in governmental circles. 战争期间华莱士成了政界的权力经纪人。
UK ['brəʊ.kər] US ['broʊ.kɚ] verb transitive
■to arrange something such as a deal, agreement, etc. between two or more groups or countries 作为经纪人安排（交易、协议等）
• The foreign ministers have failed in their attempts to broker a ceasefire. 外交部长们促成停火的尝试已告失败。
n. [经] 经纪人， [劳经] 掮客
 - booking agent, middleman

Word: treasure
Front: treasure
[ˈtreʒə(r)] (中高研四六托 4074/4538 -2)
Vocabulary: treasure
(once / 133 pages)
nv
Treasure is usually associated with riches — gold, jewels, doubloons — the stuff contained in pirates' treasure chests. However, you can also treasure things with purely sentimental value — like your pet rock or your blankie.
The English word treasure comes from the Old French tresor, both meaning "something of great worth." Still, the French tresor sounds so much more luxurious than the English treasure, and that form is the chosen name for an expensive perfume. Worth is relative, though. Going back further, we find that the Latin word for treasury is thesaurus, which is what a book of synonyms is called. Guess the ancients always understood the richness — and worth — of words.
WORD FAMILY
treasure: treasured, treasures, treasuring
USAGE EXAMPLES
Now, more than a decade later, the Saints are a civic treasure and the Chargers on the verge of leaving San Diego.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Chances are that the universe neither treasures nor regrets us.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Some of us remember the Vietnam War, its cost in blood and treasure and its disastrous ending.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 金银财宝; 宝藏; 珍宝; 不可多得的人才
vt. 重视; 珍惜; 珍视; 储存
时态：treasured, treasuring, treasures
分布：财富(48%)，珍视(19%)，宝物(18%)，珍藏(15%)
→来自古法语 tresor,宝库，藏宝，来自拉丁语 thesaurus,宝库，来自希腊语 thesauros,仓库，来 自 dhe,做，放置，词源同 do,thesis,thesaurus.引申词义财富，珍宝。
n.财宝,财富;珍品v.珍爱,珍惜I can't endure the leisured man's measures for the treasures in the treasury.我不能容忍那个悠闲男子对金库财宝采取的措施.
US [-ɚ] noun
VALUABLE THINGS 珍品
 IMPROVER uncountable
■very valuable things, usually in the form of a store of precious metals, precious stones or money 财宝；珍宝
• Stories about pirates often include a search for buried treasure. 海盗故事中经常包括搜寻宝藏。
• When they opened up the tomb they found treasure beyond their wildest dreams. 他们挖开坟墓，发现了做梦也想像不到的珍宝。
treasures [plural]
■very valuable things, especially pieces of art 珍宝；（尤指）艺术珍品
• stolen art treasures 被盗的艺术珍品
• The museum houses many priceless treasures. 这家博物馆收藏了许多价值连城的珍品。
UK ['treʒ.ər] US [-ɚ] noun
PERSON 人
countable informal
■someone who is very helpful and valuable to you 很有用的人；很重要的人
• I don't know what I'd have done without Lizzie when I was ill - she was an absolute treasure. 我生病时，要不是利齐真，不知道我会怎么样——她真是个不可多得的人。
countable mainly UK old-fashioned informal
■a friendly way of talking to someone, especially a child 宝贝（亲昵称呼，尤指小孩）
• Come on, treasure, let's go and see Granny. 赶快，宝贝，我们看奶奶去。
UK ['treʒ.ər] US [-ɚ] verb transitive
■to take great care of something because you love it or consider it very valuable 珍爱；珍惜；珍藏
• I shall always treasure those memories of her. 我会一直珍藏对她的回忆。
• This pen that my grandfather gave me is one of my most treasured possessions. 我祖父送给我的这支钢笔是我最珍爱的东西之一。
n. 财富，财产；财宝；珍品
 - wealth, estate, money, fortune, property
vt. 珍爱；珍藏
 - cherish, enshrine

Word: loyalty
Front: loyalty
[ˈlɔɪəlti] (研四六 4077/3559 -2)
Vocabulary: loyalty
(once / 318 pages)
n
A person who feels loyalty to a nation, cause, or person feels a sense of allegiance, commitment, dedication toward them.
Loyalty is — you guessed it! — the quality of being loyal. People demonstrate their loyalty to a sports team by cheering for it, win or lose. People demonstrate their loyalty to a political party by voting only for the people of that party. Brand loyalty is the notion (or hope) that once consumers identify strongly with a particular brand or product, like a car or computer, they'll stick with that brand or maker when it comes time to buy new products.
WORD FAMILY
loyalty: disloyalty, loyalties+/disloyalty: disloyalties
USAGE EXAMPLES
As a clergy person I’m inclined to see more than just team loyalty.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The president enjoys considerable influence over prosecutors, tax collectors and state security agents, whose careers are largely determined by political loyalty rather than merit.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“Thank you for your loyalty, friendship and memories,” she said in a final message to customers.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 忠诚，忠实; 忠心; 忠于…感情
分布：忠诚(85%)，忠心(11%)，忠贞(4%)
→来自loyal,忠诚的。
n.忠诚,忠心He is satisfied with his disciples' loyalty.他对门徒的忠诚感到满意.
【记】源于：loyal（adj 忠诚的）
【反】perfidy（n 不诚实；背信）
US [-tˌi] noun
 IMPROVER uncountable
■the quality of being loyal 忠诚，忠实
• His loyalty was never in question. 他的忠诚从未受到怀疑。
• Her loyalty to the cause is impressive. 她对事业的忠诚给人留下了深刻印象。
loyalties [plural]
■your feelings of support or duty towards someone or something 忠于…的感情，忠诚
• My loyalties to my family come before anything else. 对家庭尽责对我来说是第一位的。
• divided loyalties (= feelings of support for two different and opposing people or things) 分裂的忠诚
n. 忠诚；忠心；忠实
 - faith, devotion

Word: credit
Front: credit
[ˈkredɪt] (高托雅宝 1125/1262 -K4)
Vocabulary: credit
(once / 65 pages)
1nv 2nv 3nv 4v
The word credit can have many meanings — from giving someone the recognition they deserve, to providing goods or services for payment that comes at a later date.
The meanings of credit don't end with borrowing money to pay at a later date or giving someone your approval. Colleges offer credits for each course in which their students enroll. A volunteer who raises thousands of dollars each year is a credit — or source of pride — to his charitable organization. Add an -s to the end of the word, and you have the scroll of names at the end of a movie.
WORD FAMILY
credit: creditable, credited, crediting, creditor, credits, discredit +/creditable: creditably/ creditor: creditors/ discredit: discreditable, discredited, discrediting, discredits/discreditable: discreditably
USAGE EXAMPLES
Joan Cox, senior vice president of savings products at Navy Federal Credit Union, provided some tips for smart budgeting and saving in the new year.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
There are some incredibly generous credit card sign-up bonuses available now, including 100,000-point offers from certain Chase and American Express products.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Some older Taiwanese credit the Japanese for building much of today’s public infrastructure.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 信誉，信用; [金融]贷款; 荣誉; 学分
vt. 相信，信任; 归功于; [会]记入贷方; 赞颂
时态：credited, crediting, credits
分布：信用(71%)，贷款(8%)，相信(5%)，荣誉(4%)，学分(3%)，贷方(2%)，赞扬(2%)，归功于(2%)，赊欠(1%)，存款(1%)，记入贷方(1%)
→来自词根cred, 相信，信任。-it, 过去分词，比较visit.
信任;学分(cred+it表名词)[creed,cred=believe,trust,表示"相信,信任"]
相信(cred相信+it)[-it 1.表名词,通常是抽象名词2.表名词"…的"]
v./n.信用,信任n.信用贷款,赊欠;名誉,名望He bought the furniture on credit.他赊账买了这家具.
noun
PRAISE 表扬
 ADVANCED uncountable
■praise, approval or honour 赞扬；赞许；荣誉
• She got no credit for solving the problem. 她没有因为解决了这一问题而得到任何赞许。
• Her boss took credit for it/ took (all) the credit instead. 她的老板反倒为此赢得了声誉／把一切全归功于自己。
• To her (great) credit, she admitted she was wrong. 她承认自己错了，这（很）值得称赞。
• I gave him credit for (= thought that he would have) better judgment than he showed. 我高估了他的判断力。
be a credit to sb/sth
■to do something that makes a person, group or organization feel proud or receive praise 是…的骄傲；是…的光荣
• She is a credit to her family. 她给家里带来了荣耀。
do your family/parents/teacher, etc. credit
■to cause someone who has been or is responsible for you to receive praise by your good behaviour or successful actions 为家庭／父母／老师等增光
• She does her teachers credit. 她给她的老师们增了光。
all credit to sb
■used to show that you think a person deserves a lot of praise for something that they have done （某人）值得大加称赞
• All credit to her, she did it all herself. 她值得大加赞赏，一切都是她一个人干的。
['kred.ɪt] noun
MONEY 钱
 ADVANCED uncountable
■a method of paying for goods or services at a later time, usually paying interest as well as the original money 赊购，赊帐，信用贷款
• They decided to buy the car on credit. 他们决定用信用贷款的方法买那辆汽车。
• The shop was offering six months' (interest-free) credit on electrical goods. 这家店提供六个月期限的（免息）电器信用贷款服务。
Compare debit
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■money in your bank account 帐面余额，贷方余额
• I was relieved to see from my statement that my account was in credit. 看到对帐单上我的帐户仍有存款，我松了一口气。
['kred.ɪt] noun
COURSE UNIT 课程学分
countable
■a unit which represents a successfully finished part of an educational course 学分
• He's already got a credit/three credits in earth science. 他已经修了地球科学这个科目的1个／3个学分。
['kred.ɪt] noun
LIST OF NAMES 名单
the credits [plural]
■a list of people who helped to make a film or a television or radio programme, which is shown or announced at the beginning or the end of it （电影、电视或广播节目的）演职人员名单
['kred.ɪt] noun
credit where credit's due
■an expression which means that you should praise someone who deserves it, although you might dislike some things about them 该赞扬的就赞扬
• I don't especially like the woman but, credit where credit's due, she's very efficient. 我不是特别喜欢那个女人，不过，该说好的就说好，她办事效率很高。
['kred.ɪt] verb
MONEY 钱
 ADVANCED transitive
■to pay money into a bank account 把钱存进银行帐户
• They credited my account with $20 after I pointed out the mistake. 我指出错误后，他们给我的帐户上存入了20美元。
['kred.ɪt] verb
BELIEVE 相信
transitive not continuous
■to believe something which seems unlikely to be true 信任，相信（不大可能的事）
• He even tried to pretend he was a film star's son - can you credit it? 他甚至试图假装自己是电影明星的儿子——你信吗？
• It was hard to credit some of the stories we heard about her. 我们听过一些有关她的故事，难以令人置信。
['kred.ɪt] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  credit sb with sth
■to consider that someone has a particular quality 相信（某人）具有（某种品质）
• I had credited them with more integrity than they showed. 我原以为他们很正直，其实不然。
■to say that someone is responsible for something good 将…归功于（某人）
• She is credited with making the business a success. 公司的成功归功于她。
belief, conviction, faith, trust, confidence, credit
这组词都有“相信，信任”的意思，其区别是：
belief: 普通用词，指单纯从主观上的相信，不着重这种相信是否有根据。
conviction: 多指根据长期交往或实践，对某人某事有了认识和了解后产生的信心和相信，侧重其坚定性。
faith: 语气较强，强调完全相信；有时也能仅凭感觉产生的相信。
trust: 强调相信、信任的完全可靠。
confidence: 指对某人某事有充分信心，断定不会使人失望，因而给予信任。
credit: 语气最弱，着重以声誉为信任的基础。
n. 信用，信誉； [金融] 贷款；学分；信任；声望
 - faith, reputation, honor, loan, confidence
vt. 相信，信任；把…归给，归功于；赞颂
 - put faith in, believe in

Word: shock
Front: shock
[ʃɒk] (高研四六托雅 2298/1998 -K4)
Vocabulary: shock
(once / 102 pages)
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A shock is the uncomfortable feeling you get when an electric current passes through your body. If you stick your finger in an outlet, you'll get an unpleasant shock.
A shock can be a jarring surprise, like the shock of getting fired. If a human body goes into a state of shock, that person is near collapse, reeling from a traumatic situation. A shock of hair refers to a bushy mass of hair on a person's head. As a verb, shock can also mean "to inflict trauma on someone else," like shocking your mom with your news or you shock your dog's electric collar every time he tries to bite you.
WORD FAMILY
shock: foreshock, shockable, shocked, shocker, shocking, shocks+/foreshock: foreshocks/shockable: unshockable/shocker: shockers/shocking: shockingest, shockingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Darnold, still calm as a librarian, said he was a little shocked.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
While enjoying reading cards and opening gifts, we were shocked to find 35 of our 140 guests did not leave a gift.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
Would winning a Super Bowl be a far bigger shock?
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 休克; 震惊; 震动; 打击
vt. 使休克; 使震惊; 使震动; 使受电击
vi. 感到震惊; 受到震动; 堆成禾束堆
adj. 浓密的; 蓬乱的
时态：shocked, shocking, shocks
分布：冲击(34%)，震惊(24%)，休克(24%)，震动(11%)，使震惊(3%)，使受电击(2%)，使震动(2%)
→可能来自中古荷兰语 schokken,摇动，摇晃，猛拉，猛推，来自 Proto-Germanic*skakana,摇动， 颤动，来自 skek,摇动，摇晃，词源同 shake.引申诸相关词义。
n.震动;电击,触电;休克v.(使)震动/震惊At the dock I'm shocked to see the pocket rocket made of a block of rock.在码头看到一块岩石做的小巧火箭,我感到震惊.
US [ʃɑ:k] noun
SURPRISE 惊讶
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■(the emotional or physical reaction to) a sudden, unexpected and usually unpleasant event or experience 令人震惊的事件（或经历）；惊愕，震惊
• Her mother's death came as a great shock - it was so unexpected. 她母亲的去世让人倍感震惊——简直太出乎意料了。
• It was such a loud crash - it gave me/I got quite a shock. 轰隆一声巨响就撞上了——真把我吓了一跳。
• It was a shock to see her looking so ill. 看到她病得如此厉害，真让人震惊。
• I was in (a state of) shock for about two weeks after the accident. 意外发生后，我有约两个星期都处于惊魂未甫的状态。
• UK The French suffered a shock defeat (= completely unexpected defeat) by the Italian side at the weekend. 法国队周末十分意外地被义大利队击败。
countable * an electric shock
• Ow! - I got a shock from that lamp! 哎哟！——我被那盏灯电了一下！
uncountable
■a medical condition caused by severe injury, pain, loss of blood or fear which slows down the flow of blood around the body 休克
• Several passengers from the wrecked vehicle were taken to hospital suffering from shock. 出事的车上有几位乘客处于休克状态，被送往医院。
a shock to the system
■when something new or unusual feels difficult or unpleasant （新的或不常见的事物）让人感到难以应对（或不快）
• It's really hard getting back to work after three months off - it's quite a shock to the system. 三个月的休假之后，真的很难回到工作状态——感觉很不适应。
UK [ʃɒk] US [ʃɑ:k] noun
DAMAGING EFFECT 破坏性效果
uncountable
■the effect of one object violently hitting another, which might cause damage or a slight movement 冲击，剧烈震动
• For running on hard roads, you need shoes with extra cushioning to absorb (= reduce) the shock. 在坚硬的路面上奔跑时，需要穿具有超强缓冲力的鞋子。
UK [ʃɒk] US [ʃɑ:k] noun
OFFENDED 冒犯
uncountable
■a feeling of being offended or upset by something you consider wrong or unacceptable 愤怒，生气，不快
• You should have seen the look of shock on her face when he started swearing! 你真应该看看他开始用粗话骂人时，她脸上那又惊又气的表情！
UK [ʃɒk] US [ʃɑ:k] noun
HAIR 头发
only singular
■a large and noticeable mass of hair 惹眼的一大团毛发
• She's got a shock of bright red hair. 她有一头浓密抢眼的红发。
UK [ʃɒk] US [ʃɑ:k] noun
Shock, horror! humorous
■an expression used when you are pretending to feel very shocked by a piece of news 震惊；恐怖（一种措辞，用于假装因一则消息而感到非常震惊）
• Shock, horror! Carl James was seen talking to a woman and it wasn't his wife. 恐怖啊！有人看到卡尔‧吉姆和一个女人说话，但那个女人不是他老婆。
UK [ʃɒk] US [ʃɑ:k] verb intransitive or transitive
OFFEND 冒犯
 IMPROVER
■to offend or upset someone by doing or saying something which they consider is immoral or unacceptable （使）愤怒，（使）生气，（使）不快
• The advertisements were designed to shock - that was the whole point of the campaign. 这些广告为的就是要惊世骇俗——这就是此次活动的全部意义。
• [+ obj + to infinitive] I think it shocks him to hear women talking about sex. 我想他听到女人谈论性会很愤慨。
UK [ʃɒk] US [ʃɑ:k] verb intransitive or transitive
SURPRISE 惊讶
 ADVANCED
■to make someone feel upset or surprised （使）震惊，（使）惊愕
• The photographs of starving children shocked people into giving money. 那些饥饿儿童的照片让人们深感震惊，纷纷解囊相助。
• The news of the accident shocked the family deeply. 那则意外的消息让全家人深感震惊。
clash, collision, impact, shock
这组词都有“冲击，碰撞”的意思，其区别是：
clash: 通常指两个或多个物体，特别是金属物发出刺耳声音或破裂声的撞击。也可引申指意见、利益等的冲突。
collision: 指物体相撞，其结果不是受损就是严重受阻。
impact: 正式用词，侧重指物体相撞的结果或接触点。
shock: 指强烈冲击在肉体上或思想感情上所产生的效果。
n. [临床] 休克；震惊；震动；打击；禾束堆
 - blow, stroke, strike, hit
vt. [临床] 使休克；使震惊；使震动；使受电击；把…堆成禾束堆
 - scandalize, astound
adj. 浓密的；蓬乱的
 - bushy, unkempt

Word: talented
Front: talented
[ˈtæləntɪd] (托雅 4080/6495)
Back: adj. 有才能的，有才干的; 能干的
分布：有才能的(62%)，有天赋的(38%)
US [-ɪd] adjective
 ADVANCED
■with talent; able or skilful 有才能的；能干的；技艺高超的
• a talented footballer/pianist 很有天分的足球运动员／钢琴家

Word: gasoline
Front: gasoline
[ˈgæsəli:n] (研四六托 4082/23359 -K2)
Back: n. 汽油
分布：名词(100%)
n.(gasolene)汽油A gallon of gasoline and the nylon overalls fall into the valley.一加仑汽油和尼龙工作裤落进了山谷.
noun uncountable
 IMPROVER US formal for
■ gas (LIQUID FUEL) 液体燃料
gasoline, petrol
这组词都有“汽油”的意思，其区别是：
gasoline: 用于美国
petrol: 英国的用词。
n. [油气] 汽油
 - gas, benzine

Word: stiff
Front: stiff
[stɪf] (研四六托雅宝 4084/4115 -K2)
Back: adj. 严厉的; 僵硬的，坚硬的; 呆板的，拘谨的; 顽固的
adv. <口>极度地，非常
n. 死尸; 笨蛋，傻瓜; 流动工人; 吝啬鬼穷光蛋
vt. 诈骗; 失信
级别：stiffer, stiffest
分布：硬的(55%)，拘谨的(8%)，生硬的(7%)，僵直的(7%)，艰难的(5%)，死尸(5%)，僵硬地(5%)，极其(3%)，吝啬鬼(2%)，流浪汉(2%)，烈性的(1%)
→来自古英语 stif,硬的，僵硬的，来自 Proto-Germanic*stifaz,僵硬的，无弹性的，来自 steip, 压紧，打包，塞满，可能来自 steu,推，挤，击打，词源同 steep,stoop,stuff.
a.硬的,僵直的;拘谨的;呆板的;艰难的In this climate, the climber climbed up the cliff with his stiff limbs.在这种气候下,攀登者用僵硬的四肢爬上悬崖.
【反】suppleness（n 柔软）－stiffness（n 坚硬）
adjective
FIRM 硬的
 ADVANCED
■firm or hard 硬的，挺的，坚实的
• stiff cardboard 硬纸板
• a stiff collar 硬领
• His clothes were stiff with dried mud. 他衣服上的泥巴干了，硬邦邦的。
• This hair spray has made my hair stiff. 这种发胶使我的头发变硬。
• Mix the powder and water into a stiff paste. 把粉末和水混合成稠糊。
 ADVANCED
■not easily bent or moved 不易弯曲的；不易活动的
• The handle on this door is rather stiff. 这扇门的把手相当紧。
• The man's body was (as) stiff as a board when it was found in the snow. 这名男子在雪地里被找到时，他的身体已经僵硬了。
■If you are stiff or part of your body is stiff, your muscles hurt when they are moved （人或身体部位）僵硬的，僵直的
• Sitting still at a computer terminal all day can give you a stiff neck. 在电脑前一动不动地坐上一整天，会令人颈部僵直。
[stɪf] adjective
NOT RELAXED 不放松的
■behaving in a way that is formal and not relaxed 拘谨的，局促的，生硬的
• The general is a tall man with steel spectacles and a stiff, rather pompous manner. 将军是个戴着金属框眼镜的高个男子，态度生硬，相当傲慢。
[stɪf] adjective
SEVERE 严厉的
■severe and difficult 严厉的，严格的；艰难的
• The athlete was given a stiff punishment for using drugs. 这名运动员因服用违禁药物受到严厉惩罚。
• They are campaigning for stiffer penalties for people who drink and drive. 他们正进行游说活动，要求对酒后驾车人士处以更严厉的惩罚。
• There has been stiff opposition/resistance to the proposed tax increases. 增加税收的提案遭到强烈反对／抵制。
• It's a stiff climb to the top of the hill. 要爬上山顶很费劲。
• Some college courses have stiffer entry requirements than others. 有些大学课程比其他课程有更严格的入门资格要求。
• Both companies are worried about losing business in the face of stiff competition. 两家公司都担心在激烈的竞争中损失生意。
a stiff breeze/wind
■a strong wind 强风
a stiff drink/brandy/gin, etc.
■an alcoholic drink that is very strong 烈性酒／白兰地／杜松子酒等
• A stiff whisky - that's what I need. 一杯烈威士卡——这是我真正需要的。
■A stiff price is very expensive （价格）高昂的，过高的
• We had to pay a stiff membership fee to join the health club. 我们支付了一笔高昂的会费后才得以加入这家健康俱乐部。
[stɪf] adverb
■very much, or to a great degree 十分，非常
• I got frozen stiff (= very cold) waiting at the bus stop. 我在公车站等车时差点冻僵了。
• I was scared stiff when I heard someone moving around upstairs. 我听到楼上有人走来走去时吓坏了。
[stɪf] noun countable
PERSON 人 US informal
■a person of the type described …的人
• a working stiff 工作狂
• you lucky stiff 你这个幸运的家伙
[stɪf] noun countable
BODY 身体 slang
■a dead body 死尸
• They found a stiff in the river. 他们在河里发现一具尸体。
adj. 呆板的；坚硬的；严厉的；拘谨的；拘谨的
 - mechanical, severe, wooden, rigid, dead
adv. 僵硬地；彻底地
 - thoroughly, entirely, completely, fully, tight
n. 死尸；令人讨厌者； [金融] 流通票据；劳动者
 - worker, dead body

Word: output
Front: output
[ˈaʊtpʊt] (高研四六托雅 4085/1540 -K3)
Vocabulary: output
(once / 721 pages)
1nv 2n
If your factory transforms steel into train wheels, your factory's output––what it produces––is train wheels. A country's output is the total quantity of goods it produces.
The word input is the opposite of output, but only in the sense of the process––if bananas, milk, and ice cream are the input, the output is a milkshake. But you don't usually talk about input in the aggregate, as something you measure over time for a factory, a company, or a country.
WORD FAMILY
output: outputs, outputted, outputting
USAGE EXAMPLES
As a result, cardiac output is a primary determinant of metabolic activity.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Sunday’s game showed a more aggressive Russell, and it was one of his best offensive outputs this season.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The company slashed output by 30 percent in the January-March quarter this year due to accumulated inventory, the Nikkei reported.
Reuters(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 产量; 输出; 作品; [计]输出信号
vt. 输出
分布：输出(79%)，产量(19%)，输出功率(2%)
→out-,向外，put,放置。引申词义输出，产量。
n.产量,输出(量)Shut in the hut, I'm puzzled how to cut down the output of nuts.关在茅棚里,我为削减坚果的产量犯难.
noun uncountable
 IMPROVER
■an amount of something produced by a person, machine, factory, country, etc （人、机器、工厂、国家等的）产量
• Last year British manufacturing output fell by 14%. 去年英国制造业的产量下降了14%。
n. [计] 输出，输出量； [经] 产量；出产
 - export, crop, harvest, yield
vt. [计] 输出
 - export, bulk out

Word: nominee
Front: nominee
[ˌnɒmɪˈni:] (托雅 4081/12006 -2)
Vocabulary: nominee
(once / 1045 pages)
n
A nominee is someone running for office. You could be a nominee for student council or for the presidency.
To nominate is to name or select someone as a candidate for office. In the United States, the primary elections help each party figure out who to nominate to run for office. That candidate is called the nominee. Once a nominee is selected, he or she runs against the sitting president. There are nominees at every level of government. Being a nominee is quite an honor, but it's not the ultimate goal: a nominee could still win or lose the election.
WORD FAMILY
nominee: nominees
USAGE EXAMPLES
The “unprecedented” personal wealth of Trump’s nominees warrants the delays, one senior Democratic aide said.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Under the Reid rules, President Obama needed only a simple majority to get his nominees through, not the 60 votes to stop a GOP filibuster.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Mr. LaPierre said Mr. Trump’s nominee will be “a generational victory for Second Amendment freedom.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 被提名者，候选人; 被任命者; 代名人
分布：被提名的人(78%)，名义人(22%)
被提名者(nomin+ee被...的人;参考：employee雇员)[nomin=name,表示"名称,名字"]
US [ˌnɑ:.mə-] noun countable
SUGGESTION 建议
■someone who has been nominated for something 被提名者
• All nominees for Treasurer will be considered. 所有被推荐做财政大臣的人都将予以考虑。
UK [ˌnɒm.ɪ'ni:] US [ˌnɑ:.mə-] noun countable
CHOICE 选择
■a person who is officially chosen for a position or job 被任命者
n. 被任命者；被提名的人；代名人
 - appointee, designee

Word: extended
Front: extended
[ɪkˈstendɪd] (托 4083/4500 -1)
Vocabulary: extended
(once / 144 pages)
1adj 2adj
Something that is extended has been fully stretched out or elongated. An extended period of time is an extremely long period of time.
To extend something is to make it longer, either physically or in terms of time. Anything extended has been stretched out in this way. An extended rubber band will snap back or break. An extended hose can be used to put out a fire. If you live with your parents in your twenties, it's like an extended childhood.
WORD FAMILY
extended: extendedly, unextended+/coextensive: coextensively/ extend: extendable, extended, extendible, extending, extends, extensible, extension, extensive, extensor, hyperextend, overextend/extensible: inextensible/ extension: coextension, extensional, extensions/ extensive: coextensive, extensively, extensiveness/extensor: extensors/hyperextend: hyperextension/overextend: overextended, overextending, overextends
USAGE EXAMPLES
The outages extended across most of the state of South Dakota.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Japan was closed for an extended New Year holiday.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
And an unconfirmed number of inmates also escaped during the riot that extended from Sunday afternoon to Monday morning.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 延伸的; 伸展的; 延长的; 扩大的
v. 延伸(extend的过去式和过去分词); 伸展; 延长
分布：长期的(38%)，广大的(29%)，伸展的(25%)，动词extend的过去式及过去分词形式.(8%)
adjective [before noun]
 ADVANCED
■long or longer than usual 延伸的；长的；延长了的
• They're going on an extended holiday to Australia. 他们要到澳大利亚度长假。
• There was an extended news bulletin because of the plane crash. 因为发生了坠机事件，新闻报道的播出时间延长了。
adj. 延伸的；扩大的；长期的；广大的
 - chronic, long time, expanding, standing, broader
v. 延长；扩充（extend的过去分词）
 - lengthened

Word: please
Front: please
[pli:z] (中高 1167/758 -K4)
Vocabulary: please
(once / 12 pages)
vadv
To please someone is to give them pleasure or to make them happy. This is also a word for polite requests like, "Could you please pass the milk?"
Have you ever been asked "What's the magic word"? It's please, a small word that makes any request more polite. Saying please is sure to please just about everyone, although different things please different people. Turning in your homework on time will please your teachers, while a good belly rub and some extra treats will please your dog.
WORD FAMILY
please: displease, pleasant, pleased, pleaseed, pleaser, pleases, pleasing, pleasure +/ displease: displeased, displeases, displeasing, displeasure/displeased: displeasedly/displeasing: displeasingly/displeasure: displeasures/pleasance: pleasances/ pleasant: pleasance, pleasanter, pleasantest, pleasantly, pleasantness, unpleasant /pleasantness: pleasantnesses/pleased: pleaseder, pleasedly/pleaser: pleasers/pleasing: pleasinger, pleasingly, pleasingness, pleasings, unpleasing/ pleasurable: pleasurablest, pleasurably/ pleasure: pleasurable, pleasures/ unpleasant: unpleasanter, unpleasantest, unpleasantly, unpleasantness/unpleasantness: unpleasantnesses/unpleasing: unpleasingly, unpleasingness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Once more, I am the child who wanted to please.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
“I am pleased that now voters’ voices matter and that, at least in this instance, votes count.”
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
"Please be advised, @CustomsBorder outage is nationwide. They are working to restore. Thanks for your patience," Miami International Airport said on its Twitter feed.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: int. 请
vt. & vi. 使高兴; 使满意; 讨人喜欢; 讨好
时态：pleased, pleasing, pleases
分布：取悦(62%)，使高兴(16%)，愿意(11%)，使满意(11%)
→来自placere,抚慰，安抚，来自plak,平的，来自pele,展开，放平，词源同plan,place.引申词义使满意，使愉悦，并用于词义请。
v.请;使愉快,使满意;喜欢,愿意Please tell me how to spell the word.请告诉我怎样拼这个字.
exclamation
 ESSENTIAL
■used to make a request more polite 好吗，请（用于客气地请求）
• Could I have two cups of coffee and a tea, please? 给我来两杯咖啡、一杯茶好吗？
• Please remember to close the windows before you leave. 您离开前请记住关上窗户。
 IMPROVER
■used to add force to a request or demand 请，求求你（用于加强请求或要求的语气）
• Please, David, put the knife down. 求求你，大卫，把刀放下。
• Oh, please. Do shut up! 好了，别说了！
■UK
■used especially by children to a teacher or other adult in order to get their attention 让我说（尤指儿童为引起老师或其他成年人的注意时的用语）
• Please, Miss, I know the answer! 我来说，老师，我知道答案！
■used when accepting something politely or enthusiastically 行，谢谢用于礼貌或热情地接受某物时
• "More potatoes?" "Please." “要不要再来点马铃薯？”“好的。”
• "May I bring my husband?" "Please do." “我可以带我丈夫来吗？”“当然可以。”
• mainly UK "Oh, yes please, " shouted the children. “哦，太好了，”孩子们叫道。
[pli:z] verb
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to make someone feel happy or satisfied, or to give someone pleasure （使）开心；（使）满意；取悦
• I only got married to please my parents. 我结婚只是为了让我父母高兴。
• He was always a good boy, very friendly and eager to please. 他一直是个好孩子，对人非常友善热情。
• [+ obj + to infinitive] It always pleases me to see a well-designed book! 看到一本设计精美的书，我总是很开心。
intransitive slightly formal
■to want, like or choose, when used with words such as 'whatever', 'whoever' and 'anywhere' 愿意，乐意（与 whatever， whoever 和 anywhere 等词连用）
• She thinks she can just do whatever/as she pleases. 她觉得自己可以为所欲为。
• I shall go out with whoever I please. 我想和谁出去就和谁出去。
if you please formal
■used to express surprise and anger （表示惊奇和愤怒）真怪，竟然
• They want £200, if you please, just to replace a couple of broken windows! 光换几扇打破的窗户他们竟然要200英镑！
■old-fashioned or formal
■used to make a request more polite 请（用于客气地请求）
• Take your seats, ladies and gentlemen, if you please. 女士们先生们，请坐。
[pli:z] verb
please God
■used to express a strong hope 但愿老天帮忙，上帝保佑
• It'll be finished by Christmas, please God. 上帝保佑，这会在耶诞节前完成。
[pli:z] verb
please yourself informal
■to do whatever you choose to do, often used in a slightly rude way by someone who does not agree with or care about what you to do （语气常有些粗鲁）愿意怎样就怎样，随你的便
• "I can't stand this place - I'm going home." "Please yourself." “我没法在这个地方待下去了——我要回家。”“随你的便。”
amuse, please, interest, entertain
这组词都有“使人娱乐，消遣”的意思，其区别是：
amuse: 指使人通过注意某些有趣或悦人的事物而消遣，着重使人愉快的效果。
please: 多指愿望、兴趣得到满足后产生的强烈满意情绪。
interest: 普通用词，指出于任何原因使人兴奋或对某事物保持好奇心或注意力，侧重引起兴趣或注意。
entertain: 指通过给他人快乐感的消遣活动，使自己或他人从单调中解脱出来。
vt. 使喜欢；使高兴，使满意
 - glad, satisfy
vi. 讨人喜欢；令人高兴
 - ace in
int. 请（礼貌用语）
 - prithee

Word: diabetes
Front: diabetes
[ˌdaɪəˈbi:ti:z] (宝 4089/7386 -2)
Vocabulary: diabetes
(once / 1636 pages)
n
When a person has the medical condition called diabetes, the body can’t produce enough insulin to process the glucose in the blood.
Diabetes has been known since the first century B.C.E., when a Greek physician, Aretus the Cappadocian, named it diabainein, meaning "a siphon," referring to the excessive urination associated with the disease. The word diabetes was first recorded in 1425, and in 1675, the Greek mellitus, “like honey,” was added, to reflect the sweet smell and taste of the patient’s urine. An unrelated and rare disorder, diabetes insipidus, is usually caused by a hormone deficiency.
WORD FAMILY
diabetes
USAGE EXAMPLES
The neuropathy started before I was even diagnosed with diabetes.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
In December 2015, Kardashian was hospitalized and diagnosed with diabetes but declared earlier this year that he was "completely free" of the disease.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Gadgets that help people live healthier lives or let them manage chronic conditions, such as diabetes, are expected to feature strongly at the show.
BBC(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. <医>糖尿病; 多尿症; 中消
分布：名词(100%)
→dia-, 穿过。-bet, 走，词源同come,acrobat,advent. 在古希腊用来指尿液过多的疾病症状。
【记】dia＝2，bet赌博：2个人整天赌博，导致身体发胖，得了糖尿病。
US [-tˌəs] noun uncountable
■a disease in which the body cannot control the level of sugar in the blood 糖尿病
n. [内科] 糖尿病；多尿症
 - polyuria

Word: slap
Front: slap
[slæp] (研六托雅 4086/5686 -2)
Back: n. 掌掴; 掌掴声; 侮辱
vt. 猛打; 用力放置; 尖刻批评、侮辱
vi. 拍击
adv. 直接地; 猛然地
时态：slapped, slapping, slaps
分布：掴(35%)，侮辱(27%)，拍击(10%)，惩罚(9%)，直接地(9%)，正面地(3%)，突然地(3%)，申斥(3%)，拍击声(1%)
n./v.拍,掌击He gave her a slap on the cheek.他打了她一耳光.
noun
HIT 打
countable
■a quick hit with the flat part of the hand or other flat object 拍，掴；掌击
• She gave her son a slap for behaving badly. 她因儿子不听话给了他一巴掌。
a slap in the face informal
■an action that insults or upsets someone 一记耳光；侮辱；打击
• It was a real slap in the face for him when she refused to go out to dinner with him. 她拒绝和他一起出去吃晚饭，这对他真是一种侮辱。
a slap on the back
■when someone hits you in a friendly way on the back in order to show praise for something you have done 友好地轻拍背部（表示赞许或表扬）
• He's won - give him a slap on the back. 他赢了——应该好好祝贺他一下。
a slap on the wrist informal
■a gentle warning or punishment 轻微的警告（或惩罚）
• The judge gave Minna a slap on the wrist for not wearing her seat belt. 法官因为明娜没有系安全带而对她稍稍惩戒了一下。
[slæp] noun
FOR FACE 用于面部
uncountable UK informal
■ make-up
• I'm just going to put a bit of slap on. 我正要去补补妆。
[slæp] noun
slap and tickle UK informal humorous
■playful sexual behaviour 调情，打情骂俏
• I think there's a bit of slap and tickle going on in the back of that car over there. 我想那辆汽车的后座上有人在打情骂俏。
[slæp] adverb (UK also slap-bang) informal
■directly or right 径直；正好，恰好
• The football player kicked the ball slap into the middle of the net. 那名球员将足球不偏不倚地踢入了球网中央。
⇒ See also smack
[slæp] verb transitive (-pp-)
 ADVANCED
■to hit someone with the flat part of the hand or other flat object 拍，打；掌掴
• She slapped his face. 她给了他一记耳光。
• She slapped him across the face. 她抽了他一记耳光。
• informal Her husband has been slapping her around (= hitting her repeatedly) , but she's afraid to go to the police. 她丈夫经常打她，但她不敢报警。
• His friends slapped him on the back when he said he was getting married (= hit him lightly on the back in a friendly way to express pleasure at what he had done). 他说自己要结婚时，他的朋友都向他表示祝贺。
• When her ideas were rejected, she slapped her report (down) on the table and stormed out of the meeting. 她的想法被否决后，她把报告摔在桌子上，气冲冲地退出了会议。
[slæp] verb transitive (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] slap sb down usually disapproving
■to stop someone from talking or making suggestions, often in an unpleasant way 粗暴地制止（某人）；压制（某人）；断然否决（某人）
• I tried to suggest ways in which the plans could be improved, but he slapped me down. 我试图提出可以改进那些计划的方法，但被他一口否决了。
[slæp] verb transitive (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] slap sth on
■to put or spread a substance over a surface very quickly or roughly （随便地）涂上一层，撒上一层；随意涂抹
• We want to sell our house, so we've slapped some paint on the outside to make it look better. 我们想卖掉房子，所以就把外面简单地刷了些漆使它看起来更漂亮些。
[slæp] verb transitive (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] slap sth on/onto (sth/sb) informal disapproving
■When someone in authority slaps an unpleasant, difficult or extra thing on someone or something, they suddenly make them provide or accept it 强制实施，强制执行；强制（某人）接受
• The government has slapped more tax on cigarettes. 政府已对香烟强制征收更高额的税。
• The librarian slapped a fine on him for returning the books late. 因为他逾期还书，图书管理员强制他交了罚款。
vt. 拍击；侮辱；掌击；掴…的耳光
 - make a chump out of, insult
n. 掴；侮辱；掌击；拍打声
 - despite, indignity
vi. 掴；拍击
 - spank
adv. 直接地；猛然地；恰好
 - directly, immediately, straight, just, fair

Word: toxic
Front: toxic
[ˈtɒksɪk] (研六托雅宝 4090/5147 -2)
Vocabulary: toxic
(once / 1896 pages)
adj
Danger! Hazardous! Do not eat! These are just some of the warnings you'll see on toxic substances — meaning stuff that's poisonous and even deadly.
Cobra bites, wild mystery mushrooms and strong chemicals are all toxic. So are certain people, if they have particularly mean personalities. Toxic is related to the word toxin, which is a kind of poison. It comes from the ancient Greek word toxikon, which means "poison for arrows." Some toxic arrows could come in handy for those toxic personalities...
WORD FAMILY
toxic: antitoxic, detoxify, nontoxic, toxically, toxicity+/detoxicate: detoxicated, detoxicates, detoxicating/detoxify: detoxicate, detoxification, detoxified, detoxifies, detoxifying/toxicity: toxicities
USAGE EXAMPLES
But the country is now facing the limits of that model amid slowing growth, toxic pollution and the shift of manufacturing work to less-developed nations.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
That bout of smog saw 460 million people, a population greater than North America, breathing toxic air, according to Greenpeace.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Environmentalists counter that the issue is crucial because stormwater is the largest source of toxic pollution in Puget Sound.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 有毒的; 中毒的; 因中毒引起的
n. 毒物; 毒剂
分布：有毒的(100%)
→tox-,毒，有毒的，-ic,形容词后缀。
有毒的(tox+ic)[tox=poison表示"毒"]
a.有毒的;中毒的It's a toxic drug.这是毒药.
【记】tox毒，ic－有毒的
【参】detoxify（v 解毒）
【反】beneficial（adj 有益的）
US ['tɑ:k-] adjective
POISONOUS 有毒的
■poisonous 有毒的；引起中毒的
• toxic waste/chemicals/effluent 有毒的废料／化学品／废水
UK ['tɒk.sɪk] US ['tɑ:k-] adjective
UNPLEASANT 令人不快的 informal
■very unpleasant or unacceptable 令人极不愉快的；不可接受的
■informal
■causing you a lot of harm and unhappiness over a long period of time 恶毒的，造成阴影的（在较长一段时间内使你感到不快，又给你造成很多伤害的）
• toxic parents 恶毒的父母
• a toxic friendship 让人产生阴影的友谊
adj. [内科] [毒物] 有毒的；中毒的
 - poisonous, virous

Word: alleged
Front: alleged
[ə'ledʒd] (4091/3878)
Vocabulary: alleged
(once / 311 pages)
adj
A claim or statement that is alleged hasn't been proven true — if you're an alleged murderer, you've been accused but not convicted.
When a fact is alleged, there is doubt about its accuracy. The word alleged is often used in connection with court cases, because the accused is innocent until proven guilty: an alleged robber is a suspected robber but has not been proven guilty of robbery. Journalists often use alleged in news stories when someone’s guilt is suspected but not confirmed. Sometimes alleged means doubtful or dubious, as in "Who is this alleged expert?"
WORD FAMILY
alleged: allegedly +/ allegation: allegations/ allege: allegation, alleged, alleges, alleging
USAGE EXAMPLES
Schmidt declined to discuss the alleged role of a third person who was arrested, a 27-year-old woman, citing the ongoing investigation.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Defense attorney Scott Wood also questioned instructions to the jury and alleged the court wrongly found Kelly guilty of contempt.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“If the alleged comments were not directed at him, but others who look like him, it may affect his work environment,” the judge said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 声称的，所谓的; 被断言的; 可疑的，靠不住的
v. 宣称，断言( allege的过去式和过去分词)
分布：声称的(34%)，可疑的(33%)，靠不住的(33%)
[ə'ledʒd] formal
adjective
 ADVANCED
■said or thought by some people to be the stated bad or illegal thing, although you have no proof 被说成的，（尤指在证据不足的情况下）被指控的
• It took 15 years for the alleged criminals (= people thought to be criminals) to prove their innocence. 那些被指控犯罪的人用了15年时间才证明他们是无辜的。
adj. 所谓的；声称的；被断言的
 - so-called
v. 宣称（allege的过去式和过去分词）；断言
 - claimed

Word: jaw
Front: jaw
[dʒɔ:] (高研四六托 4087/3999 -2)
Vocabulary: jaw
(once / 322 pages)
1nv 2n
Your jaw is the bottom, hinged part of your skull that holds your teeth. When you have a cavity, it can make your whole jaw hurt.
In humans, our jaw is the bony part of the head that contains our mouth and teeth. All animals with spines have jaws. Besides this anatomical meaning, you can use jaw as a verb to mean "chat." You might love to get together with your friends and jaw about unimportant things. You can also say "My jaw dropped" to mean "I was shocked or amazed." Jaw comes from the Old French joue, which means "cheek or jaw."
WORD FAMILY
jaw: jawed, jawing, jawless, jaws
USAGE EXAMPLES
He sports dark stubble that blurs the chiselled jaw that matches his sportman’s physique.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
To save Mr. Muñiz’s life, surgeons removed his tongue and his lower jaw and cut a hole through his esophagus.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
My jaw dropped when I read the words, “Please find enclosed a letter from your donor.”
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 下巴; 颌; 唠叨; 狭窄入口
vi. 闲谈; 唠唠叨叨，喋喋不休; 教训
时态：jawed, jawing, jaws
分布：下巴(36%)，颚(31%)，颌(28%)，教训(2%)，钳口(1%)，喋喋不休(1%)，说教(1%)
→来自Proto-Germanic*kawo,下巴，来自*kewwana,咀嚼，词源同chew.
n.颌,颚The lawyer's son-in-law likes hawk's claws and jaws.律师的女婿喜欢鹰爪和下颌.
US [dʒɑ:] noun
BODY PART 身体部位
 ADVANCED countable
■the lower part of your face which moves when you open your mouth 下颌，下巴
• a broken jaw 骨折的下颌
• a punch UKon / USin the jaw 打在下巴上的一拳
• He has a strong/square jaw. 他有着结实的／方下巴。
 ADVANCED countable
■either of the two bones in your mouth which hold your teeth 颌；颚
• upper/lower jaw 上／下颚
jaws [plural]
■the mouth of a person or animal, especially a large and frightening animal （尤指大型凶猛动物的）口部，嘴
• The lion opened its jaws and roared. 狮子张开大嘴咆哮了起来。
■something which opens and closes like the upper and lower parts of a mouth 钳夹部分；钳口
• His foot was caught in the jaws of the trap. 他的脚被夹在捕兽夹的钳口里。
UK [dʒɔ:] US [dʒɑ:] noun
DANGER 危险
jaws [plural]
■something dangerous 险境
• The rescuers snatched the children from the jaws of death. 救援人员把孩子从鬼门关中拯救出来。
UK [dʒɔ:] US [dʒɑ:] noun
TALK 谈话
only singular informal
■a talk 闲谈
• I met Jane and we had a good jaw over lunch. 我遇到了简，并且在吃午餐时两个人好好聊了一番。
UK [dʒɔ:] US [dʒɑ:] noun
sb's jaw drops (open)
■If someone's jaw drops (open), they look very surprised 大吃一惊；惊讶得张口结舌
• My jaw dropped open when she told me how old she was. 当她告诉我她的年纪时我大吃一惊。
UK [dʒɔ:] US [dʒɑ:] verb intransitive informal
■to talk for a long time 喋喋不休，唠唠叨叨
• He was jawing away to his girlfriend for hours on the phone. 他和女朋友聊了几个小时的电话了。
n. [脊椎] 颌；下巴； [地质] 狭窄入口；唠叨
 - chin, jowl
vi. 教训；唠叨
 - rabbit on
vt. 教训；对…唠叨
 - lesson

Word: grief
Front: grief
[gri:f] (研六雅宝 4092/4332 -2)
Vocabulary: grief
(once / 128 pages)
n
Grief means intense sorrow. You feel grief if something terribly sad happens, like if your dog dies or if your childhood sweetheart breaks up with you.
The word grief comes from the Latin word gravare, which means to make heavy. Gravare itself comes from the Latin word gravis, which means weighty. So think of grief as a heavy, oppressive sadness. We associate it most often with mourning a loved one's death, but it can follow any kind of loss.
WORD FAMILY
grief: griefs
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Arrival” handles that grief differently, ultimately arguing that there is a humanity in sadness.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In a period of indescribable grief, Mr Scully-Sloan felt alone.
BBC(Dec 31, 2016)
It started as a spontaneous and very real outpouring of shock and grief over the killing.
BBC(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 悲伤; 悲痛; 悲伤的事
分布：悲痛(72%)，忧伤(28%)
→来自拉丁语gravis, 重的，沉重，词源同grave, gravity.
悲伤,心情沉重[grav,griev=heavy,表示"重"]
n.悲伤,悲痛;悲伤的事,悲痛的缘由I believe my brief words will relieve her grief.我相信我简短的话会减轻她的悲痛.
【参】grievance（n 委屈；冤情；不平）
【反】console（v 安慰）
noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■very great sadness, especially at the death of someone （尤指某人之死引起的）悲痛，悲伤，悲哀
• Her grief at her son's death was terrible. 丧子之痛使她肝肠寸断。
• Newspapers should not intrude on people's private grief. 报纸不应再去侵扰那些正承受丧亲之痛的人们。
• newspaper pictures of grief -stricken relatives 报纸上刊登的悲痛欲绝的亲属的照片
come to grief
■to suddenly fail in what you are doing, often because you have an accident （常因事故而突然）惨遭失败；遭受不幸
• The Italian champion was in second position when he came to grief on the third lap. 跑到第三圈时，处在第二位置上的义大利卫冕冠军突然马失前蹄。
give sb grief informal
■to criticize someone angrily 怒斥（某人）；责骂（某人）
get grief informal
■to be criticized angrily 被怒斥；挨骂
• I got a load of grief off Esther because I was ten minutes late. 我因为迟到十分钟被埃丝特臭骂一顿。
sorrow, agony, grief, anguish, torment, distress, misery, torture
这组词都有“苦恼、痛苦”的意思，其区别是：
sorrow: 语气比grief弱，指因不幸、损失或失望等所产生的悲伤。
agony: 侧重指精神或身体痛苦的剧烈程度。
grief: 指由某种特殊处境或原因造成的强烈的感情上的苦恼与悲痛。
anguish: 指精神方面令人难以忍受的极度痛苦；用于身体时，多指局部或暂时的痛苦。
torment: 强调烦恼或痛苦的长期性。
distress: 多指因思想上的压力紧张、恐惧、忧虑等所引起的精神上的痛苦，也可指某种灾难带来的痛苦。
misery: 着重痛苦的可悲状态，多含不幸、可怜或悲哀的意味。
torture: 语气比toment强，指在精神或肉体上受到的折磨所产生的痛苦。
n. 悲痛；忧伤；不幸
 - disaster, evil

Word: mysterious
Front: mysterious
[mɪˈstɪəriəs] (研四六托 4093/4760 -K2)
Vocabulary: mysterious
(once / 141 pages)
adj
Something that is mysterious has a secret-like quality that makes it hard to understand or define, like your mysterious answers that made your friends curious about what you were really up to.
A dark shadow skims across the surface of lake...a strange disease makes a city's inhabitants violently ill...a large, hairy creature is spotted wandering in the woods. These situations are all mysterious because we don't know their causes. You can see the word mystery in mysterious. A mystery is a hidden or secret thing, so something that is mysterious takes effort to understand, unless it is beyond our comprehension.
WORD FAMILY
mysterious: mysteriouser, mysteriousest, mysteriously +/ mystery: mysteries, mysterious
USAGE EXAMPLES
At least he’s a similar physical type to Benedict: tall, good-looking and mysterious.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Treasurer Saint Just called the reported request “mysterious.”
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Many studies linked the chemicals to a mysterious collapse of bee colonies that was in the news.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 神秘的，诡秘的; 难以理解的，不可思议的; 魔; 玄妙
分布：神秘的(92%)，不可思议的(8%)
→来自mystery,神秘。
a.神秘的,可疑的,难理解的The promising singer underwent mysterious misery.那位有前途的歌手遭受了神秘的痛苦.
【记】源于：mystery（n 神秘）
【参】myth（n 神话）；mythology（n 神话；神话学）
【反】scrutable（adj 可以了解的）
US [-'stɪr.i-] adjective
 ADVANCED
■strange, not known or not understood 神秘的事物，难以理解的事物，谜
• She's an actress whose inner life has remained mysterious, despite the many interviews she has given. 作为一名演员，她虽然接受过多次采访，但私生活依然很神秘。
• He died in mysterious circumstances , and there is still a possibility that it was murder. 他死得蹊跷，仍不排除是谋杀的可能。
adj. 神秘的；不可思议的；难解的
 - magic, fantastic

Word: rocket
Front: rocket
[ˈrɒkɪt] (高研四六 4094/6074 -3)
Vocabulary: rocket
(once / 525 pages)
1nv 2n
A rocket is a space vehicle or missile, or the special engine that's meant to propel such a vehicle into the air. You can even get a model rocket that's small enough to shoot off in your back yard.
A rocket or rocket engine uses thrust to propel something toward the sky, whether it's a spacecraft that will orbit the Earth or a bottle rocket that will explode overheard. You can use the word as a verb, too, to mean "move rapidly": "Without a parachute, the skydiver would rocket to the ground." It also means "increase rapidly": "After the election, the price of gas began to rocket upwards."
WORD FAMILY
rocket: rocketed, rocketing, rocketry, rockets
USAGE EXAMPLES
But it is not as if the Rockets are superior to the Thunder simply because Harden is subtly winning the superstar matchup.
New York Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Washington did a fine job limiting Harden but couldn’t keep the “other guys” down in the Rockets’ 101-91 win at Toyota Center.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
No one was on board the rocket, and there were no injuries.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 火箭; 火箭发射器; 火箭发动机; 芝麻菜
vi. 飞快地移动; 急速上升
vt. 用火箭运送; 用火箭攻击
时态：rocketed, rocketing, rockets
分布：火箭(96%)，猛涨(1%)，飞快地移动(1%)，芝麻菜(1%)，紫花南芥(1%)
→来自意大利语 rocchetto,纺纱轴，纺锤，烟花，火箭，来自 Proto-Germanic*rukkon,摇晃，纺 纱，来自 rug,纺纱，词源同 rock.-etto,小词后缀。比喻用法，因烟花，火箭形似纺锤体 而得名。
n.火箭At the dock I'm shocked to see the pocket rocket made of a block of rock.在码头看到一块岩石做的小巧火箭,我感到震惊.
US ['rɑ:.kɪt] noun
DEVICE 装置
 ADVANCED countable
■a large cylindrical object which moves very fast by forcing out burning gases, and which is used for space travel or as a weapon 火箭；火箭引擎；火箭弹
• They launched a rocket to the planet Venus. 他们向金星发射了一枚火箭。
• The rebels were firing anti-tank rockets. 叛军在发射反坦克火箭弹。
countable (also skyrocket)
■a type of firework that flies up into the air before exploding 焰火；烟花；火箭式空中大烟火
UK ['rɒk.ɪt] US ['rɑ:.kɪt] noun
PLANT 植物
uncountable UK (US arugula)
■a plant whose long green leaves are used in salads 芝麻菜；紫花南芥
UK ['rɒk.ɪt] US ['rɑ:.kɪt] noun
give sb a rocket UK informal
■If someone gives you a rocket, they criticize you severely 严厉斥责（某人），痛骂（某人）
• Her Mum gave her a rocket for tearing her new jeans. 她把新买的牛仔裤被弄破了，挨了她妈一顿臭骂。
UK ['rɒk.ɪt] US ['rɑ:.kɪt] verb intransitive often + adverb or preposition (also skyrocket) informal
■to rise extremely quickly or make extremely quick progress towards success 迅速上升；迅速成功，一举成功
• House prices in the north are rocketing (up). 北部的房价正在飞涨。
• Their team rocketed to the top of the League. 他们的球队一举成为联赛的顶尖强队。
• Sharon Stone rocketed to fame in the film 'Basic Instinct'. 莎朗．史东凭借《本能》一片一举成名。
vi. 飞驰，飞快地移动；迅速增加
 - hell, spur on
n. [航] 火箭
 - roquette

Word: donate
Front: donate
[dəʊˈneɪt] (研六托雅宝 4095/5660 -2)
Vocabulary: donate
(once / 436 pages)
v
To donate means to give something — money, goods, or time — to some cause, such as a charity. The word has a more altruistic meaning than does simply "giving"; it suggests that you don't expect anything in return for the contribution.
The verb donate has always meant "to give," all the way back to the Latin verb donāre, "to give as a gift." Trace it back even further, to the ancient Indo-European roots, and you still have that same feeling to the word — "a gift." But it's more than a gift — it's a gift with the intention of helping. As an African proverb says, "If everybody in town donates one thread, the poor man has a shirt."
WORD FAMILY
donate: donated, donates, donating, donation +/ donation: donations
USAGE EXAMPLES
He donated half the prize money to the radical African-American movement, the Black Panthers.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
A little over a month ago, Braxton told his parents he wanted to donate Legos to the other children at Nationwide.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
And someone donated a second splashpad to the city’s children.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. （尤指向慈善机构）捐赠; 献（血）; 捐（血）; 捐献（器官）
n. 捐赠; 捐献
时态：donated, donating, donates
分布：捐赠(60%)，捐献(40%)
→来自do, 给予，词源同data, dowry. 引申义捐赠。
捐赠(don+ate→给出去)[don,dit=give,表示"给予"]
vt.损赠(金钱等);赠予He has donated his library to our school.他把自己的藏书捐给我们学校了.
US ['doʊ.neɪt] verb
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to give money or goods to help a person or organization 捐赠，捐助，捐献
• An anonymous businesswoman donated one million dollars to the charity. 一位女商人匿名向该慈善机构捐赠了100万美元。
• Please donate generously. 请您慷慨解囊。
 ADVANCED transitive
■to allow some of your blood or a part of your body to be used for medical purposes 献（血）；捐献（器官）
• The appeal for people to donate blood was very successful. 这个献血号召非常有效。
vt. 捐赠； [经] 捐献
 - make a contribution to, endow
vi. 捐赠； [经] 捐献
 - give, make a contribution to
n. 捐赠； [经] 捐献
 - contribution, endowment, subscription

Word: inmate
Front: inmate
[ˈɪnmeɪt] (4097/7246 -2)
Vocabulary: inmate
(once / 618 pages)
n
An inmate is a person who lives in a specific place, especially someone who's confined there, like a prisoner. You can call yourself an Inmate if you get sent to your room, but usually inmates are behind bars in "the big house."
You can talk about a hospital inmate or the inmates at a local boarding school, but it's most common to use inmate and prisoner interchangeably. Originally, in the 16th century, an inmate was "one allowed to live in a house rented by another" — a roommate who's not on the lease, in other words. This meaning comes from in and mate, "friend or companion." By the 1830s, inmate had come to mean "one confined to an institution."
WORD FAMILY
inmate: inmates
USAGE EXAMPLES
“They didn’t even say her name,” one inmate angrily says after overhearing the news conference.
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
At the time of this weekend’s riot, the Anisio Jobim prison housed three times as many inmates as it was designed to hold, officials said.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
There are 59 federal inmates facing such sentences, according to the Bureau of Prisons.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 同居者; 居民; （监狱里的）犯人
分布：犯人(67%)，同住者(25%)，居民(8%)
→in-,在内，在里，mate,伴侣。现主要用于指精神病友，狱友。
noun countable
■a person who is kept in a prison or a hospital for people who are mentally ill （监狱中的）囚犯；（精神病院中的）病人
n. 居民；同住者
 - liver, resident, dweller, inhabitant

Word: tackle
Front: tackle
[ˈtækl] (研六托雅宝 4096/2634 -K3)
Vocabulary: tackle
(once / 376 pages)
1vn 2n 3v
To tackle a challenge means taking it on, so if you set out to tackle the classics of English literature, you should be prepared spend a lot of time in the library.
The word tackle can be a verb or a noun, depending on its use. Today, the noun usually means fishing gear, but when it came into the English language it meant the ropes on a ship. If a ship was lurching about on the high seas, you dealt with that challenge by grabbing the tackle and wrestling it under control. Nowadays, people tend to think of tackling running backs and financial fraud, rather than ropes.
WORD FAMILY
tackle: tackled, tackler, tackles, tackling+/tackler: tacklers
USAGE EXAMPLES
College scout teams consist of scholarship players who are buried on the depth chart and walk-ons who volunteer to be tackling dummies.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
He led the Trojans with 79 tackles in the regular season.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Beyond defining its scope, there are competing ideas about what a convention should tackle.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 用具，装备; 索具; 阻挡; 阻截队员
vt. 着手处理; [橄榄球]擒住并摔倒（一名对方球员）; 给（马）配上挽具
vi. 擒住并摔倒一名对手
时态：tackled, tackling, tackles
分布：处理(60%)，对付(14%)，铲球(9%)，用具(8%)，滑车(7%)，与…交涉(2%)
→来自中古荷兰语 takel,船帆，索具，来自 taken,抓住，拿到，词源同 take.词义和拼写受 tack 影响，-le,工具格后缀。引申诸相关词义。
n.滑车;用具,器械v.处理,解决;抱住,抓住The man tackling the drawback of the brackets runs a slack snack business.那个解决支架缺点的人经营着萧条的小吃生意.
【记】源于：tack（n 大头钉）是一种tackle。
verb
DEAL WITH 对付
 IMPROVER transitive
■to try to deal with something or someone 对付，处理；与…交涉
• There are many ways of tackling this problem. 处理这个问题有许多办法。
• I tackled him about his careless work. 就他工作马虎一事，我与他进行了交涉。
['tæk.l] verb
SPORT 体育
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■(especially in football or hockey) to try to take the ball from a player in the other team, or (in rugby or American football) to do this by taking hold of the player and causing them to fall （尤指足球或曲棍球中）阻截得（球）；（橄榄球中阻截时）擒抱并摔倒（对方持球队员）
['tæk.l] noun
SPORT 体育
countable
■(especially in football or hockey) an act of tackling someone （尤指足球或曲棍球中）阻截得（球）
['tæk.l] noun
EQUIPMENT 装备
uncountable
■all the objects needed for a particular activity 用具，装备
• fishing tackle 钓具
['tæk.l] noun
SEXUAL ORGANS 性器官
uncountable (also wedding tackle) UK slang humorous
■the male sexual organs 男性性器官
serve, conduct, shoulder, tackle
serve: V服务；供（某人）饭菜；供职、服役 N 发球
conduct: N 行为，品德，指导，指挥，管理，经营 V 领导，指导，带领；控制，管理；传导（热、电流等）
shoulder: N 肩膀，肩部 V 扛，承担
tackle: 应付，对付，处理
n. [机] 滑车；装备；用具；扭倒
 - equipment, tool, arm, setup
vt. 处理；抓住；固定；与…交涉
 - grasp, root, cope with

Word: dynamics
Front: dynamics
[daɪ'næmɪks] (托 4071/8075)
Vocabulary: dynamics
(once / 3543 pages)
n
Dynamics refers to the branch of mechanics that deals with the movement of objects and the forces that drive that movement. If you're taking a physics class, you will likely study dynamics.
Dynamics has its origins in the Greek word dynamis, "force, power." In physics, dynamics is the study of bodies in motion and changes in that motion, and that idea can be applied to other areas as well. For example, we refer to "group dynamics" as the way people interact and work together. George W. Bush once observed, "Globalization has altered the dynamics in the White House, as well as between the White House and the Treasury."
WORD FAMILY
dynamic: dynamically, dynamics, dynamise, dynamism, dynamize, undynamic+/dynamism: dynamical, dynamisms/dynamize: dynamized
USAGE EXAMPLES
A film about oppositional family dynamics ends up as an inquiry into much more, with feminism, globalism and corporate culture all falling under its gaze.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
PrEP, shorthand for pre-exposure prophylaxis, changes the dynamics of HIV prevention, they say.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
The software giant recently revamped its Dynamics software for web delivery.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 动力学、力学; （音乐中的）力度变化; 力度强弱法; 动态; 动力( dynamic的名词复数 ); 力学; 力度; 活力
分布：力学(42%)，动力学(38%)，动态(20%)
动力学(dynam+ics学科→力量学→动力学)[dyn,dynam=power,表示"力量"]
plural noun
■forces that produce movement 动力
• This software is used for modelling atmospheric dynamics. 这个软体用于叙述空气的动力。
■forces or processes that produce change inside a group or system （团体或体系内部的）变革动力
• The fight for the leadership gave a fascinating insight into the group's dynamics. 这场争夺领导权的斗争给了人们一个洞察该团体内部变革动力的良好时机。
■specialized
■changes in loudness in a piece of music （乐曲的）力度变化
[daɪ'næm.ɪks] noun uncountable specialized
■the scientific study of the forces that produce movement 动力学，力学
n. [力] 动力学，力学
 - mechanics, kinetics

Word: bow
Front: bow
[bəʊ] (高研四六托 4098/4473 -1)
Vocabulary: bow
(once / 58 pages)
1nv 2n 3nv 4n
If you want to practice your archery, you'll need some arrows and a bow — a curved piece of wood (or other material), with a cord stretched between the ends that is used to launch the arrows.
The bow of a stringed instrument (like a violin or cello) was originally shaped like an archer's bow used in archery and thus shares the same name. When you move the bow across the strings, you're bowing. Sometimes violinists bow and sometimes they pluck the strings.
WORD FAMILY
bow: bowed, bower, bowing, bows+/bowed: unbowed/bower: bowered, bowering, bowers, bowery/bowing: bowings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Ms. Tsai reiterated Saturday that her administration wanted to maintain peace and stability but wouldn’t bow to pressure from China.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 31, 2016)
“It’s kind of like shooting a bow and arrow. ‘Don’t hit the bullseye right down the middle, hit it six inches to the left.’”
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
The press shutters snapped as the parents bowed.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 弓; 鞠躬; 船头; 艏
时态：bowed, bowing, bows
分布：弓(47%)，鞠躬(27%)，船头(11%)，蝴蝶结(11%)，致敬(2%)，压弯(1%)，鞠躬礼(1%)
→来自PIE *bheug, 弯。
v./n.鞠躬,点头n.弓(形);蝴蝶结The duke bowed to the Queen.公爵向女王鞠躬致敬.
verb intransitive or transitive
 ADVANCED
■to bend your head or body forward, especially as a way of showing someone respect or expressing thanks to people who have watched you perform （使）鞠躬；（使）欠身；点（头）致意
• They bowed to the Queen. 他们向女王鞠躬。
• We bowed our heads in prayer. 我们俯首祷告。
• He bowed down (= very low) before (= in front of) the king and begged for mercy. 他向国王深深鞠躬乞求宽恕。
Compare curtsy
[baʊ] verb intransitive or transitive
bow and scrape disapproving
■to show too much politeness or attention to someone 点头哈腰，奴颜婢膝
• It's embarrassing to see staff bowing and scraping to the new director. 看到员工们对新主任如此卑躬屈膝真是令人难堪。
[baʊ] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  bow down to sb mainly UK
■to agree to obey someone 服从，遵从，听命于（某人）
• He expects me to bow down to him and do everything he tells me. 他希望我服从他，对他唯命是从。
[baʊ] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  bow out
■to leave a job or stop doing an activity, usually after a long time 辞职；退出
• She'll be bowing out at the end of the month, after presenting the programme for eight years. 她将在本月底退出这档她已主持了八年的节目。
[baʊ] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  bow to sb/sth
■to do what someone else wants you to do, usually unwillingly 向…低头，向…屈服
• Eventually the government was forced to bow to public pressure and reform the tax. 最终政府屈从于公众的压力，被迫对税收进行改革。
[baʊ] noun countable
BEND 弯腰
■when you bend your head or body forward, especially as a way of showing someone respect or expressing thanks to people who have watched you perform 鞠躬；欠身；点头致意
• The audience applauded enthusiastically, and she came back on stage to take another bow. 观众热烈地鼓掌，她又回到舞台上再次向观众鞠躬致谢。
[baʊ] noun countable
FRONT PART 前部 (also bows)
■the front part of a ship 船头，舰首 Compare stern
[baʊ] noun countable
fire a (warning) shot across sb's bow(s) slightly formal
■to do something in order to warn someone that you will take strong action if they do not change their behaviour 对（某人）发出警告
• Airline staff have fired a warning shot across the company's bows by threatening to strike if higher pay increases are not offered. 航空公司员工已经向公司发出警告，威胁说如果不大幅度加薪就要进行罢工。
UK [bəʊ] US [boʊ] noun countable
KNOT 结
■a knot with two curved parts and two loose ends which is used as a decoration or to tie shoes 蝴蝶结；环状装饰结
• I tied the ribbon around the parcel in a pretty bow. 我用丝带在包裹上打了一个漂亮的蝴蝶结。
UK [bəʊ] US [boʊ] noun countable
WEAPON 武器
■a weapon for shooting arrows, made of a long thin piece of wood bent into a curve by a tightly stretched string 弓
• bow and arrows 弓箭
⇒ See also crossbow
UK [bəʊ] US [boʊ] noun countable
MUSIC 音乐
■a long thin piece of wood with hair from the tail of a horse stretched along it, which is used to play musical instruments that have strings （弦乐器的）弓，琴弓
• Violins are played with bows. 小提琴是用琴弓演奏的。
curve, crook, twist, bend, bow
这组词都有“弯、弯曲”的意思，其区别是：
curve: 指变成曲线或弧线状的动作或状态。
crook: 指不规则的弯曲，也指按照规则或模型弯曲某物。
twist: 指通过转动、拧或扭使某物成弯曲状。
bend: 普通用词，指把某物变成曲线或角形。用于人时，指头部或身躯弯下。
bow: 指把头部或上身弯向前方的动作，也指社交中的礼节性动作。
n. 弓；鞠躬；船首
 - stem, Yumi
vi. 鞠躬；弯腰
 - stoop down, bend down
vt. 鞠躬；弯腰
 - stoop down, bend down
adj. 弯曲的
 - curve, winding, flexural, crooked

Word: ours
Front: ours
[ˈaʊəz] (中高 4099/3947 -K2)
Back: pron. 我们的
分布：我们的(100%)
pron.[we的物主代词]我们的(所有物)Ours are on the table.我们的东西在桌子上.
US [aʊɚz] pronoun
 ESSENTIAL
■the things that belong or relate to the person who is speaking and one or more other people 我们的
• Which table is ours? 哪张桌子是我们的？
• He's a cousin of ours. 他是我们的一个表兄。
• Ours is the red car parked over there. 我们的车是停在那边红色那辆。
• Ours is a huge country. 我们的国家是个大国。

Word: senior
Front: senior
[ˈsi:niə(r)] (高研四六雅 1090/1203 -K1)
Vocabulary: senior
(once / 154 pages)
adjn
You can use the word senior to describe anyone who's older than you are. You might say, "My brother is six years my senior," especially if you want to make him feel old.
Senior means "older," but it also means "old or aged," like your grandmother, who despite being a senior citizen, continues her skydiving hobby. A senior is also a student in the final year of either high school or college, or an authority: "She holds a senior position in the State Department." The Latin word senior means "older," and it's the basis of respectful terms in many languages, like señor in Spanish and sire in French.
WORD FAMILY
senior: seniority, seniors+/ seniority: seniorities
USAGE EXAMPLES
Trade Representative, a transition official says, filling in one of the final pieces in the new administration’s senior team.
Seattle Times(Jan 03, 2017)
An hour after the game, after the trophy ceremony, the senior was still in defensive-back mode.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In contrast, there’s something soothingly achievable about “Relax into Yoga for Seniors: A Six-Week Program for Strength, Balance, Flexibility and Pain Relief.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. （级别、地位等）较高的; 资深的; 年长的; <美>最高年级的
n. 上级; <美>毕业班学生; 较年长者; 地位较高的，资历较深的
分布：资深的(34%)，年长的(21%)，大四学生(11%)，高级的(10%)，地位较高的(9%)，上司(6%)，年长者(5%)，长辈(4%)
→sen-,年老，-or,比较级后缀，词源同 prior.即更老的，引申诸相关词义。
年长的[Sen=old,表示"老"]
年长的(sen年老)[-ior表形容词"较…的"]
a.年长的;地位较高的n.(大学)四年级学生The junior and senior of the senate all have driver's licenses.参议院的年长者和年少者都有驾驶执照.
US [-njɚ] adjective
OLDER 年长的
 IMPROVER [before noun]
■older 年长的
• Senior pupils are expected to set an example to the younger children. 高年级的学生应该给低年级的学生树立榜样。
Compare junior
 IMPROVER (UK and Australian written abbreviation Snr) (US written abbreviation Sr.)
■used after a man's name to refer to the older of two people in the same family who have the same name （置于姓名后，表示同一家人中同名的两人中的年长者）老，大
• Hello, may I speak to Ken Griffey senior, please? 喂，请问老肯‧格里菲在吗？
UK ['si:.ni.ər] US [-njɚ] adjective
HIGH RANK 高级别
 IMPROVER
■high or higher in rank 级别高的
• senior management 高级管理部
• a senior government minister 政府高级部长
• She's senior to me, so I have to do what she tells me. 她是我的上级，所以我得听她的。
Compare junior
UK ['si:.ni.ər] US [-njɚ] noun
HIGH RANK 高级别
countable
■someone who is high or higher in rank 上级；上司
• It's important to impress your seniors if you want to be promoted. 如果你想得到晋升，给你的上级留下好印象很重要。
UK ['si:.ni.ər] US [-njɚ] noun
OLDER 年长的
20/30, etc. years your senior
■20/30, etc. years older than you 比…年长20／30岁等的
• She married a man twenty years her senior. 她嫁给了一个比她年长20岁的男人。
• She's my senior by three years (= She is three years older than me). 她比我大三岁。
countable US
■a student in their final year of high school or university （中学或大学的）毕业班学生
adj. 高级的；年长的；地位较高的；年资较深的，资格较老的
 - older, advanced, high
n. 上司；较年长者；毕业班学生
 - superior officer, nibs

Word: dignity
Front: dignity
[ˈdɪgnəti] (高研六托雅宝 4100/4745 -2)
Vocabulary: dignity
(once / 123 pages)
n
If someone has dignity, it means they are worthy of respect. If you really want the lead role in a play and you try to bribe the director to give it to you, she might say, “Have you no dignity?”
Someone with dignity carries herself well. If you lose an election, and you say nasty things about your opponent and try to undermine her, you are acting without dignity. But if you graciously congratulate her and accept the results, then you are behaving in a dignified manner. We also talk about human dignity, which is an idea of what separates humans from animals. Human Rights activists believe that everyone has the right to live with dignity.
WORD FAMILY
dignity: dignities, indignity +/ indignity: indignities
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Persons responsible for the protection of those children destroyed their dignity.”
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Obama administration, in line with its predecessors, is right to be doing its duty to advance dignity for both peoples’ stability and security.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
“All that we strive for as a human family — dignity and hope, progress and prosperity — depends on peace,” he said.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 尊严; 高尚; 自豪; 自尊
分布：尊严(88%)，高贵(9%)，端庄(3%)
→来自deik, 接受，体面，得体，词源同decent, doctor.
威严,庄严(dign+ity)[dign=worthy,noble,表示"值得,高贵"]
n.(举止,态度等的)庄严,端庄;尊贵,高贵His ignorance of her dignity ignited her indignation.他对她的高贵的无知点燃了她的愤怒(之火).
【记】dign值得，高贵，ity表示状态－尊贵
【参】indignant（adj 愤慨的）；dignify（vt 使尊荣；使高贵）；dignitary（n 权贵；高官；高僧）
US [-ə.tˌi] noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■calm, serious and controlled behaviour that makes people respect you 庄重，端庄；尊严
• He is a man of dignity and calm determination. 他是个沉稳、冷静而果断的人。
• She has a quiet dignity about her. 她身上有一种恬静端庄的气质。
• He longs for a society in which the dignity of all people is recognized. 他渴望看到一个人人都有尊严的社会。
• I think everyone should be able to die with dignity. 我认为每个人都应该死得有尊严。
 ADVANCED
■the opinion that you have of the standard of your own importance and value 自尊，自尊心
• How could you wear something so indecent? Have you no dignity? 你怎么能穿这种不正经的东西呢？你还有没有一点自尊？
• In hospital, she felt stripped of all her dignity. 她感觉自己在医院里被剥夺了所有的自尊。
UK ['dɪg.nɪ.ti] US [-ə.tˌi] noun uncountable
beneath your dignity
■If something is beneath your dignity, you feel that you are too important to do it 有失体面，有失身份；有损形象
• Cleaning of any description he felt was beneath his dignity. 他觉得干任何清洁工作都有失自己的体面。
n. 尊严；高贵
 - sanctity, nobility

Word: carpet
Front: carpet
[ˈkɑ:pɪt] (高研四六雅 4112/2484 -K2)
Vocabulary: carpet
(once / 301 pages)
nv
A carpet is a thick, woven floor covering. Most carpets cover the whole floor in a room, as opposed to a rug, which only covers a small section.
Carpets are made from polyester fibers, or wool, or nylon — most often, these soft materials are loops or strings that form the carpet's "pile," and are attached to a solid backing. A carpet can be very densely woven and flat, or it can be tufted and thick. To carpet means to cover something as if with a carpet: "Then the snow carpets the ground, and winter is here."
WORD FAMILY
carpet: carpeted, carpeting, carpets, carpetting+/carpeted: uncarpeted/carpeting: carpetings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Outside the New York Film Festival, the writer-director Mike Mills kept freezing up on the red carpet.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
“I remembered seeing the girls on the red carpet: elegant, smiling, fresh, happy,” Mr. Soria said.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
“I felt like Aladdin on my flying magic carpet.”
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 地毯，桌毯; 毛毯，绒毯; 地毯状覆盖物; （装在飞机上的）雷达电子干扰仪
vt. 在…上铺地毯; 把地毯铺在…上; 斥责
时态：carpeted, carpeting, carpets
分布：地毯(97%)，地毯状物(1%)，铺以地毯(1%)，铺盖(1%)
→来自PIE *sker, *kerp, 砍，切，收割，词源同harvest, shear. 即用粗糙羊毛制作的毯子。
n.地毯The career carpenter put the cargo on the carbon carpet.职业木匠把货物放到碳质地毯上.
US ['kɑ:r-] noun
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■(a shaped piece of) thick woven material used for covering floors 地毯；地毯织物
• We've just had a new carpet fitted/laid in our bedroom. 我们刚在卧室里铺了块新地毯。
• UK We've got fitted (= cut to fit exactly) carpets in the bedrooms. 我们的卧室的地毯刚好铺满地面。
only singular
■a layer of something that covers the ground （覆盖地面的）一层
• a carpet of snow 一层积雪
• Our lawn is a carpet of daisies. 我们的草坪上开满了雏菊。
UK ['kɑ:.pɪt] US ['kɑ:r-] noun
be on the carpet mainly US
■to be in trouble with someone in authority 被上司责备，受老板训斥
UK ['kɑ:.pɪt] US ['kɑ:r-] verb transitive
COVER 覆盖
■to cover something with carpet 在…上铺地毯
• We need to carpet the stairs. 我们需要在楼梯铺上地毯。
be carpeted with sth
■to be covered with something 覆盖着一层…，铺着一层…
• In spring this area is carpeted with bluebells. 春天，这里遍地都是风铃草。
UK ['kɑ:.pɪt] US ['kɑ:r-] verb transitive
CRITICIZE 批评 UK informal
■to severely criticize someone who has made a mistake 训斥，责骂，呵斥
blanket, rug, carpet
这组词都有“毛毯，地毯”的意思，其区别是：
blanket: 指厚实的棉、毛织品，用于铺床或披在身上保暖的毛毯。
rug: 指小地毯或旅行用的小毛毯。
carpet: 指用来铺地板或楼梯的厚实的棉、毛地毯。
vt. 在…上铺地毯，把地毯铺在…上；斥责
 - tongue, be down on
n. [纺] 地毯；地毯状覆盖物
 - footcloth

Word: parental
Front: parental
[pəˈrentl] (雅 4103/4846)
Vocabulary: parental
(once / 1487 pages)
adj
Someone who's parental acts the way a typical mother or father does. A parental kindergarten teacher might pat students' heads and call them "sweetheart."
You can use the adjective parental to describe a motherly or fatherly person, like your parental uncle who attends all your school plays. It also describes something generally related to parents — like parental leave, a work benefit that allows new parents to take some time off to care for their baby; or a parental advisory, which warns parents about the content of an audio recording. The Latin root of parental is parens, "father or mother."
WORD FAMILY
parental: parentally+/ parent: parentage, parental, parented, parenthood, parenting, parentless, parents/parentage: parentages/parented: unparented
USAGE EXAMPLES
Toward the end of her life, she questions whether her daughter is “doing what Avedon did” — creating an unforgiving parental portrait.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Federal law only requires up to 12 weeks of unpaid parental leave for the majority of government and private-sector employees.
Washington Times(Dec 29, 2016)
In Seattle a misdemeanor malicious harassment law extends those protections to include gender identity, homelessness, marital status, political ideology, age and parental status.
Seattle Times(Dec 16, 2016)
Back: adj. 父母的; 亲代的; [生]（杂种）亲本的; 作为来源[渊源]的
分布：父母的(100%)
US [-tˌəl] adjective
■connected with parents or with being a parent 父母的；父亲的；母亲的
• parental advice/influence 父母的忠告／影响
• The government repeatedly stressed its support for parental choice in the selection of a child's school. 政府一再强调其支持父母在为孩子选校上的选择。

Word: bubble
Front: bubble
[ˈbʌbl] (研四托雅宝 4104/5570 -K2)
Vocabulary: bubble
(once / 396 pages)
1nv 2n 3n
A bubble is a floating ball of air. You can also blow a bubble with gum. If you’re in your own little bubble, you’re living in a fantasy, separated from the rest of the world by a thin layer of your imagination.
Whether you're blowing bubbles in the park or enjoying a bubble bath, those physical bubbles are made of liquid and gas. If something bubbles up, it comes to the surface. That can be an actual bubble or a just a feeling. A bubble can also be an idea that won’t work either because it’s a fantasy or because it’s an uncontrollable scheme, like a housing or economic bubble. The thing about bubbles is that they burst.
WORD FAMILY
bubble: bubbled, bubbler, bubbles, bubbling, bubbly +/bubbling: bubblingest, bubblingly/ bubbly: bubblier, bubblies, bubbliest, bubbliness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Slowly, a pinch of doubt about the bold move that Duncan was attempting bubbled to the surface.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Let’s examine each of these bubbles to see why.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
The Austrian innovation produces small physical bubbles in an area above its touchscreen which delivers refresh double lines of dynamic Braille.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 泡，水泡; 冒泡，起泡; 泡影，妄想; （欲表达的）一点感情
vt. & vi. 起泡，使冒气泡
vi. 使冒泡，发出冒泡的声音; 洋溢着（某种感情）; 滔滔不绝地讲; 兴奋，欢闹
时态：bubbled, bubbling, bubbles
分布：气泡(59%)，冒泡(18%)，起泡(13%)，泡影(9%)，充满...感情(1%)
→拟声词。
n.泡,水泡,气泡v.冒泡,起泡,沸腾The bulk of the ruby rubbish on the pebble bubbles when stirred by bulbed rubber club.小卵石上的大部分红宝石废料在用有球状突起的橡胶短棍搅动是会起泡.
【区】bubble有u像个锅可以烧开水－气泡babble（v 说傻话），《bad boy》puddle（n 小水坑），u象小水坑pebble（n 小卵石），
noun
AIR BALL 气泡
 ADVANCED countable
■a ball of air in a liquid, or a delicate hollow sphere floating on top of a liquid or in the air 泡；气泡；泡沫
• As water begins to boil, bubbles rise ever faster to the surface. 水开了，气泡更快地升向水面。
• I love champagne - I think it's the bubbles that make it so nice. 我喜欢香槟——我觉得它的美妙之处在于它的气泡。
['bʌb.l] noun
GOOD PERIOD 成功时期
countable usually singular
■a temporary period of very successful economic performance by a country, which is often followed by sudden economic failure 经济泡沫
• Japan's economic bubble 日本的经济泡沫
['bʌb.l] noun
the bubble bursts
■If the bubble bursts, a very happy, pleasant or successful time suddenly ends 泡沫破碎；（快乐或成功时期）突然结束，告吹
• He made millions before the dot.com bubble burst. 在纲际网路泡沫爆破之前他赚了几百万。
['bʌb.l] verb intransitive
■to produce bubbles 冒泡
• We could hear the porridge bubbling away (= bubbling strongly) in the pot. 我们能听见锅子里的粥咕嘟咕嘟的冒泡声。
['bʌb.l] verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  bubble over
■to be very excited and enthusiastic 无比激动
• She was bubbling over with excitement/enthusiasm. 她兴奋／热切之情溢于言表。
n. [涂料] 气泡，泡沫，泡状物；透明圆形罩，圆形顶
 - foam, yeast
vi. 沸腾，冒泡；发出气泡声
 - boil, intumesce
vt. 使冒泡；滔滔不绝地说
 - gush over

Word: heat
Front: heat
[hi:t] (中高研四六 1009/1699 -K4)
Vocabulary: heat
(once / 68 pages)
1nv 2nv 3n
Objects that give off heat — or a feeling of warmth — include the sun, a radiator, and even your body. You can feel a marked difference in air temperature if you hold your hand near the heat of a candle flame, for example.
Heat can also mean the intensity of an emotion. In the heat of an argument, you need to watch what you say, because you may regret it later. The verb heat means to make something hot, like when you heat up last night's pizza to eat for lunch today. When things heat up, they become exciting or intense, the way thrilling chase scenes heat up your favorite action movie.
WORD FAMILY
heat: heatable, heated, heater, heating, heatless, heats, overheat, preheat, reheat+/ heated: heatedly, unheated/heater: heaters/heating: heatings/overheat: overheated, overheating, overheats/ preheat: preheated, preheating, preheats/reheat: reheated, reheating, reheats
USAGE EXAMPLES
It was amid that heated and ugly rhetoric that the center announced its expansion plans — and promptly ran into a wall of opposition.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
It’s important not to place plants near air-conditioning or heating vents.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 01, 2017)
They found that, by 2070, if worldwide emissions aren’t sufficiently reduced, the Persian Gulf would experience heat waves impossible for many humans to survive.
The New Yorker(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 热，热度，高温; 热烈，激烈; （身体的）发烧，发热; 发情
vt. &vi. 使温暖，使热; 激发…的感情，使兴奋
时态：heated, heating, heats
分布：热(97%)，热度(1%)，激烈(1%)，热烈(1%)
→来自hot的名词形式。
n.热,热度;热烈,激烈v.(给)加热,(使)变热We beat (defeated) the cheat who heated the wheat.我们打败了给小麦加热的骗子.
noun
TEMPERATURE 温度
 ESSENTIAL [S or U]
■the quality of being hot or warm, or the temperature of something 热，高温；热度
• the heat of the sun/fire 太阳／火的高温
• How do you manage to work in this heat without air conditioning? 在这种高温且没有空调的情况下你是如何得以工作的呢？
• She always wore a coat, even in the heat of summer. 她总是穿着外套，甚至在炎热的夏天也不例外。
• Cook the meat on a high/low heat (= at a high/low temperature). 用高温／低温来烹调肉。
[hi:t] noun
RACE 赛跑
countable
■a less important race or competition in which it is decided who will compete in the final event 预赛，小组赛
[hi:t] noun
ANIMAL 动物
■UK on/ US in heat describes an animal that is in a state of sexual excitement and ready to breed 发情
[hi:t] noun
in the heat of the moment
■If you say or do something in the heat of the moment, you say or do it without thinking because you are very angry or excited 盛怒之下；一时激动
• He didn't mean it - he said it in the heat of the moment. 那不是他的本意——他是盛怒之下才说那些话的。
[hi:t] noun
If you can't stand the heat , get out of the kitchen. saying
■used as a way to tell someone that they should either stop complaining about a difficult or unpleasant activity, or stop doing it 怕热就别待在厨房里；如果再抱怨就别做了
[hi:t] noun
put the heat on sb informal
■to try to persuade or force someone to do something 劝说（某人）；给（某人）施加压力
[hi:t] noun
take the heat off sb informal
■If someone or something takes the heat off you, they reduce the amount of criticism you have to deal with 使（某人）少受批评
• The deputy's resignation over the scandal has taken some of the heat off his superior. 副手因丑闻而辞职，这使他的上级少受了一些批评。
[hi:t] noun
the heat is on slang
■If you say the heat is on, you mean that a time of great activity and/or pressure has begun 开始一段忙碌（又有压力）的日子
• With only months to go before the deadline, the heat is on. 离最后期限只剩下几个月，大家的苦日子开始了。
[hi:t] verb intransitive or transitive
■to make something hot or warm, or to become hot or warm （使）变热；（使）变暖
• A large house like this must be expensive to heat. 像这么大的房子暖气费一定很不少。
• Shall I heat up some soup for lunch? 午饭我是不是应该热点汤呢？
fever, heat
这组词都有“热，热度”的意思，其区别是：
fever: 通常指超过正常体温所出现的发烧、发热；可引申指情绪的激昂和兴奋。
heat: 一般指具体的热、热度、热力等，有时也应热情、激动的感情。
n. 高温；压力；热度；热烈
 - pressure, high temperature
vt. 使激动；把…加热
 - impassion, emotionalize

Word: buddy
Front: buddy
[ˈbʌdi] (托 4109/15350 -1)
Vocabulary: buddy
(once / 1736 pages)
n
A buddy is a good friend. Your best buddy in elementary school may still be a good buddy when you graduate from high school.
If you love to hang out with a certain friend, she's your buddy. You could also call her your pal or your chum. Sometimes when kids are new in school, a teacher will ask another student to be their buddy — to help them feel comfortable and welcome. The word first appeared in the mid-19th century in the US, either as slang for brother or from the British butty, or "companion."
WORD FAMILY
buddy: buddies
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Philadelphia Eagles expect their quarterback to be as successful as his new hunting buddy after finishing his rookie season strong.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
He urged shop owners to form a buddy system and help each other keep watch.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Rejoice: After three years away, the hit BBC series “Sherlock” is back for three new episodes of buddy comedy and intrigue.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 密友，好友; 同伴，搭档; 互相帮助的朋友; [名]巴迪
vi. 交朋友; 做朋友
分布：伙伴(64%)，好朋友(17%)，兄弟(14%)，结交(5%)
→来自brother的昵称。
noun countable informal
■a friend 朋友
• Bob and I have been great buddies for years. 我和鲍勃是多年的好友。
■(also bud) US
■used to address another man, especially if annoyed （用于称呼另一男士，尤用于表示不满时）老兄
• Drink up and go home, buddy. 老兄，喝完快回家吧。
■someone who provides friendly help to someone with an illness or a problem 助人者，伙伴，朋友
• We run a buddy system to support recovering alcoholics. 我们建立了一个伙伴制，以帮助日渐康复的酗酒者。
['bʌd.i] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  buddy up informal
■to become friends with someone 与某人成为朋友
• He quickly buddied up with Jan's husband. 他很快就与简的丈夫成了朋友。
n. 伙伴，好朋友；密友；小男孩
 - partner, comrade, familiar, mates
vi. 做好朋友，交朋友
 - make friends

Word: barn
Front: barn
[bɑ:n] (研四六托雅宝 4108/4202 -2)
Vocabulary: barn
(once / 335 pages)
1n 2n
A barn is an outbuilding on a farm used to keep animals or crops safe and dry. A farmer might store hay in the upper part of a barn, and have stalls for horses in the main section.
In rural areas there are many barns, often built from wood and standing near a main farmhouse. Some barns have wide doors with stalls for animals inside, and a hayloft at the top, where hay or other crops can be stored. In Old English, a barn or bereærn literally meant "barley house," from bere, "barley," and aern, "house."
WORD FAMILY
barn: barnful, barns
USAGE EXAMPLES
The quarantine began in a barn where two horses tested positive last week.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He says he isn’t sure what role each played in the arsons that destroyed barns, at least two houses and other structures.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
While barn switches are common, it is remarkable for an owner to cease operations with the most accomplished trainer of his era.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 谷仓，粮仓; 牲口棚; （公共汽车、卡车等的）车库; 一种特别大且空荡的房屋
分布：谷仓(79%)，牲口棚(16%)，车库(4%)，大而空荡的农屋(1%)
→来自古英语bareaern, 麦仓。bar, 大麦，同barley。aern, 屋子，仓库，词源同ransack, 被洗劫屋子的。
n.谷仓,仓库I overhear that the hearty man heartily yearns for my harness in the barn.我无意中听说那个热忱的人十分向往我的牲口棚中的马具.
【记】barley是“大麦”，barn就是由barley的前半部加“n”构成－藏大麦的地方。
US [bɑ:rn] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a large building on a farm in which hay (= dried grass) and grain are kept 谷仓，粮仓
n. 谷仓；畜棚；车库；靶（核反应截面单位）
 - granary, garage

Word: sword
Front: sword
[sɔ:d] (高研四六 4105/3675 -2)
Back: n. 剑，刀; 武力，战争; 兵权，权力
分布：剑(79%)，刀(21%)
→来自古英语 sweord,刀，剑，来自 Proto-Germanic*swerda,刀，剑，来自 swer,砍，劈，刺。
n.剑,刀;武力The wordy lord left his sword on the world.多话的君主把他的剑留在了世界上.
US [sɔ:rd] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a weapon with a long sharp metal blade and a handle, used especially in the past （尤指过去使用的）剑，刀
UK [sɔ:d] US [sɔ:rd] noun countable
beat / turn swords into ploughshares literary
■to change to a peaceful way of life and spend money on peaceful things rather than weapons 化剑为犁，偃武修文
UK [sɔ:d] US [sɔ:rd] noun countable
put sb to the sword literary
■to kill someone 杀死（某人）
• Thousands of innocents were put to the sword. 数千名无辜者被杀。
UK [sɔ:d] US [sɔ:rd] noun countable
sword of Damocles
■If you have a sword of Damocles hanging over you/your head, something bad seems very likely to happen to you 达摩克利斯剑（比喻随时可能发生的祸事）
• Government threats to cut the budget by 50% are hanging over the Opera House like a sword of Damocles. 政府威胁说要将预算削减50%，这就好像是一把悬在歌剧院上方的达摩克利斯剑。
n. 刀，剑；武力，战争
 - blade, knife, force, war

Word: flash
Front: flash
[flæʃ] (高研四六托雅 3500/4001 -K3)
Vocabulary: flash
(once / 88 pages)
1vn 2vn 3vnadj 4v
Ever notice how quick the flash is on a camera? That's how fast other types of flashes are, including the super-fast superhero The Flash.
Whether you're talking about a flash of lighting or a flash of insight, a flash is quick and bright and sudden. There aren't any slow, long flashes. Because flashes are so fast, the word is often used for anything that happens really quickly: a flash is as fast as a New York minute, the blink of an eye, a heartbeat, an instant, a jiffy, or a split second.
WORD FAMILY
flash: flashed, flasher, flashes, flashing, flashingly, flashly, flashy +/flasher: flashers/flashing: flashings/ flashy: flashier, flashiest, flashily, flashiness
USAGE EXAMPLES
When I think of what might flash before me on my deathbed, I hope it will be the impact of my film.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Minnesota: The Gophers showed flashes of being able to stay with a top team, but need to cut down on turnovers.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
But he shows flashes of brilliance and signs of leadership.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 使闪光，使闪烁; 拍出，发出（电报等）; 〈口〉炫耀
n. 闪光; 闪光灯下摄成的照片; 一瞬间; 浮华
adj. 闪光的，闪耀的，一闪而过的; 浮华的; 庞大的
时态：flashed, flashing, flashes
分布：闪光(79%)，闪现(15%)，掠过(3%)，一刹那(2%)，亵渎性暴露(1%)
→拟声词，模仿物体或火把快速闪过的声音。比较clash, dash, flush, splash. 引申各相关词义。
n./a.闪光(的)v.发闪光,闪亮;闪现The ashtray, splashed with ash, crashed with a clash in a flash while being washed.那个溅有灰尘的烟灰盘在清洗时咣当一声一下子摔碎了.
verb
SHINE SUDDENLY 突然发光
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to shine brightly and suddenly, or to make something shine in this way （使）闪耀，（使）闪光
• Stop flashing that light in my eyes! 别拿那个手电筒晃我的眼睛了！
• The lightning flashed and distant thunder rolled. 电光闪过，远处雷声隆隆。
• You'd better slow down, that car was flashing (its lights) at you. 你最好减速，那辆车正朝你闪车灯呢。
intransitive literary
■If someone's eyes flash, they look bright because of the anger or excitement the person is feeling. （眼睛因愤怒或激动而）发亮，闪耀
[flæʃ] verb
MOVE FAST 迅速移动
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to move very fast 飞驰，掠过
• They flashed past/by on a motorcycle. 他们骑着摩托车飞驰而过。
[flæʃ] verb
SHOW QUICKLY 快速显示
transitive
■to show something for a short time （快速）出示，显示
• He flashed a smile and offered to buy me a drink. 他笑了一下，随即提出请我喝一杯。
intransitive or transitive informal
■If someone flashes, they show their sexual organs in public 露私，当众暴露性器官
• He came out of the bushes and flashed at me. 他从灌木中出来，向我暴露私处。
[flæʃ] verb
COMMUNICATE 通信
transitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to communicate something quickly, especially using radio or light waves （尤指用无线电或光波）通信，联络
• Within moments of an event happening, the news can be flashed around the world. 事件发生之后不久，消息就能迅速传遍世界。
[flæʃ] verb
SUDDEN EXPERIENCE 突然的经历
intransitive + adverb or preposition
■If something flashes through/across your mind, you suddenly or quickly think of it （想法等）突然闪现
• The thought suddenly flashed through my mind that she didn't want to be here. 我突然想到，她不想来这里。
[flæʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  flash sth around/about informal
■to intentionally make people understand that you have something valuable, especially in order to make them feel unhappy because they do not have it 炫耀
• She was flashing her engagement ring around. 她正在四处炫耀她的订婚戒指。
[flæʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  flash back
■If your mind or thoughts flash back to something that happened in the past, you suddenly remember it 回忆起，回想起，记起
• Her mind flashed back to the day of their divorce. 她回忆起他们离婚那天的情景。
[flæʃ] noun
BRIGHT LIGHT 闪光
countable
■a sudden bright light that quickly disappears 闪光；闪耀
• a flash of lightning 一道闪电
• The bomb exploded in a flash of yellow light. 一道黄光，炸弹爆炸了。
[flæʃ] noun
SUDDEN EXPERIENCE 突然的经历
countable usually singular
■a sudden, powerful emotional or mental experience （情感的）突发；（想法的）突现
• The idea came to her in a flash of inspiration/genius. 灵光一闪，她便有了这个主意。
[flæʃ] noun
PHOTOGRAPHY 摄影
countable or uncountable
■the device or system used to produce a bright light for a short time when taking a photograph 闪光灯；闪光操纵装置
• Where's the flash for the camera? 照相机的闪光灯在哪里？
• It's quite dark in here, I'll have to use flash. 这里相当暗，我要用闪光灯。
[flæʃ] noun
MILITARY SIGN 军队的标记
countable UK
■a small object or piece of material worn on a military uniform as a sign of rank, or (on clothing) a strip or mark of colour different from the main colour （佩于军服上的）徽章，肩章，臂章；（衣服上的）色条，色块
[flæʃ] noun
QUICK LOOK 飞快地看
countable humorous
■a quick look at something 飞快的一瞥
• She leant over and I caught a flash of pink underwear. 她屈身过来，我一眼瞥见了粉红色的内衣。
[flæʃ] noun
a flash in the pan
■something that happened only once or for a short time and was not repeated 昙花一现
• Sadly, their success was just a flash in the pan. 不幸的是，他们的成功仅仅是昙花一现。
[flæʃ] noun
in a flash (also quick as a flash) informal
■quickly or suddenly 转瞬间，刹那间
• The ceremony was over in a flash. 仪式转眼就结束了。
[flæʃ] adjective UK
■looking expensive in a way that attracts attention 昂贵的；奢华的
• That's a very flash suit he's wearing. 他穿的那套西装看上去十分昂贵。
flash, sparkle, glow, gleam, twinkle, glitter
这组词都有“闪光，闪烁，闪亮”的意思，其区别是：
flash: 指突然发出随即消失的闪光，如闪电的光。
sparkle: 指发出闪动的光或火星。
glow: 指像熔铁余烬等发出的明亮、强烈、夺目的光。
gleam: 指透过间隔物或映衬于较暗背景上的微弱光线。也指闪光。
twinkle: 指断断续续或摇晃不定的灿烂闪光。
glitter: 指连续发出的闪烁不定的光，有时含贬义。
flash, glare, blaze, glow, flare, light, twinkle, glitter, flame
这组词都有“火焰、烈火、光”的意思，其区别是：
flash: 指突然发出而随即消失的闪光。
glare: 指眩目的光。
blaze: 指猛烈燃烧所发生强烈的光。
glow: 指像冶炼铁和钢时发出的红光。
flare: 指摇曳的火焰。
light: 普通用词，指日、月、星或灯等的光。
twinkle: 指如星光等的闪烁。
glitter: 指连续发出闪烁不定的光。
flame: 指一条或多条火舌，多用复数形式，指由许多火舌构成的大火。
vt. 使闪光；反射
 - reflect, mirror
n. 闪光，闪现；一瞬间
 - stroboflash, coruscation
vi. 闪光，闪现；反射
 - reflect, flare light
adj. 闪光的，火速的
 - shot, coruscant

Word: seventh
Front: seventh
[ˈsevnθ] (中高 4110/4271 -4)
Back: n. 第七（个）; 七分之一; [乐]七度音程
adj. 第七的; 七分之一的
adv. 居第七位地
分布：第七(95%)，七分之一(5%)
ordinal number
 ESSENTIAL
■7th written as a word 第七（的）
• It's the seventh (of May) today. 今天是（5月）7日。
• Our team was/came seventh. 我们队得了第七名。
['sev.əntθ] ordinal number
be in seventh heaven informal humorous
■to be extremely happy 极为快乐
• Since they got married, they've been in seventh heaven. 他们结婚后极其幸福。
['sev.əntθ] noun countable
■one of seven equal parts of something 七分之一

Word: glory
Front: glory
[ˈglɔ:ri] (高研四六 4113/3797 -2)
Vocabulary: glory
(once / 46 pages)
1nv 2n
Glory is brilliant, radiant beauty. You might admire a princess in all her glory, since she seems almost too gorgeous to be real.
Glory is also a term that is sometimes used in a religious way. It means the glow or light that appears around the head of a holy person or saint, like a halo. Another use of glory is a state of high honor gained from great achievements. If you have heard the expression "you're in your glory," it means that you are very happy and proud — you must have reached one of your big goals.
WORD FAMILY
glory: gloried, glories, glorify, glorious, glorying+/glorification: glorifications/ glorify: glorification, glorified, glorifies, glorifying/ glorious: gloriousest, gloriously, inglorious / inglorious: ingloriously
USAGE EXAMPLES
Lincoln once commented that there was no glory in the presidency, only “ashes and blood.”
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
But he was also suspicious of his own urge to glory in that desecration.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Little Mix's album Glory Days ends the year as the number one album.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 光荣，荣誉; 壮观，壮丽; （对上帝的）赞颂; 非常美的事物
vi. 得意，自豪; 骄傲
时态：gloried, glorying, glories
分布：荣誉(44%)，光荣(34%)，自豪(10%)，壮丽(7%)，赞颂(5%)
→来自拉丁语gloria, 名声，颂扬。原指神或耶稣的荣光，对神的颂扬。词源不详，可能来自call, 呼喊，呼叫，对神的呼唤。
n.光荣,荣誉He is in his glory now.他现在正得意时.
US ['glɔ:r.i] noun
ADMIRATION/PRAISE 赞美
 ADVANCED uncountable
■praise and thanks, especially as given to God （尤指对上帝的）赞颂，赞美，感激
• Glory be to God! 荣耀属于上帝！
• He dedicated his poetry to the glory of God. 他把自己的诗作敬献给无上荣耀的上帝。
 ADVANCED uncountable
■great admiration, honour and praise which you earn by doing something successfully 光荣；荣耀
• He revelled in the glory of scoring three goals in the final 8 minutes. 比赛的最后八分钟，他连进三球，这种荣耀令他陶醉不已。
• This was her final professional match, and she wanted to end her career in a blaze of glory. 这是她最后一场职业比赛，她想给自己的运动生涯画上一个荣耀炫目的句号。
countable
■an important achievement which earns someone great admiration, honour and praise 给人荣耀的事；值得称赞的事；引以为豪的成就
• The reunion is an opportunity for the soldiers to remember their past glories. 这次重聚给了老兵们一个缅怀他们昔日赫赫战功的机会。
UK ['glɔ:.ri] US ['glɔ:r.i] noun
BEAUTY 美
countable or uncountable
■great beauty, or something splendid or extremely beautiful, which gives great pleasure 壮丽；辉煌；灿烂
• They want to restore the castle to its former glory. 他们想重现城堡昔日雄伟壮观的面貌。
• The garden in all its glory is now open to the public. 绚丽多姿的公园现已对公众开放。
UK ['glɔ:.ri] US ['glɔ:r.i] noun
bask / bathe in reflected glory
■to feel successful and admired for something, despite the fact that you did not achieve it yourself but were only connected to it in some way 因为别人的成就而沾光；分享别人的荣誉而沾光；分享别人的荣誉
• The government is bathing in the reflected glory of its victorious military forces. 军队的辉煌胜利给政府增光不少。
UK ['glɔ:.ri] US ['glɔ:r.i] noun
cover yourself in/with glory
■to be very successful and earn admiration 功成名就；取得很大成功；赢得赞赏
• He didn't exactly cover himself with glory in his last job. 他最后的一份工作并没有真正让他功成名就。
UK ['glɔ:.ri] US ['glɔ:r.i] noun
crowning glory
■the greatest or most beautiful thing 最好的事物；最为壮观的事物；最美丽的事物
• The ballroom is the crowning glory of the palace. 宫殿中最壮观的莫过于舞厅了。
• Her hair is her crowning glory. 她的头发最令她引以为豪。
UK ['glɔ:.ri] US ['glɔ:r.i] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  glory in sth
■to feel or show that you are very proud and happy about something 因…而自豪；为…而欣喜；因…而得意
• He is still glorying in the success of his first Hollywood film. 他仍然陶醉于他的第一部好莱坞电影所取得的成功。
• She glories in the fact that she's much better qualified than her sister. 她比她的妹妹优秀得多，因此甚为得意。
renown, honour, fame, glory, reputation
这组词都有“名声，名誉”的意思，其区别是：
renown: 指远近闻名的声誉。
honour: 侧重指因高尚的举止，忠心或诚实而受到公众钦佩和崇敬，得到好名声和荣誉。
fame: 普通用词，含义广，一般指好名声，可大可小，可远可近。
glory: 指因功绩卓著而获得的令人称颂的光荣或荣誉地位。
reputation: 通常指熟悉某人或某地的人对该人、该地的看法，可好可坏。
n. 光荣，荣誉；赞颂
 - honor, accolade
vi. 自豪，骄傲；狂喜
 - full of oneself, pride

Word: tightly
Front: tightly
[ˈtaɪtli] (六 4107/3946 -K)
Back: adv. 紧紧地，坚固地，牢固地
分布：紧紧地(60%)，坚固地(40%)
adverb
■firmly or closely 紧紧地
• The baby was clutching his dummy tightly in his grubby fist. 婴儿用脏兮兮的手紧紧抓着他的玩具。
• Many commuters are forced to stand, tightly packed in, like sardines. 许多坐通勤车的人被迫像罐头里的沙丁鱼一样，紧紧地挤在车厢里。
adv. 紧紧地；坚固地
 - firmly, fast

Word: protective
Front: protective
[prəˈtektɪv] (四六 4114/4668 -2)
Vocabulary: protective
(once / 1148 pages)
adj
Anything that's protective safeguards or watches out for something (or someone) else. Protective gear keeps you safe from physical injury, and a protective parent cares for and worries about their children.
When you work with dangerous chemicals or toxic substances, it makes sense to wear protective masks or gloves, and a new bicycle rider is smart to wear a protective helmet. The first time you bring your new puppy to the dog park, you're likely to be protective of him, keeping him safe from bigger, older dogs. The Latin root of protective is protegere, "to cover in front, or to protect."
WORD FAMILY
protective: overprotective, protectively, protectiveness, unprotective+/ overprotect: overprotected, overprotecting, overprotection, overprotects/ protect: overprotect, protected, protecting, protection, protective, protector, protects/protected: unprotected/protecting: protectingly/ protection: protectionism, protections, self-protection/ protectionism: protectionist/protectionist: protectionists/ protector: protectors, protectorship/unprotected: unprotectedness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Trump signaled more protective U.S. trade policies, raising concerns about the impact on developing markets.
Reuters(Jan 03, 2017)
St. Thomas now requires female soccer players to wear protective headbands.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
As she grew older, Harriet became protective of her mother.
New York Times(Jan 12, 2012)
Back: adj. 保护的，防护的; 保护贸易的
分布：保护的(84%)，防卫的(16%)
adjective
 IMPROVER
■giving protection 保护性的，防护的
• protective clothing 防护服
• a protective mask and goggles 防护面具和护目镜
 IMPROVER
■wanting to protect someone from criticism, hurt, danger, etc. because you like them very much 对（某人）关切保护的；愿意做…保护人的
• It's easy to be too protective towards/of your children. 对自己的孩子容易过于呵护。
• She's fiercely protective of the man she married 29 years ago. 她对她29年前嫁的那个男人呵护备至。
adj. 防护的；关切保护的；保护贸易的
 - phylactic, shielded

Word: tuck
Front: tuck
[tʌk] (研四六雅 4115/4336 -2)
Back: vt. <英俚>吃，喝; 折叠（衣服的）褶; 包起，裹起; 挤进
n. 鼓声，喇叭声; 活力，精力; （袖子等上的）褶皱; 卷起，盖住
时态：tucked, tucking, tucks
分布：卷起(41%)，藏起(19%)，收拢(19%)，缝摺(11%)，船底后端(5%)，打摺(5%)
→来自中古荷兰语 tucken,卷起，折起，来自 Proto-Germanic*teug,拉，推，deuk,拉，推， 词源同 duct,tug.后用于指把裤脚折边，塞进。
v.卷起;塞进The lucky duck tucked in truck suddenly sucked the gas from the bucket.塞在卡车里的幸运鸭子突然从桶里吸汽油.
verb transitive usually + adverb or preposition
TIDY 整理
■to push a loose end of a piece of clothing or material into a particular place or position, especially to make it tidy or comfortable 把（衣服等的末端）塞进
• Should I tuck my shirt into my trousers? 我应该把衬衫下摆塞进裤子里吗？
• He tucked the bottom of the sheet under the mattress. 他把床单边缘塞入床垫下。
[tʌk] verb transitive usually + adverb or preposition
STORE SAFELY 收藏
■to put something into a safe or convenient place 把…夹入；把…藏入；把…塞入
• Tuck your gloves in your pocket so that you don't lose them. 把手套放进口袋里，这样就不会弄丢了。
• She had a doll tucked under her arm. 她把玩具娃娃夹在胳膊下。
• Eventually I found the certificate tucked under a pile of old letters. 最后我发现证书压在一堆旧信下。
• Tuck your chair in (= put it so that the seat of it is under the table) so that no one trips over it. 把你的椅子推到桌下，以防有人绊倒。
[tʌk] verb transitive usually + adverb or preposition
BODY 身体
■to hold part of your body in a particular position 使蜷缩，使收缩
• Stand up straight, tuck your tummy in and tuck your bottom under. 站直了，收腹提臀。
• She sat with her legs tucked under her. 她盘腿坐着。
[tʌk] verb transitive usually + adverb or preposition
HIDDEN 隐藏的
be tucked away/along, etc.
■to be in a place which is hidden or where few people go 隐没，隐藏
• Tucked along/down this alley are some beautiful timber-framed houses. 这条巷子的深处有一些漂亮的木结构房子。
• A group of tiny brick houses is tucked away behind the factory. 工厂后面隐藏着一片小砖房。
[tʌk] verb transitive usually + adverb or preposition
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] tuck sth away
■to put something in a private, safe place 隐藏；收藏
• Grandma always kept a bit of money tucked away in case there was an emergency. 奶奶总是藏点钱以备急用。
[tʌk] verb transitive usually + adverb or preposition
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] tuck sb in (UK also tuck sb up)
■to make someone comfortable in their bed, especially a child, by arranging the covers round them 给（孩子）掖好被子；将（孩子）在床上安顿好
• Daddy, if I go to bed now will you tuck me in? 爸爸，要是我现在去睡觉，你会帮我掖被子吗？
• The children are safely tucked up in bed. 孩子们安逸地躺在被子里。
[tʌk] verb transitive usually + adverb or preposition
  Phrasal Verbs  tuck in/tuck into sth informal
■to start eating something eagerly 尽情地吃，痛快地吃
• Judging by the way they tucked into their dinner, they must have been very hungry. 看他们晚餐时那种狼吞虎咽的样子，一定是饿坏了。
• There's plenty of food, so please tuck in. 食物充足，请尽情地吃吧。
[tʌk] noun
FOLD 折叠
countable
■a narrow fold sewn into something, especially a piece of material, either for decoration or to change its shape （用于装饰或改变形状的）褶；打褶
[tʌk] noun
MEDICAL OPERATION 医疗手术
countable
■an operation to remove unwanted fat from a part of the body 抽脂手术
• a tummy tuck 腹部抽脂手术
[tʌk] noun
FOOD 食物
uncountable UK old-fashioned child's word
■food, especially sweets and cakes 食物；（尤指）糖果糕点
• a tuck shop 食品店
⇒ See also tucker
vt. 卷起；挤进；用某物舒适地裹住；使有褶裥；收拢；大口吃；使隐藏
 - curl up, roll up
n. 食物；船尾突出部；缝摺；抱膝式跳水；活力；鼓声
 - food, energy, diet, vitality, eating
vi. 缝褶裥；缩拢；舒服地裹在里面；大口吃
 - pucker

Word: drum
Front: drum
[drʌm] (中高研四六 4116/4171 -K3)
Vocabulary: drum
(once / 245 pages)
nv
A drum is a musical instrument that you play by hitting it rhythmically with a stick or your hand. Most drums are round, with a thin material stretched tightly over the ends.
Some drums, like the West African djembe, are played with bare hands by a drummer who plays just one drum at a time. Others are found in a drum kit, often part of a rock band or a jazz ensemble, which might include a bass drum, a snare drum, cymbals, and a tom-tom — or even more. The word drum is also a verb, meaning "to play a drum," and can also mean "a cylinder-shaped container."
WORD FAMILY
drum: drum-like, drummed, drummer, drumming, drums+/ drummer: drummers/drumming: drummings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Tuesday’s celebration included dance, song, prayer, drumming and ended with a feast to share the harvest.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Still, tourists and Brazilians enjoyed a festival of sounds, including two sets of drums from popular samba schools.
Time(Jan 01, 2017)
The Mississippi Department of Marine Resources says the commercial fishing seasons for flounder, red drum and greater amberjack will each open at 12:01 a.m.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 鼓; 鼓状物; 鼓声; 石首鱼
vt. 击鼓; 连打; 反复讲; 鼓吹
vi. 击鼓; 连打; 拍翅
时态：drummed, drumming, drums
分布：鼓(78%)，鼓声(8%)，击鼓(7%)，鼓状物(2%)，灌输(2%)，连续敲击(1%)，逐出(1%)，引起兴趣(1%)
→拟声词，模仿敲鼓的声音。
n.鼓;圆桶Don't drum the floor with your feet.不要用你的脚咚咚地踩踏地板.
noun countable
INSTRUMENT 乐器
 ADVANCED
■a musical instrument, especially one made from a skin stretched over the end of a hollow tube or bowl, played by hitting with the hand or a stick 鼓
• a bass/snare/kettle drum 大／小／定音鼓
• They danced to the beat of the drums (= sound of the drums being hit). 他们随着鼓声翩翩起舞。
[drʌm] noun countable
CONTAINER 容器
■a large tube-like container 桶
• an oil drum 油桶
• a five-gallon plastic drum 五加仑的塑胶桶
• a drum of radioactive waste 一桶放射性废料
■the hollow metal cylinder in a washing machine into which clothes and other things are put for washing （洗衣机的）缸，滚筒
[drʌm] noun countable
bang/beat the drum UK
■to speak enthusiastically about a belief or idea in order to persuade other people to support it too 大肆宣传，极力鼓吹
• Labour are banging the drum for a united Europe. 工党正极力鼓吹建立一个统一的欧洲。
[drʌm] verb intransitive or transitive (-mm-)
■to hit a surface regularly and make a sound like a drum, or to make something do this （使）敲击，（使）敲打
• She drummed her fingers impatiently on the table. 她不耐烦地用手指敲打桌子。
• The rain drummed loudly on the roof. 雨点打在屋顶上，发出很大的声响。
[drʌm] verb intransitive or transitive (-mm-)
  Phrasal Verbs  drum sth into sb
■to teach something to someone by repeating it to them a lot 反覆教（某人）…，反覆向（某人）灌输…
• The importance of good manners was drummed into us at an early age. 我们很小就被反覆叮嘱要注重行为举止。
[drʌm] verb intransitive or transitive (-mm-)
  Phrasal Verbs  drum sb out of sth
■to force someone to leave a job, group, etc., often because they have behaved in a way which is not considered acceptable 开除；驱逐；将（某人）赶出…；迫使（某人）离开…
• The minister was drummed out of office when it was discovered that he had been taking bribes. 受贿的事情败露后那位部长被迫下台。
[drʌm] verb intransitive or transitive (-mm-)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] drum sth up
■to increase interest in something or support for something 激起，鼓动
• He was trying to drum up some enthusiasm for the project. 他正试图激发人们对该企划案的热情。
n. 鼓；鼓声
 - kettle

Word: faint
Front: faint
[feɪnt] (研四六托雅 4117/3694 -K2)
Vocabulary: faint
(once / 77 pages)
1adj 2vnadj 3adj
Something faint has no courage or vigor. If you suddenly round the corner and see a gang of bullies staring straight at you, chances are you'll feel faint.
Faint comes from the French feindre, for being cowardly or shirking duties. We usually use it to mean without great strength. If you faint, you pass out, from low blood supply to your brain. If you feel faint, you feel weak. Faint also means dim or vague. If you're staring out to sea, you might see the faint outline of an approaching ship. If you really can't remember the answer to something, say you "haven't the faintest idea."
WORD FAMILY
faint: fainted, fainter, faintest, fainting, faintingly, faintly, faintness, faints+/faintness: faintnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
Still, a faint siren stirs inside of Couch Slouch that something is amiss when student-athletes renege on their part of the covenant.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Afterward, Obama expressed his hope, however faint, that Trump’s Presidency would be “successful.”
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
And at last, on the ruddy faces of the five spectators, faint smiles appeared.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
Back: adj. 微弱的，模糊的; 软弱的; 无勇气的; 将昏倒似的
vi. 头晕，昏过去; 渐渐不明，消失
n. 昏厥，昏倒
时态：fainted, fainting, faints
分布：微弱的(53%)，昏倒(15%)，模糊的(14%)，昏厥(13%)，无力的(5%)
→来自古法语feint, 来自feign, 假装，虚构，欺骗。引申词义底气不足的，微弱的，虚弱的。
a.微弱的;不明显的;暗淡的n./v.昏倒;昏晕I hint that the faint saint painted the printer with a pint of paint.我暗示说虚弱的圣徒用了一品脱油漆涂印刷机.
【反】stentorian（adj 声音洪亮的）
adjective
SLIGHT 轻微的
 ADVANCED
■not strong or clear; slight 微弱的；不清晰的；微小的
• a faint sound/noise/smell 微弱的声音／隐约的声响／淡淡的气味
• The lamp gave out a faint glow. 灯发出微弱的光。
• She gave me a faint smile of recognition. 她认出了我，向我淡淡一笑。
• There's not the faintest hope of ever finding him. 没有丝毫找到他的希望。
• She bears a faint resemblance to my sister. 她和我姐姐长得有点像。
• I have a faint suspicion that you may be right! 我隐约觉得你可能是对的！
not have the faintest idea informal
■used to emphasize that you do not know something 根本不知道
• "Is she going to stay?" "I haven't the faintest idea." “她要留下来吗？”“我一点也不知道。”
• I haven't the faintest idea what you're talking about! 我根本不知道你在说甚么！
[feɪnt] adjective
BECOMING UNCONSCIOUS 快要晕倒似的
feel faint
■to feel weak, as if you are about to become unconscious 虚弱无力；感到晕眩；快要晕倒似的
• She felt faint with hunger. 她饿得头昏眼花。
[feɪnt] adjective
Faint heart never won fair lady. old-fashioned saying
■used to tell someone that they must make a lot of effort if they want to achieve something difficult 要想啃下硬骨头，必须费点力气。／一分耕耘，一分收获。
[feɪnt] verb intransitive
 ADVANCED
■to suddenly become unconscious for a short time, usually falling down 昏厥；晕倒
• He faints at the sight of blood. 他一见血就晕。
• I nearly fainted in the heat. 我差点热得昏了过去。
• She took one look at the hypodermic needle and fainted (dead) away (= became unconscious immediately). 她一看到注射针头就昏了过去。
[feɪnt] noun only singular
■when someone suddenly becomes unconscious 昏厥
• On receiving the news, she fell into a dead faint. 听到消息，她昏死过去。
faint, fragile, weak, feeble
faint: a.虚弱的，眩晕的，指人在特定场合感觉到的虚弱，通常不是天生体质上的虚弱而是由于某种原因造成的暂时的情况。
 • The summer sun was so strong that she felt faint.   夏天的阳光太强烈了，她感觉到眩晕。
fragile: a.脆弱的，易碎的，指物体容易打碎，或人体质虚弱、容易受伤害。
 • That dish is fragile, so be careful.   那个盘子容易碎，所以千万小心。
weak: a.这组词中应用范围最广的一个，既可以指身体虚弱的，无力的，也可引申为在力量、权力、技能、影响等方面有欠缺或软弱。
 • The patient is losing blood and becoming weak.   病人在失血，身体开始虚弱下去。
feeble: a.虚弱的，无力的，常用来形容人的声音或行为。
 • The elderly lady has become feeble and unable to care herself.   这个老太太已经很虚弱了，无法照顾她自己。
faint, dim, indefinite, vague, obscure, ambiguous
这组词都有“不明确的，模糊的”的意思，其区别是：
faint: 指对某事物印象不深，或指声音微弱或希望的渺茫等。
dim: 侧重指或因光线暗淡，或因年代久远、身体欠佳等因素而产生视觉或察觉方面的困难。
indefinite: 指无明确定义或限定，重点或总体轮廓不明确。
vague: 多指因语言不确切，太笼统或因构思含糊、不完善而造成模糊难解。
obscure: 语气最强，指晦涩难懂。
ambiguous: 指文章或讲话中，意思可能有多种理解，令人捉摸不定。
adj. 模糊的；头晕的； [医] 虚弱的；衰弱的
 - fuzzy, weak, dark, vague
vi. 昏倒；变得微弱；变得没气力
 - pass out, flake out
n. [中医] 昏厥，昏倒
 - asphyxy, swound

Word: post
Front: post
[pəʊst] (中高托雅 2148/895 -K2)
Vocabulary: post
(once / 70 pages)
1nv 2nv 3nv 4v 5v
Another word for your job is your post. It's also the delivery of letters and packages, as in the Postal Service.
This word has many meanings, most of which are related to jobs and mail. A post is position in a company, like manager or clerk, or it could be where you’re stationed in the military, like a base in Afghanistan. You can post an ad on a bulletin board or an announcement on a web page. Many newspapers include this term, like The Washington Post. A pole or stake sticking out of the ground is a totally different post.
WORD FAMILY
post: postage, postal, posted, poster, posting, posts+/postage: postages/postal: postally/poster: posters/posting: postings
USAGE EXAMPLES
It posted photos of its adventures to its Twitter, Facebook and Instagram profiles, and it appeared to be well received.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
The star Hokies each posted their decisions on their Twitter accounts Monday.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
China was the worst performing major Asian stock market in 2016, posting a 11.3 percent loss in its worst year in five.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 邮件; 邮政; 柱，桩，杆; 岗位
vt. 张贴; 宣布; 设岗; 邮寄
vi. 快速行进
adj. 有关赛跑（或赛马，赛狗）起点标志的
adv. 〈外〉在后; 用急件[驿马]; 赶紧地，火速地
时态：posted, posting, posts
分布：职位(47%)，邮件(24%)，布置(9%)，邮递(8%)，通知(7%)，派遣(2%)，标竿(1%)，快速地(1%)，急行(1%)
→来自拉丁语ponere,放置，-st,过去分词格，词源同position,composite.并引申如下词义：1.柱子，桩，张贴榜文，张贴；2.军事哨所，岗位，派驻；3.古驿站，驿马，邮差，邮政，邮件；4.立刻，马上，来自短语to ride post,骑上驿马，换马，紧急赶路。
v.贴出;公告;投寄n.(支)柱;邮政,邮寄;职位The costly post was postponed because of the frost.那件昂贵的邮件由于霜的缘故而延搁.
US [poʊst] noun
LETTERS 信件
 ESSENTIAL uncountable mainly UK (US usually mail)
■letters and parcels that are delivered to homes or places of work 邮件
• I'd been away for a few days so I had a lot of post waiting for me. 我离开了几天，所以有好多邮件等着我处理。
• Unless it's marked 'private', my secretary usually opens my post. 除非写有“亲启”，否则通常由我的秘书来拆我的邮件。
• Has the post come/arrived yet? 邮件到了吗？
 ESSENTIAL uncountable mainly UK (US usually mail)
■the public system that exists for the collecting and delivering of letters 邮政，邮递
• My letter must have got lost in the post. 我的信肯定在邮递中丢失了。
• If you don't want to take it there, you can just send it by post. 如果你不想送去的话，可以邮寄。
uncountable UK
■the time during the day when letters, etc. are collected or delivered 收集（或投递）邮件的时间；邮班
• I missed the post this morning. 我错过了上午的邮班。
• Did you manage to catch the post? 你赶上邮班了吗？
UK [pəʊst] US [poʊst] noun
JOB 工作
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a job in a company or organization 职位，职务
• Teaching posts are advertised in Tuesday's edition of the paper. 星期二的报纸上有招聘教师的广告。
• She's held the post for thirteen years. 她担任该职已有13年之久。
• They have several vacant posts. 他们有几个职位空缺。
UK [pəʊst] US [poʊst] noun
POLE 柱
 ADVANCED countable
■a vertical stick or pole fixed into the ground, usually to support something or show a position 柱，杆，桩
 ADVANCED countable
■used as a combining form （用作构词成分）杆，柱
• a lamppost 路灯柱
• a signpost 路标
the post
■in the sport of horse racing, the place where the race finishes or, less often, the place from which the race starts （赛马的）终点柱，终点标志；起点柱
■in sports such as football, a goalpost (= either of two vertical posts showing the area in which the ball is kicked to score points) （足球等的）门柱
UK [pəʊst] US [poʊst] noun
PLACE 地点
countable
■the particular place where someone works, especially where a soldier is told to be for military duty, usually as a guard 岗位；（尤指士兵的）哨所
• The soldier was disciplined for deserting his post. 这个士兵因为擅离岗位而受到处分。
• I was ordered to remain at my post until the last customer had left. 我奉命要坚守自己的岗位直到最后一名顾客离开。
UK [pəʊst] US [poʊst] verb transitive
LETTERS 信件
 ESSENTIAL UK (US mail)
■to send a letter or parcel by post 邮寄，寄
• Did you remember to post my letter? 你记得要帮我寄信吗？
• I must post that parcel (off) or she won't get it in time for her birthday. 我得把包裹寄出去，否则她过生日就不能及时收到了。
• [+ two objects] Could you post me the details/post the details to me? 你能否把详细资料寄给我？
 ADVANCED UK
■to put an object through a letterbox (= special opening in a door) 把…塞入信箱
• Just post the key through the door after you've locked it. 门锁上后就把锁匙塞进门后的信箱。
UK [pəʊst] US [poʊst] verb transitive
PLACE 地点
■to send someone to a particular place to work 派驻；使驻守
• He's been posted to Pakistan for six months. 他被派到巴基斯坦工作六个月。
• Guards were posted at all the doors. 所有入口处都布置了卫兵。
UK [pəʊst] US [poʊst] verb transitive
MESSAGE 信息
■to stick or pin a notice on a wall in order to make it publicly known 张贴，公布
• Company announcements are usually posted (up) on the noticeboard. 公司通告通常张贴在布告栏上。
■to leave an electronic message on a website （在网站上）公布，发布（资讯）；发（帖）
• Somebody's been posting obscene messages in this chat room. 有人一直在这个聊天室里发布淫秽资讯。
UK [pəʊst] US [poʊst] verb transitive
PAY 支付 US to pay money, especially so that a person who has been accused of committing a crime can be free until their trial 支付（尤指保释金等）
• She has agreed to post bail for her brother. 她已同意为她兄弟支付保释金。
position, post, place, situation
这组词都有“职位”的意思，其区别是：
position: 侧重指社会地位较高，工作较为庄重，领取工资的职位。
post: 普通用词，指人的职务，职位，岗位。
place: 指任何不分高低贵贱的职位；有时侧重指在政府、法庭所谋求的职位。
situation: 正式用词，一般指雇员或为富有人家工作所担任的职位，现多见于广告中。
mail, post
这组词都有“邮件，邮寄”的意思，其区别是：
mail: 主要用于美国。
post: 主要用于英国。
n. [劳经] 岗位；邮件； [测] 标杆
 - mail, dak
vt. 张贴；公布；邮递；布置
 - paste, publish

Word: queen
Front: queen
[kwi:n] (中高研四六 43081/1223 -K4)
Vocabulary: queen
(once / 46 pages)
1nv 2nv 3n 4n 5n
In a monarchy, a queen is the female ruler of the country. Whether you are the Queen of England or the queen of a honey bee colony, you are the female in charge.
A queen inherits the title and the job, either from her father (the king) or her mother (the queen). Sometimes the term "queen consort" is used for a king's wife — in this case, the queen isn't the ruler, but merely married to the guy in charge. Many fairs, festivals, and other events crown an honorary queen, so you might be crowned the butter queen at the state fair. There's a queen in chess, the most powerful piece on the board, and a deck of cards has four queens. The most important bee in a colony is also a queen.
WORD FAMILY
queen: queened, queening, queenlike, queenly +/ queenly: queenlier, queenliest
USAGE EXAMPLES
Unlike most homes in the area, the Queen Anne-style home still has most of its original layout, with 12-foot ceilings and grand parlors.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 01, 2016)
That coup de grace contained something that is akin to the holy grail in chess – a queen sacrifice.
The Guardian(Dec 01, 2016)
Harry is on a two-week tour of the Caribbean that is also a celebration of the queen’s Queen 90th birthday.
Washington Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: n. 女王; 王后; 杰出女性; （纸牌中的）王后， （国际象棋中的）后
vt. 立…为王后（或女王）; 使…成为国王的妻子; [国际象棋]使（兵）成为后
时态：queened, queening, queens
分布：女王(66%)，王后(34%)
→来自古英语cwen,女人，妻子，王后，女王，来自gwen,女人，通常指比较高贵出身的 女人，词源同gynecology,gynarch.
n.女王,皇后,王后The teenagers in the canteen are keen to see the queen sitting between the green screens in the greenhouse.食堂里的少年们巴望见到坐在温室里的绿色屏风间的女王.
noun countable
WOMAN 女人
 ESSENTIAL
■a woman who rules a country because she has been born into a royal family, or a woman who is married to a king 女王；王后
• How long did Queen Victoria reign ? 维多利亚女王在位多久？
• The Queen is meeting the Prime Minister today. 今天女王要接见首相。
■any woman who is considered to be the best at what she does 杰出的女性，女杰
• She's the reigning queen of crime writers. 她是当今首屈一指的犯罪小说作家。
■the most powerful piece on the board in the game of chess （国际象棋中的）后
■in a group of insects, a single large female that produces eggs （一群昆虫中产卵的）后，王
• a queen bee 蜂王
• a queen ant 蚁后
• a queen wasp 黄蜂王
■in a set of playing cards, a card with a picture of a queen on it. It is usually worth less than a king. （纸牌中的）皇后
[kwi:n] noun countable
HOMOSEXUAL 同性恋者 slang offensive
■a homosexual man, especially an older man, whose way of behaving is noticeable and artificial （举止明显像女人的）同性恋男子；（尤指）老同性恋男子
• James is such an old queen. 詹姆斯是一个老同性恋者。
n. 女王，王后；（纸牌中的）皇后；（蜜蜂等的）蜂王
 - Regina, lady in waiting

Word: dilemma
Front: dilemma
[dɪˈlemə] (高研六托雅宝 4118/4551 -2)
Vocabulary: dilemma
(once / 1021 pages)
n
A dilemma is a tough choice. When you're in a difficult situation and each option looks equally bad, you're in a dilemma.
Dilemma is from a Greek for "double proposition." It was originally a technical term of logic, but we use it now for any time you have a problem with no satisfactory solution. If you're at the mall choosing between red or blue socks, that's not really a dilemma. But if you have to choose whether to save your cat or your dog from a burning building, that's an awful dilemma.
WORD FAMILY
dilemma: dilemmas
USAGE EXAMPLES
Fernyhough writes that his most elaborate inner conversations occur when he is dealing with an ethical dilemma.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
It is a dilemma most marketers would long for: a product with a built-in fan base and perhaps too much cultural cachet.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The incoming Trump administration, like its predecessors, will face challenges and thorny dilemmas across the globe, not least in the Middle East.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 窘境，困境; 进退两难
分布：困境(71%)，进退两难(29%)
→di-, 二。-lemma, 拿，承载，词源同lemma, epilepsy.即两边考虑的，引申词义窘境，两难。
进退两难(di+lemma争论→二种争论→进退两难)[di-①表示"两个,双"②表示"使…变成,分开,离开"]
进退两难(di表示二,二种争论→进退两难)[lemma=argument(争论)]
n.(进退两难的)窘境,困境I am in a dilemma whether to do mathematics or English.我左右为难,不知是做数学还是写英语.
【记】di2个，lemma（n 命题）：有两个命题－困境
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a situation in which a difficult choice has to be made between two different things you could do 左右为难，两难境地
• The President is clearly in a dilemma about/over how to tackle the crisis. 对于如何化解危机总统明显处于两难境地。
• She faces the dilemma of disobeying her father or losing the man she loves. 她面临着要么违抗父亲要么失去心上人的两难境地。
• a moral/ethical dilemma 道德／伦理两难
disaster, dilemma, collapse, epidemic
disaster: 灾难
dilemma: 窘境，困境
collapse: 崩溃
epidemic: 流行病
n. 困境；进退两难；两刀论法
 - difficulty, corner, fix, predicament

Word: input
Front: input
[ˈɪnpʊt] (研四六 4120/2275 -2)
Vocabulary: input
(once / 4431 pages)
1nv 2n
Input is that which is, well, put in—whether literally, as in "the input from the guitar to the speaker," or more conceptually, as in "the group leader wanted everybody's input."
The verb input, in the computer sense, didn't exist much before the late 1940's when it became common among computer professionals, who input data into their machines. Why they weren't satisfied just to "put in" the data, we may never know. Before that, the noun input was an economic term meaning anything that went into production: the grain was just one input among several required for the production of cereal. But often, these days, input means a contribution of some kind, usually a thought. You'll thank me for my input later.
WORD FAMILY
input: inputs, inputted, inputting
USAGE EXAMPLES
They mailed 360 letters to residents, explained the plans and asked for input.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
“During that time, no-till fields may require higher inputs and/or produce lower yields compared to conventional practices.”
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
The real goal is to shield land-use decisions from public input.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 输入，投入; 输入电路; <电>输入端; 输入的数据
vt. 把…输入电脑; [自][电子] 输入; 输入，给料
时态：input, inputting, inputs
分布：输入(88%)，投入(6%)，输入数据(3%)，输入信息(2%)，信息输入端(1%)
→in-,进入，使，put,放置。
n./v.输入One, or a sequence of, input states.一个或一序列的输入状态.
noun
countable or uncountable
■something such as energy, money or information that is put into a system, organization or machine so that it can operate （能源、资金或资讯的）投入，输入
• I didn't have much input into the project (= The help I gave or work I did on it was small). 该专案计划我参与不多。
• The power input will come largely from hydroelectricity. 电力输入主要来自水力发电。
countable specialized
■the part that carries information to a machine, or the place where this is connected 讯息输入端
• The inputs for the CD-ROM are at the back of the computer. 光碟唯读记忆体的输入端在电脑的背后。
• an input device 输入装置
['ɪn.pʊt] verb transitive (inputting, inputted or input, inputted or input)
■to put information into a computer or other piece of electronic equipment （将资讯）输入；录入（电脑或其他电子设备）
• I've spent the morning inputting data into the computer. 我花了一个上午将资料输入电脑。
n. 投入；输入电路
 - investment, introjection
vt. [计] [自] [电子] 输入；将…输入电脑
 - type in, carry in

Word: specialize
Front: specialize
[ˈspeʃəlaɪz] (研四六雅宝 4111/8772 -3)
Vocabulary: specialize
(once / 885 pages)
v
To specialize is to narrow down your focus, in your studies or profession, to a specific field. If you love playing the accordion, perhaps you should specialize in polka music.
If there’s a subject you think is special, specialize in it! For example, doctors start to specialize in medical school, when they study something specific such as podiatry (feet) or cardiology (hearts). Other professionals also specialize in smaller parts of larger fields, like lawyers who specialize in corporate law, or writers who specialize in TV comedies.
WORD FAMILY
specialize: overspecialize, specialization, specialized, specializer, specializes, specializing+/overspecialize: overspecialized/ special: specialise, specialism, speciality, specialize, specially, specialness, specials/specialisation: specialisations/specialise: overspecialise, specialisation, specialised, specialiser, specialises, specialising/specialised: unspecialised/specialism: specialisms, specialist / specialist: specialistic, specialists/speciality: specialities/ specialization: specializations/ specialized: unspecialized/specializer: specializers
USAGE EXAMPLES
She specializes in ethics, campaign finance and tax-exempt organizations.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Ancient Assyria is not even Salih’s field; she specialized in Islamic art and architecture.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
As the name implies, this group specializes in humor as well as music, ending the revelry with a museumwide conga line.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vi. 专门从事; 专攻; 详细说明; 特化
vt. 使专门化; 使适应特殊情况; 详细说明; 列举
时态：specialized, specializing, specializes
分布：专攻(100%)
→special,特殊的，专门的，-ize,使。
专门化,特殊化(special+ize)[speci=look,kind,表示"外观,种类"]
v.(specialise)(in)专攻,专门研究,专业化That doctor specializes in children's illnesses.那位医生专门研究儿科疾病.
【记】源于：special（n专车；专刊；adj 特别的；特殊的；专门的）
【反】dabble（v 涉足；浅显的了解）dabbler（n 业余爱好者）－specialist（n 专家）
US [-ə.laɪz] verb intransitive
 ADVANCED
■to spend most of your time studying one particular subject or doing one type of business 专门研究，专攻；专门从事
• She's hired a lawyer who specializes in divorce cases. 她请了个专打离婚官司的律师。
• a restaurant that specializes in seafood 专营海鲜的餐馆
• I enjoy working in general medicine, but I hope to be able to specialize in the future. 我现在觉得做全科医生很不错，不过希望将来可以专攻某一科。
vi. 专门从事；详细说明；特化
 - specialise in, elaborate on
vt. 使专门化；使适应特殊情况；详细说明
 - technicalize, elaborate on

Word: northeast
Front: northeast
[.nɔː(r)θ'iːst] (高研四六 4122/16006)
Back: n. 东北，东北方向; 东北部
adj. 在东北的; 东北部的; 向东北的; （风、光线）来自东北方向的
adv. 自东北地
分布：东北(91%)，东北的(5%)，向东北(2%)，来自东北(1%)，向东北的(1%)
n.东北a.东北方的ad.向东北,在东北The bird nests only in northeast, northwest, southeast and southwest lest it be found.此鸟只在东北,西北,东南和西南筑巢,以免被发现.
US [ˌnɔːrɵ-] (written abbreviation NE)
 ADVANCED
■the direction which is between north and east 东北向，东北方
• The wind is in /coming from the northeast. 正在刮东北风。
the Northeast
■the area in the northeast of Britain or of another country （英国或其他国家的）东北部，东北地区
• She works in the Northeast. 她在东北地区工作。
adjective adverb UK [ˌnɔːɵˈiːst] US [ˌnɔːrɵ-/
■in or towards the northeast 在东北（的）；向东北（的）
• Go northeast for about five miles. 往东北方向走大约五英里。
• The town is/lies roughly northeast of here. 这座城镇大致位于此处的东北方。
adjective UK [ˈnɔːɵˌiːst] US [ˈnɔːrɵ-]
northeast wind
■a wind that comes from the northeast 东北风

Word: shallow
Front: shallow
[ˈʃæləʊ] (高研四六托雅 4123/4269 -K2)
Vocabulary: shallow
(once / 329 pages)
adjnv
The adjective shallow can describe things that aren't very deep, like a shallow puddle, or people who don't have much emotional or intellectual depth, like shallow people who judge others on their looks and how much money they have.
Shallow likely comes from the Old English word sceald, which means "shoal," the water near a shoreline. So, shallow describes something that is close to the surface — like the shallow roots of a newly-planted tree or a person whose interest in someone or something isn't very deep. For instance, a shallow person might go to the opening of a new art exhibition not so much to see the artworks as meet the wealthy people on the museum's board of trustees.
WORD FAMILY
shallow: shallowed, shallower, shallowest, shallowing, shallowly, shallowness, shallows+/shallowness: shallownesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
The job is very hard, and the pool is terribly shallow.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Heat the remaining oil in a large ovenproof sauté pan or shallow cast-iron casserole large enough to fit the chicken in a single layer.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
The decrease probably reflects rising mortgage rates and the shallow inventory of properties on the market.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: adj. 浅的，肤浅的; 表面的，皮毛的; （水，器物等）浅的; （呼吸）浅的
n. 浅处; 浅滩
v. 使变浅; 使变浅薄
时态：shallowed, shallowing, shallows
分布：浅的(58%)，浅滩(14%)，薄的(13%)，变浅(9%)，浅处(6%)
→来自古英语 sceald,浅的，来自 Proto-Germanic*skalaz,晒干的，浅的，来自 skel,使变干， 可能来自 skai,照耀，照射，词源同 shine,sheen.引申比喻义浅薄的。
a.浅的,浅薄的n.浅滩,浅处In the hall, the shallow challenger shall be allowed to swallow the swallows.在大厅里,肤浅的挑战者将被允许吞下燕子.
【记】shal，low低的－浅的
【反】profound（adj 深刻的；造诣深的）
US [-oʊ] adjective
NOT DEEP 不深的
 ESSENTIAL
■having only a short distance from the top to the bottom 浅的，不深的
• The stream was quite shallow so we were able to walk across it. 小溪很浅，所以我们可以涉水过去。
• She told her children to stay in the shallow end (of the swimming pool). 她叫孩子们留在（游泳池的）浅水区。
• Fry the onions in a shallow pan. 用浅平底锅把洋葱煎一下。
• These beech trees have shallow roots (= roots which do not go very deep into the ground). 这些山毛榉的根不深。
shallow breathing
■breathing in which you only take a small amount of air into your lungs with each breath 浅呼吸
UK ['ʃæl.əʊ] US [-oʊ] adjective
NOT SERIOUS 不严肃的 disapproving
■not showing serious or careful thought 肤浅的，浅薄的
• I found the film rather shallow. 我认为这部电影很肤浅。
• I think she found him physically quite attractive but a bit shallow. 我认为，她觉得他外表相当迷人，只是有些肤浅。
UK ['ʃæl.əʊ] US [-oʊ] noun
the shallows [plural]
■the shallow part of an area of water 浅水处，浅滩
• Alligators live in the shallows. 短吻鳄生活在浅水处。
superficial, shallow
这组词都有“肤浅的，浅薄的”的意思，其区别是：
superficial: 通常指人的思想、言论、学识、著作等权停留于表面，缺乏必要的深度和全面性。
shallow: 指知识、议论、认识或立论肤浅，有时暗示图表面而无实际内容。
adj. 浅的；肤浅的
 - low, flat, surface
n. [地理] 浅滩
 - bank, ford, decharge, shoaliness
vt. 使变浅
 - shoal
vi. 变浅
 - shoal

Word: liability
Front: liability
[ˌlaɪəˈbɪləti] (研六雅宝 4121/1908 -2)
Vocabulary: liability
(once / 704 pages)
n
A liability is a debt or obligation or a personal flaw that stands in your way. A company's liabilities are simply the debts on its ledger, but a personal liability might be your extreme shyness in social situations.
Depending on how you use it, the word liability has very different meanings. In a business or financial sense, a liability is a debt or fiscal obligation, like a mortgage or a loan. A limited liability company means if the company fails, the partners are on the hook for only what they initially invested in the company. A personal liability, however, is some element of your past, your character, or your behavior that might give you a disadvantage.
WORD FAMILY
liability: liabilities+/ liable: liability, liably
USAGE EXAMPLES
But it soon became clear that McCloughan hadn’t done enough to improve the defense, and it proved a liability all season.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
His email abstention is not merely about information security or limiting his legal liability, however.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The law does not require them to report any violence, and it shelters them from any liability.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 责任; 倾向; 债务; <口>妨碍
分布：责任(86%)，债务(10%)，倾向(2%)，可能性(1%)，不利因素(1%)
→来自liable,有责任的。
n.责任,义务;(pl.)债务You have the liability for military service.你有服兵役的义务.
【反】asset（n 资产）；immunity（n 免疫性）
US [-ə.tˌi] noun
RESPONSIBILITY 责任
 ADVANCED uncountable
■when you are legally responsible for something （法律上对某事物的）责任，义务
• He denies any liability for the damage caused. 他对造成的损失拒绝承担任何责任。
liabilities [plural] specialized
■debts 债务，负债
• The business has liabilities of £2 million. 该公司负债达200万英镑。
Compare asset
UK [ˌlaɪ.ə'bɪl.ɪ.ti] US [-ə.tˌi] noun
RISK 风险
only singular
■something or someone that causes you a lot of trouble, often when they should be helping you 麻烦，累赘
• After a certain age, a car's just a liability. 汽车在使用了一定年限后就会变成一个累赘。
• Sue always manages to upset somebody when we go out - she's a real liability. 我们出去玩时，休总是让人扫兴——她真是个累赘。
n. [法] [经] 责任；债务；倾向
 - duty, debt, tendency, burden, trust

Word: sail
Front: sail
[seɪl] (中高研四六托 4124/2876 -K3)
Vocabulary: sail
(once / 42 pages)
nv
A sail is the big piece of cloth attached to a mast that propels a sailboat through the water by catching the wind. Part of learning to sail a boat is learning how to use the sails.
Most sailboats have two sails, the mainsail and the jib or headsail on the front of the boat. When you sail, you pilot the boat, or simply ride on it — you can also say you go for a sail. Additionally, the verb sail is used when something seems to float on the air: "The kite sails high in the blue sky." You "sail through" something when it's very easy and quick.
WORD FAMILY
sail: foresail, sailed, sailing, sailor, sails+/foresail: foresails/sailing: sailings/sailor: sailors
USAGE EXAMPLES
As the pass sailed toward the sideline, he tried to break at just the right angle.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Solar sail technology will also allow us to study our solar system in far greater time.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
As the football sailed through the air, Daniel Carter plunged down the field for St. Thomas, weaving around potential blockers.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vi. 航行; 起航; 驾驶帆船
vt. 航行; 开船; （水禽）游泳; 驾驶（船）
n. 帆船; 航行; 帆状物; 航行距离
时态：sailed, sailing, sails
分布：帆(64%)，航行(32%)，航海(4%)
→来自古英语 segl,帘子，帆布，帆，来自 Proto-Germanic*segla,帘子，帆布，来自 sek,切， 砍，词源同 saw,segment.拼写比较 rail,rule,regulate.引申词义航行。
n.帆,航行v.航行The men raised the sails and the boat moved.人们扬起帆,船就移动了.
verb
TRAVEL 旅行
 ADVANCED intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■When a boat or a ship sails, it travels on the water （船）航行，行驶
• The boat sailed along/down the coast. 那艘船沿着海岸航行。
• As the battleship sailed by/past, everyone on deck waved. 战舰驶过时，甲板上所有的人都挥手致意。
• The ship was sailing to China. 这艘船开往中国。
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep]
■to control a boat that has no engine and is pushed by the wind 驾驶帆船
• He sailed the dinghy up the river. 他驾驶小游艇沿河逆流而上。
• She sailed around the world single-handed in her yacht. 她独自一人驾驶帆船环游了整个世界。
intransitive
■When a ship sails, it starts its journey, and when people sail from a particular place or at a particular time, they start their journey in a ship 启航，开船
• Their ship sails for Bombay next Friday. 他们的船下周五启航去孟买。
[seɪl] verb
MOVE QUICKLY 快速移动
intransitive + adverb or preposition
■to move quickly, easily, and (of a person) confidently 轻快地移动；（人）自信地行走
• The ball went sailing over the garden fence. 球飞过了花园的围栏。
• He wasn't looking where he was going, and just sailed straight into her. 他走路时没注意，和她撞个正着。
• Manchester United sailed on (= continued easily) to victory in the final. 曼联队很轻松地取得了决赛的胜利。
[seɪl] verb
sail against the wind
■to be trying to achieve something that is unlikely to succeed because most people would oppose it 逆人心而动
• He's sailing against the wind in his attempt to stop women using the club. 他不顾众人反对，试图阻挠女性享受这个俱乐部的服务。
[seɪl] verb
sail close to the wind
■to do something that is dangerous or only just legal or acceptable 冒风险（做危险、几近违法或逾规的事情）
• You were sailing a bit close to the wind there when you made those remarks about his wife. 你那么说他的妻子真是有点冒险。
[seɪl] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  sail in (also sail into sth)
■to start an activity enthusiastically 热心地开始
• The children sailed into the pile of cakes and in minutes the cakes were gone. 孩子兴高采烈地开始吃蛋糕，不一会儿蛋糕就吃光了。
• Mary sailed in with a story about her first job. 玛丽兴致勃勃地讲起有关她第一份工作的故事。
■(also sail into sb) informal
■to attack someone using words 抨击（用言语攻击某人）
• The President sailed into her opponents with an angry speech. 总统用激愤的言辞抨击她的对手。
[seɪl] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  sail through (sth)
■to succeed very easily in something, especially a test or examination 顺利通过（尤指考试）
• Rachel sailed through with a distinction in all exam papers. 瑞秋顺利地通过了所有的考试并取得了优异成绩。
[seɪl] noun
MATERIAL 材料
countable
■a sheet of material fixed to a pole on a boat to catch the wind and make the boat move 帆
• to hoist/lower the sails 扬／收帆
countable
■On a windmill , a sail is any of the wide blades which are turned by the wind in order to produce power. （风车的）翼板
[seɪl] noun
TRAVEL 旅行
only singular
■a journey in a boat or ship （乘船的）航行，航程
• It's two days' sail/It's a two-day sail (= a journey of two days by sea) from here to the nearest island. 从这里坐船到最近的岛屿需要两天航程。
set sail
■to begin a boat journey 启航，开船
• We set sail from Kuwait. 我们从科威特启航。
• They set sail for France. 他们启航驶往法国。
[seɪl] noun
under sail literary
■travelling in a boat or ship with sails 扬帆航行
• After ten hours under sail, they reached dry land. 经过十个小时的航行，他们抵达了陆地。
vi. 航行；启航，开船
 - voyage, put forth
n. [船] 帆，篷；航行
 - navigation, velamentum
vt. 航行
 - log

Word: merchant
Front: merchant
[ˈmɜ:tʃənt] (高研四六托 4126/2755 -3)
Vocabulary: merchant
(once / 123 pages)
n
A merchant is someone who works in or owns a retail business and sells goods. In Paris you can stroll from merchant to merchant, buying a loaf of bread in one shop and a wedge of cheese in another.
The noun merchant has its Latin roots in the word merchari, meaning to trade. Other words from the same root include "market," "merchandise," and "mercantile." In some areas, independent merchants have banded together to combine advertising dollars and compete against malls and big box stores. You should ask your neighborhood book merchant if they've considered joining a group like this.
WORD FAMILY
merchant: merchantable, merchants+/merchantable: merchantability, unmerchantable
USAGE EXAMPLES
The university says a time frame for Merchant’s return to coaching hasn’t been determined.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The 47-year-old Merchant was evaluated by the school’s medical staff on the court during the fourth quarter before walking to the locker room.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
He met his future wife in 1958 at the United Merchants and Manufacturers headquarters in Manhattan’s Garment District.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 商人; 批发商; 店主; 零售商
adj. 商人的; 商业的
分布：商人(87%)，店主(4%)，商船的(4%)，商业的(3%)，专家(1%)，签约方(1%)
→来自法语mercheant,商人，来自拉丁语mercari,买卖，交易，词源同market.
商人(merch+ant表示人)[merc,merch=trade,表示"交易"]
n.商人,零售商The merciful merchant wants to grant some merchandise to the panting immigrants.仁慈的商人要给喘气的移民们一些商品.
US ['mɝ:-] noun countable formal
■a person whose job is to buy and sell products in large amounts, especially by trading with other countries 商人；（尤指外贸）批发商
• a wine/grain merchant 酒商／粮食批发商
■UK informal disapproving
■someone who is involved in or enjoys something which is unpleasant or annoying to others 对（令人讨厌之事）入迷的人，好…的人
• a gossip merchant (= someone who enjoys talking about people's private lives) 喜欢散布流言蜚语的人
• a speed merchant (= someone who drives too fast) 好开快车的人
UK ['mɜ:.tʃənt] US ['mɝ:-] noun countable
merchant of doom/gloom UK disapproving
■someone who is always saying that bad things are going to happen 悲观派，持悲观态度的人
• With exports rising and unemployment falling, the merchants of gloom are having to revise their opinions of the economy. 随着出口产品的增加和失业率的下降，悲观派将不得不改变他们对经济的看法。
dealer, businessman, merchant, tradesman, trader
这组词都有“商人”的意思，其区别是：
dealer: 指商人时多与表商店的字连用。
businessman: 指有经验、善于经营、从事各种买卖活动的买卖人、实业家或工商业家。
merchant: 指从事批发生意的大商人，尤指从事国际贸易的大商人，但在美国或苏格兰等地，也指一般商人。
tradesman: 指零卖商人，开小店的商人。
trader: 指从事贸易工作的人，也指贩子。
n. [贸易] 商人，批发商；店主
 - trader, dealer
adj. 商业的， [贸易] 商人的
 - commercial, shoppy

Word: stadium
Front: stadium
[ˈsteɪdiəm] (高研四六雅 4128/5803 -3)
Back: n. 运动场; 体育场; [医]（疾病的第…）期
分布：体育场(83%)，运动场(17%)
→来自拉丁语 stadium,长度测量单位，跑步道，赛道，来自古希腊语 stadion,长度测量单位， 跑步道，赛道，尤指奥林区克短跑赛道，来自 stadios,固定的，来自 sta,站，站立，词源 同 stand,distance.在古希腊时期，one stadium 约为八分之一英里，185 米。后引申词义体育场， 运动场。
n.体育场The radiation radius of the radioactive radium radiator in the stadium is variable.放射性的镭暖气装置的辐射半径在体育场是易变的.
['steɪ.di.əm] (plural stadiums or stadia)
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a large closed area of land with rows of seats around the sides and often with no roof which is used for sports events and musical performances 体育场
• Thousands of football fans packed into the stadium to watch the match. 成千上万的足球迷涌进体育场观看比赛。
playground, stadium, court, gymnasium
这组词都有“运动场，操场”的意思，其区别是：
playground: 一般指附属于学校或公园内的活动场地，也可指游乐场或儿童游戏场地。
stadium: 指周围有看台的露天大型运动场。
court: 通常指周围有围墙的专用球场。
gymnasium: 可简写为gym，指不受天气影响的室内体育馆、健身房或运动场馆。
n. 体育场；露天大型运动场
 - palaestra, sports field

Word: improved
Front: improved
[ɪm'pru:vd] (4125/3470)
Vocabulary: improved
(once / 232 pages)
adj
Something that's improved has gotten much better than it used to be. An improved menu at a restaurant has more choices — or at least more of your favorites.
The adjective improved is good for describing things that are made to work better or have been updated in some way. An improved piece of computer software might be faster or more efficient than the old version, and if you have an improved outlook on life this morning, you're feeling more optimistic and happy than you were yesterday. The Anglo-French root is emprouwer, "to turn to profit."
WORD FAMILY
improved: unimproved+/improvable: improvably/ improve: improvable, improved, improvement, improver, improves, improving / improvement: improvements, self-improvement/improver: improvers/ improving: improvingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
But then, after her second infusion, her symptoms improved.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
On about day 13 of Dahlin’s stay at The Residence the omens improved.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Del Rio said the key will be getting improved play from the rest of the roster.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 改良的
v. 改善，改进，提高( improve的过去式和过去分词 ); 提高（土地、地产）的价值; 利用（机会）; 抓紧（时间）
分布：改进的(69%)，改良的(28%)，动词improve的过去式和过去分词.(3%)
V-ERG
改进;改善;增进
If something improves or if you improve it, it gets better.
例：Both the texture and condition of your hair should improve...你头发的发质与健康状况都应改善。
例：The weather is beginning to improve...天气开始好转了。
V-ERG
提高;(使)变得更熟练
If a skill you have improves or you improve a skill, you get better at it.
例：Their French has improved enormously...他们的法语进步很大。
例：He said he was going to improve his football.他说他要提高足球技术。
VERB
康复;健康好转
If you improve after an illness or an injury, your health gets better or you get stronger.
例：He had improved so much the doctor had cut his dosage.他康复很快,医生已减少了用药剂量。
VERB
超过;胜过
If you improve on a previous achievement of your own or of someone else, you achieve a better standard or result.
例：We need to improve on our performance against France.我们需要比对阵法国队时表现得更好。
adj. 改良的；改进过的
 - modified, reformative
v. 改进；增加（improve的过去式和过去分词）；变得更好
 - rose, advanced

Word: bloody
Front: bloody
[ˈblʌdi] (研 4127/1763 -3)
Vocabulary: bloody
(once / 272 pages)
1adjv 2adjadv
Something that's bloody is stained or covered with blood, like a bloody nose. In British slang, bloody means something like “very.” That’s bloody brilliant!
Things that are literally bloody have blood on them or are made of blood. Figuratively bloody things, on the other hand, only imply blood — a bloody coup, for example, is a government overthrow that involves some amount of violence. To bloody something is to cover it in blood: "I will bloody your nose if you say that again!" It comes from the Old English blodig, from blod, or "blood."
WORD FAMILY
bloody: bloodied, bloodier, bloodies, bloodiest, bloodily, bloodiness, bloodying, unbloody+/ blood: blooded, blooding, bloodless, bloods, bloody /blooded: bloodedest, bloodedly/ bloodless: bloodlessly
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Pet” is a modern-day fable of unchecked desire that descends quickly into a bloody, morbid cautionary tale.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 01, 2016)
When the Americans recovered a bloody blanket outside one house, the woman who lived there pleaded ignorance.
Time(Dec 01, 2016)
Viewers are right above the limo looking down at Kennedy’s bloody head in Jackie’s lap, giving us a similar vantage to Jackie’s.
Slate(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: adj. 血腥的，残忍的; 血一样的; 血染的; 嗜杀的，残忍的
adv. 非常，很
v. 血污，血染; 使流血
时态：bloodied, bloodying, bloodies
分布：血腥的(67%)，流血的(12%)，嗜杀的(11%)，使流血(10%)
a.流血的,血腥的This is bloody wonderful!就是非常好!
adjective [before noun] adverb mainly UK very informal
ANGER 生气
 ADVANCED
■used to express anger or to emphasize what you are saying in a slightly rude way 该死的；他妈
• I've had a bloody awful week. 我这个星期他妈糟透了。
• It's a bloody disgrace that some war widows don't get a decent pension. 有些因战争而守寡的妇女没有得到数额合理的抚恤金，这种事真他妈丢人。
• Don't be a bloody idiot ! 别他妈像个傻瓜似的！
• This computer's bloody useless ! It's always going wrong. 这部电脑他妈甚么用也没有！总是出问题。
• Don't you tell me what to do! I'll do what I bloody well like in my own house. 不要告诉我该干甚么！在我自己家里我他妈想干甚么就干甚么。
['blʌd.i] adjective [before noun] adverb mainly UK very informal
EMPHASIS 强调
 ADVANCED
■used to emphasize an adjective, adverb or noun in a slightly rude way 很，非常的（地）
• Life would be bloody boring if nothing ever went wrong. 如果甚么都是顺顺利利的，那生活也太沉闷了。
• Don't be so bloody stupid. 别这么傻了。
• She's done bloody well to reach the semi-final. 她表现得很出色，进入了准决赛。
• You must think I'm a bloody fool. 你一定认为我是个大傻瓜。
• I had a bloody good time last night. 我昨晚玩得真痛快。
• I'm afraid there's not a bloody thing (= nothing) you can do about it. 恐怕这件事你无能为力。
• I can't see a bloody thing (= anything) in here. 这儿我甚么也看不见。
['blʌd.i] adjective [before noun] adverb mainly UK very informal
bloody hell very informal
■a rude way of expressing great anger 该死；他妈
• Bloody hell! I've lost my wallet. 该死！我的钱包丢了。
• What the bloody hell did you do that for? 你他妈那样做究竟是为了甚么？
['blʌd.i] adjective
 ADVANCED
■covered with blood; bleeding 流血的，出血的
• a bloody nose 流血的鼻子
 ADVANCED
■extremely violent and involving a lot of blood and injuries 血腥的；残忍的
• It was a long and bloody battle and many men were killed. 那是一场漫长而残酷的战斗，死了许多人。
['blʌd.i] verb transitive
■to make something bloody 使…血淋淋的
• The first punch bloodied his nose. 第一拳就使他的鼻子出血了。
adj. 血腥的；非常的；嗜杀的，残忍的；血色的
 - intense, cruel
adv. 很
 - greatly, quite, badly, far, too

Word: defeat
Front: defeat
[dɪˈfi:t] (高研四六托雅 3326/2560 -K4)
Vocabulary: defeat
(once / 102 pages)
nv
Defeat is the opposite of victory. When you lose, you suffer defeat. When you win, you defeat your enemy.
This is a word that's all about losing. In World War II, America and the Allies defeated the Axis powers: we beat them. In basketball, Michael Jordan usually defeated his opponents. Any loss can be called a defeat. When you're disappointed or think that nothing is going right, you feel defeated. If you're determined to win, you could say, "I won't accept defeat!" Some people are so stubborn that even though they've obviously been defeated, they won't admit defeat.
WORD FAMILY
defeat: defeated, defeating, defeatism, defeats+/defeated: defeatedly, undefeated/defeating: self-defeating/defeatism: defeatist / defeatist: defeatists
USAGE EXAMPLES
In 1966, he was elected lieutenant governor, defeating three opponents in the Democratic primary without a runoff.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But Del Rio sees no reason for Oakland’s confidence to be shattered despite the loss of Carr and the lopsided defeat.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But after resounding defeat in elections early this year, the KMT struggles for relevance on an island that is proud of its separateness from China.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
Back: vt. 击败，战胜; 挫败; [法]宣告无效，作废
n. 战胜; 失败; [法]废除
时态：defeated, defeating, defeats
分布：击败(49%)，战胜(35%)，挫败(10%)，败北(5%)，使...不能实现(1%)
→de-, 不，非，使相反。feat, 功绩。引申义战胜。
打败,摧毁(de向下+feat→做下去→打下去)[fac,fact,fect,fic,fig=make,do,表示"做,制作"]
n.击败,战胜,失败v.击败,战胜;使失败We beat (defeated) the cheat who heated the wheat.我们打败了给小麦加热的骗子.
【记】de使变坏，feat（n 功绩）－使没有功绩－击败
verb transitive
 ESSENTIAL
■to win a victory over someone in a fight, war or competition 击败，打败，战胜
• Napoleon was defeated by the Duke of Wellington at the battle of Waterloo. 拿破伦在滑铁卢战役中被威灵顿公爵击败。
• If we can defeat the Italian team, we'll be through to the final. 如果我们能打败义大利队，我们将晋身决赛。
⇒ See also self-defeating
 ESSENTIAL
■to cause someone or something to fail 使失败，使落空
• The proposal to change the rules was narrowly (= only just) defeated by 201 votes to 196. 变更规则的提案仅以196票对201票的微弱劣势未获通过。
• Our ambitions for this tournament have been defeated by the weather. 天气使我们赢得锦标赛的雄心壮志落空了。
• I'm afraid anything that involves language learning has always defeated me (= I have been unable to do it). 恐怕凡是与学语言沾边的事都会把我给难倒。
[dɪ'fi:t] noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■when someone loses against someone else in a fight or competition, or when someone or something is made to fail 失败；战败；落败
• At the last General Election, they suffered a crushing/humiliating defeat. 在上次大选中，他们一败涂地。
• After their defeat in battle, the soldiers surrendered. 士兵们在战斗中被打败后就投降了。
• She admitted/conceded defeat well before all the votes had been counted. 选票尚未统计完毕，她就承认竞选失败了。
Compare victory
admit defeat
■to accept that you cannot do something 承认失败
• I thought I could mend the radio myself, but I've had to admit defeat. 本以为自己可以修好收音机，但是我不得不承认自己不行。
defeat, beat, overcome, conquer, subdue, overthrow
这组词都有“征服，战胜”的意思，其区别是：
defeat: 普通用词，多指在战争、比赛、竞选或辩论中战胜对手，侧重胜利的暂时性。
beat: 口笔语均可用，可与defeat换用。
overcome: 多指战胜或克服非物质的东西，如困难和不良习惯等。语气较弱也可指在斗争或竞争中战胜或压倒对方。
conquer: 侧重战胜和控制。书面用词。
subdue: 正式用词，与conquer同义，但强调失败后的臣服状态；也可用作借喻，表克制、压抑感情、欲望等。
overthrow: 指彻底击败对手，使其丧失力量和地位。
vt. 击败，战胜；挫败；使…失败
 - down, get the best of
n. 失败；战胜
 - failure, loss, losing, reverse, collapse

Word: associated
Front: associated
[əˈsəʊʃieɪtɪd] (4132/3755 -3)
Back: vt. 合伙，合营; 联合，结合; 联想
vi. 联系(associate的过去式和过去分词); 联盟; 陪伴
n. 合伙人; 伴侣，同志; 联想物，附随物; 会员集体
adj. （用于联合企业的名称）联合的; 有关联的; 联合的
分布：联合的(72%)，相关的(28%)
US [-'soʊ.si.eɪ.tˌɪd] adjective
■connected 有关联的；相关的
• She was prepared to take on the job, with all its associated risks. 她愿意接受这份工作，尽管其伴有各种各样的风险。
adj. 关联的；联合的
 - linked, joint

Word: withdrawal
Front: withdrawal
[wɪðˈdrɔ:əl] (托 4130/3213 -3)
Vocabulary: withdrawal
(once / 735 pages)
n
Withdrawal is when you take something out, like making a withdrawal from your bank account.
When you announced you were no longer running for president, your withdrawal from the race disappointed your many supporters. Withdrawal is also used to describe the painful experience that results when you stop taking an addictive drug (when you "take it out" of your system). The state of being emotionally detached is called withdrawal. If a country terminates an agreement like a treaty, that's a withdrawal too. Remember that withdrawal ends in "wal" and not just "wl."
WORD FAMILY
withdrawal: withdrawals+/ withdraw: withdrawal, withdrawer, withdrawing, withdraws, withdrew/withdrawer: withdrawers
USAGE EXAMPLES
I’ve singed my eyelashes and eyebrows, fallen asleep while smoking, and dreamt of cigarettes—of relapses and flames and bitter withdrawal.
The New Yorker(Dec 01, 2016)
The carefully calculated transfers of $500 a month to make the money last longer turned into $1,200 to $1,500 monthly withdrawals.
Washington Post(Nov 30, 2016)
What if someday both your mother and your father, unbeknownst to one another, made significant withdrawals from your account right before rent was due?
Slate(Nov 30, 2016)
Back: n. 移开; 撤回，撤退，撤开; 收回，取回，撤回
分布：撤退(68%)，取消(29%)，退回(3%)
撤退;撤消(with相反+draw拉+al)[-al 1.表形容词"…的"2.表名词"人,物,状态"]
【反】press（n 推进）
US [-'drɑ:-] noun
TAKING OUT 提出
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■when you take money out of a bank account 提款，取钱
• The bank became suspicious after several large withdrawals were made from his account in a single week. 他的帐户仅在一周之内就有数笔大额提款，这让银行产生了怀疑。
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■when a military force moves out of an area 撤军
• The commander-in-chief was given 36 hours to secure a withdrawal of his troops from the combat zone. 要求总司令在36小时内将其军队撤出交战区。
UK [wɪð'drɔ:.əl] US [-'drɑ:-] noun
NOT AVAILABLE 不存在
 ADVANCED uncountable
■when something is taken away so that it is no longer available, or when someone stops being involved in an activity 收回；退出
• Doctors demanded the withdrawal of the drug (from the market) after several cases of dangerous side-effects were reported. 报道了几宗出现严重副作用的病例之后，医生们要求（从市场上）收回这种药物。
• Her sudden withdrawal from the championship caused a lot of press speculation about her health. 她突然退出锦标赛，引发媒体关于她健康状况的各种猜测。
UK [wɪð'drɔ:.əl] US [-'drɑ:-] noun
NO CONTACT 不交流
uncountable
■when someone prefers to be alone and does not want to talk to other people 沉默寡言；孤僻
• Withdrawal is a classic symptom of depression. 沉默寡言是忧郁症的一种典型症状。
n. [军] 撤退，收回； [金融] 提款；取消；退股
 - cancellation, pullback

Word: refrigerator
Front: refrigerator
[rɪˈfrɪdʒəreɪtə(r)] (高四六托 4133/9857 -K1)
Vocabulary: refrigerator
(once / 2682 pages)
n
A refrigerator is a kitchen appliance where you can store your perishable food at a cool temperature. You should store your milk and meat in the refrigerator to keep them from spoiling.
The term refrigerator is often shortened to fridge, and because of this, people often mistakenly try to spell refrigerator with a d. Refrigerators come in all sizes, from a small cube that is often used in college dorm rooms by students trying to keep a six-pack of soda cool, to a huge walk-in refrigerator that might be used at a restaurant to cool all the ingredients for the week's meals.
WORD FAMILY
refrigerator: refrigerators+/ refrigerate: refrigerated, refrigerates, refrigerating, refrigeration, refrigerator /refrigeration: refrigerations
USAGE EXAMPLES
From the refrigerator temperature to how records are kept, there is little or no room for variance.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
One way firms are trying to do this is by focusing on the refrigerator.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
“I definitely get people who recognize me from someone else’s refrigerator,” said Lani Droz, now a graduate student who lives in Montreal.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 冰箱; 冷藏库; 制冰机，冷冻机
分布：冰箱(100%)
→来自 refrigerate,冷却，冷藏。常缩写自 fridge.
冰箱(re+friger+ator)[frig,friger=cold,表示"冷"]
US [-ɚ.eɪ.tˌɚ] noun countable US , UK formal for
■ fridge
n. [制冷] 冰箱，冷藏库
 - icebox, freezer

Word: nest
Front: nest
[nest] (高研四六 4131/3867 -K2)
Vocabulary: nest
(once / 179 pages)
1nv 2n 3n
A nest is a shelter or other structure that an animal uses for laying eggs or giving birth. If a bird is collecting string and straw and twigs in your yard, she's probably building a nest in a nearby tree.
Large birds of prey build nests that can be six feet high, in trees or on buildings, and up to three feet wide. Owls often make nests in tree hollows, while orioles build elaborate hammock-like nests that hang from branches. Foxes, mice, and raccoons also build nests, and people can make nests too, cozy spots to settle for a nap. As a verb, nest means "to build a nest or fit inside something larger."
WORD FAMILY
nest: nested, nester, nesting, nests+/nester: nesters
USAGE EXAMPLES
At a monitoring site in Kavewa Island, no turtle nests were found in 2010; almost 70 were identified four years later.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
She thought it a relic, scrapped after it was depicted as an instrument of torture in the 1975 movie “One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest.”
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
A stage adaptation of Janell Cannon’s book about a baby bat that falls into a bird’s nest.
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. （鸟）窝; 温床; （套叠在一起的）一套物件; 藏匿处
vt. 筑巢; 嵌套
vi. 筑巢
时态：nested, nesting, nests
分布：巢(58%)，窝(28%)，筑巢(12%)，嵌入(1%)，寻找鸟巢(1%)
→来自古英语nest,来自nisdos,鸟巢，来自*ni,向下，词源同beneath,*sed,坐，词源同sit.即坐的地方，落脚的地方，引申词义鸟巢，鸟窝。
n.窝,巢v.筑巢The bird nests only in northeast, northwest, southeast and southwest lest it be found.此鸟只在东北,西北,东南和西南筑巢,以免被发现.
noun countable
HOME 家
 ADVANCED
■a structure built by birds or insects to leave their eggs in to develop, and by some other animals to give birth or live in （鸟类或昆虫的）窝，巢；（某些动物的）穴
• a bird's nest 鸟巢
• a wasps'/hornets' nest 黄蜂／马蜂窝
• a rat's nest 鼠穴
• Cuckoos are famous for laying their eggs in the nests of other birds. 杜鹃以在其他鸟的窝巢里下蛋而闻名。
• The alligators build their nests out of grass near the water's edge. 短吻鳄在水边用草给自己搭窝。
■a comfortable home 舒适的居所，安乐窝
• when the children grow up and leave the nest 当孩子们长大后离开安乐窝
■a place where something unpleasant or unwanted has developed （坏事滋生的）温床，窟
• The diplomats have been sent home because their embassy has become a nest of spies and espionage. 外交官被遣送回国，因为他们的大使馆已经沦为间谍窝。
[nest] noun countable
SET 一套
■a set of things that are similar but different in size and have been designed to fit inside each other （套叠的）一套物件，一组物件
• I'd like a nest of tables for the living room. 我想在客厅里放一套桌子。
[nest] verb intransitive
■to build a nest, or live in a nest 筑巢，做窝；巢居
• We've got some swallows nesting in our roof at the moment. 现在有几只燕子在我们的屋顶下筑巢。
• Stone farm buildings are ideal nesting sites for barn owls. 石头搭建的农舍是仓鸮理想的栖息之所。
n. 巢，窝；安乐窝；温床
 - soil, eyrie
vi. 筑巢；找鸟巢
 - nidificate

Word: near
Front: near
[nɪə(r)] (中高 706/726 -K5)
Vocabulary: near
(once / 12 pages)
1advadjv 2adj 3adj
Things that are near are close by or recent. From far away, a hawk might look like a speck in the sky, but when it comes near, you can see how enormous and beautiful it is.
When you stand near the food at a party, you're very close to it. When the time for your dentist appointment draws near, it's happening soon. If you find yourself near tears watching a sad movie, you're just about to cry. And, if your backpack is a near match to your friend's, you probably accidentally grab each other's bags all the time, since they resemble each other so closely.
WORD FAMILY
near: neared, nearest, nearing, nearly, nearness, nears+/ nearly: nearlys/nearness: nearnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
The truck was stopped in a roadway near the entrance to the driveway of Gratton’s Georgia home.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
I shiver in my paper gown, sitting near a table with glossy magazines.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Gordon followed with a layup from an offensive rebound, and the Rockets comfortably led by 10 near the final minute.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adv. （空间）在近处; 在附近; （时间）临近; （程度）几乎
prep. （表示程度）接近; （表示位置）靠近; （表示时间）将近; 接近于（某种状态）
adj. 近的; 亲密的; 近似; （亲属关系）近亲
时态：neared, nearing, nears
分布：附近(55%)，近的(16%)，靠近(11%)，接近(10%)，临近(3%)，几乎(2%)，在附近(2%)，濒临(1%)
→来自古英语near,更近的，来自neah，现拼作nigh,接近，-ar,比较级后缀。
a.近的,接近的;亲近的prep.靠近ad.接近The Post Office is very near,you can walk there.邮局很近,你可以走着去.
US [nɪr] adverb preposition
 ESSENTIAL
■not far away in distance （离…）不远，靠近（地）
• Is there a train station near here? 这附近有火车站吗？
• I'd like to sit near a window, please. 请给我一个靠窗的座位。
• Don't come too near me - you might catch my cold. 别离我太近——我会把感冒传染给你的。
• The hotel is near the airport. 旅馆离机场不远。
• Which bus stop is nearest (to) your house? 哪个公车站离你家最近？
• I was standing just near enough to hear what they were saying. 我站的位置刚好能听清楚他们在说甚么。
 ESSENTIAL
■not far away in time （时间上）接近（地），临近（地）
• As the date of his operation drew near, he became more and more anxious. 随着手术日期日益临近，他越来越焦虑了。
• Her birthday was getting nearer and I still hadn't bought her a present. 她的生日越来越近，可我还没给她买礼物。
• UK We can decide which route to take nearer the time. 到时候我们再决定走哪条路线。
 ESSENTIAL
■almost in a particular state or condition （情况）接近（地），濒临
• The runners looked near exhaustion. 赛跑的人看起来快要筋疲力尽了。
• I was near (to) tears (= almost cried) at one point during the film. 电影演到一个地方，我差点哭了出来。
nowhere near
 ADVANCED
■not close in distance, time, amount or quality （距离、时间、数量或质量）远远没有，远非
• The house was nowhere near the sea. 这座房子离海边很远。
• It's nowhere near time for us to leave yet. 离我们走的时间还早呢。
• I'm nowhere near finishing the book - I'm only half-way through it. 距离我读完这本书还早着呢——我才看完一半。
• He's nowhere near as tall as his sister. 他比他姐姐矮多了。
near enough informal
■almost 几乎，差不多
• They're the same age or near enough. 他们年龄接近。
UK [nɪər] US [nɪr] adverb preposition
near at hand
■If something is near at hand, it is near enough to you for you to reach it 近在手边的；近在咫尺
• I like to have my books near at hand when I'm working. 我喜欢工作时把书放在伸手可及的地方。
UK [nɪər] US [nɪr] adjective [before noun]
 ESSENTIAL
■not far away in distance, time, characteristics or quality （距离、时间、特性或质量）近的，接近的
• Where's the nearest post office? 最近的邮局在哪里？
• My pocket knife is the nearest thing (= the most similar thing) to a weapon that I have. 我的小折刀是我身上最近似武器的东西了。
• I couldn't get any cream cheese so I bought the nearest equivalent (= the most similar thing) that I could find. 我买不到奶油起司，所以买了能找到的最近似的代替品。
■UK
■Your near relatives are those who are closely related to you, such as your parents, brothers or sisters. 近亲的
in the near future
■at a time which is not far away 在不久将来
• All our computer equipment will be replaced in the near future. 我们所有的电脑设备在不久的将来会被更换。
UK [nɪər] US [nɪr] adjective [before noun]
your nearest and dearest humorous
■your family, especially those that you live with or are very involved with 至亲，至爱
UK [nɪər] US [nɪr] verb intransitive or transitive
■to get close to something in distance, time or state 靠近；临近；接近
• I'm pleased to say the project is nearing completion. 我很高兴宣布这项工程即将竣工。
• As the wedding day neared, I started to have second thoughts about getting married. 随着婚期日益临近，我开始对结婚犹豫起来。
• The captain switched on the seat belt sign as we neared the airport. 当我们靠近机场时，机长开启了安全带信号灯。
near, nearby, close
这组词都有“接近的”的意思，其区别是：
near: 语气弱于close，也指时间或空间上的接近，但无“紧接，接触”的含义。
nearby: 指距离上很近，近在咫尺。
close: 语气强于near。指时间、地点或程度方面的接近，有紧靠、相邻的意味。
adj. 近的；亲近的；近似的
 - familiar, close
adv. 近；接近
 - rising, forbye
prep. 靠近；近似于
 - next, anigh

Word: thoroughly
Front: thoroughly
[ˈθʌrəli] (六托 4135/3367 -K)
Vocabulary: thoroughly
(once / 127 pages)
adv
Thoroughly means exhaustively and completely. No matter how thoroughly you clean every carpet, shelf, and windowpane in a house, there is always more dust to be found.
Thorough comes from the word through, and originally meant passing completely through something. We use thorough and thoroughly now to show that we have really been as meticulous as possible in a given task. If a detective interviews everyone present at the scene of the crime, collects all the biological evidence, and takes pictures from every angle, then we can say she investigated the crime thoroughly
WORD FAMILY
thorough: thoroughest, thoroughly, thoroughness
USAGE EXAMPLES
However, potential foster families must be thoroughly screened to prevent the placing of a child with a possible abuser.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
A spokeswoman said Mr. Baker shared a desire with state lawmakers to thoroughly prepare for the start of a new industry distributing a controlled substance.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
The philosopher Roger Scruton, writing in this newspaper, thoroughly undid this argument simply by asking, “But what created the laws of physics?”
Wall Street Journal(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adv. 彻底地; 认真仔细地; 完全地; 非常
分布：非常(40%)，完全(30%)，彻底地(30%)
US ['θɝ:-/ UK [-oʊ-] adverb
VERY MUCH 非常
 IMPROVER
■completely, very much 非常
• I thoroughly enjoyed the performance. 我非常喜欢这个演出。
UK ['θʌr.ə.li] US ['θɝ:-/ UK [-oʊ-] adverb
CAREFULLY 仔细的
■in a detailed and careful way 仔细的
• We went through the report thoroughly but the information we wanted wasn't given anywhere. 我们仔细查看了该报告，但没有找到我们需要的资讯。
adv. 彻底地，完全地
 - entirely, completely, totally, fully, absolutely, strictly

Word: lane
Front: lane
[leɪn] (研四六雅 4136/1758 -K3)
Vocabulary: lane
(once / 183 pages)
n
A lane is a relatively narrow street or road. Most country lanes never get backed up with rush hour traffic.
There's the kind of lane that meanders through wooded, hilly countryside, and then there's the lane that's one particular row of traffic on the a busier road. This second kind of lane is sometimes just one of many options, like on an eight-lane highway. You might also choose a lane in a swimming pool, if you swim competitively or among many lap swimmers.
WORD FAMILY
lane: lanes, multilane
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Yellow Jackets struggled badly in the lane, unable to capitalize on 13 offensive rebounds in the first half.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
After a timeout with 41.8 seconds left, Powers drove the right side of the lane to tie it at 86.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The San Ysidro plan also calls for new bicycle lanes and pedestrian improvements to encourage people to stop commuting by car.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 小路，小巷; 航道，空中走廊，规定的单向行车道; 车道; [篮球]罚球区
分布：小巷(38%)，小路(35%)，航道(11%)，跑道(8%)，行车道(8%)
→来自Proto-Germanic*lano,小巷，通道，来自le,走，移动，词源可能同lead.
n.小路,小巷,行车道In the lane the planer saw a planet airplane under the crane.在巷道里,刨工看见了起重机下的行星飞机.
noun countable
ROAD 路
 IMPROVER
■a narrow road in the countryside or in a town 乡间小路；小巷，小街，胡同
• He drives so fast along those narrow country lanes. 在那些狭窄的乡间小路上他把车开得飞快。
• I live at the end of Church Lane. 我住在教堂巷的最里面。
[leɪn] noun countable
STRIP 条带
■a special strip of a road, sports track or swimming pool that is used to keep vehicles or competitors separate 车道；（田径比赛的）跑道，泳道
• a bus/cycle lane 公车／脚踏车车道
• The northbound lane is closed because of an accident. 北上的车道因发生事故已经封闭。
• I find driving in the fast lane rather stressful. 我发现在快车道行驶时精神非常紧张。
• The British runners/swimmers are in lanes 4 and 6. 英国径赛／游泳选手处在第四道和第六道。
■a route through the sea or the air which ships or aircraft regularly sail or fly along 航道，航线
• The English Channel is the busiest shipping lane in the world. 英吉利海峡是世界上最繁忙的水运航道。
motorway（free way，express way）, vessel, pavement（sidewalk）, highway, route, trail, street, way, road, channel, lane
motorway（free way，express way）: 高速公路；
vessel: 血管，管道，一般指细小管道；
pavement（sidewalk）: 街道两旁的人行道；
highway: 通常指市区外可以通行各种机动车辆的交通干线;
route: 路线，航线；path：乡间小路，公园小径；
trail: 指人或兽在森林、荒野或山中踩出的小径或崎岖小道
street: 尤指城市中的道路；
way: 可指各种路、道或通道，也可指抽象的道路、方法；
road: 广阔平坦的大道，多指公路；
channel: 海峡，渠道，管道；
lane: 指农村或城镇的小道或小径，也指小巷；
highway, route, avenue, trail, street, path, motorway, way, road, pavement, lane
这组词都有“路”的意思，其区别是：
highway: 通常指市区外可以通行各种机动车辆的交通干线。
route: 指从此处通往彼处的路线、路程等。
avenue: 在美国，指城市中一侧或两侧建筑物林立的大道或马路；而在英国则常指通住乡村大住宅、私人大庄园或两旁栽树的道路。
trail: 指人或兽在森林、荒野或山中踩出的小径或崎岖小道。
street: 尤指城市中的道路，往往一侧或两侧有高大建筑物；还可指城市小镇、近郊可供人、车、马行走的平坦道路。
path: 多指由人或动物在田间、小丘或树丛中经常走动而踩出的小路，也指公园或花园等供人走的小径。
motorway: 高速公路，新词，特指为车辆快速通行而修的专线，美语为freeway或expressway。
way: 普通用词，含义广泛，可指各种路、道或通道，也可指抽象的道路。
road: 指连接两地间供行人或车辆使用的广阔平坦的大道，多指公路，也可用于引申意义。
pavement: 在英国，多指街道两旁的人行道，而美国人常用sidewlk表示人行道。
lane: 指农村或城镇的小道或小径，也指小巷。
n. [交] 车道；小巷； [航] [水运] 航线
 - vector, driveway

Word: ancestor
Front: ancestor
[ˈænsestə(r)] (高研四六托雅宝 4137/4793 -2)
Vocabulary: ancestor
(once / 225 pages)
n
An ancestor came before. Your grandmother's grandmother and any relative before her is one of your ancestors.
Ante-, a common Latin prefix, means "before." Cedere is Latin for "to go." So, an ancestor is someone who has gone before us. Evolutionary biologists have advanced the theory that all life on earth descends from a common ancestor. Ancestor can also mean "prototype" or "forerunner." The abacus is a distant ancestor of today's supercomputers.
WORD FAMILY
ancestor: ancestors, ancestral +/ ancestral: ancestrally
USAGE EXAMPLES
But it’s the other group, the theropods—which includes Tyrannosaurus rex and Velociraptor—that are the closer cousins and ancestors of birds.
Science Magazine(Jan 02, 2017)
Sure enough, we discover that our ancestors crafted one of the hapless bear’s bones into a flute, one of the oldest artifacts of human ingenuity.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Their common ancestor was John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster, fourth son of King Edward III and father of Henry IV.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 祖先，祖宗; 被继承人; 原型; （动物的）原种，先祖
分布：祖先(94%)，祖宗(5%)，原种(1%)
→来自拉丁语anticessor。 词根anti, 在前。词根cess, 走。
祖先;祖宗(an=ante+cest=cess+or→走在前面的人→祖先)[ced,ceed,cess=go,表示"行走,前进"]
n.祖宗,祖先;原型,先驱During the festival the investor investigated his ancestor.节日期间投资者调查了他的祖宗.
【反】scion（n 幼芽；子孙）
US [-tɚ] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a person related to you who lived a long time ago 祖先，祖宗
• There were portraits of his ancestors on the walls of the room. 房间墙壁上挂着他祖先的画像。
Compare descendant a plant, animal or object that is related to one existing at a later point in time （动植物）原种；（物体）原型
• This wooden instrument is the ancestor of the modern metal flute. 这种木制乐器是现在金属长笛的雏形。
n. 始祖， [生物] 祖先；被继承人
 - father, root, grandfather

Word: condemn
Front: condemn
[kənˈdem] (高研四六托雅宝 4138/3223 -3)
Vocabulary: condemn
(once / 134 pages)
1v 2v 3v 4v 5v
You can condemn, or openly criticize, someone who is behaving inappropriately. If you are an animal rights activist, you would probably condemn someone for wearing fur.
Condemn originally comes, through Old French, from the Latin word condemnāre, "to sentence, condemn." You may see politicians condemn each other in political ads during a campaign in hopes of improving their chances of winning an election. You also might hear of a convict being "condemned to death." In this sense of the word, to condemn still carries on its Latin meaning of "to sentence."
WORD FAMILY
condemn: condemnable, condemnation, condemnatory, condemned, condemning, condemns+/condemnable: condemnably/ condemnation: condemnations, self-condemnation/condemning: condemningly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Leaving him with a mouthful of condemned teeth that would likely deteriorate merely stacked the odds against him.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Wasting no time, House and Senate Republicans are poised to mark the first day of the 115th Congress with resolutions condemning the U.N.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The federal government moved a decade ago to condemn the last privately owned mineral rights to protect against geothermal development within the preserve.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. （通常因道义上的原因而）谴责; 宣判; 宣布…不能使用; 迫使…陷于不幸的境地
时态：condemned, condemning, condemns
分布：谴责(97%)，判刑(3%)
→con-, 强调。-demn, 责备，词源同damn, 该死的。
谴责,指责(com共同+demn→共同伤害→谴责)[demn=harm表示"伤害"]
v.谴责,指责;判刑,宣告有罪The man who broke the sole solid lid is solemnly condemned.打破这个仅有的实心盖子的人受到庄严谴责.
【记】con共同，demn＝damn（v 谴责，诅咒）－共同诅咒－强烈谴责
【参】damnify（v 损害）；indemnify（v 赔偿，补偿）
【反】countenance（v 支持）；extol（v 赞美）
verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to criticize something or someone strongly, usually for moral reasons （通常指出于道义而）谴责，指责
• The terrorist action has been condemned as an act of barbarism and cowardice. 人们谴责这一恐怖行径是野蛮和懦弱的行为。
• The film was condemned for its sexism. 这出电影被指责带有性别歧视。
[kən'dem] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  condemn sb to (do) sth
■to say what the punishment of someone who has committed a serious crime will be 判决，宣判（某人某种刑罚）
• She was condemned to death and executed two weeks later. 她被宣判死刑，两星期后被处决。
• [often passive] They were condemned to spend the rest of their lives in prison. 他们被判终身监禁。
[kən'dem] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  condemn sb to sth
■to make someone suffer in a particular way 使（某人）遭受；使（某人）处于（不幸的境地）
• Poor education condemns many young people to low-paid jobs. 缺乏教育致使许多年轻人只能从事低收入的工作。
reproach, accuse, charge, rebuke, denounce, scold, condemn, blame
reproach: 侧重指因他人粗心、自私等引起不满而去指责、找岔。
accuse: 正式或非正式场合，私人或法律上均可用，被指控的情节可轻可重，常与of连用
charge: 常与accuse换用，但charge多指较严重的错误或罪行，而且往往向法庭提出正式起诉。与with连用
rebuke: 多指上级对下级进行的公开、强烈、严正而不宽容的责备。隐含一定权威的意味。
denounce: 与condemn同义，但着重公开性。
scold: 普通用词，多指上级对下级、长辈对后辈或雇主对雇员的态度粗暴、言词激烈的数落。
condemn: 正式用词，表示谴责，有较强的司法意味，侧重从道义或原则上的谴责。
blame: 普通用词，语气较弱，仅是一般的责难、归咎于，不含用语言责骂之意。
convict, judge, sentence, doom, condemn
这组词都有“判决、宣判”的意思，其区别是：
convict: 法律用词，指审判后判定有罪，但未作最后判决。
judge: 指对案件作出审理判决，但判决内容较笼统，不如sentence和condemn使用广泛。
sentence: 法律用词，指根据罪犯所犯罪行的轻重而宣判处罚。
doom: 书面用词，指郑重他宣判某人有罪。
condemn: 普通用词，指法院对审理结束的案件做出的定罪判刑。
vt. 谴责；判刑，定罪；声讨
 - denounce, deplore

Word: steam
Front: steam
[sti:m] (高研四六托雅 4139/2756 -K3)
Back: n. 蒸汽，雾; 〈口〉精神，精力; 轮船，乘轮船旅行
vt. & vi. 冒蒸汽; 快速行走，疾行
vi. 动力; 成蒸汽上升; 汽动; [非正式]发怒
vt. 蒸煮
时态：steamed, steaming, steams
分布：蒸(55%)，蒸汽(41%)，水汽(2%)，轮船(1%)，蒸汽动力(1%)
→来自古英语 steam,蒸汽，水气，来自 Proto-Germanic*staumaz,蒸汽，水气，可能与 stew 有词 源上的联系。
n.水汽,蒸汽,水蒸气v.蒸发;蒸;用蒸汽开动The football team stopped the steam stream with beams.足球队用横杆堵住了蒸汽流.
noun uncountable
 IMPROVER
■the hot gas that is produced when water boils 蒸汽，水蒸气
• Steam rose from the simmering stew. 火上的炖肉咕嘟咕嘟冒着热气。
• steam turbines 蒸汽涡轮机
• a steam engine/locomotive 蒸汽机／火车头
• the age of steam (= the period when steam provided power for railways and factories) 蒸汽时代
• The pump is driven by steam. 这个泵是由蒸汽驱动的。
[sti:m] noun uncountable
get/pick up steam
■to start working much more effectively 加速；加大马力
• After the first three months, the fundraising project really started to pick up steam. 最初的三个月后，筹款活动开始变得如火如荼。
[sti:m] noun uncountable
let/blow off steam
■to do or say something that helps you to get rid of strong feelings or energy 发泄怒气；宣泄感情；释放精力
• He lifts weights after work to let off steam. 他下班后练举重来宣泄精力。
[sti:m] noun uncountable
under your own steam
■If you do something under your own steam, you do it without help 靠自己的力量；独力
• Do you want a lift or will you get there under your own steam? 你要不要搭个便车，还是你自己去？
[sti:m] verb
intransitive
■to move by steam power 依靠蒸汽动力行驶
• The train/ship steamed out of the station/harbour. 火车／汽船喷着蒸汽驶出了车站／港口。
transitive
■to cook food using steam 蒸（食物）
• steamed vegetables 蒸蔬菜
transitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to use steam to soften something, especially glue so that something can be removed 用蒸汽软化（尤指胶水）
• Ross steamed open the envelope to see if it was a love letter. 罗斯用蒸汽软化胶水打开信封，想看看是不是情书。
[sti:m] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] steam (sth) up
■If glass or something with a glass or similar surface steams up, it becomes covered with a thin layer of water caused by steam touching it, and if you steam it up, you cause this to happen （使）蒙上水气
• The bathroom mirror steamed up during my shower. 我淋浴的时候，浴室的镜子蒙上了水气。
• Going into the warm room steamed my glasses up. 走进暖和的房间，我的眼镜蒙上了一层雾气。
steamed up
■angry, especially about something that other people do not think is important （尤指为琐事）非常恼火的，愤怒的
• She got all steamed up about the books being left on the tables. 她看到那些书都摊在桌子上，大为光火。
vapour, steam
这组词都有“蒸汽”的意思，其区别是：
vapour: 与steam常可换用，多用于科体文章中，指临界温度下气态的物质。
steam: 通常指作为动力的蒸汽或水沸腾后产生的蒸汽或水汽。
vt. 蒸，散发；用蒸汽处理
 - shed
n. 蒸汽；精力
 - energy, vigor, vapor

Word: accent
Front: accent
[ˈæksent] (中高研四 4140/3701 -K2)
Vocabulary: accent
(once / 273 pages)
1nv 2n 3n
An accent is a stress or emphasis on a particular part of something, usually a word. Pronounce the word "doofus" with the accent on the first syllable: DOO-fuss.
Accent comes from the Latin accentus, which means "the intonation of singing." We use accent for different kinds of emphasis in speech. In some foreign languages, the mark above a letter is an accent that signals how to pronounce it. If you accent something, like the "t" on the end of your name, you highlight it. In music, an emphasized note is accented. A regional accent is the particular way that people from that place speak.
WORD FAMILY
accent: accented, accenting, accents, accentual, accentuate +/accented: accentedest, unaccented/accentual: accentually/ accentuate: accentuated, accentuates, accentuating, accentuation/accentuation: accentuations
USAGE EXAMPLES
Harwood is a sixty-six-year-old man of medium stature who speaks with the kind of rural accent that sometimes drops the last letters of words.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Her voice still carried the accent of her Brooklyn youth.
New York Times(Jan 12, 2012)
It was particularly important not to stay in accent on this set.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 重音; 口音; 腔调; 重音符号（标在字母上）
时态：accented, accenting, accents
分布：口音(76%)，重音(10%)，强调(9%)，重读(5%)
→前缀ac-同ad-. 词根cent,唱,同chant, 咏唱。字面意思指说话像唱歌，后指口音。后指先说后唱，强调。
口音;重音,ac起强调作用[cant,cent=sing,song,表示"唱,歌"]
n.口音,腔调;重音(符号)vt.重读"Ten percent of the cents are made in recent centuries," he said with strong accent."百分之十的分币是最近几个世纪制造的,"他带着浓重的口音说.
US [ˈæk.sent/
■to emphasize something 强调，着重；突出
• In any advertising campaign, you must accent the areas where your product is better than the competition. 在广告宣传中，必须突出你的产品比竞争对手优胜之处。
• specialized Accent the first note of every bar. 突出每一小节的第一个音符。
tone, dialect, accent
这三个名词意思相近，容易混淆。
tone: n.语气，音调，指说话人的口气或声音的高低、轻重等。
 • He speaks to his baby in soft tones.   他用柔和的语调和他的婴儿说话。
dialect: n.方言，土语，地方话，指一个地区人们所使用的语言。
 • the Yorkshire dialect   约克郡方言the Sichuan dialect四川方言
accent: n.口音，指某一地区语言的发音特征；重音。
 • He speaks English with a Spanish accent.   他讲英语带有西班牙口音。
n. 口音； [语] 重音；强调；特点；重音符号
 - stress, trait
vt. 强调；重读；带…口音讲话
 - emphasize, stress, highlight

Word: escape
Front: escape
[ɪˈskeɪp] (高研四六托 2034/1697 -K4)
Vocabulary: escape
(once / 41 pages)
1vn 2vn 3vn 4n 5v
To escape is to break free, to get out of a situation you don’t want to be in. It’s also a noun, as in an escape from a dull party that might involve a ladder and an upstairs window.
It’s hard to pin down the word escape. An escape can be the act of escaping, like an escape from prison, but an escape can also be a calming retreat, like a vacation that gets you away from the stress of everyday life. As a verb, escape also means, "to fail to experience or know.” If the humor escapes you, you don't find the joke funny.
WORD FAMILY
escape: escaped, escapee, escapes, escaping, escapism, inescapable +/escapee: escapees/ escapism: escapist / escapist: escapists/ inescapable: inescapably
USAGE EXAMPLES
Police said the women escaped shortly before 6 p.m.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Celtics use Nets’ No. 1 pick to draft Lonzo Ball, who is compared to Jason Kidd, who also escaped Brooklyn.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
State public security secretary Sergio Fontes said that in addition to the deaths, some inmates escaped, but he did not say how many.
Time(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: v. 逃脱; 逃离; 躲过; 泄露
n. 逃走; 逃跑工具或方法; 野生种; 泄漏
adj. 使逃避困难的; 使规避问题的
时态：escaped, escaping, escapes
分布：逃跑(34%)，逃避(32%)，逃脱(31%)，被忘掉(1%)，泄露(1%)，度假(1%)
→来自拉丁语*excappare, 逃跑，ex-, 向外，-cap, 帽子，斗篷。即被抓住的时候，从斗篷里钻出来逃跑。
n.逃跑,逃脱v.逃跑;避开,避免After a fortnight's torture, the unfortunate man got an opportunity to escape the misfortune.经过两星期的拷打后那个不幸的人得到了逃脱不幸的机会.
【参】escapism（n 逃避现实；空想）
verb
GET FREE 避开
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to get free from something, or to avoid something 逃走，逃脱，逃离；逃避，避开
• Two prisoners have escaped. 两个犯人逃走了。
• A lion has escaped from its cage. 一头狮子逃出了兽笼。
• She was lucky to escape serious injury. 她真是万幸，逃过一劫，没有受重伤。
• He narrowly (= only just) escaped a fine. 他差一点被罚款。
• His name escapes me (= I have forgotten his name). 我记不起他的名字了。
• Nothing important escapes her notice/attention. 任何重要的事情都不会逃过她的眼睛／注意。
[ɪ'skeɪp] verb
COMPUTER 电脑
intransitive specialized
■to press the key on a computer keyboard which allows you to leave a particular screen and return to the previous one or to interrupt a process 退出，结束（运行程式）
• Escape from this window and return to the main menu. 从这个视窗退出，返回主功能表。
[ɪ'skeɪp] verb
There's no escaping the fact
■used to mean that something is certain 不可否认的是；毫无疑问
• There's no escaping the fact (that) we won't be able to complete these orders without extra staff. 不可否认的是，如果不增添人手，我们将无法完成这些订单。
[ɪ'skeɪp] noun
GET FREE 逃离
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■when someone succeeds in getting out of a place or a dangerous or bad situation 逃脱，逃离
• He made his escape on the back of a motorbike. 他骑上摩托车逃之夭夭。
• an escape route 逃匿路线
• They had a narrow escape (= only just avoided injury or death) when their car crashed. 撞车事故中，他们九死一生，逃过一劫。
countable
■a loss that happens by accident 漏出；泄漏；溢出
• an escape of radioactivity 放射线外泄
[ɪ'skeɪp] noun
FORGET 忘记
only singular
■something that helps you to forget about your usual life or problems （对现实的）逃避，回避；解脱之物：
• Romantic novels provide an escape from reality. 浪漫小说提供了一种逃避现实的方式。
[ɪ'skeɪp] noun
COMPUTER 电脑
uncountable (also escape key) (written abbreviation Esc) specialized
■the key on a computer keyboard which allows you to leave a particular screen and return to the previous one or to interrupt a process （电脑键盘上的）退出键
• Press Esc to return to the main menu. 按逸出键返回主功能表。
flee, avoid, escape
flee: 逃走（但不一定逃脱）
avoid: 在……之前有意避开；
escape: 从……之中逃脱；
flee, fly, get away, run away, escape
这组词都有“逃跑、逃脱”的意思，其区别是：
flee: 书面用词，侧重指逃跑时动作匆忙，多含惧怕之意。
fly: 含义与flee相同，但系非正式用词。
get away: 口语用语。侧重指犯罪分子从现场逃跑或被捕时逃走。
run away: 口语用语，强调动作迅速。
escape: 侧重逃跑的结果，不强调逃跑时的匆忙或危险情况。
vt. 逃避，避免；被忘掉
 - get out of, shun
vi. 逃脱；避开；溜走
 - get away, keep clear of
n. 逃跑；逃亡
 - hijra, desertion

Word: optimistic
Front: optimistic
[ˌɒptɪˈmɪstɪk] (高研四六托 4141/4963 -1)
Vocabulary: optimistic
(once / 1152 pages)
adj
An optimistic person thinks the best possible thing will happen, and hopes for it even if it's not likely. Someone who's a tad too confident this way is also sometimes called optimistic.
If you see the glass as half-full when others see it as half-empty; if you look on the bright side of things, you're optimistic. If the chain falls off your rusty old bicycle, a tire goes flat, the frame cracks down the middle, the seat keeps twisting around, and you say, "But look! The little bell still works — I'm sure this bike will be fine," you're being very optimistic, though some might venture to call you "delusional."
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
optimistic / pessimistic
An optimistic person expects all the best things to happen! Is it raining money yet? A pessimistic person is a downer. Who cares if it's raining money? They'll never get any.
Optimistic people see the best in the world. Optimistic ideas have been around for a while — Voltaire's "Candide" (1759) mocked them thoroughly. Here's an optimistic quote from Ralph Waldo Emerson: "Write it on your heart that every day is the best day in the year." Here are some more recent examples from the news:
"It's been so positive…He's always optimistic, always hungry for the next one." (Washington Times)
"It's an optimistic assessment that clashes hard with the reality on the ground." (Los Angeles Times)
Abandon all hope ye who enter here! A pessimistic person expects the worst in every situation. Doom and gloom rule a pessimistic attitude. In business, a pessimistic mood prevents people from investing. If you're pessimistic, you see a beautiful waterfall and assume you're going to die in it. Here are some examples of the word:
"Designed to cope with the most pessimistic nightmare of an apocalypse, a day spent here is not destined to be uplifting." ( BBC)
"There has also been a smaller—yet still statistically significant—rise in the frequency of negative words, such as 'disappointing' and 'pessimistic'." (Nature)
These words often show up together:
"And my personal philosophy is I'd rather be optimistic and wrong rather than pessimistic and right." (Time)
"A higher life expectancy estimate is optimistic for the human condition, but pessimistic for the Social Security Trust Fund." (New York Times)
Most people are a little of both, and you can certainly be optimistic — you just learned new words! Or pessimistic — you'll probably just forget them, though. Sigh.
WORD FAMILY
optimistic: optimistically+/ optimism: optimisms, optimist, optimistic / optimist: optimists
USAGE EXAMPLES
“I’m not very optimistic that the employment situation of transgender people will change as a result of this case,” Wang said.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
For the first time I am not optimistic any more.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
The rate of warming we are seeing, in both the air and ocean temperatures, is inconsistent with the fanciful and optimistic beliefs of this group.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 乐观的，乐观主义的
分布：乐观的(91%)，乐观主义的(9%)
乐观的(optim+ist+ic)[optim=best,表示"最好"]
a.乐观主义的The optional helicopter is adopted to help the optimistic helpless in the hell.可选用的直升飞机被用来帮助地狱里那些乐观的无助者.
US [ˌɑ:p.tə-] adjective
 ADVANCED
■hopeful; believing that good things will happen in the future 乐观的
• She is optimistic about her chances of winning a gold medal. 她对赢得金牌很乐观。
hopeful, optimistic
这组词都有“充满希望的，乐观看”的意思，其区别是：
hopeful: 着重有根据的希望，充满自信。
optimistic: 指性格乐观，对未来充满希望，有时抱有不切实际的幻想。
adj. 乐观的；乐观主义的
 - rose-colored, rosy

Word: unite
Front: unite
[juˈnaɪt] (高研四六 4146/3628 -K2)
Vocabulary: unite
(once / 25 pages)
v
Use the verb unite to describe two or more things merging into one, like several angry citizens who unite to form a political group.
If two countries come together to form one country, they unite. This happened in 1990 when East Germany and West Germany merged into one united Germany. If several people act as one, joining for a common goal, they also unite. The word has been used in English since the fifteenth century, and it came from the Latin unitus, "to unite," which in turn has its roots in unus, which means "one."
WORD FAMILY
unite: disunite, reunite, united, unites, uniting, unity +/disunite: disunited, disunites, disuniting/disunited: disunitedly/disunity: disunities/ reunite: reunited, reunites, reuniting/ united: unitedly/uniting: unitings/ unity: disunity, unities
USAGE EXAMPLES
Leaving the UK, Obama visits Turkey where he says: “The United States is not, and will never be, at war with Islam.”
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
The United States government rates readings of 301 to 500 as “hazardous.”
New York Times(Jan 03, 2017)
A year ago, a robot called HitchBOT traveled across Canada, the United Kingdom and the Netherlands before it was brought to the United States.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. （使）联合，合并，统一; 并有，兼备; 混合，化合
vi. （为某事）联合，联手，团结
时态：united, uniting, unites
分布：团结(60%)，联合(26%)，统一(11%)，合并(3%)
→来自拉丁语unus, 一，词源同one。引申义一体，集中。
团结,合并[un,uni=one,表示"单一,一个"]
联合,统一(uni一个+ite)[-ite 1.表形容词"…的"2.表名词"人或物"3.表动词"促成"]
vi.联合,团结;统一,合并vt.使联合For unity the units united into a unique union.为了统一,这些单位联合成一个独特的联盟.
verb intransitive or transitive
 ADVANCED
■to join together as a group, or to make people join together as a group; to combine （使）结合；（使）联合；（使）团结
• If the opposition groups manage to unite, they may command over 55% of the vote. 如果反对派能联合起来，可能会赢得55%以上的选票。
• If ever a dance company could unite the differing worlds of rock and ballet, the Joffrey Ballet is it. 如果有哪个歌舞团能把芭蕾和摇滚融合在一起的话，那这个歌舞团就是乔弗利芭蕾舞团。
⇒ See also reunite
relate, unite, connect, attach, link, combine, couple, join, associate
这组词都有“连接，结合，联合”的意思，其区别是：
relate: 指人与人有亲戚或婚烟关系；也指人或物之间尚存的实际或假想的联系。
unite: 指联合、团结、结合在一起，构成一个整体。
connect: 指两事物在某一点上相连接，但彼此又保持独立。
attach: 指把局部连接在整体上，小的接在大的上面，活动的接在固定的上面。
link: 指连环式的连接，或用接合物或其它方式连接，还可指一事物与另一事物的联系或关系。
combine: 指两个或两个以上的人或物结合在一起。
couple: 专指连接两件东西，或把事物成对进行连接。
join: 侧重把原来不相连接的物紧密地连接在一起，但仍可再分开。也指把分散的人或几个部分的人联合起来，或加入到某团体中去。
associate: 指人与人友好和平、平等地联合在一起；用于物时，指两事物因历史或其它原因，很自然被人们联系在一起，即产生联想。
unite, ally, combine, associate
这组词都有“联合”的意思，其区别是：
unite: v.联合，合并，团结，尤指不同的事物或人组成统一体，强调结果的一致性。
 • The nation united against its enemy.   国民团结一致共同对敌。
ally: v.使结盟，使联姻，多与with搭配。
 • Several political parties allied with each other against higher taxes.   几个政治党派联合起来反对提高税收。
combine: v.联合，化合，混合，多指为了某个目的将不同的人或物混合而成一个整体。
 • The girl combined sugar, butter, and flour to made the dough.   小姑娘把糖、黄油和面粉混合到一起做成面团。
associate: v.交往，结交；联系，联想。多指平等友好的合作，后接with，表示与某人交往或合作，后接in表示在某个方面合作。
 • We associate with our neighbors at church.   在教堂里，我们同邻居交往。
vt. 使…混合；使…联合；使…团结
 - intermix
vi. 团结；联合；混合
 - league, band, combine, connect, rally

Word: cage
Front: cage
[keɪdʒ] (高研四六 4143/4775 -2)
Vocabulary: cage
(once / 763 pages)
1nv 2n 3n
A cage is a structure that keeps an animal captive. If you decide to raise a tiger in your bedroom, it's best to have a sturdy cage.
Cage is equally at home as a noun or verb. For instance, a batting cage is fun, but a free bird does not desire you to cage it. A cage of an elevator is great to ride to the 30th floor, but not so great if you’re riding it down into the mines and it breaks 40 feet below the earth.
WORD FAMILY
cage: caged, cages, caging
USAGE EXAMPLES
His doves, Divinity and Majesty, flutter in an ornate white cage on the viewing balcony above.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
He backed Lineker to the cage with a punch in the third.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Half of the animals were put into cages that contained running wheels.
New York Times(Jun 15, 2016)
Back: n. 笼子; 牢房; 升降车; [棒]练球场
vt. 把…关入牢中; 把…关进笼内; 把（冰球等）打入球门
时态：caged, caging, cages
分布：笼子(94%)，监狱(4%)，笼状结构(1%)，关入笼中(1%)
→词源同cave，洞穴。即关东西的地方。
n.鸟笼The villagers in rage caused a tragedy on the cage-like stage.狂怒的村民在笼子形的舞台上制造了一场悲剧.
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a space surrounded on all sides by bars or wire, in which animals or birds are kept 笼子
[keɪdʒ] verb transitive usually passive
■to put or keep birds or animals in a cage （把鸟或动物）关进笼子里
• caged birds/animals 笼中鸟／兽
• Sam's been prowling about like a caged animal all morning. 萨姆整个上午都像困兽一样走来走去。
n. 笼，兽笼；牢房，监狱
 - prison, jail

Word: equip
Front: equip
[ɪˈkwɪp] (高研四六托 4145/3643 -2)
Vocabulary: equip
(once / 141 pages)
v
To equip means to provide something needed for a particular purpose. If you’re planning a trip to the Arctic, you should equip yourself with warm clothes, tents, and two-way radios.
You might want to equip someone with an ice axe for ice climbing and a diving watch for underwater excursions. The ice axe or the diving watch is their equipment. Equip can also be used in a more figurative sense. If you are supposed to write computer programs but have never worked with a computer, you might say that you are not equipped for that. On a really bad day, it might feel like people are not equipped to deal with each other politely.
WORD FAMILY
equip: equipage, equipment, equipped, equipping, equips, re-equip+/equipage: equipages/ equipment: equipments/ equipped: ill-equipped, unequipped/re-equip: re-equipping
USAGE EXAMPLES
The same filings say it was once called “the best equipped school in the nation.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The building contains 24 units and was equipped with sprinklers.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Disney will be well equipped to expand its galaxy of heroes in the next two years.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. 装备，配备; 使具备，使有准备
时态：equipped, equipping, equips
分布：装备(75%)，具备(11%)，准备(10%)，穿(4%)
→来自古法语esquiper, 船的配备，装载，词源同ship. 拼写参照etude, study.
v.(with)装备,配备;训练Our laboratory is well equipped.我们的实验室装备良好.
[ɪ'kwɪp] (-pp-)
verb transitive
PROVIDE 提供
 ADVANCED
■to provide a person or a place with objects that are necessary for a particular purpose 装备；配备
• It's going to cost $4 million to equip the hospital. 给这所医院配齐医疗设备将耗资400万美元。
• All the police officers were equipped with shields to defend themselves against the rioters. 所有员警都配备了盾牌以便在与暴乱分子的对抗中防身。
[ɪ'kwɪp] (-pp-)
verb transitive
PREPARE 准备
■to give someone the skills they need to do a particular thing 使有准备；使有能力；训练
• The course aims to equip people with the skills necessary for a job in this technological age. 本课程旨在使人们获得在这个科技时代必备的工作技能。
• A degree in the history of art is very nice but it doesn't exactly equip you for many jobs. 能获得一个艺术史学位固然不错，但在很多工作中它并不见得会使你有用武之地。
equip, furnish, present, provide, volunteer, propose, supply, offer, afford
equip: 侧重提供与技术有关的装备或设备等
furnish: 多指添置家具等供给生活的必需品或为生活舒适提供所需的服务设施
present: 既可指提出意见建议等，又可指拿出某物供人欣赏或赠送
provide: 与supply近义，但强调人的深谋远虑，侧重用贮备等方法作充分准备
volunteer: 侧重出于自愿，而不是奉命做某事
propose: 指直接而主动地提出问题或建议等，也指在讨论或争辩中提出具体意见或建议
supply: 普通用词，指提供任何所需求的东西
offer: 多指主动提出或提供意见或东西等，但是否接受由对方自行决定
afford: 一般只用于对抽象事物提供，也可指经济能力上的供给或支付
vt. 装备，配备
 - prepare, provide

Word: shrimp
Front: shrimp
[ʃrɪmp] (六托 4144/10603 -1)
Back: n. 虾，小虾; 矮小的人
v. 捕虾
时态：shrimped, shrimping, shrimps
分布：虾(99%)，钓虾(1%)
→来自中古英语 schrimpe,虾，来自 Proto-Germanic*skrimpaz,弯，转，sker,弯，转，词源 同 ring,curve,scrimp.因虾蜷曲的身形而得名。
noun
ANIMAL 动物
countable or uncountable (plural shrimps or shrimp) (UK also prawn)
■a small sea animal with a thin shell, ten legs and long tail, or its pink curved body eaten as food 小海虾；（食用的）小虾仁
• shrimp cocktail/paste 鲜虾冷盘／虾酱
[ʃrɪmp] noun
PERSON 人
countable (plural shrimps) informal disapproving
■an extremely short person 矮子，矬子
n. [水产] 虾；小虾；矮小的人
 - small, crevette
vi. 捕虾
 - prawn

Word: homeland
Front: homeland
[ˈhəʊmlænd] (高 4149/8870 -2)
Vocabulary: homeland
(once / 1768 pages)
n
A homeland is the country where a group originally comes from, or where a person was born. If your grandparents and great-grandparents are Greek, you might consider Greece your homeland.
If you were born in Iran and raised in Canada, it might be important to you to think of Iran as your homeland, or the place you and your ancestors come from. In addition to being your birthplace, your homeland holds a lot of your cultural identity. Sometimes homeland is used in a nationalistic or even racist way, emphasizing that only certain ethnic groups are "native" to a certain country. The Old English root, hamland simply meant "enclosed pasture."
WORD FAMILY
homeland: homelands
USAGE EXAMPLES
The newcomers shared their adopted homeland's optimism about the journey ahead.
BBC(Dec 31, 2016)
The company said U.S. utilities were alerted by the Department of Homeland Security on Thursday of the code.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
He believes one of the best long-term strategies is to help address the conditions that are driving people to flee their homelands.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 祖国，家乡; （南非种族隔离制度下的）黑人住宅区
分布：祖国(100%)
→比喻用法。
US ['hoʊm-] noun countable
■the country you were born in 祖国
■(in the past) one of the areas in South Africa in which black people were separated from whites under the political system of apartheid （过去南非实行种族隔离制度时划定的）黑人居住地
n. 祖国；故乡
 - country, motherland

Word: exchange
Front: exchange
[ɪksˈtʃeɪndʒ] (高研四六托雅 1513/1084 -K4)
Vocabulary: exchange
(once / 82 pages)
1nv 2nv 3n
To exchange means to trade one thing for another. If you and your friend both prefer what the other has brought for lunch, you should exchange lunches.
Exchange, which is both a noun and a verb, comes from the Latin ex-, meaning "out" and cambiare, for "change" or "substitute." If you're traveling in Europe, you exchange U.S. Dollars for Euros. If you get a really awful outfit for your birthday present, you can go to the store and exchange it for one you like better. The correspondence between you and your loved one is an exchange of love letters. An argument is an exchange of opinions.
WORD FAMILY
exchange: exchangeable, exchanged, exchanger, exchanges, exchanging+/exchangeability: unexchangeability/exchangeable: exchangeability, unexchangeable/exchanger: exchangers
USAGE EXAMPLES
As players arrived to collect their belongings from the team’s practice center, some exchanged goodbyes, unsure if they would be back here in the spring.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“After exchange w Trump transition team, changed my recommendation: stay away,” he tweeted on the morning of Nov. 15.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
They are signing up through state and national exchanges in greater numbers than ever.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 交换; 交易; 交易所; 兑换（率）
vt. 交换，互换; 兑换; 交换，调换
vi. 交换，替换; 进行易货贸易，作物物交换; [金融业]（货币）交换，兑换
时态：exchanged, exchanging, exchanges
分布：交换(68%)，兑换(22%)，交易所(9%)，交战(1%)
→ex-, 向外。change, 改变。
v./n.(for)交换,兑换;交流,交易;交换台In the exchange the oranges are arranged into strange ranges.在交易所里橙子被排成奇怪的行.
noun
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■when you give something to someone and they give you something else 交换；互换；交流
• an exchange of ideas/information 思想／讯息交流
• They were given food and shelter in exchange for work. 他们帮人工作以换取食宿。
• She proposes an exchange of contracts at two o'clock. 她提议两点钟办理房屋产权过户手续。
• Several people were killed during the exchange of gunfire. 交火中有几个人丧生。
countable
■a short conversation or argument （短暂的）交谈，对话；争吵
• There was a brief exchange between the two leaders. 两位领导人进行了简短的交谈。
[ɪks'tʃeɪndʒ] verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to give something to someone and receive something from them 交换；互换；交流
• It's traditional for the two teams to exchange shirts after the game. 比赛后两队队员交换球衣，这是传统。
• I exchanged those trousers for a larger size. 我换了条大一点的裤子。
• Every month the group meets so its members can exchange their views/opinions (= have a discussion). 小组每个月都聚会一次，这样成员之间就可以互相交流看法／观点。
• We exchanged greetings before the meeting. 会前我们互相致意。
• We can exchange addresses when we see each other. 等我们见了面，可以互相交换位址。
• Exchanging houses (= going to live in someone else's house while they live in yours) for a few weeks is a good way of having a holiday. 与他人交换住所来住上几个星期也不失为一个渡假的好方法。
[ɪks'tʃeɪndʒ] verb transitive
exchange words
■to speak with someone 交谈；对话
• We exchanged words after the meeting. 我们在会后进行了交谈。
replace, substitute, exchange
这组词都有“换”的意思，其区别是：
replace: 的含义为“替换”，“取代”。如：George has replaced Edward as captain of the team.(乔石治已接替爱德华担任队长。)
substitute: 则表示“用……代替”。如：We substitute nylon for cotton.(我们用尼龙代替了棉花。)
exchange: 指“互相交换”。
n. [通信] [计] 交换；交流；交易所； [金融] 兑换
 - communication, conversion
vt. [通信] [计] 交换；交易； [金融] 兑换
 - turn, truck
vi. [通信] [计] 交换；交易； [金融] 兑换
 - trade, traffic

Word: rack
Front: rack
[ræk] (研四六托雅 4151/6006 -2)
Vocabulary: rack
(once / 514 pages)
1nv 2nv 3n 4n 5nv 6v 7v
A rack is a device meant to hold something, or several things. A coat rack has hooks for hanging coats, and a magazine rack has shelves or slots to hold magazines.
In a store, racks hold and display items for sale (like clothes racks and book racks), while in your house you have racks for storing things (a spice rack), or drying them (in the case of a towel rack). If you rack, or wrack, your brain, it means you think extra hard;and when something goes "to rack and ruin," it becomes old and decrepit, or falls apart.
WORD FAMILY
rack: racked, racker, racking, racks+/racker: rackers/racking: rackingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The overtime racked up by Community Colleges of Spokane alone is more than $500,000 — and growing.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
This is followed by macaroni and cheese, BBQ beans and a rack of ribs that is pretty much larger than I am.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
“Sing,” the latest collaboration between Illumination and Universal, racked up $41.4 million during its second weekend in theaters.
Time(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 行李架; 支架; 刑架; （羊、猪等带前肋的）颈脊
vt. 使痛苦，使焦虑; 剥削，榨取; 用刑拘折磨
时态：racked, racking, racks
分布：行李架(59%)，折磨(18%)，拷问台(11%)，使痛苦(6%)，把...放在架子上(3%)，累计取得(3%)
→来自古英语 reccan,拉开，展开，来自 Proto-Germanic*rak,拉直，来自 reg,拉直，词源同 regulate,reach.引申词义支架，架子，后用于指架子状的刑具，引申词义折磨。
n.挂物架,搁物架v.使痛苦,折磨The attacker cracked the racks and stacked them on the track.攻击者打裂搁板并把它们堆在跑道上.
noun
FRAME 支架
countable
■a frame or shelf, often formed of bars, which is used to hold things 架子；搁物架
• a vegetable rack 摆放蔬菜的货架
• a plate rack 盘碟架
• a luggage rack 行李架
countable US (UK frame)
■a triangular frame used to arrange the balls at the start of a game of billiards , pool , snooker , etc. （用于桌球或撞球比赛开球时放置球的）三角框
the rack
■in the past, a device to which people were tied and which stretched their bodies by pulling their arms in one direction and their legs in the other direction, usually used as a way of forcing them to tell information （旧时为逼供而使用的）拉肢刑具
[ræk] noun
MEAT 肉类
countable or uncountable
■a large piece of meat cut from the neck of a sheep 羊颈肉
• The butcher prepared a rack of pork. 那个屠夫准备了一块猪颈肉。
• We're having rack of lamb for dinner. 我们今天晚餐会煮羊颈肉。
[ræk] noun
MACHINE 机器
countable
■a bar with tooth-like parts along one edge which fits into a pinion (= a wheel with tooth-like parts) allowing change between circular and straight-line movement 齿条；齿轨；齿棒
[ræk] noun
DECAY 腐朽
rack and ruin (ALSO mainly US wrack and ruin)
■a bad state; decay 糟糕透顶（的状态）；破损，损坏
• The whole farm was going to rack and ruin. 整个农场逐渐变得破败不堪。
[ræk] noun
be on the rack
■to be suffering great physical or mental pain 痛苦不堪；焦虑万分
[ræk] verb transitive often passive
■to cause physical or mental pain, or trouble, to someone or something 使肉体或精神上受巨大痛苦；折磨
• Even at the end, when cancer racked his body, he was calm and cheerful. 即使在最后，当他的身体备受癌症病魔摧残的时候，他仍然镇定自若、乐观开朗。
• The dog was already racked by/with the pains of old age. 那只狗已经又老又病，痛苦不堪。
• He was racked by/with doubts/guilt. 他被疑虑／内疚所折磨。
[ræk] verb transitive often passive
rack your brains
■to think very hard 绞尽脑汁；搜肠刮肚
• I've been racking my brains all day but I can't remember her name. 我搜肠刮肚想了一整天，却怎么也记不起她的名字来。
[ræk] verb transitive often passive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] rack sth up mainly US informal
■to gradually get more points, profits, etc.; to accumulate 累计（得分或获利）；累积；聚集
• He has racked up 450 points in three months. 三个月内，他已经累积了450分。
• Astronomical profits/losses were racked up by airlines last year. 去年各航空公司累计盈利／亏损达到了天文数字。
■to increase something such as a rent or price, especially by an amount that is considered to be too much （尤指过分地）增加，提高（房租、价格等）
• Our landlord racked up the rent by 15% this year. 我们的房东今年把房租猛涨了15%。
n. [机] 齿条； [交] 行李架；拷问台
 - toothed bar, baggage holder
vi. 变形；随风飘；小步跑
 - become deformed, to morph
vt. 折磨；榨取
 - harry, extract, milk, worry, trouble

Word: costume
Front: costume
[ˈkɒstju:m] (研六托雅宝 4152/5080 -2)
Vocabulary: costume
(once / 269 pages)
nv
A costume is a set of clothes you wear when you want to dress up like another person. You might wear a witch's costume to go trick-or-treating on Halloween, or put on a George Washington costume to reenact a scene from the American Revolution in a play.
A costume is a set of clothes that is unique to a particular person or time period. If you were starring as Dorothy in your neighborhood production of The Wizard of Oz, your costume would consist of a blue-and-white checkered dress and ruby slippers. On the other hand, if you were starring as Lady Godiva, you wouldn't need much of a costume at all!
WORD FAMILY
costume: costumed, costumer, costumes, costuming+/costumer: costumers
USAGE EXAMPLES
A kid got his McAdoo costume down perfectly, from the mustache to the menu of plays.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Ted Turner bought the film library, which left the studio grounds and all its holdings, including props, costumes, scripts and ephemera.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
In costume, they visit hospitals and raise money for charity.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. （戏剧或电影的）戏装，演出服; 服装，衣服; 泳装，常用于英式英语; （某地或某历史时期的）服装
vt. 给…穿上服装; 给…提供服装
时态：costumed, costuming, costumes
分布：服装(97%)，提供服装(1%)，剧装(1%)，服装打扮的(1%)
→来自拉丁词consuetudinem, 习惯，习俗，词源同custom. 来自con-, 强调 , -suet, 自己的，词源同self. 即自身的习惯，后指历史时期的穿着服装，古装。
n.(流行的)服饰;戏装,(特定场合的)套装Her national costume showed her nationality.她的民族服装表明了她是从哪个国家来的.
【记】custom（n 习惯；风俗）；costume就是能表明某一国家、时期或民众的特点的服装。cost花费，需要花钱的东西－服装
US ['kɑ:.stu:m] noun
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■the set of clothes typical of a particular country or period of history, or suitable for a particular activity （某国或某一历史时期或适合某种活动的）服装
• Singers performing Mozart's operas often dress in /wear historical costume. 歌手们经常穿古装出演莫劄特的歌剧。
• The dancers leading the procession were in colourful and elaborate costumes. 走在队伍前头的舞蹈演员身着色彩绚丽、制作考究的服装。
• UK The shop has a good selection of bikinis and bathing/swimming costumes. 该店有很多漂亮的比坚尼和其他泳装可供选购。
 ADVANCED countable (UK also fancy-dress costume)
■a set of clothes worn in order to look like someone or something else, especially for a party or as part of an entertainment （尤指派对或娱乐活动中穿的）化装服
• Our host was wearing a clown costume. 我们的主人穿着小丑服。
• The children were dressed in halloween costumes. 孩子们都是万圣节打扮。
uniform, clothing, clothes, dress, garment, suit, costume, gown, robe, coat
这组词都有“衣服、服装”的意思，其区别是：
uniform: 指某团体或组织统一做的制服，如军服、校服等。
clothing: 常用词，集合名词，是衣服的总称。
clothes: 普通用词，多指包括上衣、内衣或裤子等具体的一件件衣服。
dress: 多指正式场合或为某些特定用途而穿的服装，也指童装或女性穿的连衣裙。
garment: 语气庄重，正式用词，复数形式可与clothes换用，指身上全部穿着。单数形式指单件衣服，尤指长袍、外套等外面的衣服。
suit: 指一套服装，一般有几件配成一套的套装。
costume: 指流行某一地区或某一时代的服装，也指演员的戏装。
gown: 指女人穿的长服，尤指教士、法官、教授等的礼服或妇女的睡衣等，也指长袍。
robe: 指长袍，也指浴衣、晨衣。
coat: 指上衣、外衣、大衣、外套及女式上装。
n. [服装] 服装，装束；戏装，剧装
 - clothing, wear, garment, apparel

Word: wolf
Front: wolf
[wʊlf] (中高研四六 4150/5062 -1)
Back: n. 狼; 贪婪的人; 有害的幼虫
vt. 狼吞虎咽
时态：wolfed, wolfing, wolfs
分布：狼(96%)，狼吞虎咽(3%)，特立独行的人(1%)
→来自wlkwo，狼，可能来自拟声词，词源同lupine,lupin,werewolf.
n.狼Having played golf, the wolf in wool rested on the tool stool in the zoo.打过高尔夫球之后,穿羊毛衣的狼歇在动物园里的工具登上.
noun (plural wolves)
ANIMAL 动物
 ADVANCED countable
■a wild animal of the dog family 狼
• Wolves hunt in groups known as packs. 狼群集体觅食。
• We could hear wolves howling in the distance. 我们能听到远处的狼嗥声。
[wʊlf] noun (plural wolves)
MAN
countable usually singular old-fashioned disapproving
■a man who often tries to have sex with the women he meets 色狼（形容那些总是设法和碰到的女性发生性关系的男性）
• He had the reputation of being a bit of a wolf. 他因好色而声名狼藉。
[wʊlf] noun (plural wolves)
keep the wolf from the door
■to have just enough money to be able to eat and live 勉强维持生计，勉强过活
• As a student, he took an evening job to keep the wolf from the door. 他上学时兼做一份夜间工作，勉强维持生计。
[wʊlf] noun (plural wolves)
a wolf in sheep's clothing
■a person who hides the fact that they are evil, with a pleasant and friendly appearance 披着羊皮的狼
[wʊlf] verb transitive informal
■to eat a large amount of food very quickly 狼吞虎咽
• The boys wolfed the sandwiches (down) and then started on the cakes. 男孩子们狼吞虎咽地吃掉了三明治，然后又开始吃蛋糕。
n. [脊椎] 狼；色狼；残忍贪婪之人
 - Lothario, lady-killer
vt. 大吃；狼吞虎咽地吃
 - tie into, gulp down

Word: courtroom
Front: courtroom
[ˈkɔ:tru:m] (4148/15460 -1)
Back: n. 法庭，审判室
分布：法庭(94%)，审判室(6%)
US ['kɔ:rt-] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a room where a court of law meets 法庭；审判室
• The accused entered the courtroom handcuffed to two police officers. 被告走进法庭，双手与两名警官铐在一起。
• It was a courtroom drama set in the 1960s. 这是一出以20世纪60年代为背景的法庭戏。
n. 法庭；审判室
 - forum, tribunal

Word: statute
Front: statute
[ˈstætʃu:t] (研四雅宝 4153/3358 -1)
Vocabulary: statute
(once / 402 pages)
nadj
A statute is a formal law or rule. Whether it's enacted by a government, company, or other organization, a statute is typically written down.
Local governments can pass all kinds of statutes, or written laws, to govern their citizens. A city's government might try to restrict the consumption of alcoholic beverages in public, or make it illegal to pet cats on the weekends. Of course, silly statutes like no cat-petting on weekends can be pretty hard to pass.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
statue / statute
Look under the pigeons and you might find a bronze statue in a park, but there's probably a statute, or law, about how big it can be.
A statue is a figure of a person, animal, or object that is carved or cast from some material, such as marble or iron. A statue is usually life-sized or larger. (If it's smaller than the real-life original, it's a statuette or a figurine). Here are some examples of statue in the headlines:
Bronze statue unveiled in tribute to Ronnie Barker (Mirror UK)
Rosa Parks statue dedicated in downtown Grand Rapids (Michigan Live)
But a statute is a written law, such as that of a particular government or organization:
Fifteen other states and the District of Columbia have since enacted similar statutes, though cannabis remains classified as an illegal narcotic under U.S. law. (Reuters)
All were also discharged within the past six years, putting them within the statute of limitations. (New York Times)
Both words come from the Latin word "to stand," but a statue literally stands, often on two legs, and a statute is a law that stands. So while you might find a statue in the park of, say, Jimi Hendrix, it's the statutes about that park that allow a monument to the rock star to be erected there.
WORD FAMILY
statute: statutes
USAGE EXAMPLES
The measure also prohibits limits the OCE’s jurisdiction to the previous three Congresses, aligning its statute of limitations to the Ethics Committee’s.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
That statute, which was broadened in 2009, does not carry a potential death sentence, but Mr. Roof was also convicted of other crimes that do.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The first statute even implied driving one-handed was the root issue.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 法令，法规; 规则，条例
分布：法令(47%)，法规(41%)，条例(12%)
→来自拉丁语 statutum,法令，法规，规章，过去分词名词格于 statuere,实施，建立，来自 stare, 站立，建立，词源同 stand,state.
法令,法规(star+ure→站着不动的东西→法令)[st,sta,stat,stan,stant,stin=stand表示"站,立"]
n.成文法,法令,法规;章程,规则,条例S-of the lnterna-tional Court of Justice.国际法庭规约.
【区】statue（n 塑像）＋t＝statute
【参】statutory（adj 法定的）
noun countable or uncountable
■a law which has been formally approved and written down 成文法；法令，法规
statute book UK
■When a law is on or reaches the statute book, it has been formally approved and written down and can be used in a law court. 法典；法令全书；法规汇编
n. [法] 法规；法令；条例
 - act, ordinance

Word: cartoon
Front: cartoon
[kɑ:ˈtu:n] (高研六托雅宝 4155/6438 -2)
Vocabulary: cartoon
(once / 884 pages)
nv
A cartoon makes a brief, funny comment using illustrations and is often found on television, in a newspaper or in a magazine. The Simpsons and Snoopy? Both cartoons.
A cartoon can be a satirical or humorous drawing, a series of illustrations (also called a comic strip), or an animated film. Many kids grow up watching new and classic cartoons on TV. Political cartoons manage to sum up an often complex idea in one simple panel. When you criticize a character or a real person for being a cartoon, you mean that they are overly simplified or exaggerated: "I hate that show because all the women are cartoon characters." The word comes from the Italian cartone, "strong, heavy paper."
WORD FAMILY
cartoon: cartooned, cartooning, cartoonist, cartoons+/ cartoonist: cartoonists
USAGE EXAMPLES
Younger Taiwanese like Japanese food, cartoons and literature, while Japan is Taiwanese people’s top travel destination.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Mr. Ma, whose multimedia studio, Shizhi Media, produced the taxi cartoon, said about a fifth of its clients were party or state entities.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Newspaper headlines and cartoons portray her as a self-publicist or a money -grabber.
BBC(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 漫画; 讽刺画; 动画片; 草图
vt. 为…画漫画
vi. 画漫画
分布：卡通(60%)，漫画(37%)，草图(2%)，为 ... 画漫画(1%)
→来自词根cart, 卡片，词源同card, chart. -oon, 大词后缀。原指在硬纸板上的素描画。
n.漫画,幽默画;动画片The articulate man's artistic cartoon startled the charterer.发音清晰者的艺术卡通使包租人大吃一惊.
【记】音译词。Cart＝card纸－漫画是画在纸上的。
【参】cartoonist（n 漫画家）；carton（纸板箱）
US [kɑ:r-] noun countable
DRAWING 绘画
 ADVANCED
■a drawing, especially in a newspaper or magazine, that tells a joke or makes a humorous political criticism （尤指报刊中与政治有关的）漫画，讽刺画
■specialized
■in art, a drawing made especially in preparation for a painting （尤指正式绘画之前的）草图
UK [kɑ:'tu:n] US [kɑ:r-] noun countable
FILM 电影
■a film made using characters and images which are drawn rather than real, and which is usually funny 动画片，卡通片
picture, sketch, cartoon, illustration, diagram, painting, portrait, drawing
这组词都有“画，图”的意思，其区别是：
picture: 指广义的“图画”，现多用来指相片、画像。
sketch: 通常指只画出物体主要特征的图画。
cartoon: 指幽默或讽刺性漫画。
illustration: 指插入书页之间帮助说明的任何插图或图解。
diagram: 多指科技书籍或文献中具有概括解说作用的图表、图样或略图。
painting: 指着色的画。
portrait: 指肖像，只用于指人。
drawing: 指用线条或色彩绘成的图画。
n. 卡通片， [电影] 动画片；连环漫画
 - animated picture, animated film

Word: besides
Front: besides
[bɪˈsaɪdz] (中高研四托 3012/3848 -3)
Back: adv. 而且; 此外; 以及; 更
prep. （表示排斥）除…之外（还有）; 在…之外（还有），…之余兼
分布：此外(55%)，也(44%)，除 ... 之外(1%)
ad.此外;并且prep.于...之外;除...以外Besides milk and butter, we need some vegetables.除了牛奶和黄油外,我们还需要蔬菜.
adverb preposition
 ADVANCED
■in addition to; also 而且；除…之外还有
• Do you play any other sports besides football and basketball? 除了足球和篮球外，你还参与别的体育活动吗？
• She won't mind your being late - besides, it's hardly your fault. 她不会因为你迟到而耿耿于怀——何况这并不是你的错。
[bɪ'saɪdz] adverb preposition
  Common Learner Errors  besides or also? Warning: choose the correct adverb! Use besides at the beginning of a clause to add a fact or reason that is stronger than what you have already said I'm too tired to go to the supermarket. Besides, it's closed on Sunday. To just add extra information, don't say 'besides' say in addition or also :
✗ I speak French fluently. Besides, I speak some Italian. I speak French fluently. Also, I speak some Italian.
except, but, besides, except for
这组词都有“除……之外”的意思，其区别是：
except: 侧重于排除在外，从整体里减去。可与but换用，但语气较强。
but: 侧重指不包括在内。
besides: 着重于指另外还有。
except for: 多用于在说明基本情况或对主要部分加以肯定，还引出相反的原因或细节，从而部分地修正前面的主要意思，含惋惜意味。
beside, besides
beside: 在……旁边。如：Come and sit beside me.
besides: 除……之外。如：I have two other umbrellas besides this one.
adv. 此外；而且
 - moreover, again, also, additionally, then
prep. 除…之外
 - unless, except as, in addition to

Word: productivity
Front: productivity
[ˌprɒdʌkˈtɪvəti] (研六雅宝 4158/3605 -2)
Vocabulary: productivity
(once / 1945 pages)
n
Use the noun productivity to describe how much you can get done. Your boss at work probably keeps track of your productivity — meaning he’s checking to see how much work you do and how well you do it.
The word productivity is often used in the workplace. It can describe the performance of individual workers, a department, or even an entire industry. You’ll often hear it used with a percentage. Your boss might come in with a smile and say that productivity has increased by 30 percent. Productivity is also frequently used in relation to farming. If you live in a farming community you likely hear news reports about agricultural productivity in your area.
WORD FAMILY
productive: counterproductive, nonproductive, productively, productiveness, productivity, unproductive+/counterproductive: counterproductively/overproduce: overproduced, overproducing, overproduction/overproduction: overproductions/ produce: overproduce, produced, producer, produces, producing, production, productive, underproduce/produced: self-produced/ producer: producers/ production: productions/underproduce: underproduced, underproduces, underproducing, underproduction/unproductive: unproductively, unproductiveness
USAGE EXAMPLES
The patterns you establish right now will impact your health, productivity, financial security and happiness for decades.
New York Times(Oct 18, 2016)
Estimating the costs of lost productivity and slower processing of transactions is more difficult.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Most employers are smart enough to realize that turnover is an enemy that hurts productivity and raises costs.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 生产率，生产力; [经济学] 生产率; [生态学]生产率
分布：生产力(53%)，生产率(47%)
生产力,生产活动(product+ivity)[duc,duct=lead,bring,表示"引导,带来"]
生产力(product生产)[-ivity表名词,由-ive+ity组成,"有…能力或特性"]
n.生产率It's deduced that the induced fluctuation does no good to the reproducing productivity.据推断,诱导波动对复制生产率没有好处.
US [ˌproʊ.dək'tɪv.ə.tˌi] noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■the rate at which a company or country makes goods, usually judged in connection with the number of people and the amount of materials necessary to produce the goods 生产率
• Studies show that if a working environment is pleasant, productivity increases. 研究显示如果工作环境舒适，生产效率会提高。
• a productivity bonus/incentive 生产效率奖金／激励
• Productivity in the steel industry improved by 5% last year. 钢铁工业的生产率去年提高了5%。
n. 生产力； [经] 生产率；生产能力
 - fertility, productive forces

Word: grin
Front: grin
[grɪn] (研六雅宝 4154/3169 -2)
Back: vi. 露齿而笑
vt. 露齿笑着表示
n. 咧嘴笑，露齿而笑
时态：grinned, grinning, grins
分布：露齿而笑(46%)，咧嘴笑(36%)，露齿笑(18%)
→来自ghrei, 开口，可能来自拟声词，模仿笑的声音。比较grim.
n./vi.露齿而笑,咧嘴一笑He grinned his approval.他用一笑表示同意.
【记】源于grim鬼的露齿而笑－狰狞可怕的
【反】pout（v 撅嘴；绷脸生气）
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a wide smile 露齿笑；咧嘴笑；龇牙笑
• I assumed things had gone well for him as he had a big grin on his face. 我想他一切应该进展得很顺利，因为他在咧着大嘴笑。
• a broad/sheepish grin 合不拢嘴的笑／腼腆地咧嘴笑
[grɪn] verb intransitive (-nn-)
 ADVANCED
■to smile a wide smile 露齿笑；咧嘴笑；龇牙笑
• He grinned at me from the doorway. 他在门口向我咧着嘴笑。
• What are you grinning about? 你龇牙咧嘴笑甚么？
[grɪn] verb intransitive (-nn-)
grin and bear it
■to accept something bad without complaining 苦笑着忍受；默默忍受
• I really don't want to go but I guess I'll just have to grin and bear it. 我真的不想去，但也没有甚么办法，去就去吧。
giggle, laugh, chuckle, roar, sneer, beam, jeer, grin
这组词都有“笑”的意思，其区别是：
giggle: v.咯咯地笑，痴笑，傻笑，多指女人和孩子由于紧张、被逗乐、尴尬时所发出的笑声。
 • The schoolgirls giggled when the famous football player walkedsintostheir classroom.   当这个著名的足球运动员走进教室时，女生们都咯咯地笑起来。
laugh: v.笑，大笑，用于一般的笑或出声的大笑。
chuckle: v. (书面语)吃吃的笑，抿嘴笑，轻声笑，多指因得意或领会到某事中的趣味而暗自发笑。
 • She does not laugh out loud; she only chuckles.   她没有笑出声来，只是抿嘴而笑。
roar: v.怒吼，咆哮，引申为放声大笑，哄堂大笑。
 • He roared when he heard the joke.   听完这个笑话，他哈哈大笑。
sneer: v.冷笑，嘲笑，指以语言、表情、和声调表示轻蔑或嘲弄。
 • He sneered at the offer and said it was two low.   他对报价嗤之以鼻，说它太低了。
beam: v.本义指照耀，放光，引申为"微笑"，是正式用语，指面带喜悦或笑容，暗示对他人的友好或内心的满足。
 • She beamed with happiness.   她高兴得眉开眼笑。
jeer: v.讥笑，嘲笑，其同义词是mock。
 • The crowd jeered when the boxer was knocked down.   当那个拳手被人打倒时，人群开始嘲笑他。
grin: v.露齿而笑，指人因高兴、满足、轻蔑等咧开嘴露齿地笑。
 • He grinned at his mother.   他冲他的妈妈咧嘴一笑。
laugh, smile, siggle, grin, beam, sneer
这些动词均含“笑”之意。
laugh: 最常用词，指因喜悦、愉快或轻视而出声的笑或大笑。
smile: 指面露微笑，侧重于无声。
siggle: 指发出咯咯的笑声，较多地用于女人或孩子。
grin: 指露齿而笑。
beam: 书面用词，指人因心情舒畅而发出的笑，即喜形于色地笑。
sneer: 指冷笑、嘲笑。

Word: symbolic
Front: symbolic
[sɪmˈbɒlɪk] (4160/4516 -2)
Vocabulary: symbolic
(once / 1123 pages)
adj
When one thing represents something else that's more abstract, it is symbolic, like a cowboy's black hat in western films is symbolic of his sinister intentions.
Images and designs on flags are often symbolic of something about a country, for instance, New Zealand's flag shows four stars that are symbolic of the constellation Crux. We're not sure exactly where the word symbolic came from, because several languages have similar words with similar meanings. The word could have come from the French symbolique, the Latin symbolicus, or the Greek sumbolikos.
WORD FAMILY
symbolic: symbolically, unsymbolic+/ symbol: symbolic, symbolical, symbolise, symbolism, symbolize, symbolling, symbols/symbolisation: symbolisations/symbolise: symbolisation, symbolised, symboliser, symbolises, symbolising/ symbolism: symbolisms, symbolist/symbolist: symbolists/symbolization: symbolizations/ symbolize: symbolization, symbolized, symbolizer, symbolizes, symbolizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
But these first steps will be largely symbolic while lawmakers debate the details of dismantling the healthcare law.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The minimal use of props allows for fluid scene changes, and the symbolic white sheet creates some dramatic stage images.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Featherstone’s “Fantastical Landscape” is a symbolic reconstruction of places like India and Nepal, where religious art is public, communal and ubiquitous.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 象征的，象征性的
分布：象征的(61%)，符号的(27%)，代号(12%)
→symbol,象征，符号，-ic,形容词后缀。
US [-'bɑ:.lɪk] (also symbolical)
adjective
 IMPROVER
■representing something else 代表的，象征的
• The skull at the bottom of the picture is symbolic of death. 图片底部的骷髅象征死亡。
 ADVANCED
■describes an action that expresses or seems to express an intention or feeling, but which has little practical influence on a situation （行为举动）象征性的，没有甚么实际影响的
• Five hundred troops were sent in, more as a symbolic gesture than as a real threat. 派来500人的部队，只是一个象征性的举动，并不构成实质性的威胁。
adj. 象征的；符号的；使用符号的
 - emblematic, indicative

Word: bug
Front: bug
[bʌg] (研六雅 4159/7685 -2)
Vocabulary: bug
(once / 511 pages)
1n 2v 3nv 4n
A bug is an insect. You might refuse to go camping because of your intense dislike for bugs. Bug can also be a verb meaning "annoy." Most likely, bugs bug you.
There are bugs you can see, like bees, and bugs that are much smaller, like viruses and bacteria. If you get one of these microscopic bugs, it means you're sick. You can also say, casually, "I've caught the model train bug — I'm hooked!" A microphone that's hidden in someone's home or telephone is also a bug, named after its small size. To bug someone means either to spy on them, or simply to bother them relentlessly.
WORD FAMILY
bug: bugged, bugging, buggy, bugs, debug, superbug+/ buggy: buggies, bugginess/debug: debugged, debugger, debugging, debugs/debugger: debuggers/superbug: superbugs
USAGE EXAMPLES
He ordered more bugs and privately groused that Nixon’s behavior amounted to “treason.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The setup allows the company to frequently update the software to fix bugs and add new features.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Among the methods are bio controls, in which bugs that feed upon pests in their native lands are introduced here.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 昆虫; 陷，瑕疵; 细菌，病菌; 窃听器
vt. 在…装窃听器; 打扰，烦恼; 折磨，使痛苦; （使眼球）暴突或变大
vi. 变大; 凸出
时态：bugged, bugging, bugs
分布：臭虫(40%)，窃听器(27%)，窃听(18%)，打扰(15%)
→来自古英语词bugge, 妖怪，令人害怕之物。后指昆虫。故障义据说来自大发明家爱迪生，在检察某机器故障时发现是由于里面死了一个小虫。
n.臭虫;小毛病;窃听器v.窃听The smuggler shrugged to the bugler hugging the bug in the tugboat.走私者对在拖船中拥抱臭虫的号手耸耸肩.
noun
INSECT 昆虫
 ADVANCED countable
■a very small insect 小虫子
[bʌg] noun
ILLNESS 病
 ADVANCED countable informal
■a bacteria or a virus causing an illness that is usually not serious （引起小毛病的）细菌，病毒
• I had a tummy/stomach bug last week. 上周我的肠胃出了点小毛病。
• There's a bug going around (= an illness that many people are getting). 有种细菌引起的疾病现正在流行。
[bʌg] noun
COMPUTER 电脑
 ADVANCED countable
■a mistake or problem in a computer program （电脑程式中出现的）缺陷，漏洞
• A bug caused the company's computer system to crash. 程式缺陷导致公司的电脑系统崩溃。
[bʌg] noun
DEVICE 设备
countable
■a very small device fixed on to a telephone or hidden in a room, that allows you to listen to what people are saying without them knowing 窃听器
[bʌg] noun
ENTHUSIASM 热忱
only singular informal
■a very strong enthusiasm for something 热衷，迷
• He's been bitten by the sailing bug. 他迷上了帆船运动。
[bʌg] verb transitive (-gg-)
ANNOY 烦扰 informal
■to annoy or worry someone 烦扰；使…担心
• He's been bugging me all morning. 他整个上午都在烦我。
[bʌg] verb transitive (-gg-)
HIDE DEVICE 隐藏装置
■to place or hide a listening device inside something 秘密安装窃听装置
• often passive She suspected that her phone had been bugged. 她怀疑自己的电话被人窃听了。
bacteria, germ, virus, bug, microbe
这组词都有“致病的微生物”的意思，其区别是：
bacteria: (系bacterium的复数形式)，泛指任何在动植物体中广泛传播的微生物细菌，其中有的对生命体无害，有的能导致传染病或严重疾病，如天花、霍乱等。
germ: 微生物的俗称，专指引起人体生命的病菌。
virus: 技术用语，特指病毒或过滤性病原体。
bug: 非正式用词，指细菌或由病毒所引起的传染病。
microbe: 本义指在显微镜下才能见到的微生物，现在多指引起疾病的细菌。
worm, pest, bug, insect
这组词都有“虫，昆虫”的意思，其区别是：
worm: 侧重指蚯蚓、蚕、毛虫等小而无骨的虫。
pest: 指有害的昆虫或有害的小动物。
bug: 指小昆虫，尤指吸血的臭虫，也可指细菌。
insect: 含义广泛，多指蚂蚁、黄蜂、蝉等等。
overhear, monitor, bug
这组词都有“偷听，窃听”的意思，其区别是：
overhear: 多指在别人不注意或不知道的情况下偶然听到谈话的内容。
monitor: 通常指用仪器设备偷听别人的谈话内容。
bug: 指在室内等处安装窃听器以窃听他人的谈话内容。
n. [基医] 臭虫，小虫；故障；窃听器
 - fault, trouble
vt. 烦扰，打扰；装窃听器
 - eat, burden, bother
vi. 装置窃听器；打扰
 - interfere, put out

Word: bless
Front: bless
[bles] (高研四六雅 4161/5280 -2)
Vocabulary: bless
(once / 57 pages)
v
To bless is to offer a holy seal of approval, like when a priest blesses water, making holy water. It’s also what people say when you sneeze: bless you, which is short for “may God bless you.”
If you go back far enough, the word bless is related to the word blood, because of the blood sprinkled on pagan alters. It moved on to mean “to praise,” and now it’s a little of both (minus the pagans). In religious contexts, things are made holy when they're blessed. Also, people are blessed by good things that happen. People often say things like "I've been blessed with good health.” That means they were lucky to receive such good things.
WORD FAMILY
bless: Blessed, blessed, blesses, blessing +/Blessed: Blessedest/ blessed: blessedest, blessedly, blessedness, unblessed/blessedness: blessednesses/ blessing: blessings/unblessed: unblessedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
In 1985 he and his wife, Barbara, wrote a book, “Mixed Blessings,” about the challenges they faced as the parents of an autistic child.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
She called the program a “blessing” for her family.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
There are 150 Blessed Sacrament nuns scattered across the country and abroad, including 50 in Philadelphia and others in New Orleans, Arizona, Haiti and Jamaica.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. 祝福; 保佑; 赞美; 为…祈福
时态：blessed, blessing, blesses
分布：祝福(55%)，保佑(31%)，赐福(13%)，有幸具有(1%)
→词源同blood, 来自宗教概念中的以血祝圣，如基督教圣餐礼中以葡萄酒代血，称为圣血。
v.祝福,保佑The chess professor confessed his professional blessing in the confession.象棋教授在供状中承认了其职业福气.
【区】bliss（n 极乐），一个是动词，一个是名词。
[bles] (blessed or literary blest, blessed or literary blest)
verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to ask for God's help and protection for someone or something, or to call or make someone or something holy 为…求上帝降福；祝福；使神圣
[bles] (blessed or literary blest, blessed or literary blest)
verb transitive
bless their little cotton socks humorous
■said about someone, especially an adult, when you are pretending that you like them 谈到某人（尤指成人）时的用语（在假装喜欢该人时使用）
[bles] (blessed or literary blest, blessed or literary blest)
verb transitive
bless my soul! (also bless me!) (also well I'm blessed!) old-fashioned
■an expression of surprise （表示惊讶）哎呀！我的天哪！
[bles] (blessed or literary blest, blessed or literary blest)
verb transitive
bless you!
■something you say to a person who has just sneezed 大吉大利！（在某人打喷嚏时说）
[bles] (blessed or literary blest, blessed or literary blest)
verb transitive
bless you (also bless your heart)
■something you say to tell someone you are grateful to them when they have been kind to you 上帝保佑你（们）
• "Here, let me help you with your shopping." "Oh, bless you, dear." “嘿，我来帮你拿买的东西吧。”“哦，上帝保佑你，亲爱的。”
vt. 祝福；保佑；赞美
 - celebrate, praise

Word: aunt
Front: aunt
[ɑ:nt] (中高 4166/2569 -K4)
Vocabulary: aunt
(once / 69 pages)
n
If you have an aunt, she would be your dad's sister or your mom's sister, or the woman who's married to your uncle. Your uncle is a brother to your mom or dad. Maybe your favorite aunt, Beatrice, sends you a birthday card stuffed with money each year.
First used around the 13th century, the noun aunt comes from the Latin word amita, meaning "paternal aunt." The woman who's your aunt is usually older than you are and is also the mother of your cousins. So you may remember your uncle bringing his wife Genevieve — who is also your aunt — and their children Margot and Charlie — your cousins — over for Thanksgiving dinner.
WORD FAMILY
aunt: aunts
USAGE EXAMPLES
No matter, the aunt called in the local farmer with his slurry tank and he drained the septic tank.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Hanchar recalled his aunt trying to keep up a brave front that night.
New York Times(Jan 12, 2012)
But she cheerfully brushed aside my “Miss Reynolds,” and for twenty minutes or so I felt like I was chatting with a favorite aunt.
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 阿姨; 姨母，姑妈; 舅妈; 婶娘
分布：姑(49%)，姨(36%)，婶(11%)，伯母(4%)
→来自拉丁语amita, 同amma. 鼻音m,n对应。
n.姨母,姑母,伯母,婶母,舅母,阿姨Uncle and aunt launched a laundry with the blunt hunter.伯伯和伯母与直率的猎人创办了一家洗衣店.
US [ænt] (also auntie) (aunty)
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■the sister of someone's father or mother, or the wife of someone's uncle 姑母；姨母；婶婶；伯母；舅母
• I have an aunt in Australia. 我有一个姑妈在澳大利亚。
• Auntie Camille 卡米尔姑妈

Word: agriculture
Front: agriculture
[ˈægrɪkʌltʃə(r)] (高研四六托雅 4165/2274 -3)
Vocabulary: agriculture
(once / 236 pages)
n
Agriculture describes the practice of growing crops or raising animals. Someone who works as a farmer is in the agriculture industry.
The Latin root of agriculture is agri, or "field," plus cultura, "cultivation." Cultivating a piece of land, or planting and growing food plants on it, is largely what agriculture means. Raising animals for meat or milk also falls under the category of agriculture. If we didn't have agriculture, we'd all be running around the woods, picking berries and trying to shoot things.
WORD FAMILY
agriculture: agricultural, agricultures, agriculturist+/ agricultural: agriculturally/agriculturist: agriculturists
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Swiss use it in shops, restaurants and for train travel, he said, and “it is also widely used for automobile purchases and in agriculture.”
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
I first met Rosenberg at an international conference on indoor agriculture held at a theatre in Manhattan.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
From the earliest days of agriculture, farmers discovered various ways to prevent crop yields from declining over time: by restoring nitrogen to their fields.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 农业; 农耕; 农业生产; 农学
分布：农业(95%)，农学(3%)，农艺(2%)
→词根agro, 农业。culture, 培育。
农业(agri+culture培养)[agri,agro,agr=field,land,表示"田地,农业"等]
农业;农学(agri田地]+culture文化,引申为养殖业→农业)[cult=till,表示"耕种,培养"]
n.农业,农艺,农耕Agriculture is the foundation of the national economy.农业是国民经济的基础.
US [-tʃɚ] noun uncountable
 IMPROVER
■farming 农业；农艺，农学
• Agriculture is still largely based on traditional methods in some countries. 一些国家的农业仍然主要依靠传统耕作方式。
• The area depends on agriculture for most of its income. 这个地区的大部分收入来自农业。
• Seventy percent of the country's population practises subsistence agriculture. 这个国家70%的人口以务农为生。
Compare horticulture
n. [农] 农业；农艺， [农学] 农学
 - farming, extractive industry

Word: rock
Front: rock
[rɒk] (中高研四六雅 869/1070 -K4)
Vocabulary: rock
(once / 58 pages)
1n 2vn 3n 4n
If you are asked to rock a baby, please do not throw a stone at it. Instead, move the baby gently from side to side. If this doesn't calm the child, play some loud rock music.
When rocking a baby you move gently, but when you're told not to “rock the boat” the rocking movement referred to is more violent, enough to tip the boat over. This kind of motion has more in common with what you do when “rocking out” listening to music. A rock is also a lump of mineral, and if we say someone is "like a rock," we mean he's totally dependable.
WORD FAMILY
rock: rocked, rocker, rockery, rocking, rocklike, rocks, rocky +/ rocker: rockers/rockery: rockeries/ rocky: rockier, rockiest, rockily, rockiness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Two additional unclaimed bombings also rocked the city, officials said.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
"Shake with your right hand, but hold a rock with your left," says Frank Underwood, the ruthless US president in the TV series.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Hawaii Volcanoes National Park said Monday no one was injured when the lava delta collapsed and sent showers of volcanic rock into the air.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 岩石，石头; 摇滚乐; 棒糖; <非正式>宝石（尤指钻石）
v. 摇晃; 摇动; 震动
vi. 演奏摇滚乐; 随摇滚乐起舞
时态：rocked, rocking, rocks
分布：岩石(67%)，摇滚乐(25%)，摇动(4%)，使震惊(3%)，使动心(1%)
→1.岩石，石块，来自古英语 rocc,石头，岩石，词源同拉丁语 rocca,岩石，词源不详。 2.摇晃，摇滚，来自古英语 roccian,摇晃，摇摆，来自 Proto-Germanic*rukkon,摇晃，纺纱， 来自 rug,纺纱，词源同 rocket,ratchet.引申词义摇滚乐。
n.岩石,石块v.摇,摇动At the dock I'm shocked to see the pocket rocket made of a block of rock.在码头看到一块岩石做的小巧火箭,我感到震惊.
US [rɑ:k] noun
STONE 石头
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■the dry solid part of the Earth's surface, or any large piece of this which sticks up out of the ground or the sea 岩石；岩；礁石
• Mountains and cliffs are formed from rock. 山和悬崖都是由岩石构成的。
• The boat struck a rock outside the bay and sank. 船在海湾外撞上了一块礁石，沉没了。
 ADVANCED countable US
■a large piece of rock or stone 岩块；石块；大石
• The demonstrators were hurling rocks at the police. 示威者向员警投掷石块。
rocks [plural]
■a line of large stones sticking up from the sea 礁石
• The storm forced the ship onto the rocks. 暴风雨致使这艘轮船触礁。
countable slang for
■a valuable stone used in jewellery, especially a diamond 宝石；（尤指）钻石
• Have you seen the size of the rock he gave her for their anniversary? 你看见他结婚周年纪念时送给她的钻石有多大个了吗？
UK [rɒk] US [rɑ:k] noun
MUSIC 音乐
 IMPROVER uncountable
■a type of popular music with a strong loud beat which is usually played with electric guitars and drums 摇滚乐
• a rock group 摇滚乐队
• a rock star 摇滚歌星
UK [rɒk] US [rɑ:k] noun
be (caught) between a rock and a hard place
■to be in a very difficult situation and to have to make a hard decision 进退两难，左右为难
UK [rɒk] US [rɑ:k] noun
be (as) solid as a rock
■to be very strong 坚如磐石，非常牢固
• You'd think her own marriage was solid as a rock. 你会认为她自己的婚姻坚如磐石。
UK [rɒk] US [rɑ:k] noun
get your rocks off offensive
■to have sex 性交
UK [rɒk] US [rɑ:k] noun
on the rocks informal
■likely to fail soon 濒临崩溃
• I think their marriage is on the rocks. 我觉得他们的婚姻濒临解体。
■If you have an alcoholic drink on the rocks, you have it with pieces of ice （酒）加冰块的
• I'll have a whisky on the rocks, please. 请给我来杯加冰块的威士卡。
UK [rɒk] US [rɑ:k] verb
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to (cause someone or something to) move backwards and forwards or from side to side in a regular way （使）摇晃，（使）摇动
• He picked up the baby and gently rocked her to sleep. 他抱起了婴儿轻轻摇着哄她入睡。
• If you rock back on that chair, you're going to break it. 你坐在那把椅子上要是往后摇，椅子会散架的。
transitive
■If a person or place is rocked by something such as an explosion, the force of it makes the person or place shake 使剧烈震动；使猛烈摇动
• The explosion, which rocked the city, killed 300. 这次爆炸使整座城市剧烈震动，致使300人丧生。
transitive
■If an event rocks a group of people or society, it causes feelings of shock 使震惊；使震动；惊吓
• The managing director's resignation rocked the whole company. 总经理的辞职震惊了整个公司。
UK [rɒk] US [rɑ:k] verb
sb/sth rocks slang
■used to show that you like or approve of someone or something a lot …棒极了，…很好，…绝了（表示非常喜欢或赞成）
• Dom says MP3 rocks. 多姆说MP3绝了。
UK [rɒk] US [rɑ:k] verb
rock the boat informal
■If you rock the boat, you do or say something that will upset people or cause problems 惹麻烦；惹事；捣乱
• Don't rock the boat until the negotiations are finished. 在谈判结束之前不要惹是生非。
UK [rɒk] US [rɑ:k] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  rock up informal
■to arrive somewhere; turn up 来到，到达
• They rocked up two hours late, dressed in ball gowns. 他们迟到了两个小时，身穿舞会晚装裙。
pebble, stone, rock, gravel
这组词都有“石、石头”的意思，其区别是：
pebble: 多指海边、河边或沙中圆形的小卵石。
stone: 普通用词，泛指井然的或经加工的各类石头，可大可小。
rock: 普通用词，指构成地表最坚硬部分或突出于周围地面的巨大岩石，也可指石头或石块。
gravel: 集合名词，常指用于铺路的小石子和沙砾。
sway, rock, swing
这组词都有“摇动”的意思，其区别是：
sway: 主要指树枝等的来回摇动。
rock: 多指猛烈地摇动或摇晃。
swing: 指有规律地前后、上下摆动，也可指不停地转动。
n. [岩] 岩石；摇滚乐；暗礁
 - covers, pena
vt. 摇动；使摇晃
 - shake, swing motion
vi. 摇动；摇晃
 - wave, roll, shake

Word: hostile
Front: hostile
[ˈhɒstaɪl] (研四六托雅宝 4163/4148 -2)
Vocabulary: hostile
(once / 156 pages)
adjn
If something is hostile, it's unfriendly. If you are zealous about the political causes you believe in, you will be hostile to any suggestion that the other side of the argument is reasonable.
Hostile comes from the Latin word hostis, for enemy, and you can hear its relation to the word hostage. But you don't have to be from a warring nation to be hostile. You can talk about a hostile nation, a hostile takeover, a hostile remark, or a hostile attitude. Some synonyms are inimical, antagonistic, unfavorable, unfriendly.
WORD FAMILY
hostile: hostilely, hostiles, hostility +/ hostility: hostilities
USAGE EXAMPLES
He alleges he was fired 2014 in retaliation for complaining about a hostile work environment.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
It’s not that she hasn’t courted maximum attention, both adoring and hostile; she is, after all, starring in an E!
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
With Trump set to appoint Supreme Court justices hostile to Roe v.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 敌人的，敌对的; 怀有敌意的; 不利的
n. 敌对者，敌对物; 敌方
分布：敌对的(79%)，怀敌意的(21%)
→来自拉丁语hostis,敌人，来自ghostis,外来人，陌生人，词源同guest.即对待敌人的，敌对的，恶意的。
故意的[host=enemy(敌人)]
a.敌对的,敌方的,敌意的Most hosts are hostile to the foremost ghost hostage almost to the utmost.大多数主人对最前面的幽灵人质的敌对态度几乎到了极顶.
【参】hostility（n 敌意；反对）
US ['hɑ:.stəl] adjective
UNFRIENDLY 不友善的
 ADVANCED
■unfriendly and not liking or agreeing with something 不友善的；敌对的；反对的
• a hostile crowd 不友善的人群
• The President had a hostile reception in Ohio this morning. 总统今天早上在俄亥俄州受到了不友善的接待。
• I'm not hostile to (= against) the idea of change as such. 我并不反对作这样的改变。
UK ['hɒs.taɪl] US ['hɑ:.stəl] adjective
DIFFICULT 艰难的
■difficult or not suitable for living or growing 艰苦的；恶劣的；不利的
• hostile weather conditions 恶劣的天气条件
• a hostile climate/environment 恶劣的气候／环境
UK ['hɒs.taɪl] US ['hɑ:.stəl] adjective
ENEMY 敌人
[before noun]
■connected with the enemy in a war 敌方的；敌人的
• hostile aircraft/forces 敌机／敌军
adj. 敌对的，敌方的；怀敌意的
 - adverse, enemy, opposed
n. 敌对
 - opposition, antagonism

Word: root
Front: root
[ru:t] (高研四六 1734/1992 -K3)
Vocabulary: root
(once / 103 pages)
1nv 2nv 3n 4v
The root is the part of the plant that's underground. Dig up a potato, and you will unearth its roots. Just pull them off before you cook the potato.
Root comes from the Latin word radix, which means "starting point," and you can think of the root of something as the place it starts from, whether that's the root of a tree, or the root of a problem. The root of your fear of swimming might have been a scary shark attack movie. If your ancestors come from Guatemala, you have Guatemalan roots. If you dig through a pile of junk, you're "rooting around."
WORD FAMILY
root: rootage, rooted, rooter, rooting, rootless, rootlet, roots+/rootage: rootages/rooted: rootedly/rooter: rooters/rooting: rootings/ rootless: rootlessly/rootlet: rootlets
USAGE EXAMPLES
Others conclude that this sense of homelessness is rooted in human nature but corresponds to nothing real in the world.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
But its roots remain in New York, where its East Harlem branch, Youth Action/YouthBuild, is still in its original storefront.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
And that, ultimately, is what business leaders in Rutland hope will happen if the refugees put down roots in Rutland.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 根，根源; 原因，本质; 祖先; [乐]和弦基音
vt. 使生根; 使固定; 根源在于; 欢呼，喝彩
vi. 生根; 根除
时态：rooted, rooting, roots
分布：根(79%)，根源(7%)，根除(4%)，根本(4%)，生根(3%)，扎根(3%)
→来自古英语 rot,根，来自 Proto-Germanic*wrot,根，草根，植物，来自 wrad,根，小枝， 词源同 wort,radish.引申词义根部，根基等。
n.根,根部;根本,根源v.(使)生根,(使)扎根After a shot the foot began to root and shoot in the boot.打了一针后,脚开始在靴子里生根发芽.
noun countable
PLANT PART 植物的一部分
 ESSENTIAL
■the part of a plant which grows down into the earth to get water and food and which holds the plant firm in the ground 根，根茎，根块
[ru:t] noun countable
CAUSE/ORIGIN 原因／根源
 ESSENTIAL
■the cause or origin of something bad （坏事的）根源，根由，原因
• We must get to the root of (= discover the cause of) this problem. 我们一定要探本溯源，查出造成这个问题的原因。
• What is/lies at the root of the problem is their lack of interest. 这一问题的根本原因是他们缺乏兴趣。
• The high crime rate has its roots in unemployment and poverty. 高犯罪率的根源在于失业和贫穷。
• So what's the root cause of his anxiety? 那么使他焦虑的根本原因是甚么呢？
roots [plural]
■origins 根，根源，起源
• The city of Tours can trace its roots back to Roman times. 图尔城的历史可以追溯到古罗马时代。
⇒ See also grassroots
[ru:t] noun countable
TOOTH/HAIR/NAIL 牙、毛发或指甲
■the part of a hair, tooth, or nail that is under the skin （毛发、牙或指甲的）根部
[ru:t] noun countable
WORD 词 specialized
■The root of a word is its most basic form, to which other parts, such as affixes , can be added 词根
• The root of the word 'sitting' is 'sit'. sitting 这个词的词根是 sit。
[ru:t] noun countable
MATHEMATICS 数学 specialized
■a solution of some equations (= mathematical statements) 根；解
■specialized
■A root of a particular number is another number which, when multiplied by itself one or more times, reaches that number 根；方根
• The square root of 64 is 8, and the cube root of 64 is 4. 64的平方根是八，立方根是四。
[ru:t] noun countable
put down roots
■If you put down roots in a place where you have moved to live, you make new friends and join in new activities there so that you feel it is your home. （在新的地方）定居开始新的生活
[ru:t] noun countable
root and branch UK (US roots and all)
■completely 彻底；根本地
• Racism must be eliminated, root and branch. 必须根除种族主义。
[ru:t] noun countable
take root
■If an idea, belief or system takes root somewhere, it starts to be accepted there 深入人心；被牢固树立；生根
• Communism has never really taken root in England. 共产主义从未真正在英格兰扎根。
[ru:t] verb
LOOK 看
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to look for something by turning things over 翻找，翻寻
• She rooted through/among the papers on her desk. 她在桌上的文件中翻来翻去地找东西。
• The pigs rooted for acorns in the forest. 猪在树林里翻拱找橡子吃。
[ru:t] verb
PLANT 植物
intransitive
■to grow roots 生根；长出根来
• The trees failed to root and so died. 这些树没能生根，所以都死了。
[ru:t] verb
rooted to the spot
■to be unable to move 呆若木鸡，一动不动
• She was rooted to the spot with fear/amazement. 她吓／惊呆了。
[ru:t] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  root about/around (somewhere) informal
■to search for something, especially by looking through other things （尤指在其他物品中）翻找，翻寻
• She was rooting around in her drawer for a pencil. 她在抽屉中翻找铅笔。
[ru:t] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  root for sb informal
■to show support for someone who is in a competition or who is doing something difficult 给（某人）以支援，为（某人）助威，声援（某人）
• Most of the crowd were rooting for the home team. 观众中的大多数人都在为主队加油。
• Good luck! We're all rooting for you. 祝你好运！我们都支援你。
[ru:t] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] root sth/sb out
SEARCH FOR informal
■to search and find something or someone that is difficult to find （费力地）搜寻到，（经过搜寻）终于找到
• I've rooted out an old pair of shoes that might fit you. 我终于翻出来一双旧鞋，你穿可能合脚。
GET RID OF
■to find and remove a person or thing that is causing a problem 找到并根除，发现并杜绝
• Ms Campbell has been appointed to root out inefficiency in this company. 坎贝尔女士已经受命来调查并解决这间公司效率低下的问题。
[ru:t] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] root sth out/up
■to remove a whole plant, including the roots, from the ground 连根挖掉，连根拔出
• I suggest you root out those weeds before they take hold. 我建议你把这些杂草连根拔除，等它们扎牢了根就难以除掉了。
source, root, origin
这组词都有“起源，起因，根源”的意思，其区别是：
source: 本义指某地系河流或瀑布的源头，引申指某事的来源出处，但更多指抽象事物的根源或来源。
root: 通常指事物产生的原因或根源。
origin: 侧重指事物的起源或由来，也指人的出身。
n. [数] [植] 根；根源；词根；祖先
 - parent, principle, father, radix
vi. 生根；根除
 - radicate
vt. 生根，固定；根源在于
 - fix on, hold in place

Word: conceive
Front: conceive
[kənˈsi:v] (研六托雅宝 4169/3806 -2)
Vocabulary: conceive
(once / 102 pages)
1v 2v 3v
To conceive is to come up with an idea. If you conceive a plan for your little brother's birthday, you dream up the perfect party, complete with a magician, rented ponies, and a cake shaped like a rocket.
Latin roots for conceive (by way of French) point to "take into" either "the womb" or "the mind." An idea is sometimes called "a seed" or "the seed of an idea," and conceive means to produce something from inside the mind — or to become pregnant. Another expression is "pregnant with ideas" or "pregnant with possibilities," and someone who can "conceive of a thousand ways" to solve a problem or design something is full of new ideas.
WORD FAMILY
conceive: conceivable, conceived, conceiver, conceives, conceiving, conceptive, misconceive, preconceive+/ conceivable: conceivability, conceivableness, conceivably, inconceivable /conceived: ill-conceived /conceiver: conceivers/ concept: conceive, conception, concepts, conceptual, conceptualize / conception: conceptional, conceptions/ conceptual: conceptualise, conceptualism, conceptuality, conceptually/conceptualise: conceptualisation/conceptualism: conceptualistic/conceptualization: conceptualizations/ conceptualize: conceptualization, conceptualized, conceptualizes, conceptualizing/inconceivability: inconceivabilities/ inconceivable: inconceivability, inconceivableness, inconceivably/misconceive: misconceived, misconceives, misconceiving, misconception / misconception: misconceptions/preconceive: preconceived, preconceives, preconception/preconception: preconceptions
USAGE EXAMPLES
“I think the thing that people sort of misinterpret about this is they’re well conceived. They fit their offense,” Saban said.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
The first baby conceived using a new method to combine material from two women and one man was born in Mexico.
BBC(Dec 29, 2016)
Healy’s Lincoln portrait was conceived in the 1860s but executed some 20 years later.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 怀孕; 构思; 想像，设想; 持有
vi. 怀孕; 设想; 考虑
时态：conceived, conceiving, conceives
分布：怀孕(47%)，设想(39%)，想出(14%)
→con-, 强调。-ceive, 词源同cap, 抓住，理解，词源同capable. 指形成思想和概念的。
想象;构想[cap,capt,cept,ceive,cip,cup=take,hold,seize,表示"拿,抓,握住"]
v.(of)设想,构思,想象;以为;怀胎,怀有People used to conceive of disease as a punishment for sin.以前人们认为疾病是对罪恶的一种惩罚.
【记】con共同，ceive 抓，拿－一起抓思想－构想；一起抓小孩－怀孕
【参】perceive（v 察觉）；receive（v 收到）；conceivable（adj 可能的；想得到的；可想像的）
verb
IMAGINE 想像
intransitive or transitive
■to imagine something 想像；想出；构想
• I think my uncle still conceives of me as a four-year-old. 我觉得我叔叔仍然把我看成是四岁的小孩。
• He couldn't conceive of a time when he would have no job. 他不能想像有一天他会没有工作。
• [+ question word] I can't conceive (= It is too shocking to imagine) how anyone could behave so cruelly. 我不能想像有人竟然能做出如此残酷的事情。
• [+ that] I find it hard to conceive (= It is too shocking to imagine) that people are still treated so badly. 人们竟然还受着那样的虐待，实在令我难以想像。
[kən'si:v] verb
INVENT 构思
transitive
■to invent a plan or an idea 构想，想出，设想出（计划或主意）
• He conceived the plot for this film while he was still a student. 他还是个学生的时候就已经构想出了这部影片的情节。
• The exhibition was conceived by the museum's director. 这次展览是由博物馆馆长构思设计的。
⇒ See also concept
[kən'si:v] verb
BECOME PREGNANT 怀孕
intransitive or transitive
■to become pregnant, or to cause a baby to begin to form 怀孕；受孕；怀（胎）
• Do you know exactly when you conceived? 你知道自己怀孕的确切时间吗？
• The baby was conceived in March, so will be born in December. 这孩子是3月份怀上的，所以会在12月出生。
⇒ See also conception
realize, fancy, think, imagine, conceive
这组词都有“在思想中形成一个看法或观念”的意思，其区别是：
realize: 指领悟，通过生动的构思或想象从而抓住事物的本质。
fancy: 与imagine略不同，往往指的是不切实际的，属于梦幻般的想象。
think: 最普通用词，指想或思索，也指由反复思考而作出判断或得出结论等。
imagine: 比conceive更强调形象思维，指在头脑中形成一个清晰明确的意象。
conceive: 指在头脑中组织好自己的思想，在心中形成一个系统的思想或一个见解。
formulate, devise, conceive
这组词都有“设计、设想”的意思，其区别是：
formulate: 与conceive相反，指在devise之后的具体设计活动。
devise: 侧重设计的临时性和权宜性，并隐含有更多的设想可用。
conceive: 强调在制定计划之前的先有设想构思。
approve, conform, conceive, agree
approve: 赞同 ~ of
conform: 符合，与……相一致 ~ to
conceive: 设想，一位，怀有 ~ of
agree: 同意 ~with/to/on
vt. 怀孕；构思；以为；持有
 - design, hold
vi. 怀孕；设想；考虑
 - allow, think of, think about

Word: combined
Front: combined
[kəm'baɪnd] (4168/3972 -2)
Vocabulary: combined
(once / 204 pages)
adj
Something combined is the result of one or more things added together. The combined voices of a crowd are louder than one voice.
To combine things is to put them together, like combining a shirt and pants or mixing ingredients together to make a cake. If two people pool their money, the combined amount will be greater. If two countries are allies in a war, their combined forces will be stronger than their individual forces. This word is the opposite of individual or singular; combined things act together.
WORD FAMILY
combined: combinedly, uncombined+/ combination: combinational, combinations, combinatorial/combinative: noncombinative/ combine: combinable, combination, combinative, combinatory, combined, combines, combining, recombine /combining: combinings, noncombining/recombination: recombinations/ recombine: recombination, recombined, recombines, recombining
USAGE EXAMPLES
Kelley and Thompson combined for 25 rushing yards on five carries.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Because it is for each issue involved — the violence, alcoholism, mental incompetence and legal jeopardy — much less for all of them combined.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
As a result, the two gobble up a combined 58 percent of all the advertising purchased in the U.S. online or on mobile phones.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 结合的; <化>化合的; [数]组合的
v. （使）联合(combine的过去式和过去分词)
分布：结合的(75%)，组合的(25%)
ADJ
联合的;共同的
A combined effort or attack is made by two or more groups of people at the same time.
例：These refugees are looked after by the combined efforts of the host countries and non-governmental organisations.在几个接收国和一些非政府组织的共同努力下，这些难民得以安置。
ADJ
总计的;总共的
The combined size or quantity of two or more things is the total of their sizes or quantities added together.
例：Such a merger would be the largest in US banking history, giving the two banks combined assets of some $146 billion.这将是美国银行业历史上最大的一次合并，使两家银行的总资产达到1,460亿美元左右。
adj. [数] 结合的；组合的
 - bonding, conjunct
v. 使结合；联合（combine的过去分词）
 - welded, mingled

Word: instantly
Front: instantly
[ˈɪnstəntli] (四六 4170/4123)
Vocabulary: instantly
(once / 133 pages)
adv
Something happens instantly when there's no pause or delay at all before it occurs. If you fall asleep as soon as your head touches your pillow, you can say you drifted off instantly.
If an event is immediate, it happens instantly. Your parents might say they fell in love instantly, the moment they first saw each other, and you may realize instantly on the first day of school that you are going to love your history class. The adverb instantly first meant "persistently," rather than "immediately," though it soon gained this meaning. The Medieval Latin root is instantem, "pressing, urgent," or "standing near."
WORD FAMILY
instant: instancy, instantaneous, instanter, instantly, instants+/ instantaneous: instantaneously, instantaneousness
USAGE EXAMPLES
At first I instantly thought it was marketing hype but slowly the story intrigued me and I began searching online.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Though instantly recognisable, he still rises from the sofa and offers a firm handshake and an unnecessary but polite, “Hi, I’m Ben.”
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
I just felt instantly beleaguered in a very familiar way.
Salon(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adv. 立即，马上，立刻; 马上地; 即刻地; 立即地
conj. 一…就
分布：即刻地(50%)，立即地(50%)
adverb
 IMPROVER
■immediately 立即，马上
• Both drivers were killed instantly. 两名司机当场丧生。
instantly, right away, directly, soon, at once, shortly, presently, immediately
这组词都有“立刻，马上”的意思，其区别是：
instantly: 指恰恰就在此刻，一秒钟也没耽误。
right away: 主要用于美国英语，语气稍弱于at once，强调动作迅速。
directly: 和immediately同义，指毫无迟疑。
soon: 常用词，指行动快，完成速度快。
at once: 口语中常用，语气强烈，指时间紧迫，一刻也不能耽误。
shortly: 和soon同义，指动作发生或完成的速度之快。
presently: 指不久、即将。
immediately: 指做完一件事后，立即就做另一件事，中间一般没有明显的时间间隔。
adv. 立即地；马上地；即刻地
 - promptly, offhandedly

Word: bankruptcy
Front: bankruptcy
[ˈbæŋkrʌptsi] (六托 4171/5401 -2)
Vocabulary: bankruptcy
(once / 695 pages)
n
Bankruptcy is a state of being bankrupt, or having no money to pay back debts that you owe.
Bankruptcy is a state of being bankrupt, or having no money to pay back debts that you owe. When you file for bankruptcy, you are giving up all your possessions and declaring, essentially, that you don't have any money left. During the recession, lots of businesses had to file for bankruptcy or declare by law that they were unable to pay off their debts. The ending of the word bankruptcy is a tricky one. Remember that it ends in tcy.
WORD FAMILY
bankruptcy: bankruptcies+/ bankrupt: bankruptcy, bankrupted, bankrupting, bankrupts
USAGE EXAMPLES
The country’s largest shipping line, Hanjin, recently filed for bankruptcy.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Other statistics reflected a strengthening economy, with bankruptcy filings dropping to their lowest level since 2007.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
It was less than a year ago that it emerged from bankruptcy under new management after a bitter court fight and began staging operas again.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 破产，倒闭; 彻底失败; （勇气）完全丧失
分布：破产(97%)，倒闭(3%)
破产(bank+rupt+cy)[rupt=break,表示"断裂"]
破产(bankrupt破产,tupt断)[-cy表名词,也作-acy,"性质,状态"]
【反】solvency（n 有尝债能力）
['bæŋ.krəpt.si] legal
noun
countable or uncountable
■a situation in which a business or a person becomes bankrupt 企业或个人破产（的状况）
• The company was forced into bankruptcy. 公司被迫宣布破产。
• The toll of bankruptcies was rising daily. 倒闭的公司与日俱增。
uncountable
■when an important quality or influence is completely absent （某重要素质或影响）彻底消失
• moral bankruptcy 道德沦丧
n. [经] 破产
 - failure, insolvency, improverishment

Word: vaccine
Front: vaccine
[ˈvæksi:n] (托雅宝 4173/8303 -2)
Vocabulary: vaccine
(once / 820 pages)
n
To prevent you from getting sick, a doctor will give you a shot with a vaccine in it, which is a mixture that teaches your body how to fight against viruses and diseases.
It’s fascinating how vaccines work. A dead or really weak strain of a virus is injected into your body, and your system creates antibodies specifically designed to fight that particular virus. Once your body learns how to make those antibodies, you become immune to the virus, and it can’t make you sick. The word comes from the Latin vacca, meaning “cow,” because in 1796 a doctor used “cow pox” viruses to create a vaccine to prevent smallpox. Thank you, cows.
WORD FAMILY
vaccine: vaccinate, vaccines+/ vaccinate: vaccinated, vaccinates, vaccinating, vaccination, vaccinator/vaccinated: unvaccinated/ vaccination: vaccinations/vaccinator: vaccinators
USAGE EXAMPLES
To reduce the risk of pneumonia, two vaccines are recommended for people age 65 and older: Prevnar 13 first, followed by Pneumovax a year later.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
After the introduction of the measles vaccine, the rate of the disease dropped precipitously; it was declared eliminated from the U.S. in 2000.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It also set off a race for a vaccine, as global health officials strive to avoid a repeat.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 疫苗，痘苗
adj. 痘苗的，疫苗的
分布：疫苗(100%)
→来自拉丁语vacca,母牛，可能来自拟声词，词源同vaquero.疫苗义来自1800年，英国医生Edward Jenner发现了预防天花的技术，即通过把提取的牛痘病毒疫苗注射入健康人体内使之产生抗体，以激发人体的免疫系统，从而达到预防天花的目的。
noun countable or uncountable
■a substance which contains a form that is not harmful of a virus or bacterium (= extremely small organism) and which is given to a person or animal to prevent them from getting the disease which the virus or bacterium causes 疫苗
• This vaccine protects against some kinds of the bacteria. 这种疫苗能抵抗这些细菌中的某几种。
n. [计] [药] 疫苗；牛痘苗
 - bacterin

Word: bonus
Front: bonus
[ˈbəʊnəs] (高研六托雅 4172/3780 -2)
Back: n. 奖金，额外津贴; 红利，额外股息; 退职金; 额外令人高兴的事情
分布：奖金(86%)，红利(13%)，意外所得之物(1%)
→来自词根bon, 好。
奖金[bon=good(好)]
n.奖金,红利The workers got a National Day bonus.工人得到国庆节奖金.
【记】bon好，us我们－我们的好事－发奖金了，分红利了
US ['boʊ-] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■an extra amount of money that is given to you as a present or reward as well as the money you were expecting 奖金；花红；红利；津贴
• a productivity bonus 生产效益奖金
• a Christmas bonus 圣诞节奖金
• The company used to give discretionary bonus payments. 公司过去常常会酌情发放一些奖金。
 ADVANCED
■a pleasant extra thing 另外的优点；额外的好处
• I love the job, and it's an added bonus that it's so close to home. 我喜欢这份工作，它还有个优点是离家很近。
n. [劳经] 奖金； [经] 红利；额外津贴
 - prix, dividend

Word: collaboration
Front: collaboration
[kəˌlæbəˈreɪʃn] (六托雅 4176/4618 -2)
Vocabulary: collaboration
(once / 1729 pages)
n
When you join a group of friends to build a huge sandcastle on the beach, your impressive structure is the result of collaboration, or working together toward a common goal.
Working with another person — or a group of people — to make something together is collaboration. You can also describe the result of your work, like the elaborately decorated cake you made with your best friend, as a collaboration. During World War II, the word collaboration began being used to mean "working traitorously with an enemy," and became a very serious crime.
WORD FAMILY
collaboration: collaborationism, collaborations+/ collaborate: collaborated, collaborates, collaborating, collaboration, collaborative, collaborator/collaborationism: collaborationist/collaborationist: collaborationists/ collaborative: collaboratively/collaborator: collaborators
USAGE EXAMPLES
This story was produced in collaboration with the Trace as part of a partnership to report on exclusive new gun ownership data.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
But the communication and collaboration wasn’t there, leading to the poor record.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Several areas of the brain act in collaboration in order to receive, process, prioritise and implement real-time data perceived during driving.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 合作，协作; 通敌，勾结
分布：合作(96%)，通敌(4%)
协作;合著(col+labor劳动+ation→共同劳动)[col-,cor在同辅音词根前,表示"共同"]
noun
WORKING WITH 合作
countable or uncountable
■when two or more people work together to create or achieve the same thing 合作；协作
• The two playwrights worked in close collaboration (with each other) on the script. 两位剧作家密切合作编写这个剧本。
• The new airport is a collaboration between two of the best architects in the country. 新机场是国内两位顶级建筑师通力合作的成果。
[kəˌlæb.ə'reɪ.ʃən] noun
HELPING AN ENEMY 通敌
uncountable disapproving
■when someone works with an enemy who has taken control of their country 勾结；通敌，叛国
• She was accused of collaboration. 她被指控与敌军勾结。
n. 合作；勾结；通敌
 - synergism, co-operation

Word: mixed
Front: mixed
[mɪkst] (4174/3497 -K3)
Back: adj. 混合的，混杂的; 男女混合的; 〈口〉头脑混乱的; 形形色色的
v. 混合(mix的过去式和过去分词); （使）结交
分布：混合的(72%)，男女混合的(28%)
adjective
■showing a mixture of different feelings or opinions 混合的；混杂的
• There has been a mixed reaction to the changes. 对于那些变化有不同的反应。
■for both sexes 男女混合的
• Our children go to a mixed school. 我们的孩子都念男女校。
• Some of his jokes were too rude for mixed company (= a group where both males and females are present). 在有男有女的场合下，他的一些笑话就显得太粗鲁了。
■combining people of a different religion or race 不同宗教（或种族）混合的
• a mixed marriage 异族通婚
adj. 混合的；形形色色的；弄糊涂的
 - hybrid, compound
v. 混合；弄混（mix的过去式和过去分词）
 - blended, mixt

Word: opposed
Front: opposed
[əˈpəʊzd] (托 4175/7018 -3)
Vocabulary: opposed
(once / 176 pages)
adj
When things are opposed, they're against each other. Two teams playing against each other are opposed; so are two sides in a war.
If you're opposed, you're usually up against an opponent or opposing side. Politicians often talk about being opposed to one law and in favor of another. If someone is against higher taxes, they're opposed to higher taxes. Someone on the other side is opposed to lower taxes. But you could also simply be opposed to something like breakfast before 10 am.
WORD FAMILY
opposed: unopposed+/ opponent: opponents/opposable: unopposable/ oppose: opponent, opposable, opposed, opposer, opposes, opposing, opposition /opposer: opposers/opposing: opposingly/ opposition: oppositions
USAGE EXAMPLES
The BDS movement is a Palestinian-led global campaign to put economic and political pressure on Israel, and it is opposed by many Jewish students.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
The new study also shows that more Americans than ever are buying their firearms as opposed to inheriting or receiving them as gifts.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Despite reeling from a collective gut punch, women who were opposed to President-elect Donald Trump channeled their sadness and rage into activism and organization.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 和…起冲突; 和敌军起冲突; 反抗，抗拒; 相对：放在某事物对面以对比或平衡
vi. 对抗，对立
adj. 强烈反对某事物的; （表示对比）而，相对于; 相反的; 敌对的
分布：反对的(52%)，对立的(30%)，敌对的(14%)，动词oppose的过去式及过去分词.(4%)
US [-'poʊzd] adjective
DIFFERENT 不同
■completely different 完全不同的；截然相反的；迥然不同的
• Two opposed interpretations of the facts have been presented. 人们对事实作出了两种全然不同的解释。
• His view of the situation is diametrically (= very strongly) opposed to mine. 他对局势的看法和我的截然不同。
as opposed to
■rather than 而不是
• I'd prefer to go on holiday in May, as opposed to September. 我更愿意五月份去渡假，而不是九月份。
UK [ə'pəʊzd] US [-'poʊzd] adjective
DISAGREE WITH 反对
be opposed to sth
■to disagree with a principle or plan 反对，不赞成
• She's opposed to religious education in schools. 她反对在学校进行宗教教育。
adj. 相反的；敌对的
 - contrary, adverse, counter, cross
v. 反对（oppose的过去分词）；使对立
 - negatived

Word: orbit
Front: orbit
[ˈɔ:bɪt] (高研四六托雅 4178/6177 -2)
Vocabulary: orbit
(once / 667 pages)
1nv 2n 3n 4n
To orbit is to follow a circular or elliptical path around a central body. Usually a planet, moon or satellite is described as orbiting, but a child who has too much sugar can sometimes orbit around his parents in an annoying fashion.
Orbit comes from the Latin orbita, “course,” or “track.” The verb orbit is the act of revolving around another object, usually on a circular or elliptical course. Many planets, moons, stars, meteors spacecraft and other objects in outer space orbit around each other. Electrons also orbit around the nucleus of an atom. The noun orbit is the path the object in orbit takes: "The Earth’s orbit around the Sun takes one year to complete."
WORD FAMILY
orbit: orbital, orbited, orbiter, orbiting, orbits+/ orbital: suborbital/orbiter: orbiters
USAGE EXAMPLES
Many galaxies of stars form spirals, where relatively few stars in the outer arms orbit around a dense mass of stars at the centre.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Stars at a galaxy’s edge orbit almost as fast as those near its centre.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Glenn was the first American astronaut to orbit Earth and later became a U.S. senator.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 轨道; 势力范围; 眼眶; （人生的）旅程，生活过程
vt. & vi. 在…轨道上运行，环绕轨道运行
vi. 盘旋; 绕轨道运行
vt. 绕轨道而行; 进入轨道
时态：orbited, orbiting, orbits
分布：眼眶(33%)，轨迹(20%)，势力范围(17%)，进入轨道(13%)，盘旋(12%)，绕轨道而行(5%)
→来自拉丁语orbis,圈，环，球体，词源同orb.引申词义轨道。
轨道[orbit=circle,表示"圆圈"]
n.轨道v.(使)沿轨道行On the orbit, the rabbits habitually inherited the merits of the inhabitants.在轨道上,兔子习惯性地继承了居民们的优点.
US ['ɔ:r-] noun countable or uncountable
■the curved path through which objects in space move around a planet or star （天体围绕行星或恒星运行的）轨道
• The satellite is now in a stable orbit. 卫星目前在稳定的轨道上运行。
• Once in space, the spacecraft will go into orbit around the Earth. 一旦进入太空，太空船将进入环绕地球的轨道。
UK ['ɔ:.bɪt] US ['ɔ:r-] noun countable or uncountable
go into orbit informal
■to increase or succeed very quickly or to be in a state of extreme activity 迅速增长（或成功）；极为…
• Prices have gone into orbit this year. 今年物价大幅攀升。
UK ['ɔ:.bɪt] US ['ɔ:r-] verb intransitive or transitive
■to follow a curved path around a planet or star 绕轨道运行，沿轨道围绕（行星或恒星）运行
• On this mission the Shuttle will orbit (the Earth) at a height of several hundred miles. 此次任务中，这艘太空船将在距地面数百英里的高空绕（地球）轨道运行。
n. [天] [航] 轨道； [昆] 眼眶；势力范围；生活常规
 - path, track, railway, trajectory
vi. 盘旋；绕轨道运行
 - serpentuate, circle round

Word: grasp
Front: grasp
[grɑ:sp] (高研四六托 4181/3973 -2)
Vocabulary: grasp
(once / 127 pages)
vn
To grasp is to get a hold of something, literally or figuratively. Grasp the grammar textbook with both hands and then read it to grasp the rules of the English language.
It makes sense that the word grasp means understanding a concept since you are "getting a hold of an idea" just as you would grasp something tangible to hold. Grasp is good for when you're talking about comprehending the scale of something, or the full picture of a multi-faceted problem or idea. You might know that there is going to be a heat wave, but you may not grasp the idea of its relationship to global warming.
WORD FAMILY
grasp: graspable, grasped, grasping, grasps+/grasped: ungrasped/grasping: graspingly, graspings
USAGE EXAMPLES
“I won’t even be able to bring this thing with me,” Long said, grasping the edge of the desk.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Clark leaned close and grasped each girl by a shoulder.
New York Times(Jan 12, 2012)
But, like espionage, it is a murky world where it is hard for outsiders to get an exact grasp on what is being done.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 抓住; 了解; 急忙抓住; 急切（或贪婪）地抓住
n. 控制; 控制力; 能力所及
vi. 攫取（常与 at 连用）; 急于接受; 急切地寻求（常与 for 连用）
时态：grasped, grasping, grasps
分布：抓住(38%)，把握(30%)，领会(16%)，抓紧(9%)，紧握(7%)
→词源同grab, 抓住，抓牢。字母s、p置换。
v./n.抓住,抓紧;掌握,领会The wagging wasp grasps the crisp clasp for a gasp.摇摆的黄蜂抓住脆钩喘息.
US [græsp] verb transitive
TAKE 抓紧
 ADVANCED
■to quickly take something in your hand(s) and hold it firmly 抓紧；握紧
• Rosie suddenly grasped my hand. 罗茜突然抓住了我的手。
■If you grasp an opportunity, you take it eagerly 急忙抓住，毫不犹豫地把握住（机会）
• We must grasp every opportunity to strengthen economic ties with other countries. 我们必须把握住一切机会加强与其他国家的经济联系。
UK [grɑ:sp] US [græsp] verb transitive
UNDERSTAND 理解
■to understand something, especially something difficult 理解，领悟，明白（尤指费解之事）
• I think I managed to grasp the main points of the lecture. 我觉得我理解到演讲的要点。
• The Government has acknowledged that homelessness is a problem but it has failed to grasp the scale of the problem. 政府已经承认很多人无家可归是个问题，但还没有意识到问题的严重性。
UK [grɑ:sp] US [græsp] verb transitive
grasp the nettle UK
■to force yourself to be brave and do something that is difficult or unpleasant 迫使自己迎难而上；果断处理棘手的问题；破釜沉舟
• You've been putting off making that phone call for days - I think it's about time you grasped the nettle! 那个电话你拖了好几天都没有打—— 我觉得你应该果敢地去面对这个问题。
UK [grɑ:sp] US [græsp] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  grasp at sth
OPPORTUNITY
■to try to take an opportunity 尽力抓住（机会）
• Certainly if the job were offered me I'd grasp at the chance. 如果给我这份工作的话，我当然会竭尽全力去把握机会。
OBJECT
■to try to hold or touch something 尽力去抓住（或触摸）
• She grasped at his shirt as he ran past. 他从她身边跑过的时候，她一手抓住了他的衬衫。
UK [grɑ:sp] US [græsp] noun
HOLD 抓住
only singular
■when you hold onto someone or something 紧抓；紧握；抓牢
• He shook my hand with a very firm grasp. 他非常有力地和我握了握手。
uncountable
■the ability to get, achieve or keep something 力所能及；掌握，把握
• The presidency at last looked within her grasp (= It looked possible that she might become president). 终于，总裁的职位对她来说似乎伸手可及。
• Why is success always beyond my grasp (= impossible to get) ? 为甚么我总是功败垂成？
• The gold medal slipped from his grasp (= He was unable to get it) in the last moments of the race. 在比赛最后一刻他与金牌失之交臂。
• I sometimes think that he's losing his grasp on reality (= his ability to judge what is real and what is not). 有时我觉得他认不清现实。
UK [grɑ:sp] US [græsp] noun
UNDERSTANDING 理解
[S or U]
■understanding 理解
• I'm afraid my grasp of economics is rather limited. 恐怕我对经济学知识的了解非常有限。
grasp, appreciate, understand, comprehend, apprehend
这组词都有“理解”的意思，其区别是：
grasp: 从本义抓紧、抓住，引申作“理解、掌握”。
appreciate: 语气较弱，指对某事物或意义有充分的理解。着重有能力领域或觉察。
understand: 一般用词，很常用，指对事实或意义不仅知道得很清楚。
comprehend: 较正式用词，指对较复杂的事物能透彻理解其意义。
apprehend: 指知道某事物或某观念的大概意义，但未能理解其内涵意义，暗含一知半解意味。
grasp, clasp, catch, grip
grasp: 指用手、牙等抓住或咬住
clasp: 握紧，攥（在手中）
catch: 指用手接住（运动着的物体），捉住，捕获
grip: 紧抓，紧握，用于被动时指吸引某人的注意力
grasp, grab, clasp, seize, take, clutch, grip, snatch
这组词都有“抓住，握紧”的意思，其区别是：
grasp: 指紧紧抓住、抓牢。
grab: 指粗暴而急迫的抓住。
clasp: 指用手紧握或用臂紧抱。
seize: 指突然抓住某物，强调突然的猛烈动作。
take: 最普通用词，不带感情色彩。指用手抓、取某东西或控制某物。
clutch: 强调匆忙、紧急地抓、抓紧。
grip: 语气比grasp强，指用手的最大力量紧紧抓住。
snatch: 指突然抢走，侧重动作更快或更具暴力性质。
n. 抓住；理解；控制
 - control, understanding, comprehension, guiding, hold
vt. 抓住；领会
 - see, appreciate, noble, collar
vi. 抓
 - strike, scratch

Word: patience
Front: patience
[ˈpeɪʃns] (高研四六托 4177/4928 -K2)
Vocabulary: patience
(once / 167 pages)
1n 2n
Patience is a person's ability to wait something out or endure something tedious, without getting riled up. It takes a lot of patience to wait for your braces to come off, to deal with a toddler's temper tantrum, or to build a house out of toothpicks.
Having patience means you can remain calm, even when you've been waiting forever or dealing with something painstakingly slow or trying to teach someone how to do something and they just don't get it. It involves acceptance and tolerance, and is usually easier to have when there's something in it for you at the end. That could be a goal you've been slowly working to achieve, or just lower blood pressure.
WORD FAMILY
patience: patiences+/ impatience: impatiences/ impatient: impatience, impatienter, impatiently/inpatient: inpatients/ patient: impatient, inpatient, patience, patiently, patients
USAGE EXAMPLES
"Please be advised, @CustomsBorder outage is nationwide. They are working to restore. Thanks for your patience," Miami International Airport said on its Twitter feed.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
It’s not impossible to do well, but you need the right equipment and probably some patience.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Instead, Davis stuck with McKenzie , and is receiving the dividends for his patience this season.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 耐心，耐性; 忍耐; 单人纸牌游戏
分布：耐心(83%)，忍耐(13%)，毅力(4%)
→来自拉丁语pati,忍受，承受，词源同passion,passive.即忍受力，忍耐，耐心。
耐心;忍受(par[=pass]+ience→感情,有感情就有耐心→耐心)[pass=felling表示"感情"]
n.耐心,忍耐Have patience!要忍耐!
noun uncountable
QUALITY 素质
 IMPROVER
■the ability to wait, or to continue doing something despite difficulties, or to suffer without complaining or becoming annoyed 忍耐，耐心
• You have to have such a lot of patience when you're dealing with kids. 和孩子相处需要有这么大的耐心才行。
• In the end I lost my patience and shouted at her. 最后我失去了耐性，对她大吼大叫起来。
• He's a good teacher, but he doesn't have much patience with the slower pupils. 他是个好老师，但对较迟钝的学生没多大耐心。
• Making small-scale models takes/requires a great deal of patience. 做小型模型需要极大的耐心。
• Their youngest son was beginning to try my patience (= annoy me). 他们的小儿子开始让我忍无可忍。
• Patience - they'll be here soon! 别急——他们马上就到！
Opposite impatience
['peɪ.ʃənts] noun uncountable
CARD GAME 纸牌游戏 UK (US solitaire)
■a game played with cards by one person 单人纸牌游戏
['peɪ.ʃənts] noun uncountable
have the patience of a saint
■to always be calm and never allow anything to upset you 有圣人般的耐心；从容淡定
['peɪ.ʃənts] noun uncountable
the patience of Job
■the ability to remain patient and to do what you think you should do despite having many problems 极度忍耐，极大耐心
endurance, patience
这组词都有“忍耐，耐心”的意思，其区别是：
endurance: 侧重指忍受艰辛或痛苦的能力。
patience: 普通用词，通常指不急不躁的容忍态度或能力。
n. 耐性，耐心；忍耐，容忍
 - tolerance, endurance

Word: spite
Front: spite
[spaɪt] (研四六宝 4179/14563 -K3)
Vocabulary: spite
(once / 82 pages)
nv
When your sister told you that you looked terrible in your new tube top, she may have been saying it out of spite, or in a deliberately mean or offensive way.
The noun spite means "a desire to offend." The word spite can also take the form of a verb, when it's used like this: "He only became a vegetarian to spite his cattle rancher father." Either way, spite implies a grudge, a desire to offend or hurt the feelings of someone by actions or words.
WORD FAMILY
spite: spited, spiteful, spites, spiting+/despiteful: despitefully/ spiteful: despiteful, spitefully, spitefulness
USAGE EXAMPLES
In spite of his poor shooting night, Harden pulled up for a late three to squash a Wizards rally.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
In spite of its proximity to Hollywood, it is not exactly star-studded.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Prison also offered unique ways for a little girl to spite her mother.
New York Times(Jan 12, 2012)
Back: n. 恶意; 怨恨; 恶事
vt. 向…表示恶意; 欺负; 刁难; 泄愤
时态：spited, spiting, spites
分布：恶意(39%)，怨恨(36%)，刁难(17%)，惹怒(4%)，冒犯(4%)
→缩写自 despite,怨恨，憎恨。
n.恶意;怨恨I had appetite for inviting the man who bit me despite I had spite against him.我有意邀请咬我的人,尽管我怨恨他.
【记】我对你有spite就会bite你。Spit（v 吐吐沫）使你spite
noun
DESPITE 不管
in spite of sth
 ADVANCED
■(used before one fact that makes another fact surprising) despite 尽管；不顾，不管
• In spite of his injury, Ricardo will play in Saturday's match. 尽管里卡多有伤在身，星期六的比赛他仍然会出场。
in spite of yourself
■used when you do something which you do not intend to do and which you are trying not to do 不由自主地
• She started to laugh, in spite of herself. 她不由自主地笑了起来。
[spaɪt] noun
HURT 伤害
uncountable
■a feeling of anger towards someone that makes a person want to annoy, upset or hurt them, especially in a small way 恶意；怨恨
• He's the sort of man who would let down the tyres on your car just out of/from spite. 他是那种会为了泄愤而让你车胎泄气的人。
[spaɪt] verb transitive
■to intentionally annoy, upset or hurt someone 刁难；存心使苦恼；故意伤害
• I almost think he died without making a will just to spite his family. 连我都有些认为他死前不立遗嘱就是存心要为难他的家人。
n. 不顾；恶意；怨恨
 - regardless of, hatred
vt. 刁难；使恼怒
 - make a difficulty, exasperate

Word: tropical
Front: tropical
[ˈtrɒpɪkl] (研四六托 4182/3874 -K2)
Vocabulary: tropical
(once / 458 pages)
1adj 2adj
Our planet’s tropical regions, located just north and south of the equator, are known for being warm and humid. Some people think tropical areas make ideal vacation spots; others think they’re just good places for getting mosquito bites.
This word calls for a crash course in geography. If you stand at Earth’s equator at certain times of the year, you’ll see the Sun directly overhead. However, the Sun “wanders” a bit, and sometimes you have to move north or south to see the Sun right above you; latitude lines called tropics show just how far north and south you have to go. The region between each tropic and the equator is considered tropical. For more details, see your travel agent.
WORD FAMILY
tropical: semitropical, subtropical, tropically+/subtropic: subtropics/tropic: semitropic, subtropic, tropical, tropics/tropics: semitropics
USAGE EXAMPLES
We are physicians who teach tropical medicine in East Africa each year, where we witness the tragedy of illnesses and deaths from vaccine-preventable diseases.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The mercury got a boost from a record-challenging El Niño event, a cyclical warming of the tropical Pacific, which dispersed heat around the globe.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
It’s another example of the regard with which arts are supported by Cuba’s “tropical socialist” government.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: adj. 热带的; 炎热的; 热情的
分布：热带的(78%)，炎热的(16%)，热带植物的(6%)
→tropic,热带的，-al,形容词后缀。
热带的(tropic+al)[trop=vturn,表示"转"]
a.热带的They inhabit the tropical forests.他们居住在热带森林中.
US ['trɑ:.pɪ-] adjective
 ADVANCED
■from or relating to the area between the two tropics 热带的
• tropical fish 热带鱼
• a tropical island/region/climate 热带岛屿／地区／气候
• Leprosy is one of the few tropical diseases which could be eradicated early in the 21st century. 21世纪初有几种热带病可以彻底根除，麻风病就是其中之一。
• She specialises in tropical medicine (= the treatment of diseases from the tropical areas of the world). 她专门医治热带病。
• The Amazon river basin contains the world's largest tropical rainforest. 亚马孙河流域有世界上最大的热带雨林。
• The hurricane was downgraded to a tropical storm when its speed dropped to 70mph. 当飓风的速度降为每小时70英里时，就减弱为热带风暴。
⇒ See also subtropical informal
■extremely hot and feeling wet （天气）湿热的
• The weather was positively tropical last summer. 去年夏天天气非常湿热。
adj. [地理] 热带的；热情的；酷热的
 - intense, warm, hot, enthusiastic, passionate

Word: voting
Front: voting
[ˈvəʊtɪŋ] (4180/4427)
Back: n. 选举，投票
分布：投票(99%)，动词vote的现在分词形式.(1%)
【记】vot＝vote（v 投票；选举），ing：选举的
US [-tˌɪŋ] noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■when people choose someone or something in an election 选举；投票
• Voting was brisk in spite of the bad weather. 尽管天气很糟，选举仍然进行得很快。
• Pollsters asked people their voting intentions. 民意测验专家向人们询问选举意向。
n. 投票；选举
 - election, poll
v. 投票（vote的ing形式）；选举
 - delegating

Word: patrol
Front: patrol
[pəˈtrəʊl] (研六托雅 4183/5439 -2)
Vocabulary: patrol
(once / 445 pages)
nv
When a person or a group monitors a specific area, that's a patrol. A police officer's night patrol might involve walking a beat on certain city streets.
A patrol is the activity of watching a neighborhood or region, and also refers to the person or group doing the watching. And when you join such a group, you can say you patrol. Your neighborhood watch group might patrol the town in groups of three, driving up and down the streets keeping an eye out for suspicious activity. The French patrouille, "a night watch," comes from patrouiller, "go the rounds," and originally "tramp trough the mud."
WORD FAMILY
patrol: patroled, patroling, patrolled, patroller, patrolling, patrols+/patroller: patrollers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Customs and Border Patrol computer problems hit several U.S. airports on Monday, causing long lines at immigration checks, airport officials said.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
And the Highway Patrol said security footage caught two people splattering motor oil on the sidewalk and Capitol building on Halloween night.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Goicoechea spent 17 years with the highway patrol before being elected judge in November.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 巡逻，巡查; 巡逻队，侦察队; 童子军小队
vt. & vi. 巡逻，巡查
时态：patrolled, patrolling, patrols
分布：巡逻(94%)，巡查(6%)
→来自古法语patrouille,守夜，值勤，巡逻，来自pate,脚掌，脚底板，词源同pad,path.-ille,小词后缀。
v.巡逻,巡查n.巡逻,巡查;巡逻队The policeman was on patrol.警察在巡逻.
US [-'troʊl] verb intransitive or transitive (-ll-)
■(especially of soldiers or the police) to go around an area or a building to see if there is any trouble or danger （尤指士兵或员警）巡逻，巡查
• The whole town is patrolled by police because of the possibility of riots. 为防止发生骚乱，整个城镇都有员警巡逻。
• A security guard with a dog patrols the building site at night. 夜间一名保安带着一只狗在建筑工地巡逻。
• Coastguards found a deserted boat while patrolling (along) the coast. 海岸警卫队在岸边巡逻时发现了一艘被遗弃的船。
UK [pə'trəʊl] US [-'troʊl] noun
countable or uncountable
■the act of looking for trouble or danger in a building or area 巡逻，巡查
• a highway patrol 公路巡查
• Three reconnaissance aircraft are permanently on patrol. 三架侦察机在不停巡逻。
UK [pə'trəʊl] US [-'troʊl] noun
countable [+ sing/pl verb]
■a small group of soldiers or military ships, aircraft or vehicles, especially one which patrols an area 巡逻兵，巡逻队；巡逻艇；巡逻机；巡逻车
• Our forward patrol has/have spotted the enemy. 我们的先遣巡逻队发现了敌人。

Word: willingness
Front: willingness
['wɪlɪŋnəs] (高 4186/5008 -K)
Vocabulary: willingness
(once / 885 pages)
n
If someone's willing, he has the quality of willingness, which can vary from meaning "prepared," to "enthusiastic," like your little brother's eager willingness to help walk the dog.
If your troop of Girl Scouts has a willingness to try anything, it means they stay cheerful and ready, even if they're hiking through a prickly field of thistles. When something is done with willingness, there is no sense of resentment or hesitation. The word's origin lies in the Old English wyllan, "to wish, desire, or want."
WORD FAMILY
willingness: willingnesses+/unwilling: unwillingest, unwillingly, unwillingness/unwillingness: unwillingnesses/wilful: wilfuler, wilfulest, wilfulness/wilfulness: wilfulnesses/ will: self-will, wilful, willed, willful, willing, wills, would/willed: self-willed, unwilled/ willful: willfully, willfulness/willing: unwilling, willinger, willingest, willingly, willingness, willings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Critics on social media said her tweets appeared to reflect lack of familiarity with Twitter and a willingness to cooperate with China’s state-controlled media.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
And despite my willingness to experiment with substitutes, there’s nothing like the real thing when the real thing is at its best.
The New Yorker(Jan 02, 2017)
The author hailed Trump for his willingness to defend American workers and America’s borders.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 自愿，乐意
分布：愿意(90%)，乐意(10%)
ADJ-GRADED
乐意的;愿意的
If someone is willing to do something, they are fairly happy about doing it and will do it if they are asked or required to do it.
例：The military now say they're willing to hold talks with the political parties...军方现在说，他们愿意与政党进行谈判。
例：There are, of course, questions which she will not be willing to answer.当然，有些问题是她不愿回答的。
ADJ-GRADED
自愿的;愿意的;积极肯干的
Willing is used to describe someone who does something fairly enthusiastically and because they want to do it rather than because they are forced to do it.
例：Have the party on a Saturday, when you can get your partner and other willing adults to help...把聚会安排在周六，这样你就可以找自己的搭档和其他愿意帮把手的成年人来帮忙了。
例：Although he had had no formal engineering training he was a natural and willing pupil.虽然他没有接受过正规工科训练，但却是个天生好学的学生。
n. 乐意；心甘情愿；自动自发
 - willing to, What Makes a Man

Word: position
Front: position
[pəˈzɪʃn] (中高研四六雅 512/345 -K5)
Vocabulary: position
(once / 31 pages)
1nv 2n 3n 4n 5n
A position is the point where something is located, as on a map, or the posture it's arranged in, such as an "upright position."
Position has many meanings. As a noun it can be a job or post in an organization (an "open position" is a job opening); the role assigned to the individual player of a team sport (guard, forward, and center are basketball positions); a view or perspective on a particular issue; or the place an item occupies on a list or sequence (in racing, "pole position" is first, on the inside). As a verb it can mean lay, place, pose, or set.
WORD FAMILY
position: positionable, positional, positioned, positioning, positions+/positional: positionally
USAGE EXAMPLES
When a child is raised with creationism — as MacMillan was — it’s the default position.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
We rebuke their positions on Israel, sort of.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
Would any nation in its right mind support the positions of a neighboring entity calling for the nation’s destruction?
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 位置，方位; 地位，职位; 态度; 状态
vt. 安置; 把…放在适当位置; 给…定位; 驻扎军队
时态：positioned, positioning, positions
分布：位置(48%)，职位(25%)，立场(11%)，定位(9%)，状态(4%)，安置(3%)
→来自拉丁语positus,放置的，来自ponere的过去分词，词源同component,composite.引申词义位置，观点，态度等。
立场(posit+ion→放出的[立场];posit本身是一个单词,意为"认为,肯定")[pos,posit=put表示"放"]
n.位置;职位;姿势,姿态;见解,立场,形势Suppose you were exposed in the opposite position by your opponent, …假设你被对手暴露在相反的位置,....
noun
PLACE 地点
 ESSENTIAL countable
■the place where something or someone is, often in relation to other things 位置，方位，地点
• Well, I've found our position on the map if you want to see where we are. 好啦，如果你想知道我们现在所在位置的话，我已经在地图上找到了。
• You've moved the furniture around - the sofa is in a different position. 你把家俱移动过了——沙发的位置变了。
• I didn't know you played hockey - what position (= place or job in the team) do you play? 我不知道你打曲棍球——你在队上打甚么位置？
countable or uncountable
■the place where people are sent in order to carry out a course of action 阵地；（采取行动的）恰当位置
• The troops took up their battle positions at the front line. 部队进入了前线的战斗阵地。
• As soon as his officers were in position/had moved into position, the police commander walked up the path towards the house. 他的下属们一就位，警官就沿着小路向房子走去。
[pə'zɪʃ.ən] noun
SITUATION 状况
 ESSENTIAL countable usually singular
■a situation 处境，状况
• My financial position is rather precarious at the moment. 现在我的经济状况相当不稳定。
• When two of your best friends argue it puts you in a very awkward position. 你两个最好的朋友吵架时，你会陷入一种非常尴尬的境地。
be in a position to do sth
■to be able to do something, usually because you have the necessary experience, authority or money 能做…
• I'm not in a position to reveal any of the details of the project at present. 我目前不能披露这个计划的任何细节。
• I'm sure they'd like to help her out financially but they're not in a position to do so. 我肯定他们愿意在经济上资助她，但他们却心有余而力不足。
[pə'zɪʃ.ən] noun
RANK 地位
 IMPROVER countable
■a rank or level in a company, competition or society 地位；身份；等级
• Whether or not you're given a car depends on your position in the company. 你能否获得配车取决于你在公司的职位。
• UK She finished the race in third position. 她赛跑得了第三名。
 IMPROVER countable
■a job 工作；职务
• She applied for a position in the firm that I work for. 她向我工作的公司应征了一个职位。
[pə'zɪʃ.ən] noun
ARRANGEMENT OF BODY 身体姿势
 IMPROVER countable
■the way in which something is arranged 安置方式；姿势
• I go to sleep on my back but I always wake up in a different position. 我睡觉时是仰卧的，但醒来时总是另一个姿势。
• Keep the bottles in an upright position. 将这些瓶子竖着放。
• This is not a very comfortable position. 这不是一个非常舒服的姿势。
[pə'zɪʃ.ən] noun
OPINION 观点
 ADVANCED countable usually singular formal
■an opinion 态度，立场
• What's the company's position on recycling? 公司对回收利用的态度如何？
• He takes the position (= believes) that individuals have a responsibility to look after themselves. 他认为个人有责任照顾好自己。
[pə'zɪʃ.ən] verb transitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to put something or someone in a particular place 安放，放置；使驻扎
• The army had been positioned to the north and east of the city. 军队驻扎在城市的北边和东边。
• [R] When it came to seating people for dinner, I positioned myself as far away from him as possible. 入座准备用餐时，我尽量坐在离他远的位置。
position, post, place, situation
这组词都有“职位”的意思，其区别是：
position: 侧重指社会地位较高，工作较为庄重，领取工资的职位。
post: 普通用词，指人的职务，职位，岗位。
place: 指任何不分高低贵贱的职位；有时侧重指在政府、法庭所谋求的职位。
situation: 正式用词，一般指雇员或为富有人家工作所担任的职位，现多见于广告中。
setting, site, position, location, scene, locality, place, situation, spot
这组词都有“地点、位置、场所”的意思，其区别是：
setting: 一般特指戏剧或小说所写的环境或场所。
site: 指或大或小的地方，既可指供专门用途或特定活动的地点，又可指某一事件的地址。
position: 多指物体相对于其他物体所处的位置或状态。
location: 指某物设置的方向或地点。
scene: 常指真实事件或虚构故事发生的地点。
locality: 指某物所处的客观位置和周围地区。
place: 含义广泛，最普通用词，既可指很小的地点，又可指很大很远的地方或场所。
situation: 指物体在其周围环境中所处的位置或状态，侧重地点或场所的环境特征。
spot: 指相对较小的特定地点或事物所在地。
position, attitude, stand
这组词都有“态度、立场”的意思，其区别是：
position: 指对看法有分歧的问题所表示较冷静和节制的态度，常常是经认真考虑后决定的。
attitude: 普通用词，指对于事情的看法和采取的行动，多带不很显确或不便说明的感情色彩。
stand: 常指某人对某一问题的看法或立场，有时含个人感情色彩。

Word: revelation
Front: revelation
[ˌrevəˈleɪʃn] (研六托雅宝 4184/4549 -2)
Vocabulary: revelation
(once / 419 pages)
n
Discovering that you had a long-lost sister would definitely be a revelation, or a surprising realization. Finding out she had been living in the house next door for years would be an even more startling revelation!
It is not a surprise that the word revelation is related to the word reveal, because revealing is the action of showing something that was previously covered up or unknown. You can even use both words in the same sentence: "You might find it a revelation if someone revealed to you that your house was sitting on top of a gold mine!"
WORD FAMILY
revelation: revelations+/ reveal: revealed, revealing, reveals, revelation, revelatory /revealed: unrevealed/ revealing: revealingly, revealings
USAGE EXAMPLES
That revelation called into question to what extent Whaley is kept in the loop.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
And a few of them performed some of the more hilarious contortions seen on the campaign trail to deflect attention from the damaging revelations.
Salon(Jan 01, 2017)
The questions around him center on two revelations about his medical history.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. [宗]天启，启示; 揭发，暴露; 被揭露出来的事物; 意外的发现
分布：启示(87%)，揭露(10%)，泄露(2%)，发觉(1%)
n.揭示,揭露,显示,启示,新发现,被揭露的事The revelation that he was the murderer surprised us.他就是凶手这个事实使我们感到惊讶.
【记】源于：reveal（v 展现了；暴露）
【参】revealing（adj 有启迪作用的；揭露性的）
noun countable or uncountable
■when something is made known that was secret, or a fact that is made known 暴露；被揭示的真相，被揭露的内情
• a moment of revelation 真相大白的一刻
• [+ that] His wife divorced him after the revelation that he was having an affair. 他的婚外情暴露后，他的妻子和他离了婚。
• Shocking revelations about their private life appeared in the papers. 有关他们私生活的惊人内幕见诸报端。
come as/be a revelation
■to be an extremely pleasant surprise 让人大开眼界；令人耳目一新；出乎意料地使人惊喜
• This book came as a complete revelation to me. 这本书使我茅塞顿开。
n. 启示；揭露；出乎意料的事；被揭露的真相
 - exposure, message

Word: rent
Front: rent
[rent] (高研四六托雅宝 3433/2386 -K3)
Vocabulary: rent
(once / 161 pages)
1nv 2vn 3n
To rent something is to pay money to use it, live in it, or borrow it. If you're not sure which musical instrument you'll stick with and enjoy playing, it's best to rent a few to try out before buying.
Rent is both a verb and a noun for borrowing or leasing something. If you rent an apartment, you pay money to live there, and that money is also rent. You can rent many things, from skates at a roller rink to furniture for the home you rent. You don't own things you rent — you just use them temporarily. A rent is also a rip: "She fell and tore a big rent in one knee of her jeans."
WORD FAMILY
rent: rentable, rental, rented, renter, renting, rents+/rentable: unrentable/rental: rentals/renter: renters/renting: rentings
USAGE EXAMPLES
About 200 Muslims who hold their prayers in rented hotel space in Manassas want to build their own space.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Prosecutors say he rented the penthouse flat in China cheaply from a shareholder of broadcast company Wave Media.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
A special thanks to the folks in the reservations department at the Trump International Hotel here who helped us rent this ballroom on last-minute notice.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 租金; 地租; （意见等的）分裂，分歧; （衣服等的）裂缝
vt. & vi. 出租; 付地租; “rend”的过去式和过去分词; 租借
adj. 撕碎的; 分裂的
时态：rented, renting, rents
分布：租金(59%)，出租(28%)，租用(12%)，动词rend的过去式和过去分词.(1%)
→来自古法语 rente,应付款，利润，收入，来自俗拉丁语*rendere,给予，给回，词源同 render. 引申词义租金。
v.租,租赁n.租金The tenant is discontented with the content of the agreement for renting the tennis tent.承租人对租用网球帐篷的协议内容不满.
【记】rent作为“租金”大家都熟悉，租赁的过程中容易出现分歧。
noun
PAYMENT 付款
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■a fixed amount of money that you pay regularly for the use of a room, house, car, television, etc. that someone else owns 租金；租费
• I pay a higher rent/more rent than the other tenants because my room is bigger. 我的房租比其他房客高，因为我的房间要大些。
• Rents here are ridiculously high/low. 这里的房租高／低得出奇。
for rent
■offered by the owner for someone else to use in exchange for money 出租；招租
[rent] noun
HOLE 洞
countable mainly old use
■a large hole torn in a piece of material （布等上面的）破洞，裂口，裂缝
• There was a large rent in his parachute. 他的降落伞上裂了个大口子。
[rent] verb
PAY TO USE 租借
 IMPROVER transitive
■to pay or receive a fixed amount of money for the use of a room, house, car, television, etc 租用，租借；出租
• I rented a car from a garage so that I could get about. 我从汽车修理厂租了一辆车，以便能够四处走走。
• [+ two objects] The old lady rented us her spare bedroom for £55 a week. 这位老太太以每周55英镑的价格把她一间闲置的睡房租给了我们。
• My Dad has a cottage which he rents (out) to tourists. 我爸爸有一处乡间小屋，他把它出租给游客们。
  Common Learner Errors  rent or hire? In British English you usually rent something for a long time. I rent a 2-bedroom flat. In British English you hire something for a short time. We hired a car for the weekend. In American English the word rent is used in both situations. I rent a 2-bedroom apartment. We rented a car for the weekend.
[rent] verb
TORN 撕裂的 past simple and past participle of
■ rend
charter, let, lease, rent, hire
这组词都有“租，租用”的意思，其区别是：
charter: 指承租大型运输工具，如飞机、轮船、大客车以及火车等。
let: 尤指出租房屋或地产等。
lease: 指按照租约租出或租用房屋、土地或其它不动产。
rent: 在英国指较长时间租出或租入房屋、商店或土地；而在美国指长时间或短时期租用各种资产以及日用东西。
hire: 多指短期租用。在英国一般指租用车、船。
n. [租赁] 租金
 - letting, hire
vt. 出租；租用；租借
 - lease out, hire out
vi. [租赁] 租；出租
 - lease out, hire out

Word: calm
Front: calm
[kɑ:m] (高研四六托 4189/4472 -K3)
Vocabulary: calm
(once / 66 pages)
1adjnv 2nadj
Just saying the word calm reminds you of how it feels to be calm — steady, at rest, not agitated, chilled out, caaaaalllmmmm. Waters without waves? People without drama? Sounds calm.
Some synonyms of the adjective calm are peaceful and even-tempered. As a verb, it describes making someone steady and still — in other words, calm. Taking a walk or calling a friend might help you calm down when you are upset. As a noun, calm is a state of peace or stillness — the calm of your neighborhood at daybreak or the calm you seek when you exercise.
WORD FAMILY
calm: calmed, calmer, calmest, calming, calmingly, calmly, calmness, calms
USAGE EXAMPLES
Prescott appears born to do this, and his football team now embodies his impressive calm.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
An angry crowd cursed the government, even after a representative of Mr. Sadr tried to calm them.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Their expressions are shy and calm, yet the picture is haunting.
The New Yorker(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 镇定的; 平静的; （海洋，天气等）安静的，平静的; （人）从容不迫的
vt. & vi. （使）平静，（使）镇定; （使）镇静
n. 平静; 镇定; 安定; 无风
vt. 使安静; 使冷静; 使镇定; 使（疼痛等）减轻
vi. 安静下来，平静下来，镇静下来
时态：calmed, calming, calms
分布：平静(64%)，镇定(17%)，平静的(14%)，冷静的(3%)，平稳(2%)
→词源同calorie. 原指酷暑下的安静，后指人心静，类似汉语心静自然凉的意味。
a.(天气,海洋等)静的n.平静v.(使)平静Palm calmly recalled the so-called caller."手掌"平静地回忆了那个所谓的拜访者.
adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■peaceful and quiet; without hurried movement, worry or noise 平静的；冷静的，镇静的；安静的
• After a night of fighting, the streets are now calm. 经过一夜的战斗，街上现在平静了。
• He has a very calm manner. 他举止沉着镇静。
• Now keep calm everyone, the police are on their way. 现在请大家保持安静，员警就要来了。
 IMPROVER
■describes weather which is not windy, or the sea or a lake when it is still and has no waves （天气）无风的；（海或湖）风平浪静的，平静的
[kɑ:m] verb transitive
■to stop someone feeling upset, angry or excited 使平静；使安静；使镇静
• He tried to calm the screaming baby by rocking it back and forth. 他来回摇晃着嚎哭的婴儿，想让他安静下来。
calm sb's fears
■to make someone feel less worried about something 平息（某人的）恐惧
[kɑ:m] verb transitive [M] calm (sb) down IMPROVER
■to stop feeling upset, angry or excited, or to stop someone feeling this way （使）平静；（使）冷静；（使）镇静
• [R] She sat down and took a few deep breaths to calm herself down. 她坐下做了几个深呼吸让自己平静下来。
• She was angry at first but we managed to calm her down. 一开始她很生气，但我们设法让她平静了下来。
• Calm down, for goodness sake. It's nothing to get excited about! 看在上帝的份上，安静下来吧。没甚么可激动的！
[kɑ:m] noun
■a quiet or peaceful period or situation 宁静（的时期），安详（的时期）
• It was the calm of the countryside that he loved so much. 他所深爱的正是乡村的宁静。
■a quiet and relaxed manner 心情放松，泰然自若
[kɑ:m] noun
the calm before the storm
■a quiet or peaceful period before a period during which there is great activity, argument or unpleasantness 暴风雨前的平静（指重大活动、激烈辩论或灾难发生之前的平静）
• I like to get everything done before the guests arrive and relax for a moment in the calm before the storm. 我喜欢在客人到来之前把甚么都做好，然后利用暴风雨前那一刻的平静让自己放松一下。
noiseless, silent, calm, peaceful, serene, still, quiet
这组词都有“平静的，无声无息”的意思，其区别是：
noiseless: 指无任何噪音或不出声，无声无息。
silent: 普通用词，指缄默不语或无声无息。
calm: 普通用词，既可指天气、海洋等的平静状态，又可指人的镇定沉着、不慌乱，不受外界影响和情绪支配。
peaceful: 普通用词，指一种不受外物扰乱和刺激的内在宁静或和平状态。
serene: 指一种超脱一切烦恼的宁静状态。
still: 指平静而又安定的状态。
quiet: 普通用词，指没有喧闹、活动或骚乱的寂静状态。
adj. 静的，平静的；沉着的
 - pacific, peaceful, composed, steady, still
vt. 使平静；使镇定
 - compose, pacify
vi. 平静下来；镇定下来
 - quiet, wind down

Word: jewelry
Front: jewelry
['dʒu:əlrɪ] (高研托雅 4187/-)
Vocabulary: jewelry
(once / 1253 pages)
n
Jewelry refers to an adornment (generally precious metal or stone) worn by a person, like a bracelet, ring, necklace, or earrings. Jewelry may be purely decorative, or it may express something — like a ring that says you are married.
Humans have been in the jewelry business for a long time: A shell bracelet, or necklace was found in a cave in South Africa that dates back 75,000 years. Both a diamond ring from Tiffany’s and a handmade beaded bracelet are jewelry, but whether the jewel in jewelry is real or imitation, it is always spelled out. More than one piece of jewelry is still the same word.
WORD FAMILY
jewelry: jewelries+/ jewel: jeweled, jeweler, jeweling, jewelled, jeweller, jewellery, jewelling, jewelry, jewels/jeweler: jewelers/jeweller: jewellers/jewellery: jewelleries
USAGE EXAMPLES
Police say the trio used a pry-bar and hammer to break into HGK Holdings jewelry wholesaler on West 36th Street at about 11 p.m.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Dec. 31 was expected to be the 87-year-old jewelry store’s final day.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Unfortunately, employees might not always be well-versed in the laws governing their clothing, crafts or jewelry.
Washington Post(Dec 19, 2016)
Back: n. <美>珠宝，首饰
分布：珠宝(98%)，珠宝类(2%)
n.(jewllery)(总称)珠宝She never wears jewelry.她从不戴首饰.

Word: Cuban
Front: Cuban
[ˈkju:bən] (托 4190/10679)
Back: n. 古巴人
adj. 古巴的；古巴人的
分布：古巴人(100%)
noun countable adjective
■Cuban 古巴人／古巴的

Word: haul
Front: haul
[hɔ:l] (研六托雅 4191/5364 -2)
Vocabulary: haul
(once / 303 pages)
vn
To haul is to move or take something, usually big and heavy, and put it somewhere else. If you've ever moved to a new house, then you know that having to haul all your stuff there can really take the joy out of moving into a new place.
You'll want to reserve haul for situations in which carrying something takes a lot of effort and ain't a lot of fun. You don't haul a sack of feathers, for example. You haul a bag of boulders, or a box of books. Haul is usually a verb, but you can also use it as a noun, when you're talking about lot of something that you caught or won. We went digging for clams—look at our haul! After winning at blackjack, take your haul and hit the road. Don't risk losing it all on roulette.
WORD FAMILY
haul: haulage, hauled, hauler, hauling, hauls+/hauler: haulers/hauling: haulings
USAGE EXAMPLES
But the GOP’s top promise — to end Obamacare — remains a tough haul.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But he says too often people who discover old grenades or a mortar shell will haul it to the police station.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
He also reprimanded the American ambassador and hauled 10 other countries into the foreign ministry to express Israel’s displeasure.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 拖，拉
vt. 运送; 传讯
n. 拖; 大批赃物; 一网的捕获量; 拖运货物的距离
vi. 强迫（某人）去某处
时态：hauled, hauling, hauls
分布：拖(46%)，拉(38%)，拖运(11%)，搬运(5%)
→来自中古英语halen,拉升，抬高，原指航海时升帆，拉索，可能来自kel,叫，呼喊，词源同call,claim.引申词义水手升帆时喊的号子。或来自kel,升起，举起，词源同hill,excel.后词义由向上拉扩展为向前拉，运输，搬运等。
v.拖曳,拖运,用力拖The consul's consultant hauled out the assaulter from the vault.领事的顾问把袭击者从地窖中拖了出来.
US [hɑ:l] verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to pull something heavy slowly and with difficulty （用力）拉，拖（重物）
• They hauled the boat out of the water. 他们把船拉上了岸。
• She hauled herself up into the tree. 她费劲地爬上了树。
UK [hɔ:l] US [hɑ:l] verb transitive
haul ass US offensive
■to move very quickly to a different place 快速散开
• When the shooting started we hauled ass out of there. 枪击开始后，我们就赶快离开了那里。
UK [hɔ:l] US [hɑ:l] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M often passive] haul sb up informal
■to force someone to go somewhere or see someone in order to be punished or to answer questions about their behaviour 强制（某人）（去某处或见某人以接受惩罚或解释其行为）
• He was hauled up in court/in front of a magistrate. 他被法庭／地方法官传讯。
UK [hɔ:l] US [hɑ:l] noun countable
AMOUNT 数量
■a usually large amount of something that has been stolen or is illegal （赃物或非法物品的）一大批，大量
• a haul of arms/drugs 大量的武器／毒品
UK [hɔ:l] US [hɑ:l] noun countable
FISH 鱼
■the amount of fish caught （鱼的）捕获量
• Fishermen have been complaining of poor hauls all year. 渔民们整年都在抱怨捕的鱼太少。
UK [hɔ:l] US [hɑ:l] noun countable
PERIOD OF TIME 一段时间
■a journey, often a difficult one, or a period of effort （常指艰苦的）旅程
• From there it was a long haul/only a short haul (= long and difficult/short and easy journey) back to our camp. 从那里回到我们的营地是一段漫长而艰辛／短暂而轻松的旅程。
• It was a long haul (= It took a long time and was difficult) , but the alterations to the house are finished at last. 经过一段漫长而又艰苦的岁月，房屋改建终于完成了。
long-haul flight/short-haul flight
■a long/short journey by air 长／短途飞行
draw, jerk, tow, pull, drag, haul, tug
这组词都有“拖、拉”的意思，其区别是：
draw: 指将人或物朝出力者的方向拖，不涉及力的大小，含平稳意味，常作借喻用。
jerk: 指快而突然地拉。
tow: 特指用绳子或链条等拖或拉本身无动力或无法使用自身动力的东西。
pull: 最普通用词，包含本组其它各词的一些意思，可指朝各个方向拉，侧重一时或突然拉动的动作。
drag: 指沿斜坡而上或水平方向缓慢地拖或拉十分沉重的人或物。作借喻时可指把人硬拉扯过来。
haul: 指用力拖或拉，不涉及方向，多作航海用词。
tug: 多指一阵阵地用力拖或拉，但不一定使被拉的人或物移动。
n. 拖，拉；用力拖拉；努力得到的结果；捕获物；一网捕获的鱼量；拖运距离
 - pull, catch, drag
vt. [交] 拖运；拖拉
 - drag one's feet
vi. 拖，拉；改变主意；改变方向
 - draw, pull

Word: concede
Front: concede
[kənˈsi:d] (研六托雅宝 4192/3862 -3)
Vocabulary: concede
(once / 221 pages)
v
If you concede something, you admit that it is true, proper, or certain––usually in an unwilling way and often in the context of a competition, as in "At midnight, the candidate finally conceded defeat."
In its most common senses, a near synonym of concede is acknowledge––if your mom is pointing out that you need sleep before the test, you should concede the truth of what she's saying. But another meaning of concede is to give away or grant something: The leaders are not ready to concede power. Concede is from Latin concēdere, from the prefix com- "completely" plus cēdere, "to go along, grant, yield." The corresponding noun is concession.
WORD FAMILY
concede: conceded, concedes, conceding, concession, concessive+/ concession: concessions/concessive: concessively
USAGE EXAMPLES
Mane’s joy was short-lived when he conceded the game’s second penalty by blocking Sebastian Larsson’s free kick with his arm.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Fernyhough does not spend much time on these criticisms, though in a footnote he does concede the scant evidentiary basis of the movement’s claims.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
He lost the presidential election to Adama Barrow and publicly conceded defeat.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: v. 承认; 让步，容许; 承让
时态：conceded, conceding, concedes
分布：承认(70%)，让步(22%)，认输(5%)，给予(3%)
→con-, 强调。-cede, 走，离开，词源同accede, cease.即让步的，承认的。
vt.承认;容许;(比赛结束前)认输;退让The captives finally conceded defeat.俘虏们最终承认了失败.
【记】con共同，cede（v 割让；放弃[读：死敌]）－两边都放弃一点儿－让步，承认con共同，cede走：两人共同走一步－让步
【参】concession（n 让步＝yielding；特许权＝privilege）
【反】refuse to grant（拒绝承认）；aggress（v 攻击）
verb
 ADVANCED transitive
■to admit, often unwillingly, that something is true （常指不情愿地）承认
• [+ (that)] The Government has conceded (that) the new tax policy has been a disaster. 政府承认新的税收政策是彻底失败的。
• [+ speech] "Well okay, perhaps I was a little hard on her, " he conceded. “好吧，也许我对她是有点苛刻，”他承认道。
⇒ See also concession
transitive
■to allow someone to have something, even though you do not want to （不情愿地）让步，答应给，让与
• The president is not expected to concede these reforms. 估计总统不会同意这些改革。
• He is not willing to concede any of his power/authority. 他不愿交出自己的任何权力。
• Britain conceded (= allowed) independence to India in 1947. 英国在1947年承认印度独立。
intransitive or transitive
■to admit that you have lost in a competition 认输；承认（失败）
• He kept on arguing and wouldn't concede defeat. 他一直争论不休，不愿认输。
• She conceded even before all the votes had been counted. 选票还没全部点算她就认输了。
concede a goal/point
■to fail to stop an opposing team or person from winning a point or game 没能阻止对方进球／得分
• The team conceded two goals (to the other side) in the first five minutes of the game. 开赛后五分钟内，球队就送了（对方）两个球。
acknowledge, admit, confess, recognize, concede
这些动词均含“承认”之意。
acknowledge: 通常指公开承认某事的真实情况或自己的过错。
admit: 强调因外力或良心驱使或经判断而明确承认，多含不情愿或被迫意味。
confess: 语气较强，着重承认自己意识到的错误或罪行，含坦白忏悔的意味。
recognize: 作“承认”解时，系书面用词，主要指合法的或外交上的承认，也指公认。
concede: 指在事实与证据面前勉强或不得不承认。
vt. 承认；退让；给予，容许
 - afford, accept, agree, recognize, extend
vi. 让步
 - meet halfway, give ground

Word: trace
Front: trace
[treɪs] (研四六托雅 3020/2868 -K3)
Vocabulary: trace
(once / 85 pages)
1nv 2nv 3nv 4n
A trace of something is just a hint or suggestion of it, a very small amount left behind — like the sad cookie crumbs at the bottom of an empty cookie jar.
There are more meanings we can trace to this word trace. As a verb, trace means to follow the course or trail of something, sometimes even chasing or hunting it. It also means to draw or sketch over a picture on translucent "tracing paper." So you could say that Sherlock Holmes traced criminals throughout London, following even the smallest traces of evidence and tracing copies of the villain's notes for his files.
WORD FAMILY
trace: retrace, traceable, traced, tracer, traces, tracing+/ retrace: retraced, retraces, retracing/ traceable: traceably, untraceable/tracer: tracers/tracing: tracings/untraceable: untraceably
USAGE EXAMPLES
All along, Trace McSorley, the Penn State second-year quarterback, created his own form of pass protection.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
This story was produced in collaboration with the Trace as part of a partnership to report on exclusive new gun ownership data.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Ayala’s success was the product, above all, of her own determination to get an education, a resolution she traces to her pregnancy at age 15.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 跟踪，追踪; 追溯，探索; 探索; 查找
vi. 沿着一小径或道路前进; 可以追溯的
n. 痕迹，踪迹; 微量，极少量; [植]（脉）迹; 痕迹
时态：traced, tracing, traces
分布：微量(47%)，追踪(21%)，痕迹(19%)，踪迹(8%)，描绘(4%)，找出根源(1%)
→来自古法语 tracier,寻找，追踪，来自通俗拉丁语*tractire,描绘，勾勒，来自拉丁语 trahere, 拉，拉出，来自 dhragh,拉，拉出，移动，词源同 draw,tract.引申诸相关词义。
n.痕迹,踪迹;极少量v.描绘;跟踪,追踪I feel a trace of disgrace for the gracious man's embracing her bracelet.我对仁慈男子拥抱她的手镯感到一丝耻辱.
verb transitive
FIND 找到
 ADVANCED
■to find someone or something that was lost 找到，查出，发现
• The police are trying to trace the mother of a newborn baby found abandoned outside a hospital. 员警试图查出那位把新生婴儿抛弃在医院外面的母亲。
• Attempts to trace the whereabouts of a man seen leaving the scene of the crime have so far been unsuccessful. 有人曾看到一名男子离开犯罪现场，但迄今为止，尚未成功追查到该名男子。
• Their missing daughter was finally traced to (= found in) Manchester. 他们失踪的女儿最终在曼彻斯特找到了。
 ADVANCED
■to find the origin of something 追查…的来源
• The phone company were unable to trace the call. 电话公司查不出这个电话来自何处。
• No one has yet been able to trace the source of the rumour. 还没有人能够查出谣言从何而来。
 ADVANCED
■to discover the cause or origin of something by examining the way in which it has developed （根据事物的发展方式）查明…的起因（或源头），追溯
• The outbreak of food poisoning was traced to some contaminated shellfish. 经调查，这次食物中毒源于一些受污染的贝类。
• The practice of giving eggs at Easter can be traced back to festivals in ancient China. 复活节送彩蛋的习俗可追溯至中国古代的节庆活动。
• Rivalries between the gangs can be traced back to (= first happened in) the 1950s in some black and Hispanic neighbourhoods. 这些帮派之间的争斗可以追溯至20世纪50年代在一些黑人和西班牙族裔人口居住区发生的冲突。
■to describe the way in which something has developed 描绘…的发展方式
• The film traces the events leading up to the Russian Revolution in 1917. 该影片描述了导致1917年俄国革命爆发的一系列事件。
[treɪs] verb transitive
DRAW 描绘
■to copy a drawing or pattern, etc. by drawing over its lines through a thin piece of transparent paper （把透明纸覆盖在底样上）描摹
• Did you draw this picture yourself, or did you trace it? 这幅画是你自己画的，还是你描摹的？
• She learnt to write her name by tracing out the letters. 她透过描摹字母学会了写自己的名字。
■to draw a shape by showing the main or outer lines 勾画出…的轮廓
• The child was tracing patterns in/on the sand with a stick. 孩子用棍子在沙子上勾画出一个个图案。
[treɪs] noun
SIGN/RECORD 标志或记录
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■a sign that something has happened or existed 痕迹，踪迹
• He attempted to cover up all the traces of his crime. 他试图掩盖他犯罪的痕迹。
• When she moved out, she left no trace of having been there. 她搬走后，没有留下任何在那里逗留过的痕迹。
• My wallet has been missing for several days and I can't find any trace of it. 我的钱包不见好几天了，而我就是找不到它。
• He seems to have vanished without (a) trace (= No one knows where he is). 他似乎已经消失得无影无踪。
countable
■an act of finding information about something electronically, or the record of the information found in this way （利用电子仪器的）追踪，描记图
• The phone company put a trace on the call. 电话公司用电子仪器追踪这次通话。
[treɪs] noun
SLIGHT AMOUNT 微量
countable
■a very slight amount 微量，少许
• Traces of drugs were found in his blood. 在他的血液中发现少许毒品。
• There is just a trace of grey in his hair. 他头发中夹杂着少许白发。
• She speaks English without the slightest trace of an accent. 她讲英语丝毫不带口音。
• There was the faintest trace of a smile on her lips. 她的唇边带着一丝微笑。
• "How wonderful!" she said, without any trace of sarcasm. “多好啊！”她说道，语气中丝毫没有挖苦。
pursue, trace, trail, track, hunt, chase, follow
这组词都有“跟随、追踪”的意思，其区别是：
pursue: 指坚持不懈、毫不动摇地紧跟、追赶某人、某物或某个事业。
trace: 指根据线索或足迹进行跟踪。用于抽象意义时指找到某事物的根源。
trail: 一般指跟踪追击。
track: 指沿着人或动物留下的印迹或行迹追踪。
hunt: 原义为“追猎、猎取”，现用于指追捕或搜寻逃犯等。
chase: 指快速追赶或决心追踪，褒义贬义均可用。
follow: 普遍用词，含义最广，多指跟随起引导作用的人或物，跟随的动机可以是善意的，也可能是恶意的。
vi. [审计] 追溯；沿路走
 - go back, carry up
vt. 追踪，查探；描绘；回溯
 - represent, figure, trail
n. [法] 痕迹，踪迹； [气象] 微量； [仪] 迹线；缰绳
 - suggestion, mark, tail, drop

Word: wagon
Front: wagon
[ˈwægən] (研四托 4194/6118 -2)
Vocabulary: wagon
(once / 325 pages)
n
Anything can be a wagon, so long as it has wheels and can be pulled. Wagons are used for transporting goods, like grains from a farm, or your little sister who wants another ride around the block.
The origin of wagon is the German weg, meaning “move, carry.” You’ll see horse-drawn wagons carrying vegetables, or a wagon pulled by a tractor moving bales of hay into a barn. A paddywagon is slang for a police van that brings suspected criminals to the station. If you “fall off the wagon” that means you started drinking alcohol again after being sober for a while. And when you “hitch your wagon to a star,” you pursue a major goal.
WORD FAMILY
wagon: waggoner, wagoner, wagons+/waggoner: waggoners/wagoner: wagoners
USAGE EXAMPLES
All the wagons are constructed with an aluminum frame and sturdy, weather-resistant wood such as fir, Cyprus and cedar.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
It followed the Dec. 4 Metro article “In Pence’s new neighborhood, not exactly the welcome wagon.”
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Once one of these books becomes a mega-hit, publishers look for ways to hitch their wagons to the lead horse.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 四轮的运货马车; <英>铁路货车; <美>小手推车; 囚车
vt. 用运货马车运输货物
na. “waggon”的变体
分布：货车(72%)，四轮马车(23%)，用四轮马车运(5%)
→来自wegh,移动，运输，词源同way,vehicle。引申词义运货马车，货车，货车车厢等。
n.运货马车,运货车;敞蓬车厢The wagon was full of vegetables.这辆运货马车装满了蔬菜.
(UK also waggon) ['wæg.ən] noun countable
■a vehicle with four wheels, usually pulled by horses or oxen , used for transporting heavy goods, especially in the past 四轮货运马车
• The first white settlers journeyed across America in covered wagons. 最早的白人定居者是驾着大篷车穿越美洲大陆的。
⇒ See also bandwagon;station wagon;Welcome Wagon UK (US freight car)
■a large wheeled container for transporting goods, that is pulled by a train （火车的）货运车厢，车皮
• a goods wagon 火车货运车厢
(UK also waggon) ['wæg.ən] noun countable
fall off the wagon informal
■to start drinking alcohol, after a period when you have drunk none 开酒戒；（一段时间不喝后）又重新喝起酒来
• When her husband died, she fell off the wagon. 她丈夫死后，她又重新喝起酒来。
(UK also waggon) ['wæg.ən] noun countable
on the wagon informal
■If you are on the wagon, you have decided not to drink any alcohol for a period of time 戒酒
• He was on the wagon for ten years, when he was living in Connecticut. 住在康乃狄克期间，他戒了十年的酒。
n. 货车， [车辆] 四轮马车
 - carriage, lorry

Word: afterward
Front: afterward
['ɑ:ftəwəd] (高研四六 4195/33038)
Vocabulary: afterward
(once / 180 pages)
adv
If something happens afterward, it occurs after some original event or time. When kids get out of school at 2:00 p.m., teachers generally go home some time afterward.
You might attend a reading by an author and then go to the reception afterward, or eat dinner with your family and then go out for ice cream afterward. You can also use the word afterwards — although afterward came first, from the Old English æftanweard, combining æftan, "after," and the direction suffix -weard. The original English form, aftward, was a nautical term.
WORD FAMILY
afterward
USAGE EXAMPLES
People inside the store were evacuated and it was closed afterward.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Dr. Max Langham, who led the surgical team, says the first few weeks afterward were a challenge for the twins.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“It’s amazing, overwhelming,” Long said afterward, wiping away tears.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adv. <美>以后，过后
分布：后来(50%)，以后(50%)
ad.(afterwards)以后,后来The couple lived happily ever afterward.这对夫妇后来快乐地生活着.
initially, afterward, subsequently, ultimately, lately, previously, eventually, shortly, presently
initially: 最初，开头
afterward: 以后，后来
subsequently: 随后，后来
ultimately: 最后，终于
lately: 最近，不久前
previously: 以前，先前
eventually: 终于，后来
shortly: 立刻，马上
presently: 马上，一会儿，很快
adv. 以后，后来
 - since, subsequently

Word: spectacular
Front: spectacular
[spekˈtækjələ(r)] (研六托雅宝 4196/3644 -3)
Vocabulary: spectacular
(once / 921 pages)
adjn
Spectacular is both a noun and an adjective. The noun spectacular refers to a big, beautiful production, like a play or musical performance that has a huge cast and many dance numbers.
As an adjective, spectacular has the same quality of being over-the-top, like a spectacular restaurant with excellent food, celebrities at all the table and a gigantic waterfall along one wall. If something is spectacular, it seems like a rare feat, a real stop-and-stare moment. That's why it can also be associated with drama, or making a spectacle or scene, like a spectacular argument you witness out on the street.
WORD FAMILY
spectacular: spectacularly, spectaculars, unspectacular+/ spectacle: spectacular /unspectacular: unspectacularly
USAGE EXAMPLES
“These are two spectacular places. Two great cities,” Bacigalupi says.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
People at the event told the BBC everyone enjoyed the spectacular evening.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
A spectacular effort, and a scorpion kick, true to its – blurred – definition.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 场面富丽的，壮观的; 引人注意的; 惊动一时的; 惊人的
n. 壮观的场面，精彩的表演; 〈美〉一小时半以上的大场面电视节目; 特大霓虹灯广告
分布：壮观(57%)，壮观的(40%)，令人惊叹的(2%)，豪华节目(1%)
→spectacle,精彩表演，壮观场面，-ar,形容词后缀。
奇妙的;惊人的(spect+acular...的,来自spectacle奇观)[spect,spic=look,see,表示"看"]
壮观的(spect看+ac+ular[-ular表形容词"有…形状或性质的"]
a.壮观的,引人注目的n.壮观的演出The respectful spectator gave the prospective president a retrospect of the spectacular spectrum.恭敬的旁观者对未来的总统回顾了壮观的光谱(景象).
US [-lɚ] adjective
 IMPROVER
■very exciting to look at 壮观的，壮丽的；令人惊叹的
• a spectacular view 蔚为壮观的景象
• He scored a spectacular goal in the second half. 他在下半场攻进了漂亮的一球。
• There was a spectacular sunset last night. 昨天的日落非常壮观。
■especially great 非常大的，巨大的；惊人的
• We've had spectacular success with the product. 我们的产品取得了惊人的成功。
UK [spek'tæk.jʊ.lər] US [-lɚ] noun countable
■an event or performance which is very exciting to watch and which involves a lot of people 壮观场面；盛大演出
adj. 壮观的，惊人的；公开展示的
 - tremendous, incredible

Word: ruin
Front: ruin
[ˈru:ɪn] (高研四六托 4197/5346 -K3)
Vocabulary: ruin
(once / 70 pages)
1nv 2v 3v
To ruin means to wreck or destroy. If you're wearing a long dress, make sure your clumsy brother stays away from you. If he steps on it, it'll rip and be ruined.
Bad news always ruins your day and a guest's bad behavior can really ruin a party and all your fun! Be careful when adding salt to your food — too much will ruin it. Often you will see ruin used as a noun that means the state of ruin, the action that causes it or the destruction itself. If you are a ruin of your former self, you're in pretty bad shape. Use ruins for the remains of old castles and Roman structures.
WORD FAMILY
ruin: ruination, ruined, ruiner, ruining, ruinous, ruins+/ ruined: ruineder/ruiner: ruiners/ruinous: ruinously
USAGE EXAMPLES
More than anything, Fuller wonders why Castro ruined “such a rich treasure of an island.”
Washington Times(Dec 01, 2016)
They risk financial ruin if their homes and belongings are destroyed.
Seattle Times(Dec 01, 2016)
"My life has been ruined until the age of 43," Woodward, a former Crewe player, said in his Guardian interview.
Reuters(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: vt. 破坏，毁灭; 使破产; 使没落，使堕落; 变成废墟
n. 毁灭，灭亡; 废墟，遗迹; [灭亡]的原因，祸根; 损失
vi. 被毁灭; 破产; 堕落
时态：ruined, ruining, ruins
分布：毁灭(52%)，废墟(23%)，毁坏(16%)，崩溃(9%)
→来自拉丁语 ruina,倒塌，毁坏，来自 ruere,倒塌，崩塌，来自 reue,击，打，撕开，词源 同 rag,rough.字母 g 脱落，比较 regulate,rule.
v.毁灭;(使)破产n.毁灭,崩溃;(pl.)废墟It's evident that the evil devil inevitably goes to ruin.很明显,邪恶的魔鬼必然灭亡.
verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to spoil or destroy severely or completely （完全）毁掉，毁坏；破坏；糟踏
• Huge modern hotels have ruined this once unspoilt coastline. 庞然大物般的现代旅馆已经完全毁掉了这片曾经如世外桃源般的海岸。
• Her injury ruined her chances of winning the race. 她受了伤，毁掉了赢得比赛的机会。
■to cause a person or company to lose all their money or their reputation 使破产；使身败名裂；毁灭
• Cheap imported goods are ruining many businesses. 廉价的进口商品使众多公司正走向破产。
• If there's a scandal I'll be ruined! 如果出了丑闻，我就会身败名裂！
['ru:.ɪn] noun
uncountable
■when something is spoilt or destroyed 毁掉，毁坏，破坏
• The car accident meant the ruin of all her hopes. 这场撞车事故使她的一切希望都彻底破灭了。
• They let the palace fall into ruin. 他们听任那座宫殿沦为一片废墟。
uncountable
■when a person or company loses all their money or their reputation 破产；身败名裂；毁灭
• Many companies are on the edge/brink/verge of ruin. 很多公司濒临破产。
• Alcohol was my ruin (= the thing that spoiled my life) 酒毁掉了我的一生。
countable
■the broken parts that are left from an old building or town 废墟；残垣断壁；倒塌的建筑物
• We visited a Roman ruin. 我们游览了一处古罗马遗址。
• the ruins of the ancient city of Carthage 迦太基古城遗址
be/lie in ruins
■(of a building or city) to be extremely badly damaged so that most of it has fallen down （建筑物或城市）沦为一片废墟，成为一片残垣断壁
• The town lay in ruins after years of bombing. 数年的轰炸已把这座城镇变成一片废墟。
■to be in an extremely bad state 完全毁坏；严重受损；垮掉
• The economy was in ruins after the war. 战后经济完全陷于崩溃之中。
destroy, break, wreck, ruin, spoil, damage
这组词都有“破坏，损坏”的意思，其区别是：
destroy: 多指彻底地、毁灭性地破坏，含导致无用，不能或很难再修复的意味。
break: 普通用词，指某物因被打破或撕破而受到破坏，可指有形或无形的破坏。
wreck: 侧重指船只、车辆、房屋等受到严重破坏或完全毁坏，也可指计划、健康受到损害。
ruin: 多指因外部原因而受到严重破坏或毁灭，侧重破坏的彻底性，也可用于引申意义。
spoil: 强调不仅会削弱力量、精力或价值，而且会导致不可避免的毁灭。
damage: 多指对无生命物体的损害，造成降低价值、破坏功能等后果。
destroy, harm, ruin, damage
这组词都有“破坏”的意思，其区别是：
destroy: 指十分彻底的毁坏，破坏。如：The whole city was destroyed in the earthquake.( 地震中整个城市被毁了。)
harm: 多指带来悲痛，产生恶果的伤害，可以是肉体的也可是精神的。如：Doctors say smoking harms our health.(医生说吸烟对身体有害。)
ruin: 为正式用词，强调由于自然力或时间的作用而逐渐损坏，用于比喻时也指彻底毁坏名声，期望等。如：She poured water all over my painting and ruined it. (她把水倒在画上，把它毁了。)另外，ruin的复数形式ruins表“废墟”。
damage: 一般指部分性的破坏，含可修复使用。
n. 废墟；毁坏；灭亡
 - demolition, disruption
vt. 毁灭；使破产
 - devastate, go to the dogs
vi. 破产；堕落；被毁灭
 - fail, go bankrupt

Word: sheer
Front: sheer
[ʃɪə(r)] (研六托雅宝 4198/3368 -2)
Vocabulary: sheer
(once / 344 pages)
1adj 2adjvadv
If people can see through your shirt, it's sheer. This can also mean something steep, like a cliff, or anything extreme, like sheer nerve.
This word has several meanings, but they're all extreme. A sheer (see-through) shirt is an extreme way to dress — climbing a sheer cliff is almost impossible. If your car sheers, it swerves sharply, and you might crash. Maybe you've met all these meanings in a single nightmare: When the sheer cloth blew over your face as you drove, you lost control and the car began to sheer, filling you with sheer terror as you went over the sheer cliff.
WORD FAMILY
sheer: sheered, sheerer, sheerest, sheering, sheerly, sheers
USAGE EXAMPLES
“It’s just the vagaries of the system, the complexity of the cases and the sheer volume that is present in the criminal justice system.”
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
"I just think the sheer joy of competing and the challenge of testing himself against the others will be enough for Roger," he said.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
The sheer range of musical expression is astonishing: pastoral reveries, woodland scenes, romantic arias, heroic dramas, historical legends and visions of spiritual strife.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: v. （使）偏航，（使）转向
adv. 完全地，全然; 垂直地，陡峭地
n. 舷弧; 单锚系泊的船位; 偏离的方向; 船体型线
adj. 完全的，全然的; 极薄的; 几乎垂直地，陡峭的; 绝对的
时态：sheered, sheering, sheers
分布：陡峭的(35%)，避开(18%)，垂直地(18%)，全然的(14%)，转向(12%)，极轻薄的(3%)
→来自古英语 scir,明亮的，发光的，闪耀的，来自 Proto-Germanic*skiriz,纯的，纯粹的，清晰 的，来自 skai,发光，闪耀，词源同 shine,sheen.现词义可能来自不同词源，并最终来自 sker,剪，切，砍，劈，词源同 shear,sharp.引申词义陡峭的，垂直的等。
a.纯粹的,十足的,全然的;陡峭的,险峻的The peer's queer peering is a sheer sneer.贵族的奇怪盯着看是完全讽笑.
US [ʃɪr] adjective
COMPLETE 完全的
 ADVANCED [before noun]
■used to emphasize how very great, important or powerful a quality or feeling is; nothing except 完全的，彻底的
• The suggestion is sheer nonsense. 这个建议纯粹是胡言乱语。
• His success was due to sheer willpower/determination. 他的成功全靠自己的意志力／决心。
• It was sheer coincidence that we met. 我们的相遇纯属巧合。
UK [ʃɪər] US [ʃɪr] adjective
STEEP 陡峭的
■extremely steep; almost vertical 陡峭的；近乎垂直的
• a sheer mountain side 陡峭的山坡
• a sheer drop of 100 metres 100米的垂直落差
UK [ʃɪər] US [ʃɪr] adjective
THIN 薄的
■describes clothing or material which is so thin, light and delicate that you can see through it （织物等）极薄的，透明的
• sheer nylon tights 透明尼龙连裤袜
• She wore a dress of the sheerest silk. 她穿了一条薄如蝉翼的丝绸连衣裙。
UK [ʃɪər] US [ʃɪr] verb intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to change direction suddenly 突然转向
• I thought the boats were going to collide, but one sheered off/away at the last second. 我以为两只小船就要撞上了，但在最后关头，其中一只突然掉头避开了。
steep, abrupt, sheer
这些形容词均含“陡峭的，险峻的”之意。
steep: 指坡度向上逐渐增加的斜陡坡，强调险峻，暗示难于攀登。
abrupt: 着重指地形突然起伏，形成尖角状。
sheer: 指自始至终近于垂直的陡峭，不仅仅很难爬上去，甚至于不可能攀登。
adj. 绝对的；透明的；峻峭的
 - strict, absolute, transparent, positive, crystal
adv. 完全；陡峭地
 - very, quite a
vi. 偏航
 - yaw
vt. 使偏航；使急转向
 - crab
n. 偏航； [纺] 透明薄织物
 - yaw, leeway

Word: prior
Front: prior
[ˈpraɪə(r)] (研四六托雅 2856/5045 -K3)
Vocabulary: prior
(once / 192 pages)
1adj 2n
Generally you should eat dinner prior to brushing your teeth. Use the adjective prior for things that exist earlier in time or that happen first in time or order.
This is a formal word that is often used in legal language. A prior claim is a person's right to something that is considered more important or valuable because it came first. If you're looking for a less formal synonym, choose the word previous. Prior is from a Latin word with the same spelling.
WORD FAMILY
prior: priority, priorly, priors, priorship+/prioritise: prioritising/ prioritize: prioritized, prioritizing/ priority: priorities, prioritise, prioritize /priorship: priorships
USAGE EXAMPLES
Prior to his injury, Ross split time between receiver and cornerback due to depth concerns.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
More than 100 Americans would die in Afghanistan by the end of 2008, a larger number than in any other prior year.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Farah’s arrest was the result of a new policy enacted a few years prior.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 优先的; 占先的; 在…之前
n. 小修道院院长，大修道院的副院长; （隐修院）会长; [史]行政长官; 普赖尔
adv. 在前; 居先
分布：优先的(31%)，在前的(23%)，更重要的(17%)，在前(17%)，居先(12%)
→来自拉丁语prior,先前的，领先的，来自古拉丁语pri,在前，先于，来自per,向前，词源同ford,first.-or,比较级后缀。后用于小隐修院院长尊称。
a.优先的,在前的;(to)在...之前I've hatred for the hateful man's skates bought with prior private privilege.我对那个可恶男子用优先个人特权购买的冰鞋感到厌恶.
US [praɪr] adjective [before noun]
EARLIER 早些的
 IMPROVER slightly formal
■existing or happening before something else, or before a particular time 在先的，在前的；居先的
• The course required no prior knowledge of Spanish. 这门课不要求先前学过西班牙语。
• They had to refuse the dinner invitation because of a prior engagement (= something already planned for that time). 因为事先另有约会，他们只好拒绝了吃饭的邀请。
prior to sth
■before a particular time or event 在…之前
• the weeks prior to her death 她死之前的几个星期
UK [praɪər] US [praɪr] adjective [before noun]
MORE IMPORTANT 更重要的 formal
■more important 更重要的；优先的
• Mothers with young children have a prior claim on funds. 抚育幼儿的母亲拥有优先获得补助的权利。
UK [praɪər] US [praɪr] noun countable
■a man who is in charge of a priory or who is second in charge of an abbey 小修道院长；修道院副院长
previous, preceding, former, foregoing, prior
这组词都有“在前的”的意思，其区别是：
previous: 指时间上、顺序上较早的，或指正在谈论的某事的前一个。
preceding: 特指时间和地位上紧接在前。
former: 系latter的反义词，比prior更着重对比。
foregoing: 指前所述的，是following的反义词。
prior: 与previous同义，常可换用，但prior有时强调更大的重要性，对比意味强。
adj. [数] 优先的；在先的，在前的
 - preferred, underlying
adv. 在前，居先
 - before, antecedently

Word: immune
Front: immune
[ɪˈmju:n] (研六托雅宝 4200/5649 -3)
Vocabulary: immune
(once / 701 pages)
adjn
To be immune to something is to be resistant to it. If you had chickenpox as a child, you should be immune to it now.
The adjective immune comes from the Latin word immunis, which means “exempt from public service.” If you're protected — or exempt — from disease, injury, work, insults, or accusations, then you're immune. Vaccinations serve to make people immune to certain diseases. Being a diplomat makes people immune to certain legal persecution. To be immune to bullying means that you don’t let the bad behavior of your peers get you down.
WORD FAMILY
immune: immunes, immunise, immunity, immunize, nonimmune+/immunise: immunisation, immunised/ immunity: immunities/immunization: immunizations/ immunize: immunization, immunized, immunizes, immunizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
The infection sets off a cascade of events that ramps up inflammatory and immune response, Powers says.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
He developed a fungal infection in his mouth — a fallout of an immune system compromised by chemotherapy and radiation treatment.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
“Stress, anger and sadness break down the immune system. Sound is part of what I do daily to counterbalance that.”
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: adj. 免疫的; 有免疫力的; 不受影响的; 免除…的
分布：免疫的(72%)，免除的(28%)
→im-,不，非，-mun,公共的，履行公共服务的，词源同common,communicate.即免除公共责任或义务，后引申词义免疫的，受保护的。
a.免疫的,有免疫力的;有受影响的;豁免的Test the immune function by immersed dispersion.用浸入扩散(法)测试免疫功能.
【反】having no resistance（无抵抗力的）
adjective
 ADVANCED
■protected against a particular disease by particular substances in the blood 免疫的
• Most people who've had chicken pox once are immune to it for the rest of their lives. 大多数出过水痘的人终生都对此病具有免疫力。
• He seems to be immune to colds - he just never gets them. 他好像对感冒具有免疫力——他从不感冒。
[after verb]
■not affected or upset by a particular type of behaviour or emotion 不受影响的
• The press had criticised her so often that in the end she had become immune (to it). 新闻界如此频繁地批评她，以至于到最后她都（对此）变得无动于衷了。
[after verb]
■not able to be punished or damaged by something 免除的；豁免的
• Journalists, he insisted, must be immune (= protected) from prosecution. 他坚持新闻记者必须免受起诉。
adj. [免疫] 免疫的；免于……的，免除的
 - exonerative

Word: reliability
Front: reliability
[rɪˌlaɪə'bɪlətɪ] (四六托 4202/6672)
Vocabulary: reliability
(once / 5265 pages)
n
It's nice when someone compliments your reliability because it means they think you are dependable. Things that are known for reliability? Your best friend, sunrise, sunset and unfortunately also taxes.
The word is a new one and didn't become common until after 1850 during the Industrial Revolution. Before things were mass produced, how reliable they were was not such an issue. Interesting fact: reliability is an American word, and the Brits scoffed at its new usage.
WORD FAMILY
reliable: reliability, reliableness, reliably, unreliable +/ reliance: reliances, self-reliance/ reliant: reliantly, self-reliant/ rely: reliable, reliance, reliant, relied, relies, relying/unreliability: unreliabilities/ unreliable: unreliability, unreliableness, unreliably
USAGE EXAMPLES
There are three primary networks--the Eastern Interconnect, Western Interconnect and the Electric Reliability Council of Texas--and smaller grids within those three groups.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Reliability improves because of intensified repairs and maintenance under the SafeTrack program.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
VW brand’s other challenges include a shattered U.S. dealer force and a reputation for reliability that rivals country-music great George Jones.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 可靠，可信赖
分布：可靠性(100%)
ADJ-GRADED
可靠的;可信赖的
People or things that are reliable can be trusted to work well or to behave in the way that you want them to.
例：She was efficient and reliable...她办事很有效率，也很可靠。
例：Japanese cars are so reliable.日本产的汽车质量非常可靠。
ADJ-GRADED
(信息)可靠的，可信的,确凿的
Information that is reliable or that is from a reliable source is very likely to be correct.
例：There is no reliable information about civilian casualties...关于平民的伤亡还没有确凿的信息。
例：It's very difficult to give a reliable estimate...要给出可靠的估计非常困难。
n. [自] 可靠性
 - dependability, relable

Word: ass
Front: ass
[æs] (六 4201/9929 -2)
Vocabulary: ass
(once / 412 pages)
1n 2n
Literally, your ass is your buttocks. In slang, an ass is a jerk or an idiot. Neither is highly regarded.
When people are being slangy or folksy, you hear this word a lot: "Get off your ass!" "Watch your ass!" "Why are you such an ass?" "Get your ass in here." Though this isn't one of the very worst swear words, it is considered harsher than butt and lots of people consider ass to be an inappropriate word. You would be a lot better off using softer words like bottom or tush in most situations. Sometimes ass can also mean sex — another use worth avoiding.
WORD FAMILY
ass: asses
USAGE EXAMPLES
He would get his ass beat from pillar to post.”
The Guardian(Dec 01, 2016)
“I could sit on my ass all day and watch TV, but I’d probably go nutty.”
Washington Times(Nov 30, 2016)
In the tradition of the movement, people in line accorded it an irreverent name – Aids survivor syndrome, or Ass – and took it very seriously.
The Guardian(Nov 29, 2016)
Back: n. 驴子; 屁股; 愚蠢的人
分布：驴(98%)，愚蠢的人(2%)
→来自拉丁语asinus.
noun
ANIMAL 动物
countable old use
■a donkey
[æs] noun
STUPID PERSON 蠢人
countable informal
■a stupid person 傻瓜，笨蛋
• a pompous ass 自命不凡的蠢驴
[æs] noun
BOTTOM 臀部
countable mainly US offensive
■ arse (= the part of the body that you sit on) 屁股
uncountable US offensive
■used by men to refer to sexual activity, or to women considered only as sex objects （男性用语）性交；（视为性交对象的）女人
• I've never seen so much gorgeous ass. 我从没见过那么多的漂亮女子。
your ass mainly US offensive
■yourself 你他妈的
• Get your ass in my office now! 你他妈的马上到我办公室来！
[æs] noun
be on sb's ass mainly US offensive
■to annoy someone by refusing to leave them alone 缠着（某人）不放，纠缠（某人）
• The police have been on my ass ever since I got out of jail. 自从我出狱后，员警就纠缠着我不放。
[æs] noun
be up sb's ass mainly US offensive
■to be driving too close to the car in front of you 开车紧跟在（某人的）车后
• I had a sports car up my ass for the first fifty miles. 刚出门就有一辆跑车紧跟在我的车后，跟了我50英里路。
[æs] noun
bore the ass off sb mainly US offensive
■to bore someone a lot 将（某人）烦得要死
• Jamie? He bores the ass off me! 杰米？我都给他烦死了！
[æs] noun
make an ass of yourself informal
■to behave stupidly and look silly 做蠢事；出洋相，闹笑话
• Simon always makes a complete ass of himself when he's had too much to drink. 西蒙总是酒一喝多就丑态百出。
[æs] noun
The law is an ass. UK saying
■said about a law that is so stupid that it should be changed or ended 这是项愚不可及的法律。
[æs] noun
Shove/stick sth up your ass! mainly US offensive
■used to tell someone angrily that you do not want or need something that they are offering you or telling you to do 不稀罕你的！收起你那一套！关你屁事！
• If she asks me to work over the weekend, I'll tell her to shove it up her ass! 她要是让我周末工作，我就会让她滚到一边去！
[æs] noun
talk sb's ass off mainly US offensive
■to talk to someone too much 对（某人）唠叨个没完
[æs] noun
work sb's ass off mainly US offensive
■to make someone work very hard 使（某人）拼命于
• They work your ass off but they pay you well. 他们拼命使唤你，不过给的报酬很高。
[æs] noun
work your ass off mainly US offensive
■to work very hard 拼命干
• I worked my ass off for that man. 我为那个人累死累活的。
donkey, ass
这组词都有“驴”的意思，其区别是：
donkey: 是普通常用词。
ass: 指驴时显得较古。
n. 屁股；驴子；蠢人
 - behind, rear

Word: alongside
Front: alongside
[əˌlɒŋˈsaɪd] (高研六雅 4203/2737 -K3)
Vocabulary: alongside
(once / 357 pages)
adv
Use the adverb alongside when two things are right next to each other, like a boat and a dock or a hunter and her loyal dog.
If you pull up alongside your friend's car in a parking lot, it means that you've parked directly beside it. Alongside can also imply cooperation, as when a baker's assistant works alongside him, kneading dough and wiping flour off the counter. Alongside was once a phrase, either "along side" or "along the side," both primarily used in a nautical sense, to talk about boats. In the 1700s it became a single word.
WORD FAMILY
alongside
USAGE EXAMPLES
In central Mexico’s Mezquital Valley, new pick-up trucks bounce along unpaved roads and U.S.-style houses are springing up alongside cornfields.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Meanwhile, she authorised the transfer to Estonia of high-precision long-range missiles to be deployed alongside drones, tanks and RAF jets.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
This was where Publius Decius Mus began his career, alongside a handful of other writers, most of whom adopted Latin pseudonyms.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adv. 在…的侧面; 在…旁边; 与…并排
prep. 在…旁边; 横靠; 傍着
分布：在旁边(89%)，在 ... 旁边(11%)
ad.在旁边prep.和...在一起;在...旁边The lengthened long fishing rod alongside the lake belongs to me.靠在湖边的加长长钓竿属于我.
US [ə'lɑ:ŋ.saɪd] preposition adverb
 IMPROVER
■next to, or together with 在…旁边；与…一起
• A car pulled up alongside (ours). 一辆车开过来停在（我们车的）旁边。
• The new pill will be used alongside existing medicines. 这种新药将配合现有药物一起服用。
• Most of the staff refused to work alongside the new team. 大多数职员拒绝和这个新团队一起工作。
• Britain fought alongside France, Turkey and Sardinia during the Crimean War. 在克里米亚战争中，英国和法国、土耳其以及撒丁尼亚王国并肩作战。
adv. 在旁边
 - aside

Word: bush
Front: bush
[bʊʃ] (高研四托 34013/2801 -K2)
Vocabulary: bush
(once / 262 pages)
1n 2adj 3n 4v
A bush is a dense, woody-stemmed plant that grows much shorter and wider than a tree. You might plant a rose bush under your bedroom window.
Your yard might be full of bushes of all sorts, from spiky-leafed holly to sweet-smelling gardenia — and you could also call them shrubs. There is also the bush that means "the wilderness" or "the wild country," which is used most often to talk about the Australian outback. This sense of "the middle of nowhere" led to the phrase "bush league," or "unprofessional."
WORD FAMILY
bush: bushed, bushes, bushing, bushy +/bushing: bushings/ bushy: bushier, bushiest, bushily
USAGE EXAMPLES
The street winds around a little island park with a giant holly bush.
Seattle Times(Dec 01, 2016)
He then fled into the bush, prompting police to establish road blocks on the highway and launch an overnight land search.
The Guardian(Nov 30, 2016)
I've learned how much more there is to learn about bush living but I don't want to be here forever.
BBC(Nov 30, 2016)
Back: n. 灌木（丛）; [机械学]（金属）衬套; [电学]（绝缘）套管; 类似灌木的东西（尤指浓密的毛发或皮毛）
vi. 丛生; 灌木般丛生; 浓密（或茂密）地生长; 生密枝
vt. 加（金属）衬套于; 加套管于; 用耙耙平（耕地）; 以灌木（或灌木丛）装饰（或覆盖、围绕、围住、支撑、标志、保护等）
adj. （豆科植物等）如灌木般长得低矮的; 粗野的; 粗鲁的; 粗糙但实用的
时态：bushed, bushing, bushes
分布：灌木丛(62%)，矮树(23%)，丛生(15%)
→词源不确定。可能来自PIE *bheue, 存在，生长，居住。词源同be. 指灌木顽强的生命力。
n.灌木(丛)His eyebrows bush together.他的眉毛浓密.
noun
PLANT 植物
 ADVANCED countable
■a plant with many small branches growing either directly from the ground or from a hard woody stem, giving the plant a rounded shape 灌木
• a rose bush 玫瑰丛
countable usually singular
■a large amount of hair 浓密的头发
• The baby was born with a surprising bush of black hair. 令人吃惊的是，这个婴儿生下来就长着浓密的黑发。
[bʊʃ] noun
AREA OF LAND 一片地
the bush only singular
■(especially in Australia and Africa) an area of land covered with bushes and trees which has never been used for growing crops and where there are very few people （尤指澳大利亚和非洲长满灌木丛和树的）荒野，丛林地
jungle, shrub, bush
这一组词均与树木有关。
jungle: n.热带稠密的雨林或丛林。
shrub: n.有木茎的灌木，灌木丛。
bush: n.矮树丛。
n. [林] 灌木；矮树丛
 - shrub, frutex
vt. 以灌木装饰；使…精疲力竭
 - peter
vi. 丛生；浓密地生长
 - cluster
adj. 如灌木般长得低矮的；粗野的
 - robust, gross, rough, country

Word: exotic
Front: exotic
[ɪgˈzɒtɪk] (研六托雅宝 4205/5304 -2)
Vocabulary: exotic
(once / 1642 pages)
adj
Something so unusual that it must be from some unfamiliar place is exotic. An exotic pet might be a panda, instead of a hamster. An exotic trip might be a journey to the Galapagos Islands, instead of to Orlando's Sea World.
Animals and people, or sensory things like food and smells, are often called exotic when they are from far-away lands. In the 16th century, exotic came into use — from Latin and Greek words for "foreign," which came, in turn, from exo-, meaning "outside." By the 17th century it was also being used to describe things that are striking or unusual. Even when the words strange and alien are sometimes used as synonyms.
WORD FAMILY
exotic: exotically, exoticism, exoticness, exotism
USAGE EXAMPLES
A beguiling mystery in an exotic setting, from the best-selling author of “The Historian.”
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
Kennedy was captivated by Mexico City’s colourful markets full of exotic ingredients, and started learning to cook dishes from friends and their domestic workers.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
“It is fun if it’s functioning at a high level,” he says, focusing specifically on his “exotic smashmouth” offense.
Washington Times(Dec 22, 2016)
Back: adj. 异国的; 外来的; 异乎寻常的，奇异的; 吸引人的
n. 舶来品，外来物; 脱衣舞女
分布：奇异的(48%)，异国的(26%)，外来的(21%)，脱衣舞的(5%)
→exot-, 外面，来自ex-. 即外来的，异国的。
来自异国的(exo+tic→从外面来的)[exo-表示"外部的,外面"]
a.奇异的;异国情调的;外(国)来的The extinct exotic bird's feather contains zinc.那种已绝迹的珍奇的鸟的羽毛中含锌.
【记】ex外面－外面来的－奇异的；脱衣舞的
【反】endemic（adj 地方的；n 地方病）；indigenous（adj 本土的）；mundane（adj 平凡的；世俗的）
US [-'zɑ:.tˌɪk] adjective
 ADVANCED
■unusual and often exciting because of coming (or seeming to come) from a far, especially tropical country 异国风情的，外国情调的；奇异的
• exotic flowers/food/designs 奇花异草／外国风味的食物／奇异的设计
adj. [物] 异国的； [语] 外来的；异国情调的
 - outside, extraneous

Word: fascinating
Front: fascinating
[ˈfæsɪneɪtɪŋ] (六托雅 4204/3933)
Vocabulary: fascinating
(once / 522 pages)
adj
Something fascinating really captures your interest: you can't take your eyes off it or can't wait to learn more about it.
To a sports fan, a basketball game may be fascinating, including the smallest details, like who got the most assists and what kind of defense was played. Music fans find concerts fascinating. Many people think politics is fascinating — they can't get enough TV and magazine stories about the latest political events. Whatever you think is fascinating, it must really hold your attention: you always want to see and know more.
WORD FAMILY
fascinating: fascinatingly+/ fascinate: fascinated, fascinates, fascinating, fascination / fascinated: fascinatedly/ fascination: fascinations
USAGE EXAMPLES
None of these shortcomings detract from what is a fascinating work of revisited history with all the narrative traction of a good mystery.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
No book published this year holds up a more fascinating mirror to these questions than Paul Cartledge’s Democracy: A Life.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Ms Henderson, the conservation manager at the Holkham Estate, said while seeing a dead whale was sad it was also "fascinating".
BBC(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 迷人的，有极大吸引力的; 使人神魂颠倒的
v. 使…陶醉(fascinate的ing形式)
分布：迷人的(100%)
迷人的(fascinate使...入迷)[-ing 1.表名词"状态"2.表名词"行业"3.表形容词"正…的","令人…的"]
US [-tˌɪŋ] adjective
 ADVANCED
■extremely interesting 极有趣的；吸引人的
• The book offers a fascinating glimpse of the lives of the rich and famous. 这本书使我们得以一窥富豪名流的生活，十分有趣。
• I found the whole film fascinating. 我觉得整部电影都很吸引人。
adj. 迷人的；吸引人的；使人神魂颠倒的
 - attractive, killing, taking, absorbing, engaging
v. 使…着迷；使…陶醉（fascinate的ing形式）
 - captivating

Word: secure
Front: secure
[sɪˈkjʊə(r)] (高研四六托宝 2489/1654 -K4)
Vocabulary: secure
(once / 32 pages)
1adjv 2adjv 3v
Secure means safe, protected. Your money is secure in a bank. Supportive friends and family make you feel secure.
Secure can also be used as a verb. You secure the sails before you take out the sailboat, which means you tie them down. If you secure someone a ticket to a popular Broadway play, you've found them a hard-to-find seat. On an airplane, you're told that in the event you need an oxygen mask, you should secure yours — get it in place — before helping someone else. Almost all meanings contain the idea of safety: making sure things are right.
WORD FAMILY
secure: insecure, secured, securely, secureness, securer, secures, securest, securing, security +/ insecure: insecurely, insecureness, insecurity / insecurity: insecurities/secured: unsecured/securer: securers/ security: securities
USAGE EXAMPLES
He focused only on securing a perfect ending to an epic evening.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Packers won Sunday night at Detroit to secure the NFC North title.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The probability of this is low as the area was secure and well-supervised.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
Back: adj. 安全的; 牢固的; 有把握的; 安心的
vt. 保护; （使）获得; 使安全; 担保
vi. 获得安全，变得安全; 安全，保险; 承保，担保; [航海学]停止工作
时态：secured, securing, secures
分布：安全的(58%)，获得(18%)，固定(15%)，使安全(5%)，牢靠的(3%)，稳妥的(1%)
→se-,分开，没有，-cur,关心，挂念，照顾，词源同 cure,curator.即不需要挂念的，引申词义安 全的，可靠的等。
安全的(sc分开+cure→不关心,不担忧→安全的)[cur=care,表示"关心"]
a.(from,against)安全的,放心的v.得到;防护The furious obscure curer is curious to secure the curly-curved mercury curiosity.盛怒的不出名治疗者渴望弄到这种带卷曲曲线的水银珍品.
【反】unfasten（v 解开；放松）
US [-'kjʊr] adjective
FIXED 固定的
 ADVANCED
■positioned or fixed firmly and correctly and therefore not likely to move, fall or break 牢靠的；牢固的
• That ladder doesn't look very secure to me. 那梯子我看不太稳固。
• Check that all windows and doors are secure. 检查一下，看门窗是否都关紧了。
• figurative Her promotion has made her position in the company more secure. 她的升职使她在公司的地位更加稳固。
• figurative The museum has been promised £22 million by the government, so its future is relatively secure. 政府承诺拨款2200万英镑给博物馆，因此该博物馆的未来相对无忧。
 ADVANCED
■A secure place is one that it is difficult to get out of or escape from （地方）守卫森严的，插翅难逃的
• He killed the man just a month after his release from a secure mental hospital. 他离开戒备森严的精神病院才一个月就杀了那个人。
UK [sɪ'kjʊər] US [-'kjʊr] adjective
PROTECTED 受保护的
■(especially of objects, situations, etc.) able to avoid being harmed by any risk, danger or threat （尤指物品、境况等）安全的
• Car manufacturers ought to produce vehicles which are more secure against theft. 汽车制造商应该生产出防盗更佳的汽车。
• Endangered species need to be kept secure from poachers. 应该保护濒危物种不被盗猎。
UK [sɪ'kjʊər] US [-'kjʊr] adjective
CONFIDENT 自信的
■not doubting or being worried about yourself and your personal relationships 无忧无虑的；安心的
• Children need to feel secure in order to do well at school. 孩子们需要感到安心在学校学习才会有好成效。
UK [sɪ'kjʊər] US [-'kjʊr] verb
GET 获得
 IMPROVER transitive formal
■to get something, sometimes with difficulty 获得；设法得到
• He was disappointed by his failure to secure the top job with the bank. 他因没能得到银行的高层工作而失望。
• The change in the law will make it harder for the police to secure convictions. 法律的变更会使警方更难定罪。
UK [sɪ'kjʊər] US [-'kjʊr] verb
PROTECT 保护
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to make certain something is protected from danger or risk 使安全；保护；保卫
• The building has only one main entrance and would be easy to secure (against/from intruders). 该建筑只有一个主要入口，所以（防止外人闯入的）守卫工作很容易。
• This form of investment is an excellent way of securing your children's financial future. 这种投资方式是为你的孩子提供日后经济保障的极佳方式。
UK [sɪ'kjʊər] US [-'kjʊr] verb
FINANCE 金融
transitive
■to make certain that money which has been lent will be paid back, by giving the person who lends the money the right to own property belonging to the person who borrows it, if the money is not paid back 抵押；为…担保
• a secured loan 抵押贷款
• Her bank loan is secured against/by/on her house. 她的银行贷款是用房子抵押的。
UK [sɪ'kjʊər] US [-'kjʊr] verb
FIX 固定
transitive
■to fasten one object firmly to another 紧固，拴牢，扣紧
• The gate won't stay open, so we'll have to secure it to that post. 大门没办法一直保持开着，所以我们不得不将它拴在那根柱子上。
chain, tie, secure, bind, fasten
这组词都有“扎牢、捆、绑”的意思，其区别是：
chain: 专指用链条或金属环将某人或某物锁住或系住。
tie: 普通用词，指用绳索等将东西扎紧捆牢。
secure: 指将某物紧紧地固定起来，使之完全无损。
bind: 多指把两个或两个以上的人或物牢牢地系或扎在一起。
fasten: 指把某物牢牢地拴在、钉在或锁在另一物上，使不能任意移动。
safe, secure
这组词都有“安全的”的意思，其区别是：
safe: 主要指人或物未受危险或损害。
secure: 着重指由于环境等因素而使人产生的安全感，含可以不必担心或害怕的意味。
acquire, obtain, get, secure, win, earn, gain
这组词都有“获得、取得、得到”的意思，其区别是：
acquire: 强调通过不断的、持续的努力而获得某物，也指日积月累地渐渐地获得。书面语用词。
obtain: 较正式用词，着重通过巨大努力、要求而得到所需或盼望已久的东西。
get: 普通用词，使用广泛，可指以任何方式得到某物，也不一定要经过努力。
secure: 强调要通过努力或竞争，或需要付出代价才能获得所渴望的东西。
win: 主要指通过努力、斗争、比赛等而获得胜利。
earn: 侧重指依靠自己的劳动或因付出代价与有功而获得。
gain: 侧重指经过努力或有意识行动而取得某种成就或获得某种利益或好处。
attain, acquire, obtain, secure, achieve, earn, gain
这组词都有“获得，取得”的意思，其区别是：
attain: v.指经过不懈的努力获得未曾预料到的结果；也可指达到某一目标。
 • The salesperson attained his sales goal for the month.   这名销售员完成了当月的销售目标。
acquire: v.多指经过努力逐步获得才能、知识、习惯等，也可用于对财物等的获得，该词强调"一经获得就会长期持有"的含义。
 • It is through learning that the individual acquires many habitual ways of reacting to situations.   正是通过学习，个人才得以获得应付各种情况的习惯做法。
obtain: v.获得，买到，用于正式语体中。
 • He obtained the property with a bank loan.   他通过向银行贷款买下了那份房产。
secure: v.得到；把……拿到手，含有肯定占有难以得到的东西之意；使安全，保卫；作形容词比较常见，意为"安全的"。
 • A million signatures have been secured.   已征集到了100万人的签名。
 • He secured the office before leaving it for the night.   他晚上离开前锁好了办公室的门窗。
achieve: v.得到，获得，多指成就、目标、幸福的取得。
 • The movie star achieved success and wealth.   这个影星取得了成功和财富。
earn: v.挣得，赢得，指因工作等而得到报酬或待遇。
 • How much do you earn a week?   你一星期挣多少钱？
gain: v.指通过较大努力获得某种利益或好处；亦可指军事上的武力夺取等。
 • An investor gains by buying stocks that go up in value.   投资者通过所买股票价格上涨而得利润。
adj. 安全的；无虑的；有把握的；稳当的
 - safe, certain
vt. 保护；弄到；招致；缚住
 - invite, court, preserve, spell
vi. 获得安全；船抛锚；停止工作
 - call it quits, place out of service

Word: clip
Front: clip
[klɪp] (研六托雅宝 4208/6959 -2)
Vocabulary: clip
(once / 393 pages)
1nv 2vn 3nv 4n
Use the noun clip to talk about a fastener that holds things together, like a paper clip or a hair clip.
A clip keeps loose things attached to each other, but when you clip something, you cut small pieces off of it. Think of when you clip your dog's toenails or clip the dangling ends off the blanket you're knitting. You can also use the verb clip for a figurative kind of cutting, like when you clip two minutes off your marathon time or clip your words — say them quickly and tensely — when you're angry.
WORD FAMILY
clip: clipped, clipper, clipping, clips, unclip+/clipped: clippedly/ clipper: clippers/clipping: clippings/unclip: unclipped
USAGE EXAMPLES
Leah ran down the bleachers and unfastened the clips on Grimes’s shoulder pads.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
In the Purple Rain room, purple light cascades down one wall while Prince’s movie clips roll on another.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
All the newspaper articles, television clips and political ads suggesting he was a racist.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. （塑料或金属的）夹子; 回纹针; 修剪; 剪报
vt. & vi. 用别针别在某物上，用夹子夹在某物上
vt. 剪; 剪掉; 缩短; 给…剪毛（或发）
vi. 剪; 修剪; 剪下报刊上的文章（或新闻、图片等）; 迅速行动
时态：clipped, clipping, clips
分布：修剪(30%)，夹子(24%)，回形针(13%)，夹住(11%)，猛击(10%)，疾驰(4%)，弹夹(4%)，剪短(2%)，钳(2%)
→1. 剪，拟声词，剪具剪东西的声音。 2. 夹子，来自glei,黏，粘，词源同clamp,cling.
v.剪,修剪;钳,夹住n.夹,钳;回形针With his lips the sly fly clipped the slippery slipper that eclipsed his sight.狡猾的苍蝇用嘴唇夹住遮挡他视线的滑拖鞋.
【参】clipper（n 大剪刀，快速帆船）
noun
FASTENER 扣件
countable
■a small usually metal or plastic object used for fastening things together or holding them in position 夹子；别针；回纹针
• a paper/hair/tie clip 回纹针／发夹／领带夹
• The wires were fastened together with a plastic clip. 这些电线用一个塑胶夹子扣在一起。
[klɪp] noun
FILM/TELEVISION 电影／电视
countable
■a short part of a film or television programme （电影或电视节目的）剪辑，片段
• I've seen a clip from the film. 我看过这部电影的一个片段。
[klɪp] noun
SPEED 速度
at a fast/good clip US informal
■fast 快速，迅速
• We set off at a good clip, but we gradually slowed down. 我们出发时速度很快，可是后来渐渐慢了下来。
[klɪp] noun
GUN PART 枪的部分
countable
■a container which is fastened to a gun, from which bullets go into the gun for firing 弹夹，弹匣
[klɪp] noun
CUT 剪
only singular
■when you cut something in order to make it tidy 修剪
• That hedge needs a clip. 树篱需要修剪了。
[klɪp] noun
HIT 击打
a clip round/on the ear countable usually singular UK old-fashioned
■a quick hit on the side of someone's head 一记耳光
• You do that once more and you'll get a clip round the ear, my lad. 小子，你再做这种事，我就给你一记耳光。
[klɪp] verb (-pp-)
CUT 剪
transitive
■to cut something with scissors or a similar sharp tool, especially to make it tidier 剪，修剪
• I'm going to clip the hedge this weekend. 这个周末我打算修剪一下树篱。
• When the guard came to clip my train ticket (= make a hole in it to show that it had been used) , I couldn't find it. 列车长过来剪票时，我找不到票了。
• I'm always clipping recipes out of magazines. 我总是从杂志上剪食谱。
transitive
■to reduce something by the stated amount 减少；缩小；缩短
• Christie has clipped a tenth of a second off the record. 克利斯蒂把纪录缩短了0.1秒。
[klɪp] verb (-pp-)
HIT 击打
transitive
■to hit something or someone with a short sharp movement 快速击打，猛击
• He clipped the edge of the kerb with his front tyre. 他的车前轮撞到了路缘上。
[klɪp] verb (-pp-)
FASTEN 扣住
intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep]
■to fasten something with a clip （用夹子）夹上，别住，固定住
• You can always tell a real bow tie from one that clips on. 真领结和用夹子别上的领结总是能区分开来的。
• When you've finished your work sheets, clip them together and hand them in to me. 练习题做完后，把它们夹在一起交给我。
[klɪp] verb (-pp-)
clip sb's wings
■to limit someone's freedom 限制（某人）的自由
vt. [园艺] 修剪；夹牢；痛打
 - shear, crop
vi. [园艺] 修剪
 - shear, trim off
n. [园艺] 修剪；夹子；回形针
 - shear, cutting back

Word: thigh
Front: thigh
[θaɪ] (研六托雅 4209/4433 -2)
Back: n. 股，大腿; 食用的鸡（等的）腿
分布：大腿(100%)
→来自古英语 theoh,大腿，来自 Proto-Germanic*theuham,大腿，腿部多肉部分，来自 teuk, 来自 teue,鼓起，膨胀，词源同 thumb,tumid.
n.大腿;股骨The water was up to my thighs.水淹到我的大腿.
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■the part of a person's leg above the knee 股；大腿
n. [解剖] 大腿，股
 - upper leg

Word: bull
Front: bull
[bʊl] (研四六雅 4207/5006 -2)
Vocabulary: bull
(once / 472 pages)
1nv 2n 3nv 4n 5nv 6n 7n
A bull is a male cow. You can usually tell which animal in a pasture is a bull by its large size and horns.
A male bovine — or cow — is a bull, and so is a male whale or elephant. Fittingly, the word bull is sometimes also used for a particularly bulky, muscular man. Another informal and slightly obscene meaning is "ridiculous," or "not true," as when you tell a lie and your brother rudely replies, "Bull!" This slang meaning has its roots in the Old French bole, "deception or trick."
WORD FAMILY
bull: bulled, bulling, bullish, bulls+/bullish: bullishly
USAGE EXAMPLES
THE death of the long bull market in bonds has been called many times in recent years.
Economist(Dec 01, 2016)
When the owner of the Manchester Opera House, where the production was being staged, learned about the bull, he shut down rehearsals.
The New Yorker(Nov 27, 2016)
When they arrived at the scene they saw a pit bull biting a woman near the end of a driveway.
Washington Times(Nov 30, 2016)
Back: n. 公牛; 股市看涨的人; 力大如牛的人; 大型雄性动物
vt. [证券]从事投机使（证券等）价格上涨; 推，强迫; 强力实现; 对…施加压力，强使…通过
vi. [证券]（证券、股票等）价格上涨; 哄抬证券价格; 走运，提高身价; 猛推，猛挤，猛力向前
adj. 公的，雄的; 力大如牛的; 价格上涨的
时态：bulled, bulling, bulls
分布：公牛(87%)，公牛的(8%)，股市看涨的人(2%)，鲁莽的(1%)，荒谬的话(1%)，教皇诏书(1%)
→1.公牛，来自词根bov, 牛，见bovine. 或来自PIE * bhel, 膨胀，见ball.
公牛[bu=ox,表示"牛"]
n.公牛The dull bull fully fulfilled pulling the bulletproof bulletin board.迟钝的公牛充分履行了拖防弹公告牌(的职责).
noun
ANIMAL 动物
 ADVANCED countable
■a male cow, or the male of particular animals such as the elephant or the whale 公牛；雄象；雄鲸
• They did not see the sign by the gate saying 'Beware of the bull'. 他们没有看见门旁边“当心公牛”的警示。
[bʊl] noun
FINANCE 金融
countable specialized
■a person who buys shares in companies hoping the price will rise, so that they can be sold later at a profit （预期证券价格上涨的）买空者，多头 Compare bear
[bʊl] noun
NONSENSE 胡说八道
uncountable informal
■complete nonsense or something that is not true 胡说八道，吹牛
• Don't give me that bull about not knowing the time. 别跟我说你不知道时间，那纯粹是瞎说。
[bʊl] noun
like a bull in a china shop
■If someone is like a bull in a china shop, they are very careless in the way that they move or behave 笨手笨脚的人；鲁莽闯祸的人
• We told her it was a delicate situation but she went into the meeting like a bull in a china shop. 我们告诉她情况非常微妙，但她还是冒冒失失闯到会上说了一通。
[bʊl] noun
take the bull by the horns
■to do something difficult in a brave and determined way 当机立断；大胆应对困难
• Why don't you take the bull by the horns and tell him to leave? 你为甚么不当机立断，直接告诉他让他离开？
buffalo, cow, bull, ox
这组词都有“牛”的意思，其区别是：
buffalo: 指水牛，在美国指野牛。
cow: 指任何品种的成年母牛或乳用的乳牛。
bull: 指未经阉割，通常用于配种的公牛，也指西班牙或美洲经专门饲料用作斗牛表演的公牛。引申指彪形大汉。
ox: 泛指野生或驯养的牛类，系动物学的用词，通称，也指公牛。
n. 公牛；看好股市者；粗壮如牛的人；胡说八道；印玺
 - ox, toro
adj. 大型的；公牛似的；雄性的
 - male, large scale
vt. 企图抬高证券价格；吓唬；强力实现
 - browbeat, gally
vi. 价格上涨；走运；猛推；吹牛
 - price increase, have one's day

Word: drawer
Front: drawer
[drɔ:(r)] (中高研四六托雅 4212/4175 -K2)
Vocabulary: drawer
(once / 459 pages)
1n 2n 3n
A drawer is a sliding compartment that fits into a dresser and is used for storage. You might keep socks in one drawer and t-shirts in another.
Dressers have drawers, and so do other pieces of furniture, including desks, bureaus, and kitchen cabinets. Your kitchen drawers might be full of silverware, while the drawers in your office are a jumble of pens, paper clips, and Post-It notes. Drawer comes from the verb draw, from its "pull" meaning — the original idea of the word was that it's a container that's "drawn" out of a cabinet.
WORD FAMILY
drawer: drawers+/ draw: drawed, drawee, drawer, drawing, draws, drew, overdraw/drawee: drawees/drawers: underdrawers/ drawing: drawings/overdraw: overdrawing, overdrawn, overdraws, overdrew
USAGE EXAMPLES
To ward off atrophy, buy a drawer organizer, suggested Ms. Lowenheim, who uses expandable drawer organizers from Staples in her own home.
New York Times(Dec 23, 2016)
I reach into this drawer for flavours that transport me to places where the air is warmer.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Tucked in a nook decorated with handsome artworks was a small desk with a drawer that contained pens, paper and a corkscrew.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 抽屉; 开票人，出票人; 起草者; 酒馆侍者
分布：抽屉(93%)，出票人(5%)，制图员(1%)，拖曳者(1%)
n.抽屉The drawer put the strawberries and raw paws into a drawer in the saw-mill.绘图者把草莓和生熊掌放进锯板厂的抽屉里.
【记】draw拉：可以拉开的东西－抽屉
【参】drawers（n 内裤）可以拉下来的东西
US [drɑ:] noun
FURNITURE 家俱
 ADVANCED countable
■a box-shaped container without a top which is part of a piece of furniture. It slides in and out to open and close and is used for keeping things in 抽屉
• I keep my socks in the bottom drawer. 我把袜子放在最下面的抽屉里。
• I don't like to go rummaging through other people's drawers. 我不喜欢翻别人的抽屉。
UK [drɔ:r] US [drɑ:] noun
CLOTHES 衣服
drawers [plural] old-fashioned
■ underpants

Word: regard
Front: regard
[rɪˈgɑ:d] (中高研四六托 2084/945 -K4)
Vocabulary: regard
(once / 27 pages)
1n 2vn 3v 4n
When you give someone a good, long look, you regard them. It can also mean "to believe," as in "I regard her as my best friend."
Regard often means respect and admiration, as in "I have the greatest regard for my grandmother." Sometimes it's a greeting: you can send someone your regards, which means to tell them you said hello and wish them well. There's a famous song called, "Give My Regards to Broadway." On the other hand, you can use it as a sign-off on a letter. Instead of "Sincerely" or "Yours Truly," you can close with "Regards."
WORD FAMILY
regard: disregard, regarded, regardful, regarding, regardless, regards, self-regard+/ disregard: disregarded, disregarding, disregards/regardful: regardfully/ regardless: disregardless, irregardless, regardlessly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Regarding the Dec. 27 Metro article “In Bethesda, more height but less light? ”
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Experts also expressed concerns regarding the report released by DHS and the FBI on the Russian hacking operation.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
"The relatively wide range for the forecast reflects the higher-than-normal degree of uncertainty regarding the prospects for the UK economy next year," he says.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 认为; 注视; 涉及; 尊敬
vi. 凝视; 留意
n. 凝视; 留意; 尊敬; 问候
时态：regarded, regarding, regards
分布：视为(22%)，尊敬(18%)，注意(15%)，考虑(15%)，注视(10%)，关心(7%)，留意(7%)，致意(5%)，和 ... 有关(1%)
→re-,再，重新，-gard,看，看护，词源同 guard,ward.引申诸相关词义。
v.(as)把...看作为;考虑n.(pl.)敬重,问候This problem regards every student in the school.这个问题与全校学生都有关系.
【记】作为“看作”讲大家比较熟悉，例：I regard him as a fool 但是主考“尊敬”的意思。
US [-'gɑ:rd] verb transitive usually + adverb or preposition
 IMPROVER
■to consider or have an opinion about something or someone 考虑，思考；将…认为；看待
• Local people regard this idea of a motorway through their village with horror. 当地居民对修建横穿他们村庄的高速公路这一计划感到惶惶不可终日。
• Her parents always regarded her as the cleverest of their children. 她父母一贯把她看作是所有子女中最聪明的。
■formal
■to look carefully at something or someone 注视；凝视
• The bird regarded me with suspicion as I walked up to its nest. 我走向鸟巢的时候，那只鸟怀疑地注视着我。
as regards formal
■in connection with 关于；至于
• There is no problem as regards the financial arrangements. 资金筹备方面毫无问题。
UK [rɪ'gɑ:d] US [-'gɑ:rd] noun uncountable formal
 IMPROVER
■respect or admiration for someone or something 尊敬，尊重；关心，关注
• The company holds her in high regard. 公司很器重她。
• He has no regard for other people's feelings. 他毫不尊重别人的感情。
in/with regard to
■in connection with 关于；至于
• I am writing to you with regard to your letter of 15 March. 兹覆3月15日贵函。
in this/that regard
■in this particular way 在这／那方面；在这／那一点上
• The union is the largest in the country and in this/that regard is best placed to serve its members. 这个工会是全国最大的，从这方面说，它可为其成员提供最好的服务。
regards [plural] formal
■greetings 问候；致意
• Please give/send/convey my regards to your mother if you see her. 如果见到你母亲，请代我问候她／代我向她问好／向她转达我的问候。
admiration, honour, esteem, regard, respect
这组词都有“尊敬、尊重、敬意”的意思，其区别是：
admiration: 指除表示尊敬外，还常伴随有一种真挚的倾慕之情。
honour: 指对长辈或有地位、有名望、有功劳的人公开表示极大敬意或软佩。
esteem: 除表示尊敬之外，还暗示由此可而产生的称赞。
regard: 最正式用词，中性，与respect和honour近义。
respect: 指对年长、地位较高的人的尊敬，对他人成就、行为或见解等经过仔细评估后而表示尊重，暗示在上述人面前表现谦恭和有礼貌。
honour, esteem, regard, admire, respect
这组词都有“尊重、钦佩”的意思，其区别是：
honour: 侧重指对某人或某物表示极大的敬意。
esteem: 除表示尊敬之外，还暗示由此而产生的称赞。
regard: 最正式用词，中性，含义不很明确，一般需用修饰语加强或明确其意。
admire: 侧重指对某人或某物的仰慕、钦佩，并含欣赏爱慕之情。
respect: 指对人的行为、品德、才华或成就等的仰慕尊重。尤指对年长或地位高的人的尊敬。
discern, deem, regard
discern: 发现，看清，辨认
deem: 以为，相信，较正式，常用于法律、文学作品中，强调判断而非思考；
regard: 以为，认为，侧重凭外表或表面现象作判断，多强调观点
reckon, think, count, consider, deem, regard, believe
这组词都有“认为”的意思，其区别是：
reckon: 指对人或事作全面“权衡”，把各方面意见考虑进去后得出结论。
think: 普通用词，指按照自己的意见提出看法。
count: 指作出判断后而得出的看法等。
consider: 指经过考虑和观察后得出的结论。
deem: 正式用词，常用于法律、文学，强调作判断而不是思考。
regard: 侧重凭外表或表面现象作判断。多强调观点。
believe: 通常指根据一定的证据，经思考后而认为属实。
n. 注意；尊重；问候；凝视
 - estimation, respect, notice, publicity
vt. 注重，考虑；看待；尊敬；把…看作；与…有关
 - view, study, honor, think about
vi. 注意，注重；注视
 - take care of, watch

Word: sheep
Front: sheep
[ʃi:p] (中高雅 4210/2697 -K2)
Back: n. 羊，绵羊; 胆小鬼; 易受人摆布的人; 缺乏主见或轻易盲从的人
分布：羊(63%)，绵羊(26%)，羊皮(11%)
→来自古英语 sceap,羊，绵羊，来自 West Germanic*skaepan,羊，绵羊，进一步词源不详。
n.(绵)羊;易受人摆布的人After a deep sleep, the weeping sweeper keeps on peeping the sheep on the steep.酣睡之后,哭泣的清扫者继续窥视峭壁上的羊.
[ʃi:p] (plural sheep)
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a farm animal with thick wool, that eats grass and is kept for its wool, skin and meat 羊，绵羊
• The farmer has several large flocks (= groups) of long-haired sheep. 这位农夫养着好几大群长毛绵羊。
• We heard sheep bleating/baaing in the field. 我们听见绵羊在田野里咩咩叫。
⇒ See also ewe;lamb;mutton;ram
[ʃi:p] (plural sheep)
noun countable
be (like) sheep disapproving
■If a group of people are (like) sheep, they all behave in the same way or all behave as they are told, and cannot or will not act independently. 像绵羊一样，任人摆布
[ʃi:p] (plural sheep)
noun countable
separate / sort out the sheep from the goats UK
■to make clear which people in a particular group are of a higher ability than the others 分出优劣
• The uphill stages of the race will really sort the sheep from the goats. 上坡的几个路段会真正拉开选手们的距离。
n. [畜牧] 羊，绵羊；胆小鬼
 - jumbuck, mutton

Word: discourage
Front: discourage
[dɪsˈkʌrɪdʒ] (高研四六托 4211/5260 -2)
Vocabulary: discourage
(once / 314 pages)
v
If your friend is thinking about quitting her job and moving to the Peruvian Andes to raise llamas, you might discourage her by pointing out that she’s allergic to llamas and also afraid of heights.
When you discourage someone, you try to talk them out of doing something, by pointing out reasons why their planned action would be unwise. The verb discourage has roots in the French word descouragier, which comes from des-, meaning “away,” and corage, or “courage.” So when you discourage someone, you can think of it as taking his courage — or enthusiasm — away.
WORD FAMILY
discourage: discouraged, discouragement, discourages, discouraging+/ discouraged: discouragedly, undiscouraged/discouragement: discouragements/discouraging: discouragingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Often mere notification of a review by the panel discourages deals.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
And like all Apple employees, he was discouraged from talking about his job with co-workers.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
His choice of the wildly unqualified Ben Carson to be Secretary of Housing and Urban Development is a discouraging early sign.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. 使气馁; 使沮丧; 阻碍; 劝阻
时态：discouraged, discouraging, discourages
分布：阻碍(80%)，使气馁(20%)
→dis-, 不，非，使相反。courage, 鼓励。
使失去勇气(dis+courage勇气)[dis-①表示"不,消失掉"②表示"分开,分离"]
v.使泄气,使失去信心Of course the man's courage encouraged the discouraged tourists in the courtyard.自然那个勇敢男子的勇气鼓舞了院子里泄气的游客们.
US [-'skɝ:-] verb transitive
MAKE LESS CONFIDENT 使信心不足
 ADVANCED
■to make someone feel less confident, enthusiastic and positive about something, or less willing to do something 使泄气，给（某人）泼冷水，使心灰意冷
• The thought of how much work she had to do discouraged her. 一想到还有那么多工作得做她就泄了气。
Opposite encourage
UK [dɪ'skʌr.ɪdʒ] US [-'skɝ:-] verb transitive
PREVENT 防止
■to prevent or try to prevent something happening or someone doing something, by making things difficult or unpleasant, or by showing disapproval （试图）阻挠，为…设置障碍，阻止
• a campaign to discourage people from smoking 阻止人们吸烟的运动
• The authorities have put tanks on the streets to discourage any protest. 当局调动坦克上街去阻止抗议活动。
Opposite encourage
vt. 阻止；使气馁
 - stem, block, dispute, prohibit

Word: coordinator
Front: coordinator
[kəʊ'ɔ:dɪneɪtə] (4215/9260)
Vocabulary: coordinator
(once / 1955 pages)
n
A coordinator makes sure things go smoothly: he or she coordinates other people and activities.
Football is one area where the word coordinator comes up a lot. The offensive coordinator makes sure the quarterback, running backs, receivers, and offensive line are working together to score points. The defensive coordinator makes sure the linebackers, safeties, defensive backs, and defensive line are working together to stop the other team from scoring. In any kind of business or organization, a coordinator makes sure people (or machines and products) are working together toward their goals. Anything complicated could benefit from a coordinator.
WORD FAMILY
coordinator: coordinators+/ coordinate: coordinated, coordinately, coordinates, coordinating, coordination, coordinative, coordinator / coordinated: uncoordinated/ coordination: coordinations, incoordination/uncoordinated: uncoordinatedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
They finished with three losses under interim Coach John Fassel, the special teams coordinator.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
During his two seasons as defensive coordinator of the Detroit Lions from 2007-08, Barry’s units finished last in total defense each season.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
And if I were in charge, defensive coordinator Joe Barry would be the first to be asked to hand over his guitar.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 协调者; 同等的人（或物）
分布：协调者(90%)，同等的人或物(10%)
协调者(coordinate+or)[ordin=order,表示"命令,顺序"]
US [koʊ'ɔ:r.dɪ.neɪ.tˌɚ] noun countable
■someone whose job is to make different groups work together in an organized way to achieve something 协调人，统筹者
• We've just appointed a coordinator who will oversee the whole project. 我们刚刚委任了一位会监督整个工程的协调人。
n. [经管] [自] 协调者；协调器；同等的人或物
 - telegon

Word: ideological
Front: ideological
[ˌaɪdɪə'lɒdʒɪkl] (托 4216/4059 -2)
Vocabulary: ideological
(once / 2260 pages)
adj
You can use the word ideological to describe shared ideas or beliefs, and the word breaks down to ideo- (not "idea," but close) and -logical. An ideological stand for equal rights made Rosa Parks stay in her seat at the front of the bus.
Ideological is an adjective that describes political, cultural, or religious beliefs. An ideology is a body of ideas, and those who agree with the main idea of something take an ideological stand to support it. Unlimited freedom is a strong ideological belief in countries like the United States, and communism was once the ideological foundation in parts of Europe. Some follow ideological ideals that are logical, while others take stands that seem, well, idiotic or illogical, like racism.
WORD FAMILY
ideological: ideologically+/ideologist: ideologists/ ideology: ideologic, ideological, ideologies, ideologist
USAGE EXAMPLES
Trump was not tied to any preëxisting political movement, or to any firm ideological commitments.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Because it won’t be Trump’s first Supreme Court pick who will seal the court’s ideological direction for a generation.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
The danger to the new country, Hamilton argued, wasn’t ideological disputes, but the possibility that an unprincipled man would exploit public passions.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 思想的; 意识形态的
分布：意识形态的(74%)，思想上的(26%)
US [-'lɑ:.dʒɪ-] adjective
■based on or relating to a particular set of ideas or beliefs 思想体系上的，意识形态上的
• ideological differences 意识形态上的差异
• There are some fairly profound ideological disagreements within the movement. 该运动内部在意识形态上存在一些比较严重的分歧。
adj. 思想的；意识形态的
 - think, ideaistic

Word: runner
Front: runner
[ˈrʌnə(r)] (高四六 4214/4368 -K3)
Vocabulary: runner
(once / 471 pages)
1n 2n 3n 4n 5n 6n
If you jog every morning or run with your school's cross country team, you're a runner. A runner is a person who runs.
A casual runner jogs around the block or chases their dog on the beach. If you train to run in the Olympics, you're also a runner, and if you play baseball, you're a runner when you're moving from first to second base. Plants send out something also called a runner — a new shoot that sits on top of the ground and roots itself there. A strip of carpet down the hall or stairs is yet another kind of runner.
WORD FAMILY
runner: forerunner, runners+/ forerunner: forerunners/overrun: overran, overrunning, overruns/ rerun: reran, rerunning, reruns/ run: overrun, ran, rerun, runned, runner, running, runny, runs/running: runningly, runnings/ runny: runnier, runniness
USAGE EXAMPLES
The shoe in question was the Nike Air Rift, or “split-toe” inspired by Kenyan barefoot distance runners allowing extra toe movement.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
When I’m asked for my favourite inspirational scene, I nominate Tom Courtenay’s final, miserable act of defiance in The Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Nick Furman, a local cyclist and runner, helped him with his bicycling and swimming in a crash course on the sport.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. [体育运动]赛跑者; [棒球]跑垒者，[橄榄球]带球者; 逃亡者; 送信人，跑腿者
分布：跑步者(93%)，赛跑的人(7%)
→run,奔跑，-er,人。
US [-ɚ] noun countable
GOING QUICKLY 奔跑
 IMPROVER
■someone who runs, especially in competitions 奔跑的人；（尤指）参加赛跑的人
• a long-distance runner 长跑运动员
⇒ See also runner-up
 ADVANCED
■a horse running in a race （参加比赛的）赛马
■a person who works for someone by taking messages, collecting money, etc. 送信人，信差；收帐员
runners [plural] Australian * plimsolls
UK ['rʌn.ər] US [-ɚ] noun countable
BLADE 刀刃
■one of two usually metal blades under a sledge which allow it to move along easily （雪橇的）滑板，雪板
UK ['rʌn.ər] US [-ɚ] noun countable
STEM 茎
■a long stem of a plant that grows along the ground in order to put down roots in a new place 长匐茎，匍匐茎
UK ['rʌn.ər] US [-ɚ] noun countable
TAKING 携带
■someone who takes illegal drugs or weapons from one place to another 走私，非法携带（枪支或毒品）
• a gun-runner 枪支走私分子
UK ['rʌn.ər] US [-ɚ] noun countable
do a runner UK informal
■to leave a place in order to avoid a difficult or unpleasant situation or to avoid paying for something （为逃避困境或付款而）开溜，逃离，逃跑
n. 跑步者；走私者；推销员；送信人
 - salesman, smuggler

Word: secular
Front: secular
[ˈsekjələ(r)] (研托雅宝 4219/5841 -1)
Vocabulary: secular
(once / 674 pages)
nadj
Secular things are not religious. Anything not affiliated with a church or faith can be called secular.
Non-religious people can be called atheists or agnostics, but to describe things, activities, or attitudes that have nothing to do with religion, you can use the word secular. Public schools are secular, but Catholic schools are not. Grocery stores are secular; a synagogue is not. If there's no religion involved, then you're in "the secular world" — as people sometimes call everything that exists outside of religion.
WORD FAMILY
secular: secularise, secularism, secularize, secularly, seculars+/secularise: secularisation, secularised, secularising/ secularism: secularist/secularist: secularists/secularization: secularizations/secularize: secularization, secularized, secularizes, secularizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
As a former secular Jew who converted to Christianity, I understand the temptation of such skepticism.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 29, 2016)
“Did God show up? In watching the news after the election, the secular media keep asking ‘How did this happen?’
Washington Times(Dec 29, 2016)
When you’re working in a more secular space, do you think the message should be delivered differently cause you’re not hitting just believers?
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: adj. 现世的，俗界的; 长期的，长久的; 不朽的; 一世纪一次的
n. 牧师; [宗]俗僧，俗人; 〈美〉（黑人中间流行的）俗歌
分布：世俗的(54%)，非宗教的(18%)，现世的(12%)，不朽的(7%)，牧师(5%)，凡人(4%)
→来自拉丁语 saecularis,现时的，现世的，来自 saeculum,现时，现世，可能来自 se,播种， 耕种，词源同 seed,semen.-cul,-culum,工具格后缀，词源同 oracle,hibernacle.比喻用法，即相 比于神和宗教的永恒，种子只有一次生命过程，引申词义世俗的，非宗教的。
【记】se色，cular哭了：见到美色就哭－世俗的
US [-jə.lɚ] adjective
■not having any connection with religion 世俗的；非宗教的
• We live in an increasingly secular society, in which religion has less and less influence on our daily lives. 我们生活在一个日益世俗化的世界里，宗教对我们日常生活的影响越来越小。
• secular education 世俗教育
• a secular state 非宗教国家
adj. 世俗的；长期的；现世的；不朽的
 - chronic, long time, standing, eternal, lay
n. 牧师
 - minister, priest, preacher

Word: intimate
Front: intimate
[ˈɪntɪmət] (研四六托雅宝 4217/5263 -2)
Vocabulary: intimate
(once / 107 pages)
1adjn 2v
Intimate means being close. A small restaurant is called intimate because you're sitting close to the other people, and your best friends are considered your intimate friends.
This adjective can mean very friendly, or very personal or private. The original spelling was intime, from French, from Latin intimus "innermost," from intus "within." The related verb intimate means to hint or suggest. Intimate is also a noun meaning a close friend or associate. And when you get intimate with someone, it can mean that you're sexually involved.
WORD FAMILY
intimate: intimacy, intimated, intimately, intimates, intimating, intimatingly, intimation +/ intimacy: intimacies/ intimation: intimations
USAGE EXAMPLES
It’s intensely intimate – “which some might find uncomfortable” – and hyper-local.
Time(Dec 01, 2016)
One week, home sick, I explored the mysterious side two. It began with “Almost Blue”: spare, intimate, melancholy, gorgeous.
The New Yorker(Nov 30, 2016)
It is pioneering a model of social networking that feels more intimate and authentic than the Facebook-led ideas that now dominate the online world.
New York Times(Nov 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 亲密的，亲近的; 私人的，个人的; 内部的; 直接的
n. 至交; 密友
v. 暗示，提示; 宣布，通知
时态：intimated, intimating, intimates
分布：亲密的(72%)，私人的(10%)，密友(8%)，暗示(7%)，透露(2%)，关系紧密的(1%)
→来自拉丁语intus,在内部，在里面，-m,最高级后缀，词源同extreme,ultimate.引申词义亲密的。
亲密的 暗示[intim=inmost(内心的)]
a.亲密的,密切的n.熟友,熟人My intimate mate's ultimate estimate approximates the appropriate value.我亲密伙伴的最终估计接近恰当的值.
【记】inti里面，mate（n 配偶vt 使配对vi 成配偶）－亲密的由于密友之间有默契，所以经常有暗示的举动－暗示
【反】communicate directly（直接交流）
US [-tˌə-] verb transitive formal
■to make clear what you think or want without stating it directly 暗示，提示
• [+ (that)] She has intimated that she will resign if she loses the vote. 她已经暗示如果选举落败她将辞职。
imitate, intimate, intimidate
这是一组形近易混词。
imitate: v.模仿，仿效；复制，仿造。
 • The boy imitates his father's way of talking.   那个男孩模仿他父亲说话的样子。
intimate: a.亲密的；温馨的，舒适的。
 • We have had an intimate friendship since we were young.   我们自年轻时代起就建立了亲密的友谊。
intimidate: v.恐吓，威胁。
 • An older boy intimidated the little children when he took their lunch money.   一个年龄大一点的男孩恐吓那些小孩子，并且抢走了他们的午饭钱。
familiar, intimate, confidential, close
这组词都有“亲密的”的意思，其区别是：
familiar: 通常指因长期交往而彼此很熟悉，像自家人一样。
intimate: 语气强烈，指感情或思想融洽、相互知心，彼此关系亲密。
confidential: 指相互之间可推心置腹、彼此信赖。
close: 语气较强，指兴趣爱好相同，因而关系密切，感情深笃。
adj. 亲密的；私人的；精通的；有性关系的
 - private, close, perfect, chamber
n. 知己；至交
 - confidant, alter ego
vt. 暗示；通知；宣布
 - bill, message

Word: empire
Front: empire
[ˈempaɪə(r)] (高研四六 4218/2251 -K3)
Vocabulary: empire
(once / 361 pages)
n
An empire is a group of countries or territories that are under the control of a single entity but it can be used figuratively too. She rules her cosmetics empire well, with a solid knowledge of lipsticks, eye shadows, and more.
Have you ever heard the phrase, “The sun never sets on the British Empire?” This came about because during the 1800s countries in every time zone around the globe were ruled by England, and it was always daytime in one of them. Although other empires have existed back through time to the original Roman Empire, perhaps the most well-known empire today comes from the popular Star Wars films in which the rebels fight Darth Vader and his evil Empire.
WORD FAMILY
empire: empires
USAGE EXAMPLES
“We’re an empire now, and when we act, we create our own reality.”
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
In October, prosecutors indicted Lotte’s chairman, Shin Dong-bin, but did not arrest him, allowing him to continue running the business empire.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Nimrud was a capital of the Assyrians, one the ancient world’s earliest and most ferocious empires.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 帝国，帝国领土; 帝权，君权，最高统治权; 大企业组织
adj. 新古典风格的
分布：帝国(97%)，大企业(2%)，帝权(1%)
→词源同emperor, 皇帝。
帝国(empir=emper)[emper,imper=command,表示"命令,统治"]
n.帝国The empty empire's emperor made an attempt to tempt the contemptuous man.空虚帝国的皇帝试图诱惑那个轻蔑的人.
US [-paɪr] noun countable
COUNTRIES 国家
 ADVANCED
■a group of countries ruled by a single person, government or country 帝国
• the Holy Roman Empire 神圣罗马帝国
⇒ See also imperial
UK ['em.paɪər] US [-paɪr] noun countable
ORGANIZATION 组织
 ADVANCED
■a very large and important business or organization 大企业；大集团
• In the space of just ten years, her company has grown from one small shop to a multi-million-pound empire. 仅仅十年的时间，她的公司就由一个小商店发展成为一家拥有数百万英镑资产的企业集团。
n. 帝国；帝王统治，君权
 - seignorage, empery

Word: cab
Front: cab
[kæb] (高研托雅 4220/4014 -2)
Vocabulary: cab
(once / 419 pages)
1nv 2n
A cab is a taxi, a car whose driver you pay to take you where you need to go. It can feel like a competitive sport to hail a cab in New York City.
Your cab driver may talk incessantly while she drives you to the airport, or you might ride in a cab that's silent except for the sound of its horn honking at other drivers. You can also call the front part of a truck, where the driver sits, the cab. In the 1820s, the word meant "horse-drawn carriage," short for the French cabriolet, "leap or caper." The Latin root is capreolus, "wild goat."
WORD FAMILY
cab: cabbed, cabbing, cabs
USAGE EXAMPLES
If you can’t find anything else, sign up with a local cab firm and spend long hours on the streets.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Video footage of the scene showed the cab of a tractor-trailer cut in half. As of midafternoon, southbound I-5 was closed to traffic.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Sure, the practicalities are hideous – no cabs, endless crowds and queues, quite a lot of mugging – but still!
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 出租车; （公共汽车、火车等的）司机室; 驾驶室; 出租马车
vi. 乘出租车
时态：cabbed, cabbing, cabs
分布：驾驶室(62%)，出租汽车(16%)，司机室(13%)，乘出租车(7%)，轻便马车(2%)
→来自拉丁词caper, 山羊，词源同caprice, cabriolet. 原指一种颠簸的马车，犹如蹦跳的山羊。
n.出租车,出租马车;驾驶室vi.乘出租马车We cab to the railway station.我们乘出租汽车去火车站.
noun countable
PART OF VEHICLE 车辆的部分
■the separate front part of a large vehicle, such as a truck, bus or train, in which the driver sits （卡车、公共汽车、火车等大型车辆的）驾驶室
[kæb] noun countable
VEHICLE 车辆
■a taxi 计程车，的士
• It'll save time if we go by cab. 我们搭计程车去能节省时间。
⇒ See also minicab
■in the past, a vehicle pulled by a horse, used as a taxi （旧时的）出租马车
n. [车辆] 驾驶室；出租汽车；出租马车
 - taxi, wheelhouse

Word: divorce
Front: divorce
[dɪ'vɔ:s] (高研四六托雅 2978/3853 -K3)
Vocabulary: divorce
(once / 279 pages)
nv
A divorce is a formal ending of a marriage. It’s more permanent than a separation and involves a legal process. If you get a divorce, that means the marriage is officially over.
Divorce has both a noun and a verb form. The noun describes the thing you get — "you are getting a divorce." And the verb describes the thing you do — "you are divorcing your spouse." Divorce can also be used more broadly to describe any major separation. You might know of a politician who divorces himself from a controversial issue — that means he doesn’t want to be associated with it at all.
WORD FAMILY
divorce: divorced, divorcee, divorcement, divorces, divorcing+/divorcee: divorcees/divorcement: divorcements
USAGE EXAMPLES
A new nod to modernity in French laws eases the rules for people who want to divorce.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Her first marriage, to the art historian Mark Lansburgh Jr., ended in divorce.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The prime minister says she will kick-start divorce proceedings by the end of March.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 离婚; 分离
vt. 与…离婚; 分离
vt. & vi. 与（某人）离婚，判（某人）离婚
时态：divorced, divorcing, divorces
分布：离婚(93%)，分离(4%)，使分离(2%)，与 ... 离婚(1%)
→词源同divert, 转开。引申词义离婚。
离婚(di+vorce=vert转→从(丈夫身边)转开→离婚;参考:divert转开)[di-①表示"两个,双"②表示"使…变成,分开,离开"]
v./n.离婚,分离The enforced law reinforced that forced divorce is forbidden.实施的法律强化了禁止强迫离婚.
US [-'vɔ:rs] noun
PEOPLE 人们
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■when a marriage is ended by an official or legal process 离婚
• The last I heard they were getting a divorce. 上次我听说他们正在办理离婚手续。
• Divorce is on the increase. 离婚呈上升趋势。
• Ellie wants a divorce. 埃莉想离婚。
• What are the chances of a marriage ending in divorce? 一桩婚姻以离婚而告终的几率有多大？
UK [dɪ'vɔ:s] US [-'vɔ:rs] noun
SUBJECTS 主题
countable formal
■a separation 分离，分隔
• Why is there such a divorce between the arts and the sciences in this country's schools? 为甚么在这个国家学校把艺术和科学完全分隔开来呢？
UK [dɪ'vɔ:s] US [-'vɔ:rs] verb
PEOPLE 人们
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to end your marriage by an official or legal process （与…）离婚
• She's divorcing her husband. 她正在和丈夫闹离婚。
UK [dɪ'vɔ:s] US [-'vɔ:rs] verb
SUBJECTS 主题
transitive
■to separate two subjects 割裂，分割（主题）
• How can you divorce the issues of environmental protection and overpopulation? 你怎能把环境保护和人口过剩这两个议题分割开来呢？
separate, divorce, divide, part
这组词都有“分开”的意思，其区别是：
separate: 指把两个人或物分开，着重从原属一个整体中移居一部分或把两者隔开。
divorce: 特指两个或更多的互为依赖的事物的分离，尤指婚姻的合法解体。
divide: 指把一个整体按要求分成几个部分，暗示分配之意；也可指分开两个对立的事物。
part: 多指使紧密相连的人或物分开，往往暗示最后分离的意味。
vt. 使离婚，使分离；与…离婚
 - separate, split
n. 离婚；分离
 - separation, detachment

Word: exam
Front: exam
[ɪgˈzæm] (中雅 4224/4174 -K2)
Vocabulary: exam
(once / 2248 pages)
n
An exam is a test. Many high school and college classes have a midterm exam and a final exam.
The word exam is short for examination, from 19th century student slang. An exam usually takes place in a class and consists of questions that test a student's knowledge. Sometimes the word describes a medical test of some kind, like an eye exam, a dental exam, or a physical exam. Rather than testing knowledge or skill, these exams are procedures meant to diagnose or rule out illnesses.
WORD FAMILY
exam: exams
USAGE EXAMPLES
A Post-Dispatch analysis showed that students at small schools in Missouri fare about as well on state exams as their peers at larger schools.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
She also remembers a time when Dominic called her while she was on campus to assure her that she would ace another exam.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
WVA Medicine says the center will include 39 exam rooms and three procedure rooms.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. <口>考试; 测验
分布：考试(100%)
→来自examine的缩写词，学生俚语。
n.(examination)考试,测验Did you pass your final exam?你期末考试及格了吗?
[ɪg'zæm] (formal examination)
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a test of a student's knowledge or skill in a particular subject which results in a qualification if the student is successful 考试
• How many pupils are taking the geography exam this term? 这个学期有多少位小学生参加地理考试？
• I failed my physics exam, but I passed chemistry. 我物理考试不及格，但化学考试及格了。
• an examination paper 试卷
• exam results 考试成绩
examination, test, quiz, exam
这组词都有“考试”的意思，其区别是：
examination: 通常指为检查学生知识或能力而举行的正式考试，有时也指临时考试。
test: 多指有具体目的的临时性考试或小考。
quiz: 指时间较短，随时进行的口头或书面的非正式测验。
exam: 系examination的缩略形式，口语用词，通俗。

Word: documentary
Front: documentary
[ˌdɒkjuˈmentri] (研六托 4222/5637 -2)
Vocabulary: documentary
(once / 1057 pages)
nadj
A documentary is a film or video examining an event or person based on facts. The word can also refer to anything involving documents.
The idea of documentary as meaning "pertaining to documents" came about at the beginning of the 19th century. Later, it came to mean a factual record of something. On PBS, you'll see lots of documentaries, about everything from baseball to war. Those documentaries are nonfiction films — they're showing true life. However, lots of fictional shows are filmed in a realistic documentary style. If you make a documentary about the U.S. Library of Congress, you'll be documenting lots of historical documents.
WORD FAMILY
documentary: documentaries, documentarily+/ document: documental, documentary, documentation, documented, documenting, documents/documental: documentally/ documentation: documentations/ documented: undocumented
USAGE EXAMPLES
We recently watched the excellent documentary “Minimalism,” which is either the obverse of Hallmark’s conservative messaging or runs parallel to it.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
The documentary shows Fisher trekking back and forth up the path to her mother’s home, where Reynolds awaits the cameras with full blow-dry and make-up.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
For months after the documentary was broadcast, I was stopped on a regular basis.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 纪录片
adj. 记录的; 文书的; 纪实的
分布：纪录片(97%)，纪实的(2%)，文件形式的(1%)
a.文献的n.记录片It's a documentary film.这是部记录片.
US [ˌdɑ:.kjə'men.tˌɚ-] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a film, television or radio programme that gives facts and information about a subject （电影或电视）纪录片；纪实性广播节目
• The documentary took a fresh look at the life of Darwin. 这部纪录片从一个崭新的角度介绍了达尔文的一生。
• They showed a documentary on animal communication. 他们放映了一部关于动物之间交流沟通的纪录片。
UK [ˌdɒk.jʊ'men.tər.i] US [ˌdɑ:.kjə'men.tˌɚ-] adjective [before noun]
■in the form of documents 文件的；文书的
• Human rights campaigners have discovered documentary evidence of torture. 人权活动家们已经发现了刑讯逼供的书面证据。
UK [ˌdɒk.jʊ'men.tər.i] US [ˌdɑ:.kjə'men.tˌɚ-] adjective [before noun]
■giving facts and information about a subject in the form of a film, television or radio programme （以电影、电视、无线电广播的形式）呈现某一主题的事实和资讯的
• Most of her films have a documentary style. 她的电影大多是纪实风格。
adj. 记录的；文件的；记实的
 - recorded

Word: neutral
Front: neutral
[ˈnju:trəl] (研四六托 4223/4121 -2)
Vocabulary: neutral
(once / 285 pages)
adjn
Commonly used to describe a person who doesn’t pick sides in disputes, neutral also pegs anything that refuses to be bold: the color beige, bland clothing, people with no preferences on where to eat for dinner.
Being neutral sounds kind of boring. But neutrality is really important in some cases: Judges, for example, must remain totally neutral when hearing a case. Manners mavens say that it's best to remain neutral when topics like politics and religion come up during a party. And boxers can look to the neutral corners in the ring to escape a punch.
WORD FAMILY
neutral: neutral-colored, neutralise, neutralism, neutralize, neutrally, neutrals+/neutralise: neutralisation, neutralised, neutralises, neutralising/neutralism: neutralist/neutralist: neutralists, neutrality / neutrality: neutralities/ neutralize: neutralization, neutralized, neutralizes, neutralizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
But in the Trump era a truly neutral position is hard to find.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Initially, Carter plans to buy suitcases that are gender neutral for any age before eventually buying more age- and gender-specific ones.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“From 10 paces back, it reads as clean, fresh and neutral while showing dimension and texture up close,” said New York designer Drew McGukin.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 中立的; （化学中）中性的; 暗淡的; 不带电的
n. （汽车或其他机器的）空挡位置; 中立人士; 中立国; 素净色
分布：中性的(44%)，中立的(38%)，中立者(9%)，空挡位置(5%)，空档的(3%)，素净色的(1%)
→来自neuter,中性的。
a.中立的;中性的,中和的The neutral scent of kerosene is concentrated in the center of the scene.煤油的中性气味在场景中心被浓缩.
US ['nu:-] adjective
NO OPINION 无意见
 ADVANCED
■not saying or doing anything that would encourage or help any of the groups involved in an argument or war 中立的，不偏不倚的
• If there's an argument between my daughter and her mother, it's important that I remain neutral. 如果我女儿和她母亲发生争吵，我保持中立是很重要的。
• The peace conference would have to be held in a neutral country. 和平会议必须在一个中立国举行。
• I'd rather meet on neutral ground/territory (= somewhere not controlled by or connected to either of us) rather than in his apartment. 我宁愿在一个与双方都无关的地方和他见面，而不是在他的公寓里。
UK ['nju:.trəl] US ['nu:-] adjective
NOT NOTICEABLE 不显著的
■having features or characteristics that are not easily noticed 不引人注意的
• Huw wants dark red walls, but I'd rather a more neutral colour like cream. 休想把墙弄成暗红色，我更喜欢乳白之类的中性色调。
UK ['nju:.trəl] US ['nu:-] adjective
SCIENCE 科学
■describes a chemical substance that is neither an acid nor an alkali （化学物质）中性的，既非酸性又非碱性的
• Pure water is neutral and has a pH of 7. 纯水是中性的，pH值为7。
■describes an object in physics that has no electrical charge （物理学中）中性的，不带电的
• Atoms consist of positively-charged protons, negatively-charged electrons and neutral particles called neutrons. 原子由带正电的质子、带负电的电子和称为中子的不带电粒子组成。
UK ['nju:.trəl] US ['nu:-] noun
VEHICLE 车辆
uncountable
■the position of the gears in a vehicle when they are not connected to the engine 空档
• In Britain, you're supposed to put your car into neutral whenever you stop at a junction. 在英国，只要是在交叉路口停车，就必须挂空档。
uncountable
■a state of no activity or development 不活动；停滞
• After two years in neutral, the economy is finally moving forward again. 经济停滞了两年后终于再次向前发展。
UK ['nju:.trəl] US ['nu:-] noun
NO OPINION 无意见
countable
■a neutral person or thing 中立者
• Sweden and Switzerland were neutrals during the war. 在战争期间，瑞典和瑞士是中立国。
just, impartial, objective, neutral, fair
这组词都有“公正的，公平的，不偏不倚的”的意思，其区别是：
just: 多用于庄重场合，指不受个人利益得失或感情倾向的影响，侧重按照公认的准则或标准处理问题。
impartial: 侧重对任何人或任何一方没有成见或偏袒。
objective: 着重客观、真实，不为个人偏见、兴趣、感情或看法所左右。
neutral: 强调持中立态度，不偏袒任何一方，甚至不作最后的裁决。
fair: 普通常用词，指不偏不倚地对待人和物，侧重不受个人感情、偏见或利益所影响。
adj. 中立的， [生物] 中性的；中立国的；非彩色的
 - indifferent, litmusless
n. 中立国；中立者；非彩色；齿轮的空档
 - fence-sitter, mugwump

Word: biology
Front: biology
[baɪˈɒlədʒi] (高研四雅 4226/5388 -K2)
Vocabulary: biology
(once / 550 pages)
n
Biology is the study of life and living organisms, from one-celled creatures to the most complex living organism of all — the human being. Biology includes the study of genes and cells that give living things their special characteristics.
You may know that the ology suffix means "the study of," and the addition of the Greek bios, meaning "life," gives us the meaning of biology. According to Nobel Laureate Walter Gilbert, "Biology will relate every human gene to the genes of other animals and bacteria, to this great chain of being." Sometimes science isn't as pretty as that sounds (as you know if you've cut open worms or frogs in biology class).
WORD FAMILY
biology: biologic, biological, biologies, biologist, microbiology+/ biological: biologically/ biologist: biologists/microbiologist: microbiologists/microbiology: microbiologist
USAGE EXAMPLES
“We use the farm to teach chemistry, math, biology,” she explained to me one morning between classes.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Despite spending billions of dollars on weight-loss drugs and dieting programs, even the most motivated are working against their own biology.
New York Times(May 02, 2016)
When he was called to testify before Parliament, Dave Goulson, a biology professor at the University of Sussex, sat next to him.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 生物学; 生物
分布：生物学(99%)，生物群落(1%)
→词根bio, 生命。词根logy, 学说。
n.生物学Biology is sometimes quite hard to understand.生物学有时会很难理解.
US [-'ɑ:.lə-] noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■the scientific study of the natural processes of living things 生物学
• human biology 人类生物学
• marine biology 海洋生物学
• molecular biology 分子生物学
• The book deals with the reproductive biology of the buffalo. 这本书讲述野牛的生殖习性。
n. （一个地区全部的） [生物] 生物；生物学
 - life-form, living things

Word: flexible
Front: flexible
[ˈfleksəbl] (高研四六托雅宝 4227/3127 -3)
Vocabulary: flexible
(once / 505 pages)
1adj 2adj
Something that is flexible is easily bent without breaking. The flexible drinking straw was invented in the 1930s by a man who saw his daughter struggling to drink a milkshake with a straight paper straw.
The word flexible can refer to bendable physical objects or to intangibles like a person's mind, which can be changed. It can even refer to work environments that can adapt schedules and benefits to fit a worker's individual needs. Being physically flexible usually means good health, with no pain in movement. In all, it's great to be flexible, to be able to bend without breaking and bounce back, ready to keep going.
WORD FAMILY
flexible: flexibility, flexibleness, flexibly, inflexible +/ flex: flexed, flexes, flexible, flexing, flexure/ flexibility: flexibilities/flexure: flexures/ inflexibility: inflexibilities/ inflexible: inflexibility, inflexibleness, inflexiblest, inflexibly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Other companies are promoting such devices — flexible, lighted tubes used to peer deep inside the body — for use in the lungs and kidneys.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
She’s simply not as flexible as she was in 1991, when she released “Emotions”; then again, her online trolls probably aren’t either.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
At a basic level, it keeps me fit, strong and flexible.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 灵活的; 易弯曲的; 柔韧的; 易被说服的
分布：灵活的(77%)，柔韧的(12%)，易弯曲的(6%)，可变通的(5%)
→来自拉丁语flecto, 弯，转，词源同inflect, reflect. 进一步可能来自kleng, 弯，转，词源同link, incline.
易弯曲的(flex弯曲+ible)[-ible形容词"能…的"]
a.柔韧的,易弯曲的,灵活的,能变形的I'm perplexed by the flexible complex index of sex and age.我被灵活复杂的性别与年龄索引迷惑住了.
【记】flex＝flect弯
【参】reflect（v 思考；反射）；inflect（v 弯曲；变调）
【反】obdurate（adj 冷酷无情的；顽固的）；mulish（adj 固执的）
【参】inflexible（adj 不易弯的，僵硬的；不可变的；（在目标、原则或个性上）坚定不可动摇的＝immovable）
adjective
CHANGEABLE 可改变的
 ADVANCED
■able to change or be changed easily according to the situation 可变动的；灵活的；可变通的
• My schedule is quite flexible - I could arrange to meet with you any day next week. 我的时间安排很灵活——下周任何一天我都可以安排与你见面。
['flek.sɪ.bl] adjective
ABLE TO BEND 可弯曲的
■able to bend or to be bent easily without breaking 可弯曲的；柔韧的；有弹性的
• Rubber is a flexible substance. 橡胶是一种有弹性的物质。
• Dancers and gymnasts need to be very flexible (= able to bend their bodies easily). 舞蹈演员和体操运动员的身体必须非常柔韧。
plastic, elastic, flexible
这组词都有“弹性的，易弯曲的”的意思，其区别是：
plastic: 科技用词，指事物质地柔软，易造型，可塑造成所需的形状。
elastic: 强调物体的伸展性，也可作引申用。
flexible: 主要指有韧性，暗示有可以弯曲而不脆继的特性，但不一定有弹性。也可作引申用。
adj. 灵活的； [力] 柔韧的；易弯曲的
 - elastic, pliable

Word: progressive
Front: progressive
[prəˈgresɪv] (研四六托 4228/4009 -2)
Vocabulary: progressive
(once / 457 pages)
1adjn 2adj 3n 4adj
People who are progressive favor reform and civil liberties: this is the opposite of conservative, and means something close to liberal.
Progressive people are interested in change and progress. You're a progressive thinker if you like to think up new ways of doing things and you’re open to change. You have a progressive attitude towards gender if you dress girls in blue and boys in pink to challenge stereotypes. Progressive also refers to a type of verb tense, and to taxes that increase as your income increases. This word applies to lots of things that slowly increase or keep making progress.
WORD FAMILY
progressive: nonprogressive, progressively, progressiveness, progressives, progressivism, progressivity, unprogressive+/progressivism: progressivisms
USAGE EXAMPLES
Progressive voices, loud ones, will be needed to hold him accountable.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The president’s next tweet hinted at progressive fears over Trump’s nomination of a number of climate change deniers to key positions in his cabinet.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Traditionally, progressives defined themselves, at least in part, by a desire for change.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 不断前进的; 进步的; 进行的
n. 改革论者; 进步分子
分布：渐进的(42%)，先进的(27%)，进步分子(15%)，革新主义者(10%)，前进的(6%)
→来自progress,前进，进步。
进步的(progress+ive)[gress=go,walk表示"行走"]
a.进步的,先进的;前进的The progressive congressman dressed in black stressed his distress.穿着黑色衣服的进步国会议员强调了他的不幸.
adjective
GRADUAL 逐渐的
 ADVANCED
■developing or happening gradually 逐渐的；渐进的
• There's been a progressive decline in the standard of living over the past few years. 最近几年的生活水准每况愈下。
• a progressive disease 慢性病
[prə'gres.ɪv] adjective
MODERN 先进的
 ADVANCED
■describes ideas or systems which are new and modern, encouraging change in society or in the way that things are done （指思想或体制）进步的，先进的
• progressive ideas/attitudes 进步的思想
• The left of the party is pressing for a more progressive social policy. 该政党的左派人士敦促实行更加进步的社会政策。
• a progressive school 实行渐进式教学的学校
[prə'gres.ɪv] adjective
TAX 税
■describes a tax system in which the rate of tax is higher on larger amounts of money 累进（税）的
[prə'gres.ɪv] adjective
GRAMMAR 文法
■describes the form of a verb which is used to show that the action is continuing. It is formed with the verb 'be' followed by the present participle -ing form of the verb （动词）进行式的
• 'He's working hard at the moment' is an example of the present progressive form of the verb 'work'. He's working hard at the moment 是动词 work 的现在进行式的一个例子。
• 'I was eating when the phone rang' is an example of the past progressive. I was eating when the phone rang 是过去进行式的一个例子。
[prə'gres.ɪv] noun countable
■a person who supports new ideas and social change, especially one who belongs to a political party 支持进步政策者；改革派人士 Compare reactionary
adj. [数] 进步的；先进的
 - advanced, ascensive

Word: web
Front: web
[web] (高研六雅 3706/6919 -K1)
Vocabulary: web
(once / 225 pages)
nv
A web is a sticky pattern of threads woven by a spider, or something similar that appears to be woven together. Your little sister might weave a web of yarn into a potholder.
Some webs are literally woven — of thread, yarn, ropes, or any other strands of material. Other webs are more figurative, like the web of connections between people who work in the same field or the web of rules and regulations attached to filing your income tax return. There's also the World Wide Web, known as the Internet or just "the Web," named this way because it's a web-like series of interconnected documents and links.
WORD FAMILY
web: webbed, webbing, webby, weblike, webs+/webbed: unwebbed/webbing: webbings/webby: webbiest
USAGE EXAMPLES
He also points to mismanagement, corruption and red tape within a complex web of urban planning authorities.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
“It looks like a Google story,” said Danny Sullivan, founding editor of Search Engine Land, a web search news site.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Ownership of the assets is often hidden by a web of shell companies.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 蜘蛛网，网状物; [机]万维网; 织物; 圈套
vt. 在…上织网; 用网缠住; 使中圈套; 形成网状
时态：webbed, webbing, webs
分布：网(78%)，网络(18%)，网状物(2%)，结网(1%)，使陷入罗网(1%)
→来自webh,转，编织，词源同weave,weft。引申义织网，网络。
n.网,蜘蛛网They have set up a web of railroads.我们建立了铁路网.
noun
NET 网
countable
■a fixed net used to catch insects, which is made by a spider from the sticky thread that its body produces （蜘蛛）网
• a spider's web 蜘蛛网
• We watched a spider spin a web between three tall grass stems. 我们注视着一只蜘蛛在三根高高的草茎之间织了一张网。
• figurative Those involved in the fraud created an intricate web of trading companies to hide their activities. 那些参与诈骗的人建立起一个交易公司的复杂网路，试图掩盖他们的活动。
⇒ See also cobweb
[web] noun
SKIN 皮肤
countable
■the skin connecting the toes of some birds and other animals living by or on water which helps them when swimming （某些水禽或水生动物的）蹼
n. 网；卷筒纸；蹼；织物；圈套
 - net, cloth, mesh, trap

Word: conspiracy
Front: conspiracy
[kənˈspɪrəsi] (研托雅宝 4229/5072 -2)
Vocabulary: conspiracy
(once / 404 pages)
n
A conspiracy is a secret agreement between two or more people to commit an unlawful or harmful act. Conspiracy theorists are people who believe that the government is secretly controlled by power brokers in flagrant violation of the constitution.
Conspiracy can also refer to the act of planning an unlawful or harmful act: Terrorists might be accused of organizing a conspiracy to overthrow the government. Conspiracy is ultimately from Latin cōnspīrāre "to agree or plot together, literally to breathe together." The corresponding English verb is conspire.
WORD FAMILY
conspiracy: conspiracies+/ conspirator: conspiratorial, conspirators/ conspiratorial: conspiratorially/ conspire: conspiracy, conspirative, conspirator, conspired, conspires, conspiring
USAGE EXAMPLES
Trump also drew on conspiracy theories to delegitimize all sorts of political obstacles he faced.
Salon(Jan 01, 2017)
Federal prosecutors in Rochester say Friday that Kenya Brown was sentenced to 248 months following his conviction on armed drug conspiracy and distribution charges.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
His assassins acted in hopes of saving the czar — and themselves — but the conspiracy backfired.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 阴谋; 反叛; 共谋
分布：阴谋(92%)，共谋(8%)
共谋;反叛(conspire+acy)[spir=breathe表示"呼吸"]
同谋(con共同+spir呼吸+acy→共同呼吸→同谋)[-acy表名词"→性质,状态"]
n.阴谋,密谋,共谋The conspiracy of the assissination of the president was brought to light.一个刺杀总统的阴谋被揭露了.
noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■when people secretly plan together to do something bad or illegal 阴谋；密谋；谋划
• The three men are accused of conspiracy. 这三人被指控图谋不轨。
• [+ to infinitive] She has been charged with conspiracy to murder. 她被指控秘密策划谋杀。
• I think there was a conspiracy to keep me out of the committee. 我想有人搞阴谋不让我参加委员会。
conspiracy of silence
■a general agreement to keep silent about a subject for the purpose of secrecy 保持缄默的密约
n. 阴谋；共谋；阴谋集团
 - designing, plot

Word: catch
Front: catch
[kætʃ] (中高雅 586/681 -K4)
Vocabulary: catch
(once / 30 pages)
1vn 2v 3n 4v
When you catch something, you grasp it or seize it in your hands, the way you catch a basketball when your friend throws it to you.
As a verb, catch describes grabbing and holding on. Adding the preposition on means you understand something, like when you catch on to your little brother's scheme to get out of doing chores, or to describe something that's getting popular, like a pop song that catches on then becomes a huge hit. If someone tells you there's a catch, it means there is a complication, but if a person is a catch, he or she makes a good romantic partner.
WORD FAMILY
catch: catched, catcher, catches, catching, catchment, catchy, caught+/catcher: catchers/catching: catchingly, catchings/catchment: catchments/ catchy: catchier, catchiest, catchily
USAGE EXAMPLES
After that, we bumped into each other occasionally on the street, spending a few minutes catching up.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“There’s just so many checks and balances, it just doesn’t surprise me that he got caught before this plane was able to leave the gate.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He finished the year with 81 catches for 1,150 yards and 17 TDs.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 赶上; 接住; 引起; 看见
vt. & vi. （使）被钩住，（使）被卡住
n. 抓; 隐情; 捕获量; 挂钩
vi. 锁住; 着火; [棒球]当接球手
adj. 迷惑人的; 令人容易上当的; 引人注目的; 令人感兴趣的
时态：caught, catching, catches
分布：赶上(42%)，抓住(24%)，捕捉(22%)，捕获物(7%)，陷阱(4%)，领会(1%)
→来自词根capt, 抓，拿，握，构成chase的对词，词源同captive.
v.捕捉,捕获;赶上;感染;理解,听到The cat catches a fat rat and scatters the others under the mat.猫抓了一只肥鼠并驱散了席子下面的其它老鼠.
verb (caught, caught)
TAKE HOLD 抓住
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to take hold of something, especially something that is moving through the air 抓住，接住
• I managed to catch the glass before it hit the ground. 我在玻璃杯落地之前接住了它。
• We saw the eagle swoop from the sky to catch its prey. 我们看到老鹰从空中猛扑下去抓捕猎物。
• Our dog ran past me and out of the house before I could catch it. 我们的狗从我身边跑过，我没抓住，让它跑出了屋子。
• He caught hold of my arm. 他一把抓住了我的胳膊。
• We placed saucepans on the floor to catch (= collect) the drops of water coming through the roof. 我们把平底锅放在地上接屋顶漏下的水。
• UK specialized The batsman was caught (out) (= someone in the other team caught the ball when he hit it). 打击手击出的球给接住了。
[kætʃ] verb (caught, caught)
STOP ESCAPING 阻止逃跑
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to find and stop a person or animal that is trying to escape 逮住，捉住
• Great pressure was put on the police to catch the terrorists as soon as possible. 警方面临着很大的压力，要尽早抓获恐怖分子。
• [+ -ing verb] Two armed men were caught trying to cross the frontier at night. 两名武装分子企图在夜间越境时被抓获。
• They were happy because they had caught a lot of fish that day. 那天他们很高兴，因为抓到了很多鱼。
• figurative I can see you're busy right now, so I'll catch you (= speak to you) later. 看得出你现在很忙，过一会儿再跟你说。
[kætʃ] verb (caught, caught)
NOTICE 注意
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to discover, see or realise something, especially someone doing something wrong 发现，撞见，注意到
• [+ -ing verb] He caught her reading his old love letters. 她看他过去的情书时被他撞见了。
• If the virus is caught (= discovered) in time, most patients can be successfully treated. 要是能及时发现病毒，大多数患者都可以治愈。
• I caught sight of /caught a glimpse of (= saw for a moment) a red coat in the crowd. 我在人群中看到／瞥见一个穿红色外套的人。
catch someone's attention/imagination/interest, etc.
■to make you notice something and feel interested 引起（某人的）注意／想像／兴趣等
• A ship out at sea caught his attention. 一艘出海的船吸引了他的注意。
• Her pictures caught my imagination. 她的照片引起了我的遐想。
be caught without sth
■to not have something, especially when it is needed （尤指在需要的时候）没有，缺乏
• He doesn't like to be caught without any biscuits in the house. 他喜欢家里备些饼干。
you won't catch sb doing sth
■said to mean that you will certainly not see someone doing a particular thing or in a particular place 别指望（某人）会做…；（某人）不会做…
• You won't catch me at work after four o'clock. 别指望我四点以后工作。
• You won't catch Carla eating in a cheap restaurant, oh no. 卡拉不可能在便宜的餐馆吃饭，不可能的。
[kætʃ] verb (caught, caught)
TRAVEL 旅行
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to travel or be able to travel on an aircraft, train, bus, etc. 赶，乘，搭乘（飞机、火车、公共汽车等）
• He always catches the 10.30am train to work. 他总是乘上午10点30分的那班火车上班。
• She was worried that she'd arrive too late to catch the last bus home. 她担心到得太晚，赶不上回家的末班车。
[kætʃ] verb (caught, caught)
BECOME INFECTED 感染
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to get an illness, especially one caused by bacteria or a virus （尤指因感染细菌或病毒）患（病），染（疾）
• He caught a cold on holiday. 他渡假时患了感冒。
• A lot of children in the school caught measles last term. 上学期许多在校的孩子得了麻疹。
[kætʃ] verb (caught, caught)
STICK 卡住
intransitive or transitive
■to stick somewhere, or to make something stick somewhere （使）挂住，钩住，卡住
• The sleeve of my jacket (got) caught on the door handle and ripped. 我的夹克衫的袖子钩在门把手上，给扯破了。
• Her hair got caught (up) in her hair dryer. 她的头发缠在吹风机上。
[kætʃ] verb (caught, caught)
BE IN TIME 及时
transitive
■to manage to be in time to see or do something 及时赶上
• I went home a bit early to catch the beginning of the programme. 为了看到节目的开头，我就稍微早了一点回家。
• You'll have to run if you want to catch the post (= send a letter before the post has been collected). 要是你想赶得上收信，就得赶紧了。
[kætʃ] verb (caught, caught)
HEAR/SEE 听见／看见
transitive
■to manage to hear something 听见，听到
• I couldn't catch what the announcer said, with all the other noise going on. 这么吵，我听不清播音员在说甚么。
[kætʃ] verb (caught, caught)
HIT 碰撞
transitive
■to hit something, especially without intending to （尤指无意中）撞上，碰上
• His head caught the edge of the table as he fell. 他摔倒的时候头撞到了桌子边。
• Medical teams were caught in the crossfire of the opposing armies. 医疗队陷入了敌军的交叉火力中。
[kætʃ] verb (caught, caught)
INVOLVE 陷入
get caught up in sth
■to become involved in something, often without wanting to （常指不情愿地）被卷入，陷入
• They were having an argument and somehow I got caught up in it. 他们在争论，不知怎么把我卷了进去。
[kætʃ] verb (caught, caught)
BREATHE 呼吸
catch your breath
■to stop breathing for a moment, or to begin to breathe correctly again after running or other exercise 屏住呼吸；（跑步或运动后）调整呼吸
• I had to sit down and catch my breath. 我只好坐下喘口气。
[kætʃ] verb (caught, caught)
BE TOUCHED BY 被接触
catch the sun UK
■If you have caught the sun, the sun has made your skin a slightly darker brown or red colour （皮肤）被晒黑
• You've caught the sun on the back of your neck. 你脖子后面都晒黑了。
catch a few rays (also catch some rays) informal
■to stay outside in the sun for a period of time 晒一会儿太阳
• I'm going out to catch a few rays before lunch. 我打算在午餐前出去晒一会儿太阳。
catch the light
■If something catches the light, a light shines on it and makes it look shiny. 被光照射；在光照下闪闪发亮
[kætʃ] verb (caught, caught)
BURN 燃烧
catch fire
■to start burning 着火；失火
• For reasons which are not yet known, the factory caught fire late yesterday evening. 昨晚工厂失火，原因尚不清楚。
intransitive
■to begin to burn 开始燃烧；着火
• This wood's too wet, the fire won't catch. 木头太湿，点不着。
[kætʃ] verb (caught, caught)
catch sb's eye ADVANCED
■to get someone's attention 引起（某人）的注意，吸引（某人）的目光
• A sudden movement caught my eye. 突然的一动引起了我的注意。
■to get someone's attention, especially by looking at them （尤指透过注视）引起注意
• I tried to catch the waiter's eye, so we could order. 我努力想引起服务员的注意，这样我们就可以点菜了。
■to be attractive or different enough to be noticed by someone （因为迷人或与众不同而）引人关注，吸引目光
• It was the unusual colour of his jacket that caught my eye. 他的夹克衫的颜色与众不同，一下就吸引了我的目光。
[kætʃ] verb (caught, caught)
catch sb napping informal
■If someone is caught napping, something happens to them which they are not prepared for 使（某人）猝不及防；使（某人）措手不及
• The goalkeeper was caught napping and the ball went straight in. 守门员猝不及防，球直入球门。
[kætʃ] verb (caught, caught)
catch sb red-handed
■to discover someone while they are in the act of doing something bad or illegal 当场抓获（某人）
• He was caught red-handed taking money from the till. 他从收银机里偷钱时被当场抓获。
[kætʃ] verb (caught, caught)
catch sb with their pants / trousers down
■to discover someone doing something that they want to keep secret, usually something sexual 撞见（某人）做见不得人的事（通常指苟且之事）
■to ask someone unexpectedly to do or say something that they are not prepared for 出其不意，令（某人）措手不及
[kætʃ] verb (caught, caught)
  Phrasal Verbs  catch on
BECOME POPULAR 变得流行
■to become fashionable or popular 变得流行；变得受欢迎
• I wonder if the game will ever catch on with young people? 我想知道这个游戏会不会在年轻人当中流行起来？
UNDERSTAND 变得流行 informal
■to understand, especially after a long time （尤指很久以后才）理解，领会
• He doesn't take hints very easily, but he'll catch on (to what you're saying) eventually. 他不太会察言观色，不过最终还是会明白（你所说的话）的。
[kætʃ] verb (caught, caught)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] catch sb out informal
SHOW WRONG 指出错误
■to show that someone is doing wrong 指出（某人）的过失
• I suspected he wasn't telling me the truth, and one day I caught him out when I found some letters he'd written. 我怀疑他没有告诉我实情，有一天，我发现了他写的一些信后戳穿了他。
TRICK
■to trick someone into making a mistake 耍花招使（某人）出错；诱骗（某人）犯错误
• The examiner will try to catch you out, so stay calm and think carefully before you speak. 考官会诱导你犯错，所以你要沉着冷静，三思而后言。
CAUSE DIFFICULTY catch 1 * to put someone in a difficult situation
置（某人）于困境
• A lot of people were caught out by the sudden change in the weather. 许多人都被这突如其来的天气变化搞得很狼狈。
[kætʃ] verb (caught, caught)
  Phrasal Verbs  catch (sb) up ADVANCED
■to reach someone in front of you by going faster than them 赶上（某人）
• I ran after her and managed to catch up with her. 我在她后面追，终于赶上了她。
• UK Go on to the shops without me, I'll catch you up. 你先去商店吧，我会赶上你的。
[kætʃ] verb (caught, caught)
  Phrasal Verbs  catch up
REACH SAME STANDARD
■to reach the same quality or standard as someone or something else 达到同样品质（或水准）；赶上
• Will Western industry ever catch up with Japanese innovations? 西方国家的工业会赶上日本的创新吗？
• He was off school for a while and is finding it hard to catch up. 他休学了一段时间，现在发现要跟上很吃力。
DO SOMETHING
■to do something you did not have time to do earlier 补做；赶做
• She's staying late at the office to catch up with/on some reports. 她在办公室留到很晚，补写几份报告。
DISCUSS
■to learn or discuss the latest news 了解（或讨论）最新情况
• Let's go for a coffee - I need to catch up on all the gossip. 我们去喝杯咖啡——我需要了解各种最新的小道消息。
[kætʃ] verb (caught, caught)
  Phrasal Verbs  catch up with sb
CAUSE PROBLEMS
■If something bad that you have done or that has been happening to you catches up with you, it begins to cause problems for you （坏事）纠缠住（某人），给（某人）带来麻烦
• His lies will catch up with him one day. 他总有一天会尝到撒谎的苦头。
PUNISH
■If someone in authority catches up with you, they discover that you have been doing something wrong and often punish you for it 抓住并惩罚（某人）
• They had been selling stolen cars for years before the police caught up with them. 在被警方抓住之前，他们多年来一直从事贩卖赃车的勾当。
[kætʃ] noun
PROBLEM 问题
only singular
■a hidden problem or disadvantage 隐藏的问题；暗藏的不利因素
• Free food? It sounds too good to be true. What's the catch? 免费食物？这么好的事，不像是真的。这里面有甚么蹊跷？
[kætʃ] noun
SOMETHING CAUGHT 捕获东西
countable
■an amount of fish caught （鱼的）捕获量
• The fishermen were disappointed with their catch that day. 渔夫不满意当天的收获。
only singular informal
■a person who is considered to be very suitable for a relationship 般配的人；合适的对象
• Her new boyfriend's not much of a catch really, is he? 她的新男朋友和她不太般配，是吗？
[kætʃ] noun
FASTENING DEVICE 固定装置
countable
■a small device on a door, window, bag, etc. that keeps it fastened （门、窗、包等的）栓，扣，钩
grasp, clasp, catch, grip
grasp: 指用手、牙等抓住或咬住
clasp: 握紧，攥（在手中）
catch: 指用手接住（运动着的物体），捉住，捕获
grip: 紧抓，紧握，用于被动时指吸引某人的注意力
arrest, seize, catch, capture, trap
这组词都有“抓住，捕捉”的意思，其区别是：
arrest: 指根据法律或命令进行逮捕并予以监禁或拘留。
seize: 侧重指以突然、有力地动作迅速抓住或捉住。
catch: 普通用词，指捉住跑动或隐藏中的人或动物，一般指活捉。
capture: 指通过武力或计谋等，战胜抵抗而捉住敌人或动物。
trap: 多指诱捕。
vt. 赶上；抓住；感染；了解
 - realize, affect, grasp, contract, communicate
vi. 赶上；抓住
 - get up to, make it to
n. 捕捉；捕获物；窗钩
 - haul

Word: casualty
Front: casualty
[ˈkæʒuəlti] (研六托雅宝 4230/3944 -3)
Vocabulary: casualty
(once / 787 pages)
n
In wartime, you'll hear the word casualty used often for someone killed or injured. But casualty can also refer to deaths or injuries suffered in an accident or some other unfortunate event.
The term "casualties of war" has been around for a while and refers to the ugly downside of military victory. Anyone who loses life or limb, either in the fighting or as a civilian, is called a casualty. If you're feeling poetic, though, you can extend the meaning to include, say, the children of a divorce: while they don't die and aren't physically injured, their emotional suffering qualifies them to be called casualties of their parents' fighting. Driving drunk, too, results in casualties.
WORD FAMILY
casualty: casualties
USAGE EXAMPLES
"Evidently, ethics are the first casualty of the new Republican Congress," Pelosi said in a statement.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
“Evidently, ethics are the first casualty of the new Republican Congress.”
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
She added: “Evidently, ethics are the first casualty of the new Republican Congress.”
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 伤亡（人数）; 事故，横祸; 受害者，死伤者; 损坏
分布：事故(53%)，伤亡人数(40%)，伤亡者(7%)
→来自词根cad, 掉落，词源同case, accident.原指偶然伤亡者，不幸者。
事故;灾难(casual+ty→[突然]落下的事→事故)[cad,cas,cid=fall,表示"落下,降临"]
n.伤亡人员;受害人;损失的东西;急诊室Televisions and telescopes give the visitors visual ability to see the casual casualty.电视和望远镜赋予参观者们看见偶然伤亡事故的视觉能力.
【记】casual偶然，ty踢：偶然一踢给踢死了－严重伤亡事故
noun
INJURED 受伤的
 ADVANCED countable
■a person injured or killed in a serious accident or war （严重事故或战争中的）伤亡人员
• The train was derailed but there were no casualties, police said. 警方称，火车出轨了，但没有人员伤亡。
• The rebels suffered heavy casualties. 叛乱分子伤亡惨重。
['kæʒ.ju.əl.ti] noun
BADLY AFFECTED 受到严重影响的
countable
■a person or thing that suffers as a result of something else happening 受害者，遇难者；毁坏物
• She lost her job in 1989, a casualty of the recession. 1989年她失业了，成了经济衰退的受害者。
• The first casualty of the reorganization will be the bus service, which will be stopped altogether. 公共汽车行业将首当其冲成为重组的受害者，完全停止运行。
['kæʒ.ju.əl.ti] noun
HOSPITAL 医院
uncountable UK (US emergency room)
■the part of a hospital where people who are hurt in accidents or suddenly become ill are taken for urgent treatment 急诊室，急症室
• She had to be rushed to casualty. 必须赶快把她送到急诊室。
n. 意外事故；伤亡人员；急诊室
 - contretemps, fortuity

Word: republic
Front: republic
[rɪˈpʌblɪk] (高研四六托 3709/1632 -4)
Vocabulary: republic
(once / 97 pages)
n
If you live in a republic, then you live in a country with a leader freely and democratically elected by the people, as opposed to a dictatorship or monarchy.
Ancient Rome, before it started declining and falling all over the place, was a republic, and so is the United States. Republics have what are termed "republican" forms of government — not to be confused with Republican-with-a-big-R, as in the American political party. If you live in a "Banana Republic" you probably live in a tiny Caribbean island run by a dictator. Or you're spending too much time at the mall.
WORD FAMILY
republic: republican, republics+/ republican: republicanism, republicanly, republicans/republicanism: republicanisms
USAGE EXAMPLES
Special Operations forces are in the Baltics to deter any Russian efforts to destabilize the former Soviet republics.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The nascent republic soon shattered and Yuan crowned himself emperor.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
France beat Germany in Group A's other fixture, with USA, Spain, Australia and the Czech Republic completing the line-up in Group B.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 共和国; 共和政体; （成员具有平等权利的）团体
分布：共和国(95%)，共和政体(5%)
→来自中古法语 republique,来自拉丁语 respublica,来自 res publica,公共财富，公共事务，公共 利益，来自 res,事情，事物，词源同 real,reality,publica,公共的，词源同 public.后引申词义共 和国，共和国政体。
n.共和国,共和政体I'm to be punished for publishing his bad reputation to the public of the republic.我因将他的坏名声公布给共和国的公众将受到惩罚.
noun countable
■a country without a king or queen, usually governed by elected representatives of the people and a president （通常指由选举产生的人民代表和总统治理的）共和国，共和政体
• the People's Republic of China 中华人民共和国
n. 共和国；共和政体
 - commonwealth, respublica

Word: execution
Front: execution
[ˌeksɪˈkju:ʃn] (六托雅 4234/3988)
Vocabulary: execution
(once / 167 pages)
1n 2n
The planning stage of building a tree house is the fun part — the hard part is the execution of your plan. Execution is taking an idea and actually making it happen.
The execution of a plan is when you put it into effect, like the execution on the field of a football team's game plan. It can also mean the style in which a project is carried out, like a ballet's creative execution. Execution can also refer to the death of a person, either a prisoner who's been sentenced to death by a court of law, or a deliberate, targeted murder, especially when it's done for political reasons.
WORD FAMILY
execution: executioner, executions+/executable: executability/executant: executants/ execute: executable, executant, executed, executes, executing, execution, executive, executor / executioner: executioners/ executive: executively, executives/ executor: executors
USAGE EXAMPLES
It’s his fault there’s a lack of discipline or execution in key situations.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Negotiations with the incoming Trump administration, he said, were mostly “on timeline, on an execution strategy.”
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
“They threatened execution many times,” Mr. Garratt said with a shudder.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 依法处决; 实行，执行; 演奏
分布：执行(90%)，实施(6%)，处决(4%)
noun
KILLING 杀死
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■when someone is killed as a legal punishment （依法进行的）处决，处死
• Execution is still the penalty in some states for murder. 在一些国家，犯谋杀罪的人仍然被处以死刑。
• The executions will be carried out by a firing squad. 将由行刑队来执行枪决。
[ˌek.sɪ'kju:.ʃən] noun
ACTION 行动
uncountable
■when something is done or performed, especially in a planned way （尤指有计划的）实行，履行，表演
• Sometimes in the execution of their duty the police have to use firearms. 有时为了履行职责，员警不得不使用武器。
• Although the original idea was good, its execution has been disappointing. 尽管最初的想法很好，但真正做起来却令人失望。
n. [计] 执行，实行；完成；死刑
 - enforcement, completion, achievement, performance, implementing

Word: terrific
Front: terrific
[təˈrɪfɪk] (研四六托雅 4237/7051 -2)
Vocabulary: terrific
(once / 529 pages)
1adj 2adj
Something that's terrific is wonderful, like a terrific concert you'll never forget. Terrific can also describe something very intense, like a terrific thunderstorm.
Anything huge or loud or forceful can be described with the adjective terrific. A marathon runner might put in a terrific effort during the last mile of the race, or a band can make a terrific racket when it practices. Terrific can also mean great, like your terrific new hair cut. Terrific's origin is more scary than wonderful: the Latin root is terrificus, causing terror or fear.
WORD FAMILY
terrific: terrifically
USAGE EXAMPLES
"He is so meticulous in his preparation that I expect him to play pretty terrific tennis pretty quickly," he added.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
Clemson returned to the University of Phoenix Stadium on Saturday night, and Watson was once again terrific.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 01, 2017)
Norm Yeager, a flight instructor at the airport, said Smith is a terrific pilot.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 极好的; 异乎寻常的; 很大的; 了不起的
分布：极好的(46%)，可怕的(35%)，非常的(17%)，危险的(2%)
→来自 terrify,使恐惧，-ic,形容词后缀。比喻用法。
极好的(terr+iflc带来→带来可怕→好到了让人害怕的地步→极好的)[terr=frighten表示"恐,怕"]
可怕的,了不起的(terr怕+ific)[-ific表形容词"产生…的"]
a.极好的,非常的,极度的The terraced terrain near the Mediterranean ferry is terrific.地中海渡口附近的台地地形好极了.
[tə'rɪf.ɪk] informal
adjective
VERY GOOD 极好的
 ADVANCED
■very good 极好的
• a terrific opportunity 极好的机会
• You look terrific! 你看起来棒极了！
[tə'rɪf.ɪk] informal
adjective
VERY GREAT 巨大的
■used to emphasize the great amount or degree of something （用于强调数量或程度）极大的，异乎寻常的
• The police car drove past at a terrific speed. 警车疾驶而过。
appalling, afraid, frightful, terrible, terrific, fearful, horrible, dreadful, awful
这组词都有“害怕的、可怕的”的意思，其区别是：
appalling: 指既令害怕又使人惊异、胆寒。
afraid: 指由于胆小或怯懦而不敢说或做某事。
frightful: 指使人陷入短暂的惊恐或产生毛骨悚然的感觉。
terrible: 侧重指给人以长久的惊骇，极端的恐怖，令人难以忍受。
terrific: 多指外表、形状或力量等的可怕。
fearful: 普通用词，既指外界情况变化而引起的恐惧，又指来自内心的害怕与焦虑。
horrible: 指因骇人听闻的丑恶而令人毛骨悚然，着重厌恶的成分多于害怕。
dreadful: 指使人非常恐惧，毛骨悚然，也使人感到讨厌而退缩。
awful: 指威严得令人害怕或敬畏，有一定的感情色彩。
adj. 极好的；极其的，非常的；可怕的
 - wonderful, excellent, famous, intense, super

Word: whale
Front: whale
[weɪl] (中高研四六托 4232/4811 -2)
Back: n. [动]鲸，鲸鱼; 巨大的事物
v. 捕鲸; 击打，猛击
时态：whaled, whaling, whales
分布：鲸(94%)，捕鲸(5%)，打击(1%)
→来自古英语hwael,大型海洋生物，鲸，海象等，后用于指鲸。
n.鲸;庞然大物They whaled their rivals 20 to 0.他们以20比0大败他们的敌手.
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a very large sea mammal that breathes air through a hole at the top of its head 鲸
[weɪl] noun countable
have a whale of a time informal
■to enjoy yourself very much 玩得非常痛快；过得非常愉快
• We had a whale of a time on holiday. 假期里我们玩得非常痛快。
[weɪl] noun countable
a whale of a US informal
■describes a very great amount of something or a very good thing 极多的；极大的；极好的
• That's a whale of a story. 那个故事棒极了。
• Another thousand dollars would make a whale of a difference. 再有1000美元的话，情况就大不相同了。
vt. 猛揍；使惨败
 - slaughter
n. [脊椎] 鲸；巨大的东西
 - bouncer, colossus

Word: functional
Front: functional
[ˈfʌŋkʃənl] (托宝 4233/3563 -1)
Vocabulary: functional
(once / 2240 pages)
adj
Use the adjective functional to describe something that is made to do a specific job, such as the functional alarm clock feature on a digital stopwatch.
The word functional comes from the Latin word functionem, meaning "performance, execution." It can also describe whether something is working properly. This is what shoppers at a garage sale want to be sure of before they leave with an old television — they plug it in to make sure it's functional. In this case the opposite of functional is useless.
WORD FAMILY
functional: functionalism, functionality, functionally, nonfunctional, unfunctional+/ function: disfunction, functional, functionary, functioned, functioning, functions, misfunction/functionalism: functionalist/functionalist: functionalists/functionality: functionalities/ functionary: functionaries/ functioning: functionings/misfunction: misfunctioned, misfunctioning
USAGE EXAMPLES
This is a functional surfboard; I don’t just sit on the beach.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
The smallest functional entity of muscle is called a motor unit, which consists of a neuron and the muscle fibers it activates.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
As such, there are only scant, functional references to Christmas in The Return of Doctor Mysterio.
The Guardian(Dec 25, 2016)
Back: adj. 功能的; [数]函数的; 有多种用途的; 机能性
分布：功能的(62%)，实用的(29%)，起作用的(9%)
adjective
USEFUL 实用的
■designed to be practical and useful rather than attractive 为实用而设计的，实用的
• functional clothing 很实用的服装
['fʌŋk.ʃən.əl] adjective
WORKING NORMALLY 正常工作的
■(of a machine, system, etc.) working in the usual way （机器、系统等）正常工作的
• Is the central heating functional yet? 中央暖气系统工作正常吗？
■performing a particular operation 功能性的
• a functional disorder (= when an organ does not work as it should) 功能紊乱

Word: star
Front: star
[stɑ:(r)] (中高雅 538/1001 -K5)
Vocabulary: star
(once / 44 pages)
1n 2nvadj 3nv
A star twinkles in the night sky. To put it more scientifically, it’s a celestial body of hot gases radiating energy. A star is also a person who dazzles — the star of the show or the star archaeologist.
If you're starring in a Broadway show, your name gets top billing — you've got the biggest part or maybe you're the best known performer, the actor people are wild to see, the one with the most "star power." If you believe in fate or astrology, you might "thank your lucky stars" for your good fortune. Star is the same root as the Greek aster, as in asterisk — a star symbol.
WORD FAMILY
star: co-star, stardom, staringly, starless, starlike, starred, starring, starry, stars, superstar+/co-star: co-starred, co-starring, co-stars/starred: ill-starred, unstarred/starry: starrier, starriest, starrily/superstar: superstars
USAGE EXAMPLES
Police say the man walked into a Star Petro gas station on Monday afternoon but failed to intimidate the clerk.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
The “Star Wars” creator is financing the project himself.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Emily Blunt stars as Rachel, a divorced alcoholic who becomes an unreliable and unlikely detective in this adaptation of Paula Hawkins’s best-selling novel.
New York Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: n. 星; 星状物; 星级; 明星
v. 主演; （在文字等旁）标星号
时态：starred, starring, stars
分布：星(72%)，明星(27%)，以星状物装饰(1%)
→来自中古英语 sterre,来自古英语 steorra,星星，来自 Proto-Germanic*sterno,星星，来自 ster, 星星，来自 es,*as,燃烧，照明，词源同 ash,ardent,-ter,表施动者。
n.星;恒星;明星v.用星号标出;扮演主角The smart star starts to make cart chart for the commencement.精明的明星开始制作授学位典礼用的马车图表.
US [stɑ:r] noun
OBJECT IN SPACE 太空中的物体
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a very large ball of burning gas in space which is usually seen from Earth as a point of light in the sky at night 恒星；星
• Stars twinkled above them as they lay on the hill. 他们躺在小山上，头顶上繁星闪烁。
UK [stɑ:r] US [stɑ:r] noun
PERFORMER 表演者
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a very famous, successful and important person, especially a performer such as a musician, actor or sports player 明星
• a rock/movie/football star 摇滚歌星／影星／足球明星
• Kids wanting to be stars come to Hollywood from all over America. 想当明星的年轻人从美国各地来到好莱坞。
⇒ See also co-star;superstar
UK [stɑ:r] US [stɑ:r] noun
SYMBOL 符号
 IMPROVER countable
■a symbol with four or more points 星形；星状物
• star-shaped 星形的
• How many stars (= symbols showing quality) has this restaurant got? 这家餐厅是几星级的？
• The teacher gave Atticus a gold star (= paper symbol rewarding good work) for his drawing. 老师给了阿蒂科斯一颗金星，表扬他的画画得好。
countable
■a symbol made of metal or cloth worn by particular officials to show their rank （表示军衔的）星章
• a sheriff's star 警长的星章
• a four-star general 四星上将
countable
■an asterisk (= a symbol *) 星号
UK [stɑ:r] US [stɑ:r] noun
LUCK 运气
countable informal
■any planet or other object in the sky thought of in astrology as influencing a person's luck 星宿，星相，命星（占星术中认为影响个人运气的星体）
• She was born under a lucky/an unlucky star. 她生来命就好／不好。
⇒ See also star sign
stars [plural] informal
■ horoscope
• I always like to see what the stars say in the newspaper. 我总是喜欢看报纸的星座版说些甚么。
UK [stɑ:r] US [stɑ:r] noun
You're a star! informal
■something you say to someone when they have been kind and helpful to you （表示感激某人）你真是个大好人！
UK [stɑ:r] US [stɑ:r] verb intransitive + prep transitive (-rr-)
 IMPROVER
■If a film, play, etc. stars someone, or if someone stars in a film, play, etc., they are the main actor in it （电影、戏剧等）由（某人）担任主演；主演，担任主角
• Ben Kingsley starred in the film 'Gandhi'. 班•金斯利主演了电影《甘地》。
• Fowles's novel 'The French Lieutenant's Woman' was turned into a film starring Meryl Streep. 福尔斯的小说《法国中尉的女人》被改编成电影，由梅莉•史翠普领衔主演。
UK [stɑ:r] US [stɑ:r] adjective [before noun] informal
■best or most important 最好的，最出色的；最重要的
• Natalie is, without a doubt, the star student in this year's ballet class. 毫无疑问，纳塔莉是今年芭蕾班中最出色的学员。
• This afternoon the prosecution will call its star witness. 今天下午控方将传召其最重要的证人。
planet, star
这组词都有“星”的意思，其区别是：
planet: 指围绕太阳运转的行星。
star: 多指恒星，也指天空中的群星。可引申指一切星状物或文体等领域中的知名人物。
n. [天] 星，恒星；明星；星形物
 - lucida
vt. 用星号标于；由…主演，由…担任主角
 - feature
adj. 明星的，主角的；星形的
 - stellate

Word: draft
Front: draft
[drɑ:ft] (高研四六托雅宝 2624/2834 -K3)
Vocabulary: draft
(once / 244 pages)
1n 2nv 3n 4n 5nv
Draft means to draw, both in the sense of sketching an image onto paper, but also in terms of pulling––a draft horse draws a wagon, a draft of air is drawn into your lungs when you take a breath.
A cold draft is a current of cold air being drawn indoors. To draft someone into the army means to draw them into service, or make them serve. When you are drafting, or writing, a draft of a paper on the military draft in the US, you want to let your ideas flow freely. Then, in your next draft, you can work on filling in holes and edit the language down to what you really want to say.
WORD FAMILY
draft: drafted, draftee, drafter, drafting, drafts, drafty, overdraft, redraft+/draftee: draftees/drafter: drafters/drafting: draftings/drafty: draftier, draftiest/overdraft: overdrafts/redraft: redrafts
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Hurricanes' quarterback is no longer the Hurricanes' quarterback, after announcing Monday night he is skipping his senior season and entering the NFL draft.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Things only got worse with a depleted roster hurt by years of bad drafting and the lack of impact free agents.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He was selected in the first round, sixth overall by the New York Rangers at the 2004 draft.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 汇票; 草稿; 选派; （尤指房间、烟囱、炉子等供暖系统中的）（小股）气流
vt. 起草; 制定; 征募
vi. 拟稿; 绘样; 作草图
adj. 初步画出或（写出）的; （设计、草图、提纲或版本）正在起草中的，草拟的; 以草稿形式的; 草图的
时态：drafted, drafting, drafts
分布：汇票(32%)，起草(24%)，草稿(21%)，草图(10%)，征兵(7%)，选秀(5%)，酝酿中的(1%)
→来自draught拼写变体，并更广泛流行。
n.草稿,草案,草图v.起草,草拟The draft for aircraft is sent to the airline by airmail.订购航空器的汇票用航空邮件寄给了航空公司.
【参】draftsmanship（n 制图技术；制图术）
US [dræft] noun
PLAN 计划
 ADVANCED countable
■a piece of text, a formal suggestion or a drawing in its original state, often containing the main ideas and intentions but not the developed form 草案；草稿；草图
• This is only a rough draft - the finished article will have pictures as well. 这只是一个粗略的草稿——定稿后的文章中还会有一些图片。
• She asked me to check the (first) draft of her proposal. 她请我检查一下她的（第一稿）提案草稿。
UK [drɑ:ft] US [dræft] noun
MILITARY 军事的
the draft only singular mainly US (UK conscription)
■the system of ordering people by law to join the armed forces 兵役制
• He avoided the draft because of a foot injury. 他因脚伤而躲过了服兵役。
UK [drɑ:ft] US [dræft] noun
MONEY 钱
countable
■a written order for money to be paid by a bank, especially to another bank （尤指向银行支付的）汇票
• I arranged for some money to be sent from London to Madrid by banker's draft. 我安排以银行汇票的方式把一些钱从伦敦寄到马德里。
UK [drɑ:ft] US [dræft] noun
COLD AIR 冷空气
countable US for
■ draught (COLD AIR)
UK [drɑ:ft] US [dræft] verb UK
PLAN 计划
■to write down a document for the first time, including the main points but not all the details 第一次起草的文件、计划等（包含主要观点但内容并不详实）
• Draft a proposal for the project and we can discuss it at the meeting. 先起草一个企划案草案，我们可以在会上就此讨论。
UK [drɑ:ft] US [dræft] verb UK
MILITARY 军事的
transitive usually passive mainly US (UK conscript)
■to order people by law to join the armed forces 兵役制
• He was drafted (into the army) at eighteen. 他18岁时应征参军（入伍）。
UK [drɑ:ft] US [dræft] verb UK
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] draft sb in
■to bring someone somewhere to do a particular job 征召（某人），调集某人（从事某项工作）
• Every Christmas thousands of people are drafted in to help with the post. 每逢圣诞节，成千上万的人都被召集来帮助处理邮件。
UK [drɑ:ft] US [dræft] adjective [before noun]
■describes a plan, document etc. in its first form, including the main points but not all the details 第一次起草的档、计划等（包含主要观点但内容并不详实）
• a draft plan/bill/proposal 计划／提案／建议草稿
sketch, draft, blueprint, diagram, outline, plot
这组词都有“绘制”的意思，其区别是：
sketch: 指用图、模型或语言描述来表示某一事物的整体情况。
draft: 用作动词时指按准确比例设计或打样；作名词时专指精确的草图或草案。
blueprint: 主要指绘制蓝图或制定纲领或规划。这个词引申用来指详细而具体的行动计划。
diagram: 侧重指用图形、图表等来说明。
outline: 主要给出事物要点或轮廓，强调简化了的整体。
plot: 可与draft和diagram换用，但侧重于表示具体的点、面、部分或目标，从而使相互关系以及和整体的关系得以明确。

Word: instinct
Front: instinct
[ˈɪnstɪŋkt] (研四六托雅 4239/3843 -2)
Vocabulary: instinct
(once / 106 pages)
nadj
An instinct is something you don't need to learn — it happens naturally, without you even thinking about it. Babies cry by instinct, and ducks follow their mother by instinct.
Animals and humans learn a lot of things from other animals and humans. But if there isn't any learning involved, then the behavior is an instinct. Instincts come naturally, like a baby's desire to feed. Some behaviors are a combination of instinct and learned behavior, like language. Others happen without any teaching at all, like the instinct to run when you see a big, hungry looking bear. When you see the word instinct, think natural response.
WORD FAMILY
instinct: instinctive, instinctly, instincts+/ instinctive: instinctively
USAGE EXAMPLES
“He is definitely playing with a killer instinct,” McAdoo said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“Most of the instinct stuff is still the same,” Bowles said.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
To deny the tug of that on all your most primitive instincts is to deny that you are human at all.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 本能，天性; 冲动; 天资，天才
adj. 深深地充满着
分布：本能(74%)，直觉(16%)，天性(9%)，充满的(1%)
→in-,进入，使，-stinct,刺，词源同stick,distinct.其原义为刺激，推动，后引申词义天生的能力，本能，天性。
本能,本性(in内+stinct→内在的刺激→本能)[sting,stinct,stimul=priek表示"刺,刺激"]
n.本能,直觉,天性In this district I can strictly distinguish the distinct distinctions of bees' stings by instinct.在该地区我能靠直觉严格分辨蜜蜂刺的明显特征.
【记】in里面，stinct刺，刺激－对刺激的内部反映
【参】instinctive（adj 本能的；直觉的）
【反】learned response（后天学到的反应）
noun countable or uncountable
■the way people or animals naturally react or behave, without having to think or learn about it 本能，直觉
• All his instincts told him to stay near the car and wait for help. 他的直觉告诉他要留在车旁、等待救援。
• [+ to infinitive] Her first instinct was to run. 她的第一反应是逃跑。
• It is instinct that tells the birds when to begin their migration. 是本能让鸟类知道何时开始迁徙。
• figurative Bob seems to have an instinct for (= is naturally good at) knowing which products will sell. 鲍勃好像能凭直觉知道哪些产品有销路。
n. [生物] 本能，直觉； [心理] 天性
 - intuition, natural ability
adj. 充满着的
 - abrim

Word: teammate
Front: teammate
[ˈti:mmeɪt] (4238/28599)
Back: n. 队友，同队队员
分布：队友(100%)
【记】team队，mate伙伴
【参】roommate（n 同屋者；室友）
N-COUNT
队友
In a game or sport, your team-mates are the other members of your team.

Word: aluminum
Front: aluminum
[ə'lju:minəm] (研四托 4241/-)
Vocabulary: aluminum
(once / 1460 pages)
n
Aluminum is a relatively light weight type of silver-colored metal. Most soda cans are made out of aluminum.
There is more aluminum in the earth's crust than any other kind of metal, and because it is so sturdy, pliable, and light, it's used to make all kinds of things. Airplane parts, aluminum foil, metal baseball bats, bicycles, and some power lines are just a few of the everyday objects that are made at least in part from aluminum. The name is based on alumina, or aluminum oxide, with a Latin root of alumen, "bitter salt."
WORD FAMILY
aluminum: aluminise, aluminize, aluminous+/aluminize: aluminized
USAGE EXAMPLES
The containers consist of an aluminum liner with an outer layer of strong carbon fibers.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It looks like a white, aluminum warehouse with few windows.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
Metro’s sleek new stainless steel rail cars are noticeably different from their clanking aluminum predecessors: They’re shiny, brightly lighted, far more modern.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. <美>铝
分布：铝(100%)
n.(aluminium)铝It was not the aluminum but the massive brass and bronze on the grass that embarrassed me.让我为难的不是铝而是草地上厚重的黄铜和青铜.
noun uncountable US for aluminium

Word: whoever
Front: whoever
[hu:ˈevə(r)] (研四六 4240/4304 -K2)
Back: pron. （引导名词性从句）谁; 无论谁，任何人; 不管谁…
分布：任何人(44%)，不管谁(29%)，无论是谁(27%)
pron.[引导名词从句]谁;无论谁;究竟是谁Whoever comes is welcome.什么人来都欢迎.
US [-ɚ] pronoun
PERSON 人
 ADVANCED
■the person who …的那个人
• Whoever uprooted that tree ought to be ashamed of themselves. 把树连根拔起的那个人应当感到羞耻。
• Could I speak to whoever is in charge of International Sales please? 能找负责国际销售的人接电话吗？
UK [hu:'ev.ər] US [-ɚ] pronoun
ANYONE 任何人
 ADVANCED
■any person who 任何人；无论甚么人
• Can whoever leaves last please lock up? 最后走的人请锁门好吗？
• He says he bought the car from Frank, whoever Frank is (= I do not know who Frank is). 他说自己是从弗兰克那里买的车，不知道这个弗兰克是谁。
UK [hu:'ev.ər] US [-ɚ] pronoun
SURPRISE 惊讶
■used in questions as a way of expressing surprise （表示惊讶）究竟是谁，到底是谁
• Whoever told you that? 到底是谁告诉你的？
• Whoever could that be phoning at this time? 这个时候打电话来到底是谁呢？

Word: ministry
Front: ministry
[ˈmɪnɪstri] (高研四六托 4242/1717 -K4)
Vocabulary: ministry
(once / 231 pages)
n
If you are discussing the duties of your minister or rabbi, you are talking about his or her ministry — the work the religious leader does in serving a congregation. The noun ministry also refers to a group of clergy.
Even if you do not lead a religious community, you can still have a ministry, as the word means to provide information or services about an organization or cause. The charity can have a ministry to serve homeless people. The noun ministry can also refer to a government department. In the United Kingdom, for example, the Ministry of Defense oversees the armed forces. A ministry can also be the building where this sort of government work occurs.
WORD FAMILY
ministry: ministries
USAGE EXAMPLES
In September a university student sued the education ministry over homophobic textbooks.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
Andrew Brunson was elated when Turkey’s Interior Ministry summoned him on Oct.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Israel’s Justice Ministry later issued a statement saying Netanyahu was questioned “on suspicion of receiving benefits from business people.”
Time(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. （政府的）部; 神职; 牧师职位; 神职任期
分布：内阁(100%)
→来自minister,部长，-y,名词后缀。用于指中央政府下属部。ministry 政府的部
n.(政府的)部;牧师The Ministry has resigned.内阁已辞职.
noun
GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENT 政府部门
 IMPROVER countable
■a department of the government led by a minister （政府的）部
• the Ministry of Defence/Agriculture 国防／农业部
['mɪn.ɪ.stri] noun
PRIEST'S WORK 牧师职责
uncountable
■work as a minister 牧师职责
• He practised a preaching and teaching ministry there for over 40 years. 他在那里当了40多年的传教和教学牧师。
the ministry
■the job of being a priest, in some parts of the Christian Church 牧师职位
• In 1985 he decided to go into/leave the ministry. 他在1985年决定当牧师／辞去牧师职务。
n. （政府的）部门
 - division, department, sector

Word: verdict
Front: verdict
[ˈvɜ:dɪkt] (研六托雅宝 4245/4163 -3)
Vocabulary: verdict
(once / 468 pages)
n
A verdict is a decision made after a lot of considering, usually made by the jury in a courtroom. If you've finally decided that the test was unfair, that's your verdict and you should talk to the teacher about it.
Although verdicts are usually announced in a courtroom, any time someone makes a judgment about something, it's a verdict. The truth lies in the root of this word: ver comes from the Latin verus, meaning "true." Ver shows up in other words — to verify something is to prove that it's true, and veracious is an adjective meaning "truthful." And the truth is exactly what the judge needs when he's trying to decide the verdict of a case.
WORD FAMILY
verdict: verdicts
USAGE EXAMPLES
The court will hear the case on December 2nd and may hand down a verdict by January.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
Greaves, 23 in 1989, who now runs a courier company in his native Heswall, said the verdicts lifted a weight of 27 years.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
The jury in his first trial failed to reach a verdict.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. （陪审团的）裁决; 裁定; （经过试验、检验或体验发表的）决定; 意见
分布：裁决(89%)，定论(11%)
→ver-,真实的，词源同verify,-dict,说，词源同dictionary.引申词义公正，裁决。
裁判,判决(ver真实+dict→说真实话→裁决)[dict,dic=say,assert,表示"说话,断言"]
裁决(ver+dict说一说真话→裁决)[uer=true,表示"真实"]
n.(陪审团的)裁决,判决;判断;定论He depicted the conviction that contradicted the verdict.他描绘反驳裁决的定罪.
【记】ver真实，dict说－真实地说－判决
US ['vɝ:-] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■an opinion or decision made after judging the facts that are given, especially one made at the end of a trial （根据事实作出的）意见，决定；（尤指）判决，裁决
• The jury reached/returned a unanimous verdict of (not) guilty. 陪审团一致判定有罪／无罪。
• Voters gave their verdict on the government's economic record last night by voting overwhelmingly for the opposition. 昨晚选民们以压倒性的多数票支援反对党，由此可以看出他们对本届政府在经济上的作为的评判。
⇒ See also open verdict
n. 结论；裁定
 - conclusion, ruling

Word: instruct
Front: instruct
[ɪnˈstrʌkt] (高研四六托 4243/3820 -3)
Vocabulary: instruct
(once / 69 pages)
v
This website is designed to instruct visitors about the meaning of words and their correct usage. To instruct is to give instructions, to teach.
Teachers are often called instructors because their job is to instruct, to give knowledge or instructions. The subtle difference between "teach" and instruct is that you can teach almost anything: concepts, ideas, theories or, say, history. When you instruct someone, you're giving them a set of tools or tasks to do something specific. That's why furniture, toys, and model rocket kits come with instructions: they instruct you how to assemble them.
WORD FAMILY
instruct: instructed, instructing, instruction, instructive, instructor, instructs+/instructed: uninstructed/ instruction: instructional, instructions / instructive: instructively, uninstructive/ instructor: instructors, instructorship/instructorship: instructorships/uninstructive: uninstructively
USAGE EXAMPLES
In late August, on the day before classes resumed, Harriott instructed his team to comply with St. Thomas’s grooming standards.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
The older woman is instructing the younger one, who is lost in thought in the midst of crushing garlic with a copper mortar and pestle.
Salon(Jan 01, 2017)
Nashville police, when responding to domestic violence calls, are instructed to arrest the primary aggressor.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. 教，讲授; 教导，指导; 通知; 命令
时态：instructed, instructing, instructs
分布：指导(54%)，教(37%)，命令(9%)
→in-,进入，使，-struct,建造，建设，词源同structure,destruct.引申词义教导，训练，指示，吩咐等。词义演变比较inform.
指导,教导(in进+struct→[把知识]建立进去→指导)[struct=build,表示"建立"]
v.教,教授;命令,指示He was instructed to sail for New York.他奉命前往纽约.
【记】in里面，struct建立：在你的里面建立知识－教导
verb
ORDER 命令
 ADVANCED transitive + to infinitive
■to order or tell someone to do something, especially in a formal way （尤指正式地）指示，命令，吩咐
• The police have been instructed to patrol the building and surrounding area. 员警奉命在这幢大楼里及周围地区巡逻。
transitive UK
■to employ a lawyer to represent you in court 委托（律师）
transitive
■When a judge instructs a jury , they tell it what the law means and how to use it. （法官就法律适用要点）向（陪审团）作说明
[ɪn'strʌkt] verb
TEACH 教
transitive
■to teach someone how to do something 教，讲授
• He works in a sports centre instructing people in the use of the gym equipment. 他在体育中心工作，教人们如何使用健身器材。
instruct, coach, tutor, train, teach, educate
这组词都有“教，教育，培养”的意思，其区别是：
instruct: 与teach含义很接近，但语体较正式。指系统、详细、精心地传播知识，侧重教授与指示。
coach: 指对个人或小组等进行辅导、训练或补课。
tutor: 指进行个别教学或课外辅导。
train: 指训练与培养。
teach: 最普通用词，含义广泛。指直接教某人知识或技能等，侧重传播知识和帮助应用知识。
educate: 较正式用词，指教育，内容比teach广泛，侧重动机或结果，或对潜在能力的开发。
vt. 指导；通知；命令；教授
 - require, teach, coach, message, order

Word: skull
Front: skull
[skʌl] (研托 4244/4520 -2)
Back: n. 颅骨，头盖骨; 脑袋; 脑子; [冶]渣壳，熔铁上的浮渣
分布：头骨(96%)，骷髅头(4%)
→可能来自古诺斯语 skalli,秃头，词源同 shell,外壳，壳体。
n.头盖骨,颅骨The man has an empty skull.这个人脑袋空空.
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■the bones of the head, which surround the brain and give the head its shape 头（盖）骨，颅骨
• The soldiers discovered a pile of human skulls and bones. 士兵们发现了一堆人的头盖骨和白骨。
[skʌl] noun countable
get sth into your (thick) skull informal
■to understand something with difficulty 很难理解
• Has he got the truth into his thick skull yet? 他还没有弄清楚实情？
n. 头盖骨，脑壳
 - crania, braincase

Word: self-esteem
Front: self-esteem
[self ɪ'sti:m] (-2)
Vocabulary: self-esteem
(once / 3789 pages)
n
How you feel about yourself — your self-worth or your pride in yourself — is called self-esteem. It may be a blow to your self-esteem, for example, to find out you didn't get chosen for the scholarship you applied for.
The "esteem" part of self-esteem comes from the Latin verb aestimare, meaning to value. The "self" part is self-explanatory, referring to you, yourself. So think of self-esteem as how you value yourself. If you think everything you do is wonderful and deserves praise, you have no self-esteem problems, but if you feel like you are not worthy of good things, you may have low self-esteem.
WORD FAMILY
esteem: disesteem, esteemed, esteeming, esteems, self-esteem +/disesteem: disesteemed, disesteeming, disesteems
USAGE EXAMPLES
His self-esteem sacked, he quit school and almost quit life.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Dr. Solomon and his co-authors theorize that the awareness of death and perceived threats to well-being create a need to reinforce self-esteem and social status.
Salon(Dec 26, 2016)
How do you stop it lowering your self-esteem?
BBC(Dec 08, 2016)
Back: n. 自尊; 自大; 傲骨
分布：自尊(97%)，自负(3%)
noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■belief and confidence in your own ability and value 自尊
• The compliments she received after the presentation boosted her self-esteem. 演出后得到的赞誉增强了她的自尊心。
• She suffers from low self-esteem and it prevents her from pursuing her goals. 她的自尊心低，对她追求目标构成阻碍。
n. 自尊；自负；自大
 - ego, amour-propre

Word: ease
Front: ease
[i:z] (高研四六雅 3229/3093 -K3)
Vocabulary: ease
(once / 120 pages)
1nv 2v
Ease means to lessen or release, often making something possible in the meantime. When you put someone at their ease, you lessen their discomfort. When you ease into a chair, you gently release yourself into it.
A life of ease means you do not have to struggle to make money. Your dad might be mad if you pierce your nose, but eventually, with time, his anger will ease and he will ease up on you. Your older siblings' behavior will ease the way for you to do things that frighten your parents without their overreacting.
WORD FAMILY
ease: eased, easement, eases, easing, unease+/ easement: easements/easing: easings
USAGE EXAMPLES
A new nod to modernity in French laws eases the rules for people who want to divorce.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He is 6 feet 1 and rawboned, with a preternatural ease on the court.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
From its inception, the Second Avenue subway was intended to ease congestion on the East Side of Manhattan.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 轻松，舒适; 容易; 安逸; 不拘束，自在
vt. 解除痛苦; 减轻; 延缓; 松弛
vi. 缓解，减少; 轻松前进
时态：eased, easing, eases
分布：减轻(32%)，放松(17%)，缓和(14%)，自在(13%)，容易(12%)，安逸(7%)，悠闲(4%)，缓慢移动(1%)
→词源不详。
v.减轻;使舒适,使安心n.容易;舒适,悠闲The old couple lived a life of ease.这对老夫妇过着安逸的生活.
verb
MAKE LESS 使变少
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to make or become less severe, difficult, unpleasant, painful, etc 减轻；减低；缓解
• To ease the problem of overcrowding, new prisons will be built. 为了缓解监狱里人满为患的情况，将修建新的监狱。
• These pills should ease the pain. 这些药丸能缓解疼痛。
• After the arrival of the United Nations soldiers, tension in the area began to ease. 联合国维和士兵到达后，这个地区的紧张局势开始得到缓解。
[i:z] verb
MOVE 移动
transitive + adverb or preposition
■to move or to make something move slowly and carefully in a particular direction or into a particular position （使）小心缓慢地移动；（使）缓缓移动
• She eased the key into the lock, anxious not to wake anyone. 她小心翼翼地把锁匙插入锁孔，生怕惊醒任何人。
• I eased myself out of the chair. 我慢慢地从椅子上站起身。
[i:z] verb
ease your mind
■to stop you from worrying 使（某人）安心；宽慰（某人）
• If it will ease your mind, I'll have a word with Charlotte for you. 要是你觉得这样便能安心的话，我去跟夏绿蒂谈一谈。
[i:z] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  ease up/off
STOP
■to gradually stop or become less 逐渐停止；减少，减轻
• At last the rain began to ease off. 最后雨势开始减弱了。
WORK LESS
■to start to work less or do things with less energy 放松；缓和；变得悠闲
• As he got older, he started to ease up a little. 随着年岁增长，他工作起来就不再那么拼命了。
TREAT LESS SEVERELY
■to start to treat someone less severely 不再为难；（对某人）不再如此苛刻
• I wish his supervisor would ease up on him a bit. 我希望他的上司能对他宽厚一些。
[i:z] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] ease sb out
■to make someone leave a job or powerful position 把（某人）打发走；使（某人）离职
• The head teacher was eased out of his job after teachers and parents accused him of being autocratic. 老师和家长都指责这位校长太独断专行，于是他被迫离职。
[i:z] noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■when you experience no difficulty, effort, pain, etc 容易，不费力；舒适，安逸，自在
• She won the 400m race with ease. 她轻松赢得了400米赛跑的冠军。
• The doors are extra-wide for ease of access (= so that people can get in without difficulty). 门都是加宽的，出入方便。
at (your) ease
■relaxed 不拘束的；放松的
• He felt completely at ease. 他感到全身放松。
• She soon put/set me at ease (= made me relaxed). 她很快消除了我的紧张情绪
at ease (also standing at ease)
■If someone, especially a soldier, is at ease, they are standing with their feet apart and their hands behind their back. 稍息（姿势）
comfort, ease, leisure, rest, relaxation, relief
这组词都有“舒适，安逸、悠闲”的意思，其区别是：
comfort: 通常指在摆脱烦人、痛苦的事情，或在要求、愿望得到满足后所感到的舒适。
ease: 指因没有担心和忧虑而轻松。
leisure: 专指闲暇时间或悠闲状态。
rest: 与work相对，强调水分除身心痛劳，不着重休息方式。
relaxation: 强调消除肌肉疲劳或思想的紧张状态，使身心松弛，得到休息。
relief: 侧重有消除痛苦、不适或困难的负担，常暗含不利因素已不存在的意味。
relieve, console, soothe, comfort, ease
这组词都有“给人以帮助以减轻痛苦或悲伤”的意思，其区别是：
relieve: 指解除或缓解某人的病痛、担心或忧虑等，常用被动态。
console: 较正式用词，侧重缓和或减轻别人的痛苦或悲伤。
soothe: 着重以安慰减轻悲痛、愤怒或激动，使人理智地平静下来。也可指药物等减轻病痛。
comfort: 普通用词，指用语言或行动对痛苦者给予鼓励、勇气和力量，从而减轻其痛苦或悲伤，得到安慰。
ease: 正式用词，指减轻身心的痛苦、不安和忧虑。
vt. 减轻，缓和；使安心
 - moderate, relax
n. 轻松，舒适；安逸，悠闲
 - comfort, leisure
vi. 减轻，缓和；放松；灵活地移动
 - relax, to alleviate

Word: cooperative
Front: cooperative
[kəʊ'ɒpərətɪv] (研六托宝 4249/8090)
Vocabulary: cooperative
(once / 2013 pages)
1adj 2n
As an adjective, cooperative describes working together agreeably for a common purpose or goal as in cooperative play or cooperative employee.
As a noun, a cooperative is a jointly-owned business or enterprise where members pool their resources to purchase, do work, and/or distribute things. You might join a food cooperative, for example, which jointly purchases a farmer's labor and then every member gets a basket of fresh fruits and vegetables each week of the growing season. In this use, the word is often shortened to co-op. You might also join a housing cooperative where you own your apartment and you and the other owners jointly care for the upkeep of the building and grounds.
WORD FAMILY
cooperative: cooperatively, cooperativeness, cooperatives, uncooperative+/ cooperate: cooperated, cooperates, cooperating, cooperation, cooperative, cooperator/ cooperation: cooperations/cooperator: cooperators/uncooperative: uncooperatively
USAGE EXAMPLES
It sells power back to East Kentucky Power Cooperative at night when the system produces more than the factory needs.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The celebration includes the recognition of the seven Kwanzaa principles of unity, self-determination, collective work and responsibility, cooperative economics, purpose, creativity and faith.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The system is a cooperative with centralized cataloging and check-out privileges for residents at any library, among other benefits.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 合作的; 协助的; 共同的; 〈美〉（大学文科）有关[包含]各种实习活动的
n. 合作社，联合体
分布：合作的(52%)，合作社(32%)，协作的(16%)
a.合作的,协作的n.合作社I have always found her cooperative.我觉得她总是那么善于合作.
【反】factious（adj 促进内部纠纷的）
US [koʊ'ɑ:.pɚ.ə.tˌɪv] adjective (ALSO UK also co-operative)
■willing to help or do what people ask 乐于合作的；协作的；配合的
• I've asked them not to play their music so loudly, but they're not being very cooperative. 我叫他们不要把音乐声放得这么大，可是他们不肯合作。
Opposite uncooperative
UK [kəʊ'ɒp.ər.ə.tɪv] US [koʊ'ɑ:.pɚ.ə.tˌɪv] noun countable (ALSO UK also co-operative) (also abbreviation co-op)
■a company that is owned and managed by the people who work in it 合作企业
• The magazine is run by a cooperative. 这份杂志由一家合作企业出版。
adj. [农经] 合作的；合作社的
 - coefficient, collaborative
n. [农经] 合作社
 - artel, co-op

Word: manipulate
Front: manipulate
[məˈnɪpjuleɪt] (研六托雅宝 4248/4688 -2)
Vocabulary: manipulate
(once / 799 pages)
v
To manipulate something means to handle it skillfully, like the way a sculptor manipulates clay or a really good politician works a crowd.
The verb manipulate evolved from manipulation, which back in the 1700s referred to a method of digging ore. So manipulating something originally only meant moving or arranging it by hand or mechanically. It wasn't until 1864 that people started using the word manipulate to describe someone exerting mental or emotional influence on others.
WORD FAMILY
manipulate: manipulable, manipulated, manipulates, manipulating, manipulation, manipulative, manipulator+/manipulable: manipulability/ manipulation: manipulations/ manipulative: manipulatively/manipulator: manipulators
USAGE EXAMPLES
And some people are tech geeks, absorbed in new ways to record or quantify or manipulate data.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
“And if we understand things in enough details, we might be able to manipulate it.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“They wanted a pro-American government, and Chiang Kai-shek was easier to manipulate than the Communists.”
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 操作，处理; 巧妙地控制; 操纵; [医] 推拿，调整
时态：manipulated, manipulating, manipulates
分布：操作(45%)，操纵(35%)，控制(11%)，利用(8%)，篡改(1%)
→回构自manipulation.
巧妙处理;操纵(mani+pul一捆+ate→同时用手做一堆事情→巧妙处理)[man,maun=hand,表示"手"]
vt.(熟练地)使用,操作;(巧妙地)处理Do you know how to manipulate a computer?你知道如何使用计算机吗?
verb transitive
INFLUENCE 影响 mainly disapproving
■to control something or someone to your advantage, often unfairly or dishonestly （常指以不正当手段）操纵，控制
• Throughout her career she has very successfully manipulated the media. 她在整个职业生涯中非常成功地控制了媒体。
• The opposition leader accused government ministers of manipulating the statistics to suit themselves. 反对派领导人指责政府部长篡改统计数据以满足自身利益。
[mə'nɪp.jʊ.leɪt] verb transitive
USE HANDS 用手
■to control something using the hands （用手）操纵，控制
• The wheelchair is designed so that it is easy to manipulate. 轮椅设计得很容易操纵。
■to treat a part of the body, using the hands to push back bones into the correct position and put pressure on muscles 用推拿治疗；推拿正（骨）
• The doctor manipulated the base of my spine and the pain disappeared completely. 医生推拿了我的脊椎底部，疼痛就完全消失了。
work, operate, manipulate, run, maneuver
work: 干活，劳动
operate: 操作，动手术
manipulate: （为某一目的而）控制，影响（某人或某物）
run: 跑，开动（机器）；
maneuver: 巧妙的移动或调动
vt. 操纵；操作；巧妙地处理；篡改
 - man, guide, work, handle

Word: bee
Front: bee
[bi:] (中高研四 4247/4770 -2)
Vocabulary: bee
(once / 231 pages)
1n 2n
A bee is a fuzzy, buzzing insect that flies and sometimes stings. Many flower gardens are especially planned to attract bees.
Bees have two pairs of wings and a long tongue-like proboscis that's used for collecting nectar from flowers. Bees are vital in the health of many plants, because they help to pollinate them, spreading pollen so they can reproduce and spread. Some bees also make honey. Because bees appear to be constantly moving and buzzing, since the mid-1500's they'e been equated with hard workers, as in the phrases "worker bee" and "busy as a bee."
WORD FAMILY
bee: bees
USAGE EXAMPLES
Many studies linked the chemicals to a mysterious collapse of bee colonies that was in the news.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
So let’s add this: “Sting like a bee.”
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Some recipients plan to use funds to explore a variety of interests including cooking, artisan bread-baking, bee keeping, photography and archaeology.
Washington Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 蜜蜂; （集工作、竞赛、娱乐为一体的）聚会
分布：蜜蜂(99%)，集会(1%)
→可能来自拟声词，模仿蜜蜂嗡嗡叫的声音。
n.蜂,蜜蜂;忙碌的人A bee stung him.他被蜜蜂螫了.
noun countable
INSECT 昆虫
 ADVANCED
■a yellow and black flying insect which makes honey and can sting you 蜜蜂
• A swarm of bees flew into the garden. 一群蜜蜂飞进花园。
• My arm swelled up where I was stung by a bee. 我手臂上被蜜蜂螫的地方肿了起来。
⇒ See also bumblebee
[bi:] noun countable
GROUP 小组 US a group of people who come together in order to take part in a particular activity （为从事某一活动而聚在一起的）一小组人
• a sewing bee 缝纫会
• a spelling bee 拼写比赛
[bi:] noun countable
be (as) busy as a bee
■to be moving about quickly doing many things 忙得团团转
[bi:] noun countable
be the bee's knees UK informal
■to be excellent or of an extremely high standard 非常出色，顶尖
• Have you tried this ice-cream? It's the bee's knees, it really is. 你吃过这种雪糕吗？这是最好的，真的。
[bi:] noun countable
have a bee in your bonnet
■to keep talking about something again and again because you think it is very important 念念不忘；想得入神
• She never stops talking about dieting - she's got a real bee in her bonnet about it. 她不停地谈论节食——她已完全着魔了。
n. [蜂] 蜜蜂，蜂；勤劳的人
 - honeybee

Word: practitioner
Front: practitioner
[prækˈtɪʃənə(r)] (研托雅宝 4251/2676 -2)
Vocabulary: practitioner
(once / 1497 pages)
n
A practitioner is an expert who uses that knowledge as part of a profession. Every yoga practitioner started by attending an introductory class.
In practitioner, you can see the word practice, which everyone says will make you perfect. Practice can also mean the clients, daily activities, and location where a professional such as a doctor works. So a practitioner is someone who has learned everything about his or her field and is actively working in that field. So don't worry about going to the doctor — you won't be practice for this practitioner.
WORD FAMILY
practitioner: practitioners
USAGE EXAMPLES
The first thing about futurism that surprised me is that practitioners don’t think much about technological change.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 01, 2017)
Project ECHO’s long-distance training for physicians, their assistants and nurse practitioners mimics the mentoring that interns and residents receive at elite urban hospitals.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
It also needs nurse practitioners, physicians’ assistants, and emergency medical technicians.
Time(Dec 21, 2016)
Back: n. 从业者; 执业医生; 习艺者; 专门人才
分布：从业者(62%)，实践者(38%)
→来自practice,实践，从业。
n.实践者,从事者;(医生或律师等)开业者He is a medical practitioner.他是执业医生.
【记】源于：practice（v /n 实践）
【反】fledgling（n 无经验者）；quack（n 庸医；骗子）
US [-ɚ] slightly formal
noun countable
■someone involved in a skilled job or activity 执业者；从业人员
• Elizabeth Quan is a London-based practitioner of traditional Chinese medicine. 伊莉莎白‧康是一位在伦敦执业的中医医师。
• She was a medical practitioner (= a doctor) before she entered politics. 从政前她是个医生。
⇒ See also GP

Word: loop
Front: loop
[lu:p] (研四六托雅宝 4250/4755 -2)
Vocabulary: loop
(once / 676 pages)
1nv 2nv 3n 4n 5n 6n
A loop is a roundish, coiled shape, like the shape a piece of string or rope makes when it crosses itself. To start knitting, you need to put a loop of yarn on the end of one of your needles.
Loops are ovals or circles and are often made from rope or other fibers, like the loop at the end of a cowboy's lasso. The verb loop means to form the shape of a loop in the sky; or to make a loop from string or some other material. If something "throws you for a loop," it catches you by surprise, and if you're "in the loop," you have access to information that others might not have.
WORD FAMILY
loop: looped, looper, looping, loops, loopy +/looper: loopers/looping: loopings/ loopy: loopier, loopiest
USAGE EXAMPLES
That revelation called into question to what extent Whaley is kept in the loop.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Not that Trump will be our first president who likes to operate from a closed loop.
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
At the core of every habit is a neurological loop with three parts: A cue, a routine and a reward.
New York Times(Oct 18, 2016)
Back: n. 圈，环; [医]宫内避孕环; 回路; 弯曲部分
vt. & vi. （使）成环，（使）成圈; 以环连结; 使翻筋斗
时态：looped, looping, loops
分布：环(75%)，回路(13%)，圈(10%)，以环连结(1%)，以圈结(1%)
→来自中古英语loupe,绳索，套，词源同leap,原义可能为套动物的套索或套圈，后用来指圈，环。词义演变比较farrow,furrow,pork.
n.圈,环The troop's stoop on the loop became the top topic at the bus stop.部队在环行道上的屈服在公共汽车站成了头等话题.
noun countable
■the curved shape made when something long and thin, such as a piece of string, bends until one part of it nearly touches or crosses another part of it 圆圈，环形
• belt loops 腰带
• a loop of string 绳套
• the loop of the river 河弯，河套
• The tape ran in a continuous loop, repeating the same songs over and over. 这盒磁带处于回圈播放状态，反反复复地播放那几首歌曲。
■a type of IUD 宫内避孕器
[lu:p] noun countable
be in the loop/be out of the loop informal
■to have or not have the special knowledge or power that belongs to a particular group of people （不）是消息灵通人士；（不）是圈内人
• You can tell she's in the loop. She always knows about policy decisions before the rest of us. 她很明显是圈内人。她总是比我们所有人都更早知道政策决定。
• I've been out of the loop since I changed jobs. I didn't realize Wendy and Bob had got engaged. 我换工作之后一直消息闭塞。我还不知道温蒂和巴布已经订婚了呢。
[lu:p] noun countable
knock / throw sb for a loop US informal
■If something that happens knocks you for a loop, it upsets or confuses you because you do not expect it 使人心烦；使大为惊讶
• He knocked me for a loop when he said he was quitting his job. 他说他要辞职的时候吓了我一跳。
[lu:p] verb intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep]
■to make a loop or curve 缠绕；弯曲
• Loop the rope over the bar. 用绳子在栏杆上缠一圈。
• Turn left where the road loops round the farm buildings. 在这条路绕过农场房屋的地方向左转。
[lu:p] verb intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep]
loop the loop
■to fly in the shape of a loop in the sky 盘旋，绕圈飞行
vi. 打环； [航] 翻筋斗
 - somersault
n. 环；圈；弯曲部分； [航] 翻筋斗
 - annulus, anulus

Word: edit
Front: edit
[ˈedɪt] (研六雅 4253/3943 -3)
Vocabulary: edit
(once / 53 pages)
1v 2v
The verb edit means to prepare writing for publication by correcting, revising, or proofreading. If you write for a newspaper, someone very skilled will edit your work before the public sees it.
Edit can also mean to cut out. If you edit out all the references to Harry Potter from the famous series, you'll be left with much shorter books. Edit likely comes from the noun editor, meaning the person in charge of a final version of a text. You might also hear edit used when referring to video or film. If you edit a television show, for example, you assemble pieces of video or film footage to create a complete program.
WORD FAMILY
edit: edited, editing, editor, edits, subedit+/ edited: unedited/ editor: editorial, editors, editorship/ editorial: editorialise, editorialist, editorialize, editorially, editorials/editorialist: editorialists/ editorialize: editorialized, editorializes, editorializing/editorship: editorships/subedit: subediting, subeditor/subeditor: subeditors
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Times reserves the right to edit and publish any submissions online and/or in print.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
His detractors accuse him of excessive charm, but it may be more accurate to say that he edits brutality from his world view.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
In between begging, Roughol sat in the local park jotting his recollections in notebooks, which he handed over to Debré to edit.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. 剪辑（影片，录音）; 编辑; 校订; 主编
n. 编辑
时态：edited, editing, edits
分布：编辑(96%)，剪辑(2%)，校订(2%)
→e-, 向外。-dit, 给予，词源同date, donate.
编辑(e出+dit→给出好文章→编辑)[don,dit=give,表示"给予"]
v.编辑,校订It's incredible that the editor's editorial in this edition is edible.本版中的编辑社论可以食用让人难以置信.
verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to prepare a text or film for printing or viewing by correcting mistakes and deciding what will be removed and what will be kept in, etc 编辑；校订；剪辑
• Janet edited books for a variety of publishers. 珍妮特为许多出版社编辑过图书。
• The film's 129 minutes were edited down from 150 hours of footage. 这部129分钟的影片是从总长150小时的底片中剪辑出来的。
 ADVANCED
■to be in charge of the reports in a newspaper or magazine, etc 任（报刊等）的主编
• He edits a national newspaper. 他是一家全国性报纸的主编。
['ed.ɪt] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] edit sth out
■to remove something before it is broadcast or printed （从书或节目中）删节，删掉；将…剪掉
• Most of the violent scenes were edited out for television. 为了适合电视播出，其中的大多数暴力场面都被剪掉了。
compile, edit
这组词都有“编辑”的意思，其区别是：
compile: 通常指根据搜集、整理的资料编辑词典或汇编文集。
edit: 普通用词，含义广泛。指校订、编辑他人待出版的著作，也指对杂志、报刊的稿件进行编辑、编排加工。
vt. [计] 编辑；校订
 - copy-edit, redact

Word: whip
Front: whip
[wɪp] (研四六雅 4254/6065 -3)
Vocabulary: whip
(once / 183 pages)
1nv 2n 3vn 4nv
A whip is a cord or piece of leather used for hitting an animal or a person, and to whip something or someone is to strike them with a whip. You can also figuratively whip an opponent or whip someone in shape. Giddy up!
When you hit an animal with a whip, you whip it. Some animal rights activists object to horse racers using whips. You can also use this verb to mean "defeat by a lot," like when your basketball team whips the opposing team. A chef whips cream by whisking or mixing it until it's airy and frothy. If your teacher says he's going to "crack the whip," he means he's planning to use his authority to make the class work harder. And, fittingly, a political whip is someone who enforces discipline among party members.
WORD FAMILY
whip: whiplike, whipped, whipper, whipping, whips+/whipper: whippers/whipping: whippings
USAGE EXAMPLES
The extra height of the lid accommodates whipped cream or cappuccino foam, and its inner ring reduces “dribble at the rim,” the company’s website says.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
“I saw in my dreams they were whipping me,” he said.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
A zero-point performance in the fourth quarter was salt in the wound of this whipping Clover Park received at the hands of the Cougars.
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vt. 鞭打，抽打; 严厉地折磨、责打或责备，迫使; 把…打起泡沫
vi. 烤，烘; 烘干
n. 鞭子; 鞭伤，鞭痕; 鞭状物; 组织秘书，立法机构的一员
时态：whipped, whipping, whips
分布：鞭子(63%)，鞭打(18%)，抽打(17%)，鞭状物(1%)，彻底打败(1%)
→来自低地德语wippen,挥舞，摆动，来自weip,转，摇摆，颤动，词源同wipe,vibrate。由挥鞭子的动作引申为鞭子。词义演变参照farrow.
n.鞭子;车夫v.鞭打,抽打;突然移动The cripple dipped the whip tip into the chip solution nearby his hip.跛子将鞭子末端浸入他臀部旁边的芯片溶液中.
noun
DEVICE FOR HITTING 击打的器具
countable
■a piece of leather or rope which is fastened to a stick, used for hitting animals or people 鞭子，皮鞭
• She lashed the horses mercilessly with her long whip. 她毫不留情地用长鞭抽打马匹。
• The lion-tamer cracked his whip. 驯狮员打了个响鞭。
[wɪp] noun
POLITICS 政治
countable
■(in many elected political systems) a member of a political party in parliament or in the legislature whose job is to make certain that other party members are present at voting time and also to make certain that they vote in a particular way （政党在议会或立法机关中监督该党其他党员在投票时出席并按规定投票的）组织秘书，党鞭
• Hargreaves is the MP who got into trouble with his party's chief whip for opposing the tax reform. 哈格里夫斯就是那位因反对税收改革而与其党内的组织秘书产生矛盾的议员。
countable
■in British politics, a written order demanding that party members be present in parliament when there is to be an important vote or demanding that they vote in a particular way （英国政界的）投票书面通知（通知该党其他党员出席议会并按规定投票）
• In 1970 he defied the three-line (= most urgent) whip against EC membership. 1970年，他公然违抗反对加入欧共体的紧急投票通知。
[wɪp] noun
SWEET FOOD 甜食
countable or uncountable
■a sweet food made from cream or beaten egg mixed together with fruit （用鸡蛋、鲜奶油与水果混合制成的）甜品
[wɪp] noun
have / hold the whip hand
■to be the person or group that has the most power in a situation 成为掌权者；处于支配地位
• During the last decade the right wing of the party has held the whip hand. 过去的十年里，一直是该党的右翼掌权。
[wɪp] verb (-pp-)
DO QUICKLY 快速行动／移动
transitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to bring or take something quickly 迅速拿来；快速拿走
• She whipped a handkerchief out of her pocket and wiped his face. 她迅速从口袋里掏出一块手绢，擦了擦他的脸。
• He whipped the covers off the bed. 他一把把床罩从床上揭了下来。
• I was going to pay but before I knew it he'd whipped out his credit card. 本来我打算付帐，可我还没明白过来，他就掏出了他的信用卡。
• They whipped my plate away before I'd even finished. 我还没吃完，他们就把我的碟子收走了。
intransitive or transitive [+ adv/prep] literary
■to (cause something to) move quickly and forcefully （使…）快速移动
• The wind whipped across the half-frozen lake. 风刮过半结冰的湖面。
• A fierce, freezing wind whipped torrential rain into their faces. 一阵冰冷的狂风卷着暴雨砸在他们脸上。
[wɪp] verb (-pp-)
BEAT FOOD 搅打食物
transitive
■to beat food, especially cream with a special utensil in order to make it thick and firm 搅打（尤指鲜奶油）使成糊状
• Could you whip the cream for me? 你能帮我搅打一下鲜奶油吗？
• Try whipping a little brandy or other liqueur into the cream. 试着将一些白兰地或其他酒类搅进鲜奶油里。
• Top with whipped cream and a sprinkle of sugar. 浇上掼鲜奶油并撒上些糖。
[wɪp] verb (-pp-)
HIT 打
transitive
■to hit a person or animal with a whip 鞭打，鞭笞
• I don't like the way the drivers whip their horses. 我不喜欢马车车夫那样鞭打马匹。
[wɪp] verb (-pp-)
STEAL 偷
transitive UK old-fashioned informal
■to steal something 偷盗，盗取
[wɪp] verb (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  whip sb into sth
■If you whip someone into a particular state, you quickly and effectively cause them to be in that state 使（某人）快速进入（某种状态）
• Karl Smith, the 19-year old singer, had whipped the crowd of teenage girls into a frenzy merely by removing his shirt. 卡尔．史密斯，那位19岁的歌手，脱了一件衬衫就让女孩们疯狂起来。
• The prime minister's final speech had the desired effect, whipping his party into a patriotic fervour. 首相最后的演讲取得了预期的效果，在他的政党内激起了一股爱国热潮。
[wɪp] verb (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] whip sth up
EMOTION mainly disapproving
■to encourage or cause people to have strong feelings about something 煽动；激起
• She criticized the government for trying to whip up anti-German prejudice. 她批评政府试图煽动反德国的偏见。
• He was trying to whip up some enthusiasm for the project. 他正在试图煽动人们对这个专案计划的狂热。
FOOD informal
■to make food or a meal very quickly and easily 赶出来（一顿饭），迅速做（饭）
• I think I've just about got enough time to whip up an omelette. 我看我只有匆匆做个煎蛋饼的时间。
strike, beat, hit, thrash, whip
这组词都有“打”的意思，其区别是：
strike: 普通用词，多指急速或突然一次猛击。
beat: 普通用词，含义广泛，指连续打击。游戏、竞赛或战争中作打败解。
hit: 普通用词，常与strike换用，侧重有目标的猛击，强调用力击中。
thrash: 侧重指用棍子或鞭子等痛打。
whip: 多指用鞭子抽打。
vt. 抽打；煽动；搅打（蛋，奶油）；彻底击败
 - fan, egg, leather
n. [畜牧] 鞭子；抽打；车夫； [机] 搅拌器
 - mixer, flagellum
vi. 抽打；急走；拍击
 - whirl

Word: puzzle
Front: puzzle
[ˈpʌzl] (高研四六托雅 4255/6964 -2)
Vocabulary: puzzle
(once / 175 pages)
vn
To puzzle over something is to try to understand or solve it. Picture someone struggling with a jigsaw puzzle, trying to figure out how all those tiny pieces fit together to form an image. That person is puzzling over a puzzle!
When something puzzles you, it confuses and mystifies you. New technology might continually puzzle your grandfather, while your grandmother is quick to figure it out. When you puzzle over a difficult book or the instructions to your new TV, it's like you're trying to piece together a tricky puzzle — a challenging game or problem. The classic puzzle is a jigsaw puzzle, a picture that's split into small, oddly-shaped pieces you need to reassemble into a whole. There are also logic puzzles, crossword puzzles, and mechanical puzzles like a Rubik's Cube. If you can't figure a person out, you can also call them a puzzle.
WORD FAMILY
puzzle: puzzled, puzzlement, puzzler, puzzles, puzzling +/ puzzled: puzzledly/ puzzlement: puzzlements/ puzzler: puzzlers/ puzzling: puzzlingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
“There’s some missing piece of the puzzle that we need to find right now,” Lindsay Weekes said.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
The online reaction to the puzzle was swift, though it seemed more people were entertained than offended.
BBC(Jan 03, 2017)
I set a puzzle here every two weeks on a Monday.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 使迷惑，使难解
vt. & vi. 为难，伤脑筋
n. 智力测验，智力玩具; 难题; 令人费解的事[人]; 谜一般的事物
时态：puzzled, puzzling, puzzles
分布：谜(48%)，难题(33%)，迷惑(8%)，拼图游戏(6%)，苦思(3%)，使困惑(1%)，使为难(1%)
→可能来自pose,提问，发问，提出问题，-le,表反复。引申名词词义谜，谜语。
n.难题,谜,迷惑v.(使)迷惑,(使)为难Shut in the hut, I'm puzzled how to cut down the output of nuts.关在茅棚里,我为削减坚果的产量犯难.
noun
 ADVANCED only singular
■a situation which is difficult to understand 令人费解的情况；难题；谜
• Scientists have been trying to solve this puzzle for years. 多年来科学家们一直试图解开这个谜。
 ADVANCED countable
■a game or toy in which you have to fit separate pieces together, or a problem or question which you have to answer by using your skill or knowledge 测验智力的游戏（或玩具）
• a jigsaw puzzle 智力拼图玩具
• a crossword puzzle 纵横字谜
• a puzzle book 谜语书
['pʌz.l] verb intransitive + adverb or preposition transitive
■to cause someone to feel confused and slightly worried because they cannot understand something, or to think hard about something in order to understand it （使）感到迷惑；（使）感到为难，（使）感到困窘
• The findings of the survey puzzle me - they're not at all what I would have expected. 调查的结果使我感到迷惑——它们根本不像我原本预料的那样。
• [+ question word] It puzzles me wh y she said that. 我想不通她为甚么那么说。
• Management are still puzzling about/over how the accident could have happened. 管理部门仍然对事故发生的原因感到迷惑不解。
['pʌz.l] verb intransitive + adverb or preposition transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] puzzle sth out
■to discover or understand something by thinking hard about it 苦苦思索弄清楚
• [+ question word] I still can't puzzle out how I managed to spend so much money last month. 我现在仍想不明白上个月怎么花了那么多钱。
['pʌz.l] verb intransitive + adverb or preposition transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  puzzle over sth
■to try to solve a problem or understand a situation by thinking carefully about it 为…绞尽脑汁，苦思冥想
• Scientists are puzzling over the results of the research on the drug. 科学家们在仔细思考这种药的研究结果。
puzzle, mystery, riddle, problem
这组词都有“谜、难题”的意思，其区别是：
puzzle: 语气较强，指复杂令人费解的情况或问题。
mystery: 指常人难以认识其起因或性质的奥秘，或指有意不让人理解的奥妙。
riddle: 指供人猜的谜语游戏，也可指终究会有解答的难题。
problem: 指有待探讨的疑难问题，也可指令人困惑的情况。
puzzle, confound, bewilder, perplex, confuse, distract, embarrass, baffle
这组词都有“使困惑、迷惑、糊涂、伤脑筋”的意思，其区别是：
puzzle: 侧重使人难于理解、困惑、伤脑筋。
confound: 常指人惊慌失措和狼狈不堪。
bewilder: 语气强烈，指因迷不解或惊愕而慌乱，不知所措，无法清醒地思考。
perplex: 除困惑外，还含焦虑或缺乏把握之意，因而难于作出决定，无从下手处理。
confuse: 语气较弱，指由于混淆、混乱而糊涂。
distract: 主要用于注意力分散、思想矛盾或过分激动时产生的昏乱。
embarrass: 常指因处境或困难问题而感到窘迫、局促不安或焦急而不知所措。
baffle: 语气最强，多指遇见奇怪情景或复杂困难情况时所产生的惶恐困惑心理。
vt. 使…困惑；使…为难；苦思而得出
 - baffle, discomfit
vi. 迷惑；冥思苦想
 - contemplate
n. 谜；难题；迷惑
 - enigma, difficult problem

Word: mushroom
Front: mushroom
[ˈmʌʃrʊm] (高研四六托雅宝 4256/6009 -2)
Vocabulary: mushroom
(once / 900 pages)
nv
A mushroom is the main body of a certain type of fungus. Edible mushrooms include portobellos and shiitakes. Don't mess around with the inedible types.
Walk in the woods after a few days of rain, and you're sure to see mushrooms growing from the damp forest floor. Mushrooms like moist environments, and many mushrooms also grow incredibly fast, which is where the verb form of mushroom, "grow and spread quickly," comes from. The word's origin is ultimately uncertain, although some experts believe it's related to the French mousse, or "moss."
WORD FAMILY
mushroom: mushroomed, mushrooming, mushrooms
USAGE EXAMPLES
On New Year’s Day in 1961, Leary’s team ingested mushrooms in his living room.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
A one-day soup cleanse incorporates bottles of cauliflower coconut, carrot turmeric and a shiitake mushroom vegan bone broth. Priced from $55 for five soups.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Any kind of mushrooms work, or a mixture of wild mushrooms.
Seattle Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 蘑菇; 蘑菇状物，蘑菇形物体; （女用）蘑菇形草帽; 暴发户
adj. 蘑菇的; 蘑菇形的; 迅速生长的; 雨后蘑菇似的
vi. 迅速增长; 采蘑菇; 迅速增加; （火）猛然的扩大
时态：mushroomed, mushrooming, mushrooms
分布：蘑菇(90%)，采蘑菇(4%)，迅速增加(2%)，暴发户(2%)，菌菇状物(1%)，雨后春笋般涌现(1%)
→来自古法语meisseron,蘑菇，可能来自moss,苔藓，潮湿的地方。即在潮湿的地方长出来的菌类。拼写俗词源化。
n.蘑菇vt.迅速生长,迅速增加,采蘑菇Factories mushroomed along the river.工厂沿着河如雨后春笋似地兴建起来.
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a fungus with a round top and short stem. Some types of mushroom can be eaten 蘑菇；伞菌，蕈
• wild /cultivated mushrooms 野生／人工栽培的蘑菇
• button (= very small) mushrooms 草菇
• dried/grilled/stuffed/sliced mushrooms 干／烤／填充调料／切片的蘑菇
• cream of mushroom soup 鲜奶油蘑菇汤
• For this recipe choose mushrooms with large caps (= top parts). 做这道菜要选菌盖大的蘑菇。
• Unfortunately some poisonous mushrooms look like edible mushrooms. 遗憾的是，某些有毒蘑菇外表与可食用蘑菇相似。
Compare toadstool
['mʌʃ.ru:m] [-rʊm] verb intransitive
■to increase very quickly 迅速增长；迅速发展
• The number of computers in schools has mushroomed in recent years. 近年来，学校里电脑的数量迅速增长。
n. 蘑菇，伞菌；蘑菇形物体；暴发户
 - agaric, toadstool
vi. 迅速增加；采蘑菇；迅速生长
 - rocket

Word: subsidy
Front: subsidy
[ˈsʌbsədi] (研四六托雅宝 4252/3907 -3)
Vocabulary: subsidy
(once / 648 pages)
n
A subsidy is a grant of financial assistance. Many school districts, for example, offer a subsidy to low-income families for book fees and lunch costs. The family pays a set amount and the district makes up the difference.
The noun subsidy comes from French and Latin roots that mean "help and aid." Subsidies are most often offered by the government, but individuals can offer subsidies as well. "The parents offered to give a subsidy for students to go on the ski trip. The deal was that if the kids earned half the money, the parents would pay for the other half."
WORD FAMILY
subsidy: subsidies, subsidise, subsidize +/subsidise: subsidisation, subsidised, subsidiser, subsidises, subsidising/ subsidize: subsidization, subsidized, subsidizer, subsidizes, subsidizing/subsidizer: subsidizers
USAGE EXAMPLES
The industrial plant appears especially significant as it offers a breakthrough by capturing CO2 without subsidy.
BBC(Jan 03, 2017)
Maryland’s subsidy program served more than 10,300 families and 17,400 children on average each month in 2015, according to the latest U.S.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
For instance, that bill eliminated the tax penalties, tax credits and cost-sharing subsidies central to the ACA’s individual mandate to purchase health insurance.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 补贴; 津贴; 助学金; 奖金
分布：津贴(61%)，补助金(39%)
→sub-,在下，-sid,坐下，安排，词源同 sit,settle.引申比喻义帮助，援助，后用于指补贴，津贴， 资助费等。比较其同源异义词 subside,沉降。
补助金(sub+sid+y)[Sid=sit,表示"坐"]
n.补助金;津贴费The student got a subsidy from the fund and continued to study.这个学生从基金会得到助学金继续学习.
【记】源于：subsidiary（adj 辅助的）
【参】subsidize（v 资助；津贴）；subvention（n 补助金）
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■money given as part of the cost of something, to help or encourage it to happen 补助金；津贴，补贴
• The company received a substantial government subsidy. 公司得到大笔政府津贴。
• The government is planning to abolish subsidies to farmers. 政府正计划取消对农场主人的补贴。
expenditure, subsidy, investment, revenue
expenditure: 支出，花费
subsidy: 补助
investment: 投资
revenue: 税收
n. [财政] 补贴； [劳经] 津贴； [会计] [经] 补助金
 - pension, allowance

Word: boil
Front: boil
[bɔɪl] (高研四托雅 4258/4944 -K3)
Vocabulary: boil
(once / 107 pages)
1vn 2v 3n
If you heat water to 212° Fahrenheit, then expect to see it boil — bubbling as it turns from a liquid to a vapor. It's what a watched pot never seems to do!
If the water is bubbling and roiling, then it's probably boiling. Cooks boil stuff all the time on the stove; geysers and hot springs boil naturally. And if you spill boiled red cabbage on the new white couch, mom's temper might just boil over. So you see boil can be used both literally and figuratively — to depict boiling hot liquids or boiling hot tempers.
WORD FAMILY
boil: boiled, boiler, boiling, boils, overboil+/boiler: boilers/boiling: boilings/overboil: overboiled, overboiling, overboils
USAGE EXAMPLES
Gurley is nearly three weeks removed from the Rams’ 42-14 loss to the Atlanta Falcons, when his frustration boiled to the surface.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
“They stab them with a screwdriver, break the back shell off, clean them and then boil the body,” she said.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
In a small saucepan, combine the vinegar, soy sauce, sugar and chile flakes and bring to a boil over high heat, stirring once or twice.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 煮沸，沸腾; 疔，疖子; [医]疡肿，脓肿
vt. & vi. （使）沸腾，开
vt. 用开水煮，在沸水中煮
vi. 怒火中烧，异常气愤
时态：boiled, boiling, boils
分布：煮沸(42%)，沸腾(39%)，疖(7%)，激动(7%)，翻滚(5%)
→来自PIE *bhel, 膨胀，鼓起。词源同ball.
v.(使)沸腾,煮(沸)That makes George's blood boil.那事使乔治热血沸腾.
verb
HEAT LIQUID 热的液体
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to reach, or cause something to reach, the temperature at which a liquid starts to turn into a gas （使）沸腾，煮沸，烧开（液体）
• Liquid nitrogen boils at a very low temperature. 液态氮在很低的温度下就会达到沸点。
• She scalded herself on some boiling water. 她被开水烫伤了。
• If you give water to a small baby to drink, you have to boil it first. 如果你喂婴儿喝水，必须先把水烧开。
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to heat a container, especially one used for cooking, until the liquid in it starts to turn into a gas 煮沸，烧开（尤指做饭用的容器中的水）
• Could you boil the kettle for me? 你能替我烧壶水吗？
• The pan's boiling. 锅烧开了。
■ IMPROVER transitive
■to cook food by putting it in water that is boiling 在沸水中煮，烹煮
• I've boiled some potatoes for dinner. 晚饭我煮了些马铃薯。
• boiled carrots 煮熟的胡萝卜
boil dry
■If a container or food boils dry, all the liquid in the container in which the food was cooking turns to gas. 煮干，烧干
transitive
■to wash clothes in a container of very hot water 在沸水中洗（衣服）
[bɔɪl] verb
BE ANGRY 愤怒
[I usually continuous] informal
■to be extremely angry 暴怒
• He was boiling with rage. 他怒不可遏。
[bɔɪl] verb
can't boil an egg humorous
■Someone who can't boil an egg, is unable to cook even the simplest meal. 连煮个鸡蛋都不会，根本不会做饭
[bɔɪl] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  boil away
■When a liquid boils away, it all turns into a gas so that none of it is left in liquid form. （液体）汽化，煮干
[bɔɪl] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] boil (sth) down
■to heat a liquid or food so that part of it is turned into gas and its amount is reduced （使）煮浓；（使）熬浓
[bɔɪl] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] boil sth down
■to reduce information, usually so that it contains only its most important parts 浓缩，简化
• He had boiled down a lengthy report to just a few paragraphs. 他已将大篇幅的报告浓缩成了只有几段。
[bɔɪl] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  boil down to sth
■If a situation or problem boils down to something, that is the main reason for it （形势或问题）主要原因在于，归结为
• The problem boils down to one thing - lack of money. 问题归结为一点——缺钱。
[bɔɪl] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  boil over
PERSON
■If a difficult situation or negative emotion boils over, it cannot be controlled any more and people start to argue or fight. （形势或负面情绪）失去控制，爆发
LIQUID
■If a liquid that is being heated boils over, it rises up and flows over the edge of the pan （液体）沸溢，煮溢
• Take the milk off the heat before it boils over. 趁牛奶还没有煮沸溢出之前把它从火上拿下来。
■If a pan boils over, the liquid in it rises up and flows over the edge （容器）沸溢
• That saucepan is boiling over. 锅里的东西煮得溢出来了。
[bɔɪl] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  boil up
■If a bad emotion boils up, it becomes very strong and difficult to control （负面情绪）难以控制
• Anger suddenly boiled up in him. 他突然怒火中烧。
[bɔɪl] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] boil sth up
■to heat up liquid or food in a pan until it boils 烧开，煮沸
• Could you boil some water up for me? 你能为我烧点水吗？
[bɔɪl] noun
SWELLING 肿
countable
■a painful red swelling on the skin, that is filled with pus (= thick yellow liquid) 疖子，脓疮
[bɔɪl] noun
HEAT 加热
only singular
■when you wash or cook something in very hot water 煮；烹煮
the boil
■the state of boiling 沸腾（状态）
• Bring the water to the boil, then add the pasta. 先把水烧开，再加入面团。
• Let the liquid come to the boil and then reduce the heat. 先将液体煮沸，然后关小火。
[bɔɪl] noun
go off the boil UK
■to lose interest or become less urgent 失去兴趣；不再紧迫
• They were really excited about the project, but now they seem to have gone off the boil. 当初他们对这个企划案非常感兴趣，可现在似乎已经热情冷却了。
vi. 煮沸， [声] 沸腾；激动，激昂
 - warm, fire
vt. 煮沸，烧开；使…激动；使…蒸发
 - agitate
n. [声] 沸腾，煮沸；疖子
 - ebullition, gurgitation

Word: tragic
Front: tragic
[ˈtrædʒɪk] (研六 4259/4967 -2)
Vocabulary: tragic
(once / 127 pages)
adj
Tragic means sad on a grand scale. Rain on your parade? Sad. Weeks of rain leading to the destruction of a small town and the lives of those in it? Tragic.
Though the word tragic has come to be used for common sorrows, it's best reserved for the kind of sad, unavoidable situations that Shakespeare would have written about. In a staged tragedy, the main character comes to a sad end due to his or her one tragic flaw –– this lead is called a tragic hero.
WORD FAMILY
tragic: tragedy, tragically, tragicly+/ tragedy: tragedies, tragical/tragical: tragicalest
USAGE EXAMPLES
Mark Caldwell, one of the hotel’s managers, read a prepared statement calling the incident “a tragic accident.”
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
A manager at the Dupont Circle Hotel called the incident “a tragic accident” in a prepared statement.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The tragic lesson of Syria is that when the eagle flies away, the vultures move in.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 悲剧的; 悲惨的
分布：悲惨的(69%)，悲剧的(31%)
→来自 tragedy,悲剧（戏剧），-ic,形容词后缀。词义由戏剧的悲剧通俗化。
a.悲剧的,悲惨的His brother died in a tragic accident.他的兄弟死于不幸的事故.
adjective
 ADVANCED
■very sad, often involving death and suffering 哀痛的；悲惨的
• His friends were deeply shocked and saddened by the tragic news of his death. 朋友得知他不幸去世的消息都深感震惊和哀痛。
• The bomb explosion resulted in a tragic loss of life. 炸弹爆炸造成人员丧生的惨剧。
• Hospital authorities admitted that a tragic mistake/error had taken place. 医院管理方承认出现了造成悲惨后果的错误／失误。
• It is tragic that the theatre has had to close. 不幸的是，这家剧院不得不关闭。
■belonging or relating to literature about death or suffering 悲剧的
• During his acting career, he has played all Shakespeare's great tragic heroes. 在他的演员生涯中，他扮演过莎士比亚戏剧中所有著名的悲剧主人翁。
adj. 悲剧的；悲痛的，不幸的
 - evil, unfortunate

Word: mathematics
Front: mathematics
[ˌmæθəˈmætɪks] (中四六托雅 4257/3593 -K2)
Vocabulary: mathematics
(once / 341 pages)
n
Mathematics is the long word for "math," or the science of numbers and shapes and what they mean. Most people need mathematics everyday to count and measure.
Mathematics is technically a plural noun — geometry, algebra, calculus: all of these are mathematics — but usually it is treated as singular. That's why a person says, mathematics is my favorite subjects, not mathematics are my favorite subject. The word mathematics comes from the Greek word manthanein, meaning "to learn."
WORD FAMILY
mathematics: mathematical, mathematician +/mathematical: mathematically/ mathematician: mathematicians
USAGE EXAMPLES
All four of her children later gained doctorates in mathematics or the natural sciences.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
“Models are opinions embedded in mathematics,” she writes.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
All four of their children received doctorates in science or mathematics.
Washington Post(Dec 26, 2016)
Back: n. 数学; 〈诗〉同“ripen”; 算学
分布：数学(100%)
→来自拉丁语mathematica(复数)，数学，来自希腊语mathema,科学，知识，数学知识，来自manthanein,学习，来自mendh,学习，可能最终来自men,思想，思考，词源同mind,mania.
US [-'mætˌ-] noun uncountable (UK informal maths) (US informal math) formal
 IMPROVER
■the study of numbers, shapes and space using reason and usually a special system of symbols and rules for organizing them 数学
⇒ See also algebra;arithmetic;geometry
n. [数] 数学；数学运算
 - arith

Word: mechanic
Front: mechanic
[məˈkænɪk] (研四六 4260/4979 -2)
Vocabulary: mechanic
(once / 134 pages)
nadj
A mechanic is a person who builds or repairs engines or other machines. Mechanics are trained to use special tools and often work in shops or garages. If you are planning to be a mechanic, you have to be prepared to get your hands dirty.
The most common type of mechanic works on vehicles like cars, motorcycles, tractors, or airplanes. If your car is making a strange noise, you should probably take it to a mechanic. The oldest meaning of this word was simply "laborer," or "person who works with his hands," from the Greek root mekhanikos, "engineer." The current sense of mechanic came into use along with the popularity of the automobile.
WORD FAMILY
mechanic: mechanics, mechanism +/ mechanical: mechanically, mechanise, mechanize, nonmechanical, unmechanical/ mechanics: mechanical /mechanisation: mechanisations/mechanise: mechanisation, mechanised/mechanised: unmechanised/ mechanism: mechanisms, mechanist, mechanistic/mechanist: mechanists/mechanistic: mechanistically, nonmechanistic/mechanization: mechanizations/mechanize: mechanization, mechanized, mechanizes, mechanizing/mechanized: unmechanized
USAGE EXAMPLES
Knott’s representatives say their mechanics tried several times to get the enclosed, circular tram down before calling the Orange County Fire Authority to assist.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Reynold's son said: "It's what we want to do, but we're still working on the mechanics. "We like the idea, if it's at all possible.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
When we finally got the backup generator to the garage and started warming it up, the mechanic arrived and found that it was broken.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 技工，机修工
分布：技工(52%)，机修工(43%)，手工的(5%)
→来自拉丁mechanicus,机械师，来自machina,机械，引擎，工具，词源同machine.
机械师[mach,mech=machine,表示"机器"]
n.技工,机修工The mechanical mechanic knows the technique and technology of the echo mechanism.呆板的机修工知道共鸣装置的技术和工艺.
noun
JOB 工作
 ADVANCED countable
■someone whose job is repairing the engines of vehicles and other machines 技师；机工；机械师
• a car/garage/motor mechanic 汽车修理工
[mə'kæn.ɪk] noun
STUDY 学科
mechanics
uncountable
■the study of the effect of physical forces on objects and their movement 力学；机械学
[mə'kæn.ɪk] noun
WAY OF WORKING 运作方式
the mechanics
[plural] informal
■the way something works or happens 例行方法，运作方式
• He knows a lot about the mechanics of running a school. 对于如何管理一所学校，他所知甚多。
n. [劳经] 技工，机修工
 - servicemen, technical worker
adj. 手工的
 - manual, handmade

Word: jar
Front: jar
[dʒɑ:(r)] (高研四六托宝 4262/5688 -2)
Vocabulary: jar
(once / 308 pages)
1nv 2vn
A jar is a smooth-sided, round container that's often made of glass. Jars are useful for storing food, from rice to tea bags to cookies.
A wide-mouth jar made of pottery might hold Oreos, and a small, short jar could contain homemade jam. When you put something in a jar, you jar it. Another way to use the verb version of jar is to mean "shock painfully or unpleasantly:" "Every bump we drove over in the old Jeep would jar my whole body." The jar that's a container probably stems from the Middle French jarre, "liquid measure."
WORD FAMILY
jar: jared, jarful, jarred, jarring, jars+/jarful: jarfuls/ jarring: jarringest, jarringly
USAGE EXAMPLES
McGloin underwent an MRI on Monday after being roughed in the second quarter by Jared Crick.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The manner of Liverpool’s 19th-minute opener jarred with the quality of the early attacking play in northeast England.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“Bannon, Jared and I work together extremely well,” he said in an interview.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 罐子; （啤酒）杯; 缸; 猛然震动
vi. 发出刺耳的声音; 不和谐; 不一致; （对…）产生不快的影响
vt. 使震动
时态：jarred, jarring, jars
分布：坛子(31%)，广口瓶(28%)，震动(14%)，冲突(6%)，刺耳声(6%)，扰乱(4%)，发刺耳声(4%)，震荡(4%)，不协调(3%)
→来自阿拉伯语jarrah,陶罐。jar 刺耳声，撞击
n.罐坛,广口瓶In the bar the barber bargained for a jar of jam, then got over the barrier of barrels.在酒巴里理发师为一罐果酱讲了价然后越过桶作的屏障.
【记】读：炸－震动
US [dʒɑ:r] noun countable
CONTAINER 容器
 ADVANCED
■a glass or clay container, with a wide opening at the top and sometimes a fitted lid, which is usually used for storing food 罐子，坛子；广口瓶
• a jar of coffee/pickled onions 一罐咖啡／腌洋葱
• a jam jar 果酱罐子
■UK informal
■a drink of beer 一杯啤酒
• We often have a jar or two at the pub after work. 我们经常在下班后到酒吧喝一两杯啤酒。
UK [dʒɑ:r] US [dʒɑ:r] noun countable
SHAKE 摇动
■a sudden forceful or unpleasant shake or movement 震摇；颠簸；撞击
• With every jar of the carriage, the children shrieked with excitement. 车厢每剧烈震动一下，孩子就兴奋地尖叫。
UK [dʒɑ:r] US [dʒɑ:r] verb (-rr-)
SHAKE 摇动
intransitive or transitive
■to shake or move someone or something unpleasantly or violently 震动，（猛烈地）摇动
• The sudden movement jarred his injured ribs. 突然的一个动作震痛了他受伤的肋骨。
UK [dʒɑ:r] US [dʒɑ:r] verb (-rr-)
NOT PLEASANT 不愉快的
intransitive or transitive
■If a sight, sound or experience jars, it is so different or unexpected that it has a strong and unpleasant effect on something or someone （使）感到不快；刺激（神经等）
• The harsh colours jarred the eye. 这些强烈的色彩很刺眼。
• A screech of brakes jarred the silence. 刺耳的煞车声划破了宁静。
UK [dʒɑ:r] US [dʒɑ:r] verb (-rr-)
NOT RIGHT 不正确的
intransitive
■to disagree or seem wrong or unsuitable 冲突；不和谐，不一致
• This comment jars with the opinions we have heard expressed elsewhere. 这个评论和我们在其他地方听到的意见不一致。
UK [dʒɑ:r] US [dʒɑ:r] verb (-rr-)
  Phrasal Verbs  jar on sb
■If something, especially a noise, jars on you, it annoys you （尤指噪音等）使（某人）不快
• His rather superior manner jars on me. 他那高高在上的样子令我不快。
• That squeaky voice is beginning to jar on me. 那尖细的说话声开始让我不舒服了。
n. [陶瓷] 罐； [轻] 广口瓶；震动；刺耳声
 - pot, shock
vi. 冲突；不一致；震惊；发刺耳声
 - collide with, conflict with
vt. 震动；刺激；使震动
 - stimulate, fan, shock

Word: respect
Front: respect
[rɪˈspekt] (高研四六托 1554/1476 -K4)
Vocabulary: respect
(once / 30 pages)
1vn 2n
Respect is a way of treating or thinking about something or someone. If you respect your teacher, you admire her and treat her well.
People respect others who are impressive for any reason, such as being in authority — like a teacher or cop — or being older — like a grandparent. You show respect by being polite and kind. For a lot of people, taking your hat off is a show of respect. When people are insulted or treated badly, they feel they haven't been treated with respect. You can respect things as well as people. Saying the Pledge of Allegiance shows respect to your country.
WORD FAMILY
respect: disrespect, respectable, respected, respecter, respectful, respecting, respects, self-respect+/ disrespect: disrespected, disrespecting, disrespects/ disrespectful: disrespectfully/respectability: respectabilities/ respectable: respectability, respectabler, respectablest, respectably, unrespectable/respecter: respecters/ respectful: disrespectful, respectfully, respectfulness, self-respectful/respecting: self-respecting/unrespectable: unrespectability
USAGE EXAMPLES
They might be overprotective, but they are the parents and you should respect their role.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
In 2015 he called Mr. Putin “a man so highly respected within his own country and beyond.”
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
“It is so smooth that in some respects it doesn’t even look dictatorial,” he said.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 尊重; 尊敬; 关心; 遵守
n. 尊重，恭敬; 敬意; 某方面
时态：respected, respecting, respects
分布：尊重(56%)，尊敬(23%)，方面(11%)，遵守(3%)，敬重(3%)，关于(1%)，问候(1%)，关系(1%)，涉及(1%)
→re-,再，-spect,看，词源同 specter,retrospect.即再看，反复看，引申词义尊敬，尊重。
尊敬(re再+spect→再看[一眼]→尊敬)[spect,spic=look,see,表示"看"]
n./v.尊敬,尊重n.敬意,问候,关系,方面The respectful spectator gave the prospective president a retrospect of the spectacular spectrum.恭敬的旁观者对未来的总统回顾了壮观的光谱(景象).
【记】re反复，spect看：反复看你，是因为你受到了尊敬
【区】respective（adj 分别的；各自的）
【反】deride（v 嘲弄；嘲笑）
noun
ADMIRATION 钦佩
 IMPROVER uncountable
■admiration felt or shown for someone or something that you believe has good ideas or qualities 敬重；尊重；注重；重视
• I have great/the greatest respect for his ideas, although I don't agree with them. 我非常尊重他的想法，不过我并不赞同这些想法。
• She is a formidable figure who commands a great deal of respect (= who is greatly admired by others). 她是个令人敬畏的人，赢得了大家的无限敬重。
• New teachers have to earn/gain the respect of their students. 新教师必须要赢得学生的尊重。
⇒ See also self-respect
[rɪ'spekt] noun
HONOUR 敬意
 IMPROVER uncountable
■politeness, honour and care shown towards someone or something that is considered important 尊敬；敬意；敬重
• You really should treat your parents with more respect. 你待你父母真应该多几分尊重。
• She has no respect for other people's property (= She does not treat it carefully). 她对别人的财物一点都不爱惜。
 ADVANCED uncountable
■when you accept that something which is established or formally agreed is right or important and do not attempt to change it or harm it 考虑；顾及；重视
• In their senseless killing of innocent people, the terrorists have shown their lack of respect for human life. 恐怖分子无谓滥杀无辜，暴露出他们草菅人命的本质。
• She grumbled that young people today have/show no respect for the law. 她抱怨说现在的年轻人漠视法律。
 ADVANCED uncountable
■when you accept that different customs or cultures are different from your own and behave towards them in a way which would not cause offence （对不同风俗和文化的）尊重，开明
• She teaches the students to have respect for different races and appreciate the diversity of other cultures. 她教育学生要尊重不同种族的人，要认识到其他文化的多样性。
sb's respects formal
■polite formal greetings （某人的）敬意，问候
• Please convey/give my respects to your parents. 请代我向你父母致以敬意／转达问候。
[rɪ'spekt] noun
FEATURE 特点
 ADVANCED countable
■a particular feature or detail 方面；细节
• This proposal differs from the last one in many important respects/one important respect. 本提案在很多重要的方面／在一个重要的方面与上一提案不同。
• In most respects, the new film is better than the original. 在大多数方面，这部新翻拍的电影要比老版本好。
[rɪ'spekt] noun
in respect of sth (also with respect to sth) formal
■in connection with something 关于；至于；就…而言
• I am writing with respect to your letter of 15 June. 兹覆阁下6月15日来函。
[rɪ'spekt] noun
pay your respects formal
■to visit someone in order to welcome them or talk to them 拜访
• We went to pay our respects to our new neighbours. 我们去拜访了我们的新邻居。
(also pay your last respects)
■to honour someone after their death, usually by going to their funeral （通常指参加葬礼）（向死者）表示敬意，告别
• Friends and relatives came to pay their last respects to Mr Clarke. 亲友们前来向克拉克先生告别。
[rɪ'spekt] noun
with (all due) respect (also with (the greatest) respect)
■used to express polite disagreement in a formal situation （用于正式场合礼貌地表示异议）恕我直言
• With all due respect, Minister, I cannot agree with your last statement. 恕我直言，部长先生，我不能同意您最后的那部分阐述。
[rɪ'spekt] verb transitive
ADMIRE 尊重
 IMPROVER
■to feel or show admiration for someone or something that you believe has good ideas or qualities 敬重；尊重；注重；重视
• I deeply respect David for what he has achieved. 大卫的成就令我非常敬佩。
respect yourself
■to have pride in your own qualities or achievements 自尊；自重
[rɪ'spekt] verb transitive
HONOUR 敬意
 IMPROVER
■to treat something or someone with kindness and care 尊重；善待；精心对待
• to respect someone's feelings 尊重别人的感情
• We should respect the environment and not pollute it. 我们应当善待环境，不去污染它。
 ADVANCED
■to accept the importance of someone's rights or customs and to do nothing that would harm them or cause them offence （对别人的权利或风俗）尊重，重视，礼待
• The agreement will respect the rights of both nations. 这项协定将会尊重两国各自的权利。
• I would appreciate it if you would respect my privacy. 如果您能尊重我的隐私我会非常感谢。
■to accept that something which is established or formally agreed is right or important and not to attempt to change it or harm it 信守；维持；不损害
• The president pledged to respect the existing frontiers between the two countries. 总统承诺维持两国间疆界现状。
■to think that it is important to obey a law or rule 遵守；遵奉；不违背
• I was always taught to respect the law. 我一直被教导要遵纪守法。
respect sb's wishes
■to do what someone has asked to have done 尊重（某人）的意愿；按（某人）的要求去做
• His children respected his last wishes and held a simple funeral for him. 他的子女尊重他的遗愿，为他举行了简单的葬礼。
admiration, honour, esteem, regard, respect
这组词都有“尊敬、尊重、敬意”的意思，其区别是：
admiration: 指除表示尊敬外，还常伴随有一种真挚的倾慕之情。
honour: 指对长辈或有地位、有名望、有功劳的人公开表示极大敬意或软佩。
esteem: 除表示尊敬之外，还暗示由此可而产生的称赞。
regard: 最正式用词，中性，与respect和honour近义。
respect: 指对年长、地位较高的人的尊敬，对他人成就、行为或见解等经过仔细评估后而表示尊重，暗示在上述人面前表现谦恭和有礼貌。
honour, esteem, regard, admire, respect
这组词都有“尊重、钦佩”的意思，其区别是：
honour: 侧重指对某人或某物表示极大的敬意。
esteem: 除表示尊敬之外，还暗示由此而产生的称赞。
regard: 最正式用词，中性，含义不很明确，一般需用修饰语加强或明确其意。
admire: 侧重指对某人或某物的仰慕、钦佩，并含欣赏爱慕之情。
respect: 指对人的行为、品德、才华或成就等的仰慕尊重。尤指对年长或地位高的人的尊敬。
n. 尊敬，尊重；方面；敬意
 - estimation, aspect, regard, side, worship
vt. 尊敬，尊重；遵守
 - honor, esteem, worship

Word: earthquake
Front: earthquake
[ˈɜ:θkweɪk] (高研四六托 4261/6891 -2)
Vocabulary: earthquake
(once / 406 pages)
n
If you're visiting your friend in California and her house starts to shake, you might be experiencing an earthquake, which is the shaking of the surface of the earth that happens when there's movement deep underground.
Earthquake is one of those words that means exactly what it sounds like: the earth is quaking. Earthquakes happen along "fault lines," the places where the big plates of the earth meet and rub up against each other during volcanic activities. We also use earthquake metaphorically, to talk about something that causes a violent upheaval.
WORD FAMILY
earthquake: earthquakes
USAGE EXAMPLES
And earthquake monitors said there was no temblor.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Geological Survey says the back-to-back earthquakes hit Monday morning near Pawnee, about 75 miles northeast of Oklahoma City.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“There’s always reason to be concerned for a bigger earthquake,” Hauksson said.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 地震; 大变动; 动乱
分布：地震(100%)
→earth, 地球。-quake, 震动。
n.地震Early I searched through the earth for earthware so as to research in earthquake.早先我在泥土中搜寻陶器以研究地震.
US ['ɝ:θ-] noun countable
■a sudden violent movement of the Earth's surface, sometimes causing great damage 地震
• In 1906 an earthquake destroyed much of San Francisco. 1906年的大地震给旧金山大部分市区带来毁灭性的灾难。
n. [地震] 地震；大动荡
 - temblor, seismic event

Word: pork
Front: pork
[pɔ:k] (中高 4267/7722 -2)
Back: n. 猪肉; 〈美俚〉支持政党上台所分到的好处，政治分肥; 〈古〉猪
分布：猪肉(100%)
→来自古法语porc,猪，野猪，来自拉丁语porcus,猪，来自porko,小猪，来自perk,挖，拱，词源同farrow,furrow.引申词义猪肉。由印欧语的动作词干来命名相关动作的人或物为印欧语的常用命名法。
猪肉[porc=pig,表示"猪"]
n.猪肉In the cork workshop, the workers fork the pork.在软木车间,工人们用叉子叉猪肉.
US [pɔ:rk] noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■meat from a pig, eaten as food 猪肉
• a pork chop 猪排
• pork sausages 猪肉香肠
n. 猪肉
 - pig, pigmeat

Word: creativity
Front: creativity
[ˌkri:eɪ'tɪvətɪ] (4268/6722)
Vocabulary: creativity
(once / 3254 pages)
n
Creativity is the ability to transcend the ordinary. It's the critical thinking skill that allows you to "think outside the box" to come up with original solutions to problems.
We often think of creativity as limited to the arts, but it is a necessary element in all areas of life. Without creativity we would not have the mathematical theories that presented us with fractals, or the technological imagination that could foresee people walking on the moon. It was creativity that harnessed lightning into electricity and later used that electricity to send messages through wires. Without creativity, we probably would never have invented the wheel or domesticated fire!
WORD FAMILY
creative: creatively, creativeness, creativity, uncreative+/ create: created, creates, creating, creation, creative, creator, creature, miscreate, re-create, recreate /created: re-created/ creation: creationism, creations, re-creation/ creator: creators/ creature: creatures/miscreate: miscreated, miscreating, miscreation/miscreation: miscreations/re-create: re-creating/ recreate: recreated, recreates, recreating, recreation / recreation: recreational, recreations/ recreational: nonrecreational, recreationally/uncreative: uncreatively, uncreativeness
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Pearl Auto is a great example of the creativity and innovation driving the iPhone ecosystem,” said Josh Rosenstock, an Apple spokesman.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“I really like the creativity that we use to modify them,” she said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The celebration includes the recognition of the seven Kwanzaa principles of unity, self-determination, collective work and responsibility, cooperative economics, purpose, creativity and faith.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 创造性，创造力，创作能力
分布：创造(62%)，创造力(38%)
创造力(create创造)[-ivity表名词,由-ive+ity组成,"有…能力或特性"]
ADJ-GRADED
(尤指在艺术方面)有创造力的，有想象力的
A creative person has the ability to invent and develop original ideas, especially in the arts.
例：Like so many creative people he was never satisfied.像许多富于创造力的人一样，他从不满足。
例：...her obvious creative talents.她显而易见的创作才能
ADJ
创造(性)的;创作的
Creative activities involve the inventing and making of new kinds of things.
例：...creative writing...创造性写作
例：...creative arts...创作型艺术
ADJ-GRADED
创新的;富有创意的
If you use something in a creative way, you use it in a new way that produces interesting and unusual results.
例：...his creative use of words.他对词语的创造性运用
N-COUNT
(尤指广告)创意人员，创作者
A creative is someone whose job is to be creative, especially someone who creates advertisements.
例：Along with scores of other advertising creatives, he will be taking part in an exhibition at the Saatchi gallery.他将和许多广告创意人员一起参加在萨奇画廊举行的画展。
n. 创造力；创造性
 - creative power, originality

Word: safely
Front: safely
[ˈseɪfli] (四六 4266/3916 -K)
Vocabulary: safely
(once / 214 pages)
adv
Do something in a careful or cautious way, and you'll do it safely. The most important thing you'll learn in a drivers ed class is to drive safely.
"Travel safely!" you might call to a departing friend. You're encouraging them to avoid danger as they make their way home. You can bike safely by wearing a helmet and using hand signals, and use power tools safely by following all the rules and focusing on your work. Safely comes from safe and its Latin root salvus, "uninjured or in good health."
WORD FAMILY
safe: safely, safeness, safer, safes, safest, unsafe+/unsafe: unsafely, unsafest
USAGE EXAMPLES
CCS captures CO2 from factories and power plants, and stores it safely under ground.
Time(Dec 01, 2016)
They later updated that the festive beaver was “safely rescued by animal control and was released to a wildlife rehabilitator.”
Time(Dec 01, 2016)
“With the right guidance they could do everything safely,” Todd said.
The Guardian(Nov 30, 2016)
Back: adv. 安全地; 平安地
分布：安全地(56%)，有把握地(22%)，无风险地(11%)，稳定地(11%)
adverb
 IMPROVER
■in a safe way 安全地，平安地；可靠地
• We all arrived safely. 我们都安全到达。
• Drive safely (= Do not take any risks) ! 谨慎驾驶！
• Are the children safely fastened into their car seats? 车里的孩子们都系好安全带了吗？
• I think we can safely (= with no risk of being wrong) say they won't find us now. 我觉得我们可以有把握地说，他们现在找不到我们。
adv. 安全地
 - securely, wholesomely

Word: underlying
Front: underlying
[ˌʌndəˈlaɪɪŋ] (研六托雅宝 4265/3334 -2)
Vocabulary: underlying
(once / 945 pages)
adj
The obvious meaning of underlying refers to something beneath something else. But the word carries a more subtle meaning, that of something hidden but important, something that shapes the meaning or effect of something else, without being explicit itself.
Consider the adjective underlying as referring to a "subtext," which is something hidden. An example is sarcasm, when a person says one thing but means the opposite. In theater, an actor develops subtext for his or her character to establish an underlying reason for what that character says and does. Life is full of underlying reasons we do things. Worry over a grandparent's illness might be the underlying reason a child fails a test. (Then again, maybe she just didn't study.)
WORD FAMILY
underlie: underlain, underlies, underlying +/ liar: liars/ lie: lain, liar, lied, lies, lying, overlie, underlie /lied: lieder, lieds/ lying: lyings/overlie: overlain, overlies, overlying
USAGE EXAMPLES
The underlying absurdity of those shows was redoubled through his lens, occasionally in the form of magical realism.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
But it would appear that a lack of demand is the underlying narrative from toy firms in the UK.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
Yet he also sustains an underlying sense of tension, revealing a deeper musical structure that evokes an ever-intensifying spiritual struggle.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 潜在的，含蓄的; 基础的; 表面下的，下层的; [法]优先的
v. 优先于(underlie的ing形式); 构成…的基础（或起因），引起
分布：潜在的(59%)，基本的(18%)，隐含的(11%)，在下面的(9%)，动词underlie的现在分词(3%)
a.含蓄的,潜在的;在下面的The degraded undergraduate upgraded the underlying virus program.被降职的大学生升级基础的病毒计划.
【记】under下，lying（adj 躺着的）：基础的
US [-dɚ-] adjective [before noun]
 ADVANCED
■real but not immediately obvious 暗含的；深层的；潜在的
• And what might be the underlying significance of these supposedly random acts? 这些看似偶然的行为，其暗含的意义可能是甚么呢？
adj. 潜在的；根本的；在下面的；优先的
 - organic, potential, fundamental, preferred, ultimate

Word: dessert
Front: dessert
[dɪˈzɜ:t] (高研六托 4269/9993 -2)
Vocabulary: dessert
(once / 1380 pages)
n
Served as the last course of a meal, a dessert is often sweet, like cake or pie. If you have a sweet tooth, you may wish it were the only course of the meal.
The word dessert originates from an interesting French word, desservir, which actually means "to clear the table." After the dinner dishes are removed, the host brings out the dessert. These days, desserts don't always have to be a sweet course, but can instead be a savory or a cheese course. Other offbeat treats include Vidalia onion ice cream and radish pie.
WORD FAMILY
dessert: desserts
USAGE EXAMPLES
Tim and I enjoy our drinks and dessert of deep-fried Snickers, which is indulgence par excellence.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Even if you are usually disinclined to order dessert at Chinese restaurants, you really should try the fried rice cakes with black sugar.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Try it with a creamy pastry dessert or with blueberry pancakes on New Year’s morning.
Washington Post(Dec 23, 2016)
Back: n. 餐后甜食; 甜点
分布：名词(100%)
→des-, 不，非，使相反。-sert, 服务，词源同deserts, serve. 即停止正餐服务，上甜点。
n.正餐后的水果或甜食The assessor asserts that he inserted the deserted desserts in the desert with alert.估价人认定他用警惕把被抛弃的甜点心插入沙漠中.
US [-'zɝ:t] noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■sweet food eaten at the end of a meal 甜食，甜品
• a dessert fork/spoon 甜品叉／匙
• For dessert there's apple pie, cheesecake or fruit. 甜品有苹果派、起司蛋糕和水果可供选择。
• If you make the main course, I'll make a dessert. 如果你做主菜，那我就来做甜品。
desert, dessert
desert: 沙漠。如：Have you ever been to a desert?
dessert: 甜食。如：What would you like for dessert, an apple pie or ice-cream?

Word: sympathy
Front: sympathy
[ˈsɪmpəθi] (高研四六托 4270/3089 -K3)
Vocabulary: sympathy
(once / 66 pages)
n
Sympathy is a feeling of pity or sense of compassion — it's when you feel bad for someone else who's going through something hard.
The ability to feel sympathy for others is a great part of what make us human, and it's what compels us to reach out and offer help. So have sympathy for people who confuse this word with empathy — they're awfully close in meaning. Feeling sympathy means you feel sorry for someone's situation, even if you've never been there yourself. Empathy is when you truly understand and can feel what another person is going though.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
empathy / sympathy
Empathy is heartbreaking — you experience other people's pain and joy. Sympathy is easier because you just have to feel sorry for someone. Send a sympathy card if someone's cat died; feel empathy if your cat died, too.
Empathy was first used to describe how a viewer's appreciation of art depends on her ability to project her personality onto the art. These days it applies to anything you can basically "project your personality" on. When you feel what someone else feels, that's empathy. It's a good skill for doctors, actors, and characters from Star Trek:
Nearly all medical schools teach the importance of listening to patients and showing empathy. (New York Times)
"I've always thought of acting as more of an exercise in empathy." (Edward Norton)
In Star Trek: The Next Generation, Commander Deanna Troi was an empath: she could psychically sense other people's emotions. She experienced their emotions as they did.
Sympathy is an older word, from the Greek sympatheia, for "having a fellow feeling." It's a snuggly, comforting word. It's nice to get sympathy if you're feeling under the weather. To feel sympathy for someone is to feel bad for them:
This has already proved effective at drawing attention and sympathy. (Slate)
Police show no sympathy for "polite bandit." (Chicago Tribune)
So many dramas resort to cadging sympathy for their troubled characters by killing off loved ones. (Time)
If you're feeling empathy, you're in (em) the feeling. If it's sympathy, you're feeling sorry for someone.
WORD FAMILY
sympathy: sympathetic, sympathies, sympathise, sympathize +/ sympathetic: sympathetically, unsympathetic/sympathise: sympathised, sympathiser, sympathises, sympathising/sympathiser: sympathisers/sympathising: unsympathising/ sympathize: sympathized, sympathizer, sympathizes, sympathizing/ sympathizer: sympathizers/sympathizing: unsympathizing/unsympathetic: unsympathetically/unsympathizing: unsympathizingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
But Cleveland Cavaliers star LeBron James showed sympathy after her defeat.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Dispatcher Josh Nelson, 27, answered a call from a homicide suspect wanting to explain the killing in an effort to gain his sympathy.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
The real disappointment is the lack of any sympathy for my fellow Turkish citizens who continue to be victims of cowardly acts by terrorists.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 意气相投，同感; 同情，同情心; 慰问; 和谐的一致
分布：同情(78%)，同情心(9%)，慰问(7%)，赞同(4%)，同感(2%)
→sym-,一起，一致，-path,感觉，词源同 antipathy,empathy.
同情(sym+pathy感情)[sym-,syn-表示"共同,相同"]
同情,怜悯(sym共同+pathy→共同感情→同情)[path=feeling,suffering,illness,表示"感情,痛苦,病"]
n.同情,同情心;赞同,同感;慰问In the thesis the synthetic symbol symbolizes sympathy.在论文中这个综合符号代表同情.
noun
UNDERSTANDING 理解
 IMPROVER uncountable
■(an expression of) understanding and care for someone else's suffering 同情（心），理解
• The president has sent a message of sympathy to the relatives of the dead soldiers. 总统已经向阵亡士兵的家属发出吊唁电报。
• I don't have much sympathy for her - I think she's brought her troubles on herself. 我不太同情她——我觉得她是在自找麻烦。
Compare empathy
offer/send your sympathies formal
■to express your sadness to someone because a relation or friend of theirs has recently died 慰问，吊唁，吊慰
• I went along to the funeral in order to offer my sympathies. 我去参加葬礼以表吊慰。
['sɪm.pə.θi] noun
SUPPORT 支持
uncountable
■support and agreement 支持，赞同
• I must confess I have some sympathy with his views. 我必须承认我比较赞同他的观点。
sympathies [plural]
■support 支持
• Of those people questioned, 93% said their sympathies were with the teachers. 接受调查的人当中有93%表示支持教师。
• He is known to have right-wing sympathies. 大家都知道他支持右派。
come out in sympathy with sb
■to stop working in order to show your support for other workers who are on strike 参加罢工以支持（某人）
• The railway workers came out in sympathy with the miners. 铁路工人加入罢工，声援煤矿工人。
pity, sympathy, compassion, mercy
这组词都有“同情、怜悯”的意思，其区别是：
pity: 指对弱者、不幸者所表示的怜惜之情。
sympathy: 普通常用词，含义广。指志趣、看法上的一致，也指感情相投，带有深深的恻隐之心的亲切之情。
compassion: 较正式较庄重用词，指对同等人的同情与理解，常含急切愿意帮忙的意味。
mercy: 侧重指对应受惩罚或地位卑下者的慈悲或怜悯。
n. 同情；慰问；赞同
 - acceptance, feeling, compassion, pity

Word: fisherman
Front: fisherman
[ˈfɪʃəmən] (中高研四六 4272/5287 -2)
Back: n. 渔夫，渔民
分布：渔夫(92%)，渔船(8%)
n.渔夫,捕鱼人The fisherman wishes to finish the dish of reddish fish.渔夫希望做完那盘略带红色的鱼.
US [-ɚ-] noun countable
■someone who catches fish, especially as their job 抓鱼（或钓鱼）的人；（尤指）渔民
n. 渔夫；渔人
 - peterman

Word: incredibly
Front: incredibly
[ɪnˈkredəbli] (4271/6362)
Vocabulary: incredibly
(once / 1419 pages)
1adv 2adv
You can use the adverb incredibly to mean "extremely," like your best friend's incredibly disturbing Halloween costume.
The word incredibly describes anything that is so fantastic, you almost doubt it's real. You might describe an incredibly fast runner or your incredibly strange French teacher. Incredibly can also describe amazement, like incredibly, someone returned your missing wallet, with everything still in it. The Latin root is incredibilis, "that cannot be believed."
WORD FAMILY
incredible: incredibility, incredibleness, incredibly +/ credibility: credibilities/ credible: credibility, credibleness, crediblest, credibly, incredible /incredibility: incredibilities
USAGE EXAMPLES
"This is an incredibly sensitive moment in this proceeding," Gergel said.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“With the legislation currently in place, it’s incredibly difficult for law enforcement to track down guns that emerge from the secondary market.”
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
“This is an incredibly sensitive moment in this proceeding,” Gergel said.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adv. 难以置信地，很，极为
分布：难以置信地(80%)，极其(20%)
adverb
DIFFICULT TO BELIEVE 难以置信地
 IMPROVER
■used for saying that something is very difficult to believe 难以置信地
• Incredibly, no one was hurt in the accident. 意外中居然没有人受伤，这真是令人难以置信。
[ɪn'kred.ɪ.bli] adverb
EXTREMELY 极其
■extremely 极其
• He was incredibly rich/angry/quick. 他极其富有／生气／迅速。
• An incredibly loud bang followed the flash. 闪电之后跟着一声震耳欲聋的巨响。
adv. 难以置信地；非常地
 - considerably, remarkably

Word: isolation
Front: isolation
[ˌaɪsəˈleɪʃn] (托雅 4276/3666 -2)
Vocabulary: isolation
(once / 749 pages)
n
Isolation means completely alone, like the stranded skiers who were in total isolation after an avalanche stranded them at the top of a mountain.
People who live in isolation are completely cut off from the rest of the world, like the hermit who lives in a lonely mountain cabin because no one understands his desire to collect thimbles. A really contagious illness can land patients in isolation at their local hospital, kept separate from the rest of the hospital so they don't share their disease with the other patients. A country can exist in isolation, left alone because other nations don't agree with its policies.
WORD FAMILY
isolation: isolationism, isolations+/ isolate: isolable, isolated, isolates, isolating, isolation / isolated: isolatedly/ isolationism: isolationist, isolationistic/isolationist: isolationists
USAGE EXAMPLES
Medically vulnerable children such as Arianna and AJ are often forced to live lives of social isolation and separation from their peers.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The sense of isolation from the modern metropolises on the faraway coast persists.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Their isolation ended as suddenly as it began.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 隔离; 隔离状态; 孤独; 孤立状态
adj. 孤立主义的; 孤立主义者的
分布：隔离(71%)，孤立(29%)
→来自isolate,隔离，孤立。引申词义孤独。
noun uncountable
■the condition of being alone, especially when this makes you feel unhappy 孤独
• The prisoner had been kept in isolation for three days. 这个犯人已被隔离三天了。
• After all the visitors had left, she experienced a feeling of complete isolation. 所有的客人离开后，她有一种异常孤独的感觉。
■when something is separate and not connected to other things 孤立
• I can't think about it in isolation (= separately) - I need some examples of the problem. 我无法孤立地考虑这个问题——我需要一些例子。
n. [电子] 隔离；孤立； [电] 绝缘； [化学] 离析
 - insulation, segregation

Word: sock
Front: sock
[sɒk] (高研四六宝 4277/5063 -K2)
Back: n. 短袜; （尤指用拳头）猛击，重击
vt. 重击; 给…穿袜
时态：socked, socking, socks
分布：短袜(100%)
→来自古英语 socc,拖鞋，便鞋，来自拉丁语 soccus,拖鞋，特指一种古罗马时期喜剧演员穿的 滑稽的毛织的低根鞋。后引申词义短袜，原词义不再使用。动词词义猛击，重击可能来自其 比喻义，即把别人的袜子都打落。
n.(pl.)短袜The mocker knocked the stock with the knots on the stocking and sock.嘲笑者用长袜和短裤上的结鼓打存货.
【记】你用sock熏他，他就会sock你！
US [sɑ:k] noun
CLOTHES 衣物
 IMPROVER countable (plural socks or US ALSO sox)
■a piece of clothing made from soft material which covers your foot and lower part of the leg 短袜，袜子
• a pair of socks 一双短袜
• nylon/woollen/cotton socks 尼龙／羊毛／纯棉短袜
• thermal socks 保暖袜
• ankle/knee socks 及脚踝／膝的短袜
• Put on your shoes and socks. 穿上鞋袜。
• The little boy was wearing odd/ US usuallymismatched socks (= socks of different colours). 小男孩穿着两只不成对的袜子。
UK [sɒk] US [sɑ:k] noun
HIT 击
countable usually singular old-fashioned slang
■a powerful hit 重重的一击
• a sock on the jaw 下巴挨的重重一拳
UK [sɒk] US [sɑ:k] noun
blow/knock your socks off informal
■If something knocks your socks off, you find it extremely exciting or good 令人惊奇；令人刮目相看（如果某物“打落你的袜子”，表示你发现它令人极端兴奋或极好）
• I'm going to take you to a restaurant that'll knock your socks off. 我要带你去看一家餐厅去，你准会大吃一惊。
UK [sɒk] US [sɑ:k] noun
Put a sock in it! informal humorous
■used to tell someone to be quiet or stop making so much noise 别出声！住嘴！
• Hey, put a sock in it, will you? I'm trying to work here. 嘿，别出声，好吗？我正在这里工作呢。
UK [sɒk] US [sɑ:k] verb transitive old-fashioned slang
■to hit someone with your fist (= closed hand) （用拳头）打，击
• He socked the policeman on the jaw/ in the eye. 他对着员警的下巴／眼睛就是一拳。
■US
■in baseball, to hit a ball very powerfully （棒球运动中）猛击，狠打（球）
UK [sɒk] US [sɑ:k] verb transitive
get socked with sth mainly US
■to suddenly receive a lot of something which causes you problems 碰上一堆（麻烦事）
• If you don't pay your credit card bill on time, you'll get socked with a huge late fee. 如果你不按时支付信用卡账单，你就要缴纳一大笔滞纳金。
UK [sɒk] US [sɑ:k] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] sock sth away US informal
■to save money by putting it in a bank or by investing it (= giving it to companies hoping to get more back) （透过将钱存银行或投资）存（钱），储蓄
• He's socked away hundreds of dollars in a savings account. 他在储蓄帐户中存了几百美元。
n. [服装] 短袜；一击
 - bobbysocks, anklet
vt. 重击；给……穿袜
 - pound on, gang bang
adv. 正着地；不偏不倚地
 - smack-dab

Word: jump
Front: jump
[dʒʌmp] (中高 1346/1784 -K4)
Vocabulary: jump
(once / 77 pages)
1vn 2vn 3vn 4vn 5v 6v
To jump is to hop or leap, straight up or over something. Frogs, amazingly, are able to jump up to twenty times the length of their body.
You can jump over a puddle or over the jump rope your friends are turning. You might jump in surprise or fear, like when a scary noise in the night makes you jump, or startle. You can jump off of something, like a diving board, or figuratively jump into an activity. If a bully jumps you, he attacks you suddenly, and if your brother says, "Go jump in a lake," he means "Go away, you're bothering me."
WORD FAMILY
jump: jumped, jumper, jumping, jumps, jumpy +/jumper: jumpers/jumping: jumpings/ jumpy: jumpier, jumpiest, jumpily, jumpiness
USAGE EXAMPLES
“But there are still a lot of hoops to jump through, a lot of hurdles to get over.”
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Shootings jumped 46% to 3,550, with most occurring in poor and minority neighborhoods on the South and West sides.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 03, 2017)
Cyclist Sir Bradley Wiggins is to swap two wheels for two skis after signing up to appear on Channel 4's winter sports show The Jump.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 跳; 跳过; 快速移动; （因吃惊、害怕或激动而）猛地一动
vi. 暴涨; 跳跃; 猛增
n. 猛长，暴涨; （需要跳越的）障碍; 跳伞
时态：jumped, jumping, jumps
分布：跳跃(63%)，暴涨(18%)，跳动(10%)，上涨(6%)，跳越(3%)
→可能来自拟声词，模仿物体从高地落地的声音。引申词义跳，激增。
v./n.跳跃,跳动,跳过;暴涨,猛增The horse jumped over the ditch.马跳过了那条沟.
verb
IN THE AIR 在空中
 ESSENTIAL intransitive
■to push yourself suddenly off the ground and into the air using your legs 跳，跃；跳跃
• The children were jumping up and down with excitement. 孩子都兴奋地跳来跳去。
• She ran across the grass and jumped into the water. 她跑过草地，跳入水中。
• He had to jump out of an upstairs window to escape. 为了逃命，他不得不从楼上的窗户跳出去。
• Our cat is always jumping up on/onto the furniture. 我们的猫总是跳到家俱上。
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to push yourself suddenly off the ground in order to go over something 跳跃；跃过
• Can you jump over/across this stream? 你能跃过这条小溪吗？
• All the horses are finding it difficult to jump the last fence. 跃过最后一道围栏对所有马匹来说都很困难。
[dʒʌmp] verb
MOVE/ACT SUDDENLY 突然移动／行动
 IMPROVER intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to move or act suddenly or quickly 突然（或快速）行动（或移动）
• He suddenly jumped to his feet /jumped up and left. 他猛然起身然后离开了。
• She jumped in/into a taxi and rushed to the station. 她跳上一辆计程车急忙赶往车站。
intransitive
■If a noise or action causes you to jump, your body makes a sudden sharp movement because of surprise or fear （受惊等后）猛地一跳，突然一跳
• The loud explosion made everyone jump. 爆炸的巨响把大家都吓了一跳。
• I almost jumped out of my skin when I heard a loud crash downstairs. 听到楼下哐的一声巨响，我几乎吓得灵魂出窍。
[dʒʌmp] verb
INCREASE 增加
 IMPROVER intransitive
■to increase suddenly by a large amount 暴涨；激增
• House prices have jumped dramatically. 房价大幅上涨。
• The cost of building the road has jumped by 70%. 修筑这条公路的费用暴增了70%。
[dʒʌmp] verb
SEQUENCE 顺序
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■If a story, film, play, etc. jumps, it moves suddenly between different parts of it （故事、电影、戏剧等在不同部分间）突然转换，跳跃
• The film is about his adult life, but it keeps jumping (back) to when he was a child. 这部电影讲述的是他成年后的生活，却不断跳返他的孩提时代。
• His talk was hard to follow because he kept jumping from one subject to another. 要跟上他讲话的思路很难，因为他不断从一个话题跳到另一个话题。
[dʒʌmp] verb
AVOID 避免
transitive
■to avoid or leave out a point or stage from the correct order in a series 略去，省掉
• You have to follow the instructions exactly, you can't just jump a few steps ahead. 你必须按照说明确实操作，不能省略前面的步骤。
[dʒʌmp] verb
ATTACK 攻击
transitive informal
■to attack someone suddenly 突然袭击
• They were just walking home when a bunch of guys jumped (on) them. 他们走回家的时候，遇到一帮人突袭。
[dʒʌmp] verb
MOVE ILLEGALLY 非法移动
transitive
■to go past or away from something illegally or wrongly 逃离；逃避
• The police video showed that she had jumped the (traffic) lights. 警方的录影显示她闯了红灯。
• Several sailors jumped ship (= left their ship without permission) in New York. 几名水手在纽约擅自离船。
jump bail
■to fail to appear for a court trial after being released until the trial in exchange for payment 保释后逃之夭夭
• I'd never have thought Hugh would jump bail. 我真没想到修会在保释期间潜逃。
[dʒʌmp] verb
BUSY 忙
be jumping old-fashioned informal
■If a place is jumping, it is crowded and full of life 拥挤热闹的
• This joint (= place of entertainment) is really jumping tonight. 这个娱乐场所今晚可真热闹。
[dʒʌmp] verb
be jumping up and down UK informal
■to be angry or annoyed 生气，恼怒
• Bill's jumping up and down because Mark didn't get his report finished in time. 比尔颇为光火，因为马克没有及时完成报告。
[dʒʌmp] verb
go (and) jump in the lake informal
■a rude way of telling someone to go away and stop annoying you 快滚，滚开
• He just wouldn't leave me alone, so finally I told him to go jump in the lake. 他就是不肯离开，最后我叫他快滚。
[dʒʌmp] verb
jump down sb's throat informal
■to react angrily to something that someone says or does 愤怒回击（某人）；猛烈回击（某人）
• I made the mildest of criticisms and he jumped down my throat. 我只是再温和不过地批评了一下，他却对此猛烈回击。
[dʒʌmp] verb
jump for joy
■to be extremely happy 非常高兴
• "So how did Robert take the news?" "He didn't exactly jump for joy." “罗伯特知道了消息后有甚么反应？”“他并不是特别高兴。”
[dʒʌmp] verb
jump in with both feet informal
■to become involved in a situation too quickly without thinking about it first 不加考虑就仓促参与
• That's just like Julie - always jumping in with both feet before she knows the facts. 茱莉就是这样——总是情况都没搞清楚就先瞎搅和。
[dʒʌmp] verb
jump the gun
■to do something too soon, especially without thinking carefully about it （尤指不经仔细考虑）过早地行动
• They've only just met - isn't it jumping the gun to be talking about marriage already? 他们才刚认识——现在就论及婚嫁是不是言之过早？
[dʒʌmp] verb
jump to conclusions
■to guess the facts about a situation without having enough information 贸然断定；过早下结论
• Don't jump to conclusions! Perhaps it was his daughter he was dancing with. 别妄下结论！也许和他跳舞的是他女儿。
[dʒʌmp] verb
jump to it informal
■used to tell someone to do something quickly 赶快做，积极行动
• I told you to tidy this room - now jump to it! 我告诉过你要收拾这个房间的——快点做！
[dʒʌmp] verb
jump to sb's defence
■to quickly defend someone 立刻为（某人）辩护
• Whenever anyone criticizes her husband, she immediately jumps to his defence. 一有人批评她丈夫，她就立刻为他辩护。
[dʒʌmp] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  jump at sth
■to accept something eagerly 欣然接受
• She jumped at the chance of a trip to Paris. 她欣然接受了去巴黎旅行的机会。
[dʒʌmp] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  jump in
■to interrupt when someone else is speaking 打断，插嘴
• I wish you'd stop jumping in and finishing my sentences for me all the time. 希望你别老打断我，在我话说到一半时就帮我接下去。
[dʒʌmp] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  jump on sb
■to criticise someone as soon as they have done something wrong or said something that you disagree with 责备，责骂，批评（某人）
• She jumps on her children instantly if they're disobedient. 孩子一不听话，她就加以责备。
[dʒʌmp] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  jump out at sb
■If something jumps out at you, you notice it immediately 使（某人）一下子注意到
• That's a very effective advertisement - it really jumps out at you. 那是非常有效的广告——一下子就吸引到你的注意。
[dʒʌmp] noun countable
MOVEMENT 动作
 ESSENTIAL
■a sudden movement off the ground and into the air 一跃而起
• He won with a jump of 8.5 metres. 他以8.5米远的一跳赢得了比赛。
• a parachute jump 跳伞
• Several horses fell at the last jump (= fence or other thing to be jumped over). 好几匹马在最后一道障碍处跌倒了。
■a sudden sharp movement because of surprise or fear （受惊等后）猛地一跳，突然一跳
• The door slammed and Rita woke up with a jump. 砰的关门声使丽塔猛然惊醒了。
[dʒʌmp] noun countable
INCREASE 增加
 IMPROVER
■a sudden increase 暴涨；激增
• Interest rates are now at 6.75 - that's a jump of almost 2 per cent. 现在的利率为6.75厘，上升了差不多2厘。
[dʒʌmp] noun countable
be/stay/keep one jump ahead
■to do something before other people do it 占先；抢先
• The way to be successful in business is always to stay one jump ahead of your competitors. 要想生意成功就必须永远比对手抢先一步。
[dʒʌmp] noun countable
get a jump on sb/sth mainly US informal
■to start doing something before other people start, or before something happens, in order to win an advantage for yourself 抢在…之前，比…占先
• I like to leave work early on Fridays so I can get a jump on the traffic. 我喜欢星期五早下班，以便赶在尖峰时段之前回去。
skip, hop, spring, bound, leap, jump
这组词都有“跳，跳跃”的意思，其区别是：
skip: 指两脚交替轻地跳或跨的动作。
hop: 指单脚短跳或双足猛力的动作。也指小鸟、青蛙等的跳。
spring: 更强调有力和弹跳的运动。
bound: 多指向前向上或向下跳跃、奔跳。
leap: 常可与jump换用，但侧重身体猛力向上升起并朝前急冲的动作，有时含突然的意味。
jump: 是普通用词，指用双脚向上跳，向下跳，或在同一平面上跳到有一定距离的某一点上，或跳过。
n. [电子] 跳跃；暴涨；惊跳
 - spring, leaps and bounds
vt. [电子] 跳跃；使跳跃；跳过；突升
 - bound, clear, dance
vi. [电子] 跳跃；暴涨；猛增
 - dance, to leap

Word: eleven
Front: eleven
[ɪˈlevn] (中高 4273/2299 -5)
Back: num. 十一; 十一个; 第十一
n. 十一; 十一个
adj. 十一的; 十一个的
分布：十一(78%)，十一个(18%)，十一的(3%)，十一个一组(1%)
→e, 同one. -lev, 留下，词源同leave, delinquent.即多出一个的，十一，比较twelve.
num.十一pron./a.十一(个,只...)There are eleven members in the team.队里有十一个人.
number
 ESSENTIAL
■the number 11 （数字）11
• nine, ten, eleven, twelve 9， 10， 11， 12
• There are eleven girls in my class and fifteen boys. 我班上有11个女生和15个男生。
[ɪ'lev.ən] noun countable [+ sing/pl verb]
■a team of eleven players 11人球队

Word: sexy
Front: sexy
[ˈseksi] (4278/7254 -2)
Vocabulary: sexy
(once / 3179 pages)
adj
Sexy is used to describe something (clothes, music, words, you name it) that turns people on sexually.
People who are sexy are attractive in a way that makes other people interested in them romantically or sexually. For teachers and parents, there are often problems with kids — especially girls — who want to dress in a sexy way at a young age. But looking sexy before you're ready for sex is usually not a good idea. Today the word sexy gets thrown around a lot — cakes are sexy, wallpaper is sexy, flip-flops are sexy...
WORD FAMILY
sexy: sexier, sexiest, sexily, sexiness, unsexy+/bisexual: bisexuality, bisexually, bisexuals/desexualize: desexualized/intersex: intersexes/nonsexual: nonsexually/ sex: intersex, oversexed, sexed, sexes, sexing, sexism, sexless, sexual, sexy, undersexed, unsex/ sexism: sexist / sexist: sexists/sexless: sexlessly, sexlessness/sexual: bisexual, intersexual, nonsexual, sexualise, sexuality, sexualize, sexually, transsexual/sexualise: desexualise/sexualize: desexualize, sexualized, sexualizes, sexualizing/transsexual: transsexualism, transsexuals/unsex: unsexed, unsexes, unsexing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Democrats need to stop worrying that access to the ballot isn’t sexy or respectable.
Salon(Jan 01, 2017)
It is sexy and powerful, personal and political — all the while avoiding cliches.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
There will be no more profiles of sexy fascists with dapper haircuts who held neo-Nazi rallies.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 性感的，色情的; 引起性欲的; 诱人的，迷人的; 时髦的
级别：sexier, sexiest
分布：性感的(100%)
→sex,性，-y,形容词后缀。引申词义性感的。
adjective
SEX 性
■sexually attractive 性感的
• He's very sexy. 他很性感。
• a sexy smile 性感的微笑
• sexy underwear 性感内衣
['sek.si] adjective
INTERESTING 有趣的 informal
■describes something that attracts a lot of interest and attention 迷人的，吸引人的
• For most people, grammar isn't a very sexy subject. 对大多数人来说，文法不是让人很感兴趣的东西。
adj. 性感的；迷人的；色情的
 - killing, taking

Word: entrepreneur
Front: entrepreneur
[ˌɒntrəprəˈnɜ:(r)] (研六托雅宝 4279/6601 -2)
Vocabulary: entrepreneur
(once / 1051 pages)
n
An entrepreneur is someone who starts a new business. Little stores and huge companies both have entrepreneurs behind them.
Do you have good ideas for products? Are you OK with the idea of risk? Then maybe you should be an entrepreneur. This is someone who founds a business, whether a tiny one or a huge one. Besides starting the business, the entrepreneur takes on the most of the risk by investing their own money and/or bringing in other investors. For an entrepreneur, their business is their baby.
WORD FAMILY
entrepreneur: entrepreneurial, entrepreneurs
USAGE EXAMPLES
Kangas said the basic income experiment may be expanded later to other low-income groups such as freelancers, small-scale entrepreneurs and part-time workers.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Advice for women on success, by the entrepreneur and daughter of the president-elect.
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
Some Silicon Valley entrepreneurs anticipate a time when robots and artificial intelligence will render many of today’s jobs obsolete.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. <法>企业家; 主办人; 承包人
分布：企业家(98%)，主办者(1%)，承包商(1%)
→词源同enterprise.
n.[法]企业家,主办人He is an entrepreneur.他是个企业家.
【记】enterprise（n 企业；事业；进取心）
US [ˌɑ:n.trə.prə'nɝ:] noun countable
■someone who starts their own business, especially when this involves seeing a new opportunity （尤指涉及风险的）企业家，创业者
• He was one of the entrepreneurs of the eighties who made their money in property. 他是80年代靠房地产生意赚钱起家的企业家之一。
n. 企业家；承包人；主办者
 - contractor, enterpriser

Word: syndrome
Front: syndrome
[ˈsɪndrəʊm] (研宝 4281/4741 -2)
Vocabulary: syndrome
(once / 3470 pages)
n
When you and your friends hang out together, you call it a party. When symptoms of an illness hang out together, they call it a syndrome. If you receive an invitation, politely decline.
Syndrome comes from a Greek word that combines the root “to run” (dramein) with the prefix “together” (sun-). When many or all of the symptoms for a disease “run together,” that's a syndrome. You can also use syndrome in a figurative way to describe a type or pattern of behavior. If you have the “I'll do it tomorrow” syndrome, you put off doing a lot of things. At least you got around to reading about syndrome today.
WORD FAMILY
syndrome: syndromes
USAGE EXAMPLES
In a small randomized controlled trial lasting eight weeks, 12 patients with restless leg syndrome seemed to see improvements in symptoms and quality of life.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Eventually I stopped seeing Down’s syndrome and realised that Seb was simply my son.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Broken-heart syndrome is when a surge of stress hormones, such as adrenaline and cortisol, cause arteries to seize, limiting blood flow to the heart.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 综合征; 综合症状; 典型表现
分布：综合症(81%)，症候群(19%)
→syn-,一起，-drom,跑，词源同 dromedary,hippodrome.引申比喻义综合症状，症候群等。
综合症状(syn+drome跑→跑到一起→综合症)[sym-,syn-表示"共同,相同"]
综合症,症状群(syn综合+drom+e→[各种病]跑到一起)[drom=run,表示"跑"]
n.综合病征;并存特性This word possesses a syndrome of meanings.这个词有多种含义.
【记】syn＝same，drome一次流出－一次流出相同症状－综合症状syn＝same；drome＝drone（n 雄蜂；v 嗡嗡作声）－同样的症状嗡嗡的过来－综合症状
US [-droʊm] noun
countable
■a combination of medical problems that commonly go together, which might show the existence of a particular disease or mental condition 并发症，症候群，综合症状
⇒ See also Down's syndrome
uncountable
■used in the names of various illnesses （用于多种病名中）症候群
• irritable bowel syndrome 肠躁症
countable
■a type of negative behaviour or mental state that is typical of a person in a particular situation （特定情形下人的）典型负面特征，典型负面表现
• It's a classic case of the bored-housewife syndrome - she's got nothing to do all day except drink and go shopping. 这是百无聊赖的家庭主妇的典型特征——整天除了喝酒、购物，就没有甚么事情可做了。

Word: bureau
Front: bureau
[ˈbjʊərəʊ] (研四六 3753/3664 -2)
Vocabulary: bureau
(once / 321 pages)
1n 2n
When you put your socks away, you'll most likely put them in a bureau, or a chest of drawers used for storing clothes. Hopefully you've washed them.
A dresser or a chest of drawers can also be called a bureau, a piece of furniture with drawers for storing things. Another meaning of bureau is "an office or government agency." These two definitions seem unrelated, but the original meaning of the French word bureau, "cloth covering for a desk" helps explain. Bureau gradually evolved to mean first just "desk" (and eventually "dresser"), and around 1720 it also started being used to mean a room full of desks, or an office.
WORD FAMILY
bureau: bureaus, bureaux
USAGE EXAMPLES
It’s little wonder that the downturn in the ag economy was the story of the year for 2016, according to the Nebraska Farm Bureau.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Beijing Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau extended an “orange alert” for heavy air pollution for three more days.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Beijing Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau on Monday extended an “orange alert” for heavy air pollution for three more days.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 局; （提供某方面信息的）办事处; （美国政府部门）局; （附抽屉及活动写字台的）书桌
分布：局(96%)，办事处(4%)
→来自拉丁词burra, 羊毛，粗糙的布，桌布。代指办公室。词源同bur, 芒刺，形容布粗糙。
n.署,局,司,处In the beautiful bureau my daughter's laughter served for the sauce of the sausage.在漂亮的办公署,女儿的笑声充当了香肠的调料.
US ['bjʊr.oʊ] (plural bureaux or US USUALLY bureaus)
noun countable
ORGANIZATION 机构
■an organization or a business that collects or provides information （搜集或提供资讯的）办事处，办公室，机构
• Her disappearance was reported to the police department's Missing Persons Bureau. 她的失踪被提报到了警察局的失踪人口调查处。
■mainly US
■a government organization （政府部门的）局，处，科
• the Federal Bureau of Investigation 联邦调查局
UK ['bjʊə.rəʊ] US ['bjʊr.oʊ] (plural bureaux or US USUALLY bureaus)
noun countable
FURNITURE 家俱 UK a piece of furniture with a lid that opens to form a writing surface 书桌
US for * chest of drawers
n. [管理] 局，处；衣柜； [家具] 办公桌
 - department, innings

Word: seat
Front: seat
[si:t] (中高雅 894/912 -K4)
Back: n. 席位，座位; 所在地; 场所; 臀部
vt. 使就座; 使就职; 使获得座位（或席位）; 可容纳若干座位
时态：seated, seating, seats
分布：座位(56%)，坐(29%)，席位(6%)，臀部(3%)，所在地(3%)，使坐下(1%)，底座(1%)，可容纳(1%)
→来自 sit 的名词形式。引申诸相关词义。
n.座位,底座;所在地,场所v.使坐下The man in neat sweaty sweater seated himself in the rear.穿整洁的汗湿毛衣的男子在后面就坐.
noun
FURNITURE 家俱
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a piece of furniture or part of a train, plane, etc. that has been designed for someone to sit on 座位； 座椅
• Chairs, stools, sofas and benches are different types of seat. 椅子、凳子、沙发和长凳是不同类型的座椅。
• Please have/take a seat (= sit down). 请坐。
• A car usually has a driver's seat, a front/passenger seat and back/rear seats. 小轿车通常有一个驾驶座、一个前座／客座和几个后排座。
• My ticket says 22D but there's already someone in (= sitting on) that seat. 我的票是22D，但已经有人占了那个位子。
• Is this seat free/taken (= Is anyone using it) ? 这个位子有人吗？
• Would you keep (= stop anyone else from sitting in) my seat (for me) while I go to the buffet car? 我去餐车时，你能否帮我看着我的座位？
• formal Please keep your seats (= stay sitting down) until asked to leave. 没叫你们离开之前请不要离开座位。
• Could I book/reserve two seats (= arrange for a seat to be officially kept for me) for tomorrow evening's performance? 我可以预约两张明晚演出的票吗？
[si:t] noun
BOTTOM PART 底部
countable usually singular
■the part of a piece of furniture or clothing on which a person sits （家俱的）座部；（裤子的）臀部
• I've spilt some coffee on the seat of the armchair. 我不小心把咖啡洒在扶手椅的椅面上。
• The seat of those trousers looks rather tight, Sir. Would you like to try a larger size? 那条裤子的臀部有点紧，先生——你看要不要试大一号的？
[si:t] noun
OFFICIAL POSITION 职位
countable
■an official position as a politician or member of a group of people who control something 席位
• She has a seat on the board of directors. 她是董事会成员。
• He is expected to lose his seat on the council in next month's elections. 在下个月的选举中，他可能会失去自己在理事会的席位。
• She won her seat in Parliament in 1979. 她在1979年当选议员。
• He has a very safe seat (= a position that is very unlikely to be lost in an election). 他（在选举中）能够稳保席位。
[si:t] noun
BASE 基地
countable
■a place which acts as a base or centre for an important activity （重大活动的）基地，中心
• The seat of government in the US is in Washington, DC. 美国政府所在地是华盛顿。
• St Petersburg was the seat of the Russian Revolution. 圣彼得堡是俄国革命的中心。
[si:t] noun
bums on seats UK (US fannies in the seats) informal
■the number of people who have paid to watch a performance 观众人数；上座率
• Lowering ticket prices should increase the number of bums on seats. 降低票价应该会提高上座率。
[si:t] noun
seat of learning formal
■a place where people are educated 学府，学术中心
• The Sorbonne is a world-famous seat of learning. 巴黎大学文理学院是世界闻名的学术中心。
[si:t] noun
by the seat of your pants
■If you do something by the seat of your pants, you do it using only your own experience and trusting your own judgment. 凭经验；凭感觉
[si:t] verb
transitive + adverb or preposition
■to arrange for someone to have a particular seat 给…安排座位
• The waiter greeted me with a big smile and seated us by the window. 服务员笑容满面地招呼我，并安排我们在窗边坐下。
seat yourself [R usually + adv/prep]
■to sit somewhere 使坐下
• "I'm so glad to see you!" she said, seating herself between Eleanor and Marianne. “见到你们真是太高兴了！”她边说边在埃莉诺和玛丽安娜中间坐了下来。
transitive not continuous
■(of a building, room, table or vehicle) to have enough seats for 可容纳；可坐下
• The new concert hall seats 1500 people. 新音乐厅可容纳1500人。
sit, seat
这组词都有“坐”的意思，其区别是：
sit: 多用作不及物动词，用作及物动词时，可与seat换用。
seat: 及物动词，常与反身代词连用，常用过去分词seated形式。
n. 座位；所在地；职位
 - place, pew
vt. 使…坐下；可容纳…的；使就职
 - put in

Word: workplace
Front: workplace
[ˈwɜ:kpleɪs] (高 4282/5821 -2)
Back: n. 工作场所，车间; 工厂
分布：工作场所(100%)
US ['wɝ:k-] noun countable or only singular
■a building or room where people perform their jobs, or these places generally 工作场所
• The survey asks workers about facilities in their workplace. 这次调查向工人询问了他们工作场所的设施情况。
• safety standards in the workplace 工作场所的安全标准
n. [管理] 工作场所；车间
 - plant, working space

Word: ambition
Front: ambition
[æmˈbɪʃn] (高研四六托雅 4283/3185 -K3)
Vocabulary: ambition
(once / 108 pages)
1n 2nv
Ambition is a strong desire to achieve. It's what Macbeth had too much of, and what slackers have too little of.
If a person has ambition, the goal is usually wealth, power, or fame. This Middle English word is derived from Latin ambitiō, from ambīre "to go around or about." In ancient Rome, candidates for office would go around to gain votes, to further their goal of being powerful or famous.
WORD FAMILY
ambition: ambitioned, ambitionless, ambitions, ambitious +/ ambitious: ambitiously, ambitiousness, overambitious, unambitious/unambitious: unambitiously
USAGE EXAMPLES
But there is more to her story than defiant ambition.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
“Great Ambition unchecked by principle . . . is an unruly Tyrant.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Mr. Reinecke received an 18-month suspended sentence from a federal judge, who called him a victim of his own “selfish ambition.”
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 抱负; 渴望得到的东西; 追求的目标; 夙愿
vt. 追求; 有…野心
分布：野心(42%)，雄心(34%)，抱负(18%)，追求(3%)，精力(2%)，有 ... 野心(1%)
→前缀ambi-, 两边，周围。词根it , 走。向周围走，向外走，目标。
雄心,志向(amb大+it+ion→走大步→雄心)[it=go,表示"行走"]
n.对(成功,权力等)的强烈欲望,野心;雄心One of his ambitions is to become a rich man.他的抱负之一是成为富人.
【记】原指：为了赢得选票而四处游说读：俺必胜！有雄心！
noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■a strong wish to be successful, powerful, rich, etc. 抱负；志向；雄心；野心
• She's got a lot of ambition. 她很有抱负。
• [+ to infinitive] His ambition is ultimately to run his own business. 他的抱负是最终能够经营自己的公司。
• He has already achieved his main ambition in life - to become wealthy. 他已经实现了他人生最大的志向——发财致富。
• political ambitions 政治抱负
• She doubts whether she'll ever be able to fulfil her ambition. 究竟是否能够实现自己的理想，她没有把握。
• I've always had a burning (= very great) ambition to be a film director. 我一直有一个远大的志向，那就是做电影导演。
• After his heart attack, he abandoned his ambition to become Prime Minister. 他心脏病发作以后，就放弃了要当首相的勃勃雄心。
n. 野心，雄心；抱负，志向
 - careerism, aspiration
vt. 追求；有…野心
 - pursue / pursuit, go after

Word: touchdown
Front: touchdown
[ˈtʌtʃdaʊn] (托 4285/25186 -1)
Back: n. 触地得分; <空>着陆，降落
分布：触地(53%)，触地得分(43%)，着地(4%)
noun countable
LANDING 著陆
■the landing of an aircraft or of some types of spacecraft （飞机或太空船的）着陆，降落
• One of the plane's tyres burst on touchdown. 著陆时，飞机的一个轮子爆胎了。
⇒ See also touch down at touch
['tʌtʃ.daʊn] noun countable
FOOTBALL 橄榄球
■(in rugby) the act of scoring points by putting the ball down on the ground behind the other team's goal posts （英式橄榄球赛中持球越过对方球门柱的）触地得分
■(in American football) the act of scoring points by carrying the ball across the other team's goal line or throwing the ball so that it is caught by a member of your team who is across the other team's goal line （美式橄榄球赛中持球越过对方球门线或将传给越过对方球门线队友的）持球过球门线得分
n. 着陆，降落；触地；触地得分
 - landfall, put-down

Word: utilize
Front: utilize
[ˈju:təlaɪz] (研四六托宝 4264/10147 -2)
Vocabulary: utilize
(once / 964 pages)
1v 2v
To utilize is to use what you have or what's available, and it's a three-syllable word meaning the same thing as the one-syllable "use."
The word utilize is often a more formal way to express "putting something to use." If you don’t have time to go to the store but you need to come up with a science project, you might utilize what's already in the kitchen. Most of the time you can use the verb use as a synonym for utilize. You can utilize a shorter word to make a sentence easier to read.
WORD FAMILY
utilize: utilizable, utilization, utilized, utilizer, utilizes, utilizing+/ utilization: overutilization, utilizations/utilizer: utilizers
USAGE EXAMPLES
It was the first in the city to utilize a modern iron and steel frame.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Jackbox Games’ original installment of its popular series reinvented the way we play local multiplayer games, by utilizing smart phones.
Salon(Dec 31, 2016)
Like Alabama star receiver Calvin Ridley, Ross is utilized in many ways.
Washington Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vt. 利用，使用
时态：utilized, utilizing, utilizes
分布：动词(99%)，名词(1%)
→来自拉丁语uti, 使用，利用。
利用(ut+ilize)[us,ut=use,表示"用"]
vt.利用Water is utilized for producing electric power.水可用以发电.
【记】ut＝use，ilize－利用
【参】utilitarian（adj 功利的）
US [-tˌəl.aɪz] verb transitive formal
■to use something in an effective way 使用；利用；应用
• The vitamins come in a form that is easily utilized by the body. 把维生素制成易被人体吸收的产品。
apply, use, avail, utilize, exploit, employ
这组词都有“使用，应用”的意思，其区别是：
apply: 指将一事物运用于另一事物之上以发挥其有效作用。
use: 普通用词，着重为达到某一目的而利用某人或某物。
avail: 通常指使用手边或就近的人或物以有利于自己。
utilize: 侧重有利可图或能达到某一实际目的。书面用词。
exploit: 强调充分利用。
employ: 指使用处于消极状态或未被用过的人或物，可以与use换用，但强调进行选择、充分利用。
vt. 利用
 - do with, trade on, capitalize on, avail of, presume on

Word: breeze
Front: breeze
[bri:z] (研四六托雅 4284/4405 -2)
Vocabulary: breeze
(once / 186 pages)
1nv 2nv
A breeze is a light, cool wind. One of the nicest things about being at the beach on a hot summer day is feeling the gentle breeze off the water.
The air that blows your hair around and rustles the leaves is one kind of breeze. Another is the task that's easily completed or the job that is practically effortless: "Your dog is so good, walking him is a breeze!" You can also breeze through something that's simple and fast, like when you breeze through a math test, finishing long before your classmates.
WORD FAMILY
breeze: breezed, breezes, breezing, breezy+/breezy: breezier, breeziest, breezily, breeziness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Later, running across the stage, she was a spring breeze.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
It was hardly a breeze for the Steelers on Sunday, as Ben Roethlisberger was picked off twice in the third quarter, deep in Pittsburgh territory.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 25, 2016)
The architecture of the city acts as a giant cooling system that funnels Atlantic breezes through shaded streets in a triumph of civil engineering.
The Guardian(Dec 24, 2016)
Back: n. 微风; 轻而易举的事
vi. 吹微风; 逃走
时态：breezed, breezing, breezes
分布：微风(97%)，焦炭渣(1%)，飘然而行(1%)，轻松通过(1%)
→可能来自breath, 呼吸。后指微风，令人舒服的风。
n.微风;轻而易举的事vi.来去匆匆,急速走In the freezing breeze, the breeder greedily squeezed oil from the seeds.在冰冷的微风中,饲养员贪婪地从种子中榨油.
noun
WIND 风
 ADVANCED countable
■a light and pleasant wind 和风，微风
• a warm/cool breeze 和煦／凉爽的风
• She let the gentle breeze cool her face. 她任由清凉的微风吹拂着自己的脸颊。
[bri:z] noun
SOMETHING EASY 容易的事
only singular informal
■something which is easy to achieve, often unexpectedly 轻而易举的事（常指出乎意料）
• You won't have any problems with the entrance test - it's an absolute breeze. 入学考试你决不会有问题——那实在是轻而易举的事。
[bri:z] verb intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
WALK 走路
■to walk somewhere quickly and confidently, without worry or embarrassment 飘然而行，轻盈而自信地走
• She just breezed in as if she'd only been away a day instead of a year. 她如风似地走进来，好像她只离开了一天而不是一年。
[bri:z] verb intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
DO EASILY 轻松 informal
■to easily complete or win something 轻松完成；轻松赢得
• She breezed through the song as though she'd been singing it for years. 她轻松地唱完了那首歌，好像这首歌她唱了好多年似的。
• mainly US In 1985 he breezed to victory with 78% of the vote. 1985年他以78%的得票率轻松获胜。
wind, breeze
这组词都有“风”的意思，其区别是：
wind: 普通用词，指空气的流动现象。
breeze: 系微风的总称。
n. [气象] 微风；轻而易举的事；煤屑；焦炭渣；小风波
 - breath, doddle
vi. [气象] 吹微风；逃走
 - tail out, pull foot

Word: costly
Front: costly
[ˈkɒstli] (研四六雅 4286/4943 -2)
Vocabulary: costly
(once / 399 pages)
adj
Something that's costly is expensive. The worst kind of news you can hear from your car mechanic is that you need costly repairs.
Things that cost a lot of money are costly, but you can also use the word for events that cost you other things — like time, happiness, or advantage. A soldier's costly mistake might result in someone's death, and a costly law might end up hurting the people it's meant to help.In the 13th century, costful was used instead, and both words stem from cost, which has a Latin root, constare, "to stand at," or "to cost."
WORD FAMILY
costly: costlier, costliest, costliness+/ cost: costed, costing, costless, costly, costs/costing: costings
USAGE EXAMPLES
If there’s a silver lining, it’s in the growing awareness that costly government regulations stunt the ag economy.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
These days, such deliberately crafted products are simply too costly to compete for a mass market.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
But his parents thought his dreams were too costly, and he was sent to the local police academy instead.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 昂贵的; 代价高的
级别：costlier, costliest
分布：昂贵的(87%)，代价高的(13%)
昂贵的(cost代价)[-ly 1.表形容词,通常加在名词后2.表副词,通常放在形容词后]
a.昂贵的,价值高的,豪华的The costly post was postponed because of the frost.那件昂贵的邮件由于霜的缘故而延搁.
US ['kɑ:st-] adjective
MONEY 值钱的
■expensive 昂贵的，值钱的
• a costly item 一件昂贵的商品
• a costly purchase 花大价钱买来的东西
• disapproving The project was subject to several costly delays/setbacks. 该工程经历了几次代价昂贵的拖延／挫折。
UK ['kɒst.li] US ['kɑ:st-] adjective
LOSS 损失
■involving a lot of loss or damage 造成重大损失（或破坏）的
• Building this bridge has already been too costly in terms of lives (= people have been killed while working on it). 就建这座桥付出的生命而言，造这座桥的代价已经太高了。
expensive, dear, costly
这组词都有“高的，昂贵的”的意思，其区别是：
expensive: 指物品的价格超过了它本身所值，或超过了购买者的支付能力。
dear: 侧重指要价过高，或远高于公道、合理的价格，其反义词是cheap。
costly: 指物品价格高，通常是因物品稀少或珍贵所致。
adj. 昂贵的；代价高的
 - expensive, rich, dear

Word: ambitious
Front: ambitious
[æmˈbɪʃəs] (研六托雅 4287/4298 -2)
Vocabulary: ambitious
(once / 332 pages)
1adj 2adj
Ambitious means wanting to succeed. If you want to climb Mount Everest, start your own business, and write a great philosophical treatise all before you are 30, then wow, you are really ambitious.
Having an ambition is a good thing, like wanting to get good grades, or to become a doctor. But if we say someone is ambitious, often we mean they have too much ambition. An ambitious politician might want power so badly that he’ll abandon his ideals in order to win a race. If you hatch a business plan and someone tells you it’s too ambitious, that means you’re probably not being reasonable about how much you can get done.
WORD FAMILY
ambitious: ambitiously, ambitiousness, overambitious, unambitious+/ ambition: ambitioned, ambitionless, ambitions, ambitious /unambitious: unambitiously
USAGE EXAMPLES
Those numbers fall well short of the goals in the city’s ambitious climate action plan, which was approved a year ago.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Reviewing the premiere in Philadelphia last fall, Zachary Woolfe of The New York Times called it an “ambitious, accomplished, dramatically direct opera.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The current iteration of the Second Avenue subway is both wildly more expensive and less ambitious than anticipated.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 有雄心的; 有野心的; 费力的; 耗资的
分布：野心勃勃的(46%)，有雄心的(31%)，有抱负的(23%)
→ambition,目标，-ous,形容词后缀。
有雄心的(amb+it+ious)[it=go,表示"行走"]
a.有抱负的,雄心勃勃的;有野心的I feel a bit of bitterness for his ambitious exhibition.我为他雄心勃勃的展览感到一点点触痛.
adjective
 IMPROVER
■having a strong wish to be successful, powerful or rich 有抱负的；志向远大的；雄心勃勃的
• an ambitious young lawyer 雄心勃勃的年轻律师
• He's very ambitious for his children (= He wants them to be successful). 他望子成龙。
 IMPROVER
■If a plan or idea is ambitious, it needs a great amount of skill and effort to be successful or be achieved （计划、想法）要求过高的；需要极大努力及才干的；费劲的
• She has some ambitious expansion plans for her business. 她雄心勃勃，打算扩大经营规模。
• The government has announced an ambitious programme to modernize the railway network. 政府已经宣布了实现铁路网现代化的宏伟规划。
• The original completion date was over- ambitious, so we have had to delay the opening by six months. 当初在确定完工日期的时候太急于求成，以致后来我们不得不把落成典礼延后六个月。
adj. 野心勃勃的；有雄心的；热望的；炫耀的
 - thirsty, eager-beaver

Word: Christianity
Front: Christianity
[.krɪsti'ænəti] (3761/3886 -2)
Back: n. 基督教；基督教精神，基督教教义
分布：基督教(85%)，基督教精神(15%)
→来自Christ, 基督。
US [-tʃi'æn.ə.tˌi] noun uncountable
 IMPROVER
■a religion based on belief in God and the life and teachings of Jesus Christ, and on the Bible 基督教

Word: presumably
Front: presumably
[prɪˈzju:məbli] (研四六托雅 4288/2522 -K3)
Vocabulary: presumably
(once / 744 pages)
adv
Presumably you are reading these word blurbs because you're interested in learning some useful words. You can add presumably to any statement that you think is true — it indicates a logical conclusion for which you don't have definite proof.
When you add presumably to whatever you're saying, you're giving notice that you think what you're saying is true but telling your listener not to ask for the evidence. You might watch beer commercials and say to yourself, "Presumably advertisers think people will find this commercial amusing and want to run out and buy tubs of this beer." The adverb presumably is related to the nouns presumption and assumption, which are also notions you accept without proof.
WORD FAMILY
presumable: presumably +/ presume: presumable, presumed, presumes, presuming, presumption, presumptive / presumption: presumptions, presumptuous / presumptive: presumptively/ presumptuous: presumptuously, presumptuousness
USAGE EXAMPLES
But when the figure turned around, it was a young man — presumably the young Noah.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
But what the world heard from Times Square was a backing track awaiting a lead vocal — presumably a live one.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Two locals were arrested with a marble tablet and stone seal from Nimrud, presumably to sell.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adv. 据推测; 大概; 可能; 想来
分布：大概(40%)，可能(35%)，据推测(25%)
→来自presume,假设，假想。
ad.推测起来,大概The perfume consumer presumably assumes that the volume is resumed.香水消费者假定地设想音量已恢复.
US [-'zu:-] adverb
 IMPROVER
■used to say what you think is the likely situation 据推测，大概，可能
• They can presumably afford to buy a bigger apartment. 他们大概买得起一间大一点的公寓。
• Presumably he just forgot to send the letter. 他可能是忘了寄信。
adv. 大概；推测起来；可假定
 - probably, possibly, maybe

Word: influential
Front: influential
[ˌɪnfluˈenʃl] (研四六托 4289/3871 -2)
Vocabulary: influential
(once / 625 pages)
adj
If your grandfather worked his whole life in a circus and inspired you to wear clown shoes, you could describe your grandfather as very influential in your life. Something that exerts influence or power can be called influential.
You could read a deeply meaningful book that becomes influential to you, or there might be an important person in your life who is strongly influential over various decisions you make. The Latin word influentem, "flowing in," is the root of the Old French influence, which described the power was believed to flow from the stars.
WORD FAMILY
influential: influentially, uninfluential+/ influence: influenced, influences, influencing, influential
USAGE EXAMPLES
Piers Handling says Marshall helped build the festival into one of “the most influential public cultural festivals today.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“A right-wing demagogue in charge of the world’s most influential repository of democratic values,” wrote Financial Times columnist Martin Wolf, “is a devastating fact.”
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Jaynes’s book was hugely influential in its day, one of those rare specialist works whose ideas enter the culture at large.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 有影响的; 有权势的
n. 有影响力的人物
分布：有影响的(74%)，有权势的(16%)，有影响力的人物(10%)
a.有影响的;有权势的The flu influenced the influential speaker's fluency of speech.流感影响了那个有影响的讲话者讲话的流畅.
adjective
 ADVANCED
■having a lot of influence on someone or something 更有影响的
• She wanted to work for a bigger and more influential (= powerful) newspaper. 她希望为一家规模和影响力更大的报纸工作。
• Johnson was influential (= important) in persuading the producers to put money into the film. 詹森在说服制作人投资拍摄此片方面起了重要作用。
adj. 有影响的；有势力的
 - mighty, predominant

Word: translation
Front: translation
[trænsˈleɪʃn] (高研四六托 4290/3982 -K2)
Vocabulary: translation
(once / 218 pages)
1n 2n 3n
"C'est un dictionnaire en ligne." Don't understand? Here's a translation for you: "This is an online dictionary." A translation is the written or verbal rewording of something from one language into another that keeps the same meaning.
A translation doesn't have to be strictly from one language to another; it can be a rewording that makes something easier to understand or less technical in nature, as suggested by the common phrase, "Can you translate that into plain English?" If what is translated takes a written form, as in a book, for example, then the object itself is called a translation.
WORD FAMILY
translation: translational, translations+/ mistranslate: mistranslated, mistranslates, mistranslating, mistranslation/mistranslation: mistranslations/retranslate: retranslated, retranslates, retranslating/translatable: untranslatable/ translate: mistranslate, retranslate, translatable, translated, translates, translating, translation, translator /translational: nontranslational/ translator: translators/untranslatable: untranslatably
USAGE EXAMPLES
Mr. Nissenbaum said he declined to sign the document, insisting on an English translation.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 31, 2016)
Gorgeously surreal and almost entirely without dialogue, this tour de force marries “Lost in Translation” with Looney Tunes to haunting, slapstick effect.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
It is now available for translation in 95 languages.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: n. 翻译; 译本; 转变; 转化
分布：翻译(86%)，译文(11%)，平移(3%)
→translate,翻译，转变，-ion,名词后缀。
n.翻译;译文,译本Chapman's translation of Homer.查普曼的荷马史诗译本.
noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■something which is translated, or the process of translating something, from one language to another 翻译（从一种语言翻译成另一种语言的内容，或将某种内容从一种语言翻译成另一种语言的过程）
• The children do one French translation a week. 孩子们每周做一次法语翻译。
• A literal translation of 'euthanasia' would be 'good death'. euthanasia 这个词从字面上翻译就是“安乐死”。
• The English version is boring - perhaps it has lost something in translation (= is not as good as the original). 英语版读起来枯燥乏味——也许翻译得有点走味。
in translation
■changed into someone's own language, not in the original language 翻译过来的
• She reads Proust in translation. 她读的是普鲁斯特作品的译本。
translation, interpretation
translation: 翻译，转换
interpretation: 口译，解释
translation, paraphrase, version
这组词都有“翻译，译文”的意思，其区别是：
translation: 普通用词，指从一种语言到另一种语言的翻译。
paraphrase: 可指非常自由的解释，不拘泥遣词造句，重在传意。通常指用同样语言深入浅出地解释艰深的句子或段落。
version: 可与translation换用，尤指不拘泥于文字的意译，更常指某种作品的一种译文。
n. [语] [计] 翻译；译文；转化；调任
 - interpretation, version

Word: uncertain
Front: uncertain
[ʌnˈsɜ:tn] (高四六 4291/3532 -K2)
Vocabulary: uncertain
(once / 253 pages)
adj
To be uncertain is to be unsure of something. Also, uncertain things are undecided, unknown, or doubtful in some way.
If you're certain of something, you're sure of it. When you're uncertain, you don't know. If you don't know the answer to a math question, you're uncertain. If you can't remember where you parked your car, you're uncertain about its location. Also, anything unknown or up in the air in uncertain. Trying to be a famous actor is an uncertain path. Gambling money on horses is very uncertain. And, it's certainly hard to plan for an uncertain future.
WORD FAMILY
uncertain: uncertainly, uncertainness+/ certain: certainer, certainest, certainly, incertain, uncertain
USAGE EXAMPLES
Razmal's fate and his ability to support his family remain uncertain.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The uncertain nature of the problem was summed up by Pontzen.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Instead, they see Putin’s most recent actions as part of the pre-inauguration theater, preparing the ground for a hoped-for, but still uncertain, future.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 不确定的; 不稳定的; 不明确的; 无常的
分布：不确定的(78%)，不稳定的(13%)，易变的(9%)
US [-'sɝ:-] adjective
 ADVANCED
■not knowing what to do or believe, or not able to decide about something 拿不定主意的，犹豫的
• [+ question word] She's uncertain wh ether to go to New Zealand or not. 她对是否去纽西兰犹豫不决。
• Bridie was uncertain about meeting him. 布赖迪拿不定主意是否见他。
 ADVANCED
■not known or fixed, or not completely certain 未知的；不确定的；不完全确定的
• New arrivals face an uncertain future. 新来的人面临着无法预料的未来。
• The political outlook is still uncertain. 政治前景仍难以预料。
uncertain, questionable, doubtful, ambigous
这组词都有“怀疑的，不确定的”的意思，其区别是：
uncertain: 多指因缺乏证据或了解而捉摸不定，也指因不能预料而不能作出选择。
questionable: 通常指怀疑某行为是否恰当，或指有根有据的怀疑。
doubtful: 指对某个问题持积极怀疑的，有疑问的态度，强调缺乏确信。
ambigous: 指因缺乏明确感或因为有各种不同的解释而值得怀疑。
adj. 无常的；含糊的；靠不住的；迟疑不决的
 - changeable, vague

Word: dissolve
Front: dissolve
[dɪˈzɒlv] (研四六托雅宝 4295/4108 -K2)
Vocabulary: dissolve
(once / 243 pages)
1v 2vn 3v 4v 5v
To dissolve something is to break it up or weaken it, making it no longer recognizable. You could dissolve your book club or you could even dissolve a pill by dropping it into a glass of water.
You can use the verb dissolve to describe things that are coming apart or diminishing. Dissolve goes back to the Latin root dissolvere, meaning "to loosen," and it came into English in the 14th century. Physical objects dissolve, as when bubbles dissolve in the tub or a cube of sugar will dissolve in hot tea, and intangible, or non-physical, things can fade away too: "Their friendship started to dissolve when he moved across country and they communicated less frequently."
WORD FAMILY
dissolve: dissolution, dissolvable, dissolved, dissolvent, dissolver, dissolves, dissolving+/ dissolution: dissolutions/dissolved: undissolved/dissolvent: dissolvents/dissolver: dissolvers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Traditionally, the ashes are then drunk dissolved in champagne.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
There were rumours that the Empress Alexandra and Protopopov were planning to dissolve parliament - the Duma - introduce a state of emergency and sue for peace.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
And a groove that dissolves and hardens again.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 使溶解; 使（固态物）溶解为液体，使液化; 使消失，使消逝，消除; 使终止
vi. 溶解; 融化，液化; 解散，散去; 分裂，分解
时态：dissolved, dissolving, dissolves
分布：溶解(61%)，解散(20%)，消散(6%)，消除(4%)，使溶解(4%)，液化(2%)，叠化画面(2%)，变得模糊(1%)
→dis-, 分开，散开。-solv, 松开，词源同solve. 即松散开，引申词义液体溶解。
溶解;分解(dis分开+solve→松开分散→溶解)[Solv,solu,solut=loosen,表示"松开"]
v.(使)溶解,(使)融化;解散,取消Salt dissolves in water.盐溶解于水.
【记】dis分开，solve＝release释放，免除－释放开－溶解
【参】dissolution（n 分解；解散）
【反】consolidate（v 巩固）；coagulant（n 凝结剂；凝血剂）
US [-'zɑ:lv] verb
BE ABSORBED 被吸收
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■(of a solid) to be absorbed by a liquid, especially when mixed, or (of a liquid) to absorb a solid （使）溶解
• Dissolve two spoons of powder in warm water. 将两勺粉末溶解在温水中。
• Nitric acid will dissolve most animal tissue. 硝酸能溶解大部分动物组织。
UK [dɪ'zɒlv] US [-'zɑ:lv] verb
END 终止
transitive often passive
■to end an official organization or a legal arrangement 解散；解除；终止
• Parliament has been dissolved. 议会已被解散。
• Their marriage was dissolved in 1968. 他们的婚姻于1968年走到了尽头。
intransitive
■to disappear 消失
• The tension in the office just dissolves when she walks out. 她出去之后，办公室里的紧张气氛顿时烟消云散。
UK [dɪ'zɒlv] US [-'zɑ:lv] verb
dissolve into tears/laughter
■to suddenly start to cry or laugh 情不自禁地哭／笑了起来
• When she saw his photograph, she dissolved into tears. 看见他的照片，她情不自禁地哭了起来。
diffuse, dilute, disperse, dissolve
diffuse: 使扩散（气体或热量等的扩散或弥漫）
dilute: 稀释，减少事物的强度，浓度，纯度
disperse: 扩散，消散
dissolve: 溶解，固体溶解于水中
fuse, dissolve, melt
这组词都有“融化，溶解”的意思，其区别是：
fuse: 可与melt换用，但侧重指在高温下使两种或两种以上金属的熔合，也可作引申用。
dissolve: 多指固体溶于溶剂的过程。
melt: 最常用词，指任何固体的熔化过程，常引申作“消散、淡化或消失”解。
vt. 使溶解；使分解；使液化
 - hemolyze, haemolyze
vi. 溶解；解散；消失
 - melt, disappear

Word: object
Front: object
[ˈɒbdʒɪkt] (中高研四六雅 1153/1028 -K4)
Vocabulary: object
(once / 28 pages)
1n 2v 3n 4n 5n 6n
When your younger brother runs around the house with scissors, you should definitely object. Perhaps a less sharp object such as a roll of paper towels would suffice.
An object (OB-ject) is something that is a visible entity, something that can be perceived by the senses. If you are unsure whether something is an object, test it by seeing whether it can cast a shadow; if it can, it's an object, if it can't, it's not. In court, lawyers will often say, "I object!" Here, the verb object (ob-JECT) means to express disagreement.
WORD FAMILY
object: objected, objectify, objecting, objection, objector, objects+/ objectification: objectifications/ objectify: objectification, objectified, objectifies, objectifying/ objection: objectionable, objections/ objectionable: objectionableness, objectionably, unobjectionable/objector: objectors/unobjectionable: unobjectionably
USAGE EXAMPLES
Karen objects to fruit juice in grade-school lunches; however, like most of us, she resorts to sugary bribes when necessary.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Prosecutors objected at every turn, and Gergel wouldn't allow any of it into court, ruling mitigation evidence is allowable during sentencing and not before.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“It reduced everything to the equality of objects. Everything became exchangeable because everything became a commodity.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 物体; 目标; 宾语; 客体，对象
时态：objected, objecting, objects
分布：对象(64%)，反对(19%)，物体(10%)，目标(4%)，宾语(2%)，提出 ... 作为反对的理由(1%)
→ob-,向前，朝向，相对，对着的，-ject,扔，投掷，放置，词源同project.即放置在前面的目标或物体。也用于指对着扔的，引申词义反对。
物体;目标v.反对(ob反+ject→反着扔→反对,引申为扔向目标)[ject=throw,cast,表示"投掷,扔"]
n.物体;客体,对象;目标;宾语v.(to)反对The adjective injected new meaning into the objected objective object.这个形容词给受到反对的客观物体注入了新的意义.
US [ˈɑːb-]
THING 东西
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a thing that you can see or touch but that is not usually a living animal, plant or person （可看见或可触摸到的）实物，物体
• a solid/material/physical object 固体的／有形的实物
• a collection of precious objects 收藏的珍品
• Look, there's a strange object in the sky! 看，天上有个奇怪的东西！
noun UK [ˈɒb.dʒɪkt] US [ˈɑːb-]
GRAMMAR 文法
 ADVANCED countable (written abbreviation obj) specialized
■a person or thing that is affected by the action of a verb or involved in the result of an action, or a noun, pronoun or noun phrase that represents that person or thing 宾语，受词
• In the sentence 'I like ice cream', 'ice cream' is the object of the verb 'like'. 在句子 I like ice cream 中，ice cream 是动词 like 的受词。
 ADVANCED countable (written abbreviation obj) specialized
■a word that follows a preposition 介词受词
noun UK [ˈɒb.dʒɪkt] US [ˈɑːb-]
PURPOSE 目的
countable usually singular
■a reason for doing something, or the result you wish to achieve by doing it 目的，目标
• The object of their expedition was to discover the source of the River Nile. 他们探险的目的是找到尼罗河的源头。
the object of the exercise
■the result that is wanted from an activity 活动的目的
• In today's session, the object of the exercise is to improve your interpersonal skills. 今天课上这部分练习的目的是提高你们的人际交往技巧。
noun UK [ˈɒb.dʒɪkt] US [ˈɑːb-]
CAUSE 原因
countable usually singular slightly formal
■someone or something that causes particular feelings in or actions by others （引发某种情感或行为的）对象
• He became an object of ridicule among the other workers. 他成为其他工人嘲笑的对象。
noun UK [ˈɒb.dʒɪkt] US [ˈɑːb-]
be no object
■If something valuable, such as money, is no object, it does not need to be considered as a problem, because you have a lot of it 不成问题；不在话下
• For a millionaire like him, money is no object. 对他这样的百万富翁来说，钱不是问题。
verb intransitive /əbˈdʒekt/
 ADVANCED
■to feel or express opposition to or dislike of something or someone 反对，不赞成；有异议
• Would anyone object if we started the meeting now? 如果我们现在开始开会，有人反对吗？
• He objects to the label 'magician' which he is often given. 他反对人们常称他为“魔术师”。
• No-one objected when the boss said it was time to go home. 老板说该是回家的时候了，这时没有人反对。
refuse, reject, deny, decline, protest, object
refuse: 拒绝，回绝，不肯，不愿
reject: 拒绝接受，抛弃，抵制
deny: 否认，否定
decline: 谢绝，decline sth
protest: 抗议，反对，protest about/against/at sth
object: 不赞成，抗议，object to sb/sth
protest, object, suggest, advice
protest: 对……提出异议
object: 反对
suggest: 建议，提出，表明 隐含提出在某种情况下能够实现的事，提出某事来讨论
advice: 建议 商量，希望得到别人建议的个人事情，劝告，提意见，可劝人为善或为恶
 • 1647
protest, resist, object, oppose
这组词都有“反对”的意思，其区别是：
protest: 一般指通过言语或文字或行为表示出的强烈抗议、反对。
resist: 指用力量或意志抵抗、制止对方的入侵或诱惑、影响等。
object: 多指因厌恶或反感而反对，但不一定明显地表露出来。
oppose: 普通用词，含义广，语气强于object。多指反对一些较重大的事，隐含其正当性。
aim, goal, purpose, end, target, object, objective
这些名词均有“目标、目的”之意。
aim: 从本义“靶子”引申而来，侧重比较具体而明确的目标，但常指短期目标。
goal: 指经过考虑和选择，需经坚持不懈的努力奋斗才能达到的最终目标。
purpose: 普通用词，既指以坚决、审慎的行动去达到的目的，又指心中渴望要实际的目标。
end: 指心目中怀着的某种目的，强调结果而非过程。较正式用词。
target: 指射击的靶，军事攻击目标。引申指被攻击、批评或潮笑的目标。
object: 强调个人或需求而决定的目标、目的。
objective: 与object基本同义，但语义更广泛，指具体或很快能达到的目的，也可指军事目标。书面用词。
differ, disagree, object
这组词都有“不同意，反对”的意思，其区别是：
differ: 可替换disagree，但语气较温和，是disagree的委婉说法。
disagree: 指彼此间意见或看法不同，任何言行上的不合。
object: 语气强烈，侧重对某一具体计划、行为或作法等表示反对。常跟前置词to连用。
n. 目标；物体；客体； [语] 宾语
 - target, goal, end, cause, aim
vi. 反对；拒绝
 - refuse, sit down on

Word: statistical
Front: statistical
[stə'tɪstɪkl] (研四六 4292/3479 -2)
Vocabulary: statistical
(once / 1690 pages)
adj
If you can say it with numbers, then it is probably statistical. Statistical information (or "stats") can tell the chance of rain tomorrow or what percentage or your allowance gets spent on texting.
Statistics is the science of gathering numerical information in large amounts and using it to make broad deductions — such as the one that famously declared the average British family in the 1980s had 2.4 children. Of course, that was nonsense, and the statisticians later amended it — to 1.6. Statistical answers, as the previous example shows, often need to be taken with a pinch of salt.
WORD FAMILY
statistical: statistically+/ statistician: statisticians/ statistics: statistic, statistical, statistician
USAGE EXAMPLES
In somewhat of a statistical and intellectual improbability, Couch Slouch agrees with both sides.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
“Statistical differences in outcomes among population groups might suggest potential fair lending concerns that merit further examination.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
And that’s before Alabama might add its two best wins of the season to its statistical profile.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 统计的; 统计学的
分布：统计的(60%)，统计学的(40%)
a.统计的,统计学的They provided some useful statistical information.他们提供了一些有用的统计信息.
adjective
■relating to statistics 统计的；统计学的
• statistical errors/evidence 统计错误／证据

Word: gut
Front: gut
[gʌt] (研 4297/6465 -2)
Vocabulary: gut
(once / 595 pages)
1nv 2n 3n
Your gut is part of your digestive system — it's where food goes after you eat it, to get broken down into nutrients and waste. The expression to "go with your gut" means to follow your instincts, how you feel in your belly.
Your gut is quite literally your intestines, although the word is frequently used for any part of your digestive system, especially your stomach. Eating too much ice cream can give you an ache in your gut. When gut is a verb, it means to clean the internal organs out of a fish or other animal you intend to eat, or to completely empty a building. Colloquially, if you have guts, you're very brave.
WORD FAMILY
gut: gutless, guts, gutted, gutter, gutting+/gutless: gutlessly, gutlessness/guts: gutsy/gutsy: gutsier, gutsiest, gutsily, gutsiness/gutter: guttered, guttering, gutters
USAGE EXAMPLES
Use your judgment and gut to see if your emotions and behaviors are getting stronger.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 01, 2017)
In the gut, the lymphocytes maintain a barrier against pathogens.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Despite reeling from a collective gut punch, women who were opposed to President-elect Donald Trump channeled their sadness and rage into activism and organization.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 勇气; 内脏; 直觉; 肠
adj. 本能的，直觉的
vt. 毁坏（建筑物等）的内部; 取出…的内脏
时态：gutted, gutting, guts
分布：内脏(46%)，肠子(16%)，勇气(11%)，胆量(9%)，取出内脏(8%)，本能的(6%)，羊肠线(4%)
→来自gheu, 涌出，倾泻，词源同foundry, gush, gust. 用于解剖学术语。肠道在古代医字观念被认为是情感所在之地，引申义勇气。
n.[pl.]胆量;内脏a.本能的vt.取出内脏He has a lot of guts.他很有勇气.
noun
BOWELS 肠
uncountable
■the long tube in the body of a person or animal, through which food moves during digestion 消化道；肠道，肠
• Meat stays in the gut longer than vegetable matter. 和蔬菜相比，肉类在消化道中停留的时间更长。
countable informal
■a person's stomach when it is extremely large 大肚子；肥大的腹部
• He's got a huge beer gut (= large stomach caused by drinking beer). 他有个大啤酒肚。
guts [plural]
■bowels 内脏
• My guts hurt. 我五脏六腑都痛。
• He got a knife in the guts. 他肚子被戳了一刀。
gut feeling/reaction informal
■a strong belief about someone or something which cannot completely be explained and does not have to be decided by reasoning 直觉；本能；内心感觉
• I have a gut feeling that the relationship won't last. 我有种直觉，这段关系不会太长久。
uncountable
■a strong thread made from an animal's bowels used, especially in the past, for making musical instruments and sports rackets （尤指旧时用来制作乐器和球拍的）肠线
[gʌt] noun
BRAVERY 勇气
guts [plural] informal
■bravery; the ability to control fear and to deal with danger and uncertainty 勇气；胆量；意志
• [+ to infinitive] It takes a lot of guts to admit to so many people that you've made a mistake. 在那么多人面前承认自己犯了错误是需要很大勇气的。
[gʌt] noun
have sb's guts for garters UK informal
■If you say you will have someone's guts for garters, you mean that you will punish them severely 狠狠惩罚（某人）；抽（某人）的筋；扒（某人）的皮
• If that boy has taken my bike again, I'll have his guts for garters! 如果那小子又骑走了我的脚踏车，我就扒了他的皮。
[gʌt] noun
slog/sweat/work your guts out informal
■to work extremely hard 拼命工作；拼命干活
• I've been slogging my guts out these past few weeks and all he can do is criticize. 在过去的几个星期里我一直在拼命工作，可他就只是批评我。
[gʌt] verb transitive (-tt-)
EMPTY A BUILDING 空的房屋
■to destroy the inside of a building completely, usually by fire （通常指火灾）彻底损毁（房屋）的内部
• A fire gutted the bookshop last week. 上星期一场火把书店烧光了。
■to remove the inside parts and contents of a building, usually so that it can be decorated in a completely new way （通常指为了装修）拆除（房屋）的内部
■UK informal
■to clean very thoroughly the inside of a house or room 把（房屋内的东西）全部清理出去
[gʌt] verb transitive (-tt-)
REMOVE ORGANS 取出内脏
■to remove the inner organs of an animal, especially in preparation for eating it （尤指在烹调前）取出…的内脏
• She gutted the fish and cut off their heads. 她取出鱼的内脏并把鱼头切掉。
n. 内脏；肠子；剧情；胆量；海峡
 - courage, inside, neck, channel, narrow
vt. 取出内脏；摧毁内部装置
 - eviscerate
adj. 简单的；本质的，根本的
 - simple, organic, plain, fundamental, essential

Word: metropolitan
Front: metropolitan
[ˌmetrəˈpɒlɪtən] (研六托雅宝 4293/3962 -2)
Vocabulary: metropolitan
(once / 668 pages)
1adjn 2n
The adjective metropolitan describes something that's characteristic of a city. You really enjoy metropolitan life — there's always something happening, and you can walk or take the subway anywhere you want to go.
The word metropolitan comes from metropolis, which in Greek means mother city, made up of mētēr meaning mother, and polis meaning city. A person who lives in a metropolis, or city, is also called a metropolitan. You may have loved cities even when you were growing up in the suburbs, looking forward to the day you could become a true metropolitan in the biggest city you could find.
WORD FAMILY
metropolitan: metropolitans+/ metropolis: metropolises, metropolitan
USAGE EXAMPLES
A spokeswoman for the Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority directed questions to United.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Nor are the successes of rural schools necessarily an indictment on the struggles of those in metropolitan areas.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Metropolitan Police Department said in a news release that 28-year-old Shawn J. Brown was arrested Saturday and charged with second-degree murder.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 大都会的; 大城市的; 宗主国的; 大主教教区的
n. 大城市人; 大主教; 宗主国的公民; 有大城市气派的人
分布：大都市的(55%)，大主教(25%)，大都市的居民(12%)，大主教区的(8%)
→来自metropolis,大都会。
a.首都的,主要都市的,大城市There's no essential difference between a metropolitan and a peasant.大城市人和农民之间没有什么本质的区别.
【记】metro＝mother母亲，politan城市－母亲城市－大城市的原指东正教教主
US [-'pɑ:.lɪ-] adjective
■relating to a large city 大都市的
• the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York 纽约大都会艺术博物馆
• He was drawn to the metropolitan glamour and excitement of Paris. 他为巴黎的大都会魅力与激情所吸引。
• a metropolitan area/council 都市区／大都市议会
adj. 大都市的；大主教辖区的；宗主国的
 - suzerain
n. 大城市人；大主教；宗主国的公民
 - archbishop

Word: rolling
Front: rolling
[ˈrəʊlɪŋ] (4298/5279 -1)
Back: adj. 旋转的; 波动的; 起伏的
n. 旋转; 动摇; 轰鸣
分布：滚动(80%)，旋转(8%)，波动的(4%)，旋转的(4%)，动词roll的现在分词形式.(2%)，摇晃的(2%)
US ['roʊ-] adjective [before noun]
GRADUAL 逐渐的
■gradual 逐渐的；逐步的
• The plan is for a rolling extension of the tax over the next ten years. 计划是在未来十年中将这一税种的征收范围逐步扩大。
UK ['rəʊ.lɪŋ] US ['roʊ-] adjective [before noun]
HILL 山丘
■(of hills) gently rising and falling （山峦）平缓起伏的
• The train journey took us through a valley past rolling hills. 我们乘坐火车沿一条山谷穿过绵延起伏的山峦。
UK ['rəʊ.lɪŋ] US ['roʊ-] adjective [before noun]
a rolling stone (gathers no moss) old-fashioned saying
■said to mean that a person who is always travelling and changing jobs has the advantage of having no responsibilities, but also has disadvantages such as having no permanent place to live 滚石不生苔，来去真自在（表示经常在外游荡或老换工作的人可以不用担负责任，但是也居无定所）
• Hal was a bit of a rolling stone before he married and settled down. 哈尔以前生活有些漂泊不定，直到婚后才安顿下来。
n. 旋转；动摇；轰响
 - revolution, rotation, turning
adj. 旋转的；起伏的；波动的
 - rotary, revolutionary

Word: aesthetic
Front: aesthetic
[i:sˈθetɪk] (研六托雅宝 4296/5161 -2)
Vocabulary: aesthetic
(once / 1071 pages)
adjn
The adjective aesthetic comes in handy when the subject at hand is beauty or the arts. A velvet painting of dogs playing poker might have minimal aesthetic appeal.
Aesthetic, from a Greek word meaning "perception," comes to us from German philosophers who used it for a theory of the beautiful. From this technical sense, it soon came to refer to good taste and to artistry in general; if something has "aesthetic value," it has value as a work of art (even if nobody will pay much for it). It does not, however, refer to the objects themselves; do not talk about an "aesthetic painting."
WORD FAMILY
aesthetic: aesthetically, aesthetician, aesthetics, inaesthetic, unaesthetic+/ aesthetician: aestheticians/ aesthetics: aesthetical
USAGE EXAMPLES
His best-known work was "Ways of Seeing", a criticism of western cultural aesthetics, but he also won the Booker Prize for his novel G.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Pope’s sarcastic rules to achieving bathos in poetry were a clear attack on the aesthetic and moral climate of his time.
The New Yorker(Dec 31, 2016)
This game is unlikely to be aesthetic, but will be all the more compelling for that.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 美的，美学的; 有关美的; 审美的; 具有审美趣味的
n. 美学标准，美感; 审美观
分布：审美的(47%)，美学的(46%)，有美感的(7%)
审美的,美学的(对美有感觉)[a)esthet=feeling,表示"感觉"]
a.(esthetic)美学的,艺术的;审美的The play is an aesthetic success.这部戏剧是个艺术上的成功.
US [-'θetˌ-] adjective
■relating to the enjoyment or study of beauty 美感的；审美的；美学的
• The new building has little aesthetic value/appeal. 新楼几乎没有甚么美学价值。
■describes an object or a work of art that shows great beauty 美的；艺术的
• furniture which is both aesthetic and functional 既美观又实用的家俱
adj. 美的；美学的；审美的，具有审美趣味的
 - esthetical

Word: spell
Front: spell
[spel] (中高研四六宝 4299/3382 -K3)
Vocabulary: spell
(once / 164 pages)
1v 2nv 3nv
A spell is a series of words that has magical powers. If you’re under a spell, then what you do is out of your control — your thoughts and actions are dictated by the spell.
Spell can refer to the magic words you say, or it can describe being under the influence of those words. You probably don’t encounter many magic spells in real life, but the word is often used figuratively to describe those times when you feel like a magical power controls your action. Of course, this word can also mean the verb "to spell" which refers to reciting the letters in a word, like the competitive spellers in a spelling bee.
WORD FAMILY
spell: misspell, spelled, speller, spelling, spells, unspell+/ misspell: misspelled, misspelling, misspells, misspelt/misspelling: misspellings/speller: spellers/spelling: spellings/unspell: unspelled
USAGE EXAMPLES
During a spell living in London during the 1960s, he met Mr Major, who became a lifelong friend.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
The deadlock was broken in the 41st minute and sparked a short spell of footballing fancy dress.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
“I call it ‘truck-itis,’” said Mr. Spell, the former automotive editor for The Houston Chronicle.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. 拼写; 导致，意味着; 组成（一个词）的字母是…
vi. 轮替
n. 符咒，咒语; 魅力; 一段时间; 轮班
时态：spelt, spelling, spells
分布：拼写(47%)，咒语(28%)，一段时间(7%)，魔力(6%)，导致(5%)，拼成(3%)，一阵发作(2%)，轮班(1%)，暂时代替(1%)
→来自古英语 spell,故事，叙述，寓言，来自 Proto-Germanic*spellam,说，告知，来自 spel, 说，念，吟诵，背诵。引申词义符咒，咒语，魔力等。词义拼写来自古法语同源词 espelir, 拼写，拼读，发音。
v.拼写Please tell me how to spell the word.请告诉我怎样拼这个字.
verb
FORM WORDS 构成单词
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive (spelled or UK AND Australian ENGLISH ALSO spelt, spelled or UK AND Australian ENGLISH ALSO spelt)
■to form a word or words with the letters in the correct order 用字母拼；拼写
• "How do you spell 'receive'?" "R E C E I V E". “receive 怎么拼？”“R-E-C-E-I-V-E。”
• Shakespeare did not always spell his own name the same way. 莎士比亚并非总是用同样的拼法拼写自己的名字。
• Our address is 1520 Main Street, Albuquerque - shall I spell that (out) (= say in the correct order the letters that form the word) for you? 我们的地址是阿尔布开克大街1520号——要我把它拼出来吗？
• I think it's important that children should be taught to spell (= how to form words with the letters in the correct order). 我认为教孩子们正确地拼写非常重要。
[spel] verb
RESULT 结果
spell disaster/trouble, etc.
■to cause something bad to happen in the future 意味着灾难／会招致麻烦等
• The new regulations could spell disaster for small businesses. 新规定对小企业来说可能意味着灾难。
• This cold weather could spell trouble for gardeners. 这种寒冷的天气可能会为菜农带来灾难。
[spel] verb
DO INSTEAD 代替做
transitive (spelled, spelled) mainly US to do something which someone else would usually be doing, especially in order to allow them to rest （尤指为让某人休息）代替做，替换，轮换
• You've been driving for a while - do you want me to spell you? 你开车开了一阵子了——需要我替你一会儿吗？
[spel] verb
N O spells no. saying
■used as a reply to a request, to emphasize that when you said no previously you really meant it （强调之前给出的否定回答）我说不行就不行。
[spel] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] spell sth out
■to explain something in a very clear way with details 解释清楚；详细地说明
• The government has so far refused to spell out its plans/policies. 政府至今拒绝透露详细的计划／政策。
• informal What do you mean you don't understand - do I have to spell it out for you? 你说你不明白是甚么意思——需要我详细地向你解释一下吗？
[spel] noun countable
PERIOD 时期
 IMPROVER
■a period of time for which an activity or condition lasts continuously （持续的）一段时间
• I lived in London for a spell. 我在伦敦住过一阵子。
• She had a brief spell as captain of the team. 她曾当过很短一段时间的球队队长。
• I keep having/getting dizzy spells (= periods of feeling as if I'm turning around). 我一阵一阵地头晕。
 IMPROVER
■a short period of a particular type of weather （特定天气的）一段短暂持续时间
• a spell of dry weather 一段天气干燥的日子
• The weather forecast is for dry, sunny spells. 天气预报说接下来是持续干燥的晴天。
[spel] noun countable
DO INSTEAD 替代 US a period when you do something that someone else would usually be doing, especially in order to allow them to rest 轮班（这段时间你做的事情是其他人通常要做的事情，特别是要让他们休息）
• If we take spells (with) doing the painting, it won't seem like such hard work. 如果我们轮换着刷油漆，也许做起来不会这么累。
[spel] noun countable
MAGIC 魔法
■spoken words which are thought to have magical power, or (the condition of being under) the influence or control of such words 咒语，符咒；魔法；着魔
• The witch cast/put a spell on the prince and he turned into a frog. 女巫对王子施了魔法，把他变成了青蛙。
• A beautiful girl would have to kiss him to break (= stop) the spell. 要想解除魔法，必须要有一个美丽的女孩亲吻他。
• Sleeping Beauty lay under the wicked fairy's spell until the prince woke her with a kiss. 睡美人在邪恶仙子的符咒中倒下沉睡，直到王子吻了她一下才醒来。
[spel] noun countable
be under sb 's spell
■to be strongly attracted to someone and influenced by them 被（某人）迷住，为（某人）着迷
vt. 拼，拼写；意味着；招致；拼成；迷住；轮值
 - possess, invite, court, secure
n. 符咒；一段时间；魅力
 - cycle, grace, while, charm, period of time
vi. 拼字；轮替
 - turn taking

Word: insert
Front: insert
[ɪnˈsɜ:t] (高研四六托雅宝 4301/3796 -K2)
Vocabulary: insert
(once / 348 pages)
vn
When you insert something or someone, you put it into something else. You could insert yourself into a conversation, or you could insert a comma into the sentence you just wrote.
The verb insert comes from the Latin in-, meaning “into,” and serere, meaning "to join." When you insert yourself into a conversation, you’re joining in, whether your friends want you to or not. Insert can also mean to fit snugly into, or to tuck. You might fit a card into an envelope that fits it perfectly, or insert first one leg and then another into a pair of tights.
WORD FAMILY
insert: inserted, inserting, insertion, inserts+/ insertion: insertions
USAGE EXAMPLES
Massachusetts, unlike many other states, explicitly allows transgender youth to wear binders to compress their breasts, or breast-like inserts under their shirts.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Typically, they are added every two or three years, although the last one was inserted just 18 months ago in June 2015.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Hospital staff managed to insert a tube into his chest and stabilize him.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 插入; 嵌入; （在文章中）添加; 加插
n. 添入物（尤指一页印刷品图中插入或套印的小图）; （书报的）插页; 插入物; 添加物
时态：inserted, inserting, inserts
分布：插入(94%)，嵌入(3%)，插入物(3%)
→in-,进入，使，-sert,连接，词源同assert,series.引申词义插入。
插入,嵌进(in进入+sert→加入进来→插入)[sert=join,insert表示"加入,插入"]
v.插入,嵌入;登载n.插入物The assessor asserts that he inserted the deserted desserts in the desert with alert.估价人认定他用警惕把被抛弃的甜点心插入沙漠中.
【记】in进入，sert插一插入
【参】exsert（vt 使突出；使伸出）
【反】remove（vt 移动；拿走）
US [-ˈsɜ˞ːt/
■to put something inside something else, or to add something, especially words, to something else 插入，添加（尤指文字）
• Insert the key in/into the lock. 将锁匙插入锁中。
• I've filled in the form, but you still need to insert (= add) your bank details and date of birth. 我已填了表，但你还要填上你的帐户资料和出生日期。
noun countable UK [ˈɪn.sɜːt] US [-sɜ˞ːt/
■something that is made to go inside or into something else 插入物
• These magazines have too many annoying inserts (= extra loose pages) advertising various products. 这些杂志里令人讨厌的各类产品广告插页太多。
vt. 插入； [建] 嵌入
 - bed, build in
n. [建] 插入物
 - inlet, impaler

Word: booth
Front: booth
[bu:ð] (高研四六雅 4300/9834 -1)
Vocabulary: booth
(once / 2220 pages)
n
A booth is a temporary table, tent, or area that you set up in order to sell something. You might have a cupcake booth at a school craft fair, for example.
You might stop at an information booth in a tourist town, or or shop for records at a music booth in your local flea market. You can use the noun booth for any small, impermanent stall, kiosk, or stand. Another kind of booth is the cozy, private seating area at a restaurant that often has high walls and benches around a table. Booth has an Old Norse origin, the word buth, which is rooted in búa, or "dwell."
WORD FAMILY
booth: booths
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Yes!” someone from the tech booth shouts back.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“When we got to the intersection and then the fee booth, it was eerie. No tracks, no nothing.”
Los Angeles Times(Dec 27, 2016)
In college, this play might’ve been sent to the booth to determine if the rule calling for an automatic ejection should be enforced.
Seattle Times(Dec 26, 2016)
Back: n. 售货棚，摊位; 公用电话亭; 隔开的小间; （选举）投票站
分布：电话亭(76%)，货摊(21%)，小间(3%)
→来自PIE *bheue, 存在，生长，居住，同boor, 原指简陋的居住之所。
n.电话亭,货摊By the spoon you'll soon see the smooth tooth of the moon above the booth.借助勺子你可以立刻看到电话亭上方月亮的光滑牙齿.
US [bu:θ] noun countable
■a small space like a box that a person can go into 小亭，小房间
• a telephone booth 电话亭
• a polling booth 投票亭
■a partly closed area, table, or small tent at a fair, exhibition or similar event （市集、展览会等处半封闭的）小棚子，小帐篷，小间
n. 货摊；公用电话亭
 - concession stand, stall

Word: helmet
Front: helmet
[ˈhelmɪt] (高研四六雅宝 4303/5642 -2)
Back: n. 头盔; 钢盔; 盔形物，盔状物; [植]盔状花冠
vt. 给…戴上头盔
分布：头盔(89%)，安全帽(11%)
→来自kel,隐藏，遮盖，词源同cell,hole,-et,小词后缀。.引申词义保护，头盔。
n.头盔,钢盔Which method of making the metal helmet is more economical in total?生产这种金属头盔的方法哪一种总体上更节约?
【区】hermit（n 隐士）读：何处觅他；
【参】hermetic（adj 密封的；与外界隔绝的）
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a strong hard hat that covers and protects the head 头盔，安全帽
• a crash helmet 防撞头盔
• a cycle helmet 摩托车安全帽
n. [军] 钢盔，头盔
 - armet, burgonet

Word: waist
Front: waist
[weɪst] (高研四六托 4304/4386 -K2)
Vocabulary: waist
(once / 330 pages)
n
On a human, the waist is the narrowing between the ribs and the hips –- though for many of us, "narrowing" may actually be "expanding."
Waist can also refer to the part of a piece of clothing that covers the waist — like the waist (or waistline) of a dress or a jacket. Most likely you know these most common definitions of waist, but did you know that a waist can also be the narrow part of a shoe, or of a violin? Don’t confuse the definition of waist with waste, though the words have the same pronunciation.
WORD FAMILY
waist: waists
USAGE EXAMPLES
I am terrified, as my mother became paralyzed from the waist down with neuropathy that began in the feet due to diabetes.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Buying clothes with a 68 waist was humiliating.
New York Times(May 02, 2016)
Three vertebrae were broken, and she was temporarily paralyzed from the waist down and in a coma for a time.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 腰，腰部; （衣服的）腰身; 船腰; （女人，小孩子的）背心
分布：腰(77%)，腰部(23%)
→来自wegs,增加，来自aug的扩大形式，词源同augment,wax。引申词义腰。
n.腰,腰部In the faithful waiter's waist exists a list of the ten listeners.在忠实的侍者的腰里存有那十位听众的名单.
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■the part of the body above and slightly narrower than the hips 腰，腰部
• a small/narrow/tiny/large/thick waist 小／窄／极细的／宽／粗腰
• These trousers are a bit tight around my waist. 这条裤子我穿着腰有点紧。
 ADVANCED
■the part of a piece of clothing that goes around or covers the area between the hips and the ribs （衣服的）腰部
• The skirt had an elasticated waist. 这条裙子的腰部是松紧性的。
n. 腰，腰部
 - middle, loin

Word: expected
Front: expected
[ɪkˈspektɪd] (4302/3402 -K)
Vocabulary: expected
(once / 37 pages)
adj
Something expected is likely to happen: it's probable. During winter, snow is expected.
When you expect something, you anticipate that it will happen. As people age, they expect some grey hair. Things described as expected are things people know will probably happen. For football players, many injuries are expected. If you have a baby, many changes in your life are expected. For example, it’s expected that the baby will often cry, causing the parents to lose sleep. Expected things are the opposite of surprising things. No one is surprised by an expected event.
WORD FAMILY
expected: expectedly, expectedness, unexpected +/ expect: expectable, expectant, expectation, expected, expecting, expects/expectable: expectably/expectancy: expectancies/ expectant: expectancy, expectantly/ expectation: expectations/ unexpected: unexpecteder, unexpectedly, unexpectedness
USAGE EXAMPLES
The measure was added to a broader rules package that is expected to pass when the House formally convenes on Tuesday.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
The main event, a stronger storm system, is expected to move into the Los Angeles County area late Saturday and continue until Monday.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The transition official was not authorized to publicly confirm Trump’s expected decision and insisted on anonymity.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. （用作定语）预期要发生的，期待中的
v. 期望( expect的过去式和过去分词 ); 预料; 要求; 认为（某事）会发生
分布：预期的(54%)，预料的(46%)
VERB
预期;预料;期待
If you expect something to happen, you believe that it will happen.
例：...a council workman who expects to lose his job in the next few weeks...预计自己在接下来的几周里会丢掉工作的市政工人
例：They no longer expect corporate profits to improve...他们不再期待公司利润会增长。
VERB
盼望;期待;等待
If you are expecting something or someone, you believe that they will be delivered to you or come to you soon, often because this has been arranged earlier.
例：I am expecting several important letters but nothing has arrived...我正在等几封重要的信件，可是一封都没到。
例：I wasn't expecting a visitor...我没想到会有人来访。
VERB
要求；认为应当得到;指望
If you expect something, or expect a person to do something, you believe that it is your right to have that thing, or the person's duty to do it for you.
例：He wasn't expecting our hospitality...他没有指望我们会盛情款待。
例：I do expect to have some time to myself in the evenings...我确实希望晚上能有些属于自己的时间。
VERB
指望;期望
If you tell someone not to expect something, you mean that the thing is unlikely to happen as they have planned or imagined, and they should not hope that it will.
例：Don't expect an instant cure...别指望立即治愈。
例：You cannot expect to like all the people you will work with...不要指望你会喜欢所有和你共事的人。
VERB
怀孕
If you say that a woman is expecting a baby, or that she is expecting, you mean that she is pregnant.
例：She was expecting another baby...她又怀孕了。
例：I hear Dawn's expecting again.我听说唐又怀孕了。
PHRASE
我认为;我猜想
You say 'I expect' to suggest that a statement is probably correct, or a natural consequence of the present situation, although you have no definite knowledge.
例：I expect you can guess what follows...我想你能猜出接下来发生了什么。
例：I expect you're tired...我想你累了。
PHRASE
你还想指望什么；那有什么大惊小怪的
You can say 'What can you expect?' or 'What do you expect?' to emphasize that there is nothing surprising about a situation or a person's behaviour, especially if you find this disappointing.
例：It tastes artificial, but at that price what can you expect?...尝起来像是假的，但是就这个价格你还想指望什么？
例：If a guy hunts and owns guns, what do you expect?如果一个人打猎而且还有自己的枪，你还想指望什么？
adj. 预期的；预料的
 - due, anticipated, prospective
v. 预期；盼望（expect的过去分词）
 - anticipated

Word: lion
Front: lion
[ˈlaɪən] (中高研四六 4305/3397 -2)
Vocabulary: lion
(once / 304 pages)
n
A lion is a distant relative of your adorable pet kitten: a large, wild cat found in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. Male lions have thick, golden-colored manes around their necks.
While the male lion is arguably more striking than the female, it's the females who do nearly all the hunting for a group, or pride, of lions. Tigers are actually larger than lions, making "the king of the beasts" the second-largest wild cat. Because of their strength and power, images of lions are often used as symbols on flags and coats of arms. It's also common to call a strong, courageous person a lion.
WORD FAMILY
lion: lioness, lionise, lionize, lions+/lioness: lionesses/lionise: lionised, lionising/ lionize: lionized, lionizes, lionizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
“The prosecutors we see now,” he wrote on his Facebook page, “are nothing more or less than a pack of hyenas attacking a crippled lion.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
And it was here that one of the lions of the civil rights movement breathed his last on an April morning in 1968.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The storm-lashed lion whose windblown mane looks like he used too much hair product.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 狮子; 名人; [天文学、占星术]狮子（星）座; 勇士，名流
分布：狮子(98%)，勇猛的人(2%)
→来自拉丁语leo,狮子。
n.狮子The skilful miller killed millions of lions with his ski.技术娴熟的磨坊主用雪橇杀死了上百万头狮子.
noun countable
 IMPROVER (female lioness)
■a large wild animal of the cat family with yellowish brown fur which lives in Africa and southern Asia 狮，狮子
• a pride (= group) of lions 狮群
■someone who is important, successful or powerful 大师，巨匠；高人
• a literary lion 文学大师
['laɪ.ən] noun countable
the lion's den
■a dangerous or threatening place or situation 虎穴，狼窝；危险境地
['laɪ.ən] noun countable
the lion's share
■the largest part or most of something 最大份额，大部分
• Reputable charities spend the lion's share of donations on aid and a tiny fraction on administration. 声誉好的慈善机构将捐款的大部分都花在援助上，只有极少部分用于管理。
n. 狮子；名人；勇猛的人；社交场合的名流
 - personality, leo, celebrity

Word: accomplishment
Front: accomplishment
[əˈkʌmplɪʃmənt] (六托 4308/13752 -1)
Vocabulary: accomplishment
(once / 438 pages)
n
An accomplishment is something notable that you've done. Graduating from college with honors is an accomplishment.
First used in the 15th century, the noun accomplishment derives from the Old French word acomplir, meaning "to fulfill, fill up, complete." An accomplishment is something you've completed successfully. The word often refers to a goal that you've achieved. If you're a runner, you'd consider completing a marathon to be a great accomplishment. Gaining a new skill can also be an accomplishment. Speaking French fluently might be an accomplishment that makes you really proud.
WORD FAMILY
accomplishment: accomplishments, nonaccomplishment+/ accomplish: accomplishable, accomplished, accomplishes, accomplishing, accomplishment
USAGE EXAMPLES
Seven living generations in one family is a Guinness Book of World Records accomplishment.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
When you finally defeat that boss or clear that area, you’re overcome with an overwhelming sense of accomplishment.
Salon(Dec 31, 2016)
Williams spoke in the locker room about seeing lots more he needs to work on, and is far from satisfied with his accomplishments so far.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 成就; 完成; 技能; 履行
分布：成就(77%)，完成(23%)
US [-'kɑ:m-] noun
countable
■something that is successful, or that is achieved after a lot of work or effort 成就；成绩
• Getting the two leaders to sign a peace treaty was his greatest accomplishment. 他最大的成就是促成了两位领导人签署和平协议。
uncountable
■the finishing of something 完成；实现
• We celebrated the successful accomplishment of our task. 我们庆祝圆满完成任务。
countable
■a skill 造诣；技能；才华
• Cordon-bleu cookery is just one of her many accomplishments. 她多才多艺，一流的烹饪手艺仅仅是她的绝学之一。
n. 成就；完成；技艺，技能
 - achievement, effort, completion, success, execution

Word: royal
Front: royal
[ˈrɔɪəl] (高研四六雅 4306/682 -K4)
Back: adj. 王国的，王室的; 高贵的，庄严的; 盛大的; 敕许的，敕定的
n. <口>王室成员; [航海]顶桅帆
分布：盛大的(25%)，高贵的(19%)，皇家的(19%)，堂皇的(17%)，顶桅帆(12%)，第一流的(8%)
→来自拉丁语 regalis,国王的，王室的，来自 rex,国王，国君，词源同 regal,rule.
a.王室的,皇家的;第一流的,高贵的The royal destroyer employs lots of loyal employees.皇家驱逐舰雇佣了很多忠心的雇员.
adjective
 ESSENTIAL (written abbreviation r)
■belonging or connected to a king or queen or a member of their family 国王的；女王的；王室的
• the royal family 王室
• a royal visit 国王（或女王）的访问
■good or excellent, as if intended for or typical of royalty 很好的；第一流的；似君王的
• The team was given a royal reception/welcome. 球队受到了隆重的欢迎。
■mainly US
■big or great 极大的；极度的
• a royal pain/a royal mess 剧痛／脏乱透顶
['rɔɪ.əl] noun countable usually plural informal
■a member of the royal family 王室成员
• The press follow the royals everywhere. 王室成员们到哪里，新闻记者们就跟到哪里。
adj. 皇家的；盛大的；女王的；高贵的；第一流的
 - classical, distinguished
n. 王室；王室成员
 - house-hold

Word: panic
Front: panic
[ˈpænɪk] (高研六托雅宝 4310/3777 -3)
Vocabulary: panic
(once / 413 pages)
nv
To panic is to become filled with fear and anxiety. Someone in a panic is totally freaking out.
Have you ever heard someone say "Don't panic"? That's easier said than done. People panic when they lose control over themselves because of fear, stress, or danger. A pilot who runs into turbulence and then flees from the cockpit has panicked. A surgeon who makes a mistake might panic for a second, before chilling out and helping the patient. It's hard to do a good job when you panic. Panicking is pretty much the opposite of relaxing.
WORD FAMILY
panic: panicked, panicking, panicky, panics
USAGE EXAMPLES
Andy Carroll entered finally to test that rejigged back line and immediately drew a little barging panic from Jones.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
He remembers panicking about the loss because the wallet contained his driving instructional permit.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
This caused an internal system to "panic" the firm wrote, causing the server errors.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 恐慌，惊慌; （金融方面）大恐慌; 成功; 〈俚〉非常滑稽的人
vt. 使恐慌
vi. 十分惊慌
adj. 恐慌的，惊慌失措的
时态：panicked, panicking, panics
分布：恐慌(63%)，惊慌(24%)，恐慌的(6%)，感到恐慌(4%)，惊慌的(2%)，使…惊慌(1%)
→来自Pan,潘神，牧羊神，-ic,形容词后缀。因传说中潘神样貌无比丑陋或因潘神可以发出一种无比恐怖的声音而引申词义恐慌，吓人。
n./a.恐慌(的),惊慌(的)vt.使惊慌,使害怕The fanciful panda fan panics over the span of the pan-like panel.爱幻想的熊猫迷对盆状仪表板的全长感到恐慌.
【记】pa怕，ni你，c：害怕你－恐慌
noun countable usually singular uncountable
 IMPROVER
■a sudden strong feeling of fear that prevents reasonable thought and action 恐慌，惊慌
• a state of panic 恐慌状态
• Panic spread through the crowd as the bullets started to fly. 子弹开始满天飞，人群惊慌起来。
• Carmel was in a panic about her exam. 卡梅尔很害怕考试。
• He got in(to)a panic that he would forget his lines on stage. 他慌张起来，怕自己在台上会忘记台词。
['pæn.ɪk] verb intransitive or transitive (panicking, panicked, panicked)
 IMPROVER
■to suddenly feel so worried or frightened that you cannot think or behave calmly or reasonably （使）恐慌，（使）惊慌失措
• Don't panic! Everything will be okay. 别惊慌，一切都会没事的！
• The sound of gunfire panicked the crowd. 枪声使人群惊慌失措。
• The boss always panics over/about the budget every month. 老板每月总会对预算惊恐不安。
alarm, fear, fright, horror, panic, terror, dread
这些名词均含“恐惧、惧怕、惊恐”之意。
alarm: 强调突然意识到有危险而产生的恐惧心理。
fear: 普通用词，侧重指面临危险或灾祸时内心所引起的恐惧心情。
fright: 通常指一阵突然的、令人震惊的短暂恐惧，有时含夸张意味。
horror: 侧重指因看到令人讨厌或危险的东西或情景而引起的厌恶情绪、极度恐惧心情或战栗的动作。
panic: 常指因突如其来的外界威胁使人群出现惊慌、恐惧或混乱。
terror: 指极大的恐惧和惊骇，语气最强。
dread: 可与fear换用，着重害怕的心理，但dread常指胆怯和丧失勇气。
n. 恐慌，惊慌； [金融] 大恐慌
 - alarm
adj. 恐慌的；没有理由的
 - unfounded
vt. 使恐慌
 - flurry

Word: cast
Front: cast
[kɑ:st] (高研四六托雅宝 2035/2328 -K4)
Vocabulary: cast
(once / 56 pages)
1vn 2v 3nv 4vn 5v 6v
A cast is the group of actors who make up a film or stage play. And the act of being chosen for the part? Well, they were cast by the director. That's showbiz for you.
Cast also refers to various types of actions a person can take: if you throw out a fishing line in a particular way, you are said to cast it; if you fancy your chances in Vegas, you cast the dice at the craps table. And if you break a limb and they bandage it up in solid plaster for your friends to write all over? That, too, is a cast.
WORD FAMILY
cast: caster, casting, casts, miscast, precast, recast +/caster: casters/casting: castings, recasting/miscast: miscasting, miscasts/ recast: recasted, recasts/recasting: recastings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Many readers will feel the same way about “Testimony,” which by detailing a legendary time in musical creativity, casts its own magic.
Seattle Times(Dec 01, 2016)
He is casting global capitalism as an inextricably racial enterprise, one built specifically on racial slavery and its analogues around the world.
Slate(Dec 01, 2016)
Lamarre says he will reopen the show once psychologists say that the cast and crew are ready.
Seattle Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: vt. 铸造; 投掷; 投射; 脱落，脱皮
n. 铸型; 演员表; 轻微的斜视; 投，掷骰
vi. 掷，投; 计算，加
时态：cast, casting, casts
分布：投(41%)，铸造(19%)，抛(17%)，掷(9%)，演员阵容(8%)，投掷(2%)，预测(2%)，加起来(1%)，指定演员(1%)
→词源不详。
v.投,扔,掷,抛;铸造;投票;n.演员表The forecaster contrasted the cast castle with the vast desert.预言者将铸造的城堡与广阔的沙漠作了对比.
【反】tout（v 极力赞扬）－cast aspersions on（诽谤）
US [kæst] verb (cast, cast)
ACTORS 演员
 ADVANCED transitive
■to choose actors to play particular parts in a play, film or show 挑选…扮演
• He was often cast as the villain. 他经常演反面角色。
• In her latest film she was cast against type (= played a different character than the one she usually played or might be expected to play). 在最近拍的电影中，她改变了戏路。
• figurative They like to cast the opposing political party as (= to say that they are) the party of high taxes. 他们喜欢把敌对政党说成是征收高额税收的政党。
⇒ See also typecast
UK [kɑ:st] US [kæst] verb (cast, cast)
LIGHT 光
transitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to send light or shadow (= an area of darkness) in a particular direction 把（光或阴影）投向；投射
• The moon cast a white light into the room. 皎洁的月光洒进房间里。
• The tree cast a shadow over/on his face. 树影投在他的脸上。
• figurative Her arrival cast a shadow over/on the party (= made it less pleasant). 她的到场给聚会投上了一丝阴影。
cast light on sth
■to provide an explanation for a situation or problem, or information that makes it easier to understand 使更易理解；有助于说明
• The discovery of the dinosaur skeleton has cast light on why they became extinct. 恐龙骨架的发现使人们对于恐龙灭绝的原因有了一些认识。
UK [kɑ:st] US [kæst] verb (cast, cast)
LOOK 看
cast a look/glance/smile etc.
■to look, smile etc. in a particular direction 看一眼／瞅一眼／向…一笑等
• She cast a quick look in the rear mirror. 她迅速看了一眼后视镜。
cast an/your eye over sth
■to look quickly at something 迅速地看；匆匆浏览
• Could you cast an eye over this report for me? 你能替我看一眼这份报告吗？
UK [kɑ:st] US [kæst] verb (cast, cast)
THROW 扔
transitive + adverb or preposition literary
■to throw something 扔；投；抛；掷
• The knight cast the sword far out into the lake. 骑士将剑远远地扔进湖中。
transitive
■(in fishing) to throw something, such as a line, into the water to catch fish with （钓鱼时）抛，扔（钓线）；撒（网）
• He cast the line to the middle of the river. 他把钓线抛向河中央。
UK [kɑ:st] US [kæst] verb (cast, cast)
DOUBT 疑虑
cast doubt/suspicion on sb/sth
■to make people feel less sure about or have less trust in something or someone 使对…产生怀疑
• New evidence has cast doubt on the guilty verdict. 新的证据让人们对判罚有罪的裁决产生了怀疑。
cast aspersions on sb/sth formal
■to criticize or make damaging remarks or judgments about someone or something 使对…产生怀疑
• His opponents cast aspersions on his patriotism. 反对者诋毁他的爱国精神。
UK [kɑ:st] US [kæst] verb (cast, cast)
REMEMBER 记起
cast your mind back
■to try to remember 回想；追忆
• If you cast your mind back, you might recall that I never promised to go. 回想一下，你或许会记得我从未答应过要去。
UK [kɑ:st] US [kæst] verb (cast, cast)
VOTE 投票
cast a/your vote
■to vote 投票
• All the votes in the election have now been cast and the counting has begun. 这次选举的投票现已全部结束，计票工作已经开始。
UK [kɑ:st] US [kæst] verb (cast, cast)
SHAPE 形状
transitive
■to make an object by pouring hot liquid, such as melted metal, into a shaped container where it becomes hard （用熔化的金属等）浇铸，铸造
UK [kɑ:st] US [kæst] verb (cast, cast)
MAGIC 魔法
cast a spell
■to use words thought to be magic, especially in order to have an effect on someone （尤指为对某人产生效力而）施魔法，念咒语；使…入魔
• The old woman cast a spell on the prince and he turned into a frog. 老太婆对王子施了魔法，他变成了一只青蛙。
• figurative At 17 jazz cast its spell on me (= I started to like it very much). 我17岁的时候对爵士乐着了迷。
UK [kɑ:st] US [kæst] verb (cast, cast)
SKIN 皮肤
transitive
■If a snake casts its skin, the outer layer of old skin comes off its body. （蛇）蜕（皮）
UK [kɑ:st] US [kæst] verb (cast, cast)
be cast in the same mould
■to be very similar in character to someone else 如出一辙；非常相似
• Everyone who works for that firm seems to be cast in the same mould. 为那家公司工作的人好像都是从一个模子里造出来似的。
UK [kɑ:st] US [kæst] verb (cast, cast)
cast your net wide
■to include many people or things when you are looking for something 撒开大网；广泛搜罗
UK [kɑ:st] US [kæst] verb (cast, cast)
cast pearls before swine
■to offer something valuable or good to someone who does not know its value 把有价值的东西给不识货的人；明珠暗投，对牛弹琴
• I'm afraid you're casting pearls before swine with your good advice - he won't listen. 恐怕你给他忠告就好比对牛弹琴——他不会听的。
UK [kɑ:st] US [kæst] verb (cast, cast)
  Phrasal Verbs  cast around/about
■to look around for something 四处寻找
• Fashion editors are always casting around for words to describe colours. 时尚杂志的编辑总是挖空心思找字眼来描述各种颜色。
UK [kɑ:st] US [kæst] verb (cast, cast)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] cast sb/sth aside/off formal
■to get rid of someone or something 抛弃；摆脱；把…丢在一旁
• You must cast aside all thoughts of revenge. 你必须打消所有报复的念头。
UK [kɑ:st] US [kæst] verb (cast, cast)
  Phrasal Verbs  cast off
LEAVE
■If a boat casts off, it leaves the shore （船）解缆启航
• The ship was scheduled to cast off at 8pm. 这艘船定于晚上八点启航。
FINISH specialized
■in knitting , to use special stitches to finish the thing you are making （编织时）收针
UK [kɑ:st] US [kæst] verb (cast, cast)
  Phrasal Verbs  cast on specialized
■in knitting , to make special stitches to start the thing you are making （编织时）起针，放针
UK [kɑ:st] US [kæst] verb (cast, cast)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] cast sb/sth out literary or old use
■to get rid of someone or something, especially forcefully 把…赶走；驱逐
• Cast out by his family, he was forced to fend for himself. 他被家里人赶了出来，不得不自谋生计。
UK [kɑ:st] US [kæst] noun
ACTORS 演员
 ADVANCED countable [+ sing/pl verb]
■the actors in a film, play or show （一部电影、戏剧或演出的）全体演员
• After the final performance, the director threw a party for the cast. 最后一场演出过后，导演为全体演员举办了一个聚会。
• Part of the film's success lies in the strength of the supporting cast (= the actors who were not playing the main parts). 影片的成功部分归功于强大的配角阵容。
UK [kɑ:st] US [kæst] noun
SHAPE 形状
countable
■an object made by pouring hot liquid into a container and leaving it to become solid 铸件，铸造品
countable * a plaster cast
fling, throw, cast, heave, toss, hurl, pitch
这组词都有“抛、投、掷”的意思，其区别是：
fling: 指用力投掷，或因感情激动而粗暴地或漫无目的地扔东西。
throw: 普通用词，使用广泛，仅指用力抛掷，不涉及动作方式或感情色彩。
cast: 常可与throw互换，指迅速扔出一个重量较轻的物体。
heave: 指把重物举起后扔出。
toss: 指无什么目的地、轻轻地、随意地掷或扔，所扔掷的东西一般都比较轻。
hurl: 通常指用力投掷，动作迅猛，所投掷的距离也较远。
pitch: 指随意地、轻轻地掷或扔，侧重方向性和有明确的目标。
vt. 投，抛；计算； [印刷] 浇铸；投射（光、影、视线等）
 - throw, pitch, mould, figure
n. 投掷，抛； [机] 铸件， [古生] 铸型；演员阵容；脱落物
 - putting, throw
vi. 投，抛垂钓鱼钩；计算，把几个数字加起来
 - figure, shy

Word: crush
Front: crush
[krʌʃ] (研四六托雅 4311/4964 -K2)
Vocabulary: crush
(once / 161 pages)
1vn 2v 3v 4n 5n
When you crush something, you break it into tiny pieces or crumple it. If you crush the cans in your recycling bin, you'll make more room for more.
A train can crush a car that's stalled on the tracks, and a person can crush an insect between her fingers. A figurative meaning of crush is to subdue or stop, like when a military dictator's forces crush a rebel uprising. You can also use crush as a noun to mean "an overwhelming number," like a crush of bodies on a packed subway car, or to describe infatuation, like your crush on your attractive neighbor, who also can be called your crush.
WORD FAMILY
crush: crushed, crusher, crushes, crushing +/crusher: crushers/ crushing: crushingly, crushings
USAGE EXAMPLES
I was quite star-struck at the time because I grew up with Wham and their music; he was one of my first teenage crushes.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
In December, Roraima’s governor declared a state of emergency and appealed for federal assistance to cope with the crush of border-crossers.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
St. Thomas crushed their next four opponents: 42–8, 42–7, 49–0, 45–19.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 压破，压碎; 镇压; 弄皱; 挤榨，榨出
vi. 挤; 被压碎，被起皱
n. 粉碎，被压碎的状态; （特指女子对男性的）迷恋; 拥挤的人群; 果汁饮料
时态：crushed, crushing, crushes
分布：压碎(55%)，压榨(26%)，击败(8%)，极度拥挤(7%)，使...失望(2%)，折皱(2%)
→拟声词。
n./v.压碎,压坏v.压服,压垮I pushed aside the crushed cushion in a rush and saw a bushy brush.我急忙推开压皱的软垫子,看见一把浓密的刷子.
verb
PRESS 挤压
 IMPROVER transitive
■to press something very hard so that it is broken or its shape is destroyed 压扁；压坏；压碎
• The package had been badly crushed in the post. 包裹在邮寄过程中被压而严重受损。
• Add three cloves of crushed garlic. 加入三瓣捣碎的大蒜。
• His arm was badly crushed in the car accident. 他的手臂在车祸中被压成重伤。
 ADVANCED transitive
■to press paper or cloth so that it becomes full of folds and is no longer flat 弄皱（纸或布）
• My dress got all crushed in my suitcase. 我的衣服在手提箱里全给弄皱了。
 ADVANCED transitive
■If people are crushed against other people or things, they are pressed against them 挤压；拥挤
• Tragedy struck when several people were crushed to death in the crowd. 悲剧发生了，人群中有好几个人被挤死。
[krʌʃ] verb
SHOCK 震惊
transitive usually passive
■to upset or shock someone badly 使极度伤心；使震惊
• He was crushed by the news of the accident. 发生事故的消息让他很震惊。
[krʌʃ] verb
BEAT 击败
transitive
■to defeat someone completely 彻底击败；彻底击垮
• The president called upon the army to help crush the rebellion. 总统号召军队协助粉碎叛乱。
• France crushed Wales by 36 to 3 in last Saturday's match in Paris. 上周六在巴黎的比赛中法国队以36比3大胜威尔士队。
[krʌʃ] noun
LIKING 爱慕
countable informal
■a strong but temporary feeling of liking someone （短暂的）迷恋，热恋，爱慕
• She has a crush on one of her teachers at school. 她迷恋上了学校里的一位老师。
[krʌʃ] noun
PRESS 挤压
only singular
■a crowd of people forced to stand close together 拥挤的人群
• I had to struggle through the crush to get to the door. 我不得不奋力挤出拥挤的人群来到门口。
• You can come in our car, but it'll be a bit of a crush (= there will be a lot of people in it). 你可以上我们的车，不过要受点挤。
grind, crush, crack, smash, clash, crash
grind: 磨碎
crush: 压碎，压坏；
crack: 破裂；
smash: 打碎；
clash: 着重声音；
crash: 着重破坏
break, crush, crack, shatter, smash, burst, fracture
这组词都有“打破、弄碎”的意思，其区别是：
break: 常用词，含义广泛，多指猛然用力将坚硬物打破或损坏。
crush: 指用力把东西压破或变形。
crack: 多指因长期使用或经受压力，物体表现呈现裂纹、裂口或破裂、裂开，但一般没成碎片。
shatter: 指破裂为许多支离破碎的碎片，多用指易碎事物。
smash: 指突然而猛烈地重击某物，使之破碎或完全变形。
burst: 指某物因内部外部压力过大而出现严重破裂、爆开或账破。
fracture: 比crack的破裂程度更深更严重，常指断裂，医学上指骨折。
vt. 压碎；弄皱，变形；使…挤入
 - crunch, become deformed
vi. 挤；被压碎
 - pile, crowd, pack
n. 粉碎；迷恋；压榨；拥挤的人群
 - compression, comminution

Word: actively
Front: actively
['æktɪvlɪ] (托 4307/4345 -K)
Vocabulary: actively
(once / 1049 pages)
adv
Anything described by the adverb actively is happening right now or because of a conscious effort, or a little of both. You probably won’t find a job unless you’re actively looking.
If you’re actively doing something, you’re involved in it now. People who actively look for a fight usually find one. If the President is actively involved in peace talks, he’s getting involved in them personally. If you’ve written a perfect sonnet, it’s not going to get published until you actively try to find a place for it. The opposite of actively is passively.
WORD FAMILY
active: activate, actively, activeness, activer, actives, activest, activity, hyperactive, inactive, overactive, underactive+/ act: actable, acted, acting, action, active, actor, actress, acts, actuate, counteract, enact, interact, overact, underact/actable: unactable/acting: actings, self-acting/ action: actionable, actioned, actions, inaction/ activate: activated, activates, activating, activation, activator, deactivate, reactivate /activating: self-activating/ activation: activations/activator: activators/ activity: activities/ actor: actors/actress: actresses/ actuate: actuated, actuates, actuating, actuation, actuator/actuator: actuators/counteract: counteracted, counteracting, counteraction, counteractive, counteracts/counteraction: counteractions/deactivate: deactivated, deactivates, deactivating, deactivation/ enact: enacted, enacting, enactment, enacts, reenact/enactment: enactments/ hyperactive: hyperactively, hyperactivity/inaction: inactions/inactivate: inactivated, inactivates, inactivating, inactivation/ inactive: inactivate, inactively, inactiveness, inactivity / inactivity: inactivities/ interact: interacted, interacting, interaction, interactive, interacts/ interaction: interactional, interactions/ interactive: interactively/overact: overacted, overacting, overacts/overacting: overactings/overactive: overactivity/ reactivate: reactivated, reactivates, reactivating/reenact: reenacted, reenacting, reenactment, reenacts/ reenactment: reenactments/underact: underacted, underacting, underacts
USAGE EXAMPLES
Several writers linked the speech of their characters to inner dialogues even when they are not actively writing.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Actresses were actively encouraged by their bosses to compete with each other instead of sharing their interests and concerns, but Debbie never bought in.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
“Research and development of cutting edge arms equipment is actively progressing and … test launch preparation is in its last stage,” Mr. Kim said.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adv. 活跃地，积极地
分布：积极地(47%)，活跃地(40%)，勤奋的(13%)
adverb
 ADVANCED
■in a way that involves positive action 积极地
• He's very actively involved in (= does a lot of work for) the local Labour Party. 他积极参与当地工党的事务。
• It's nice having a man who actively encourages me to spend money. 有这样一个起劲地鼓励我花钱的男人真是不错。
• I've been actively looking for a job for six months. 半年来，我一直在积极地找工作。
adv. 积极地；活跃地
 - energetically, zealously

Word: cliff
Front: cliff
[klɪf] (研四六托雅 4312/3551 -2)
Vocabulary: cliff
(once / 188 pages)
n
A cliff is a steep and often sheer rock face. If you stand on the edge of a cliff and peer over, you'll be able to see the waves crashing on the rocks below. But if you don't watch your step, you could fall right off that cliff.
So many action movies feature a scene in which a car chase leads to a car full of villains plunging spectacularly off a steep rock wall, or cliff. As the car hurtles over the edge of the cliff and smashes onto the rocks below, it invariably explodes in a shower of flames and a cloud of smoke.
WORD FAMILY
cliff: cliffs
USAGE EXAMPLES
Saturday’s collapse set off large waves that eroded part of the older sea cliff and lava viewing area.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Native Americans used the land to hunt buffalo by guiding them over a sandstone cliff.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Their bodies were discovered at Langdon Cliffs on Sunday during a search for another man, whose body was also found.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 悬崖，峭壁
分布：悬崖(80%)，峭壁(20%)
→词源同cleave,cleft.
n.悬崖;峭壁In this climate, the climber climbed up the cliff with his stiff limbs.在这种气候下,攀登者用僵硬的四肢爬上悬崖.
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a high area of rock with a very steep side, often on a coast （常指海岸的）悬崖，峭壁
• Keep away from the edge of the cliff - you might fall. 离悬崖边远一点——小心不要掉下去。
• the cliff edge 峭壁边缘
n. [地理] 悬崖；绝壁
 - precipice, escarpment

Word: minimal
Front: minimal
[ˈmɪnɪməl] (六托雅 4313/4547 -2)
Vocabulary: minimal
(once / 2301 pages)
adj
Minimal means the smallest possible, or the least — as in, "She passed the test with minimal studying." Minimal can also mean simple, as in "The apartment had a minimal decor scheme: white walls, no art, a simple black couch."
When there is "minimal supervision" at a slumber party, few grownups are present. When you spend the "minimal amount of money" on a trip, you won't be staying at the Ritz. If you grew up with minimal contact with one of your parents, you barely saw or spoke to them. If you like to keep things simple, you might call yourself a minimalist, or a believer in minimalism.
WORD FAMILY
minimal: minimalism, minimally+/ minimalism: minimalist / minimalist: minimalists
USAGE EXAMPLES
But, he said, the risk of moisturizing is minimal.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“I don’t like the variety of the way it reacts with some people and how it’s minimal with others,” he said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
These were all small studies, involving few patients, over short periods of time, with minimal overall changes.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. <正式>最小的，极少的; 极小的
n. 最简单派艺术作品
分布：最小的(79%)，最低限度的(21%)
→来自拉丁语minimus,最小的，-al,形容词后缀。minimal 最小的
最低限度的(minim=mini+al→最小的)[mini-表示"小"]
adjective
■very small in amount 极小的；极少的
• There were no injuries and damage to the building was minimal. 没有人受伤，建筑物的损坏也极小。
minor, negligible, minimal, marginal
这组词都有“不重要的，次要的”的意思，其区别是：
minor: 多指与别的比较后显得不重要，或指较少、较小。
negligible: 指数量小，不重要，微不足道或可忽略不计。
minimal: 指最少、最低或最小。
marginal: 指处于边缘，幅度、范围小，故价值或重要性不大。
adj. 最低的；最小限度的
 - lowest, bottommost

Word: cord
Front: cord
[kɔ:d] (研四六托宝 4314/5654 -2)
Vocabulary: cord
(once / 336 pages)
1nv 2n 3nv 4n
A cord is a thin rope made of strands of twisted material. You might tie a package with a cord or wear a black cord hung with a silver charm around your neck.
Clothing can be decorated with pieces of cord or feature a cord tied like a belt around the waist. Another kind of cord is the electrical kind, which is usually made of plastic. Firewood is measured in units that are also called cords, each one about 128 cubic feet. This type of cord got its name in the 17th century from the way the wood was measured: by tying a length of cord around it.
WORD FAMILY
cord: corded, cording, cordless, cords
USAGE EXAMPLES
He said doctors told him he compressed his spinal cord.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“The younger audience is not watching TV … they are cutting the cord,” Andrew Orci said.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
She scoured the internet for information about stillbirths and pinched umbilical cords - the culprit in her son’s death.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. （细）绳; 灯心绒裤
vt. 用绳子捆绑; 堆积（柴薪）
时态：corded, cording, cords
分布：索(69%)，细绳(25%)，纽带(6%)
→来自ghere, 肠，肠线，词源同yarn, clavichord.
n.绳,索According to the record, the cord was the oldest recorder the people could afford.据记载,绳子是人们用得起的最古老的记录器.
【记】木料是圆形的，过去都是用cord绳子绕一周来丈量。
US [kɔ:rd] noun
ROPE/WIRE 绳／线
countable or uncountable
■(a length of) rope or string made of twisted threads （一段）绳，索，线
• Where's the cord that ties back the curtains? 系着窗帘的绳子在哪里？
• Have you got some cord that I can tie this parcel up with? 你有能让我捆上这个包裹的绳子吗？
countable or uncountable (UK also flex)
■a piece of wire covered in plastic, used to connect electrical equipment to a power supply 电线
• an extension cord 延长线
• a telephone cord 电话线
UK [kɔ:d] US [kɔ:rd] noun
CLOTH 布料
uncountable UK
■ corduroy
• a cord shirt/jacket 灯芯绒衬衫／外套
cords [plural]
■trousers made of corduroy material 灯芯绒裤子
rope, wire, thread, string, line, cord
这组词都有“线”的意思，其区别是：
rope: 指用于捆绑大物件的粗壮而坚固的绳子，一般用绵、毛、麻、金属或其它材料制成。
wire: 专指用金属制成的线。
thread: 普通用词，指用棉、毛、丝或纤维等纹成的很细的线，通常用于缝纫、纺织等。
string: 普通用词，指捆绑小件物品的细绳或细带子。
line: 普通用词，含义广泛，指任何一种线，常作引申用。
cord: 指比string粗，比rope细，较牢固，通常用于捆扎较小物品的线或绳。用作引申当约束讲。
n. 绳索；束缚
 - chain, restriction, rope

Word: fortunately
Front: fortunately
[ˈfɔ:tʃənətli] (四六 4316/4081 -2)
Back: adv. 幸运地
分布：幸运地(67%)，幸亏(33%)
US ['fɔ:r-] adverb
 IMPROVER
■happening because of good luck 幸运地；走运地
• Fortunately, we got home before it started to rain. 很幸运，我们在开始下雨之前回到了家。
Opposite unfortunately
adv. 幸运地
 - happily, luckily

Word: cocaine
Front: cocaine
[kəʊˈkeɪn] (研雅 4315/7289 -2)
Back: n. <药>可卡因; 古柯碱
分布：可卡因(100%)
→coca, 南美经济作物。-ine, 化学后缀。
n.可卡因,古柯碱(用作局部麻醉剂)Cocaine is a kind of drug.可卡因是一种麻醉药.
US [koʊ-] noun uncountable
■a drug used in medicine to prevent pain and also used illegally, often in the form of white powder which is breathed in through the nose 可卡因，古柯碱
n. [药] 可卡因
 - coke, Bernie

Word: illusion
Front: illusion
[ɪˈlu:ʒn] (研四六托雅宝 4317/4675 -2)
Vocabulary: illusion
(once / 297 pages)
n
An illusion is something that isn't real. It may look real, but it's actually fake — just a crafty construction or fantasy. Like the old rabbit-out-of-the-hat trick practiced by magicians around the globe.
An illusion is an act of deception. Some optical illusions are pretty cool to watch, but an illusion can also point to an erroneous belief or false perception of reality, which is where you start getting into hallucination territory — seeing things that aren't there. You can give the illusion that you’re fascinated by your professor’s lecture by chewing on your pencil, furrowing your brow, and making sure to nod enthusiastically every so often.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
allusion / illusion / delusion
Novelists, magicians, and other tricksters keep these words busy. Novelists love an allusion, an indirect reference to something like a secret treasure for the reader to find; magicians heart illusions, or fanciful fake-outs; but tricksters suffer from delusions, ideas that have no basis in reality.
Blink and you'll miss it: an allusion is a quick indirect mention of something. It's a literary device that stimulates ideas, associations, and extra information in the reader's mind with only a word or two:
Littlemore was not quick at catching literary allusions. (Henry James)
Thomas Paine's writings contain several affectionate allusions to his father, but none to his mother. (Daniel Moncure Conway)
Magicians love to create illusions, or visual tricks, like making a tiger disappear or sawing a person in half. Your eye can be fooled by an optical illusion, and Dorothy and the gang get to the bottom of the Wizard's illusion and discover he's just a regular guy. Illusions aren't always glamorous; sometimes they're just hiding the man behind the curtain:
"We have no illusion that these credits are going to create lots of new jobs," the editorial said. (New York Times)
But while investing in your company's stock might feel safer than betting on the stock market as a whole, that is usually an illusion. (Seattle Times)
Delusions are like illusions but they're meaner. A delusion is a belief in something despite the fact that it's completely untrue. Hence the phrase is delusions of grandeur. People with delusions often wind up on the shrink's couch. Whether you are trying to deceive yourself or someone is trying to deceive you, if you believe the false idea, you have a delusion about reality:
Delusions are closely allied to hallucinations and generally accompany the latter. (Samuel Henry Prince)
Two medical experts had concluded then that the accused gunman suffered from schizophrenia, disordered thinking and delusions. (Reuters)
"Basically, I think he's suffering from delusions of grandeur," he said. (Chicago Tribune)
An allusion shows up in art, while illusions love kids' parties. If you believe something despite reality, you have a delusion.
WORD FAMILY
illusion: disillusion, illusional, illusionary, illusionist, illusions, illusory +/ disillusion: disillusioned, disillusioning, disillusionment, disillusions/disillusioning: disillusioningly/ disillusionment: disillusionments/ illusionist: illusionists/ illusory: illusorily
USAGE EXAMPLES
“No hint of the continuing disaster is allowed to shatter the illusion.”
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
But she was under no illusions about what she signed on for.
New York Times(Jan 12, 2012)
While acts like The Stones continue to fill stadiums well into their seventies, Mr. Taylor said such age-defying stage antics require a bit of illusion.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 错觉; 幻想; 错误观念; 假象
分布：错觉(51%)，幻觉(49%)
→il-,进入，使，-lus,玩乐，玩耍，词源同ludic,elude,elusive.引申词义玩弄，欺骗，虚幻。
幻觉(il+lus玩弄+ion→被(幻觉)玩弄→幻觉)[il-,ir-①放在同辅音词根前表示"不,无"②表示"使…成为,进入"]
错觉,幻觉(it不好+lus+ion→玩得不好→产生"错觉"[lud,lus=play,表示"玩,戏剧"]
n.幻想,错误的观念;错觉,幻觉,假象Life is only an illusion.浮生若梦.
noun
countable or uncountable
■an idea or belief which is not true 幻觉，幻想
• He had no illusions about his talents as a singer. 他对自己作为歌手的才华不抱幻想。
• I'm under no illusions (= I understand the truth) about the man I married. 我对我所嫁的男人不抱幻想。
• My boss is labouring under the illusion that (= wrongly believes that) the project will be completed on time. 我的老板还存有工程能按时完成的幻想。
countable
■something that is not really what it seems to be 假像，错觉
• A large mirror in a room can create the illusion of space. 房间里放面大镜子能给人一种房间很宽敞的错觉。
• The impression of calm in the office is just an illusion. 办公室里的平静其实只是种假像。
n. 幻觉， [心理] 错觉；错误的观念或信仰
 - hallucination, fantasm

Word: anonymous
Front: anonymous
[əˈnɒnɪməs] (研六托雅宝 4318/4958 -2)
Vocabulary: anonymous
(once / 512 pages)
adj
If you don't know who wrote a poem, the author is anonymous. If you don't know who donated a gift to a museum, it's called an anonymous gift from an anonymous donor. Anonymous means a person unknown.
Alcoholics Anonymous takes its name from the fact that it's a confidential group––people use only their first names and do not identify one another as members of the group. Another related meaning of anonymous is to describe something that does not have any special qualities. If you work in an anonymous office building, its design is pretty typical and not very interesting.
WORD FAMILY
anonymous: anonymity, anonymously+/ anonymity: anonymities
USAGE EXAMPLES
The biggest individual prize - of £35.1m - was won in April this year by someone who remains anonymous.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
It was a phone conversation with a lady from Alcoholics Anonymous.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
The Warriors said the shoes Curry wore against the New York Knicks on Dec. 15 were auctioned off to an anonymous bidder for $30,101.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 无名的; 假名的; 匿名的; 没有特色的
分布：匿名的(84%)，无名的(14%)，没特色的(2%)
→前缀an-, 无，没有。词根onym, 名字，见name.
匿名的(an+onym名字+ous→匿名的)[an-在词根前,表示"不,无"]
无名的,匿名的(an无+onym名+ous)[onym=nam,表示"名字"]
a.匿名的,无名的,姓氏不明的An anonymous donor gave a million dollars to the charity.
【记】an非，无，onym名称－无名称的－匿名的
【参】synonym（n 同义字）；pseudonym（n 假名，笔名）
US [-'nɑ:.nə-] adjective
 ADVANCED
■made or done by someone whose name is not known or not made public 匿名的；不知姓名的；名字不公开的
• The money was donated by an anonymous benefactor. 这笔钱来自一位不愿透露姓名的捐赠者。
• Police said an anonymous caller warned that a bomb was about to go off. 警方说有人打来匿名电话，警告一枚炸弹即将爆炸。
• An attempt to implant an embryo using an egg from an anonymous woman donor was unsuccessful. 用一位匿名女性捐赠的卵子来植入胚胎的尝试未获成功。
• He received an anonymous letter threatening to disclose details of his affair if he didn't pay the money. 他收到一封匿名信，威胁说如果他不付钱，就把他的风流韵事都抖出来。
• For reasons of personal safety, the informant wishes to remain anonymous. 为了自身安全，举报人不希望透露姓名。
■having no unusual or interesting features 无特色的，无个性特征的
• He has a rather anonymous face. 他相貌平平。
adj. 匿名的，无名的；无个性特征的
 - faceless, innominate

Word: tolerate
Front: tolerate
[ˈtɒləreɪt] (高研四六托 4319/4959 -2)
Vocabulary: tolerate
(once / 143 pages)
v
The verb tolerate means "to put up with or allow." You can tolerate your sister's love of Broadway musicals but really, you prefer dramas.
Think of tolerate as the open-minded verb. It means you allow something to happen or exist, even if you don't really like it. For example, you don't like your neighbor's loud music but you tolerate because he only blasts it on Saturday afternoons. Scientifically speaking, when your body can tolerate a drug, poison or even pollution, it means you aren't harmed by it.
WORD FAMILY
tolerate: tolerable, tolerance, tolerated, tolerates, tolerating, toleration+/ intolerable: intolerablest/ tolerable: intolerable, intolerably, tolerablest, tolerably/ tolerance: overtolerance, tolerances/toleration: tolerations
USAGE EXAMPLES
Loud, inappropriate and unruly behavior is not tolerated in our luxury resorts.”
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
“It shouldn’t be tolerated. Officers are supposed to be guardians not warriors. I don’t think what they expressed reflects the values of the department.”
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
It’s the opposite, it’s being in a place of searching and being able to tolerate that.”
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 容许; 承认; 忍受; 容忍（不同意或不喜欢的事物）
时态：tolerated, tolerating, tolerates
分布：容忍(65%)，忍受(29%)，容许(6%)
→来自拉丁语 tolerare,忍受，容忍，来自 tele,忍受，支撑，举起，词源同 talent,extol.
宽容[toler=endure,表示"容忍"]
vt.容忍,默许;对(药物,毒品等)有耐力I can't tolerate the acceleration in decorating the refrigerator.我不能容忍对冷库装饰的加速.
【反】brook（v 容忍）/ stomach（v 容忍）－refuse to tolerate（拒绝容忍）
US ['tɑ:.lə.reɪt] verb transitive
ACCEPT 接受
 ADVANCED
■to accept behaviour and beliefs which are different from your own, although you might not agree with or approve of them 宽容；忍受；容忍
• I will not tolerate that sort of behaviour in my class. 在我的课堂上我不会容许那种行为。
• [+ -ing verb] I won't tolerate lying. 我不会容忍说谎。
UK ['tɒl.ər.eɪt] US ['tɑ:.lə.reɪt] verb transitive
DEAL WITH 解决
 ADVANCED
■to deal with something unpleasant or annoying, or to continue existing despite bad or difficult conditions 忍耐；忍受
• It seems these ants can tolerate temperatures which would kill other species. 看来这些蚂蚁能够忍受可以导致其他物种死亡的高温。
withstand, tolerate, stand, endure, suffer, abide
这组词都有“忍受”的意思，其区别是：
withstand: 指因具有一定实力、权力或能力而能忍受某种情况。
tolerate: 指以自我克制的态度，对待令人反感或厌恶的东西，含默认宽容意味。
stand: 口语用词，常可与hear换用，但前者侧重指经受得起，后者强调容忍，是普通用语。
endure: 书面用词，指长时间忍受痛苦和不幸，着重体力或意志力的坚强不屈服。
suffer: 通常指非自愿或被迫忍受各种痛苦、困难或不快，强调受到苦难。
abide: 指忍受长期的痛苦或折磨，强调耐心和屈从。多用于否定句和疑问句中。
withstand, bear, tolerate, stand, endure
这些词都表忍受，忍耐。
withstand: 经受，承受，指顶住外来的压力和攻势。如：They have withstood all test.(他们经受了一切考验。)
bear: 忍受，容忍，指忍受使人悲痛、烦恼或痛苦的事情。如：It is hard to bear to be laughed at.(被人取笑是难以忍受的。)
tolerate: 容忍，容许，指自我克制的态度，对于令人反感的事没有任何抗议。如：I can’t tolerate him if he goes on like that. (他如果继续这样下去的话，我决不会容忍他。)
stand: 忍受，与bear同义，但较口语化。如：She can’t stand having nothing to do.(没事干，她受不了。)
endure: 忍耐，书面语，指长时间经受痛苦而不屈服。如：It takes patience to endure hardships. 忍受苦难需要耐力。)
vt. 忍受；默许；宽恕
 - stomach, go, stand, abide, tough

Word: appreciation
Front: appreciation
[əˌpri:ʃiˈeɪʃn] (高六托 4322/4701)
Vocabulary: appreciation
(once / 411 pages)
1n 2n
When you have an appreciation for something, you can see and truly understand its good qualities. One way to show your appreciation for a particularly wonderful musical performance is to give a standing ovation when it's over.
A slightly different kind of appreciation is having good taste or the ability to see aesthetic beauty in something, like members of a wine appreciation group or the teacher of a music appreciation class. There's also the appreciation that means a rise in monetary value—you might refer to the appreciation of the value of a house, for example.
WORD FAMILY
appreciation: appreciations+/ appreciable: appreciably, inappreciable/ appreciate: appreciable, appreciated, appreciates, appreciating, appreciation, appreciative, appreciator/ appreciated: unappreciated / appreciative: appreciatively, appreciativeness, unappreciative/appreciator: appreciators/inappreciable: inappreciably/unappreciative: unappreciatively
USAGE EXAMPLES
Instead what is needed is greater appreciation of how coercive control works.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
“Whether it’s food or art or furniture-making, there’s more of an appreciation for skills and creating unique handcrafted things.”
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
A passionate appreciation for the spiritual offerings of the city shines through in “La La Land.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 欣赏；鉴赏; 感谢; 评估; 增值
分布：欣赏(49%)，感激(29%)，增值(18%)，评价(3%)，鉴识(1%)
noun uncountable
VALUE 价值
 ADVANCED
■when you recognize or understand that something is valuable, important or as described 欣赏；理解；感谢
• Max has no appreciation of the finer things in life. 马克斯对生活中高雅点的事物都不懂欣赏。
• The crowd cheered in appreciation. 观众喝彩叫好。
• Children rarely show any appreciation of/for what their parents do for them. 孩子对父母为自己所做的一切鲜少表现出感激之情。
• These flowers are a token of my appreciation of/for all your help. 你们给予我那么多帮助，这些鲜花聊表谢意。
[əˌpri:.ʃi'eɪ.ʃən] noun uncountable
INCREASE 增加
■increase in price, value, etc. （价格，价值等的）上涨，增值
• There has been little appreciation in the value of property recently. 最近房地产价格几乎没有上涨。
n. 欣赏，鉴别； [经] 增值；感谢
 - thank, acknowledgement

Word: commissioner
Front: commissioner
[kəˈmɪʃənə(r)] (托 4320/3124 -3)
Vocabulary: commissioner
(once / 207 pages)
n
The noun commissioner refers to someone in charge of a formal group or organization, such as a police commissioner or a baseball commissioner.
As you might guess, commissioner is related to commission, which describes a group that carries out a particular function. Commissioner can describe an official who directs or regulates a commission, or it can be that person's title. For example, if Theodore Young is the housing commissioner, in formal situations you’d refer to him as Commissioner Young.
WORD FAMILY
commissioner: commissioners+/ commission: commissioned, commissioner, commissioning, commissions, decommission/commissioned: noncommissioned/decommission: decommissioned, decommissioning
USAGE EXAMPLES
Paul Breyne, the Belgian general commissioner for the commemoration, said his government was deeply committed to supporting the commemoration.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Nebraska State Tax Commissioner Tony Fulton said Amazon is “exhibiting responsible corporate citizenship. “The tax is owed,” he said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Boyd is replacing commissioner Bob Stump, who was forced by term limits to leave the commission that regulates utilities.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 专员; 委员; 长官; 职业运动组织的行政管理员
分布：专员(52%)，委员(45%)，行政长官(3%)
US [-ɚ] noun countable
■an important official who has responsibility in a government department or another organization （政府部门或某一组织的）委员，专员，特派员，长官
• There is a commissioner in charge of the London police force. 有一位长官负责领导伦敦的员警队伍。
n. 委员，专员；理事；行政长官
 - senator, committee member

Word: harm
Front: harm
[hɑ:m] (高研四六托 3651/3189 -K3)
Vocabulary: harm
(once / 97 pages)
nv
Harm is a deliberate injury or damage to someone or something. A playground bully is a mean kid who causes harm to other kids.
Harm is both a noun and a verb — when you inflict harm on your brother, you harm him. Physically hurting someone is only one way to harm them. If a classmate spreads a mean rumor about you, that also harms you. The Old English root word is hearm, which means "hurt" and "pain," but also "evil" and "insult."
WORD FAMILY
harm: harmed, harmful, harming, harmless, harms+/harmed: unharmed/ harmful: harmfully, harmfulness/ harmless: harmlesser, harmlessly
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Protecting patients from harm is the most important charge for any hospital,” said Binder.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
The highest price, though, would be the harm to political freedom.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
Negotiators eventually won the release of the hostages by assuring the inmates that they would not be harmed or transferred to other prisons.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 损害; 伤害; 危害
vt. 伤害; 损害; 危害
时态：harmed, harming, harms
分布：伤害(49%)，危害(33%)，损害(18%)
→来自古英语hearm,伤害，疼痛，来自kormo,伤痛。
n./v.伤害,损害,危害The alarm harmed the charming harmony of the ceremony.警报声损害了典礼迷人的和谐.
US [hɑ:rm] noun uncountable
 IMPROVER
■physical or other injury or damage 伤害；损害；危害
• Both deny conspiring to cause actual bodily harm. 两人都否认蓄意造成人身伤害。
• A mistake like that will do his credibility a lot of harm. 那样的错误会给他的信誉带来很大损害。
• Missing a meal once in a while never did anyone any harm. 偶尔少吃一顿饭对身体无害。
• You could always ask Jim if they need any more staff in his office - (there's) no harm in asking (= no one will be annoyed and you might benefit). 你可以随时问问吉姆他们办公室里还需不需要人——问问看没坏处。
• She meant no harm (= did not intend to offend) , she was joking. 她并无恶意，只是在开玩笑。
• She was frightened by the experience but she came to no harm (= was not hurt). 这次经验让她受惊了，还好并没有受伤。
UK [hɑ:m] US [hɑ:rm] noun uncountable
do more harm than good
■to be damaging and not helpful 弊大于利
• Getting involved at this stage would do more harm than good. 在这个阶段涉入此事弊大于利。
UK [hɑ:m] US [hɑ:rm] noun uncountable
out of harm's way
■in a position which is safe from harm or from which harm cannot be done 在安全的地方；安全地
• The children will be here soon - you'd better put that plate out of harm's way. 孩子们很快就会来这里——你最好把盘子放在安全的地方。
UK [hɑ:m] US [hɑ:rm] verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to hurt someone or damage something 伤害，损害
• Thankfully no one was harmed in the accident. 谢天谢地，没有人在事故中受伤。
• The government's reputation has already been harmed by a series of scandals. 政府的声誉已因一连串丑闻受到了损害。
UK [hɑ:m] US [hɑ:rm] verb transitive
harm a hair on sb's head
■to hurt someone 伤害（某人），动（某人）一根寒毛
• If he so much as harms a hair on her head I won't be responsible for my actions. 如果他胆敢动她一根寒毛，就别怪我不客气。
destroy, harm, ruin, damage
这组词都有“破坏”的意思，其区别是：
destroy: 指十分彻底的毁坏，破坏。如：The whole city was destroyed in the earthquake.( 地震中整个城市被毁了。)
harm: 多指带来悲痛，产生恶果的伤害，可以是肉体的也可是精神的。如：Doctors say smoking harms our health.(医生说吸烟对身体有害。)
ruin: 为正式用词，强调由于自然力或时间的作用而逐渐损坏，用于比喻时也指彻底毁坏名声，期望等。如：She poured water all over my painting and ruined it. (她把水倒在画上，把它毁了。)另外，ruin的复数形式ruins表“废墟”。
damage: 一般指部分性的破坏，含可修复使用。
harm, hurt, damage, disable, injure, wound
这组词都有“损害，伤害”的意思，其区别是：
harm: 主要用于有生命的东西，语气略强于injure，指引起严重的痛苦和损伤；有时也用于抽象事物，指造成任何不良后果。
hurt: 普通用词，较口语化，侧重指给有生命的东西造成机体上或精神、感情上的或轻或重的伤害。
damage: 通常指对无生命物体的损害，并有降低其价值，破坏其功能等的后果。
disable: 强调使伤残。
injure: 较hurt正式，多用于有生命的事物。既可指伤害别人的事物。即可指伤害别人的健康、外貌、自尊心、名誉等，又可指使别人受伤或东西受损，同时含有受伤害部分至少暂时丧失功能的意味。
wound: 专指对身体的重伤，尤指在战斗中受的伤，强调外部创伤；也可指精神方面的伤害。
n. 伤害；损害
 - damage, detriment
vt. 伤害；危害；损害
 - hurt, knife, injure

Word: flexibility
Front: flexibility
[ˌfleksə'bɪlətɪ] (托 4323/3596)
Vocabulary: flexibility
(once / 2026 pages)
n
If you twist your body into the shape of a pretzel, you are showing a lot of flexibility. Flexibility is the ability to bend or stretch.
Lots of things can have flexibility. Pipe cleaners are designed for flexibility. A piece of software can boast flexibility when it can be used in different ways by different people. If you are really busy with school, sports and activities, your schedule won't have much flexibility. Please don't get fixed on one set idea — show a little flexibility and listen to others.
WORD FAMILY
flexibility: flexibilities+/ flex: flexed, flexes, flexible, flexing, flexure/ flexible: flexibility, flexibleness, flexibly, inflexible /flexure: flexures/ inflexibility: inflexibilities/ inflexible: inflexibility, inflexibleness, inflexiblest, inflexibly
USAGE EXAMPLES
In contrast, the Swiss expect a high degree of flexibility to use cash.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Preserving the flexibility to pick and choose facts carries obvious strategic benefits.
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
“They want the big dollars. But they also want to do something that adds value. And they want freedom and flexibility.”
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 柔韧性，机动性，灵活性; 伸缩性; 可塑度; 柔度
分布：灵活性(79%)，弹性(13%)，柔韧性(6%)，适应性(2%)
【记】flex（v 弯曲n 松紧带）
【反】calcification（n 石灰化；僵化）
ADJ-GRADED
可弯曲的;柔韧的
A flexible object or material can be bent easily without breaking.
例：...brushes with long, flexible bristles.鬃毛长而柔韧的毛笔
ADJ-GRADED
易变通的;适应性强的;灵活的
Something or someone that is flexible is able to change easily and adapt to different conditions and circumstances as they occur.
例：Look for software that's flexible enough for a range of abilities.寻找功能多、适用性强的软件。
例：...flexible working hours.灵活的工作时间
n. 灵活性； [力] 弹性；适应性
 - give, elasticity, adaptability

Word: instructional
Front: instructional
[ɪnˈstrʌkʃənl] (4324/22345)
Back: adj. 指导的，教育的
分布：教学的(47%)，教育的(31%)，指导的(22%)
ADJ
教学的;教育的;指导的
Instructional books or films are meant to teach people something or to offer them help with a particular problem.
例：...instructional material designed to help you with your lifestyle...旨在帮助建立健康的生活方式的指导材料
例：You may wish to take advantage of our instructional session.你应该充分利用我们的教学课程。
adj. 教学的；指导的，教育的
 - educational, directory

Word: scramble
Front: scramble
[ˈskræmbl] (研六托宝 4326/6181 -2)
Vocabulary: scramble
(once / 407 pages)
1vn 2v
To scramble is to move quickly in a disorganized fashion, like people running to get out of the rain. When you scramble a message, it can no longer be read.
Have you ever run somewhere, in a hurry, with no regard for how you looked? Then you scrambled. Quarterbacks scramble when they need to escape defenders trying to clobber them. A scramble is not graceful; people scramble when they want to get somewhere fast. Also, scrambling refers to altering a message so others can't read it. Putting a message into code is a type of scrambling. Scrambled messages are like scrambled eggs: all mixed up.
WORD FAMILY
scramble: scrambled, scrambler, scrambles, scrambling, unscramble+/scrambler: scramblers/unscramble: unscrambled, unscrambles, unscrambling
USAGE EXAMPLES
It wasn’t long before other coaches scrambled to catch up.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
For now, however, the company is scrambling just to get him something other than white.
Golf Digest(Jan 02, 2017)
In the second quarter, Nebraska’s quarterback, Tommy Armstrong, Jr., was tackled while scrambling.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vi. 攀登，爬; 争夺，抢夺; （植物）蔓延; [航]紧急起飞
vt. 攀登，爬; 把…搅乱; 炒（蛋）
n. 攀登; 抢夺; 混乱; [航]紧急起飞
时态：scrambled, scrambling, scrambles
分布：争夺(54%)，混乱(19%)，争抢(11%)，紧急起飞(10%)，攀爬(4%)，混杂(1%)，杂乱地生长(1%)
→可能来自 scrabble 的鼻音形式，来自 scrabble,刮，擦，乱翻，乱打，引申诸相关比喻义。
vi.(快速地)爬,攀登;互相争夺,争先The children scrambled over the fence.孩子们爬过围墙.
【记】scr＝crawl（v 爬行），amble（v 缓行）：攀登
verb
MOVE QUICKLY 快速移动
 ADVANCED intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to move or climb quickly but with difficulty, often using your hands to help you （急速而艰难地）移动；爬；攀登
• She scrambled up the steep hillside and over the rocks. 她爬上了陡峭的山坡，翻过岩石。
• He scrambled into his clothes (= put them on quickly) and raced to fetch a doctor. 他匆匆套上衣服，跑去请医生。
• As the burning plane landed, the terrified passengers scrambled for the door (= tried to reach the door quickly). 起火的飞机降落后，受惊的乘客奋力向舱门口跑去。
intransitive
■to compete with other people for something there is very little of 争抢
• [+ to infinitive] People are scrambling to buy property before prices rise even further. 人们抢着在进一步涨价之前购买房地产。
['skræm.bl] verb
CHANGE SIGNAL 改变信号
transitive
■to change a radio or telephone signal so that it can only be understood using a special device 对（无线电或电话信号）作扰频（或倒频）处理（使只有透过专门设备才能接收）
['skræm.bl] verb
TAKE OFF 起飞
intransitive or transitive specialized
■to (cause a plane to) take off very quickly （使）（飞机）紧急起飞
• A helicopter was scrambled within minutes of the news. 直升机在接到消息几分钟之后紧急起飞。
['skræm.bl] verb
MIX 混合
transitive
■to mix eggs with a little milk and mix again as they are being fried 炒蛋
['skræm.bl] noun
QUICK MOVEMENT 快速移动
only singular
■a climb which is difficult so that you have to use your hands to help you （艰难的）爬，攀登
• It was a real scramble to the top of the hillside. 好不容易才爬到山坡顶上。
only singular
■an act of hurrying 匆匆的行为
• [+ to infinitive] As soon as the plane landed there was a mad/wild scramble to get out. 飞机一降落，人们乱作一团，匆匆跑了出去。
only singular
■a hurried attempt to get something 抢夺，争抢
• After the death of the dictator there was an unseemly scramble for power among the generals. 独裁者死后，将军们为争夺权力闹翻天。
['skræm.bl] noun
SPORT 运动
countable
■a motocross event 摩托车越野赛
• We're planning a scramble through the forest next weekend. 我们计划下周举行一次穿越森林的摩托车越野赛。
vt. 攀登；使混杂，仓促凑成；扰乱
 - scale, climb, disorder
n. 抢夺，争夺；混乱，混乱的一团；爬行，攀登
 - chaos, disorder, confusion, involvement, mix
vi. 爬行，攀登；不规则地生长；仓促行动
 - scale, climb, creep

Word: casino
Front: casino
[kəˈsi:nəʊ] (4325/14416 -2)
Vocabulary: casino
(once / 1298 pages)
n
A casino is a building where people can gamble and play games of chance. Your grandmother might enjoy taking weekend bus trips to the nearest casino with her friends.
Many casinos are near — or inside — hotels, and include opportunities to dine, drink, and shop. The main event at a casino, however, is the chance to gamble either by betting money on games like blackjack or poker, or by putting coins in a slot machine. Casino is also the name of a card game. The word comes from the Italian casa, or "house." In the 1800s casino came to mean "building for aristocratic gambling."
WORD FAMILY
casino: casinos
USAGE EXAMPLES
Maryland’s other five casinos submit monthly compliance reports detailing incidents such as robberies, police responses, underage drinking and the number of people evicted.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
But it exempts bars, private clubs and casinos.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“Right now, Charles Town needs to be looking to differentiate itself from the Maryland casinos including MGM National Harbor, located outside of Washington, D.C.,”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 赌场; 俱乐部，娱乐场; 小别墅
分布：赌场(91%)，娱乐场(8%)，一种牌戏(1%)
→来自拉丁词casa, 小屋子，词源同chalet。
US [-noʊ] (plural casinos)
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a building where games, especially roulette and card games are played for money 赌场
n. 俱乐部，赌场；娱乐场
 - club, gambling house

Word: tumor
Front: tumor
['tju:mə] (4162/-)
Vocabulary: tumor
(once / 1798 pages)
n
A tumor is a growth — a mass of tissue — that has no function. Tumors can be harmless (benign) or harmful (malignant), but they are never any fun.
When a bunch of cells form a new growth in or on an animal, and those cells have no purpose, the result is a tumor. The word tumor comes directly from Latin word for “swelling.” Tumors can be big or small, harmless or harmful. Benign tumors are not a cause for concern, but a malignant tumor is serious and could be cancerous. A doctor must test a tumor to see which kind it is.
WORD FAMILY
tumor: antitumor, tumors
USAGE EXAMPLES
She was sent home two days later, diagnosed with a tumor in her left lung that measured almost 9 centimeters.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
A CT scan found a 15-centimeter tumor in his chest, so big it was pressing on his windpipe.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The fall was caused by a peripheral nerve sheath tumor and led to several weeks in the hospital.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 瘤
分布：肿块(100%)
n. 肿瘤；肿块；赘生物
 - knub, phyma

Word: decorate
Front: decorate
[ˈdekəreɪt] (高研四六托雅宝 4327/3957 -K3)
Vocabulary: decorate
(once / 185 pages)
v
Putting up paintings, stringing up lights, and getting some flowers are all ways to decorate a house. When you decorate, you make things look better or at least more interesting.
Even an attractively furnished home can be decorated for a holiday or party. That means you dress up your house to celebrate the special occasion. Decorate is also used to describe certain kinds of success. A famous athlete might decorate a gym with trophies and championship rings. We say a person in the military, like a general, is decorated when he or she is given medals for bravery or other accomplishments.
WORD FAMILY
decorate: decorated, decorates, decorating, decoration, decorative, decorator, redecorate +/ decor: decorate, decors/decorated: undecorated/ decoration: decorations/ decorative: decoratively, decorativeness/ decorator: decorators/ redecorate: redecorated, redecorates, redecorating
USAGE EXAMPLES
Nearly every business in town — from the beauty salon to the local tourism agency — decorates its storefront with big bags of rice and sugar.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Earlier this week, Klein and customer Duane Frick were alone inside the sparsely decorated shop.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
“If someone steals a stone to decorate their back yard,” he says, “you’ve lost a tangible part of Mason’s and Dixon’s historic achievement.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 装饰; 点缀; 粉刷; 授予（某人）勋章
vi. 装饰; 布置
时态：decorated, decorating, decorates
分布：装饰(83%)，装修(8%)，布置(8%)，授予某人奖章或其他奖状(1%)
→来自decor, 装饰。
v.装饰,装璜,布置I can't tolerate the acceleration in decorating the refrigerator.我不能容忍对冷库装饰的加速.
verb
MAKE ATTRACTIVE 使漂亮
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to add something to an object or place, especially in order to make it more attractive 装饰，装扮，打扮
• They decorated the wedding car with ribbons and flowers. 他们用丝带和鲜花装饰婚车。
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to paint the inside or outside of a house or put paper on the inside walls 粉刷；（给…）贴墙纸
• We're going to decorate the kitchen next week. 我们下周要粉刷厨房。
• I hate the smell of paint when I'm decorating. 我刷墙时很讨厌油漆味道。
['dek.ə.reɪt] verb
HONOUR 授予荣誉
transitive
■to reward or honour a person by giving them something, especially a medal （尤指授予奖章以）嘉许，表彰
• They were decorated for their part in the rescue. 他们因在此次救援行动中的表现而受到嘉奖。
decorate, ornament
这组词都有“装饰”的意思，其区别是：
decorate: 普通用词，指对人或物进行装饰，使之更加完美。
ornament: 指装饰以精美之物，使某处或某物增添美丽的或景色。
vt. 装饰；布置；授勋给
 - paint, hang, make, post
vi. 装饰；布置
 - set sth out, trick out

Word: sort
Front: sort
[sɔ:t] (中高研四六托雅 835/421 -K5)
Back: n. 分类，类别; 品质，本性; 方法; 一群
vt. & vi. 分类; 整顿，整理; 适合
vt. 挑选; 把…分类; 将…排顺序
vi. 分类; 交往; 协调
时态：sorted, sorting, sorts
分布：分类(41%)，整理(32%)，种类(15%)，处理(9%)，某一种人(2%)，安排妥当(1%)
→来自古法语 sorte,种类，类别，来自拉丁语 sors,类别，分类，命运，抽签，来自 ser,安 排，排列，词源同 series,insert.
n.种类,类别v.分类,整理I got this sort of comfortable soft shorts with no efforts.我不费吹灰之力弄到了这种柔软舒适的短裤.
US [sɔ:rt] noun
TYPE 类型
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a group of things which are of the same type or which share similar qualities 种类，类型
• We both like the same sort of music. 我们俩喜欢同一类音乐。
• I'm going to have a salad of some sort. 我想吃某种沙拉。
• What sort of shoes will I need? 我需要甚么样的鞋子呢？
• We saw all sorts (= many types) of animals in the park. 我们在公园里看见了各种各样的动物。
• Many sorts of bacteria are resistant to penicillin. 有很多种细菌能抵抗盘尼西林。
• This sort of camera is very expensive. 这种照相机很贵。
• Plants of this sort need shady conditions. 这种植物需要在阴凉的环境下生长。
your sort
■the type of thing or person that you like （某人）喜欢的类型
• Hmm, this is my sort of wine! 嗯，这是我喜欢的葡萄酒！
• I'd have thought these black trousers were more your sort of thing. 我本以为这条黑色裤子才是你喜欢的那种。
• I wouldn't have thought he was your sort (= was the type of man you would be attracted to). 我没想到你喜欢他这种人。
(and) that sort of thing informal
■used to show that what you have just said is only an example from a much larger group of things …之类，等等
• They sell souvenirs, postcards, that sort of thing. 他们卖纪念品、明信片之类的东西。
UK [sɔ:t] US [sɔ:rt] noun
PERSON 人
countable usually singular slightly old-fashioned
■a person having the stated or suggested character 某一种人
• He seemed like a decent sort to me. 在我看来，他似乎是很正派的那种人。
UK [sɔ:t] US [sɔ:rt] noun
be out of sorts slightly old-fashioned
■to be slightly ill or slightly unhappy 有些不舒服；有点不高兴
• I've been feeling tired and headachy and generally out of sorts. 我一直感到疲劳和头痛，整体来说有些不舒服。
UK [sɔ:t] US [sɔ:rt] noun
It takes all sorts (to make a world). saying
■said to emphasize that people have different characters, opinions and abilities, and that you should accept this 世界之大，无奇不有；一样米养百样人
UK [sɔ:t] US [sɔ:rt] noun
of sorts (also of a sort)
■used to describe something which is not a typical or good example of something 勉强称得上的，凑合的
• He managed to make a curtain of sorts out of an old sheet. 他用一条旧床单凑合做了个窗帘。
UK [sɔ:t] US [sɔ:rt] noun
(a) sort of informal IMPROVER
■used to describe something approximately 有点像，近似于
• It's a sort of pale orange colour. 那近乎浅橙色。
UK [sɔ:t] US [sɔ:rt] noun
sort of informal IMPROVER
■in some way or to some degree 有几分；在某种程度上
• I was sort of hoping to leave early today. 我今天有点想早一点离开。
• It's sort of silly, but I'd like a copy of the photograph. 这可能有点傻，但这张照片我想要一张。
UK [sɔ:t] US [sɔ:rt] verb
ORDER 秩序
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to put a number of things in an order or to separate them into groups 把…分类；整理；拣选
• Paper, plastic and cans are sorted for recycling. 纸张、塑胶和罐子分开归类以便回收。
• I'm going to sort these old books into those to be kept and those to be thrown away. 我打算把这些旧书分成要留下的和要丢掉的两类。
• You can use the computer to sort the newspaper articles alphabetically, by date, or by subject. 你可以用电脑把这些报刊文章按字母顺序、日期或主题进行排列。
• She found the ring while sorting (through) some clothes. 她在整理衣服时找到了那枚戒指。
UK [sɔ:t] US [sɔ:rt] verb
DEAL WITH 处理
 IMPROVER transitive UK informal
■to deal with something by repairing or organizing it 修理；整理好，安排妥当
• Can you sort the car by tomorrow? 你明天能把汽车修好吗？
• We must get the phone sorted soon. 我们必须马上找人把电话修好。
• I must get this paperwork sorted before I go on holiday next week. 我下星期度假之前必须把这些文书工作处理完。
UK [sɔ:t] US [sɔ:rt] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] sort sth out
■to separate one type of things from a group of things 分拣出，挑出
• Sort out any clothes you want to throw away and give them to me. 把你打算丢掉的衣服拣出来给我。
⇒ See also sort-out
UK [sɔ:t] US [sɔ:rt] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] sort sth/sb out
 IMPROVER
■to deal satisfactorily or successfully with a problem, a situation, or a person who is having difficulties 解决，处理好
• We've sorted out the computer system's initial problems. 我们已经解决了电脑系统的初始化问题。
• [+ question word] It'll be difficult to sort out how much each person owes. 要弄清楚每个人都欠多少钱会很不容易。
• Most of the job involves sorting customers out who have queries. 这项工作的主要内容是处理好顾客们提出的问题。
UK [sɔ:t] US [sɔ:rt] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] sort sb out UK informal
■to punish or attack someone, usually to make them understand that they have behaved badly 惩罚（某人）；收拾（某人）
• Has he been bothering you again - do you want me to sort him out? 他是不是又在烦你了——是否需要我教训教训他？
arrange, classify, sort, organize
这组词都有“使有条理，安排”的意思，其区别是：
arrange: 指按计划、秩序、需要和可能等进行安排。
classify: 指按照事物类型、质量或是否相似进行分类。
sort: 通常指根据类型或种类分类或整理选择。
organize: 指按计划或需要把人或物安排组织成一个整体。
category, sort, species, classification, class, type, variety, kind
这组词都有“种，类，类型”的意思，其区别是：
category: 书面用词，特指有确切定义的群体。
sort: 普通用词，文体较kind随便，指对人或对事物进行的大概分类，有时含贬义。
species: 书面用词，单复数同形。指生物分类上的种。
classification: 指根据已经确定的类型对某一实物作鉴别和归类。
class: 正式用词，指门类、种类或优劣等级；用于指动植物的分类时，表示“纲”。
type: 指客观界限比较清楚，有相同本质特点的同类事物，或指大致相似的同类事物。
variety: 强调有各自的特点，形式不同，品质不同的种类。
kind: 指性质相同，而且特征很相似，足以归为一类的人或东西。
n. 种类；方式；品质
 - category, manner, way of, variety, kind, mode, nature
vi. [计] 分类；协调；交往
 - travel, company, mix, associate, concert
vt. 将…分类；将…排序；挑选出某物
 - systematize

Word: charge
Front: charge
[tʃɑ:dʒ] (高研四六托雅 923/675 -K5)
Vocabulary: charge
(once / 27 pages)
1vn 2vn 3vn 4vn 5vn 6nv 7v
Charge can mean electricity received, as in the shock you’d feel if you put your finger in a wall socket. Charge is also what you do when you use your credit card instead of cash. Shopping can be electrifying too.
Charge has many meanings. Charge is what a cavalry does when it rushes towards enemy lines. A charge is also the cost of something. When you are “in charge,” it means that you are in command of everything. And when you are “in charge of,” it means that you have a specific responsibility. And when you are excited about something, you “get a charge out of it.” If you like power, you might get a charge out of being in charge.
WORD FAMILY
charge: chargeable, charged, charger, charges, charging, countercharge, discharge, overcharge, recharge, supercharge, undercharge+/chargeable: chargeably/charged: uncharged/ charger: chargers/countercharge: countercharges/ discharge: discharged, discharges, discharging/discharged: undischarged/ overcharge: overcharged, overcharges, overcharging/ recharge: rechargeable, recharged, recharges, recharging/supercharge: supercharged, supercharger, supercharges, supercharging/supercharger: superchargers/undercharge: undercharged, undercharges, undercharging
USAGE EXAMPLES
Any suspect who steps forward would face a misdemeanor trespassing charge —  a penalty equivalent to “a slap on the hand,” Ramirez said.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Brewer ran for a full term as governor in 1970 but lost a racially charged Democratic runoff to George Wallace.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Mr Tsang pleaded not guilty to three charges of bribery and misconduct, relating to a luxury flat in China.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 装载; 控诉; 使充电; 索（价）
vi. 索价; 向前冲; 记在账上; 充电
n. 费用; 指示; 掌管; 指责
时态：charged, charging, charges
分布：费用(35%)，充电(19%)，电荷(15%)，指控(13%)，照顾(4%)，要价(4%)，责任(3%)，控诉(3%)，记在账上(2%)，委以重任(1%)，给…充电(1%)
→来自拉丁词carrus, 马车，战车，词源同car, chariot, current.
v.索(价);控告;充电n.(pl.)费用,代价;电荷I'm in charge of discharging a large amount of charcoal and coal at the coal mine.我负责在煤矿卸一大堆木炭和煤.
US [tʃɑ:rdʒ] verb
MONEY 钱
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to ask an amount of money for something, especially a service or activity （尤指对某一服务或活动）收费，要价，开价
• How much/What do you charge for a haircut and blow-dry? 剪发和吹风要收多少钱？
• The bank charged commission to change my traveller's cheques. 银行兑现我的旅行支票收取了手续费。
• [+ two objects] They charge you $20 just to get in the nightclub. 进夜总会的门他们就收你20美元。
• The local museum doesn't charge for admission. 当地博物馆不收门票费。
charge sth to your account
■If you charge something you have bought to your account, the amount you have spent is recorded and you pay for it at a later time 把…记在你的帐上
• Charge the bill to my account, please. 请把帐单记在我帐上。
• Shall we charge the flowers to your account? 我们把买花的钱记到你的帐上，行吗？
UK [tʃɑ:dʒ] US [tʃɑ:rdʒ] verb
ACCUSE FORMALLY 正式起诉
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■(of the police) to make a formal statement saying that someone is accused of a crime （警方）指控，控告
• She's been charged with murder. 她被控谋杀。
• She is charged with murdering her husband. 她被指控谋害了自己的丈夫。
transitive formal
■to publicly accuse someone of doing something bad 公开指责；批评，斥责
• The paper charged her with using the company's money for her own purposes. 报纸指责她把公司的钱挪作己用。
UK [tʃɑ:dʒ] US [tʃɑ:rdʒ] verb
MOVE FORWARD 前移
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to move forward quickly and violently, especially towards something which has caused difficulty or anger 猛冲；向…冲去
• The bull lowered its horns and charged. 公牛俯下牛角发动进攻。
• The violence began when the police charged (at) a crowd of demonstrators. 当员警冲向一群示威者时，暴力冲突就开始了。
 IMPROVER intransitive + adverb or preposition informal
■to hurry from one place to another 匆忙向（另一处）冲去
• I've been charging about/around all day and I'm exhausted. 我一整天跑来跑去，累坏了。
• He came charging up the stairs to tell me the good news. 他匆匆跑上楼来告诉我这个好消息。
UK [tʃɑ:dʒ] US [tʃɑ:rdʒ] verb
EXPLOSIVE 炸药
transitive
■to put enough explosive into a gun to fire it once 足够的炸药；弹药
UK [tʃɑ:dʒ] US [tʃɑ:rdʒ] verb
ORDER 命令
transitive often passive formal
■to order someone to do something 指示，吩咐，命令
• He was charged with taking care of the premises. 他被吩咐去看管那些房屋。
transitive US legal
■When a judge charges a jury , the judge explains the details of the law to them. （法官）向（陪审团）解释法律细节
UK [tʃɑ:dʒ] US [tʃɑ:rdʒ] verb
SUPPLY ENERGY 补充能量
intransitive or transitive specialized
■to put electricity into an electrical device such as a battery 充电
• She drove the car round the block to charge (up) its batteries. 她开车绕过街区去给电池充电。
• It's not working - I don't think the battery is charging. 它不能运作——我觉得电池没在充电。
UK [tʃɑ:dʒ] US [tʃɑ:rdʒ] noun
MONEY 钱
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■the amount of money that you have to pay for something, especially for an activity or service （尤指某一活动或服务的）收费，费用，价格
• Is there a charge for children or do they go free? 小孩要收费还是免费？
• There's an admission charge of £5. 要收五英镑的入场费。
• They fixed my watch free of charge. 他们免费修理了我的手表。
UK [tʃɑ:dʒ] US [tʃɑ:rdʒ] noun
FORMAL ACCUSATION 正式指控
 ESSENTIAL countable legal
■a formal police statement saying that someone is accused of a crime （警方正式的）控告，指控
• The 19-year-old will be appearing in court on Thursday where she will face criminal charges. 这位19岁的少女将于周四出庭，她将面临刑事指控。
• He has been arrested on a charge of murder. 他因被控谋杀而遭逮捕。
• The police brought a charge of theft against him. 警方指控他犯了盗窃罪。
• The police have had to drop (= stop) charges against her because they couldn't find any evidence. 警方因为找不到任何证据不得不撤销了对她的指控。
• He claimed he had been arrested on a trumped up (= false) charge. 他声称自己是受诬告而被捕的。
countable formal
■when you accuse someone of something bad 指责，责备，批评
• [+ that] The president responded angrily to the charge that she had lost touch with her country's people. 总统针对说她和自己的国民失去联系的指责作出了愤怒的回应。
• Her refusal to condemn the violence laid/left her open to the charge of positive support for the campaign (= allowed people to say that she supported it). 她拒绝谴责暴力，这很容易给人留下她支援那场运动的口实。
UK [tʃɑ:dʒ] US [tʃɑ:rdʒ] noun
CONTROL 控制
in charge
 ADVANCED
■being the person who has control of or is responsible for someone or something 负责管理，负责掌管
• Who will be in charge of the department when Sophie leaves? 索菲离开后，谁来管理这个部门？
• I left Jack in charge of the suitcases while I went to get the tickets. 我去买票时让杰克看着箱子。
uncountable
■responsibility for controlling or looking after something 主管；照管；责任
• Her ex-husband has charge of the children during the week and she has them at the weekend. 她的前夫在工作日照顾孩子，她则在周末照顾孩子。
• His boss asked him to take charge of the office for a few days while she was away. 老板让他在她离开的这段时间负责办公室工作。
countable old-fashioned
■a person, especially a child, who is in your care and who you are responsible for 被照顾的人（尤指小孩）
UK [tʃɑ:dʒ] US [tʃɑ:rdʒ] noun
EXPLOSIVE 炸药
countable
■the amount of explosive to be fired at one time, or the bullet or other explosive object shot from a gun （一定量的）炸药；弹药
UK [tʃɑ:dʒ] US [tʃɑ:rdʒ] noun
MOVE FORWARD 前移
countable
■an attack in which people or animals suddenly run forwards 猛攻；冲锋
• a charge of buffalo/elephants 野牛／大象的猛冲
• a police charge 警方的突然袭击
UK [tʃɑ:dʒ] US [tʃɑ:rdʒ] noun
ORDER 命令
countable formal
■an order to do something 指示，吩咐，命令
UK [tʃɑ:dʒ] US [tʃɑ:rdʒ] noun
SUPPLY ENERGY 补充能量
countable usually singular specialized
■the amount of electricity that an electrical device stores or that a substance carries （电器的）储电量；电荷
on charge UK
■If something is on charge, you are putting an amount of electricity into it 处于充电状态
• Is it all right to leave/put the battery on charge overnight? 让电池充一夜电可以吗？
reproach, accuse, charge, rebuke, denounce, scold, condemn, blame
reproach: 侧重指因他人粗心、自私等引起不满而去指责、找岔。
accuse: 正式或非正式场合，私人或法律上均可用，被指控的情节可轻可重，常与of连用
charge: 常与accuse换用，但charge多指较严重的错误或罪行，而且往往向法庭提出正式起诉。与with连用
rebuke: 多指上级对下级进行的公开、强烈、严正而不宽容的责备。隐含一定权威的意味。
denounce: 与condemn同义，但着重公开性。
scold: 普通用词，多指上级对下级、长辈对后辈或雇主对雇员的态度粗暴、言词激烈的数落。
condemn: 正式用词，表示谴责，有较强的司法意味，侧重从道义或原则上的谴责。
blame: 普通用词，语气较弱，仅是一般的责难、归咎于，不含用语言责骂之意。
sue, accuse, charge
sue: 常与for 搭配。如：Smith sued his neighbor for damaging his house.
accuse: 指责，指控，常与of 搭配。如：His boss accused him of carelessness.
charge: 常与with搭配。如：The police charged the driver with reckless driving.
fee, expense, price, charge, fare, cost
这组词都有“价格，费用”的意思，其区别是：
fee: 指上学、求医以及找律师等付的费用，还可指会费、借书费等。
expense: 常指实际支付的费用总数额，有时也指钱的花费。
price: 指商品在市场出售的价格，尤指卖方对商品所提出的单价。比喻意义指付出的代价。
charge: 指提供服务时索取的费用，也指货物的价格、价钱。
fare: 侧重指旅行时所付的车、船费等费用。
cost: 指生产某东西的成本，也泛指商品的价格，可与price换用。
n. [会计] 费用；电荷；掌管； [法] 控告；命令； [电] 负载
 - fee, instruction, cost, bidding, word
vt. [电] 使充电；使承担；指责；装载；对…索费；向…冲去
 - electrify, inflict on
vi. [电] 充电； [法] 控告；索价；向前冲；记在账上
 - law, sue for

Word: pulse
Front: pulse
[pʌls] (高研四六托宝 4331/4379 -2)
Vocabulary: pulse
(once / 366 pages)
1nv 2nv 3n
The word pulse has many shades of meaning, but most of them involve something characterized by short, rhythmic bursts. If you’re angry, the muscles in your jaw might pulse — meaning they contract quickly in short bursts.
Pulse can be a noun that describes the rhythmic pumping of blood through your veins and arteries. You’ve probably had a nurse take your pulse as a way to measure your heart rate. Pulse can refer to other things that have a rhythmic beat, like the pulse of dance music or a pulse of flashing light. The verb describes something that throbs, literally or figuratively. Your blood will pulse through your veins, or a busy city may pulse with life.
WORD FAMILY
pulse: pulsate, pulsed, pulseless, pulses, pulsing+/ pulsate: pulsated, pulsates, pulsating, pulsation/pulsation: pulsations/pulsing: pulsings
USAGE EXAMPLES
This story was originally published by Pulse — Voices From the Heart of Medicine.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
On New Year’s Eve, anything with feathers and a pulse was counted by about 200 birders from dawn until almost dusk.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Mr. Thomas and the bride formally met one day earlier, when he suggested she grip his wrist, where his pulse is strongest.
New York Times(Aug 08, 2016)
Back: n. 脉搏; [无线电]（电磁波等）脉动; 活力; 有节奏的跳动（或拍打）
vi. （心脏）跳动; 脉动; 搏动; 震动
vt. 使跳动; 有节奏地驱动（机器等）; [电子学]施以脉冲; [无线电]脉冲地调节（电磁波）
时态：pulsed, pulsing, pulses
分布：脉冲(62%)，脉搏(29%)，跳动(7%)，搏动(2%)
→来自拉丁语pulsus,击，撞，脉搏，来自pellere的过去分词形式，来自pellere,击，打，冲击，来自pel,击，打，冲击，词源同impel,compel,propel.pulse 豆子，荚果
脉搏[pel,puls=drive,push,表示"驱动,推"]
n.脉搏,脉冲I also heard of the false pulses elsewhere.我在别处也听说过这些虚假脉冲.
noun
REGULAR BEAT 规律跳动
countable
■the regular beating of the heart, especially when it is felt at the wrist or side of the neck 脉搏
• The child's pulse was strong/weak. 那个孩子的脉搏很有力／虚弱。
• Exercise increases your pulse rate. 运动能加快你的脉搏。
take sb's pulse
■to hold someone's wrist and count how many times their heart beats in one minute 测（某人的）脉搏
countable
■a short period of energy which is repeated regularly, such as a short loud sound or a short flash of light （声波或光波的）脉冲
• The data, normally transmitted electronically, can be changed into pulses of light. 这一资料通常是电子传送的，现在可被改为光波脉冲。
[pʌls] noun
FOOD 食物
pulses
[plural] specialized
■seeds such as beans or peas which are cooked and eaten 豆类植物的种子；荚果；豆子
• Pulses include peas, lentils and chickpeas. 豆类包括豌豆、小扁豆和鹰嘴豆。
[pʌls] noun
have / keep your finger on the pulse
■to be/stay familiar with the most recent changes or improvements 了解最新变化（进展）
• The situation changes daily, so you've got to keep your finger on the pulse. 情况每天都在变，所以你得保持消息灵通。
[pʌls] noun
set your pulse racing (also quicken your pulse)
■to make you excited 使激动
• This is a movie that will set your pulse racing. 这是一部激动人心的电影。
[pʌls] verb intransitive
■to move or beat with a strong, regular rhythm （以规律且强有力的节拍）跳动，搏动，振动
• I could feel the blood pulsing through my veins. 我能感觉到血液在我的血管里翻腾。
n. [电子] 脉冲； [生理] 脉搏
 - impulse, pluse
vi. 跳动，脉跳
 - jitter

Word: equivalent
Front: equivalent
[ɪˈkwɪvələnt] (研四六托雅宝 4330/3051 -K3)
Vocabulary: equivalent
(once / 332 pages)
1adjn 2n
If two things are basically the same, you can say that they're the equivalent of each other. Like, studying advanced physics is the equivalent of banging your head against the wall.
Equivalent's Latin roots are "equal" and "value," which suggests that the word originally was used to describe things that had the same value. Now it can be used to describe things that have the same effect, or importance, or role — for example, "England's Parliament is the equivalent of America's Congress." It can also be used as an adjective: "Eating a bowl of Sugar Pops for breakfast is equivalent to starting your day with two scoops of ice-cream."
WORD FAMILY
equivalent: equivalence, equivalently, equivalents, nonequivalent+/ equivalence: equivalences, nonequivalence
USAGE EXAMPLES
Any suspect who steps forward would face a misdemeanor trespassing charge —  a penalty equivalent to “a slap on the hand,” Ramirez said.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Last year, Boots reduced the price of "feminine" razors to bring them in line with male equivalents.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
It was Don who transformed the establishment into the laundry equivalent of a trendy nightclub’s velvet-roped VIP area.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 相等的，相当的，等效的; 等价的，等积的; [化学]当量的
n. 对等物; [化学]当量
分布：相等物(72%)，等价的 相等的(28%)
→来自equal, 平等的。-val, 价值，见value.
相等的,等价的(equi+val力量+ent→力量平等→相等的)[equ,equi=equal,even,表示"相等,平均"]
相等的[vail,val=strong,表示"强壮"]
a.(to)相等的,等价的n.相等物,等价物equal, equator, equation, equivalent, quiver相等的赤道方程式均等颤动.
【记】equ平等，val力量－力量平等的
【参】valor（n 勇猛）；convalesce（vi 渐渐康复）；equivalence（n 相等；等值）；ambivalent（adj 矛盾心理的）
adjective
 IMPROVER
■having the same amount, value, purpose, qualities, etc 等值的；相等的；等同的
• She's doing the equivalent job in the new company but for more money. 她在新公司做同样的工作，但薪水比以前高。
• Is $50 equivalent to about £30? 50美元是不是大约相当于30英镑？
[ɪ'kwɪv.əl.ənt] noun countable usually singular
 IMPROVER
■something which has the same amount, value, purpose, qualities, etc as something else 等值的；相等的；等同的
• There is no English equivalent for 'bon appetit' so we have adopted the French expression. 英语中没有和 bon appetit 相对应的词，所以我们就借用了法语的这个表达方式。
• Ten thousand people a year die of the disease - that's the equivalent of the population of this town. 每年有一万人死于这种疾病——相当于这个城镇的总人口。
equivalent, identical, equal, same, very
这组词都有“相同的”的意思，其区别是：
equivalent: 主要指有同样价值、效力或意义的两种不同的事物。
identical: 着重指人或物等在每细节上都完全相同。
equal: 多指在价值等方面相当而不相同的事物。
same: 可指相同的人或物，也可指在质量、外表或意义等方面相同，但实际上有差别的事物。
very: 侧重指完全同一，没有区别。
adj. [物价] [化学] [数] 等价的，相等的；同意义的
 - equal, even
n. [物价] [化学] 等价物，相等物
 - countertype, quid pro quo

Word: fixed
Front: fixed
[fɪkst] (托 4332/2379 -K3)
Vocabulary: fixed
(once / 74 pages)
adj
Something fixed is rigidly set or placed. A fixed point does not move, as in this quote: “She was his North Star, the fixed point round which his world turned” (from David Gemmell’s Fall of Kings).
Anything described as fixed is unchangeable. A fixed rent can’t be raised by the landlord because it’s legally set at a certain amount. That’s handy if you have a fixed income –- one that stays the same every month no matter what. A fixed piece of wood is nailed to the wall. Fixed things are stable and constant. A fixed stare doesn’t look away. Fixed also means “mended” like if you fixed a broken chair before anyone sat.
WORD FAMILY
fixed: fixedly, fixedness, fixity, unfixed+/fix: fixative, fixed, fixer, fixes, fixing, fixture /fixer: fixers/fixing: fixings/fixity: fixities/ fixture: fixtures
USAGE EXAMPLES
With a permanent smile fixed on her face, she runs to the altar and settles into a life of suburban contentment.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
The victim, James Dorsey Jr., 37, of no fixed address, died at an area hospital.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
The act defines homeless children and youths as “individuals who lack a fixed, regular and adequate nighttime residence.”
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 固定的，不变的; 不易挥发的; 处境…的，常作复合词; （比赛等）通过作弊预先安排好结果的
v. 固定( fix的过去式和过去分词)
分布：固定的(69%)，不变的(15%)，确定的(14%)，动词fix的过去式和过去分词.(2%)
adjective
ARRANGED 安排的
 ADVANCED
■arranged or decided already and not able to be changed 确定的；固定的；不能变的
• a fixed price 固定价格
• fixed interest rates 固定利率
• Is the date of the wedding fixed yet? 婚礼日期确定了吗？
[fɪkst] adjective
FASTENED 固定的
■fastened somewhere and not able to be moved 固定的
[fɪkst] adjective
be of/have no fixed abode/address legal
■to not have a permanent home 无固定居所／住址
[fɪkst] adjective
How are you fixed for sth ? informal
■used to ask how much of something someone has, or to ask about someone's arrangements 你有多少…？你的…如何安排？
• How are you fixed for cash? 你有多少现金？
• How are you fixed for Saturday evening? 周六晚上你怎么安排？
adj. 固执的；处境...的；准备好的；确定的
 - established, persistent, prepared, defined, positive

Word: experienced
Front: experienced
[ɪkˈspɪəriənst] (托雅 4333/3370 -K)
Vocabulary: experienced
(once / 162 pages)
adj
Someone experienced has first-hand knowledge of something. A 10-year veteran is an experienced baseball player.
Experience is time you spend doing or learning something. If you've had a job as a welder, you have welding experience. When someone is described as experienced, it means they have first-hand knowledge about something. An experienced teacher has been teaching for years. An experienced writer has written many books or articles. An experienced soldier has been in the field for a while. People who are experienced tend to be wise: they know what they're talking about.
WORD FAMILY
experienced: inexperienced+/ experience: experienced, experiences, experiencing, experiential /experiencing: re-experiencing/experient: experience, inexperient/ experiential: experientially/inexperience: inexperiences/inexperient: inexperience
USAGE EXAMPLES
Experienced birders often initially identify a species by its sound.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Education experts say that while urban and suburban school districts generally spend more than rural ones, they face challenges not experienced in the country.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But some people never experienced inner speech at all.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 有阅历的; 有见识的; 老练的，熟练的; 有经验的，有丰富经验的
v. “experience”的过去式和过去分词
分布：有经验的(100%)
【区】experimental（adj 实验的；根据实验的）；experimentation（n 实验）
【反】fledgling（n 无经验的人）－experienced practitioner（有经验的从业者）
US [-'spɪr.i-] approving
adjective
 ADVANCED
■having skill or knowledge because you have done something many times 经验丰富的；有阅历的；有见识的
• an experienced teacher 经验丰富的老师
• She is very experienced in marketing. 她在市场行销方面经验丰富。
adj. 老练的，熟练的；富有经验的
 - skilled, accomplished, diplomatic, clever, sophisticated

Word: donation
Front: donation
[dəʊˈneɪʃn] (托雅 4336/4749)
Vocabulary: donation
(once / 640 pages)
n
A donation is a gift someone gives to a cause they believe in. If you have ever put a dollar into a collection plate or hat, you have made a donation.
No one has to give a donation; donations are voluntary. In addition to disease research, many schools, arts groups, museums, churches, and groups that help the poor rely on donations. Donations usually take the form of money, but giving anything away to a cause could be considered a donation — like giving books to a library or bringing deviled eggs to a school potluck.
WORD FAMILY
donation: donations+/ donate: donated, donates, donating, donation
USAGE EXAMPLES
The best part is, Pence gets thank-you notes for each donation.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
In this piece, originally published Sept. 1, columnist Nancy Kaffer explored potential conflicts related to a substantial philanthropic donation to fund Kalamazoo city government.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Those donations — and whether they were part of a quid pro quo — are now at the heart of the impeachment case against Ms. Park.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 捐赠，赠送; 捐款; 捐赠物
分布：捐赠(61%)，捐款(39%)
US [doʊ'neɪ-] noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■when money or goods are given to help a person or organization 捐献，捐赠，捐助
• donations of food and money 食品和钱的捐赠
• I'd like to make a small donation in my mother's name. 我想以母亲的名义捐献一点。
n. 捐款， [经] 捐赠物；捐赠
 - endowment, offertory

Word: diary
Front: diary
[ˈdaɪəri] (中高研四六雅 4334/2934 -K3)
Vocabulary: diary
(once / 481 pages)
n
Dear diary, you are a written record of things that happen each day. Some people keep a diary while they’re traveling, others keep their secrets in a dairy. Either way, keep out!
Some diaries have a pretty cover and a tiny lock with a key, for keeping the contents safe from prying eyes. You can also call such a book a "journal," although traditionally a diary is written in each day, while a journal might have less frequent entries. The word diary comes from the Latin word diarium, "daily allowance," with its root of dies, or "day."
WORD FAMILY
diary: diaries, diarist+/diarist: diarists
USAGE EXAMPLES
Authorities found the story, written in a private diary, at their home.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
The historical society and the seller settled on an agreement of $175 to purchase the remaining diaries.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The first and most unsettling voice consists of diary entries written by an unknown student who addresses them to someone named Mousey.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 日记，日志; 日记簿
分布：日记(97%)，日记簿(3%)
→来自拉丁语dies, 白天，词源同diurnal. 即一日记录。
日记[di=day,表示"日,日子"]
n.日记,日记簿In the library, arbitrary the librarian wrote the auxiliary diary about military literature.在图书馆,武断的图书管理员写下了有关军事文学的辅助日记.
US ['daɪr.i] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a book with a separate space or page for each day, in which you write down your future arrangements, meetings, etc., or one used to record your thoughts and feelings or what has happened on that day 日程簿；日记，日志
• Don't forget to write/enter the date of the meeting in your diary. 别忘了在日程簿上标出开会的日期。
• I've never kept (= written about what has happened to me in) a diary. 我从不写日记。
n. 日志，日记；日记簿
 - journal, day book

Word: sibling
Front: sibling
[ˈsɪblɪŋ] (宝 4337/8962 -1)
Vocabulary: sibling
(once / 3790 pages)
n
A sibling is your brother or sister. It's that simple.
The word sibling once meant anyone who is related to you, but now it's reserved for children of the same parent or parents. It is a word that was once out of use but then brought back into English in the early 1900s as a useful word in anthropology. If you and your brother fight all of the time, your parents might call it sibling rivalry. You might just call him annoying and run from the room.
WORD FAMILY
sibling: siblings
USAGE EXAMPLES
“This allows us to screen genetically similar siblings on a very large scale.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Our parents and siblings and friends and schoolmates will die.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
In the past, the presidents’ siblings and sons, while holding no official titles, often wielded enormous power as “junior presidents.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 兄弟，姐妹; [生]同科，同属; [人]氏族成员
分布：兄弟姐妹(100%)
→来 自 古 英 语 sibling, 亲 戚 ， 亲 属 ， 来 自 sibb, 亲 戚 ， 亲 属 ， -ling, 小 词 后 缀 ， 来 自 Proto-Germanic*sibja,血缘关系，同血脉，来自 swe,自己的，词源同 self,sister,swain.该词 原指有血缘联系的相对疏远的亲戚或亲属，后词义强化为有亲密血缘联系的兄弟或姐妹。
【记】sib（n 亲属），ling小－兄弟姐妹
【参】duckling（n 小鸭子）
formal
noun countable
■a brother or sister 兄；弟；姐；妹
• I have four siblings: three brothers and a sister. 我有四个兄弟姐妹：三个兄弟，一个姐姐。
• There was great sibling rivalry (= competition) between Peter and his brother. 彼得和他的弟弟之间斗争得很厉害。
n. 兄弟姊妹；民族成员
 - sibship

Word: irony
Front: irony
[ˈaɪrəni] (研六托雅宝 4338/5633 -2)
Vocabulary: irony
(once / 334 pages)
1n 2n
Reserve irony for situations where there's a gap between reality and expectations, especially when such a gap is created for dramatic or humorous effect.
In Greek, eiron meant a dissembler — someone who hides their true intentions. Today, we do something very similar when we employ irony, often by saying the opposite of what we really mean. The word can also refer to a situation that turns out to be amusingly different from what we expected: "I thought he had stolen the Fig Newtons, but the irony was that he thought the same thing of me." Note that this is more than just an improbable coincidence!
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
irony / satire / sarcasm
Irony, satire, and sarcasm all fall into the category of, "That's funny but I'm not sure what my English teacher wants me to call it."
Irony describes situations that are strange or funny because things happen in a way that seems to be the opposite of what you expected. Note the "opposite" here. If an expectation is black, then an ironic outcome would be white, not off-white or gray. Here are some clear examples.
Bill Hillmann, the author of multiple books about how to not get gored by bulls was the only non-Spaniard to get gored in the 2014 running of the bulls in Pamplona. (Cracked Magazine July 2015)
The Business Software Alliance is an an anti-piracy agency that used to pay people to report unlicensed content on the internet. The group has been caught using a "stolen" photo in one of their ads to attract new snitches on Facebook. (Cracked Magazine July 2015)
Satire means making fun of people by imitating them in ways that expose their stupidity or flaws.
In 2000, Saturday Night Live's satire of what happened in the [presidential] campaign became the conventional wisdom for what was going on in the campaign. (The Observer)
The late-night talk and news satire is scheduled to return with new episodes in February. (Los Angeles Times)
As with satire, sarcasm depends on the listener or reader to be in on the joke. Sarcasm is insincere speech. Your mom asks if you're excited to start cleaning the kitchen and you say, "Yeah, right," when you mean "Heck no." Take this exchange from The Hunger Games.
"What about you? I've seen you in the market. You can lift hundred pound bags of flour," I snap at him.
"Yes and I'm sure the arena will be full of bags of flour for me to chuck at people."
To distinguish irony from satire and sarcasm, remember that irony pertains to situations while satire and sarcasm are forms of expression. People make satire and sarcasm happen. Irony is just there.
WORD FAMILY
irony: ironic, ironical, ironies, ironist+/ ironical: ironically /ironist: ironists
USAGE EXAMPLES
But Ms. Faludi mines her material less for easy ironies than for insights into the very meaning of identity.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
He literally can’t tell the difference between irony and idiocy.
Salon(Dec 31, 2016)
This would be the greatest of ironies: the WWE showman teaches us to grow up.
Salon(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 反语; 讽刺，冷嘲; 具有讽刺意味的事; [语]反语法
adj. 铁的; 似铁的; 含铁的
分布：反讽(98%)，讽剌之事(2%)
→来自拉丁语ironia,来自希腊语eiron,装糊涂，假装无知，可能来自eirein,说，言语，词源同verb,verbal.主要用于古希腊哲学家苏格拉底的哲学思想和辩证手法，苏格拉底在与人们辩论的时候，常常先承认自己的无知和对方观点的正确，然后通过举例来引起对方的思考并最终让对方承认自己的错误。由于这种假装无知的辩证手法，引申词义反讽，讽刺。irony 铁的，含铁的
n.反话,讽刺,讽刺之事Gradually his listeners began to realize that the excessive praise he was lavishing was merely irony; he was actually denouncing his opponent.
US ['aɪ-] noun uncountable
WRONG RESULT 反效果
 ADVANCED
■a situation in which something which was intended to have a particular result has the opposite or a very different result 讽刺，适得其反
• The irony (of it) is that the new tax system will burden those it was intended to help. 讽刺的是，新的税收制度反而将使该制度本来打算要帮助的人背上沉重负担。
UK ['aɪə.rə.ni] US ['aɪ-] noun uncountable
TYPE OF SPEECH 语言
■a means of expression which suggests a different, usually humorous or angry, meaning for the words used 反语；讽刺
• Her voice heavy with irony, Simone said, "We're so pleased you were able to stay so long." (= Her voice made it obvious they were not pleased). 西蒙娜说：“你能留这么久，我们真高兴。”语气里明显带有讽刺。
Compare sarcasm
n. 讽刺；反语；具有讽刺意味的事
 - hit, satire
adj. 铁的；似铁的
 - ferrous

Word: spoon
Front: spoon
[spu:n] (中高研四六托 4339/6114 -K2)
Back: n. 匙，调羹; 一匙的量; 匙状物，匙桨
vt. 用汤匙舀取; 向上击
vi. 轻轻向上击; 用匙状假饵钓鱼; 痴爱，迷恋
时态：spooned, spooning, spoons
分布：匙(78%)，调羹(15%)，匙状物(3%)，以匙舀起(2%)，调情(2%)
→来自中古英语 spone,勺，匙，木片，来自古英语 spon,木片，削片，来自 Proto-Germanic*spenuz, 木片，削片，来自 spe,长木条，词源同 spade.
n.匙,调羹By the spoon you'll soon see the smooth tooth of the moon above the booth.借助勺子你可以立刻看到电话亭上方月亮的光滑牙齿.
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■an object consisting of a round hollow part and a handle, used for mixing, serving and eating food 匙，杓；调羹
 ESSENTIAL
■(used as a combining form) 用作构词成分
• a soup spoon 汤匙
• a teaspoon 茶匙
■(also spoonful)
■an amount held in a particular spoon 一匙的量
• a couple of spoons of sauce 几匙酱汁
[spu:n] verb transitive + adverb or preposition
■to move something, especially food, using a spoon 用匙盛；用杓舀
• He spooned the mush into the baby's open mouth. 他用杓舀了玉米粥喂到婴儿张开的嘴里。
• Spoon a little sauce over the fish. 用调羹舀一点调味汁淋到鱼上。
n. 匙，勺子；一杓的量
 - scooper

Word: midst
Front: midst
[mɪdst] (研四六 4342/6929 -2)
Vocabulary: midst
(once / 119 pages)
n
Midst describes something that's among, in the middle of, or surrounded by. After the school talent show, your principal said he didn't know there were so many gifted singers in our midst.
Midst sounds a lot like mist, the fog that rolls in and can fill a place. Midst carries this same sense of being surrounded or placed in the middle of. It can be physical, like being in the midst of great athletes at the hockey game, or in regard to time, like the team captain breaking his foot in the midst of playoffs.
WORD FAMILY
midst: midsts
USAGE EXAMPLES
The older woman is instructing the younger one, who is lost in thought in the midst of crushing garlic with a copper mortar and pestle.
Salon(Jan 01, 2017)
It was launched in the midst of one of the deepest housing crises in U.S. history.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
It was launched in the midst of one of the deepest housing crises in U.S. history.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 中部，中间，当中
prep. 在…中间（等于amidst）
adv. 在中间，在中央
分布：中间(60%)，当中(40%)
→来自mid,中间的，-s,所有格后缀，-t,寄生字母。比较against.
n.中间,当中They were in the midst of a crisis.他们处于危急存亡之际.
noun uncountable formal
■the middle of a group of people or things 中间，当中，中央
• She caught sight of Johnny in their midst (= among them) , laughing and talking. 她看到强尼在他们当中，又说又笑。
in the midst of sth
■in the middle of an event, situation or activity 正当…的时候；在…之中
• I'm afraid I'm too busy - I'm in the midst of writing up a report. 恐怕我太忙了——我正在写一份报告。
• The country is in the midst of an economic crisis. 这个国家正在经历一场经济危机。
[mɪdst] [mɪtst] preposition literary
■among
• The summit of the mountain appeared midst the clouds. 山顶在云中显现。
midst, center, heart, core, middle
这组词都有“中心”的意思，其区别是：
midst: 书面语用词，指在一个群体的深处或在某活动的进程中。
center: 指三维空间的中心点，也可比喻抽象事物的中心。
heart: 指事物最内部或最重要的部分，表地理位置时可与center换用。
core: 指某事物固定的中心部分或最重要的核心部分。比喻意义指某物的精华。
middle: 一般指时间、空间或过程两端间等距的部分。
n. 当中，中间
 - middle
prep. 在…中间（等于amidst）
 - among, in the middle of

Word: alley
Front: alley
[ˈæli] (高雅 4340/6528 -1)
Vocabulary: alley
(once / 594 pages)
n
An alley is a narrow street with walls or buildings on both sides, like the dark alley everyone warns you not to walk down alone.
Alley comes from the Old French word alee, meaning "a path, passage, way, corridor," which itself likely comes from the Latin word ambulare "to walk." That sums up what an alley is — a street that is usually too narrow for cars, though it is easy to walk there. However, alleys are often associated with danger and crime because they don't have much light shining in them, and it is easy for shady characters to hide.
WORD FAMILY
alley: alleys
USAGE EXAMPLES
Police say Kedarie was found in an alley with several gunshot wounds.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
The entrance was off a back alley, where donations of $10 were collected.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Some works look like what you might find in New York City alleys, with torn posters and graffiti and the history of the culture.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 胡同，小巷; 小径; 球道
分布：巷(62%)，胡同(27%)，球道(10%)，跑道(1%)
→单词amble的异体。
【区】allay：lay躺－减轻alloy：o象钢圈－合金alley：e曲里拐弯的－胡同
noun countable (also alleyway)
■a narrow road or path between buildings, or a path in a park or garden, especially with trees or bushes on both sides 小街；小巷，胡同；（尤指两边有树或灌木的）小径
['æl.i] noun countable
up/down your alley US and Australian English
■to be the type of thing that you are interested in or that you enjoy doing 合口味；为（某人）所喜爱
• Kate loves dancing, so salsa lessons would be right up her alley. 凯特喜欢跳舞，所以萨尔萨舞蹈课正合她的口味。
n. 小巷；小路； [建] 小径
 - path, lane

Word: upset
Front: upset
[ʌpˈset] (高研四六托雅 3388/3776 -K3)
Vocabulary: upset
(once / 296 pages)
1vnadj 2vnadj 3vnadj 4vn
To be upset is to be disturbed or very unhappy. You can be upset, and you can also upset someone — but you probably didn’t mean to.
Upset has multiple senses. It generally refers to something that has been knocked over, turned upside down, or disturbed. Just as your coffee cup can be upset — knocked over or disturbed –- so can your emotions –- and your stomach. Upset can also refer to an unexpected victory. You might be so upset by the upset of your favorite team that you upset your table in frustration.
WORD ROUTES
Debunking the Legend of "Upset"
Some stories about word origins recall the old Italian saying, se è non vero, è ben trovato: even if it is not true, it is well invented. One such too-good-to-check story involves the sporting usage of upset, which, it is said, came to be because an unfavored horse named Upset beat the great thoroughbred Man o' War.
It's true that Man o' War did lose the only race of his career to Upset, at Saratoga’s Sanford Memorial Stakes in 1919. And it was truly an upset, though Man o' War lost the race chiefly due to a mix-up at the start of it, when the horses were not lined up properly. (There were no starting gates in horse-racing back then.) But as I explain in my "Word on the Street" column for The Wall Street Journal, Upset didn't beget upset to refer to the defeat of a heavily favored competitor.
The story that Upset was responsible for the use of upset in sports was, for a time, a plausible one. When the sporting sense was added to the Oxford English Dictionary's entry for the noun upset in 1993, the first citation given came from 1920, in an article about a Canadian indoor tennis championship. One might conjecture that the Sanford race the year before really was the reason that upset was being used for tennis (just as it was used to describe all the upsets at Wimbledon this year).
But in the time since the OED editors worked on that entry, the story of upset has been greatly filled out, as we can follow the trail of the word on sports pages in digitized newspaper databases. In February 2002, in a post on the Usenet newsgroup alt.usage.english, I surveyed New York Times articles that used the word upset, and it was clear that it was already in use in horse-racing and other sports like baseball before the famous 1919 race.
Later in 2002, the New York University librarian George A. Thompson looked into the matter more comprehensively in a post on the American Dialect Society mailing list. Thompson found unequivocal use of upset as a noun in horse-racing as early as 1877. In that year, The New York Times reported that a program at New Jersey's Monmouth Park racetrack "indicates a victory for the favorite in each of the four events, but racing is so uncertain that there may be a startling upset."
For my Wall Street Journal column, I kept looking into the early history of upset in sporting journals, and I found that the use of the verb to mean "defeat unexpectedly" goes back another couple of decades. Here are a few examples:
At the York August meeting, there were only four runners for the Chesterfield Handicap of 208 sovs., one mile, and the favorite, Ellermire, 5 yrs., 7st. 121b., was upset by the Dipthong colt, 3 yrs. 6st. 2lb. —Spirit of the Times, Sept. 5 1857, p. 355
Throughout the day the fielders had the best of it, as only two favorites won, while many which were heavily backed were upset. —Turf, Field, and Farm, Sept. 7, 1867, p. 146
In nearly every race the favorite was upset. —Turf, Field, and Farm, Aug. 7, 1868, p. 515
(It's notable that the horse doing the upsetting in the 1857 citation was named Dipthong, suggesting a long history for the misspelled version of diphthong noted here by Neal Whitman for its often pejorative use.)
Looking for these early uses of upset, it's important to distinguish the novel sense from meanings that were already circulating in the nineteenth century. The original, literal meaning of upset was "to topple" (as a verb) or "an act of toppling" (as a noun). So a horse could be upset if it fell over and didn't finish the race. But in the examples above, the upsets do not appear to have been achieved by a horse being literally toppled.
There were also more figurative uses of upset floating around, relating to things being thrown into disarray. If a horse won a race when he wasn't expected to, one could say that he upset expectations, or upset the calculations of the oddsmakers. Both the literal and figurative meanings were likely at play when upset was extended to usage for unexpected defeats.
There are still some unanswered questions in the upset story. First, why was Upset so called in the first place? Was it just a matter of wishful thinking? Was it a kind of onomastic determinism, with Upset serving as an aptonym like the sprinter Usain Bolt or the writer Francine Prose?
I'm partial to the theory floated by Dorothy Ours, author of Man o' War: A Legend Like Lightning. Ours notes that Upset's mother was the foal Pankhurst (Emmeline Pankhurst was famous British activist for women's suffrage) and Pankhurst's father was Voter. So it would make sense if Upset was honoring this naming legacy with a political meaning of upset rather than a sporting one. At the very least, the word worked as a kind of double entendre by the time the horse was named in 1917.
Another question that remains is how the etymological legend of Upset spread. Contemporary descriptions of the 1919 race, as well as later descriptions from the '20s onwards, simply noted that Upset was "aptly" or "appropriately" named. Only later was the name Upset built into an origin story. A commenter on Joe Posnanski's blog remembers it from a question in the original Trivial Pursuit game in the 1980s. Regardless, the legend became firmly entrenched in the '90s and '00s.
I did find a weaker version of the legend in a 1962 column by Washington Post sports columnist Bob Addie: "The term 'upset' in sports gained considerable stature back in 1919 when a horse actually named Upset beat the wonder horse, Man o' War." That may in fact be true: certainly upset gained traction in sports reporting starting in the '20s, and Upset may have had something to do with that. So let's give some credit to the scrappy colt, even if he didn't achieve full-fledged eponym status.
Ripley's Believe It or Not, Aug. 19, 1947
For more on upset, check out my interview on the NPR show "Here and Now."
WORD FAMILY
upset: upsets, upsetted, upsetter, upsetting+/upsetter: upsetters/upsetting: upsettingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Donald Trump defeats Hillary Clinton in the biggest upset in US history.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
Tell him you were upset your children were prevented from meeting their cousin and ask him to forgive you for your pettiness.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
Happily, if any were upset by it, none said so to me.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vi. 打翻，弄翻; 打乱，打搅
vt. 打乱，搅乱; 推翻，弄翻; 使心烦意乱; 使翻倒
n. 翻倒，颠覆; 心烦意乱; 混乱
adj. 难过的; 失望的; 沮丧的; （肠胃）不舒服的
时态：upset, upsetting, upsets
分布：打乱(31%)，颠覆(10%)，不安的(10%)，翻倒(10%)，混乱(10%)，推翻(9%)，心烦的(9%)，不适的(4%)，苦恼的(4%)，使心烦(3%)
→原义为set up,固定。现词义实际上是overset的部分词义转移给upset。
打翻a不安心的(up向上+set→[把底]向上放→打翻)[set=fix,表示"安置好"]
v.使...心烦意乱;打翻,推翻a.难过的;不安的The upset supplement supplier went up with the puppet to the upper room for supper.心烦意乱的增刊供给者与傀儡一起到上面的房间吃晚餐.
【记】up上，set放置：上下倒置－颠覆
verb transitive /ʌpˈset/
(upsetting, upset, upset)
WORRY 烦忧
 ESSENTIAL
■to make someone worried, unhappy or angry 使心烦意乱；使难过；使生气
• It still upsets him when he thinks about the accident. 一想起那次事故他仍很恼火。
• [R] Don't upset your self by thinking about what might have been. 别再去想原本可能会怎样了，何必自寻烦恼。
verb transitive /ʌpˈset/
(upsetting, upset, upset)
CHANGE 变化
■to change the usual or expected state or order of something, especially in a way which stops it from happening or working 打乱；搅乱
• Any mechanical problems would upset our plans of driving across the desert. 哪怕是很小的机械故障都有可能搅乱我们驾车穿越沙漠的计划。
verb transitive /ʌpˈset/
(upsetting, upset, upset)
KNOCK 撞
■to push or knock something out of its usual position, usually by accident, especially causing it to fall 推；撞；（尤指）打翻，碰倒
• Our dog upset the picnic table, spilling food everywhere. 狗撞翻了野餐桌，把我们的食物弄得到处都是。
verb transitive /ʌpˈset/
(upsetting, upset, upset)
ILLNESS 疾病
■to make someone feel slightly ill 使不适
• He can't eat grapes - they upset him/his stomach. 他不能吃葡萄——他的胃受不了。
verb transitive /ʌpˈset/
(upsetting, upset, upset)
upset the apple cart
■to cause trouble, especially by spoiling someone's plans 制造麻烦；（尤指）打乱计划
adjective]ʌpˈset/
WORRIED 烦忧
 IMPROVER [after verb]
■worried, unhappy or angry 使心烦意乱；使难过；使生气
• Don't get upset about the dress - there's only a little stain on it. 不要为这件衣服难过了——上面只有一个小污点而已。
• [+ to infinitive] She was very upset to hear that the holiday had been cancelled. 听说假期取消了，她很沮丧。
• [+ that] He was very upset that you didn't reply to his letters. 你没给他回信，他很失望。
adjective]ʌpˈset/
ILL 疾病 informal
■If you have an upset stomach you feel slightly ill, especially because of something you have eaten or drunk 形容肚子不舒服（尤其因为吃喝的东西引起的不适）
• I've got an upset stomach/tummy - serves me right for eating so much. 我肚子不舒服——我这是自作自受，谁让自己吃得太多。
noun]ˈʌp.set/
CHANGE 改变
uncountable
■confusion and problems 混乱；麻烦
• How much upset will the new monitoring procedures cause? 新的监控程式将会带来多大的混乱?
countable
■when someone beats the team or player that was expected to win 爆冷门
• It would be quite an upset if the favourite didn't win. 如果这个夺标大热门没有获胜，那就真是爆冷门。
noun]ˈʌp.set/
ILLNESS 疾病
countable informal
■a slight illness of the stomach 肠胃不适
• Melanie's got a stomach/tummy upset so she won't be going to school today. 梅兰妮肚子不舒服，所以今天不去上学了。
upset, perturb, agitate, disturb
这组词都有“使不安，使心烦意乱”的意思，其区别是：
upset: 最普通，最通俗用词，侧重失去精神上的平静，心理上完全丧失平衡。
perturb: 书面语用词，指使人焦急烦恼，扰得心情不安。
agitate: 侧重指内心的焦虑，难于控制，表露于外。
disturb: 指因某人的行动、扰乱、妨碍安静等而使人不得安宁。
update, upgrade, upholder, upset
update: 更新；
upgrade: 升级，提升；
upholder: 抬高，举起，支持，鼓励，赞同，拥护；
upset: 推翻，颠覆，使不安
vt. 使心烦；颠覆；扰乱
 - disorder, subvert
vi. 翻倒
 - tip, keel over
adj. 心烦的；混乱的；弄翻的
 - chaotic, troubled, confused
n. 混乱；翻倒
 - disorder, chaos, confusion, turmoil, involvement

Word: interact
Front: interact
[ˌɪntərˈækt] (研六托雅 4341/6221 -2)
Vocabulary: interact
(once / 1007 pages)
v
Talking, dancing, playing a game — all of these activities allow you to interact with other people. To interact means to communicate and react to the people you're involved with.
Some video games are called interactive because they are not static, like board games, but allow players to interact with them and direct the story. If you are talking about chemicals or medicines that interact, the presence of one affects the way the other works. If someone says that you interact well with children, it means you communicate well with them and they respond to you.
WORD FAMILY
interact: interacted, interacting, interaction, interactive, interacts+/ act: actable, acted, acting, action, active, actor, actress, acts, actuate, counteract, enact, interact, overact, underact/actable: unactable/acting: actings, self-acting/ action: actionable, actioned, actions, inaction/ activate: activated, activates, activating, activation, activator, deactivate, reactivate /activating: self-activating/ activation: activations/activator: activators/ active: activate, actively, activeness, activer, actives, activest, activity, hyperactive, inactive, overactive, underactive/ activity: activities/ actor: actors/actress: actresses/ actuate: actuated, actuates, actuating, actuation, actuator/actuator: actuators/counteract: counteracted, counteracting, counteraction, counteractive, counteracts/counteraction: counteractions/deactivate: deactivated, deactivates, deactivating, deactivation/ enact: enacted, enacting, enactment, enacts, reenact/enactment: enactments/ hyperactive: hyperactively, hyperactivity/inaction: inactions/inactivate: inactivated, inactivates, inactivating, inactivation/ inactive: inactivate, inactively, inactiveness, inactivity / inactivity: inactivities/ interaction: interactional, interactions/ interactive: interactively/overact: overacted, overacting, overacts/overacting: overactings/overactive: overactivity/ reactivate: reactivated, reactivates, reactivating/reenact: reenacted, reenacting, reenactment, reenacts/ reenactment: reenactments/underact: underacted, underacting, underacts
USAGE EXAMPLES
He says he also hopes interacting with his German hosts will help them see him and his bandmates as something other than refugees.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
This time round, look instead for new ways to interact with your vehicle.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
Proposed sources of dark matter include burnt-out stars; clouds of dust and gas; and subatomic particles called Wimps – weakly interacting massive particles.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: v. 相互作用; 互相影响; 互动
时态：interacted, interacting, interacts
分布：互动(53%)，相互作用(32%)，相互影响(14%)，相互联系(1%)
→inter-,在内，在中间，相互，act,行动，作用。
相互作用(inter相互＋act→相互动→相互作用)[act=to do,to drive表示"行动,做"]
v.互相作用,互相影响The transactor thinks activating the atomic interaction in the intact reactor is practicable.办理人认为激活未受影响的反应堆内原子的相互作用是种可行的.
US [-tˌɚ'ækt] verb intransitive
■to communicate with or react to 交流，交往；相互作用，互相影响
• Dominique's teacher says that she interacts well with the other children. 多明尼克的老师说她与别的孩子相处得很好。
• It's interesting at parties to see how people interact socially. 在聚会上看人们如何交流沟通是很有趣的。
• We are studying how these two chemicals interact. 我们在研究这两种化学物质是如何相互作用的。
n. 幕间剧；幕间休息
 - entr'acte

Word: soap
Front: soap
[səʊp] (中高研四六托 4344/4288 -K2)
Back: n. 肥皂; 肥皂剧; [化]皂，脂肪酸盐
vt. 抹肥皂; 用肥皂擦洗; <俚>拍…的马屁，吹捧（某人）
vi. 用肥皂擦洗
时态：soaped, soaping, soaps
分布：肥皂(83%)，肥皂剧(10%)，用肥皂洗(6%)，阿谀奉承(1%)
→来自古英语 sape,肥皂，油膏，来自 Proto-Germanic*saipon,松脂，油脂，来自 seib,*seip, 滴，溢，词源同 seep,sebum.原始的肥皂即动物油脂与草木灰碱的混合物。
n.肥皂I bought a bar of soap in the supermarket.我在超市买了一条肥皂.
US [soʊp] noun
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■a substance used for washing the body which is usually hard, often has a pleasant smell, and produces a mass of bubbles when rubbed with water, or a piece of this 肥皂
• a bar of soap 一块肥皂
• liquid soap 液体肥皂
• soap and water 肥皂和水
• a soap dish/dispenser 肥皂盘／给皂器
• soap bubbles 肥皂泡
• She bought me a box of prettily coloured soaps. 她买了一箱颜色漂亮的肥皂给我。
countable informal
■a soap opera 连续剧，肥皂剧（肥皂剧 Soap 指那些低成本制作的电视或广播节目，讲述某一组特定角色的生活和问题，在午间或下午给家庭主妇看，主流美剧播出时间都是晚上8点到10点；很多节目的连续剧甚至可以播放几十年）
UK [səʊp] US [soʊp] verb transitive
■to put soap on something 在…上涂肥皂；用肥皂擦洗
• Have you soaped yourself all over, Alice? 你全身都涂肥皂了吗，艾丽斯？
• Let me soap your back. 我来帮你的后背抹肥皂吧。
n. [油脂] 肥皂
 - savon

Word: cute
Front: cute
[kju:t] (雅 4345/11929 -1)
Vocabulary: cute
(once / 1973 pages)
adj
The adjective cute describes something that’s attractive in a pleasing, nonthreatening way. Things that are small or young are often described as cute, like babies, puppies, or toy fire engines.
Something that’s cute is easy to like. We usually use cute to describe how something looks, like your cute smile or your cute dimples, but you can use it for anything that’s endearing or pleasing, like the boy-gets-girl ending to a romantic comedy. Cute can also refer to something that’s overly clever and a little bit fake. Don’t be too cute when you fill out a college application — the person reading it might not think it’s so funny.
WORD FAMILY
cute: cutely, cuteness, cuter, cutest+/cuteness: cutenesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
Real cute, but these predictions are supposed to be bold, right?
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Pop music and fashion never met cuter than in George Michael’s “Freedom! ’90” video.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
“That’s a right cute little wristband,” he said.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 漂亮的; 娇小可爱的; 机灵的，精明的; 矫揉造作的
级别：cuter, cutest
分布：可爱的(88%)，漂亮的(10%)，灵巧(1%)，智取敌方的策略或手段(1%)
→缩写自acute, 尖锐的，敏锐的。词义由敏锐到聪明到可爱。
adjective
ATTRACTIVE 迷人的
■(especially of something or someone small or young) pleasant and attractive （尤指小东西或小孩）可爱的，娇小可爱的，逗人喜爱的
• He's got a really cute baby brother. 他有个逗人喜爱的小宝宝弟弟。
[kju:t] adjective
CLEVER 聪明的 US wishing to seem clever, sometimes in a rude or unpleasant way 装乖巧的；滑头的；精明的
• Don't be cute with me, Vicki. 别跟我耍滑头，维基。
adj. 可爱的；漂亮的；聪明的，伶俐的
 - lovely, pretty, intelligent, taking, wise

Word: rival
Front: rival
[ˈraɪvl] (研四六托雅宝 4346/3058 -K4)
Vocabulary: rival
(once / 108 pages)
nv
A rival is a competitor or contender that you want to defeat, whether in an actual competition or for another goal. It may be a tennis rival or a rival for your true love’s affections.
There are all types of rivals, but they tend to show up a lot in sports. For example, in college football, the Army and Navy have been rivals since their first meeting in 1890. Something that is able to rival something else is seen as comparable to it in quality, and something that is said to be “without rival” is unmatched, or better than everything else.
WORD FAMILY
rival: rivaled, rivaling, rivalled, rivalling, rivalrous, rivalry, rivals+/rivaled: unrivaled/rivalled: unrivalled/ rivalry: rivalries/unrivaled: unrivaledest
USAGE EXAMPLES
Deutsche Bank was the focus of that dream and along the way, he declined many offers to leave and join rival banks.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He told the media and political rivals to "hold off partying", adding: "Nothing will happen, because there is nothing."
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
A prison chaplain said the riot began after a fight between rival gangs.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 对手; 竞争者
vt. 与…竞争; 比得上某人
vi. 竞争
adj. 竞争的
时态：rivalled, rivalling, rivals
分布：对手(55%)，竞争(36%)，竞争的(4%)，竞争者(4%)，同伴(1%)
→来自拉丁语 rivalis,邻居，对手，竞争者，来自 rivus,溪流，河谷，来自 reie,流动，流水， 奔跑，词源同 run,Rhine.
竞争者(riv=river河,由"河"引申为"流动,跑,一起跑→竞争)[-al 1.表形容词"…的"2.表名词"人,物,状态"]
n.竞争者,对手v.竞争,对抗a.竞争的The rival's arrival gives him a forgivable chance.对手的到来给他一个可原谅的机会.
【记】源于：rive（v 撕开），互相rive衣服的人－对手
【反】unite（v 联合；团结）
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a person, group, etc. competing with others for the same thing or in the same area 竞争对手；敌手
• He beat his closest/nearest rival by 20 marks. 他以领先20分的成绩打败了和他水准最接近的对手。
• The companies produce rival versions of the toy. 这些公司生产的玩具跟我们的产品争夺市场。
['raɪ.vəl] verb transitive (-ll- or US USUALLY -l-)
■to be as good, clever, beautiful, etc. as someone or something else 可与…相媲美，比得上
• No computer can rival a human brain for/in complexity. 没有任何电脑比得上人脑复杂。
• The beauty of the country is only rivalled by (= is equal to) the violence of its politics. 该国的美丽风光非同寻常，而其国内政治的残暴同样惊世骇俗。
rival, equal, match
这组词都有“相称，比得上，与……相比”的意思，其区别是：
rival: 指某人或某物在和对手竞争中，在能力、质量等方面都能与之相匹敌，都能比得上。
equal: 指在数量、价值或程度等方面已完全相等。
match: 指对手之间力量、强度、性能或利益等的较量或竞争。
opponent, competitor, enemy, foe, rival
这些名词均有“对手，敌手”之意。
opponent: 最常用词，通常指在争论、辩论、竞选或竞赛以及其它各种矛盾冲突中站在对立面的“对手”或“敌手”。
competitor: 指为同一目标或目的竞争者，一般无感情色彩。
enemy: 多指充满敌意的仇敌。
foe: 语气较强，多用于书面文字和诗歌中。指不仅敌对，而且很危险，怀有很深的敌意。
rival: 指与某人目标一致而想赶上或超过他的人，匹敌者。
contend, rival, contest, compete
这组词都有“竞争”的意思，其区别是：
contend: 指为战胜或击败对手进行不懈努力，强调拼搏。也可指口头上进行有对立情绪或严重分歧的争论。
rival: 指在两方或多方的竞争或比赛中，谁都想战胜或比得上对手。
contest: 指为争夺土地、阵地、权力或荣誉等而展开的竞争。
compete: 普通用词，含义广泛。既可指体育活动等活动中争取优胜的相互竞争，也可指为了自己的利益与他人竞争。
n. 对手； [劳经] 竞争者
 - equal, comparative, opponent, match, adversary
vt. 与…竞争；比得上某人
 - match, compete against
vi. [劳经] 竞争
 - contest, cope, struggle to
adj. [劳经] 竞争的
 - competitive, vying

Word: short-term
Front: short-term
[ʃɔ:t tɜ:m] None
Vocabulary: short-term
(once / 1802 pages)
adj
Anything short-term doesn't last long. A short-term romance might be for a few weeks instead of a lifetime, and a short-term job won't provide you long-term security.
The word term often applies to units of time, like a politician's term in office. This word has to do with time, but only small amounts of time: anything short-term occurs for a little while, and then it's over. A short-term illness goes away quickly, and a short-term problem won't weigh you down for long. The opposite of short-term is long-term, which refers to things happening for a greater period of time.
WORD FAMILY
short-term: shorter-term
USAGE EXAMPLES
Iran, which is not a driver of the ceasefire plan, but is a pivotal player in Syria’s short-term future, remains implacably opposed to Assad’s exit.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Grunstein called that “ridiculously low” and a sign of short-term thinking by the company.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
By that I mean an experienced striker who would get them goals in the short-term.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 短期的
分布：短期的(100%)
US ['ʃɔ:rt.tɝ:m] adjective
 ADVANCED
■lasting a short time 持续时间短的，暂时的
• short-term memory 短期记忆
 ADVANCED
■relating to a short period of time 短期的；近期的
• a short-term weather forecast 近期天气预报

Word: punch
Front: punch
[pʌntʃ] (研四六托宝 4348/5322 -K3)
Vocabulary: punch
(once / 338 pages)
1vn 2vn 3n
To punch is to hit hard with a closed fist. Boxers practice their sport when they punch a punching bag. Punch is also a party drink. But if you punch someone at the party, you won’t get any.
Most of us occasionally imagine what it would feel like to punch a bully. You also punch when you make round holes in paper (with a "hole punch"), and you "punch the clock," or "punch in" when you officially register that you've started working for the day. Punch is also a fruity, drink — this potable punch comes from Sanskrit for "five," for the five ingredients in a similar sweet drink. There are also five fingers in a fist. Hum.
WORD FAMILY
punch: punched, puncher, punches, punching+/puncher: punchers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Despite reeling from a collective gut punch, women who were opposed to President-elect Donald Trump channeled their sadness and rage into activism and organization.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
As the songwriters strummed guitars and punched lyrics into their phones, Pine’s children splashed in a swimming pool and a chef prepared brick-oven pizzas.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
They say one of the assailants punched the 51-year-old Trotwood man when he handed over his phone, causing him to fall to the ground.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 用拳猛击; 打孔; （用压穿器）穿孔，冲孔; 用肘推
n. 冲压机，冲床; 打洞器; 钻孔机; 剪票铗
vi. 用拳猛击
时态：punched, punching, punches
分布：殴打(26%)，打洞器(18%)，钻孔机(16%)，剪票(10%)，开洞(10%)，以拳重击(10%)，感染力(10%)
→来自拉丁语pungere,刺，击，来自pung,刺，击，打，词源同pungent,puncture,point.引申诸相关词义。punch 潘趣酒
打洞(punch→punct的变体)[point,punct=point,make sharp,表示"点,变尖"]
n.冲压机,冲床;穿孔机v.冲压,穿孔I bundled a bunch of branches and anchored it on the punching bench.我捆起一簇树枝,将它栓在冲压工作台上.
noun
HIT 打
 ADVANCED countable
■a forceful hit with a fist (= closed hand) 一拳，一击
• She gave him a punch UKon / USin the nose. 她朝着他的鼻子打了一拳。
[pʌntʃ] noun
EFFECT 影响
uncountable
■the power to be interesting and have a strong effect on people 感染力，活力
• I felt the performance/speech/presentation lacked punch. 我觉得那个表演／演讲／演出缺乏感染力。
[pʌntʃ] noun
DRINK 饮料
countable or uncountable
■a cold or hot drink made by mixing fruit juices, pieces of fruit and often wine or other alcoholic drinks 潘趣酒（一种果汁、水果与酒调成的冷饮或热饮）
[pʌntʃ] noun
TOOL 工具
countable
■a piece of equipment which cuts holes in a material by pushing a piece of metal through it 打孔器
• a ticket punch 剪票钳
• Have you seen the hole punch anywhere? 你看到打孔器在哪里了吗？
[pʌntʃ] verb transitive
HIT 打
 ADVANCED
■to hit someone or something with your fist (= closed hand) 用拳猛击
• He punched him in the stomach. 他朝他的肚子上猛击了一拳。
■mainly US
■to hit with your fingers the buttons on a telephone or the keys on a keyboard 按，敲击（按钮或键）
[pʌntʃ] verb transitive
USE TOOL 使用工具
■to make a hole in something with a special piece of equipment （用特制工具）在…上打孔，打（孔）
• I was just punching holes in some sheets of paper. 我刚才在几张纸上打孔。
• This belt's too big - I'll have to punch an extra hole in it. 这条皮带太长了——我得在上面再打一个洞。
[pʌntʃ] verb transitive
punch sb's lights out informal
■to hit someone repeatedly very hard 连续猛击（某人）
[pʌntʃ] verb transitive
punch above your weight mainly UK informal
■If a country or business punches above their weight, they become involved in, or succeed in, an activity which needs more power, money, etc. than they seem to have 能和高于自己重量级别的对手较量（如果一个国家或行业与高于其重量级别的对手较量，则其参与的活动，或在其中取得成功的活动所需的力量、金钱等，比其看来实际拥有的要多）
• Singapore punches above its weight in the world economy. 新加坡在世界经济中的地位堪比一些经济强国。
[pʌntʃ] verb transitive
punch the clock US
■to put a card into a special machine to record the times you arrive at and leave work 打卡上下班
• After 17 years of punching the clock, he just disappeared one morning and was never heard from again. 17年来他一直按部就班地打卡上下班，可是有天早晨他就那么失踪了，从此音信全无。
n. [机] 冲压机；打洞器； [计] 钻孔机
 - blanking press, drilling machine
vi. 用拳猛击
 - jab

Word: pin
Front: pin
[pɪn] (高研四六雅 4347/4542 -K3)
Vocabulary: pin
(once / 355 pages)
1nv 2vn 3n 4n 5n
A pin is a small, sharp device that's made for attaching and holding things together. When you sew a shirt, you first have to pin the paper pattern to the fabric with pins.
Pins used for tacking paper to a bulletin board are made of sharp metal. A piece of jewelry that fastens to your shirt is also a pin. There are numerous other pins, from the pegs a guitar's strings are attached to; to the wooden pins you try to knock down when you're bowling; to the pins that hold your hairdo in place. And when you pin, you secure with a pin, or you hold someone down while wrestling.
WORD FAMILY
pin: pinned, pinning, pins, unpin+/pinning: pinnings/unpin: unpinned, unpinning, unpins
USAGE EXAMPLES
Some fans will pin the defeat on that play.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
A successful punt into that “coffin corner” would be unreturnable, and pin the opposing team deep in its territory.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The tweet was pinned to the top of his timeline, so anyone who visited his feed would see it.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 钉; 别针，扣针，饰针; 大头针; 没价值的东西
vt. 压住; （用钉等）钉住，钉住，别住，扣住; 用障壁等)围住，关住（俚语）抓住; [军]牵制
adj. 针的; 钉的; 销的; 大头针的
时态：pinned, pinning, pins
分布：钉住(39%)，别住(27%)，固定住(17%)，徽章(17%)
→来自古英语pinn,插销，螺栓，来自Proto-Germanic*penn,突点，尖，来自拉丁语pinna,箭，尖点，来自spei,尖，刺点，词源同pinnacle,spike.引申词义大头针，钢钉，插销，瓶柱等多种词义。
n.钉;大头针,别针,徽章v.(up)钉住,别住From the tiny tin pin, the spinner pinched off an inch.纺纱工从小锡别针上掐掉一英寸.
noun
METAL STICK 金属棒
 ADVANCED countable
■a small thin piece of metal with a point at one end, especially used for temporarily holding pieces of cloth together （尤指用于固定布料用的）别针，大头针
• I'll keep the trouser patch in place with pins while I sew it on. 在把裤子的补丁缝上去时，我会用别针把它固定好。
 ADVANCED countable
■a thin piece of metal 钉，楔，销，栓
• If you pull the pin out of a hand-grenade, it'll explode. 拉掉手榴弹上的保险栓它就会爆炸。
• Is it a two-pin plug or a three-pin plug? 那是双脚插头还是三脚插头？
• Doctors inserted a metal pin in his leg to hold the bones together. 医生把一根钢针钉进他腿里，把骨头固定好。
countable
■a decorative object, used as jewellery 饰针
• a hat/tie pin 女帽饰针／领带别针
countable US for * brooch
[pɪn] noun
LEG 腿
countable usually plural old-fashioned humorous
■a leg 腿
• Grandpa's very old now and he's a bit shaky on his pins. 爷爷现在年纪很大了，走路有点不稳。
[pɪn] noun
IN CHESS 棋局
countable specialized
■In the game of chess , a pin is a special move which stops the other player from moving one of their pieces, because to move it will put another more valuable piece in danger 牵制，困子（国际象棋中“牵制”或“困子”是特殊的一步，移动后可阻止另一方移动某棋子，因为移动该棋子会使另一个更重要的棋子有危险）
• That nasty pin stopped me from moving my knight. 这步讨厌的牵制，使我无法移动我的马。
[pɪn] noun
be on pins and needles US
■to be nervously waiting to find out what is going to happen 如坐针毡，焦虑不安，急得要命
[pɪn] verb (-nn-)
METAL STICK 金属棒
 ADVANCED transitive + adverb or preposition
■to fasten something with a pin （用别针等）别住，钉住，固定住
• A large picture of the president was pinned to/(up) on the office wall. 总统的巨幅照片钉在办公室的墙上。
• She had pinned up her lovely long hair. 她把美丽的长发用发夹别了起来。
transitive US old-fashioned
■When a young man pins a young woman, he gives her a piece of jewellery to show that they love each other. （青年男子）向（青年女子）赠送首饰
[pɪn] verb (-nn-)
STOP MOVEMENT 停止动作
transitive + adverb or preposition
■to force someone or something to stay in a particular place by putting weight on them 按住，压住
• She was pinned (down) under a pile of rubble. 她被压在一堆碎石下面。
• A huge guy leapt out at Chris and pinned him (up) against the wall. 一个体形庞大的家伙向克里斯扑过去，把他按在墙上。
[pɪn] verb (-nn-)
pin back your ears (also pin your ears back) UK informal
■to listen carefully 倾听，仔细听
[pɪn] verb (-nn-)
pin your hopes on sth/sb
■to hope very much that something or someone will help you to achieve what you want 把希望寄托在…上
[pɪn] verb (-nn-)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] pin sb down
SURROUND
■to stop someone from escaping by surrounding them and shooting at them if they try to escape 使（某人）动弹不得；困住（某人）
• [often passive] Government forces were pinned down by resistance fighters 30 miles north of the capital. 政府军被抵抗组织的战士钳制在首都以北30英哩处。
GET DETAILS
■to make someone provide details about something or make a decision about something （使）（某人）明确说明；（使）（某人）作出决定
• I've tried asking Stephanie, but she's proving difficult to pin down to a particular date. 我已经问过史蒂芬妮了，但她很难确定具体日期。
[pɪn] verb (-nn-)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] pin sth down
■to discover exact details about something 清楚地知道；确认
• We can't pin down where the leak came from. 我们无法确定哪里发生了外泄。
[pɪn] verb (-nn-)
  Phrasal Verbs  pin sth on sb (also hang sth on sb)
■to blame someone for something, especially for something they did not do 把…归咎于（尤指无辜者）
• You can't pin the blame on her - she wasn't even there when the accident happened. 你不能把责任推到她身上——意外发生时她根本不在现场。
n. 大头针，针；栓；琐碎物
 - needle, plug
vt. 钉住；压住；将……用针别住
 - nail up, transfix

Word: hockey
Front: hockey
[ˈhɒki] (4349/8164 -2)
Vocabulary: hockey
(once / 1216 pages)
n
Hockey is short for ice hockey or field hockey, but it usually refers to ice hockey, the sport where people skate on ice and use big hockey sticks to whack a puck into a goal.
For ice hockey, players wear protective gear and helmets. A flat puck is knocked across the ice with long, paddle-shaped sticks. Field hockey is similar, though there is less contact between players, and a ball, instead of a puck, is smacked with sticks. The origin of hockey is slightly unclear, although it may stem from the Middle French hoquet, "shepherd's staff," which resembles a hockey stick.
WORD FAMILY
hockey: hockeys
USAGE EXAMPLES
The school calls the gym the Lions’ Den, but many visitors call it the Dungeon and liken playing there to playing hockey inside a box.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
What better way to get a year-long party started than outdoors in the city many consider hockey's biggest market.
Reuters(Jan 01, 2017)
As in hockey, players entered and exited in shifts.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 曲棍球; 冰球
分布：曲棍球(100%)
→词源不详，可能来自hook,钩子，因这种球钩状的球杆而得名。
US ['hɑ:.ki] noun uncountable
 ADVANCED UK (US field hockey)
■a game played on a sports field between two teams of eleven players who each have a curved stick with which they try to put a small hard ball into the other team's goal 曲棍球运动
 ADVANCED US for * ice hockey
n. 曲棍球；冰球
 - puck

Word: passing
Front: passing
[ˈpɑ:sɪŋ] (4350/4918 -K2)
Vocabulary: passing
(once / 70 pages)
1adjn 2nadj 3nadj 4n 5adv
Something that's passing happens very quickly. If you give someone a passing glance, you look so briefly in their direction that you barely see them.
Passing is one of those versatile words with many different uses. A passing reference is a light, brief mention of something, and a passing grade is one that's high enough for you to pass a test. As a noun, passing often means "the end of something," like the passing of an era — while the passing of a person means death. When you talk about something "in passing," you mention it is a casual way.
WORD FAMILY
passing: passinger, passings+/ impassable: impassably/overpass: overpasses, overpast/ pass: overpass, passable, passage, passed, passer, passes, passing, underpass/ passable: impassable, passably, unpassable/ passage: passages/passer: passers/underpass: underpasses
USAGE EXAMPLES
The league continues to evolve, with the passing game becoming more dominant.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It is quite similar to ‘passing the peace’ in church on Sunday when “The Lord be with you!” is answered with “And also with you!”
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Bills passing attack did hold them back by finishing 30th.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 经过的，路过的; 短暂的; 及格的; 正在发生的
adv. 非常地; 无以伦比地
n. 经过，通过; 经过之处，通过的手段; 死亡
v. 走过( pass的现在分词)
分布：通过(57%)，经过的(14%)，及格的(8%)，非常(8%)，短暂的(8%)，逝去(4%)，动词pass的现在分词.(1%)
US ['pæs.ɪŋ] noun
CONVERSATION 谈话
in passing
■If something is said in passing, it is said while talking about something else and is not the main subject of a conversation 顺便，附带地
• When asked if he had told the police about the incident, Mr Banks said he had mentioned it in passing to a detective. 被问及是否已将此事告知警方时，班克斯先生说他曾向一位侦探顺便提过。
UK ['pɑ:.sɪŋ] US ['pæs.ɪŋ] noun
TIME 时间
the passing of time/the years
■the way that time passes （时间的）流逝，过去
• My parents seem to have mellowed with the passing of the years. 随着岁月的流逝，我父母似乎变得心平气和了。
only singular
■the death of someone or something 逝世，去世；流逝，消失
• Ten years after her death, the public still mourns her passing. 她死去十年后，人们仍在为她的去世感到悲痛。
• the passing of the old year 旧的一年的流逝
UK ['pɑ:.sɪŋ] US ['pæs.ɪŋ] adjective [before noun]
GOING PAST 路过的
■moving past 路过的，经过的
• A passing motorist stopped and gave her a lift to the nearby town. 一名路过的汽车司机停下来，把她送到了附近的镇上。
UK ['pɑ:.sɪŋ] US ['pæs.ɪŋ] adjective [before noun]
TIME 时间的
■lasting only for a short time and not important or complete 短暂的，一时的
• The elephants and giraffes got only a passing glance from the teenagers heading from the car park to the games arcade. 从停车场走往电动游乐场的少年只对大象和长颈鹿瞥了一眼。
• The matter is only of passing scientific interest. 这东西的科学意义只是暂时的。
■describes a period of time that is going past 过去的，逝去的
• The situation seems to become more hopeless with each/every passing day. 日子一天天过去，局势似乎越来越无可救药了。
UK ['pɑ:.sɪŋ] US ['pæs.ɪŋ] adjective [before noun]
a passing resemblance
■a slightly similar appearance 些许的相似
• He bears more than a passing resemblance to (= he is noticeably similar to) the young Marlon Brando. 他长得颇像年轻时的马龙‧白兰度。
adj. 经过的；目前的；及格的；短暂的
 - actual, existing, brief, little, transient
n. 经过；及格；流逝；去世
 - transit, passed away
adv. 非常
 - extremely, badly, highly, greatly, too
v. 通过；及格；许可；传送（pass的ing形式）
 - licensing

Word: persist
Front: persist
[pəˈsɪst] (研四六托雅 4351/3785 -2)
Vocabulary: persist
(once / 154 pages)
v
When someone persists they keep going or hang on. If you want finish a marathon, you have to persist and keep running, no matter how many blisters you have.
The great Roman poet Ovid once advised: “Endure and persist, this pain will turn good by and by.” As Ovid’s quote hints at, persistence is often associated with hardship and the reward that comes with not backing down. Synonyms include endure, follow through, and persevere, while antonyms include cease and give up.
WORD FAMILY
persist: persisted, persistency, persistent, persisting, persists+/ persistence: persistences/persistency: persistencies/ persistent: persistence, persistently/ persisting: persistingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The alert was originally due to end on Sunday, but authorities extended it for three days as the smog persisted.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“There is an absolute determination that the regime will persist and continue. That is number one for everything: the perpetuation of the regime.”
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Psychological coercion is central to how an abuser maintains their power and yet there persists the focus on physical violence.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: v. 坚持; 固执; 存留; 继续存在
时态：persisted, persisting, persists
分布：坚持(63%)，持续(27%)，继续(9%)，执意(1%)
→per-,完全的，-sist,站立，坚持，词源同stand,assist.
坚持(per+sist站→站到最后→坚持)[per-①表示"贯穿,自始至终"②表示"假,坏"]
坚持到底(per始终＋sist→始终站着→坚持到底)[sist=stand表示"站立"]
v.(in)坚持,持续She persisted in her own opinion.她坚持自己的意见.
【记】per完全，sist固定不变－坚持不懈
【参】persistent（adj 持久稳固的）
US [pɚ-] verb intransitive
 ADVANCED
■If an unpleasant feeling or situation persists, it continues to exist 持续；存留
• If the pain persists, consult a doctor. 如果疼痛持续就去看医生。
• The cold weather is set to persist throughout the week. 寒冷天气很可能将持续整个星期。
 ADVANCED
■to try to do or continue doing something in a determined but often unreasonable way 坚持不懈；执意
• If he persists in asking awkward questions, then send him to the boss. 如果他没完没了地问令人尴尬的问题，就把他打发到老板那里去。
• The government is persisting with its ambitious public works programme. 政府坚持实施其雄心勃勃的市政工程规划。
persevere, insist, persist, cling, adhere
这组词都有“坚持”的意思，其区别是：
persevere: 含褒义，强调坚持不懈的努力。
insist: 通常用于对意见、主张等的坚持。
persist: 用于褒义指坚持继续做某事，但更常用于贬义，指不听劝告，顽固坚持。
cling: 和to连用，指对信仰、意见、习惯等的坚持。
adhere: 与to连用，指坚持意见、计划或承诺等，含坚持不懈之意。
last, continue, endure, persist
这组词都有“持续”的意思，其区别是：
last: 着重存在的时间相当长，超过正常的或所期望的时间。
continue: 多指过程，强调持续而无终止，常含不间断之意。
endure: 与last同义，但还指经受住，有能耐忍受而并不受损。
persist: 强调超过了指定的或正常的时间。
vi. 存留，坚持；持续，固执
 - stay, abide
vt. 坚持说，反复说
 - iterate

Word: supplier
Front: supplier
[səˈplaɪə(r)] (4352/2615 -2)
Back: n. 供应商; 供应国; 供应者，供给者; 补充者
分布：供应商(95%)，供应者(5%)
→来自 supply,供应，补给，-ier,人。
US [-ɚ] noun
 IMPROVER countable
■a company, person, etc. that provides things that people want or need, especially over a long period of time （尤指长期的）供应商，提供者，供应者
• They used to be a leading supplier of military equipment. 他们曾经是军事装备的主要供应商。
• He said that he had got the drugs from his usual supplier (= person who sells drugs illegally). 他说这些毒品是由他的长期供货人提供的。
suppliers [plural]
■a company which sells something 供应商
• I'll contact the suppliers and see if I can get the paint you want by Friday. 我会和供应商联系，看看我能否在周五之前拿到您想要的涂料。
n. 供应厂商， [贸易] 供应国；供应者
 - provider

Word: known
Front: known
[nəʊn] (4353/3525)
Vocabulary: known
(once / 18 pages)
adj
Something known is something people are aware of or know about. Don’t ask a known thief to walk your dog while you’re out of town, especially if she is known as the “Poodle Poacher.”
When you know something, it’s in your memory and awareness. When something is known, you know it! Technically, known is the past participle of know. Cigarettes are known to cause cancer. Martin Luther King is known as a hero to Americans. Cassius Clay is known as Muhammad Ali. If you stay out late and get in trouble, you should’ve known better. Something known is established, and people don't have reason to doubt it.
WORD FAMILY
known: knownly, unknown+/foreknow: foreknew, foreknowing, foreknown, foreknows/ know: foreknow, knew, knowable, knower, knowing, known, knows/knowable: unknowable/knower: knowers/ knowing: knowingest, knowingly, knowingness, knowings, unknowing/unknowable: unknowably/unknowing: unknowingly, unknowingness/unknown: unknowns
USAGE EXAMPLES
It would also clear the way for European industry to start building a second "service module" for America’s forthcoming crewship known as Orion.
BBC(Dec 01, 2016)
The likelihood of something like this occurring was well known.
New York Times(Dec 01, 2016)
The push by Mr. Gensler clashed with the staid culture of an agency once known as the “watchdog that didn’t bark.”
New York Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: adj. 大家知道的; 已知的; 知名的; 向某人作自我介绍
v. 知道( know的过去分词 ); 看到过; 听到过; 经历过
分布：已知的(81%)，有名的(16%)，动词know的过去分词.(3%)
→来自know的过去分词。
US [noʊn] adjective
 ADVANCED
■describes something or someone that is familiar to or understood by people 知道的；闻名的；已知的
• These people are known criminals. 这些人是臭名远播的罪犯。
• There is no known reason for the accident. 事故的原因还不得而知。
• He is known to the police because of his previous criminal record. 他因为有前科而在警方那里“扬名”。
⇒ See also well known
known as sth
■If someone or something is known as a particular name, they are called by that name 被称作…的；以…闻名的
• And this is Terry, otherwise known as 'Muscleman'. 这是特里，又名“大力士”。
make sth known
■to tell people about something so that it becomes publicly known 公布，发表
• Local residents have made known their objections to the proposals. 当地居民发表声明反对那些提议。
• I made it known that I was not happy with the decision. 我公开声明不满这个决定。
UK [nəʊn] US [noʊn] adjective
make yourself known
■to tell someone who you are （向某人）作自我介绍
• Just go to the hotel reception and make yourself known (to the receptionist). 直接去饭店接待处（向接待员）报你的名字。

Word: momentum
Front: momentum
[məˈmentəm] (研六雅宝 4335/5641 -2)
Vocabulary: momentum
(once / 1007 pages)
n
Momentum is generally used to mean increasing forward motion. A boulder rolling down a hill gains momentum. So does a great idea, a team on a winning streak, or the economy.
To find an object's physical momentum you multiply its mass by its velocity. Determining the momentum of the economy or the latest fad is much more difficult. Used figuratively, momentum implies that, like a boulder rolling down a hill, something with momentum will continue moving forward on its own. If you're running for class president, you might want to build momentum by holding a few rallies, passing out flyers and starting a website. Once you have momentum, your opponents won't be able to stop you.
WORD FAMILY
momentum: momenta, momentums
USAGE EXAMPLES
But United continued to look like a team gathering some genuine momentum.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
After Bennett’s “vicious, high-speed direct slam,” as the Times put it, Alabama seized the momentum and won, 28–10.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
They surge into the postseason, and they feed off that momentum.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. [物]动量; 势头; 动力; 要素，契机
分布：势头(56%)，动力(44%)
→来自拉丁语momentum,运动，变化，冲击，词源同moment,move.
n.动力,要素As the rock rolled down, it gathered momentum.岩石滚下山坡时,冲力愈来愈大.
【记】源于：movement（n 运动）
US [-tˌəm] noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■the force that keeps an object moving or keeps an event developing after it has started 动量，冲量；冲力；推动力；动力
• Once you push it, it keeps going under its own momentum. 一旦你推动了它，它就会在自己的动量作用下持续运动。
• The spacecraft will fly round the Earth to gain/gather momentum for its trip to Jupiter. 太空船将绕着地球飞行以获取飞向木星所需的动力。
• The play loses momentum (= becomes less interesting, energetic, etc.) by its half-way stage. 这部戏演到一半时就没看头了。
• In an attempt to give new momentum to their plans, the committee set a date for starting detailed discussions. 为了为他们的计划赋予新的动力，委员会定好了开始讨论细节的日期。
n. 势头； [物] 动量；动力；冲力
 - impetus, quantity of motion

Word: purse
Front: purse
[pɜ:s] (中高研四六雅宝 4358/6387 -2)
Vocabulary: purse
(once / 298 pages)
1n 2v
Though purses are mostly carried by women, this is the kind of purse anyone would love to bring home: it's a prize, usually consisting of money.
The most common meaning of purse, as a woman's bag, can definitely help you remember the "prize" meaning of purse, because a woman who won a purse could carry her winnings in a purse. The non-bag type of purse is usually associated with sporting events: boxers and jockeys win purses. Other times, purse is used to describe money won in another context, like a photography contest. Another meaning is totally different: if you pucker or contract your lips, you're pursing them.
WORD FAMILY
purse: pursed, purseed, purses, pursing
USAGE EXAMPLES
At that point, Mr. Trump, otherwise expansive and genial, sat with narrowed eyes and pursed lips, like a schoolboy who’d just been lectured.
New York Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Brooklyn rapper Conceited's pursed lips are the physical embodiment of "you thought."
Los Angeles Times(Dec 28, 2016)
This drains the taxpayers’ purse and patience and emotions.
Washington Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 钱包，钱袋; 财力，财源; 和包或钱袋相似的东西; 女用小提包
vt. 使皱起，噘起
时态：pursed, pursing, purses
分布：钱包(95%)，皱起(3%)，小钱袋(1%)，放进钱包(1%)
→来自古英语pursa,钱包，小袋子，来自拉丁语bursa,皮革袋，词源同bursar,reimburse.
n.钱包In church the nurse cursed the people pursuing the purple purse.在教堂里,护士诅咒了追求紫色钱包的人们.
【记】pur＝pure，se色：有纯色的东西－女士钱包、皱起的黑眉毛和噘起的红嘴唇
US [pɝ:s] noun
CONTAINER 钱包
 ADVANCED countable UK
■a small container for money, usually used by a woman （常指女用）钱包
• a leather purse 皮革钱包
Compare wallet
 ADVANCED countable US for
■ handbag
UK [pɜ:s] US [pɝ:s] noun
AMOUNT TO SPEND 花费的金额
countable usually singular
■the total amount of money which an organization or government has available for spending （机构或政府的）备用金，可用的资金，财力
• Having a lot of people out of work places a large drain on the public purse. 大量人口失业使政府的财力消耗很大。
UK [pɜ:s] US [pɝ:s] noun
PRIZE 奖金
countable
■an amount of money which is offered as a prize in a sports competition （体育竞赛中的）奖金
• The players in the golf tournament are competing for a purse of £525 000. 参加本次高尔夫锦标赛的选手正在为52.5万英镑的奖金而展开争夺。
UK [pɜ:s] US [pɝ:s] noun
the purse strings
■the spending of money by a family, company or country 开支，花费
• A recent survey showed that in 53% of families, women hold (= control) the purse strings. 最近一项调查显示，在53%的家庭里，由女人掌管开支。
UK [pɜ:s] US [pɝ:s] verb transitive
■to bring your lips tightly together so that they form a rounded shape, usually as an expression of disapproval 噘（嘴）
• "I don't approve of that kind of language," she said, pursing her lips. “我不赞成那样子说话，”她噘着嘴说。
sack, handbag, purse, bag
这组词都有“袋”的意思，其区别是：
sack: 应用较窄，指较大的袋子，如麻袋等。
handbag: 指手提包，尤指女人用的手提包。
purse: 指钱包或小钱袋，在美国相当于bandbag。
bag: 普通用词，指一般的口袋，有时也指手提包。
n. 钱包，小钱袋；金钱，财源
 - bag, wallet
vt. 皱起，缩拢
 - rivel

Word: shed
Front: shed
[ʃed] (研四六托雅宝 4356/4479 -3)
Vocabulary: shed
(once / 169 pages)
1v 2vadj 3n
The small, simple building in your yard where you keep tools or gardening equipment is a shed.
As a noun, shed means "hut," and probably comes from the word shade. But shed is also a verb meaning "to cast off," like when a snake sheds its skin. If your couch is covered in fur, it might be because your dog is shedding. You can shed non-physical things, like a bad habit. Does your cat shed? If so, maybe I should sleep in the shed since I'm allergic.
WORD FAMILY
shed: shedder, shedding, sheds+/shedder: shedders/shedding: sheddings
USAGE EXAMPLES
The nation entered the Year of the Monkey with industry deep in deflation and firms rapidly shedding workers.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 03, 2017)
Our finding sheds some light on the nature of implicit racial bias.
New York Times(Dec 09, 2016)
Cyrus, 24, shed tears as the little girl crooned and Hemsworth, 26, said “Wow! You were amazing” after the song was over.
Time(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 棚，库; 分水岭
vt. 流出; 流下; 蜕皮; 树叶脱落
vi. 流出; 蜕皮; 脱落; 散布
时态：shed, shedding, sheds
分布：小屋(58%)，车棚(15%)，使流出(14%)，使脱落(7%)，除掉(3%)，使清晰(3%)
→来自 shade 拼写变体，引申词义简易遮盖地，工棚，厂房。shed 去除，摆脱，蜕，落
v.流出;发散,散发,脱落,脱去n.棚,小屋The spy is shy of taking shelter on the shelf of the shell-like shed.间谍怕在壳子一样的棚里的架子上栖身.
【记】she蛇，d的：蛇容易脱皮－脱落
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a small building, usually made of wood, used for storing things （通常为木质、存放物品用的）棚子，小屋
• a garden shed 园艺棚
• a tool/bicycle shed 工具／脚踏车棚
■a large simple building used for a particular activity （用于特定活动的）大简易棚
• the lambing shed 产羔棚
[ʃed] verb (shedding, shed, shed)
GET RID OF 摆脱
 ADVANCED transitive
■(often used in newspapers) to get rid of something you do not need or want （常为报刊用语）去除，摆脱
• 900 jobs will be shed over the next few months. 接下来几个月中要裁减900个职位。
• Psychotherapy helped him to shed some of his insecurity/inhibitions. 心理疗法帮助他摆脱了一些不安全感／自我压抑。
• I'm going on a diet to see if I can shed (= become thinner by losing) a few kilos. 我要节食，看能不能甩掉几公斤。
 ADVANCED transitive
■to lose a covering, such as leaves, hair or skin, because it falls off naturally, or to drop something in a natural way or by accident 使脱落；使掉落；蜕；脱
• The trees shed their leaves in autumn. 树木在秋天落叶。
• They ran down to the sea, shedding clothes as they went. 他们奔向大海，一边跑一边脱衣服。
• UK A lorry had shed a load of gravel across the road. 一辆卡车在路上掉下了一堆碎石。
[ʃed] verb (shedding, shed, shed)
PRODUCE 产生
shed tears/blood/light, etc.
■to produce tears, light, blood, etc. 流泪／流血／发光等
• She shed a few tears at her daughter's wedding. 她在女儿的婚礼上流下泪来。
• So much blood has been shed (= So many people have been badly hurt or killed) in this war. 这场战争造成了惨重的伤亡。
shed, scrap, discard
这组词都有“抛弃、丢弃”的意思，其区别是：
shed: 指毛发、皮肤、叶等经过某种自然的过程而脱落。
scrap: 指抛弃过时不再有用的东西。
discard: 指把具体的东西抛掉不要，着重扔、丢的动作。
shed, cabin, but, cottage
这组词都有“小屋”的意思，其区别是：
shed: 一般指四壁没有完全封闭，供牲畜用或储藏东西、停放车辆等的简易棚屋。
cabin: 多指建造粗糙的简陋小木屋，也指旅客或船员住的船舱。现在也指节假日游游者的简便住房。
but: 多指供居住或遮避风雨的简易小屋。
cottage: 指穷苦人住的乡间小茅屋。现在也指雅致的小住宅，在美国可指别墅。
vt. 流出；摆脱；散发；倾吐
 - stream, steam, slip
vi. 流出；脱落；散布
 - discharge, issue
n. 小屋，棚；分水岭
 - cottage, divide, cabin

Word: liquid
Front: liquid
[ˈlɪkwɪd] (高研四六托宝 4360/4339 -K2)
Vocabulary: liquid
(once / 306 pages)
1nadj 2adjn 3adj
In everyday use, liquid is the opposite of solid––water at room temperature is a liquid: Heat it to boiling, it turns to a gas. Chill it below freezing, it turns to ice.
Liquid describes a state in which a compound such as water flows. Juice is a liquid. Milk is a liquid. Your swimming pool is full of liquid. When assets are liquid, that means they can be liquidated easily, i.e., sold for cash. Stocks and bonds are liquid assets. Real estate, which can take a long time to sell, is considered illiquid.
WORD FAMILY
liquid: liquidise, liquidity, liquidize, liquidly, liquidness, liquids, liquify, semiliquid+/liquidise: liquidiser, liquidizer/liquidize: liquidized, liquidizing/liquify: liquifiable, liquified, liquifies, liquifying
USAGE EXAMPLES
The tank buckled, the company said, and supercooled liquid oxygen pooled in the lining.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The company says its investigation of the Sept. 1 explosion found that a tank failed within the larger, second-stage liquid oxygen tank.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The investigation narrowed in on three helium containers within the second-stage liquid oxygen tank.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 液体; 流音
adj. 液体的; 清澈的; （声音）流畅的; 易转换成现款的
分布：液体(83%)，液体的(8%)，液态的(4%)，清澈的(3%)，清脆的(2%)
→来自拉丁语liqui,融化，流动。
流体的,液态的(liqu+id表形容词,如：stupid笨的)[liqu=wet,表示"湿"]
n.液体a.液体的,液态的The guide disguised his guilty of mixing the liquor with a liter of liquid.导游把酒与一公升液体混合的罪过掩饰起来.
noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■a substance, such as water, that is not solid or a gas and that can be poured easily 液体
• Mercury is a liquid at room temperature. 水银在室温下为液体。
['lɪk.wɪd] adjective
MONEY 金钱
■in the form of money, rather than investments or property, or able to be changed into money easily 现金的；易变现的，流动的
• She has very few liquid assets as most of her wealth is tied up in stocks and shares. 她的流动资金很少，大部分财产都投到了证券和股票上。
['lɪk.wɪd] adjective
SUBSTANCE 物质
■in the form of a liquid 液态的
• liquid hydrogen 液态氢
adj. [物] 液体的；清澈的；明亮的；易变的
 - mobile, bright, variable, clear, crystal
n. [物] 液体，流体；流音
 - fluid

Word: icon
Front: icon
[ˈaɪkɒn] (托宝 4354/6668 -1)
Vocabulary: icon
(once / 1679 pages)
n
An icon is a symbol. It can be literal—–like the little trashcan on your computer screen—–or metaphorical––as in a singer so well known by ten-year-olds, he's called a pre-teen pop icon.
Icon comes to us from the Greek word eikenai, meaning "to seem or to be like." In certain religions, statues of religious figures are referred to as icons––because they are prayed to as if they were the thing they represent. Icon can also describe a person closely linked to an idea. Mahatma Gandhi is revered as an icon of peace and humanity, while Adolf Hitler is reviled as an icon of violence and hatred.
WORD FAMILY
icon: iconic, icons+/ iconic: iconically
USAGE EXAMPLES
Samsung, the icon of South Korean technological prowess, suffered global humiliation with its recent recall of exploding Galaxy Note 7 smartphones.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Skype debuted its own set of icons, dubbed Emoticons, around the November release of Marvel’s “Doctor Strange.”
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
This was the year the country’s biggest living pop culture icon got political.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 偶像，崇拜对象; 图标，图符; [宗]圣像; 肖像
分布：偶像(84%)，象征(16%)
→来自拉丁语icon,圣像，神像。最早用于描绘耶稣等圣人的神像，引申词义偶像，图像。
US [-kɑ:n] noun countable
COMPUTER SYMBOL 电脑符号
■a small picture or symbol on a computer screen that you point to and click on (= press) with a mouse (= small control device) to give the computer an instruction 图示
UK ['aɪ.kɒn] US [-kɑ:n] noun countable
FAME 偶像
■a very famous person or thing considered as representing a set of beliefs or a way of life 偶像，崇拜对象
• Marilyn Monroe and James Dean are still icons for many young people. 玛丽莲‧梦露和詹姆斯‧狄恩仍是许多年轻人的偶像。
UK ['aɪ.kɒn] US [-kɑ:n] noun countable
HOLY PAINTING 圣像 (also ikon)
■a painting, usually on wood, of Jesus Christ, or of a person considered holy by some Christians, especially in Russia, Greece and other countries （尤指俄罗斯、希腊等国家的）圣像
n. 图标；偶像；肖像，画像；圣像
 - figure, idol

Word: elephant
Front: elephant
[ˈelɪfənt] (中高研四六 4355/4323 -2)
Vocabulary: elephant
(once / 267 pages)
n
An elephant is an enormous, four-footed animal with big ears and a long trunk. Unless you've been to certain parts of Asia or Africa, you've probably only seen elephants in zoos and wildlife parks.
Elephants are the largest animals that live on land. They are spectacular animals, with curved ivory tusks on either side of a trunk that they use for grasping objects, vocalizing, and sucking up water to drink. Elephants are plant eaters that live in tight-knit groups led by females and have a lifespan of around 45 years. The Greek root of elephant is elephas, which means both "elephant" and "ivory."
WORD FAMILY
elephant: elephants
USAGE EXAMPLES
Activists cheered the government’s pledge for swift action, and the state-run news media called it a “monumental win for elephants.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Just as you would eat an elephant - one bite at a time.
New York Times(Oct 18, 2016)
Road funding is the $1 billion elephant in the room.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 象，大象
分布：大象(99%)，庞大笨拙难处理的事物(1%)
→来自拉丁语elephantus，象。
n.(动物)象To the ants, the infant elephant is a giant in the plantation.对蚂蚁们来说,幼小的大象是种植园里的庞然大物.
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a very large grey mammal which has a trunk (= long nose) with which it can pick things up 象，大象
['el.ɪ.fənt] noun countable
an elephant in the room informal
■If you say there is an elephant in the room, you mean that there is an obvious problem or difficult situation that people do not want to talk about. （人们不愿提及的）棘手问题

Word: consequently
Front: consequently
[ˈkɒnsɪkwəntli] (研四六托 4363/3023 -2)
Vocabulary: consequently
(once / 199 pages)
adv
Consequently is a word that has to do with cause and effect. If you failed math, you'll consequently have to take it again.
Sometimes, we don't know why things happen. Other times, we can see one thing leading to another. That's when you can use the word consequently. An employer could say, "We're losing money. Consequently, we have to fire you." The city might say, "It snowed three feet. Consequently, there's no school." If you know that a consequence is the effect or result of something, then that should help you remember how to use consequently.
WORD FAMILY
consequently: consequentlys+/ consequence: consequences, consequential / consequent: consequence, consequenter, consequently, inconsequent/ consequential: consequentially, inconsequential /inconsequence: inconsequences/inconsequent: inconsequence, inconsequently/ inconsequential: inconsequentially
USAGE EXAMPLES
The high-stakes question — for them and consequently for Christianity’s future in Asia — is whether to renounce Jesus or die a martyr.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 23, 2016)
Its offspring were consequently planted throughout the British Isles, Europe and, finally, North America.
New York Times(Dec 22, 2016)
Consequently, only the objective of fighting serious crime is capable of justifying such interference.
The Guardian(Dec 21, 2016)
Back: adv. 所以，因此; 因此，因而; 终于，这样; 合乎逻辑的推论是
分布：因此(55%)，所以(45%)
ad.结果,因此,所以
US ['kɑ:nt-] adverb
 IMPROVER
■as a result 因此；所以
• I spent most of my money in the first week and consequently had very little to eat by the end of the holiday. 我在假期的第一周用掉了大部分钱，因此假期快结束时我都没甚么吃的了。
accordingly, consequently, hence, so, therefore, thus
这些连接副词均有“因此，所以”之意。
accordingly: 书面用词，强调根据某种原因而得出的结果，其前可用冒号或分号，但不用逗号。
consequently: 正式用词，侧重符合逻辑的结果。
hence: 较正式用词，指接下来的东西是理所当然的必需的东西，但强调其重要性。
so: 用于比较随便的场合，口语中多用。
therefore: 通常指引出一个推断出的必然结论。
thus: 多用于书面语中，可与therefore换用。
adv. 因此；结果；所以
 - therefore, hence, accordingly, thus, as a result of

Word: legislature
Front: legislature
[ˈledʒɪsleɪtʃə(r)] (托宝 4361/6289 -2)
Vocabulary: legislature
(once / 263 pages)
n
A legislature is a governing body that makes laws and can also amend or repeal them.
The word legislature comes from the Latin word for "law" — legis. In the US, each state has a legislature — made up of the elected state senators and assemblymen or women, or representatives. The US Congress is the national legislature. These bodies, whose members are often referred to as "law-makers," make up the legislative branch of government, as distinct from the executive and judicial branches.
WORD FAMILY
legislature: legislatures+/ legislate: legislated, legislates, legislating, legislation, legislative, legislator, legislature / legislation: legislations/ legislative: legislatively/ legislator: legislators, legislatorship
USAGE EXAMPLES
Deliberations on the budget will consume the Legislature through mid-summer.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
“And the Legislature ought to be held accountable. Something like that happens, then people will do something.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Johnson said he would lobby the Illinois legislature to reform sentencing guidelines for repeat gun offenders.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 立法机关; 立法机构; 立法部; （特指）州议会
分布：立法机关(100%)
→来自legislate,立法。
立法机关(legislate+ure)[leg,legis=law,表示"法律"]
立法机关(legis法律+lat带来+ure)[-ture表名词,通常在单词或词根以t结尾时使用,表示"一般状态,行为"…ature","iture"注:-ture在s结尾的词根后变成-sure]
US [-tʃɚ] formal
noun countable [+ sing/pl verb]
■the group of people in a country or part of a country who have the power to make and change laws 立法机构
n. 立法机关；立法机构
 - legislative body

Word: associate
Front: associate
[əˈsəʊʃieɪt] (高研四六托雅宝 1354/1216 -K3)
Vocabulary: associate
(once / 48 pages)
1vn 2nadj 3n
As a verb, associate can mean to make a connection between things or concepts. You might associate the smell of lemons with summer memories of selling lemonade. Or, with polishing your furniture with Lemon Pledge.
As a noun, in employment, an associate is someone who is in a junior position. You might hear about associates at law firms, hoping to make partner one day. However, some companies also use associate to mean any employee, regardless of rank or seniority. The noun associate can also mean a friend or someone you keep company with. And, as a verb, associate can also mean to keep company with — like when you were associating with activists at the protest march.
WORD FAMILY
associate: associable, associated, associates, associateship, associating, association, associative, associatory, disassociate+/associability: associabilities/associable: associability, associableness/associateship: associateships/ association: associational, associationism, associations/associational: associationally/ associative: associatively, nonassociative/disassociate: disassociated, disassociates, disassociating, disassociation/disassociation: disassociations
USAGE EXAMPLES
As candidate, Trump associated high-crime cities with their Democratic leaders.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Duke is 12-2 this season and ranked No. 8 in the latest Associated Press poll.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Vatican spokesman Greg Burke tells The Associated Press the quotes are “invented.”
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. （使）发生联系; （使）联合; 结交; 联想
vi. 联盟; 陪伴同事
时态：associated, associating, associates
分布：交往(28%)，联想(23%)，联合(12%)，同事(10%)，伙伴(9%)，副的(6%)，共事的(4%)，有联系的(3%)，同伴(3%)，准学士学位获得者(2%)
→前缀as- 同ad-. 词根soc, 联系，同society, 社会。
联合,结合(as+soci社团+ate→结成团队→联合)[ab-,ac-,ad-,af-,ag-,an-,ap-,ar-,as-,at-等加在同辅音字母的词根前,表示"一再"等加强意]
联合;联想(as加强＋soc+iate→成为社团→联合)[soc=companion表示"同伴",引申为"社会"]
vt.联想;交往;联合;n.伙伴;a.联合的We associate China with the Greet Wall.想起中国, 我们就想到长城.
【记】as朝向，soci（同伴，社会）－成为同伴－联合
US [-ˈsoʊ-]
 IMPROVER
■to connect someone or something in your mind with someone or something else 将…（与…）联系起来，把…联系在一起
• Most people associate this brand with good quality. 大多数人把这个品牌和优良品质联系在一起。
verb transitive UK [əˈsəʊ.si.eɪt] US [-ˈsoʊ-]
  Phrasal Verbs  associate sth with sth
■If problems or dangers are associated with a particular thing or action, they are caused by it …是…所引起的；…和…有关联；…和…有瓜葛
• The cancer risks associated with smoking have been well documented. 抽烟有引发癌症的危险，这两者的关联是有详尽的文献为证的。
verb transitive UK [əˈsəʊ.si.eɪt] US [-ˈsoʊ-]
  Phrasal Verbs  associate with sb
■to spend time with a group of people, especially people who are disapproved of 与（尤指他人不赞同的人）交往
• I don't want my children associating with drug-addicts and alcoholics. 我不想让我的孩子们与吸毒成性以及酗酒的人交往。
noun countable UK [əˈsəʊ.si.ət] US [-ˈsoʊ-]
FRIEND 朋友
 ADVANCED
■someone who is closely connected to another person as a companion , friend or business partner 朋友；同事；（生意）伙伴
• A close associate of the author denied reports that she had cancer. 作者的一个密友否认了她患癌症的报导。
• a business associate 生意伙伴
noun countable UK [əˈsəʊ.si.ət] US [-ˈsoʊ-]
QUALIFICATION 证明 US someone who holds an associate's degree 副学士
• an associate of arts 文科副学士
adjective [before noun] UK [əˈsəʊ.si.ət] US [-ˈsoʊ-/
■used in the title of a person whose rank is slightly lower or less complete than the full official position described 副的；准的；非正式的
• an associate member of an organization 一个组织的准会员
• associate director/producer 副导演／制片人
relate, unite, connect, attach, link, combine, couple, join, associate
这组词都有“连接，结合，联合”的意思，其区别是：
relate: 指人与人有亲戚或婚烟关系；也指人或物之间尚存的实际或假想的联系。
unite: 指联合、团结、结合在一起，构成一个整体。
connect: 指两事物在某一点上相连接，但彼此又保持独立。
attach: 指把局部连接在整体上，小的接在大的上面，活动的接在固定的上面。
link: 指连环式的连接，或用接合物或其它方式连接，还可指一事物与另一事物的联系或关系。
combine: 指两个或两个以上的人或物结合在一起。
couple: 专指连接两件东西，或把事物成对进行连接。
join: 侧重把原来不相连接的物紧密地连接在一起，但仍可再分开。也指把分散的人或几个部分的人联合起来，或加入到某团体中去。
associate: 指人与人友好和平、平等地联合在一起；用于物时，指两事物因历史或其它原因，很自然被人们联系在一起，即产生联想。
deputy, vice, under, associate
deputy: 第一副职，部长不在时，由其代理
vice: +president/chairman/governor；
under: +secretary(副部长)；
associate: +professor;
comrade, companion, colleague, partner, fellow, associate
这组词都有“同事，伙伴”的意思，其区别是：
comrade: 指具有共同的事业、利益关系相一致的人。
companion: 指陪伴他人的人，即同伴或陪伴。
colleague: 一般用于对同事的正式称呼，基本上专用在职业关系上。
partner: 指事业中处于合伙关系的人，或指婚姻、游戏、跳舞中的另一方。
fellow: 多用复数形式，指一块住、生活或同行共事的人。
associate: 普通用词，侧重指在利害关系上密切相关。
unite, ally, combine, associate
这组词都有“联合”的意思，其区别是：
unite: v.联合，合并，团结，尤指不同的事物或人组成统一体，强调结果的一致性。
 • The nation united against its enemy.   国民团结一致共同对敌。
ally: v.使结盟，使联姻，多与with搭配。
 • Several political parties allied with each other against higher taxes.   几个政治党派联合起来反对提高税收。
combine: v.联合，化合，混合，多指为了某个目的将不同的人或物混合而成一个整体。
 • The girl combined sugar, butter, and flour to made the dough.   小姑娘把糖、黄油和面粉混合到一起做成面团。
associate: v.交往，结交；联系，联想。多指平等友好的合作，后接with，表示与某人交往或合作，后接in表示在某个方面合作。
 • We associate with our neighbors at church.   在教堂里，我们同邻居交往。
vi. 交往；结交
 - company, travel, sort, mix
n. [管理] 同事，伙伴；关联的事物
 - brother, partner, fellow, comrade, colleague
vt. 联想；使联合；使发生联系
 - combine
adj. 副的；联合的
 - deputy, linked, vice, joint, auxiliary

Word: franchise
Front: franchise
[ˈfræntʃaɪz] (4357/6188 -2)
Vocabulary: franchise
(once / 448 pages)
nv
A franchise is a right granted by a government or corporation to an individual or group of individuals. One of the most important government-issued rights — so important it's known simply as "the franchise" — is the right to vote.
In its more commercial meaning, the fast-food chain McDonalds is a franchise. So are Burger King and Kentucky Fried Chicken and the New York Yankees. In other words, businesses from which you can buy a license in order to sell or use their products. More recently, the term has come to have an intellectual meaning as well, as in a particular series of books or films, such as the Harry Potter franchise.
WORD FAMILY
franchise: disfranchise, enfranchise, franchised, franchises, franchising+/ disenfranchise: disenfranchised, disenfranchisement, disenfranchises, disenfranchising/disfranchise: disfranchised, disfranchisement, disfranchises, disfranchising/disfranchisement: disfranchisements/ enfranchise: disenfranchise, enfranchised, enfranchisement, enfranchises, enfranchising/enfranchisement: enfranchisements
USAGE EXAMPLES
Should they use the franchise tag again, paying him $24 million for one year?
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Not just to Cousins, but to the franchise?
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Brown said the team would prefer not to use franchise tags on either player.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 选举权; 参政权; 特许权; 经销权
vt. 赋予特权; 赋予公民权
时态：franchised, franchising, franchises
分布：特权(44%)，选举权(29%)，特许经销权(14%)，赋予公民权(8%)，赋予特权(5%)
→来自古法语franc, 非奴役的，自由的，来自拉丁语francus, 法兰克人，自由人，词源同Frank. 其原词义即使享有自由权，后引申词义选举权，特许经销权等。
noun
BUSINESS 商业
 ADVANCED countable
■a right to sell a company's products in a particular area using the company's name 特许经销权
• a fast-food franchise 速食特许经销权
• a franchise holder 拥有特许经销权者
['fræn.tʃaɪz] noun
VOTE 选举
the franchise only singular
■the right to vote in an election, especially for representatives in a parliament or similar law-making organization （尤指投票选举议员等立法机构成员的）选举权
• In 1918 the suffragists won the franchise for UK women over the age of 29. 1918年参政权扩大论者为年满29岁的英国妇女赢得了选举权。
['fræn.tʃaɪz] verb transitive
■to give or sell a franchise to someone 向…授予（或出售）特许经销权
n. [贸易] 特权；公民权；经销权；管辖权
 - jurisdiction, special privilege
vt. 给…以特许（或特权）；赋予公民权
 - citizenize

Word: correctly
Front: correctly
[kə'rektlɪ] (六 4364/3624 -K)
Vocabulary: correctly
(once / 649 pages)
adv
To do something correctly is to to it accurately: to do it right. A correctly spelled word is spelled right.
When something is correct, it is right or accurate. The correct answer to a math problem is the right answer, so if you answered a math problem right, you answered it correctly. A correctly used semi-colon will make English teachers happy. If you quote a movie correctly, you get the quote exactly right. If you follow the traffic laws correctly, the police won't bother you.
WORD FAMILY
correct: correctable, corrected, correctedly, correcting, correctingly, correction, corrective, correctly, correctness, corrects, incorrect +/correctable: uncorrectable/corrected: uncorrected/ correction: correctional, corrections/correctional: correctionally/corrective: correctively, correctives/correctness: correctnesses/ incorrect: incorrectly, incorrectness/incorrectness: incorrectnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
The president-elect correctly reported crime numbers published by the Chicago Police Department on Sunday, but the figures were not record-setting.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
You read that correctly: It’s not a ban on plastic bags — it’s a ban on banning plastic bags.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
If they’re not fed, changed, or held correctly, it’s recorded.
Washington Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: adv. 正确地，得体地; 实事求是
分布：正确地(64%)，恰当地(36%)
ADJ
准确无误的;正确的
If something is correct, it is in accordance with the facts and has no mistakes.
例：The correct answers can be found at the bottom of page 8...正确答案在第8页末尾。
例：The following information was correct at time of going to press...下列信息在付印时准确无误。
ADJ
(说法或想法)对的，正确的
If someone is correct, what they have said or thought is true.
例：You are absolutely correct. The leaves are from a bay tree...你说得很对，这是月桂树的叶子。
例：If Casey is correct, the total cost of the cleanup would come to $110 billion.如果凯西是对的，清理的总花费将达1,100亿美元。
ADJ
恰当的;合适的
The correct thing or method is the thing or method that is required or is most suitable in a particular situation.
例：The use of the correct materials was crucial...使用恰当的材料至关重要。
例：White was in no doubt the referee made the correct decision.怀特确信裁判作出了公正的判罚。
ADJ
(行为)被人认可的，赞许的
If you say that someone is correct in doing something, you approve of their action.
例：You are perfectly correct in trying to steer your mother towards increased independence...你试图让自己的母亲变得越来越独立，这样做很正确。
例：I think the president was correct to reject the offer.我认为总统拒绝这一提议是正确的。
VERB
纠正(问题);改正，修正(错误)
If you correct a problem, mistake, or fault, you do something which puts it right.
例：He may need surgery to correct the problem...要解决这个问题，他可能需要做外科手术。
例：He has criticised the government for inefficiency and delays in correcting past mistakes.他批评政府在纠正过去的错误问题上效率低下，并且拖拖拉拉。
VERB
纠正;指出…的错误
If you correct someone, you say something which you think is more accurate or appropriate than what they have just said.
例：'Actually, that isn't what happened,' George corrects me...“实际上，并不是那样，”乔治纠正我。
例：I must correct him on a minor point.我必须纠正他的一处小错误。
VERB
批改，修改(文章等)
When someone corrects a piece of writing, they look at it and mark the mistakes in it.
例：It took an extraordinary effort to focus on preparing his classes or correcting his students' work.备课和批改学生的作业花费了他很多精力。
ADJ-GRADED
(行为)符合社会公认标准的，得体的
If a person or their behaviour is correct, their behaviour is in accordance with social or other rules.
例：I think English men are very polite and very correct...我认为英国人很有礼貌，举止非常得体。
例：We were rather surprised by their sporting and correct behaviour.他们富有体育精神而且举止得体，让我们感到相当惊讶。
CONVENTION
若是我说错了就请指出
You say 'correct me if I'm wrong' to indicate that you are not entirely sure that what you are about to say is true.
例：As I recall, but correct me if I'm wrong, it was in a car park in Carmarthen.如果我没记错的话，那是在卡马森的一个停车场内。
adv. 正确地；得体地
 - properly, exactly, right

Word: mentally
Front: mentally
[ˈmentəli] (高 4365/3531 -K)
Vocabulary: mentally
(once / 697 pages)
adv
Anything that happens mentally is happening in your mind. This adverb refers to brainy activity. If you’re mentally unstable, you need a shrink.
Just as the adverb physically relates to the body, mentally relates to the mind. A mentally tough person is strong-willed. If someone is mentally unfit for a job, he doesn't have the brains to carry it out. A crossword puzzle can be a mentally challenging task. In the Star Wars movies, Jedi knights can mentally move objects just by willing it to happen. This word covers all the things that happen in your head.
WORD FAMILY
mental: mentaler, mentalism, mentality, mentally +/ mentality: mentalities
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Then you hit that middle 25 games where it’s kind of that doldrums when you’ve got to be mentally strong,” Hornacek said.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Roof also was adamant that a transcript of a hearing where he was found mentally competent not be released to the public.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Roof also was adamant that a transcript of a hearing where he was found mentally competent not be released to the public.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adv. 心理上，精神上; 智力上
分布：智力上(38%)，精神上(37%)，心理上(25%)
US [-tˌəl-] adverb
 ADVANCED
■connected with or related to the mind 心理上，精神上
• mentally ill 有精神疾病的
• It's going to be a tough competition but I'm mentally prepared for it. 那将会是场艰苦的比赛，但我已做好了心理准备。
adv. 精神上，智力上；心理上
 - psychically, intellectually

Word: foster
Front: foster
[ˈfɒstə(r)] (研六托雅宝 4359/5618 -2)
Vocabulary: foster
(once / 651 pages)
adjv
To foster is to nurture something for a little while. She fosters creativity by providing crayons to every student. You can also foster a child, which means she lives in your home for a time.
You may have seen photos of a cat taking care of a baby rabbit, or a pig nursing a litter of puppies: those are little foster families. Foster can be a verb (to foster someone or something) or an adjective used to describe a foster family, child, or parent. The word is from the Old English fostrian meaning "to supply with food, nourish, support," which sounds like what those mama hogs were doing. Unlike adopt, foster has a time limit.
WORD FAMILY
foster: fosterage, fostered, fosterer, fostering, fosters+/fostering: fosterings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Most involved state wards in foster homes, adoptive homes, state-licensed residential care facilities and the juvenile probation system.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Phifer grew up in a home that offered foster care.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
They were kids who repeatedly cycled through the foster care system.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: v. 培养; 抚育; 促进; 代养
adj. 寄养的; 代养的
时态：fostered, fostering, fosters
分布：培养(57%)，促进(26%)，鼓励(8%)，领养(5%)，收养的(4%)
→来自food,喂养，食物。
vt.养育;收养;怀抱;鼓励a.收养的n.养育者We fostered the young girl while her mother was away.小女孩的母亲不在的时候我们照料她.
【记】经过foster的人跑得faster
【反】stymie（v 从中作梗；妨碍）；repress（v 压制）；retract（v 缩回；撤消）；thwart（vt 反对；阻碍）；stifle（vt 抑制）
US ['fɑ:.stɚ] verb
TAKE CARE OF 照顾
intransitive or transitive
■to take care of a child, usually for a limited time, without being the child's legal parent 代养，抚育，照料（他人子女，通常指有限的一段时间）
• Would you consider fostering (a child) ? 你会考虑代养一个孩子吗？
Compare adopt
UK ['fɒs.tər] US ['fɑ:.stɚ] verb
ENCOURAGE 鼓励
transitive
■to encourage the development or growth of ideas or feelings 鼓励；促进；培养
• I'm trying to foster an interest in classical music in my children. 我正努力培养我的孩子们对古典音乐的兴趣。
• They were discussing the best way to foster democracy and prosperity in the former communist countries. 他们正在讨论促进前共产主义国家民主和繁荣的最佳办法。
UK ['fɒs.tər] US ['fɑ:.stɚ] adjective [before noun]
■describes someone or something connected with the care of children, usually for a limited time, by someone who is not the child's legal parent 代养，抚育，照料（他人子女，通常指有限的一段时间）
• a foster care/home/child/mother 非亲代养／寄养家庭／代养的孩子／养母
• She was taken into care by the local council and placed with a foster family. 她由当地市政厅监护并被送到了一个寄养家庭。
• As a child, he had lived with a succession of foster parents. 他小时候和好几任养父母一起生活过。
cherish, nurse, cultivate, foster, tend
这组词都有“照料、培育”的意思，其区别是：
cherish: 强调抚育或爱抚。
nurse: 通常指对无力自顾的婴儿、病人等进行照料或护理。
cultivate: 具体意义指耕耘、培育植物；抽象意义指培养兴趣或向往的理想事物。
foster: 指对孩子的关心、鼓励、供养及抚养其成长；也指鼓励、促进事物的增长与发展。
tend: 指出于责任心、博爱心而不是私人感情去对人或物进行照顾。
vt. 培养；养育，抚育；抱（希望等）
 - cultivate, rear, raise, plant, mother

Word: bicycle
Front: bicycle
[ˈbaɪsɪkl] (中高研四雅 4366/5312 -K2)
Vocabulary: bicycle
(once / 822 pages)
nv
A bicycle is a two-wheeled vehicle that's propelled by foot pedals and steered with handlebars. They say you never forget how to ride a bicycle once you learn.
When you travel to places like Amsterdam and Beijing you'll see people of all ages using bicycles as their major form of transportation. The word bicycle is also a verb, as in "I think I'll bicycle over to the bakery and buy some muffins." The word bicycle was coined in the 19th century from a combination of the Greek bi, or "two," and kyklos, "wheel."
WORD FAMILY
bicycle: bicycled, bicycler, bicycles, bicycling, bicyclist+/bicycler: bicyclers/bicyclist: bicyclists/ cycle: bicycle, cycled, cycles, cyclic, cyclical, cycling, cyclist, unicycle / cyclic: cyclically, cyclicity, noncyclic/ cyclical: encyclical, noncyclical/cyclist: cyclists/encyclical: encyclicals/ unicycle: unicycles, unicycling, unicyclist/unicyclist: unicyclists
USAGE EXAMPLES
The party now looks set for a split with both groups approaching the Election Commission to claim the SP's poll symbol, the bicycle.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
The San Ysidro plan also calls for new bicycle lanes and pedestrian improvements to encourage people to stop commuting by car.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Nick Furman, a local cyclist and runner, helped him with his bicycling and swimming in a crash course on the sport.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 自行车; 脚踏车
v. 骑自行车
时态：bicycled, bicycling, bicycles
分布：自行车(86%)，骑自行车(14%)
→前缀bi-, 二。cycle, 圆，圈。
自行车[circ,cycl=ring,circle,表示"圆,环"]
n.(bike)自行车vi.骑自行车Unlike my uncle, I likely like that bike (bicycle).我不象叔叔,我很可能喜欢那辆自行车.
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a two-wheeled vehicle that you sit on and move by turning the two pedals (= flat parts you press with your feet) 脚踏车，单车，自行车
• I go to work by bicycle. 我骑脚踏车去上班。
• He got on his bicycle and rode off. 他骑着脚踏车走了。
• You should never ride your bicycle without lights at night. 你千万不要在晚上不开车灯骑脚踏车。
['baɪ.sɪ.kl] noun countable
  Common Learner Errors  bicycleWarning: Check your spelling! Bicycle is one of the 50 words most often spelled wrongly by learners.
n. [车辆] 自行车
 - bike, cycle, pushbike

Word: encouraging
Front: encouraging
[ɪn'kʌrɪdʒɪŋ] (4367/3389 -2)
Vocabulary: encouraging
(once / 451 pages)
adj
Something that's encouraging makes you feel better — more hopeful or confidant. A good theater director knows how to give her actors encouraging advice before they go on stage.
When someone you know needs extra help or support, a friendly letter or phone call can be encouraging, and if you're being treated for an illness, an encouraging word from your doctor will bring you a lot of relief. Encouraging test results are good ones — they deliver good news. The verb encourage is at the heart of encouraging, from the Old French encoragier, "make strong or hearten."
WORD FAMILY
encouraging: encouragingly, unencouraging+/ courage: courageous, courages, encourage / courageous: courageously, courageousness/ encourage: encouraged, encouragement, encourages, encouraging / encouragement: encouragements/unencouraging: unencouragingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The goal is to promote quality and contain costs by encouraging doctors, hospitals and rehab centers to coordinate care.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“We got whooped in a lot of areas. I did think we finished toward the end there, and that was encouraging.”
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
“We didn’t play perfect but we played well. It’s encouraging,” he said.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 鼓励的，赞助的，促进的
v. 鼓励( encourage的现在分词); 支持; 促进; 鼓动
分布：令人鼓舞的(99%)，动词encourage的现在分词.(1%)
鼓舞人心的(encourage鼓励)[-ing 1.表名词"状态"2.表名词"行业"3.表形容词"正…的","令人…的"]
US [-'kɝ:-] adjective
 ADVANCED
■making you feel more confidence or hope 令人鼓舞的；振奋人心的
• There was a lot of positive feedback which was very encouraging. 正面的回应纷至沓来，非常振奋人心。
adj. 令人鼓舞的；鼓励的，奖励的
 - promotional, animative
v. 鼓励，支持（encourage的ing形式）
 - supporting, backing

Word: cheat
Front: cheat
[tʃi:t] (中高研四六 4369/5936 -K2)
Vocabulary: cheat
(once / 409 pages)
1vn 2n
To cheat is to use sneaky, unfair methods to get something you want. No one's going to want to play with you if you always cheat at mini golf.
Some people cheat at cards, and others cheat during math tests by copying from the student beside them. In either case, they're trying to succeed using underhanded tricks. You can refer to someone who does this as a cheat as well. Cheat comes from the Old French escheat, a legal term for the state taking someone's property when he or she dies without heirs. This practice was resented, and it came to mean "confiscate unfairly."
WORD FAMILY
cheat: cheated, cheater, cheating, cheats+/cheater: cheaters/cheating: cheatingly, cheatings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Since no one can know the future, analysts cheat.
Economist(Dec 01, 2016)
The long time periods involved also mean some drug cheats have already spent their winnings.
Seattle Times(Dec 01, 2016)
"These people, they have been cheated from so much," he added.
BBC(Nov 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 欺骗，诈骗; 误导，愚弄; 躲避，逃脱
vi. 作弊，行骗; 犯规; 俚〉不忠; 消磨，解（闷），消除（疲劳）
n. 欺骗（行为）; 骗子; 雀麦; 〈美俚〉反光镜
时态：cheated, cheating, cheats
分布：欺骗(43%)，作弊(35%)，骗子(13%)，骗取(6%)，行骗(3%)
→来自古法语escheat, 来自拉丁词*excadere,前缀ex-,向外，词根cad, 掉落，词源同case, accident. 原为一特殊官职，其主要职责为清收无主领地或财产，或没有继承人的财物，因担任这一职务的官员经常做一些中饱私囊，侵吞国有财产的事情，最终固定为现在的词义。
v.欺骗;作弊n.骗子;欺诈,欺骗行为We beat (defeated) the cheat who heated the wheat.我们打败了给小麦加热的骗子.
verb intransitive or transitive
 IMPROVER
■to behave in a dishonest way in order to get what you want 欺骗，行骗；作弊
• Anyone caught cheating will be immediately disqualified from the exam. 任何人如被发现作弊将被立即取消考试资格。
• He cheats at cards? 他玩牌时作弊吗？
• She cheated in the test by copying from the boy in front. 她在测验中作弊，抄袭前座男孩的答案。
• I suspect he cheats the taxman (= avoids paying taxes by using illegal methods). 我怀疑他逃税。
[tʃi:t] verb intransitive or transitive
cheat death literary
■to succeed in staying alive in an extremely dangerous situation 死里逃生，幸免于难，逃出鬼门关
• As a racing driver, he was involved in many serious crashes and had cheated death on several occasions. 作为一名赛车手，他经历了多次严重的撞车事故，好几次都死里逃生。
[tʃi:t] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  cheat on sb informal
■If you cheat on your husband, wife or usual sexual partner, you secretly have a sexual relationship with someone else 对（丈夫或妻子）不忠
• She found out that he'd been cheating on her. 她发现他对她不忠。
[tʃi:t] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  cheat sb out of sth
■to unfairly prevent someone from getting or achieving something which should belong to them 骗取，诈取，剥夺（某人的）…
• She claimed that her cousin had cheated her out of her inheritance. 她声称她的表哥骗取了本该由她继承的遗产。
[tʃi:t] noun
countable
■a person who behaves in a dishonest way 骗子；作弊者
• Trouble broke out in the match when one of the players called a member of the other team a cheat. 比赛中，一名队员叫对方一名队员骗子，纠纷就此爆发。
only singular
■something dishonest which makes people believe that something is true when it is not 骗人的东西
• You can use cocoa powder to make the cake rather than chocolate - it's a bit of a cheat, but nobody notices the difference. 你可以用可哥粉而不用巧克力做蛋糕——这有点骗人，可是没人会注意到其中的差别。
countable
■a collection of instructions or special information which someone can use to help them play a computer game more successfully （玩电脑游戏时使用的）秘技，作弊码
• the latest game cheats 最新的游戏秘技
• cheat codes 作弊代码
deceive, cheat, hide, conceal
deceive: 不告诉实情
cheat: 不诚实手段获取个人利益；
hide: 不含故意的意思；
conceal: 故意隐藏；
deceive, cheat, trick, fool
这组词都有“欺骗”的意思，其区别是：
deceive: 最普通用词，指用虚假外表使人信以为真，或蓄意歪曲事实，或造成错误印象使人上当受骗。
cheat: 普通用词，指用蒙蔽他人的手段取得所需之物，尤多指在赢利的买卖中欺骗人。
trick: 指用阴谋诡计等骗得信任或得到所需之物。
fool: 指把别人当傻瓜，愚弄欺骗别人。
vt. [法] 欺骗；骗取
 - sell, fox, kid
vi. [法] 欺骗；作弊
 - kid, pull a fast one
n. [法] 欺骗，作弊；骗子
 - fraud, sharp, deception

Word: access
Front: access
[ˈækses] (高研四六托雅宝 1113/999 -K3)
Vocabulary: access
(once / 150 pages)
1nv 2n 3nv
Most libraries provide computers you can use to access the Internet. If chemicals are being stolen from a lab, you might ask who has access to the lab. Access is approaching or making use of something, or the ability to do so
Sometimes the word is applied to a person. If you work in the same room as your boss, you might have easy access to her. A really good boss will work hard to make herself accessible to her employees. Access is from Middle English, from Middle French acces "arrival," from Latin accessus "an approach," from accedere "to approach."
WORD FAMILY
access: accessed, accesses, accessible, accessing, de-access+/ accessibility: accessibilities/ accessible: accessibility, accessibly, inaccessible, unaccessible/inaccessibility: inaccessibilities/ inaccessible: inaccessibility, inaccessibly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Bank Stadium operator SMG said in a statement that they apparently climbed over a guard rail to access the ridge truss.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
A bipartisan collection of U.S. lawmakers is gearing up to expand CFIUS’s legal mandate, in part to demand greater access by U.S. investors into China.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Speeches normally dominate the first week of the Legislature - but not this year due to security reasons involving the Dakota Access pipeline protests.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 入口，出口; 接近，进入; 增长; 爆发
vt. 接近，进入; 使用，接近，获取
时态：accessed, accessing, accesses
分布：进入(75%)，入口(12%)，通道(10%)，使用之权(3%)
→accede的过去分词形式。-ss, 过去分词格。
接近;入口[ced,ceed,cess=go,表示"行走,前进"]
n.进入;接入;到达;享用权;入口vi.存取The accessory successor never made concessions to difficulties, so he succeeded in accessing successive successes.附属继承人从未向困难妥协,因此在走向连续的成功之路上
【记】ac朝向，cess走，来到－通路；
【参】have access to（接近，到达）；procession（n 行列，队伍）
noun uncountable
 IMPROVER
■the method or possibility of getting near to a place or person, or the right to use or look at something 通道；使用途径；（接近某地或某人的）机会（或方法）；（使用某物的）权利
• The only access to the village is by boat. 到那个村子去的唯一方法是乘船。
• The main access to (= entrance to) the building is at the side. 大楼的主入口在侧面。
• The tax inspector had/gained complete access to the company files. 税务稽查员拥有／获得了查看公司所有档的权利。
• The system has been designed to give the user quick and easy access to the required information. 系统旨在方便使用者快速地获取所需资讯。
• The children's father was refused access to them at any time (= refused official permission to see them). 孩子的父亲任何时候都无权探视他们。
['æk.ses] verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to open a computer file (= a collection of information stored on a computer) in order to look at or change information in it 读取（电脑资讯）
vt. 使用； [计] 存取；接近
 - make use of, fashion, employ, border, exercise
n. 进入；使用权； [电] 通路
 - opening, admittance

Word: heal
Front: heal
[hi:l] (研四六托雅宝 4371/6363 -K3)
Vocabulary: heal
(once / 255 pages)
v
To heal is to recover or become healthy again. You'll need to wait until your blisters heal before you put your hiking boots back on and climb Mt. Everest.
They say time can heal, or cure, a broken heart, while you can be sure that rest, an ice pack, and propping your foot up will heal your twisted ankle. The Proto-Germanic word khailaz, which means "to make whole" is the root of both heal and the closely related word health. Don't confuse heal with heel, which is the back part of your foot or the command that makes a dog stop.
WORD FAMILY
heal: healed, healer, healing, heals, self-heal+/healed: unhealed/healer: healers/healing: healingly, healings
USAGE EXAMPLES
The woman told her the massage used energy to heal.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Spurning the American tendency to treat every ailment with medication, he instead explored the body’s ability to heal itself.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
This was an overwhelming process that consumed her life, Grogan said, but she was determined to heal quickly.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 恢复健康的状态; 使恢复正常; 使（某人）精神恢复健康
vi. 变得完整和健全
时态：healed, healing, heals
分布：治愈(67%)，痊愈(26%)，使和解(5%)，使恢复健康(2%)
→来自古英语haelan,治疗，挽救，来自kailo,完整的，词源同whole,holy.来自古代的健康观念，由完整引申词义未受伤害，健康。比较汉语身体发肤，受之父母。
v.治愈,愈合The healer reveals an appealing fact that health is great wealth to the commonwealth.医治者揭示一个吸引人的事实:健康是联邦的巨大财富.
【反】fester（v 溃烂；化脓）
verb intransitive or transitive
 ADVANCED
■to make or become well again, especially after a cut or other injury 愈合；治愈
• The wounds were gradually healing (up). 伤口在逐渐愈合。
• The plaster cast helps to heal the broken bone. 石膏绷带有利于断骨的愈合。
■If a bad situation or painful emotion heals, it ends or improves, and if something heals it, it makes it end or improve （使）（坏的情况）好转；（使）（情感上的伤口）愈合
• Peace talks were held to try to heal the growing rift between the two sides. 双方举行了和谈以弥合日益扩大的裂痕。
• A broken heart takes a long time to heal. 受伤的心需要很长时间才能愈合。
remedy, heal, cure, treat
这组词都有“治疗、医治”的意思，其区别是：
remedy: 着重用药物对病人进行治疗。
heal: 侧重指治愈伤口、伤痛如灼伤等。
cure: 主要指治愈疾病。
treat: 普通用词，指接受并诊治病人。
vt. 治愈，痊愈；和解
 - charm away, charm off
vi. 痊愈
 - cure, scar

Word: fever
Front: fever
[ˈfi:və(r)] (中高研四六雅 4372/5338 -K2)
Vocabulary: fever
(once / 135 pages)
1n 2n
A fever happens when the body's internal temperature is higher than normal. If you have a sore throat, a headache, and a fever, you may have the flu.
When you have a fever, your skin may feel hot, and your temperature as measured by a thermometer will be high. A fever can also make you feel achy, tired, and chilly, and it can be a sign that you've got some kind of infection. The Old English is fefor, from a Latin root, febris, also "fever." Doctors and nurses sometimes refer to a fever as a "febrile response."
WORD FAMILY
fever: feverish, feverous, fevers+/ feverish: feverishly, feverishness/feverous: feverously
USAGE EXAMPLES
Its new piece, “The Fever,” pushes that conversation further.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Symptoms include fever, nasal secretions, poor balance, anorexia and aborted pregnancies.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Symptoms include fever, nasal secretions, trouble with balance and anorexia, as well as aborted pregnancies.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 发热，发烧; 热病; 一时的狂热; 激动不安
vt. 引起发热; 使狂热; 使患热病
vi. 发热或变得发热; 狂热; 患热病
分布：发烧(71%)，发热(18%)，狂热(11%)
→来自拉丁语febris, 发烧，来自dhegh, 燃烧，词源同day,febrile.
n.发热,狂热However, Lever never fevers; nevertheless, he is clever forever.无论如何,杠杆从未发烧;尽管如此,他始终机灵.
US [-vɚ] noun
ILLNESS 疾病
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■a medical condition in which the body temperature is higher than usual and the heart beats very fast 发烧，发热
• He's got a headache and a slight fever. 他头痛，还有点发烧。
UK ['fi:.vər] US [-vɚ] noun
EXCITEMENT 激动
uncountable
■a state of great excitement 激动，狂热，兴奋
• The whole country seems to be in the grip of football fever. 全国似乎都陷入了对足球的狂热中。
fever, heat
这组词都有“热，热度”的意思，其区别是：
fever: 通常指超过正常体温所出现的发烧、发热；可引申指情绪的激昂和兴奋。
heat: 一般指具体的热、热度、热力等，有时也应热情、激动的感情。
n. [医] 发烧， [临床] 发热；狂热
 - abandon, febricity
vt. [医] 使发烧；使狂热；使患热病
 - fanaticize
vi. [医] 发烧；狂热；患热病
 - run a temperature, go wild

Word: filter
Front: filter
[ˈfɪltə(r)] (研四六托雅宝 4370/3576 -2)
Vocabulary: filter
(once / 761 pages)
1nv 2n
A machine or device that removes dangerous or unwanted materials from a substance passing through it is called a filter. A kitchen water filter makes the water safer to drink — and also taste better.
Cars have many different filters, each of which takes impurities out of air, fuel, or water before it enters the car's engine. Most coffee makers require paper filters that allow brewed coffee to flow into the pot while leaving the coffee grounds behind. Filter is also a verb, meaning to strain or remove particular particles. The Medieval Latin root is filtrum, or "felt," which was used by early chemists to strain liquids, especially when purifying water.
WORD FAMILY
filter: filtered, filtering, filters, filtrate, filtration+/filtrate: filtrated, filtrates, filtrating/filtration: filtrations
USAGE EXAMPLES
And yes, Mark, this annual dinner column is fake news, but please don’t filter it!
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Then the joy filter fails: tights don’t bring me joy.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
The ambient air is Newark’s, but filtered, ventilated, heated, and cooled.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 滤波器; 滤光器; 滤色镜; [化] 过滤器
vi. 过滤; 透过; 渗透
vt. 过滤; 滤除
时态：filtered, filtering, filters
分布：过滤(68%)，过滤器(29%)，渗透(1%)，滤色镜(1%)，滤光器(1%)
→来自felt, 毛毡。用于过滤污物。
n.滤器,滤纸The tilted salt filters halt alternately for altering.倾斜的盐过滤器交替地停下以便改造.
【记】fil丝，ter表示东西－用丝编织的东西－过滤器
US [-tˌɚ] noun countable
EQUIPMENT FOR REMOVING STH 除去物件的装置
■any of several types of equipment or devices for removing solids from liquids or gases, or for removing particular types of light 滤器；过滤器
• a water filter 滤水器
• a dust filter 滤尘器
• I like to experiment with different light filters on my camera. 我喜欢在照相机上尝试使用不同的滤光镜。
• Ozone is the Earth's primary filter for ultraviolet radiation. 臭氧层是地球上阻挡紫外线辐射的主要屏障。
UK ['fɪl.tər] US [-tˌɚ] noun countable
TRAFFIC 交通 UK a green arrow-shaped light which is part of a set of traffic lights and which tells drivers when they can turn left or right （表示可左转或右转的）分流指示灯
• a traffic filter 分流指示灯
• a left/right filter 左转／右转指示灯
UK ['fɪl.tər] US [-tˌɚ] verb
APPEAR GRADUALLY 逐渐出现
intransitive + adverb or preposition
■to appear or happen gradually or to a limited degree 慢慢出现；渗入；透过
• News filtered down to us during the day. 白天的时候消息慢慢传到了我们这里。
• Reports about an accident began to filter in. 有关一次意外的报道开始慢慢传开。
• Sunlight filtered through the branches. 阳光从树枝间洒落下来。
UK ['fɪl.tər] US [-tˌɚ] verb
REMOVE 去除
transitive
■to remove solids from liquids or gases, or to remove particular types of light, using special equipment 过滤
• The water is filtered to remove any impurities. 这种水经过滤以去除杂质。
• Devices in the two chimneys would filter (out) (= remove) radioactive dust. 两个烟里的装置可以滤除放射性尘埃。
UK ['fɪl.tər] US [-tˌɚ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  filter in UK
■to join a line of moving traffic without causing other vehicles to slow down （车辆）平稳并线
vi. 滤过；渗入；慢慢传开
 - sink in, seep into
n. [电子] [光] 滤波器； [轻] [核] [化工] 过滤器；筛选；滤光器
 - strainer, percolator
vt. [轻] [核] [化工] 过滤；渗透；用过滤法除去
 - penetrate, lauter

Word: rabbit
Front: rabbit
[ˈræbɪt] (中高研四六 4373/3037 -2)
Back: n. 兔子，野兔; 兔子皮毛; 兔子肉; 〈俚〉新手，弱手
vi. 猎兔（通常作 go rabbiting）; （兔子似的）聚拢在一起; <英俚>唠叨，喋喋不休（常与on about连用）
vt. 让…见鬼去吧
时态：rabbited, rabbiting, rabbits
分布：兔子(100%)
→词源不详。
n.兔子On the orbit, the rabbits habitually inherited the merits of the inhabitants.在轨道上,兔子习惯性地继承了居民们的优点.
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a small animal with long ears and large front teeth, which moves by jumping on its long back legs 兔，家兔
⇒ See also bunny (rabbit)
['ræb.ɪt] verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  rabbit on UK informal disapproving
■to continue talking about something which is not interesting to the listener 没完没了地说；唠叨；喋喋不休
• He's always rabbiting on about his stamp collection. 他总是没完没了地说他的集邮。
rabbit, hare
这组词都有“兔子”的意思，其区别是：
rabbit: 通常指家中饲养的家兔。
hare: 指生在森林或田野等处的野兔。
n. 兔子，野兔
 - bunny, hare
vt. 让…见鬼去吧
 - to hell with

Word: coin
Front: coin
[kɔɪn] (中高研四六托雅 4376/2964 -K1)
Vocabulary: coin
(once / 234 pages)
1n 2v
If you coin a phrase, that means you come up with a new way to say something, like the person who coined "webizens" to describe people who constantly use the Internet.
The verb coin literally refers to making coins, the change you probably have in your pocket. The word can be used in a broader sense — creating something new, usually something related to language. For example, you could coin a phrase or a new word for “joke.” The language authorities would be proud — unlike federal authorities if you tried to coin money. That kind of coining is a criminal offense.
WORD FAMILY
coin: coinage, coined, coiner, coining, coins+/coinage: coinages/coiner: coiners
USAGE EXAMPLES
Christian Weiss, who supervises the coin and bank-note collection at the Swiss National Museum, said the Swiss favor cash even when traveling abroad.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Washington won the coin toss and chose to receive the opening kick.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The round £1 will be legal tender alongside the new, more-secure coin until October 15.
BBC(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 硬币; 金属钱币; [建筑]拐角，墙角石
vt. 制造硬币; 杜撰; 创造
时态：coined, coining, coins
分布：硬币(87%)，硬币的(11%)，金钱(1%)，投币的(1%)
→词源同cone, cuneiform(楔形). 来自ak, 尖，刺，见acid, acumen. 最早指铸造货币的楔形模子，后指铸造的硬币及创造义。
n.硬币,货币v.铸造(硬币),创造(新词)I pointed out the joint on the coin at the disappointing appointment.在令人失望的约会上,我指出了硬币上的接头.
noun
 IMPROVER countable
■a small round piece of metal, usually silver or copper coloured, which is used as money 硬币；金属货币
• a 10p/ten pence coin 面值十便士的硬币
• a pound coin 面值一英镑的硬币
• a ten-cent coin 面值十分的硬币
• gold coins 金币
• I asked for ten pounds in 20p coins. 我要10英镑面值为20便士的硬币。
• That machine doesn't take 50p coins. 那台机器不收50便士的硬币。
uncountable
■money in the form of metal coins （统称）硬币
[kɔɪn] verb
INVENT 发明
transitive
■to invent a new word or expression, or to use one in a particular way for the first time 创造，杜撰（新词或新的表达方式）；首次使用（某一词语）
• Allen Ginsberg coined the term "flower power". 艾伦•金斯堡创造了 flower power（权力归花）这个说法。
[kɔɪn] verb
MONEY 钱
coining it (in) UK informal
■to be earning a lot of money quickly 轻易地赚大钱，发大财，暴富
[kɔɪn] verb
to coin a phrase humorous
■something you say before using an expression that has been very popular or used too much 套用一句流行的话；常言道；俗话说
• I was, to coin a phrase, gobsmacked! 套用一句老话，我简直目瞪口呆！
coin, cash, money, currency
这组词都有“(金)钱”的意思，其区别是：
coin: 指铸造的硬币。
cash: 特指立即可以兑现的现金或现款。
money: 钱的通称，可以是硬币可以是纸币，也可指用作货币的其它物品。
currency: 指在流通中的货币，是全部流通中通货的总称，也可指纸币。
vt. 铸造（货币）；杜撰，创造
 - invent, to create
n. 硬币，钱币
 - piece, specie

Word: exploit
Front: exploit
[ɪkˈsplɔɪt] (高研四六托雅宝 4374/3034 -3)
Vocabulary: exploit
(once / 324 pages)
1v 2n
An exploit is a heroic act or notable deed. The King Arthur legends are full of stories of the exploits of the Knights of the Round Table, including Sir Lancelot and King Arthur himself.
This noun is from Middle English expleit, exploit "outcome," from Latin explicitus "unfolded, set forth." The verb exploit means to use someone or something, usually selfishly or for profit––workers who are tired of being exploited by factory owners form unions that allow them to stand together as a powerful force.
WORD FAMILY
exploit: exploitation, exploitative, exploitatory, exploited, exploiter, exploiting, exploitive, exploits, overexploit+/ exploitation: exploitations/exploitative: exploitatively/ exploited: unexploited/ exploiter: exploiters/overexploit: overexploitation, overexploited, overexploiting
USAGE EXAMPLES
In addition to his football exploits, Kaaya was tapped into Miami's “Iron Arrow” honor society earlier this year.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
President Putin will continue to exploit signs of weakness or western disunity.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
The danger to the new country, Hamilton argued, wasn’t ideological disputes, but the possibility that an unprincipled man would exploit public passions.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 开采; 开拓; 利用（…为自己谋利）; 剥削
n. 功绩; 功劳; 勋绩
时态：exploited, exploiting, exploits
分布：利用(52%)，开发(28%)，剥削(10%)，开拓(6%)，功绩(3%)，英勇行为(1%)
→ex-, 向外。-ploit, 卷，词源同imply, implicate. 即展开，结果，功绩。后在19世纪初由于法国空想社会主义者，尤其是圣西门用该词指剥削，压榨，使得这一词义广泛传播。
v.开拓;开发;剥削n.功绩[勋];业绩After an explosion the explorer restored the storage of the explosive in the exploiter's storehouse.爆炸过后勘探者恢复了剥削者的仓库里炸药的储量.
【记】explore（v 探险；探究）是为了exploit
【参】exploitation（n 开发；剥削；宣传广告）
verb transitive /ɪkˈsplɔɪt/
USE WELL 有效地用
 ADVANCED
■to use something for advantage 利用；开发；发挥
• We need to make sure that we exploit our resources as fully as possible. 我们要确保尽可能充分利用资源。
verb transitive /ɪkˈsplɔɪt/
USE UNFAIRLY 不正当地利用
 ADVANCED
■to use someone or something unfairly for your own advantage （出于私利）利用；剥削
• Laws exist to stop companies exploiting their employees. 法律规定禁止公司剥削其员工。
noun countable usually plural /ˈek.splɔɪt/
■something unusual, brave or funny that someone has done 不寻常的行为；英勇的行为；奇遇
• She was telling me about her exploits while travelling around Africa. 她跟我讲述了在非洲各地旅游时的奇遇。
apply, use, avail, utilize, exploit, employ
这组词都有“使用，应用”的意思，其区别是：
apply: 指将一事物运用于另一事物之上以发挥其有效作用。
use: 普通用词，着重为达到某一目的而利用某人或某物。
avail: 通常指使用手边或就近的人或物以有利于自己。
utilize: 侧重有利可图或能达到某一实际目的。书面用词。
exploit: 强调充分利用。
employ: 指使用处于消极状态或未被用过的人或物，可以与use换用，但强调进行选择、充分利用。
vt. 开发，开拓；剥削；开采
 - develop, mine
n. 勋绩；功绩
 - merit, feat

Word: accessible
Front: accessible
[əkˈsesəbl] (高六托雅宝 4377/4162 -2)
Vocabulary: accessible
(once / 450 pages)
1adj 2adj 3adj
Accessible can mean easy to get to. If the mall is easily accessible, you might be tempted to spend a lot of money on your lunch breaks.
The "within reach" definition of the adjective accessible does not just refer to physical distance. A person can be accessible if they are approachable and friendly. A celebrity that is accessible probably signs a lot of autographs and grants interviews. The word can also describe something that is easily understood. You might need to read a plot summary of a long convoluted novel — to make it more accessible or easy to follow.
WORD FAMILY
accessible: accessibility, accessibly, inaccessible, unaccessible+/ access: accessed, accesses, accessible, accessing, de-access/ accessibility: accessibilities/inaccessibility: inaccessibilities/ inaccessible: inaccessibility, inaccessibly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Since Amtrak’s accessible bedrooms extend the entire width of the train on the lower level, that may be a design limitation.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Attorneys for several media organizations including The Associated Press requested in a letter Friday that materials already deemed to be publicly accessible be released now.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Boats will carry about 4.5 million passengers a year, first up and down the Brooklyn-Queens waterfront, relieving burdened and not always accessible subway lines.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 易接近的; 可理解的; 易相处的; 易感的
分布：易接近的(38%)，可进入的(29%)，易理解的(13%)，可得到的(10%)，易受影响的(10%)
能接近的;可进去的[ced,ceed,cess=go,表示"行走,前进"]
能接触到的(access接触,接近+ible)[-ible形容词"能…的"]
【反】abstruse（adj 奥妙的，难以理解的）
adjective
 ADVANCED
■able to be reached or easily got 可进入的，可接近的；可得到的
• The resort is easily accessible by road, rail and air. 这个旅游胜地交通便利，坐汽车、火车和飞机都可以到达。
• The problem with some of these drugs is that they are so very accessible. 此类毒品的问题在于当中一些很容易获取。
■easy to understand 可以理解的；易懂的
• Lea Anderson is a choreographer who believes in making dance accessible. 作为一个编舞者，利·安德森认为应该使舞蹈通俗易懂。
• Covent Garden has made some attempt to make opera accessible to a wider public. 科芬园皇家歌剧院已做出一些努力，以让更多的人来欣赏歌剧。
adj. 易接近的；可进入的；可理解的
 - accostable, comprehensible

Word: organism
Front: organism
[ˈɔ:gənɪzəm] (研四六托雅宝 4375/3911 -2)
Vocabulary: organism
(once / 586 pages)
n
An organism is a living thing that can function on its own. That includes your pet guppy, the tree in your backyard, and — of course — you.
While the word organism typically indicates an actual living thing, you can also use organism to refer to anything that acts or functions like a living thing. For example, the social scene at a high school might be described as "a social organism" because it seems to have a mind of its own — like a living thing or even a vicious animal, depending on where one falls on the popularity scale.
WORD FAMILY
organism: micro-organism, microorganism, organismal, organisms+/inorganic: inorganically/micro-organism: micro-organisms/microorganism: microorganisms/ organ: organic, organification, organist, organs/ organic: inorganic, organically, organicism, organics, organism /organicism: organicistic/organist: organists
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Most people think that illness is related to the organism. That’s only one part of the story,” Powers says.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
When nitrogen compounds run off into rivers, they likewise promote the growth of some organisms more than others.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
It found that organisms created in a California lab behaved differently in a Brazilian factory.
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: n. 有机体; 生物体; 微生物; 有机体系，有机组织
分布：有机体(60%)，生物体(38%)，有机组织(2%)
→来自organ,运行，器官，组织机构，-ism,主义，思想，机制。即有组织运行的机制，后引申词义生物，有机体。
n.生物,有机体
US ['ɔ:r-] noun countable
■a single living plant, animal, virus, etc 生物体；有机体；微生物
• Amoebae and bacteria are single-celled organisms. 变形虫和细菌是单细胞生物。
⇒ See also microorganism
n. 有机体； [生物] 生物体；微生物
 - living being, biosome

Word: sensation
Front: sensation
[senˈseɪʃn] (研六托宝 4378/3737 -2)
Vocabulary: sensation
(once / 166 pages)
n
A sensation is a type of feeling, picked up by one of the five senses. Peppercorns will give you the sensation of a million tiny pinpricks on your tongue.
A sensation is something from your senses. If you lose sensation in your feet, they are numb and it's time for you to get up and move around to restore blood flow. You can call something a sensation if it is wonderful and astonishing. Your parents will tell you that you were a sensation in the school play. Everyone will want to go see the special-effects movie that critics are calling a worldwide sensation.
WORD FAMILY
sensation: aftersensation, sensational, sensations+/desensitise: desensitisation, desensitising/ desensitize: desensitization, desensitized, desensitizes, desensitizing/hypersensitive: hypersensitively, hypersensitivity/insensibility: insensibilities/ insensible: insensibility, insensibly/ insensitive: insensitively, insensitiveness, insensitivity/insensitivity: insensitivities/ nonsense: nonsenses, nonsensical / nonsensical: nonsensicalest, nonsensicality, nonsensically/oversensitive: oversensitively, oversensitiveness/ sensational: sensationalism, sensationally, unsensational/sensationalism: sensationalisms, sensationalist, sensationalistic/sensationalist: sensationalists/ sense: nonsense, sensation, sensed, senseless, senses, sensible, sensing, sensitive, sensor, sensorial, sensuous /senseless: senselessly, senselessness/ sensibility: sensibilities/ sensible: insensible, sensibilise, sensibility, sensibilize, sensibleness, sensibler, sensiblest, sensibly/sensitise: desensitise, sensitisation, sensitised, sensitiser, sensitising/sensitised: hypersensitised, supersensitised/sensitiser: sensitisers/ sensitive: hypersensitive, insensitive, nonsensitive, oversensitive, sensitise, sensitively, sensitiveness, sensitives, sensitivity, sensitize, supersensitive/sensitiveness: sensitivenesses/ sensitivity: sensitivities/sensitize: desensitize, sensitization, sensitized, sensitizer, sensitizes, sensitizing/sensitized: hypersensitized, supersensitized/sensitizer: sensitizers/sensor: sensors/sensorial: sensorially/ sensuous: sensuously, sensuousness/supersensitive: supersensitively/unsensational: unsensationally
USAGE EXAMPLES
Romo returned to the roster in November as Prescott's backup, saying the rookie sensation "earned the right to be our quarterback."
Reuters(Jan 01, 2017)
The bland, mouth-coating sensation of the powdered beans with which they are dusted is pleasant, but not compelling.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
The Deceptive Bike Box. A mild sensation online, this object from the oft-neglected packaging category may be the year’s most cunning design solution.
The New Yorker(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 感觉; 直觉; 知觉; 轰动
分布：感觉(61%)，轰动(27%)，知觉(8%)，激动(4%)
→来自 sense,感觉，知觉，感知，-ation,名词后缀。引申贬义词义刺激感官，使震惊，使哗然， 造成轰动。
n.感觉,知觉;激动,轰动,轰动一时的事情The senseless senator's pretense of consensus caused a sensation.愚蠢参议员的舆论借口引起了轰动.
【记】sans感觉，ation－感觉，很有感觉的事情－轰动的事件
【参】sensible（adj 明智的）；sensitive（adj 敏感的）
【反】unnoticed event（未被注意的事件）；anaesthesia（n 感觉缺乏）；
noun
FEELING 感觉
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■the ability to feel something physically, especially by touching, or a physical feeling that results from this ability 感觉；知觉；（尤指）触觉
• a burning sensation 灼烧的感觉
• I had no sensation of pain whatsoever. 我没有任何痛苦的感觉。
• The disease causes a loss of sensation in the fingers. 这种病会使手指失去知觉。
 ADVANCED countable usually singular
■a general feeling caused by something that happens to you, especially a feeling which you cannot describe exactly （尤指难以形容的）整体感觉
• [+ (that)] I had the odd sensation (that) someone was following me. 我有一种奇怪的感觉，觉得有人在跟踪我。
• I can remember the first time I went sailing - it was a wonderful sensation. 我还记得第一次航海的时候——那种感觉真是太棒了。
[sen'seɪ.ʃən] noun
EXCITEMENT 激动
only singular
■something very exciting or interesting, or something which causes great excitement or interest 轰动的事件；极有趣之物
• Their affair caused a sensation. 他们的暧昧关系引起了轰动。
• The books have been a publishing sensation on both sides of the Atlantic. 这些书在大西洋两岸的出版界都引起了轰动。
• The show was an overnight sensation (= was very successful immediately). 演出一夜之间名闻天下。
sensation, feeling, perception, sense
这组词都有“感觉”的意思，其区别是：
sensation: 系较严密的科学用词，指听觉、味觉、视觉、嗅觉或触觉；还可指引起激动或轰动的事物。
feeling: 最普通用词，既可指身体上的感觉，如冷暖、饥饿、疼痛等，又可指精神上的感觉，如喜、怒、哀、乐、失望等。
perception: 侧重对外界刺激的反应和对产生感觉的物体的辨别。
sense: 主要指人或动物身体上的感觉。复数形式指人的知觉。
sentiment, sensation, feeling, passion, emotion
这组词都有“感情”的意思，其区别是：
sentiment: n.思想感情，情绪，感情色彩，指由于某种思想唤起的感情，强调主观作用，有时候也带有理智成分。
 • When our grandmother died, we remembered her life with strong sentiment.   当祖母逝世时，我们深深地怀念她的一生。
sensation: n.指人体感官受到外部刺激时产生的感觉，知觉。
 • When she watched the film, she had the sensation that she was in a moving car.   她看电影时，感觉自己正坐在一辆开动的汽车上。
feeling: n.指一般的情绪、感觉，它一般不反映感情的本质和强度。
passion: n.激情，热情，欲望，极度的仇恨，指强烈的爱好、愤怒或情欲。
 • He spoke with passion about the love of freedom.   他满腔热情地谈论着对自由的热爱。
emotion: n.情感，感情，指喜怒哀乐等较激动的情绪，表示某物引起的激动。
 • He felt mixed emotions when he thought of her.   当他想起她时便产生一种复杂的感情。
n. [生理] 感觉；轰动；感动
 - consciousness, feel

Word: partially
Front: partially
[ˈpɑ:ʃəli] (四六托 4379/4723 -2)
Vocabulary: partially
(once / 487 pages)
adv
Partially means part way, not complete. If you’ve partially completed a test when the bell rings, you better work faster to finish up next time!
A part is a portion of something, not the whole thing. Similarly, the word partially refers to a part of something only. A partially brick house is not all brick. Anything that is partially true is only true to some degree, like if you tell someone you’re in a band, but really you just carry the guitars. This word means about the same as partly, and the opposite word would be wholly or entirely.
WORD FAMILY
partial: partiality, partially, partialness, partials+/ counterpart: counterparts/forepart: foreparts/ part: counterpart, forepart, parted, partial, parting, partitive, parts, subpart, underpart/ partiality: partialities/parting: partings/partitive: partitively, partitives/subpart: subparts/underpart: underparts
USAGE EXAMPLES
Officers and fire crews worked to remove the occupants by partially overturning the vehicle.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
From page to page, this beloved woman is glimpsed only partially.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
The reserve deputy program was shuttered and partially revived earlier this year.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adv. 部分地; <古>偏袒地，偏爱地; 一部分
分布：部分地(59%)，不公平地(41%)
US ['pɑ:r-] adverb
 ADVANCED
■not completely 不完全地
• The meat was only partially cooked. 这块肉没有完全煮熟。
adv. 部分地；偏袒地
 - half

Word: stay
Front: stay
[steɪ] (中高 409/549 -K5)
Back: vt. & vi. 停留; 停止; 坚持; 抑制
vi. 继续处于某种状态
n. 逗留; 延期; 倚靠; 忍耐
时态：stayed, staying, stays
分布：保持(37%)，逗留(33%)，停留(30%)
→来自古法语词干 estai-,站立，坚持，停留，来自 estare,站立，坚持，停留，来自拉丁语 stare, 站立，建立，保持，词源同 stand,state.引申诸相关词义。
vi.逗留;保持vt.停止,延缓n.逗留,停留The delayed player delegation stay on the playground.被耽搁的运动员代表团停留在操场上.
verb
NOT LEAVE 不离开
 ESSENTIAL intransitive
■to not move away from or leave 逗留；留下；停留
• They need an assistant who is willing to stay for six months. 他们需要一位元愿意留六个月的助手。
• Stay until the rain has stopped. 等雨停再走吧。
• Can you stay after work to play tennis? 你下班后能留下来打网球吗？
• Because of the snow, schools have been closed and children told to stay at home / mainly USstay home. 由于下雪，学校已停课，孩子们被告知要留在家里。
[steɪ] verb
CONTINUE 继续
 ESSENTIAL intransitive usually + adverb or preposition [L]
■to continue doing something, or to continue to be in a particular state 继续做；保持
• Stay away from the edge of the cliff. 不要到悬崖边上去。
• He's decided not to stay in teaching/medicine/the army. 他已经决定不再教书／从医／当兵。
• The final figures showed that most departments had stayed within budget. 最终数据显示大部分部门都没有超出预算。
• It was so warm we stayed (out) in the garden until ten that night. 那天晚上天气很暖和，我们一直在花园里待到十点钟。
• Put a lid on the pan so the food will stay hot. 盖上锅盖，这样食物就不会冷掉了。
• The shops stay open until 9 o' clock. 商店一直营业到九点。
• They stayed friends after their divorce. 他们离婚后仍然是朋友。
[steɪ] verb
LIVE 生活
 ESSENTIAL intransitive
■to live or be in a place for a short time as a visitor 暂住；逗留
• I stayed in Montreal for two weeks then flew home. 我在蒙特瑞留了两周，然后搭飞机回家。
• They said they'd stay at/in a hotel. 他们说他们会住在饭店里。
• The children usually stay with their grandparents for a week in the summer. 夏天孩子们通常到爷爷奶奶那里住上一周。
stay overnight (also stay the night)
■to sleep somewhere for one night 过夜，留宿
• We've arranged to stay overnight at my sister's house. 我们商量好在我姐姐家住一宿。
  Common Learner Errors  stayWarning: choose the correct preposition! To talk about the town/country/region you are visiting , don't say 'stay at/to/on', say stay in : We stayed in Rome for three nights. To talk about the building where you stay during your visit, remember to use the preposition in or at : We stayed in a nice hotel in the city centre. I stayed at my brother's house. To talk about the person or people you are visiting, don't say 'stay at/in', say stay with : We stayed with a very nice host family.
[steɪ] verb
here to stay
■If something is here to stay, it has stopped being unusual and has become generally used or accepted 已被广泛使用；已为大多数人所接受
• Blogging is here to stay. 写博客已经广泛流行。
[steɪ] verb
stay on the sidelines
■If you stay on the sidelines, you are not an important part of what is happening. 当旁观者，是局外人
[steɪ] verb
stay put
■to remain in the same place or position 留在原地；留在原来的位置
• Just stay put with the cases, while I go and find a taxi. 你留在这里看箱子，我去叫计程车。
[steɪ] verb
stay the course
■to continue doing something until it is finished or until you achieve something you have planned to do 坚持到底
• She interviewed slimmers who had failed to stay the course to find out why they had given up. 她访问了半途而废的减肥者，想找出他们放弃的原因。
[steɪ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  stay behind
■to not leave a place when other people leave 留下不走
• I stayed behind after class. 下课后我留下没走。
[steɪ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  stay in
 ADVANCED
■to stay in your home 留在家里，不出门
• Let's stay in tonight and watch a video. 我们今天晚上留在家里看部影片吧。
[steɪ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  stay on
■to continue to be in a place, job or school after the other people who were with you have left 留下继续（工作、学习等）
• Gill decided to stay on at university to do further research. 吉尔决定留在大学继续深造。
• We asked him to stay on as youth leader for another year. 我们请他再担任一年青年协会会长。
[steɪ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [usually + adv/prep] stay out
 ADVANCED
■to not come home at night, or to go home late 在外过夜；晚归
• Our cat usually stays out at night. 我们家的猫通常在外面过夜。
• My mum won't let me stay out late. 我妈妈不准我晚上太晚回家。
[steɪ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  stay out of sth
 ADVANCED
■to not become involved in an argument or discussion 不介入，置身于…之外
• It's better to stay out of their arguments. 最好别卷进他们的争论之中。
• You don't know anything about this, so just stay out of it ! 这件事你毫不知情，所以别去凑热闹！
[steɪ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  stay up
 ADVANCED
■to go to bed later than usual 熬夜，深夜不睡
• We stayed up (late) to watch a film. 我们熬夜看了部电影。
[steɪ] noun
VISIT 探望
countable
■a period of time that you spend in a place 停留时间，逗留时间
• She planned a short stay at/in a hotel to celebrate their anniversary. 她计划在饭店小住一段时间，庆祝他们的结婚纪念日。
[steɪ] noun
stay of execution, deportation, etc. legal
■an order by a judge which stops a judgment being performed until new information can be considered 缓期执行死刑／驱逐出境等
stay, remain, linger
这组词都有“停留，逗留”的意思，其区别是：
stay: 普通用词，多指人在某地暂时逗留。有时可指较长时间的居留。
remain: 指某人或某物仍留在原处或保持原来的状态。
linger: 着重因愉快的事而使人不愿离开。
vi. 停留；坚持；暂住；停下
 - visit, abide
vt. 坚持；暂住；抑制
 - tough, control, restrain
n. 逗留；停止； [建] 支柱
 - leg, visit, stop, backbone, stand

Word: upstairs
Front: upstairs
[ˌʌpˈsteəz] (中高研四六 4381/3067 -K2)
Back: adv. 在楼上，往楼上; 在高空
adj. 楼上的
n. 楼上
分布：楼上(62%)，在楼上(20%)，楼上的(15%)，往楼上(2%)，上层的(1%)
ad.向楼上;在楼上;上楼ad.楼上的I met a fairly unfair affair upstairs.我在楼上遇到一件颇不公平的事.
US [-'sterz] adverb [before noun] adjective
 IMPROVER
■towards or on the highest floor or floors of a building 往楼上（的）；在楼上（的）
• an upstairs landing/window 楼上的平台／窗户
• He heard glass breaking and ran upstairs to see what had caused it. 听到玻璃破碎的声音，她跑上楼去看是怎么回事。
Opposite downstairs
adv. 在楼上，向楼上；上楼；往楼上
 - abovestairs

Word: dried
Front: dried
[draɪd] (4382/6033 -2)
Vocabulary: dried
(once / 310 pages)
adj
Something that's dried isn't wet anymore. Dried ink on a page can't be smudged.
The dried tears on your cheek are nothing but salty patches, and dried concrete on the sidewalk is completely solid — you can't leave a handprint in it. Some things are deliberately dried, with all moisture removed from them. Dried apricots and sun dried tomatoes, for example, are dehydrated so they become dense, sweet, and chewy. Dried has a Germanic root, dreug, which means "dry."
WORD FAMILY
dried: undried+/drier: driers/ dry: dried, drier, dries, driest, drily, dryed, dryer, dryest, drying, dryly, dryness, drys, semi-dry/dryer: dryers/dryness: drynesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
Instead, cash dried up, retail commerce froze, and Maduro suspended the move as rioting and looting erupted.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Some cases, of course, are cut and dried.
The New Yorker(Dec 31, 2016)
Makan’s crave-worthy pineapple, cucumber and basil salad brings on the funk with a dressing of fish sauce, dried shrimp and toasted coconut paste.
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 干燥的，干缩的
v. 变干，把…弄干(dry的过去式和过去分词)
分布：弄干了的(67%)，动词dry的过去式和过去分词.(33%)
verb past simple and past participle of
■dry
[draɪd] adjective
■Dried food or plants have had all their liquid removed, especially in order to preserve them （食物或植物）晾干的，烘干的
• dried apricots/bananas/mushrooms 杏仁干／香蕉干／干蘑菇
• dried flowers 干花
adj. 干燥的；弄干了的
 - pulpless, drouthy

Word: minimum
Front: minimum
[ˈmɪnɪməm] (高研四六托雅 3633/2715 -K3)
Vocabulary: minimum
(once / 429 pages)
nadj
The minimum is the lowest or smallest amount possible or acceptable. If you do the minimum amount of work at your job, you might not get fired — but you definitely won't get promoted.
Minimum is Latin for smallest, so clearly English speakers have done less than the minimum amount of messing with the meaning of this word. Obviously, the opposite is maximum. At minimum, you should know that the word means the smallest limit of something. At most, you should be able to talk about its Latin roots.
WORD FAMILY
minimum: minima, minimise, minimize, minimums+/minimise: minimisation, minimised, minimises, minimising/ minimize: minimization, minimized, minimizes, minimizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Another possible target: The automatic increases to the state’s minimum wage that start in 2018.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Andrew Puzder, a restaurant executive set to serve as labor secretary, will face scrutiny for past comments on the minimum wage, among other policies.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
In California alone, 12 cities raised their starting pay requirement, some to as high as $13 an hour, compared with $7.25 for the federal minimum.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 最低限度; 最小量; 最低消费; [数]极小值
adj. 最低的; 最小的; 最少的
分布：最低限度(47%)，最少的(31%)，最小量(18%)，最低程度的(4%)
→来自拉丁语minimus,最小的，-um,中性格。引申词义最小值，最低限度。minimum 最小值，最低限度
最小量(minim+um)[mini-表示"小"]
n.最小值,最低限度a.最小的,最低的The maximum plus or minus the minimum makes minute difference.最大值加上或者减去最小值只产生极小的差异.
['mɪn.ɪ.məm] (written abbreviation min.)
noun countable usually singular (plural minimums or specialized minima)
 ESSENTIAL
■the smallest amount or number allowed or possible 最小值；最少量；最低限度
• Wage increases are being kept to a minimum because of the recession. 由于经济衰退，工资增长的幅度被保持在最低水准。
• She hoped that her fiftieth birthday would pass with the minimum of fuss. 她希望她的50岁生日能尽量安安静静地度过。
• We need a minimum of ten people to play this game. 玩这个游戏我们至少需要十个人。
Opposite maximum
['mɪn.ɪ.məm] (written abbreviation min.)
adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■describes something that is the smallest or least allowed or possible 最低的，最小的，最低限度的
• This certificate is the minimum qualification required to teach English in most language schools. 大多数语言学校都把这张证书定为入职英语教师必需具备的最低学历资格。
• Eighteen is the minimum age for entering most nightclubs. 大多数夜总会只招待18岁或以上的人士。
['mɪn.ɪ.məm] (written abbreviation min.)
adverb
 ADVANCED
■at the least 至少
• She reckons that you should do three exercise classes a week minimum to get any of the benefits. 她认为你应该每周参加至少三次健身课程才能有点锻炼效果。
adj. [数] 最小的；最低的
 - lowest, least, smallest

Word: conservation
Front: conservation
[ˌkɒnsəˈveɪʃn] (高研四六托雅 2820/3076 -2)
Vocabulary: conservation
(once / 1009 pages)
1n 2n 3n
Conservation is when you keep something from running out — whether it's plants, animals, or resources. Your new conservation project, "Save the Pigeons," might not catch on as quickly as you'd hoped.
Conservation is closely related to preservation. Both are positive words that give an impression of care and attention. Your habit of never leaving the couch might sound more impressive if you refer to it as "energy conservation."
WORD FAMILY
conservation: conservationist, conservations, conservativist+/conservationist: conservationists/ conserve: conservancy, conservation, conserved, conserves, conserving
USAGE EXAMPLES
Mr. Qarau hopes that his conservation work will create a sustainable harvest, enabling Fijians to eat turtles again.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Goldmark also last month approved expanding nearby Devil’s Lake Conservation Area from 80 acres to 495 acres.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
We need political will, and the call to readers should be to support conservation action.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 保存; 保护; 避免浪费; 对自然环境的保护
分布：保护(56%)，守恒(26%)，节约(10%)，保存(8%)
保存;保持(conserve+ation)[serv=serve,keep表示"服务,保持"]
n.保存,保护,保守;守恒,不灭There is a need for the conservation of trees.有必要保护树木.
【记】con全部，serve（服务，保存）－全部保存－保存
【参】preservative（n 防腐剂）；reservation（n 保留，预定）
US [ˌkɑ:nt.sɚ-] noun uncountable
■the protection of plants and animals, natural areas, and interesting and important structures and buildings, especially from the damaging effects of human activity （对动植物、自然地区、历史建筑等的）保育
• wildlife conservation 野生生物保育
• a conservation area 保育区
■carefully using valuable natural substances that exist in limited amounts in order to make certain that they will be available for as long a time as possible （对自然资源等的）保护，保存，节约
• the conservation of coal/gas/oil reserves 煤炭／天然气／石油储量的保护
• Energy conservation reduces your fuel bills and helps the environment. 节省能源能减少你的燃油费，而且还有利于环境。
n. 保存，保持；保护
 - preservation, protection, maintenance, lee, safeguard

Word: shove
Front: shove
[ʃʌv] (研六托宝 4384/6604 -2)
Back: vt. & vi. 推，猛推
vt. 〈口〉乱放，乱塞; 随手扔
n. 推，推开
时态：shoved, shoving, shoves
分布：推(59%)，挤(16%)，推挤(9%)，撞(8%)，乱塞(5%)，乱放(3%)
→来自古英语 scufan,推开，猛推，猛挤，来自 Proto-Germanic*skeub,推，挤，来自 skeubh, 推，挤，词源同 shovel,shuffle.可能相关于 skek,摇动，晃动，词源同 shake,shock.
vt.乱推;乱塞vi.用力推,挤n.猛推He gave me a shove.他推了我一把.
【记】为了show自己的力量而shove；shovel（n 铁锹）是有l（柄）的用来shove的工具
verb
PUSH 推
intransitive or transitive
■to push someone or something forcefully 推，推挤，推撞
• She was jostled and shoved by an angry crowd as she left the court. 她离开法庭时，被愤怒的人群推来搡去。
• Just wait your turn - there's no need to shove. 请按顺序等——没必要挤来挤去。
• Reporters pushed and shoved as they tried to get close to the princess. 记者们推来挤去，想靠近公主身边。
[ʃʌv] verb
PUT 放
transitive + adverb or preposition informal
■to put something somewhere in a hurried or careless way 乱放；随便放；乱丢
• I'll just shove this laundry in the washer before we go out. 我们出去之前，我要把这些待洗的衣服扔到洗衣机里。
• "Where should I put this suitcase?" "Shove it down there for the moment." “我该把这个手提箱放哪里?”“暂时先随便放在那里吧。”
• They can't just shove motorways anywhere they like, you know. 你知道，他们不能随便想在甚么地方建高速公路就在甚么地方建。
[ʃʌv] verb
MOVE BODY 移动身体
intransitive + adverb or preposition informal
■to move your body to make space for someone else 移动身体，挪动身体（以腾出地方）
• Shove over/along , Lena, and make some room for me. 莉娜，请挪一挪，让点地方给我。
• UK Why don't you shove up so that Brian can sit next to you? 你为甚么不挪一下？这样布莱恩就可以坐在你身边了。
[ʃʌv] verb
shove it slang
■a rude expression showing you have no respect for someone or for something that they have said 去他妈的，见鬼去吧
• When I told him he'd have to work harder, he said I could take the job and shove it. 我告诉他工作要再努力些，他叫我自己去做，他不稀罕。
[ʃʌv] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  shove sb around/about
■to push someone forcefully, in an unpleasant and threatening way 将（某人）推来撞去，对（某人）推推撞撞
• The older boys at school are always shoving him around. 学校里年龄大一点的男孩总是对他推推撞撞的。
■informal
■to tell someone what to do, in a rude or threatening way 随意差使；摆布
• Don't let them shove you around. You've got to stand up for your rights. 别任由他们摆布，你应该振作维护自己的权利。
[ʃʌv] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  Shove off! informal
■used to tell someone angrily to go away 走开！
• Just shove off, will you? 走开，好吗？
[ʃʌv] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  shove off
■to leave land in a boat, usually by pushing against the land with your foot or an oar （通常用脚或桨撑岸）推船离开；离岸
• She jumped into the dinghy and shoved off. 她跳进小艇，离岸而去。
[ʃʌv] noun countable
■when you shove someone or something 推，推挤
• Would you help me give the piano a shove? 你能帮我推一下钢琴吗？
thrust, propel, shove, push
这组词都有“推、推动”的意思，其区别是：
thrust: 常指迅猛地一推或突然有力地推进，侧重速度。
propel: 侧重指靠外力把人或物稳定、持续地向前推进。
shove: 一般指猛或费力地推开或移动人或物。
push: 普通用词，指用突然的力量把人或物推向前进、推开或推到另一位置上。
vt. 挤；强使；撞；猛推
 - squeeze, force one's way
n. 推；挤
 - push, jundy

Word: backyard
Front: backyard
[ˌbækˈjɑ:d] (4387/14656 -1)
Vocabulary: backyard
(once / 3190 pages)
n
The area behind your house, especially if it's covered in grass or other plants, is a backyard. Some people have decks or patios in their backyard.
If you live in a city, you'll consider yourself lucky to have a tiny backyard where you can sit on a sunny day. In the suburbs, houses often have identical, fenced-in backyards. And in the country, your backyard might extend for acres. The word is sometimes hyphenated, back-yard, or spelled as two separate words. It's been in use since the 1600s, combining back and yard, from the Old English geard, "enclosure, garden, or court."
WORD FAMILY
backyard: backyards
USAGE EXAMPLES
Authorities are also searching for 13-year-old Fabian Xavier Rosales, who vanished from the backyard of his Aurora home Sunday night.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Playgrounds are vital in Los Angeles, a city where many families live without backyards or balconies.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
When the weather is warm, groups gather to knit in the store’s backyard.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 后院
分布：后院(87%)，后院的(11%)，后庭(2%)
US [-'jɑ:rd] noun countable UK a small space surrounded by walls at the back of a house, usually with a hard surface 后院，后庭
• The house has a small backyard, surrounded by a high brick wall. 这座房子有个小小的后院，用高高的砖墙围着。
■US
■a space at the back of a house, usually surrounded by a fence, and covered with grass （屋后的）场院，院子，后花园
UK [ˌbæk'jɑ:d] US [-'jɑ:rd] noun countable
in your backyard informal
■in the area where you live, or in the area of interest or activity which you are involved in or responsible for 在自家的后院；在自己的住所；在自己的兴趣（或活动、责任）范围内
• How would you feel about them building a nuclear power station in your backyard? 如果他们在你家后院建核电厂，你会有甚么感觉？
• We should take a look at what is happening in our own backyard before criticizing what is taking place in other countries. 在批评别国的事情之前，我们应该先看看自己国内发生的事情。
n. 后院；后庭
 - base-court

Word: charter
Front: charter
[ˈtʃɑ:tə(r)] (研六托雅宝 4386/3063 -3)
Vocabulary: charter
(once / 348 pages)
1nv 2vn
What do rock gods do when they travel? They charter their own plane, of course. Charter means you rent or lease a particular service or object. Anyone can charter something, though lesser mortals tend to limit themselves to buses.
Charter comes from the Latin charta, meaning "paper, card or map." As a noun, charter refers to a written document outlining — or mapping — the rights and obligations of a company or organization, or even, in older days, a town or entire colony. New York City was given a charter, for example, by the British monarch in the 17th century, guaranteeing it certain rights in exchange for goods and services. Today corporations still have charters governing their behavior.
WORD FAMILY
charter: chartered, chartering, charters+/ chart: charted, charter, charting, chartist, chartless, charts/charted: uncharted / chartered: unchartered/chartist: chartists
USAGE EXAMPLES
After graduating from Cambridge University, he became a chartered accountant.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Democrats opposed to school choice often claim that charter schools and vouchers siphon taxpayer money from traditional public schools.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 30, 2016)
NBCUniversal’s current contract with Charter expires Saturday at 9 p.m.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 许可证; 纲领; 宪章; 包租
vt. 发给…许可证; 发给特许执照
时态：chartered, chartering, charters
分布：宪章(64%)，特许(26%)，包租(8%)，特许的(1%)，发给 ... 执照(1%)
→来自拉丁词charta, 卡片，纸，词源同card,cartel。指在纸上签订的协议和条款。
特许状;契约(chart+er→纸上的东西→契约等)[card,chart=paper表示"纸片"]
v.租船,租车,租用飞机;n.宪章,特许状The articulate man's artistic cartoon startled the charterer.发音清晰者的艺术卡通使包租人大吃一惊.
US ['tʃɑ:r.tˌɚ] noun
OFFICIAL PAPER 官方文件
countable
■a formal statement of the rights of a country's people, or of an organization or a particular social group, which is agreed by or demanded from a ruler or government 宪章，章程（由统治者或政府批准或要求制定、阐明一国公民、组织或社会团体的权利）
• a charter of rights 人权宪章
• Education is one of the basic human rights written into the United Nations Charter. 受教育权是写入《联合国宪章》的基本人权之一。
• The Government have produced a Citizen's/Parents'/Patients' Charter. 政府制定了一套公民／家长／病人权利章程。
UK ['tʃɑ:.tər] US ['tʃɑ:r.tˌɚ] noun
RENT 租用
uncountable
■the renting of a vehicle （交通工具的）包租
• boats for charter 供租赁的船只
• a charter flight 包机航班
• a major charter operator 大包租营运商
UK ['tʃɑ:.tər] US ['tʃɑ:r.tˌɚ] verb transitive
RENT 租用
■to rent a vehicle, especially an aircraft, for a special use and not as part of a regular service 包租（交通工具，尤指飞机）
• They've chartered a plane to take delegates to the conference. 他们包了一架飞机送代表参加会议。
UK ['tʃɑ:.tər] US ['tʃɑ:r.tˌɚ] verb transitive
OFFICIAL START 正式开始
■to officially start a new organization by giving it a charter 特许成立
• Cambridge University Press was chartered in 1534. 剑桥大学出版社是于1534年特许成立的。
charter, let, lease, rent, hire
这组词都有“租，租用”的意思，其区别是：
charter: 指承租大型运输工具，如飞机、轮船、大客车以及火车等。
let: 尤指出租房屋或地产等。
lease: 指按照租约租出或租用房屋、土地或其它不动产。
rent: 在英国指较长时间租出或租入房屋、商店或土地；而在美国指长时间或短时期租用各种资产以及日用东西。
hire: 多指短期租用。在英国一般指租用车、船。
vt. 特许； [车辆] [航] 包租；发给特许执照
 - license
n. 宪章；执照；特许状
 - license, patent, permit

Word: stove
Front: stove
[stəʊv] (高研四六托 4388/6609 -K1)
Back: n. 炉，火炉; 窑; 干燥室，烘房
v. 用火炉烤
分布：炉子(96%)，窑(4%)
→可能来自中古低地德语 stove,暖室，沐浴室，来自 Proto-Germanic*stubo,暖室，起居室，加 热的屋子，词源同 stew.该词义为该词原义。后引申词义炉子，炉具。
n.炉子,火炉The beloved novelist put her lovely gloves above the stove.敬爱的小说家把她美丽的手套放在火炉上方.
US [stoʊv] noun countable
■a piece of equipment which burns fuel or uses electricity in order to heat a place （用于取暖的）炉，火炉
mainly US
■a cooker 炉灶
stove, oven, furnace
这组词都有“炉，炉子”的意思，其区别是：
stove: 通常指以柴、煤、气、电等作燃料，用于室内取暖或烧饭的火炉。
oven: 主要指烘烤食物用的炉子、烘箱。
furnace: 指冶炼用的熔炉或烧暖气用的锅炉。也可用作比喻。
n. 火炉； [炉窑] 窑；温室
 - furnace, greenhouse

Word: consent
Front: consent
[kənˈsent] (研四六雅宝 4391/2503 -2)
Vocabulary: consent
(once / 100 pages)
vn
Before you have surgery, you'd better give your consent, because the surgeon can't get his scalpel anywhere near your skin without first getting this permission from you.
Consent is permission that can be given or taken away. A father might give his consent to allow a young man to marry his daughter, but he might refuse that consent if he learns that the prospective groom has a prison record. A homeowner who won't give a developer consent to tear down her house and build a shopping mall might finally consent after receiving a very large check from the developer.
WORD FAMILY
consent: consentaneous, consented, consenting, consents+/consentaneous: consentaneously/ consenting: consentingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Minnesota’s burglary law includes entering a building without consent and with the intent to commit a crime.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Morris consented to a blood test in the hospital after the crash and was above the legal limit.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Like other right-wingers, she seemed to think the problem with the tape was Trump’s foul language, rather than the whole rapey/consent thing.
Salon(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 准许，赞同; 同意; （意见等的）一致
vi. 同意; 赞成，赞同; 允许
时态：consented, consenting, consents
分布：同意(90%)，答应(6%)，赞成(4%)
→con-, 强调。-sens, 感觉，词源同sense, sentiment.
同意,答应(con共同+sent→共同感觉→同意)[Sens,sent=feel,表示"感觉"]
v./n.(to)同意,赞成,答应The absent-minded student consents to the sentence in the presence of me.心不在焉的学生在我面前同意这份判决.
noun uncountable slightly formal
 ADVANCED
■permission or agreement 许可，允许；同意
• They can't publish your name without your consent. 未经你的同意他们不能公布你的名字。
• You can only come on the trip if your parents give their consent. 只有你父母允许，你才能参加这次旅行。
by common consent
■most people agree 大多数人同意；普遍认可
• Her latest film, by common consent, is her best yet. 她的最新电影被普遍认为是她迄今最好的作品。
[kən'sent] verb intransitive
■to agree to do something, or to allow someone to do something 同意；答应；许可，允许
• [+ to infinitive] Very reluctantly, I've consented to lend her my car. 我很不情愿地答应把车借给她。
• My aunt never married because her father wouldn't consent to her marriage. 我姑妈终生未嫁，因为她父亲不同意她的婚事。
approve, consent, subscribe, comply, agree
这组词都有“同意、赞同”的意思，其区别是：
approve: 侧重对认为正确或满意的事表示赞同或批准。作不及物动词用时，常与of连用。
consent: 指同意别人的请求、建议或满足他人的愿望，着重意愿或感情，常和to连用。
subscribe: 指完全地赞成已阐明的立场。多用于比较愿意支持一种立场或为一种立场所辨护的情况。
comply: 指答应某人已经提出或可能要求做的某事，与with连用。
agree: 普通用词，侧重指对某事同其他人有相同的意见或想法。
vi. 同意；赞成；答应
 - grant, comply, engage
n. 同意；（意见等的）一致；赞成
 - agreement, accordance, unity, identity, yes

Word: comprise
Front: comprise
[kəmˈpraɪz] (研四六托雅 4392/2504 -2)
Vocabulary: comprise
(once / 516 pages)
v
When something comprises other things, it is made up of them or formed from them. The periodic table comprises 118 elements, because the whole comprises the parts.
In its traditional use, the word comprise is the opposite of compose: if A comprises X, Y, and Z, then X, Y, and Z compose A. But because compose and comprise sound so much alike, people have long confused the two. So now you often hear things like "The band is comprised of a guitarist, a bassist, and a hairy drummer," whereas sticklers would prefer "is composed of" in that sentence. The word is undergoing a usage shift, making it just as hairy as that drummer!
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
compose / comprise
Compose is to make up a whole, and comprise is to contain parts.  Poodles compose the dog class because the class comprises poodles. The parts compose the whole, and the whole comprises the parts. Confused? Everybody else is!
Compose means to make up a whole (it also means to create, but that's not the definition that troubles people). Mention the parts first, then the whole, as in "four rooms compose our small house."The whole can be first if you say composedof, as in "our house is composed of four rooms." Check it out:
Fresh pītal flowers composed the royal throne, Golden blossoms raised the state umbrella. (Vidyapati Thakura)
The nest is composed of dry grass and lined with finer fibres. (Rev. C.A. Johns)
Comprise means made up of, contain, include. When you use comprise, mention the whole thing first, then the parts, as in "the house comprises four rooms." It doesn't need an of after it. (That's the other word.) Here are some examples of the whole comprising the parts:
The stories comprised in this volume deserve to be widely known and appreciated. (Williams Andrews)
"Earth" comprises clay, mud, ochre, marl, and "peculiar earths generally." (Georgius Agricola)
The Penn State police force comprises 46 armed officers. (Slate)
Often comprise shows up in the phrase composed of, but really, comprise does not like of to follow it around. Usage maven Bryan Garner points out that this error is at stage 4 of his language change index ; many are mixing up the words so much that the language is changing, but it hasn't changed yet. Remember that those fluffy poodles compose the dog class because the class comprises eager pups. Woof.
WORD FAMILY
comprise: comprised, comprises, comprising
USAGE EXAMPLES
The task force is comprised of officers from several law enforcement agencies and the Rhode Island State Police.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
He will no longer travel from place to place with a court comprised entirely of his numerous well-coiffed children.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
With the exception of superhero origin stories “Logan” and “Wonder Woman,” the list is comprised of either sequels or reboots of earlier films.
Washington Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vt. 包含，包括; 由…组成; 由…构成
时态：comprised, comprising, comprises
分布：包含(51%)，构成(49%)
→来自法语。-prise, 缩写自-prehend, 抓住，理解，见prehensile，apprise.
包括,含有(com全部+prise→全部抓住→包括)[pris=take表示"拿住,抓住"]
vt.包含,包括,由...组成;构成,组成"The enterprise will be supervised by a group comprising prominent men," the despising chairman said concisely with no compromise."企业将由杰出人员构成的小组来监管,"轻
[kəm'praɪz] formal
verb transitive [L only + noun] [not continuous]
 ADVANCED
■to have as parts or members, or to be those parts or members 包含；包括；构成，组成
• The course comprises a class book, a practice book and an audio tape. 这门课的教材包括一册课本、一本练习用书和一盒录音带。
• The class is comprised mainly of Italian and French students. 这个班主要由义大利和法国学生组成。
• Italian students comprise 60% of the class. 义大利学生占全班人数的60%。
hold, contain, involve, embrace, comprise, comprehend, include
这组词都有“包括，包含”的意思，其区别是：
hold: 常和contain换用。指能够容纳或有足够的容纳量。强调包容能力。
contain: 普通用词，所涉及的物体常常是其组成部分或内容。强调包容关系。既可指具体有形的东西，也可指抽象无形的东西。
involve: 把包含因整体的性质决定的成分或结果。所包括的往往是无形的，不可触知的东西，多用作引申。
embrace: 正式用词，指把某事物纳入整个之中。
comprise: 书面用词，暗指一个整体包括不同部分所组成，可与include交换使用。
comprehend: 正工用词，指包含在整体范围以内。
include: 普通用词，指一整体包含着各独立的部分，也指某东西包含另一东西的某一部分。
constitute, consist, compose, comprise, include
这组词都有“组成，包含”的意思，其区别是：
constitute: v.构成，组成(整体)。
 • Crime and illegal drugs constitute the city's major problems.   犯罪和非法毒品买卖是这个城市面临的主要问题。
consist: v.组成，构成,由……组成(后接of，常用于主动语态)；(后接in)在于，存在于。
 • The problem consists of two parts.   问题由两部分组成。
 • The beauty of the plan consists in its simplicity.   这计划的好处就在于简单易行。
compose: v.构成(整体)，组成；由……组成(后接of，常用于被动语态)；创作(作曲、诗歌等)。
 • The committee was composed mainly of teachers and parents.   委员会主要由教师和学生家长组成。
comprise: v.包含，包括，由……组成(整体)；组成，构成。
 • Our company's product line comprises 2,500 different items.   我们公司的生产线是由2,500个不同的组成部分构成的。
include: v.包括，包含，把……列入。
 • The conference delegates included representatives from abroad.   大会代表中有来自海外的代表。
vt. 包含；由…组成
 - involve, contain

Word: reminder
Front: reminder
[rɪˈmaɪndə(r)] (托宝 4390/4679 -2)
Vocabulary: reminder
(once / 1038 pages)
n
A reminder helps you remember something. If you write "don't forget lunch" on your arm every morning, it means you need a reminder to grab your brown paper bag on your way out the door.
A reminder helps you remember, whether it's an appointment, an acquaintance's name, or a grocery list. You can give yourself a reminder, or write one to another person who's prone to forgetting details. The word's been around since the 1650s, and it came from remind, which originally meant "to remember." Later, remind came to mean "to make someone remember," or "to put someone in mind of something."
WORD FAMILY
reminder: reminders+/ remind: reminded, reminder, remindful, reminding, reminds
USAGE EXAMPLES
But for many of Mosul’s far-flung residents, displaced by more than two years of war, it’s a reminder of home.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Another in Ghana aimed at combating drug resistance found that such reminders helped people to finish all of their antimalarial drugs.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
A sign in the dining room is a reminder of the tumultuous construction era: “One long whistle: Preparing to blast.”
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 令人回忆起…的东西; 提醒…的东西; （告知该做某事的）通知单; 提示信
分布：提示(78%)，催单(16%)，提醒物(6%)
US [-dɚ] noun
 ADVANCED countable
■a written or spoken message which reminds someone to do something （告知该做某事的）通知单，提示信，提醒（的话），提示
• If he forgot to pay his rent, his landlady would send him a reminder. 如果他忘了付房租，女房东就会去信提醒他。
• [+ to infinitive] Mum sent me off with a final reminder to be back before 11pm. 妈妈最后又提醒了我一句要在晚上11点之前回家后就把我打发走了。
UK [rɪ'maɪn.dər] US [-dɚ] noun
a reminder of sb/sth
■a person or thing which makes you remember a particular person, event or situation 使人想起…的东西；引起对…回忆的人；提醒人…的事物
• [+ question word] Alison's story is a reminder of how vulnerable women can be in what is still essentially a man's world. 爱丽森的短篇小说提醒人们，在一个实质上仍属于男性的世界里，女性会是多么的柔弱。
n. 暗示；提醒的人/物；催单
 - connotation, implication, allusion

Word: alike
Front: alike
[əˈlaɪk] (高研四六托 4389/4989 -2)
Vocabulary: alike
(once / 169 pages)
adjadv
If two things are alike, they resemble or are similar to each other. You and your sister might be alike in many ways, including your love for strawberry ice cream.
If all the houses in your neighborhood look alike, it's hard to tell one from another, and if their parents always dress twin brothers alike, it's going to be impossible for people to remember who's who. Things that are alike are the same. The original form of the word was aliche, from the Old English gelic, "similar," with a Germanic root, which it shares with the word like.
WORD FAMILY
alike: alikeness, alikes, unalike
USAGE EXAMPLES
Then there was the humiliation of “Glitter,” Carey’s disastrous 2001 foray into film stardom, which was lambasted by the critics and public alike.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The Reina club attacked early on Sunday is one of Istanbul’s most exclusive venues, popular with the city’s elite and tourists alike.
Time(Jan 01, 2017)
Q: Superficially, “Paterson” and “Silence” seem nothing alike.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 同样的，相似的
adv. 同样地; 两者都，同样地; 类似于
分布：一样(60%)，相似的(25%)，同样的(10%)，以同样的方式(5%)
a.同样的,相像的ad.一样地;同程度地Likewise, my bike gave a striking strike to the two men alike.同样,我的自行车给那两个相象的人惊人的打击.
adjective [after verb]
 IMPROVER
■similar; like each other 相似的，类似的；相像的
• The children all look very alike. 孩子长得都很像。
[ə'laɪk] adverb
 IMPROVER
■in a similar way 相似地；相同地
• The twins even dress alike. 这对双胞胎就连衣着都一样。
• My father treated us all alike. 父亲待我们一视同仁。
 IMPROVER
■used after referring to two groups of people or things to show that both groups are included 两者都；同样地，同等地
• Friends and family alike were devastated by the news of her death. 听到她去世的噩耗，无论家人还是朋友都悲痛欲绝。
parallel, uniform, identical, comparable, like, alike, similar
这组词都有“相似的，类似的”的意思，其区别是：
parallel: 主要指在外表或在性质上相似到有可以相提并论的程度。
uniform: 指在性质、数量、形态或程度等方面相似到很难看出差异的地步。
identical: 语气最强，可指同一个人或物，也可指数个人或物之间完全没有差别。
comparable: 指在某一点或几点上有相似之处，可作有限或粗略的对比，尤指在价值或能力等方面可相提并论。
like: 普通用词，含义广泛，指多个或全部特性都相似，但并非同一个，也可指在某个特殊的偶然相似。
alike: 指事物在性质、特征或外貌上固有的而不是偶然的相似。普通用词，只作表语。
similar: 强调不同的人或事物之间完全或部分相似，暗示可暂不考虑或无视其差异之处。
adj. 相似的；相同的
 - similar, same, uniform, like, parallel
adv. 以同样的方式；类似于
 - similarly

Word: placement
Front: placement
[ˈpleɪsmənt] (雅 4394/5480 -1)
Back: n. 安置，放置; 实习工作，实习课; 定位，[足]定位球
分布：位置(87%)，安排(9%)，实习工作(3%)，方位(1%)
→来自place,放置，安置。
noun countable or uncountable
■the temporary position or job someone has in an organization 临时职位（或工作）
• I think we can find a placement for you in the accounts department. 我想我们可以在财务部为你安排一个临时职位。
• The trainee teachers do a school placement in the summer term. 实习教师在暑期课程班做临时工作。
n. 布置；定位球；人员配置
 - arrangement, positioning, setting, laying

Word: dough
Front: dough
[dəʊ] (4395/12465 -1)
Vocabulary: dough
(once / 1437 pages)
n
Dough is a thick mixture of flour and other ingredients that can be kneaded, baked, and eaten. Bread dough needs to rise before you bake it in a hot oven.
Many baked goods begin their lives as dough, including bread, rolls, and some cookies. Dough is stiff enough that you can shape it, pull pieces off of it, stretch it and knead it. Informally, dough can also mean "money." If your friend says, "I make so much dough waiting tables!" he probably means money, not cookie dough. The word comes from an Indo-European root that means "smear" or "knead."
WORD FAMILY
dough: doughs, doughy
USAGE EXAMPLES
There is no finer moment than knocking back a bowl of dough after its first fermentation.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
He and his team produce pies of exceptional quality, beginning with a two-flour dough that’s fermented nearly 48 hours.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
She said she’d be donating the dough, so without her permission he paid the money directly to a charity.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 生面团; 〈美俚〉钱
分布：生面团(100%)
→来自dheign, 揉捏，形成，词源同dairy, fiction. 即揉捏的面团。
US [doʊ] noun
FLOUR 面粉
countable or uncountable
■flour mixed with water and often yeast, fat or sugar so that it is ready for baking 面团，面坯
• bread dough 面包坯
• pastry dough 油酥面团
• She kneaded the dough and left it to rise. 她揉好面团后让它发酵。
UK [dəʊ] US [doʊ] noun
MONEY 钱
uncountable old-fashioned slang
■money 钱
• I don't want to work but I need the dough. 我不想工作，但是我需要这钱。
n. [食品] 生面团；金钱
 - moola, siller

Word: grandchild
Front: grandchild
[ˈgræntʃaɪld] (中高 4393/19714 -K2)
Vocabulary: grandchild
(once / 1129 pages)
n
If you have a grandparent, you are a grandchild. You are the grandchild of your mother’s and father’s parents. If you have a grandchild, your son or daughter had a baby. Congratulations.
A person becomes a grandparent when their kid has their first baby, and that baby is the grandparent’s grandchild. Boys are often called "grandsons," and girls "granddaughters," but both are also grandchildren. Grandchild uses the family or genealogical sense of the prefix grand-, which first meant "a generation older than," and since Elizabethan times has also meant "a generation younger than."
WORD FAMILY
grandchild: grandchildren
USAGE EXAMPLES
In addition to her daughter, she is survived by two sons, Mark Lansburgh and Frank Bell Appleby, and four grandchildren.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
A leading US Republican says she fears for the future of her seven grandchildren with Donald Trump in the White House.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Pat MacDowell, 70, who travels the country in an RV, stopped by to buy tickets for four of her grandchildren.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 孙子; 孙女; 外孙
分布：孙女(78%)，孙儿(22%)
['grænd.tʃaɪld] (plural grandchildren)
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■the child of a person's son or daughter 孙子（女）；外孙（女）

Word: dam
Front: dam
[dæm] (高研四六托雅 4399/6532 -2)
Vocabulary: dam
(once / 486 pages)
1nv 2n 3n
A barrier built to block the flow of water is called a dam. If you walk along a stream, you can see where beavers have built a dam out of mud and logs.
As a verb, dam means to obstruct or blockade as with a dam. If the kids you're babysitting dam up the bathtub drain when you're not paying attention, the water might overflow and cause a waterfall into the living room downstairs. But water isn't the only thing that can be dammed. You shouldn't dam up your emotions — go ahead and scream if you need to.
WORD FAMILY
dam: dammed, damming, dams
USAGE EXAMPLES
A bypass channel for the irrigation dam would be built near the Montana-North Dakota border to let endangered pallid sturgeon reach upstream spawning grounds.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
A federal judge urged officials to consider breaching four of those dams on the Snake River.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Around 10 a.m., they parade by visitors to the dam to bathe and relax.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 水坝，堰; 水库; （牙科用的）橡皮障; 〈比喻〉障碍
vt. 用水坝阻止; 阻塞，抑制
时态：dammed, damming, dams
分布：水坝(62%)，堤(25%)，筑坝(11%)，障碍物(2%)
→词源不详，可能来自Proto-Germanic*dammaz, 缝纫，修补。
n.水坝,水闸He stamped on the stamps and slammed the lamp on the damp dam.他用脚踩邮票并将灯砰地摔在潮湿的坝上.
noun countable
■a wall built across a river which stops the river's flow and collects the water, especially to make a reservoir (= an artificial lake) which provides water for an area （尤指旨在蓄水的）水坝，水堤
• The Aswan High Dam is on the River Nile in Egypt. 阿斯旺水坝位于埃及境内的尼罗河上。
Compare dyke
[dæm] verb transitive (-mm-)
■to build a dam across a river in order to store the water 在（河上）筑坝蓄水
[dæm] verb transitive (-mm-)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] dam sth up
■to build a dam across a river in order to store water 在（河上）筑坝蓄水
■If you dam up your feelings, especially anger or sadness, you do not allow yourself to express or show your feelings in a healthy way. 不健康地压抑，郁积（情绪，尤其是愤怒、悲伤等）
v. 控制；筑坝
 - control over, take control of
n. [水利] 水坝；障碍
 - bar, obstacle, let, stop

Word: reportedly
Front: reportedly
[rɪˈpɔ:tɪdli] (4397/4447 -2)
Back: adv. 据报道，据传说
分布：据报道(70%)，据说(30%)
US [-'pɔ:r.tˌɪd-] adverb
 ADVANCED
■according to what many people say 据传闻，据称
• New York is reportedly a very exciting place to live. 人们都说在纽约生活很令人振奋。

Word: well-known
Front: well-known
['wel'nəʊn] (四六)
Back: adj. 出名的，众所周知的，熟悉的; 鼎鼎大名; 闻
分布：众所周知的(67%)，出名的(33%)
a.有名的,著名的Nowadays the once unknown snowy hill is well-known for snowstorm.如今那座曾经不出名的多雪小山因暴风雪而出名.
【反】arcane（adj 神秘的）
ADJ-GRADED
众所周知的;著名的;出名的
A well-known person or thing is known about by a lot of people and is therefore famous or familiar. If someone is well-known for a particular activity, a lot of people know about them because of their involvement with that activity.
例：He surrounds himself with attractive, intelligent, or well-known people...他混迹于有魅力、有学问或有名气的人当中。
例：He is well-known to the local police...当地警察都知道他。
ADJ-GRADED
为人所熟知的
A well-known fact is a fact that is known by people in general.
例：It may be a well-known fact, but I didn't know it...这可能是人所共知的事实，但我却不知道。
例：It is well known that bamboo shoots are a panda's staple diet.竹笋是熊猫的主要食物，这是人所共知的。
adj. 著名的；众所周知的；清楚明白的
 - famous, noted, renowned, distinguished, celebrated

Word: surrounding
Front: surrounding
[səˈraʊndɪŋ] (高 4398/3969 -K)
Back: n. 环境，周围的事物
adj. 周围的，附近的
v. 包围( surround的现在分词 ); 与…紧密相关; 围绕; 喜欢结交（某类人）
分布：周围的(38%)，环境(35%)，周围的事物(27%)
→surround,包围，围绕，-ing,形容词后缀。
环境(surround+ing→被围起来的状态→环境)[suc-,suf-,sup-,sur-等在同辅音词根前表示"在…下面"]
VERB
围绕;环绕
If a person or thing is surrounded by something, that thing is situated all around them.
例：The small churchyard was surrounded by a rusted wrought-iron fence...不大的教堂墓地周边围着一圈生锈的熟铁栅栏。
例：The shell surrounding the egg has many important functions.蛋壳有许多重要的功能。
VERB
包围;围住
If you are surrounded by soldiers or police, they spread out so that they are in positions all the way around you.
例：When the car stopped in the town square it was surrounded by soldiers and militiamen...当汽车停在城镇广场时立刻被士兵和民兵包围了。
例：He tried to run away but gave up when he found himself surrounded...他试图逃跑，但发现已被包围时只好放弃了这个念头。
VERB
与…密切相关;围绕
The circumstances, feelings, or ideas which surround something are those that are closely associated with it.
例：The decision had been agreed in principle before today's meeting, but some controversy surrounded it...该决定在今天的会议之前就已达成原则上的共识，但围绕这一决定还存在一些争议。
例：Once the euphoria surrounding this victory subsides, reality must return.这场胜利的喜悦退去后，人们将不得不回归现实。
VERB
喜欢结交(某类人);确保身边总有(某类东西)
If you surround yourself with certain people or things, you make sure that you have a lot of them near you all the time.
例：He had made it his business to surround himself with a hand-picked group of bright young officers...他总会亲手挑选一批聪明而年轻的军官常伴他左右。
例：They love being surrounded by familiar possessions.他们喜欢身边都是自己熟悉的物品。
N-COUNT
(壁炉等的)边饰，围饰
The surround of something such as a fireplace is the border, wall, or shelves around it.
例：...a small fireplace with a cast-iron surround.有铸铁边饰的小壁炉
N-PLURAL
周围的事物;环境
Your surrounds are your surroundings .
例：The entire team enjoyed hot showers in the spacious surrounds of a new, modern village hall.全队都在新建的现代化村会所的宽敞洗浴间享受了热水淋浴。
adj. 周围的，附近的
 - environmental, ambient
n. 环境，周围的事物
 - context, circumstance, setting, condition

Word: ecological
Front: ecological
[ˌi:kəˈlɒdʒɪkl] (托 4396/7293 -2)
Vocabulary: ecological
(once / 6307 pages)
adj
Anything ecological relates to the science of ecology, which is the study of how living things and the environment do their thing.
If you're interested in issues like preserving rain forests, saving endangered species, and keeping drinking water safe, you're interested in ecological issues. Ecological things have to do with how plants and animals relate to each other, in good and bad ways, in specific environments — from the impact of floods on river insects to how smog harms humans. Just about anything people do has an ecological impact — for better or worse.
WORD FAMILY
ecological: ecologically+/ ecologist: ecologists/ ecology: ecologic, ecological, ecologies, ecologist
USAGE EXAMPLES
And there is another very serious ecological concern.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
“They drain the resin that otherwise defends the tree,” said Matt Ayres, a Dartmouth College ecologist who worked on the Ecological Applications study.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
“The whole idea of the dam is that there would be some economic benefit, but there may be potential long-term ecological problems,” he added.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: adj. 生态（学）的
分布：生态学的(54%)，生态的(46%)
US [-'lɑ:.dʒɪ-] adjective
 ADVANCED
■relating to ecology or the environment 生态的；生态学的；环保的
• The destruction of the rain forests is an ecological disaster. 雨林遭破坏是一种生态灾难。

Word: outfit
Front: outfit
[ˈaʊtfɪt] (研托雅 4400/5379 -2)
Vocabulary: outfit
(once / 456 pages)
1nv 2n
You can use the noun outfit to mean clothes that go together, like a shirt and pants that you always wear to job interviews. You might have spent hours choosing your first-day-of-school outfit.
An outfit is often selected for a special occasion, like a graduation outfit, an outfit for your cousin's party, or your rodeo outfit. An outfit is also a kit or set of tools that serve a specific purpose, and as a verb it means "provide with" or "equip." A girl scout leader, for example, will outfit her troops with water and sunblock for a long hike on a sunny summer day.
WORD FAMILY
outfit: outfits, outfitted, outfitter, outfitting+/outfitter: outfitters/outfitting: outfittings
USAGE EXAMPLES
However, Turkey's prime minister denied that the gunman wore a Santa Claus outfit.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
At least one woman was fined by police for not wearing an outfit deemed to respect “good morals and secularism”.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
However, Turkey’s prime minister denied that the gunman wore a Santa Claus outfit.
Time(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 全套装备; 一套服装; 集体; 组织
vt. 装备; 配置设备; 供给服装
vi. 得到装备
时态：outfitted, outfitting, outfits
分布：机构(41%)，配备(29%)，用具(14%)，得到装备(8%)，供应(8%)
→out-,向外，fit,匹配，装配。原指船只远行的配备，引申词义全套装备。
n.用具,机构,全套装配v.配备,(得到)装备I was outfitted with new shoes.我添置了一双新鞋.
noun
CLOTHES 衣服
countable
■a set of clothes worn for a particular occasion or activity （为特定场合或活动而穿的）全套服装，装束
• I've got a cowboy outfit for the fancy dress party. 我有一套牛仔装，参加化装晚会时可以穿。
['aʊt.fɪt] noun
GROUP 团体
countable [+ sing/pl verb] informal
■an organization, company, team, military unit, etc 组织；公司；团队；军事单位
• He has recently set up his own research outfit, which has as yet no name. 他最近建立了自己的研究队伍，目前还没有命名。
['aʊt.fɪt] verb transitive often passive (outfitting, outfitted, outfitted)
■to provide someone or something with equipment or clothes 装备，配备；为…提供设备（或服装）
• The ambulances have all been outfitted with new radios. 所有救护车都装备了新的无线电发收设备。
n. 机构；用具；全套装备
 - organization, machinery, tool, house
vt. 配备；供应
 - serve, accommodate

Word: unprecedented
Front: unprecedented
[ʌnˈpresɪdentɪd] (六托宝 4401/6047 -2)
Vocabulary: unprecedented
(once / 899 pages)
adj
Something that is unprecedented is not known, experienced, or done before. If you've never gone on a family beach vacation but you're planning one now, you could refer to it as an unprecedented decision.
The root of this word is precedent, a noun referring to something done or said that is used as an example to be followed in the future. In law, a precedent is a legal decision that is used as a standard in future cases. So the adjective unprecedented, meaning "having no precedent," was formed from the prefix un- "not," the noun precedent, and the suffix –ed "having."
WORD FAMILY
unprecedented: unprecedentedly+/precedented: precedentedly, unprecedented
USAGE EXAMPLES
The “unprecedented” personal wealth of Trump’s nominees warrants the delays, one senior Democratic aide said.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
This was unprecedented, and it held a strange appeal.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
The U.S. semiconductor industry is facing an unprecedented wave of consolidations, with mergers and acquisitions in the sector valued last year at over $100 billion.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 前所未有的，无前例的; 空前的; 无比的; 新奇的，崭新的
分布：前所未有的(69%)，空前的(31%)
【记】un不，precedent（n 先例），ed：没有先例的
US [-tˌɪd] adjective
 ADVANCED
■never having happened or existed in the past 史无前例的，空前的；绝无仅有的
• This century has witnessed environmental destruction on an unprecedented scale. 环境在本世纪遭到了空前的破坏。
adj. 空前的；无前例的
 - unheard-of, all-time

Word: columnist
Front: columnist
[ˈkɒləmnɪst] (4402/14755 -2)
Vocabulary: columnist
(once / 955 pages)
n
A columnist writes regularly for a newspaper or magazine, usually expressing opinions or commentary. A columnist might write an article endorsing a candidate for president one week, and a story about a terrible local fire the next week.
If you get a job as a newspaper columnist, you'll be expected to publish on a regular basis, maybe once or twice a week. An advice columnist answers letters that ask for help with personal problems and dilemmas, and a political columnist comments on various current events and political figures. The word columnist comes from a newspaper column, which got that name from the "vertical division of a page" meaning.
WORD FAMILY
columnist: columnists+/ column: columnar, columniation, columnist, columnlike, columns/columniation: columniations
USAGE EXAMPLES
Another columnist the same month asked whether Gülenists might be hiding “in churches.”
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
In this piece, originally published Sept. 1, columnist Nancy Kaffer explored potential conflicts related to a substantial philanthropic donation to fund Kalamazoo city government.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“A right-wing demagogue in charge of the world’s most influential repository of democratic values,” wrote Financial Times columnist Martin Wolf, “is a devastating fact.”
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 专栏作家
分布：专栏作家(100%)
→来自column,列，栏。
US ['kɑ:.ləm.nɪst] noun countable
■someone who writes a regular article for a newspaper or magazine （报纸、杂志的）专栏作家
• a gossip/sports columnist 漫谈／体育专栏作家
• She's a columnist for USA Today. 她是《今日美国》的专栏作家。
n. 专栏作家
 - big foot

Word: workout
Front: workout
[ˈwɜ:kaʊt] (4403/20061 -1)
Back: n. 锻炼; 练习; 试验
分布：健身(71%)，练习(25%)，考验(4%)
US ['wɝ:-] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a period of physical exercise 身体锻炼期
• a light workout 运动量小的锻炼
n. 锻炼；练习；试验
 - practice, exercise, proof, experiment, try

Word: preliminary
Front: preliminary
[prɪˈlɪmɪnəri] (研四六托雅宝 4404/3851 -2)
Vocabulary: preliminary
(once / 384 pages)
adjn
Preliminary means something that comes before something else. If you want to run in the race, you have to place in the top third of the preliminary round. It can also mean "early"––the preliminary results are in, and you've won!
Preliminary is often used euphemistically, as in, "There are a few preliminaries we'll need to take care of before you start your new job. First, sign over all your worldly goods to the company, then write a letter to your family explaining that you will never see them again. All set?"
WORD FAMILY
preliminary: preliminaries, preliminarily
USAGE EXAMPLES
A preliminary investigation shows two Fairfax men were traveling in a truck with a lowboy flatbed trailer attached.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
While these data are preliminary, a larger clinical trial isS currently underway.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
The engraver didn’t tutor her directly but after some trial and error, she cut her preliminary lines and circles at his bench.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 初步的，初级的; 预备的; 开端的; 序言的
n. 准备工作; 预赛; 初步措施; （对学生等的）预考
分布：初步的(60%)，预备的(13%)，准备(12%)，初步措施(6%)，开始的(6%)，初步行动(3%)
→pre-,在前，早于，-limin,界限，门槛，开端，词源同limit.引申词义初步的，初期的。
预备的,初步的(pre预先+limin+ary→入门以前→初步的)[limin,lim=threshold,表示"门槛,限制"]
a.预备的,初步的Preliminary arrangements have been made.准备工作已经就绪.
US [-ə.ner-] adjective [before noun]
 IMPROVER
■coming before a more important action or event, especially introducing or preparing for it 初步的，起始的；预备的
• Preliminary results show that the vaccine is effective, but this has to be confirmed by further medical trials. 初查结果显示疫苗是有效的，但这有待于进一步医学实验的证实。
• We've decided to change the design based on our preliminary findings. 我们决定依据初步调查的结果对设计方案进行更改。
UK [prɪ'lɪm.ɪ.nər.i] US [-ə.ner-] noun countable usually plural
■an event or action that introduces or prepares for something else 开端活动，初步行动
• After a few polite preliminaries (= introductions) , we stated our main ideas and intentions. 几句开场白后，我们陈述了我方的主要看法和意图。
• The French team finished first in the competition preliminaries (= the first part of the competition). 法国队在预赛中名列第一。
preliminary, rough
preliminary: 初步的，预备的
rough: 粗糙的，大致的
n. 准备；预赛；初步措施
 - preparation, arrangement, provision
adj. 初步的；开始的；预备的
 - opening, rudimentary

Word: patent
Front: patent
[ˈpætnt] (高研六托雅宝 4405/4835 -2)
Vocabulary: patent
(once / 299 pages)
1nv 2adjv
A patent is a government document that proves that an invention is yours and yours alone. In the U.S., as of 2009, over 7,000,000 patents were issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.
Patent also refers to leather that has a very shiny finish. The process for making leather look like this was once patented, but since patents do not last forever, the process is now available for anyone to use. As with patent leather, the word is often used as part of a sales pitch, explaining why something is special: "We use patented technology..." or "Our patented method..."
WORD FAMILY
patent: patency, patented, patentedly, patentee, patenting, patently, patents+/patency: patencies/patented: unpatented/patentee: patentees
USAGE EXAMPLES
In 1906, Mark Twain, dressed in his signature white suit, addressed the Senate patents committee as he argued for the extension of copyright protection.
Salon(Dec 31, 2016)
Patent and Trademark Office and parts of the Agriculture and Labor departments.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Patent and Trademark Office website, citing numerous potential threats.
Salon(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 专利; 专利品; 专利权; 专利证
adj. 专利的; 显然，显露; 明摆着的
vt. 获得…专利，给予…专利权; 取得专利权
时态：patented, patenting, patents
分布：专利(94%)，专利的(5%)，特许(1%)
→来自拉丁语patere,展开，摊开，来自pete,展开，词源同petal,feather.-ent,现在分词后缀。引申词义公开的，明显的。词义专利缩写自letters patent,公开信，原指政府公文。
a.专利的,特许的n.专利(权,品)v.批准专利I'm intent on tentative retention of potential patents.我热衷于潜在专利权的暂时保留.
【记】pa爬，tent（n 帐篷）：在帐篷上爬来爬去－明显的pat作为词根是公开的意思－明显的
【反】not evident（不明显的）；abstruse（adj 奥妙的）；nuance（n 细微差别）－patent difference（明显差别）；occult（adj 神秘的）；recondite（adj 深奥的）
US [ˈpæt.ənt/
■the official legal right to make or sell an invention for a particular number of years 专利权
• In 1880 Alexander Graham Bell was granted a patent on an apparatus for signalling and communicating called a Photophone. 亚历山大‧格拉汉姆‧贝尔发明了一个可用来发送和传输讯号，称为“光线电话”的装置，并于1880年获授了此装置的专利权。
• The company took out/filed a patent on a genetically engineered tomato that remains firm longer than untreated tomatoes. 该公司取得了一项基因改造番茄的专利权，这种番茄比未经处理的番茄保鲜时间更长。
adjective
SHINY 有光泽的
patent leather UK ['peɪ.tənt] US ['pæt.ənt/
■leather that has a very shiny surface 漆皮
• black patent leather shoes 黑色漆皮鞋
adjective
OBVIOUS 明显的 /'peɪ.tənt/ [before noun] formal
■very obvious 显然的，显而易见的
• a patent lie 昭然若揭的谎言
• a patent disregard of the law 对法律的公然漠视
• "No," he replied, with patent distaste. “不，”他回答道，语气明显地流露出厌恶感。
adjective
LEGAL RIGHT 合法权利 UK ['peɪ.tənt] US ['pæt.ənt/ [before noun]
■relating to the official legal right to make or sell an invention 专利权
• a patent screwdriver 获专利的螺丝起子
adj. [专利] 专利的；新奇的；显然的
 - apparent, novel, transparent, decided
n. [专利] 专利权；执照；专利品
 - license, permit

Word: shy
Front: shy
[ʃaɪ] (中研四六托 4407/5301 -K2)
Vocabulary: shy
(once / 256 pages)
1adjv 2vnadj
Making small talk is not much fun for a shy person. Shy means being nervous or reserved around other people, especially in a social situation.
Someone who's extremely shy might blush or stammer when talking to a group of people. Shy can also mean "tending to avoid," like when someone is "camera shy," or if they "shy away" from being straightforward. The Old English root scēoh, "easily frightened," originally only referred to a horse, and came from a Germanic root meaning "scare."
WORD FAMILY
shy: shied, shier, shies, shiest, shyed, shyer, shyest, shying, shyly, shyness, shys+/shyness: shynesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
Butler was a point shy of his career high, which he got Jan. 14, 2016 at Philadelphia.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
By some counts the states are a half-dozen shy of the number needed to force a convention on that subject.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It is barely shy of the $400 million mark globally, Disney officials report.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 害羞的; 怕羞的; 害怕（做）; <美>缺乏的
vi. 惊退，畏缩; 避开（某人）; （用石子，球等）乱投
n. 投掷; （马）惊退，惊逸; 投扔，乱丢
时态：shied, shying, shies
分布：害羞的(69%)，腼腆的(24%)，胆怯的(7%)
→来自古英语 sceoh,害羞的，来自 Proto-Germanic*skiuhwaz,害羞的，畏惧的，可能来自 skeu, 隐藏，遮盖，词源同 hide,shun.shy 投掷，乱扔
a.怕羞的,腼腆的;胆怯的vi.惊退,畏缩The spy is shy of taking shelter on the shelf of the shell-like shed.间谍怕在壳子一样的棚里的架子上栖身.
adjective
NERVOUS 紧张
 IMPROVER (shyer, shyest)
■nervous and uncomfortable with other people 害羞的，羞怯的
• He was too shy to ask her to dance with him. 他太害羞了，不敢邀请她跳舞。
• She gave a shy smile. 她害羞地笑了一下。
• Children are often shy of/with people they don't know. 孩子们和不认识的人在一起时常常会害羞。
• The deer were shy (= unwilling to be near people) and hid behind some trees. 那些鹿怕人，都藏在树后。
[ʃaɪ] adjective
LESS 不足
[after noun]
■less than; lacking 不足的，缺乏的
• We're only £100 shy of the total amount. 我们离总数只差100英镑了。
[ʃaɪ] verb
HORSES 马
intransitive
■(of a horse) to suddenly move sideways or backwards, especially because of fear （马）受惊，惊退
• The horse shied at the fence. 马在栅栏前惊退。
• There's a lot of traffic on the road - I'm sure my horse is going to shy. 路上交通很拥挤——我敢肯定我的马会受惊。
[ʃaɪ] verb
THROW 扔
transitive usually + adverb or preposition old-fashioned informal
■to throw something suddenly, often in a sideways movement （常指向一侧）投掷，扔
• Two small boys were shying stones at a tree. 两个小男孩在朝一棵树扔石头。
[ʃaɪ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  shy away from sth
■to avoid something that you dislike, fear or do not feel confident about （因不喜欢、害怕或缺乏自信而）退缩，躲避，畏避
• I've never shied away from hard work. 我从未畏避过艰苦的工作。
adj. 害羞的；畏缩的，胆怯的
 - chicken, blate
vi. 投；畏缩；惊退；厌恶
 - cast, recoil from
vt. 投；乱掷
 - throw, cast, pitch
n. 投掷；惊跳
 - putting, cast, throw, jump

Word: quote
Front: quote
[kwəʊt] (研四六宝 2255/2039 -K4)
Vocabulary: quote
(once / 106 pages)
1vn 2v
If a journalist is interviewing you and you blurt out something inappropriate, you will have to ask her not to quote you on that. Sometimes the word quote is used as shorthand for quotation, a passage of speech or writing that’s repeated word for word.
As a verb, to quote means to repeat someone’s words, attributing them to their originator. If you’re giving a speech on personal organization, you might want to quote Ben Franklin in it — he’s the master. When you write out a quote, you put the other person’s words in quotation marks (“Aha!”). Sometimes a price estimate is called a quote, like when a mechanic looks at your engine and gives you a quote for the cost of repair.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
quote / quotation
If you quote someone, do you create a quote or a quotation? To quote is to transcribe what someone said or wrote, crediting that person:
As a result, until yesterday, the Company had been quoted only on the Pink Sheets.
"She was kind of a rainbow," Sheri Potter said Wednesday, quoting Kimmie's father, Cecil.
A quotation is the transcription of what someone said or wrote, crediting that person:
A quotation attributed to Adolf Hitler that made its way into a high school yearbook in Pennsylvania has left students, parents and educators mortified.
Yet we also see quote used to mean quotation, and not just by Johnny-Come-Lately quotation publishers like Quote of the Day, BrainyQuote, and the Quotations Page:
Twain is known for more notable quotes about more topics than you can shake a stick at.
It features the presidential seal in the center and quotes from some of the leaders Obama admires most.
Most dictionaries allow that quote can mean quotation, though some will label such usage as informal. Given the prevalence of this usage in edited news copy, don't worry overmuch about using quote to mean quotation ... unless, of course, you're writing for someone who is very formal.
WORD FAMILY
quote: misquote, quotable, quotation, quoted, quoter, quotes, quoting, underquote+/misquotation: misquotations/ misquote: misquotation, misquoted, misquotes, misquoting/ quotable: quotability, quotably, unquotable/ quotation: quotations/quoter: quoters
USAGE EXAMPLES
And the exact quote is, “Administration should support and defend activist groups by nullifying slander and smear campaign from bigger group.”
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
Vatican spokesman Greg Burke tells The Associated Press the quotes are “invented.”
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Nevertheless Comey says he is recommending that no criminal charges be brought against Clinton, because, quote, “I don’t want to die.”
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 引述，引用
vt. 报价; 引述
vi. 引用
n. 引用; 报价; 引号
时态：quoted, quoting, quotes
分布：报价(49%)，引用(39%)，引述(11%)，举证(1%)
→来自拉丁语quot,多少，来自kwo,疑问代词词干，词源同quality,quantity.用于指文章引用出处，章节，后用于指投标，报价。
v.引用,援引The author frequently quoted Shakespeare.作者经常引用莎士比亚作品里的话.
【记】读：抠他，把他的话从嘴里抠出来－引证
US [kwoʊt] verb
SAY 说
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to repeat the words that someone else has said or written 引用，引述，援引
• He's always quoting from the Bible. 他总是引用《圣经》上的话。
• "If they're flexible, we're flexible", the official was quoted as saying. 援引那位官员的话说：“如果他们能变通，我们也能变通。”
• She worked, to quote her daughter, "as if there was no tomorrow". 用她女儿的话来说，她工作起来“就像没有明天似的”。
• Can I quote you on that (= Can I repeat to other people what you have just said) ? 你讲的那些话我可以告诉别人吗？
transitive
■If you quote a fact or example, you refer to it in order to add emphasis to what you are saying 举出，举证
• [+ two objects] Quote me one organization that doesn't have some bad managers. 请给我举出一个没有不善管理的经理的机构来。
UK [kwəʊt] US [kwoʊt] verb
GIVE PRICE 报价
transitive
■to give a price, especially one that will be charged for doing a piece of work 报价
• The architect has quoted £40,000 to build an extension. 扩建部分建筑师开价40000英镑。
UK [kwəʊt] US [kwoʊt] verb
quote ... unquote informal
■said to show that you are repeating someone else's words, especially if you do not agree with them （尤指在不赞同某人时表示引用其话语）引文起…引文止
• She says they're, quote 'just good friends' unquote. 她说她们，开引号，“只是好朋友而已”，关引号。
UK [kwəʊt] US [kwoʊt] noun
countable
■informal forquotation quotation 的非正式用法
quotes [plural]
■informal forquotation marks quotation marks（引号）的非正式用法
• Put the title of the article in quotes. 替文章的标题加上引号。
cite, quote, repeat
这组词都有“引用，复述”的意思，其区别是：
cite: 指引经据典以示证明或凭据。
quote: 指不加剪裁的直接引用原文或原话。
repeat: 仅强调口头或笔头重复别人的话或字句，并不必指明出处。
vt. 报价；引述；举证
 - make offers, price quotation
vi. 报价；引用；引证
 - reference, make offers
n. 引用
 - citing, citation

Word: trash
Front: trash
[træʃ] (研托 4408/16241 -1)
Vocabulary: trash
(once / 1239 pages)
1nv 2n
Trash is rubbish or garbage — it's the stuff that gets thrown away. Your town might organize a clean-up day each year when people pick up trash in parks and neighborhoods.
Trash is dirty, worthless, leftover debris. Fittingly, the word is also a terribly derogatory term for useless, low-status people: "I should've known you were nothing but trash." And to trash talk is to brutally criticize or gossip about someone. You can even use trash as a verb, to mean "throw away," as in, "I'm going to trash this trash in that trash can over there."
WORD FAMILY
trash: trashed, trashes, trashing, trashy+/trashy: trashier, trashiest, trashily, trashiness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Shuafat camp is often depicted in the international media as the most dangerous place in Jerusalem, a crucible of crime, jihad and trash fires.
New York Times(Dec 01, 2016)
He has also been flipped over many times by large waves and encountered sprawling islands of floating trash.
Reuters(Dec 01, 2016)
FBI agents now theorize that the hard drive might have been thrown into a trash bin and be buried in a landfill.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: n. 垃圾，废物; 断枝，碎块; 废话; 社会渣滓
vt. 废弃; 拆毁; 搞垮，贬低; 从…上除去细枝或枝条
时态：trashed, trashing, trashes
分布：垃圾(89%)，废物(6%)，捣毁(2%)，废弃(2%)，擦去(1%)
→词源不详。
n.垃圾;拙劣的作品;渣滓,败类His head is filled with trash.他的脑子里全是垃圾.
noun uncountable
THINGS 东西
 IMPROVER informal
■something that is of low quality 废物，垃圾
• I can't believe that someone of his intelligence can read such trash! 我简直不敢相信他这么聪明的人竟然读这种垃圾东西！
• There's only trash on the television tonight. 今晚的电视节目尽是些垃圾。
 IMPROVER US for
■rubbish 胡说；说无意义的话
• The trash really stinks - why don't you take it out? 这垃圾真臭——你为甚么不拿出去？
[træʃ] noun uncountable
PEOPLE 人
[+ sing/pl verb] US informal
■an insulting way of referring to a group of people that you have no respect for 窝囊废，废物
• We don't have anything to do with the people in the apartment below us - they're trash. 我们与楼下公寓的人没有任何关系——他们是群废物。
[træʃ] noun uncountable
talk trash informal
■to say things that do not have a lot of meaning 说废话
• There are too many radio shows featuring idiots who call in and talk trash all day. 在很多广播节目里，总有一些白痴整天打进电话说些废话。
US informal
■to criticize other people, especially unfairly or cruelly （尤指不公或残忍地）批评，指责
[træʃ] verb transitive informal
THROW AWAY 丢弃
■to throw something away 丢弃
• I simply trash that sort of mail. 对于那种邮件，我索性一丢了之。
[træʃ] verb transitive informal
DAMAGE 破坏
■to destroy or severely damage something 破坏；拆毁（破坏或严重损坏某物）
• The guys got angry and trashed the bar. 这些人一气之下把酒吧砸了个稀巴烂。
[træʃ] verb transitive informal
CRITICIZE 批评
■to criticize something or someone severely 猛烈批评，痛斥
• The boss completely trashed her work, in front of everyone. 老板当着众人面前把她的工作批得一无是处。
n. 垃圾；废物
 - refuse, garbage, waste, junk, rubbish
vt. 丢弃；修建树枝
 - slough off, reject

Word: disabled
Front: disabled
[dɪsˈeɪbld] (高雅 4412/2671 -K2)
Back: adj. 残废的，有缺陷的
v. 使无能力( disable的过去式和过去分词); 使残废; 使伤残; 使无效
分布：残废的(60%)，有缺陷的(40%)
adjective
 IMPROVER
■not having one or more of the physical or mental abilities that most people have 残疾的，丧失能力的
• The accident left him severely disabled. 那次事故致使他严重残疾。
 IMPROVER [before noun]
■specially relating to or intended for disabled people 残疾人士的；残疾人士用的
• The library does not have disabled access. 这个图书馆没有残疾人士通道。
[dɪ'seɪ.bld] plural noun
the disabled
 IMPROVER
■people who are disabled 残疾人士，残障者
• It is often very difficult for the disabled to find jobs. 残疾人士找工作往往很困难。
adj. [劳经] 残废的，有缺陷的
 - deficient, flawed

Word: gross
Front: gross
[grəʊs] (研四六雅宝 4409/3198 -3)
Vocabulary: gross
(once / 191 pages)
1adj 2adjnv 3adj 4n
Get ready, because gross has a few different meanings. When something is gross, it's disgusting. The noun, a gross, is the complete amount (before expenses), and the verb "to gross" is to bring in money.
Two things will tell you which meaning is the right one with a word like gross, the part of speech and the context. If you're talking about awful, sickening, vile things such as dissecting an animal or filthy behavior, you're looking at the adjective gross. Ew! That guy is gross. If you're talking about, say, how much money a movie made, that's the noun gross. That was the biggest gross in history! Likewise, the verb to gross is to pull in money. The bake sale grossed 29 bucks! But remember, the gross is how much you made in total, not how much you cleared — the "net" or "profit."
WORD FAMILY
gross: engross, grossed, grosser, grosses, grossest, grossing, grossly, grossness, subgross+/ engross: engrossed, engrosses, engrossing, engrossment/ engrossed: engrossedly/engrossing: engrossingly/engrossment: engrossments/grossness: grossnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
The weekend gross pushes the space opera over the $400 million mark domestically.
Reuters(Jan 01, 2017)
The Disney-owned Marvel Studios once again proved its power with “Captain America: Civil War,” which grossed $408 million to land at No. 2.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
It was able to release eight films that collectively grossed almost $1 billion, more than the other five studios combined.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 总的; 粗俗的; 显而易见的; 恶劣的
n. 总额
vt. 总共收入
时态：grossed, grossing, grosses
分布：总额(47%)，总量(26%)，总的(15%)，总共赚得(4%)，粗鲁的(4%)，令人讨厌的(1%)，公然的(1%)，总共地(1%)，荒唐的(1%)
→来自拉丁语grossus, 厚的，粗糙的。可能来自ghreu, 刮，磨，词源同great. 即刮下来来的粗糙大块状物体，后来指大的，总的。
总共的;重大的[gross=great(大)]
a.总的,毛(重)的;粗鲁的,粗俗的n.总额The gross grocer crossed his legs before the boss.粗鄙的杂货商在老板面前叉起腿子.
【区】gloss（n 光泽的表面；假象；注释vt 掩饰；注释）源于glow和glass
【参】engross（vt 吸引；使全神贯注）总的进入状态
US [groʊs] adjective adverb
 ADVANCED
■(in) total 总的，毛的；总共，全部
• A person's gross income is the money they earn before tax is deducted from it. 个人总收入是指税前的收入总和。
• Once wrapped, the gross weight of the package is 2kg. 包装后，这个包裹的总重量是两公斤。
• She earns £30,000 a year gross. 她每年的总收入是三万英镑。
Compare net
UK [grəʊs] US [groʊs] adjective
UNACCEPTABLE 无法接受的
[before noun] formal
■(especially in law) unacceptable because clearly wrong （尤指违法行为）严重的，恶劣的，极端的，不能接受的
• gross misconduct/indecency 严重渎职／猥亵
• a gross violation of justice 严重违反公平
UK [grəʊs] US [groʊs] adjective
FAT 胖的
■extremely fat or large and ugly 极胖而难看的；臃肿难看的；庞大不雅观的
• I'd put on ten kilos and felt gross in my bikini. 我体重增加了十公斤，穿着比基尼觉得臃肿难看。
UK [grəʊs] US [groʊs] adjective
UNPLEASANT 令人不快的 informal
■extremely unpleasant 极其令人厌恶的；令人恶心的；令人不快的
• "Oh, gross!" she said, looking at the flies buzzing above the piles of dirty plates. “呀，真恶心！”她看着在一堆堆肮脏的碟子上飞来飞去的苍蝇说道。
UK [grəʊs] US [groʊs] verb transitive
■to earn a particular amount of money before tax is paid or costs are subtracted 总收入为；总共赚得；获得…毛利
• The film has grossed over $200 million this year. 这出电影今年总收入超过了两亿美元。
UK [grəʊs] US [groʊs] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] gross sb out mainly US informal
■If something grosses you out, you think it is very unpleasant or disgusting 使（某人）恶心；令（某人）憎恶；令（某人）作呕
• He smells and he's dirty - he really grosses me out. 他全身臭烘烘的，非常肮脏——真让我恶心。
UK [grəʊs] US [groʊs] noun countable (plural gross or grosses) old-fashioned
■(a group of) 144 一箩（12打，144个）
gross, crude, coarse, vulgar
这组词都有“粗鲁的，粗俗的”的意思，其区别是：
gross: 语气强烈，指粗鲁、无礼貌，令人讨厌。
crude: 与vulgar同义，也指言谈举止粗俗，不文雅，缺乏教养。
coarse: 指缺乏教养，言谈粗俗，举止粗野，可与vulgar换用。
vulgar: 侧重指对听者的冒犯，往往强调粗野，言行、趣味不高，缺乏教养。
total, entire, gross, full, complete, whole, all
这组词都有“完整的，全部的，整个的”的意思，其区别是：
total: 与complete用法相近，但强调总量。
entire: 除了有whole的意思外，还强调既不能加一个也不减少一个的含义。
gross: 侧重指未打折扣，未除去成本或皮重等与净重、净数相对。
full: 侧重指内容，含有能包括所有的充足内容的意味。
complete: 强调事物在内容、程度、或数量方面已完整，已达标准。
whole: 比entire更普通，强调每个组成部分都包括在内，无一漏掉或舍去。
all: 有时可与whole, entire和total换用。
adj. 总共的；粗野的；恶劣的；显而易见的
 - robust, rough, country, dirty, bush
n. 总额，总数
 - sum, amount, total

Word: damn
Front: damn
[dæm] (研六宝 4414/6565 -2)
Vocabulary: damn
(once / 196 pages)
nadjvadv
Damn is a common, somewhat naughty exclamation. In one sense it means to condemn or send someone to hell, as in "God damn it!" Other times it means "a little amount," as in "I don't give a damn about baseball."
People can give a damn, damn others to hell, and complain about the damn weather. Some religious people believe their sins could damn them to an eternity of torment and hellfire. You should be careful when peppering your speech with damn, as it might offend some ears. But sometimes damn can be used positively, as in "They make the best damn pizza in town!"
WORD FAMILY
damn: damnable, damnation, damnatory, damned, damnedly, damning, damningly, damns+/damnable: damnablest, damnably/ damnation: damnations/damned: damnedest
USAGE EXAMPLES
Which is what Gruden is saying all along about the Cardinals, record be damned.
Washington Times(Dec 01, 2016)
“It’s not presidential when the president calls up the head of a damn air-conditioning company, but it’s so much fun for me.”
New York Times(Dec 01, 2016)
“They cried every damn take of that scene,” he says.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: adv. 非常; （表示厌烦）该死; 讨厌; 十足
vt. 诅咒; 谴责，指责; 使…失败; [永世受罚，定罪
vi. 诅咒; 咒骂
n. 一点也不，丝毫
adj. 该死的; （表示厌烦）可恶的
时态：damned, damning, damns
分布：该死(35%)，该死的(25%)，诅咒(10%)，非常(9%)，讨厌(9%)，可恶的(5%)，丝毫(4%)，使失败(1%)，极其(1%)，批评(1%)
→来自拉丁语damnum, 损失，伤害，来自dap, 分配，献祭品。原为宗教名词，献祭，词义引申至损失，伤害，或诅咒，可能体现了古人对神既敬畏又反感的复杂心理。参照电影《诸神之战》。
int.该死v.遣责,指责,下地狱I don't care a damn if you like me or not.我毫不在乎你是否喜欢我.
exclamation (also damn it) (also dammit) informal
■an expression of anger 该死，可恶，真倒楣（表示愤怒或气恼）
• Damn, I've spilt coffee down my blouse! 真倒楣，我把咖啡洒到衬衫上了！
⇒ See also goddamn
[dæm] adverb informal
■used, especially when you are annoyed, to mean 'very' （尤用于生气时）太，很，非常
• He knew damn well how much trouble it would cause. 他非常清楚它会带来多大的麻烦。
• Next time he can damn well do it himself! 下一次他自己去做吧！
• You were damn lucky not to have been killed! 你没送命可真够幸运！
damn all UK informal
■nothing 丝毫没有，甚么都没有
• I know damn all about computers. 我对电脑一窍不通。
[dæm] verb
BLAME 指责
transitive
■to blame or strongly criticize something or someone 谴责，指责
• The inquiry into the disaster damns the company for its lack of safety precautions. 这次灾难的调查报告强烈谴责该公司没有预先采取足够的安全措施。
[dæm] verb
PUNISH 惩罚
transitive usually passive
■(especially of God) to force someone to stay in hell and be punished forever （尤指上帝）惩罚，把（某人）投入地狱
• As a child she was taught that she would be damned for her sins. 她从小就受教导，有了罪过要受到惩罚。
[dæm] verb
damn you/them/it, etc. informal
■used to express anger with someone or something （表示对某人或某事物的愤怒或厌烦）讨厌，该死，可恶
• You got the last ticket - damn you, I wanted that! 你得到了最后一张票——讨厌，我也想要呢！
[dæm] verb
damn sb with faint praise
■to praise someone so slightly that it suggests you do not really admire them 有些口是心非地赞许（某人）；对（某人）明褒实眨
[dæm] adjective [before noun] (also damned) informal
■used to express anger with someone or something 该死的，可恶的，讨厌的
• Damn fool ! 该死的傻瓜！
[dæm] noun
not give/care a damn
■used as a way of saying you do not care about something, especially the annoying things that someone else is doing or saying 随便好了；毫不在乎
• He can think what he likes about me - I don't give a damn! 他对我爱怎么想就怎么想——我才不在乎呢！
vt. 谴责；罚…下地狱
 - condemn, denounce
vi. 谴责
 - accuse of, brush down
n. 一点；诅咒
 - one point, tittle
adj. 可恶的
 - abhorrent, dad-burned
adv. 非常
 - extremely, badly, highly, greatly, too
int. 讨厌
 - dang

Word: hormone
Front: hormone
[ˈhɔ:məʊn] (托宝 4416/6640 -2)
Vocabulary: hormone
(once / 2040 pages)
n
Use the noun hormone to describe a message-sending chemical sent out by glands in the human body, which make you hungry or moody or ready to fight.
All living organisms have hormones, though the ones in plants are very different than those in people. Hormones are part of the endocrine system, which works throughout the body to send signals we need to stay alive and healthy. A hormone is secreted in a pregnant woman when it's time for her baby to be born, for example, and hormones remind us when we need to eat. The Greek root, hormon, means "that which sets in motion."
WORD FAMILY
hormone: hormonal, hormones+/hormonal: hormonally
USAGE EXAMPLES
Her group is testing a drug that, in animals at least, acts like leptin, a hormone that controls hunger.
New York Times(May 02, 2016)
The drug developer’s long-acting version of human growth hormone failed in a late-stage clinical study.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Her work focuses on plant hormones and plant development.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 荷尔蒙; 激素
分布：激素(74%)，荷尔蒙(26%)
→来自希腊语horman,驱动，使移动，来自er,移动，使。古希腊著名医生Hippocrates用来指人体中一种重要的生命元素，后19世纪英国生理学家Ernest Henry借用该希腊词来指荷尔蒙。
【记】horm冲动，兴奋－荷尔蒙
【参】horme（n 有目的之行动）
US ['hɔ:r.moʊn] noun countable
■any of various chemicals made by living cells which influence the development, growth, sex, etc. of an animal and are carried around the body in the blood 荷尔蒙，激素
• male and female hormones 雄性和雌性激素
• growth hormones 生长激素
n. [生理] 激素，荷尔蒙
 - incretion, corticosteroids

Word: texture
Front: texture
[ˈtekstʃə(r)] (研六托雅宝 4413/5044 -2)
Vocabulary: texture
(once / 1017 pages)
1n 2n
Texture is the physical feel of something — smooth, rough, fuzzy, slimy, and lots of textures something in between.
Sandpaper is very rough — it has a gritty, rough texture. Other things, like linoleum, have a smooth texture. Texture has to do with how an object feels and it's ingredients. Texture is very important in clothes: a cotton shirt has a different texture than a polyester shirt. You can also talk about other kinds of texture, like musical texture. A symphony and a rock song have different instruments, so they have different textures.
WORD FAMILY
texture: textures
USAGE EXAMPLES
He treats the work as a study in shifting colors, emphasizing the contrasting textures of each strophe, from harplike passages to rich orchestral sonorities.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
For a crunchier texture, dredge the wings a second time just before frying.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
“From 10 paces back, it reads as clean, fresh and neutral while showing dimension and texture up close,” said New York designer Drew McGukin.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 质地; 结构; 本质
v. 使具有某种结构
分布：纹理(57%)，质地(20%)，结构(13%)，组织(4%)，口感(3%)，手感(2%)，给予结构(1%)
→text-,纺织，编织，-ure,名词后缀。引申词义结构，后用于指纹理，质地等。
n.(织物)质地;(材料)构造;结构;肌理I don't like the texture of octopus.我不喜欢嚼章鱼时的感觉.
US [-tʃɚ] noun
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■the quality of something that can be decided by touch; the degree to which something is rough or smooth, or soft or hard 质地；质感；手感
• a smooth/rough/coarse texture 光滑／粗糙的质地
• This artificial fabric has the texture of silk. 这种人造织物有丝一样的质感。
uncountable
■the character of a piece of writing or music （文章或音乐的）特色，韵味，格调
• The writing has a rich texture. 这篇作品韵味无穷。
n. 质地；纹理；结构；本质，实质
 - essence, configuration, mechanics, framework, substance, truth, principle

Word: counter
Front: counter
[ˈkaʊntə(r)] (高研四六雅 2830/3493 -K3)
Vocabulary: counter
(once / 104 pages)
1n 2n 3vnadjadv 4n
A counter is a surface used for making transactions in a store or in a home kitchen for preparing food. In a store, you pay for items at the counter.
When counter is a verb, it means "to speak up in opposition," like when you counter your opponent's argument in a debate. When something conflicts, you can say it "runs counter to," like a fancy car that runs counter to your philosophy of living simply. You can think of this meaning as "in the opposite direction," like "counter-clockwise," meaning the direction that's opposite of clockwise.
WORD FAMILY
counter: countered, countering, counters, encounter +/ count: countable, counted, counter, counting, countless, counts, miscount, recount /counted: uncounted/counting: countings/ countless: countlessly, countlessness/ encounter: encountered, encountering, encounters/miscount: miscounted, miscounting, miscounts/ recount: recounted, recounting, recounts/recounting: recountings
USAGE EXAMPLES
In a 2006 interview, Brewer said there was no way to counter the attacks.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The problem, such companies say, is that regulations on the use of drones - and about countering them - are still in their infancy.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
With reports of rising incidents of Islamophobia and anti-Semitism during the 2016 campaign, activists will need to ramp up their efforts to counter bigotry.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 柜台; 对立面; 计数器; （某些棋盘游戏的）筹码
adj. 相反的
vt. 反击，还击; 反向移动，对着干; 反驳，回答
vi. 逆向移动，对着干; 反驳
adv. 反方向地; 背道而驰地
时态：countered, countering, counters
分布：柜台(48%)，计数器(27%)，反击(9%)，反对(7%)，反驳(4%)，相反的(2%)，筹码(2%)，与…相反地(1%)
→来自count, 数，结帐。
n.柜台;计数器a./ad.相反(的)v.反对,反击The county councilor encountered the accountant at the counter of a countryside shop.县委委员在一乡村商店的柜台边碰到了会计师.
US [-tˌɚ] noun countable
SURFACE 表面
 ADVANCED
■a long flat narrow surface or table in a shop, bank, restaurant, etc. at which people are served 柜枱
• There was nobody behind/on the counter when I went into the bank, and I had to wait to be served. 我进银行时柜枱后没人，我只得等候有人出来服务。
• You will find sausages on the meat counter/rolls on the bread counter. 你会在肉柜枱找到香肠／在面包柜枱找到面包卷。
■mainly US
■a worktop (= flat surface in a kitchen, on which food can be prepared) （厨房）操作枱，料理枱
• We stacked the dirty plates on the kitchen counter. 我们把脏碟子堆放在厨房的料理枱上。
UK ['kaʊn.tər] US [-tˌɚ] noun countable
OBJECT 物体 (US also piece)
■a small object used to mark someone's place in some games played on boards 筹码
UK ['kaʊn.tər] US [-tˌɚ] noun countable
NUMBER 数位
■a person or machine that counts 计数的人；计数器，计算器
⇒ See also Geiger counter
UK ['kaʊn.tər] US [-tˌɚ] noun countable
over the counter
■Drugs that are bought over the counter are bought in a shop without first visiting a doctor （买药）不用处方，在药店购买
• You can buy most cold remedies over the counter. 大多数感冒药不用处方就能买到。
• over-the-counter medicines 非处方药
UK ['kaʊn.tər] US [-tˌɚ] noun countable
under the counter
■Things bought under the counter are bought secretly and illegally （购买东西）秘密地，暗地里，非法地
• He'd managed to get cigarettes under the counter. 他暗中搞到了些香烟。
UK ['kaʊn.tər] US [-tˌɚ] verb intransitive or transitive
■to react to something with an opposing opinion or action; to defend yourself against something 反驳；反对；对抗
• The Prime Minister countered the opposition's claims about health service cuts by saying that the government had increased spending in this area. 首相反驳了反对党关于社会保健服务开支被削减的说法，称政府已增加了这方面的开支。
• When criticisms were made of the school's performance, the parents' group countered with details of its examination results. 当有人对学校的表现提出批评时，家长会举出具体的考试成绩予以反驳。
• Extra police have been moved into the area to counter the risk of violence. 加派了员警进驻该地区以镇压可能出现的暴力事件。
UK ['kaʊn.tər] US [-tˌɚ] adverb
■in a way that opposes 相反地；对立地
• Bob's decision not to take the job ran counter to his family's expectations. 鲍勃不接受这份工作的决定与其家人的期望相悖。
n. [数] [电子] [核] [计量] 计数器，计算器； [贸易] 柜台；计算者
 - arithmometer, counting machine
adv. 相反地
 - contrary, backward, conversely, inversely
v. 反击；反对
 - Break back, knock back
adj. 相反的
 - contrary, opposite, adverse, cross

Word: pencil
Front: pencil
[ˈpensl] (中高 4410/4530 -K2)
Vocabulary: pencil
(once / 399 pages)
1nv 2n
If you want to write something you can easily erase, write it with a pencil (instead of with a pen). When you color in the bubbles on a standardized test, a #2 pencil is the way to go.
Unlike pens, which use ink, pencils have a pointed cylinder of graphite that makes marks on paper. Most pencils are wood with a thin center of graphite, although mechanical pencils are made of metal or plastic and look more like pens. You might describe an artwork as a pencil drawing, or ask if you can pencil some notes in the margins of your friend's copy of "Moby Dick." When you "pencil something in," you mark it tentatively on your calendar, knowing you might have to erase it later if your plans change.
WORD FAMILY
pencil: penciled, penciling, pencilling, pencils
USAGE EXAMPLES
To begin, Ms. Bower draws preliminary designs in a sketchbook with a pencil.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
“I still use paper and pencil, and keep my calendar posted in the kitchen,” despite her kids’ suggestion that she put it online.
Seattle Times(Dec 28, 2016)
He wrote longhand with a pen or pencil, producing 1,000 words a day.
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: n. 铅笔，彩色铅笔; 笔状物; 画风，画法; [物]光线锥
vt. 用铅笔写; 用画笔画
时态：pencilled, pencilling, pencils
分布：铅笔(91%)，用铅笔写(7%)，笔状物(2%)
→来自拉丁语penicillus,刷子，画家用小毛刷，毛笔，来自penis,尾巴，词源同penis,penicillin.
n.铅笔vt.用铅笔写A pen or a pencil is required.需要一支钢笔或铅笔.
noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■a long thin usually wooden object for writing or drawing, with a sharp black or other coloured point, made from a type of carbon, at one end 铅笔
• a box of coloured pencils 一盒彩色铅笔
• pens and pencils 钢笔和铅笔
• He sat with his pencil poised , ready to take notes. 他坐着，手里拿着铅笔准备写笔记。
• The pencil's blunt - you'd better sharpen it (= make its point sharp). 铅笔钝了——你最好削一下。
• Write your comments in the margin of the report in (= using) pencil. 把你的意见用铅笔写在报告的页边上。
• a pencil sharpener 削铅笔器，卷笔刀
■the form of some types of make-up 化妆笔
• an eyebrow pencil 眉笔
• a lip pencil 唇线笔
■literary
■a thin beam of light 一束光
• A pencil of light showed as the door opened slightly. 门稍稍开启时，一缕阳光透了进来。
['pent.səl] noun countable or uncountable
put / set pencil to paper
■to write 书写
• Everyone should put pencil to paper and complain about the proposal. 每个人都应该把对这项建议的不满写出来。
['pent.səl] adjective [before noun]
■describes something that has been drawn with a pencil 用铅笔写（或画、描、记）的
• pencil sketches/drawings 素描／铅笔画
• Cut on or just inside the pencil line. 沿着铅笔线或紧贴着线内侧剪裁。
['pent.səl] verb transitive (-ll- or US USUALLY -l-)
■to write something with a pencil 用铅笔写
['pent.səl] verb transitive (-ll- or US USUALLY -l-)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] pencil sth/sb in
■to arrange for something to happen or for someone to do something on a particular date or occasion, knowing that the arrangement might be changed later 草拟，暂定
• We'll pencil in the dates for the next two meetings and confirm them later. 我们将暂定一下接下来两次会议的日期，稍后再加以确认。

Word: frontier
Front: frontier
[ˈfrʌntɪə(r)] (高研四六托雅 4415/4553 -2)
Vocabulary: frontier
(once / 248 pages)
1n 2n
A frontier represents uncharted territory. It could be a remote piece of land or a new field of study, but if someone calls it "the frontier," you are challenged to explore it.
The noun frontier has several meanings. It can refer to the wilderness at the edge of a settled area (picture covered wagons pushing westward) or it can mean a field of study that has not yet been explored (picture genetically engineering pet dinosaurs). Deriving from "the front line of an army," a frontier can be thought of as an offensive line in a battle — always pushing forward, trying to conquer new territory.
WORD FAMILY
frontier: frontiers
USAGE EXAMPLES
The company said Frontier subscribers represented less than 3 percent of the total households in Seattle.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
He started Network, a cable company, in the wide-open frontier days of television in India, when the only station was the government-run Doordarshan.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
He worked as a bus mechanic for the Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority until he retired at age 62.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 边疆，边境; 边界，边缘; 尚待开发的领域
adj. 边疆的，边界的; 新垦地的，边地的; 开拓的
分布：边境(49%)，边界(33%)，边缘(14%)，尖端(4%)
→来自front,前面的，原义为前线部队，边疆。后用于美国西部大开发时期拓荒者，边远居民。
边疆,边境(front前面+ier)[-ier表名词"人或物"]
n.国境,边境;尖端,新领域The minority of us are confronted with difficulty in the frontier of the major.我们少数人在该专业尖端领域面临困难.
UK ['--] US [-'tɪr] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a border between two countries, or (especially in the past in the United States) a border between land used to grow crops where people live and wild land 国境，边境；（尤指美国旧时开发区与未开发地带之间的）边界
• Some of the frontier between Germany and Poland follows the course of the river Oder 德国与波兰的部分边界是沿奥德河划分的。
• Nepal has frontiers with both India and China. 尼泊尔与中国和印度都接壤。
• They lived in a town close to the frontier. 他们居住在一个离边界很近的城镇。
UK [frʌn'tɪər] UK ['--] US [-'tɪr] noun countable
the frontiers of sth
■the limits of what is known or what has been done before in an area of knowledge or an activity …的知识前沿；…的疆界
• the frontiers of science and technology 科技前沿
frontier, verge, border, boundary, rim
这组词都有“边界”的意思，其区别是：
frontier: n.边界，边境，边疆，指靠近边界(boundary)的区域；也可引申为"未开发的领域"，"(学术的)前沿"等。
 • The American West was still a frontier a century ago.   一个世纪以前美国西部还是一片边疆。
 • She is a biochemist who works on the frontiers of biology.   她是从事生物学前沿研究的生化学家。
verge: n. (道路、花坛等长着草的)边缘，引申为"某事即将发生之际"。
 • on the verge of war   战争爆发之际
border: n.较宽的边缘，边界，多指两国或两地之间的分界处附近的边缘地区、边界地带；也可以指物体的边缘等。
 • We crossed the Mexican bordersintosthe USA.   我们穿过墨西哥边界进入美国境内。
boundary: n.边界；界线。多指作为界线的标识物等。
 • The fence marks the boundary between my land and hers.   这道栅栏是我的地和她的地的分界线。
rim: n.边，边缘，尤指圆形或近似圆形的物体的边缘。
limit, frontier, bounds, border, boundary
这组词都有“边界，边境”的意思，其区别是：
limit: 含义广泛，常用作复数。指任何界限、范围、分界线外面的部分，可指有形或无形的东西。
frontier: 指两国接壤的前沿地区，属于各国的国境和边疆，多指设防的边界。
bounds: 常与boundary换用，指土地边界，但意思不如boundary明确，主要用于抽象事物和文学作品中。
border: 多指国与国之间或两地区的分界处，即分界线附近的边缘部分。
boundary: 侧重地图上正式标定的、双方遵守的边界，也可指较小行政单位间的界线。
n. 前沿； [数] 边界；国境
 - boundary, border
adj. [数] 边界的；开拓的
 - borderline

Word: spray
Front: spray
[spreɪ] (高研四六托雅 4417/5640 -K3)
Vocabulary: spray
(once / 474 pages)
1nv 2n
A spray is a jet of small drops of water or liquid vapor. It describes the medicine you use to make your nose less dry or the air freshener you use to make your bathroom less smelly.
Though spray has had several incarnations, it is helpful to remember the German root sprühen — “to sparkle” or “to drizzle.” Spray has more than one sense, and can be a verb or a noun: If a whale were to spray you with water, you would be covered in spray. The word can also describe a group of small objects or pieces sent in the air, as in the spray of broken glass caused by your foul ball hitting a window.
WORD FAMILY
spray: sprayed, sprayer, spraying, sprays+/sprayer: sprayers/spraying: sprayings
USAGE EXAMPLES
John Tortorella sprays Champagne in eyes of every idiot reporter.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Witnesses described diving under tables as he walked around spraying bullets from an automatic rifle.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
The roots extend below the cloth, where they are available to the water-and-nutrients spray.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 喷; 喷射
n. 喷雾; 喷雾器; 浪花; （用作装饰的）小树枝
时态：sprayed, spraying, sprays
分布：喷雾(68%)，喷射(20%)，喷雾器(9%)，扫射(2%)，水沫(1%)
→来自中古荷兰语 sprayen,喷洒，喷射，来自 Proto-Germanic*sprewjan,散开，展开，来自 sper, 播洒，播种，展开，词源同 spark,spread. spray can 喷雾罐
n.喷雾,飞沫,浪花,水花v.喷,喷射A spray of sea water hit her in the face.飞溅的海水打在她的脸上.
noun
LIQUID 液体
 ADVANCED uncountable
■a mass of very small drops of liquid carried in the air 浪花；水花；飞沫
• Can you feel the spray from the sea/waterfall? 你能感觉到海上的浪花／瀑布溅起的水雾吗？
 ADVANCED countable
■a liquid which is forced out of a special container under pressure so that it becomes a mass of small liquid drops like a cloud 喷雾；喷雾状液体
• a quick spray of perfume/polish 快速喷洒出的香水／上光剂
countable
■a mass of small drops of liquid scattered onto plants and crops, etc. from a special piece of equipment, or the piece of equipment itself （洒在植物、农作物等上的）喷剂；喷雾器
• Farmers use a lot of chemical sprays on crops. 农场主们在农作物上喷了很多化学药剂。
[spreɪ] noun
FLOWERS 花
countable
■a single small branch or stem with leaves and flowers on it 一枝小花
• All the wedding guests wore sprays of carnations. 所有参加婚礼的来宾都戴着小枝康乃馨。
[spreɪ] verb intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep]
 ADVANCED
■to spread liquid in small drops over an area 喷洒
• [R] She sprayed herself with perfume. 她往身上喷了些香水。
• Vandals had sprayed graffiti on the wall. 破坏公物的人在墙上乱涂乱画。
• The pipe burst and water was spraying everywhere. 水管爆裂，水喷得到处都是。
• figurative Rush hour commuters were sprayed with bullets by a gunman in a car. 交通尖峰时段，一辆车上的持枪歹徒对上下班的人们一阵扫射。
n. [药] 喷雾；喷雾器；水沫
 - foam, atomizer
vt. 喷射
 - eject, sparge
vi. 喷
 - spritz

Word: bet
Front: bet
[bet] (研四雅 2699/3246 -K3)
Vocabulary: bet
(once / 204 pages)
vn
To bet is to gamble or risk something valuable against an unknown outcome. Poker players bet on each hand, hoping the cards they hold will beat those of the other players.
Sometimes you bet money on a sporting event, wagering on the team you think will win and collecting even more money if it does. It's even more common to bet in a figurative way, saying something like, "I'd be willing to bet that the bus will be late again." The money you risk when you bet is also called a bet. The word probably comes from the now-obsolete noun abet, or "abetment."
WORD FAMILY
bet: bets, betted, betting, bettor+/betting: bettinger/bettor: bettors
USAGE EXAMPLES
Wealthier Americans might ponder the future of football, Irvin said, but poor and middle-class kids were betting their future on football.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
It’s too late to hedge that bet now.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
But now, it’s Kansas City as division champion and Oakland as a road team with no sure bet on who its quarterback will be.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 打赌，赌博，赌注; 被下赌注的对象; 可能性
vi. 当然，的确; 打赌(on,against,with)
vt. 赌博; 与…打赌; 下赌注; 确信
时态：bet, betting, bets
分布：打赌(62%)，赌注(32%)，确信(5%)，确信无疑(1%)
→来自bait，诱饵。诱使，打赌。
v.赌,打赌n.打赌,赌注Spell smell! Very well, the well-being for human being will swell.拼写气味(一词)!很好,人类的福利将会膨胀.
verb (betting, bet, bet)
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to risk money on the result of an event or a competition, such as a horse race, in the hope of winning more money 打赌；赌博
• He regularly goes to the races and bets heavily. 他常去赌马，而且都下重注。
• She bet £500 000 on the horse which came in second. 她在那匹跑了第二名的马身上，下了50万英镑的赌注。
• [+ two objects] [+ (that)] I bet you $25 that I'll get there before you. 我和你赌25美元，我一定比你早到。
 ADVANCED transitive informal
■If you say you bet (someone) that something is true or will happen, you mean you are certain that it is true or will happen 敢肯定
• [+ (that)] I bet you (that) she's missed the bus. 我敢肯定她追不上公车。
• I bet (that) he won't come. 我敢肯定他不会来。
[bet] verb (betting, bet, bet)
(how much) do you want to bet? informal
■said in answer to something that someone has said, meaning that you are certain that they are wrong （表示确定对方错了）你敢打赌吗？你想赌多少？
• "Surely she won't be late this time." "How much do you want to bet?" “她这次肯定不会迟到。”“那你敢跟我赌多少？”
[bet] verb (betting, bet, bet)
don't bet on it (also I wouldn't bet on it) informal
■used to tell someone that you think something is unlikely to be true or to happen 不大可能
• "Do you think they'll give me back the money they owe me?" "I wouldn't bet on it." “你认为他们会把欠我的钱还给我吗？”“我看不会的了。”
[bet] verb (betting, bet, bet)
I bet (also I'll bet) informal
■said to show that you understand why someone has a particular opinion or feels a particular way （表示理解）有同感，我相信
• "I'm so annoyed with her." "I'll bet." “她令我感到厌烦。”“我相信是。”
• "I was so relieved I didn't have to clean up after the party." "I bet you were." “派对结束后，我不必留下来收拾打扫，这让我大大松了口气。”“我知道你会这样。”
[bet] verb (betting, bet, bet)
what do you bet?
■See what's the betting? at betting
[bet] verb (betting, bet, bet)
you bet informal
■used to emphasize a statement or to mean 'certainly' （表示强调）当然
• "Are you coming to the party?" "You bet!" “你会参加派对吗？”“当然了。”
[bet] verb (betting, bet, bet)
you can bet your life (also you can bet your bottom dollar)
■used to say that you are completely certain that something is true or will happen 肯定
• You can bet your bottom dollar that he'll be the next president. 他肯定会选下一任总统。
[bet] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■an amount of money which you risk on the result of an event or a competition, such as a horse race 赌注
• He placed/put a bet on the grey horse. 他在那匹灰色马身上下了注。
■informal
■a guess or opinion 猜想；想法
• [+ (that)] My bet is (that) their baby will be a girl. 我猜他们会生个女儿。
[bet] noun countable
be a fair bet UK
■to be something which is likely to happen 很可能的事
• It's a fair bet (that) the government will increase taxes in the coming term. 政府很可能在即将展开的下届执政期内增税。
[bet] noun countable
be a good bet
■to be something that would be useful, clever or enjoyable to do 明智的事
• Putting your savings in a high-interest account is a good bet. 把你的积蓄存进高利率储蓄帐户是明智之举。
[bet] noun countable
be a safe bet
■to be something that you are certain will happen 肯定会发生的事
• It's a safe bet (that) Martin will be the last to arrive. 马丁肯定是最后一个到。
[bet] noun countable
be your best bet
■to be the best decision or choice 明智的决定（或选择）
• Your best bet would be to take a bus to the airport. 你最好坐公车到机场。
[bet] noun countable
do sth for a bet (US usually do sth on a bet)
■to do something dangerous or risky because someone says that they do not think you will 赌气做
• She jumped in the fountain for a bet. 她赌气跳进了喷水池。
gamble, bet
这组词都有“打赌，赌博”的意思，其区别是：
gamble: 多指投机，为获得某物或牟利而冒大险，含孤注一掷意味。
bet: 指竞赛中的打赌，也指双方对有疑惑之事争执不下的打赌。在口语中，bet作“确信，敢说”解。
n. 打赌，赌注；被打赌的事物
 - stake
vt. 打赌；敢断定，确信
 - make sure, be sure of
vi. 打赌
 - lay, stake

Word: disclose
Front: disclose
[dɪsˈkləʊz] (研四六雅宝 4420/3879 -3)
Vocabulary: disclose
(once / 199 pages)
v
Disclose means to reveal or expose information that has previously been kept a secret — like a politician might be forced to disclose his finances or former scandals while running for office.
When a politician, corporate executive, or celebrity announces that he or she has something to disclose, the public listens. They know that the information they're about to hear was kept secret for a reason. Something incriminating or juicy is about to be revealed, like a secret affair or plummeting company profits.
WORD FAMILY
disclose: disclosed, discloses, disclosing, disclosure +/disclosed: undisclosed/ disclosure: disclosures
USAGE EXAMPLES
Parson released a statement Monday disclosing the surgery.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Branstad spokesman Ben Hammes says the group’s accountant is still gathering information on the contributors and plans to file an amended return disclosing them.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Implementing the Place of Last Drink program.The program requires that offenders disclose where they were served their last drink.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 公开; 揭露; 使显露; 使暴露
时态：disclosed, disclosing, discloses
分布：公开(63%)，揭露(35%)，使某物显露(2%)
→dis-, 不，非，使相反。close, 关闭。即打开，揭露。
揭发;泄露(dis打开+close→把关的打开→揭发)[clos,clud,clus=close,表示"关闭"]
v.揭示,泄露The prose author's diagnosis discloses that the hose is damaged.散文作者的诊断透露软管被损坏.
【记】dis不，close关－显露
【参】disclosure（n 揭发；败露的事情）
US [-'skloʊz] formal
verb intransitive or transitive
 ADVANCED
■to make something known publicly, or to show something that was hidden 公开，公布；透露，揭露
• Several companies have disclosed profits of over £200 million. 几家公司已公布其利润超过两亿英镑。
• [+ that] The police have disclosed that two officers are under internal investigation. 警方公布说有两名员警正在接受内部调查。
reveal, expose, disclose, uncover
这组词都有“揭露、暴露”的意思，其区别是：
reveal: 多指揭露一直隐藏或隐秘的东西，或启示超乎常人领导能力的真理。
expose: 多指揭露丑闻、坏人坏事或各种阴谋。也可指某物暴露在外。
disclose: 侧重指揭露或泄露鲜为人知或保密的事。
uncover: 主要指移去遮盖物，让东西显露出来。也可指揭露阴谋、秘密等。
vt. 公开；揭露
 - reveal, expose

Word: custody
Front: custody
[ˈkʌstədi] (宝 4422/4395 -2)
Vocabulary: custody
(once / 799 pages)
1n 2n
When you are legally responsible for another person, they are in your custody. Most parents have custody over their children.
The word custody brings with it the meaning of care for. When someone is in your custody, it is not just that they reside with you, it is that you are responsible for taking good care of them. If you are arrested, you will be taken into police custody. While there in jail, it is their responsibility to protect you from harm.
WORD FAMILY
custody: custodial, custodies
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Hennepin County Jail roster shows all three suspects were released from custody Monday.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
They were placed in state custody for their protection.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Four men aged 59, 48, 38 and 18 remain in custody after being arrested on suspicion of causing death by dangerous driving.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 监管; 拘留，羁押; 抚养权，监护权
分布：监护(40%)，拘留(36%)，羁押(14%)，监禁(10%)
→来自skeu, 覆盖，遮盖，词源同sky, house, hide.
监护[custod=guard(看护)]
【参】custom（n 习惯；风俗、习俗）；custodian（n 管理员，监护人）
noun uncountable
CARE 照顾
■the legal right or duty to care for someone or something, especially a child after its parents have separated or died 照管，监护；（尤指对父母离异或去世的孩子的）监护权
• The court awarded/granted/gave custody of the child to the father. 法庭将孩子的监护权判给了父亲。
• The mother got/received custody (of the child). 母亲得到了孩子的监护权。
• The parents were given joint custody (of the child). 孩子的父母获取了共同监护权。
['kʌs.tə.di] noun uncountable
PRISON 监狱
■the state of being kept in prison, especially while waiting to go to court for trial （尤指等候法庭审判期间的）监禁，拘留
• You will be remanded in custody until your trial. 你将被扣押候审。
n. [经管] 保管；监护；拘留；抚养权
 - keeping, detention

Word: banker
Front: banker
[ˈbæŋkə(r)] (六托 4421/4334 -3)
Back: n. 银行家; 银行主; 银行经理; 庄家
分布：银行家(95%)，庄家(4%)，鳕渔船(1%)
银行家(bank银行)[-er 1.表名词"…人"2.表名词"物品,机器"3.表名词"反复做"]
US [-kɚ] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■someone with an important position in a bank 银行家
• She was a successful banker by the time she was forty. 她在40岁时已经是一名成功的银行家了。
■the person in gambling games who is responsible for looking after the money 庄家
n. [金融] 银行家；银行业者；掘土工
 - money changer

Word: beast
Front: beast
[bi:st] (高研四托 4428/4515 -2)
Vocabulary: beast
(once / 101 pages)
n
A beast is an animal — and usually not a gentle or attractive one. You can also call a person a beast when they're behaving in a crude, savage, or horrible way.
There are many types of beast in the world: dogs, cats, horses, monkeys, birds, and fish are all beasts. Even tiny critters like bugs are beasts. A beast is basically any living thing, except for plants, because plants can't intentionally move. People can be called beasts too when they behave in a beastly way. A criminal is likely to be called a beast. So is a rude person. Anyone acting in an uncivilized or cruel way is being a beast.
WORD FAMILY
beast: beastly, beasts+/beastliness: beastlinesses/beastly: beastlier, beastliest, beastliness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Purring jaguars prowled about our tents at night along with other unseen beasts.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
“She was reunited with her family,” Avila told the Daily Beast.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
When White’s role in the swearing-in ceremony was reported Wednesday, the Daily Beast said in a headline, “Shady Pastor to Pray With Trump at Inauguration.”
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 野兽; 人面兽心的人; 讨厌的人（或事物）; 老顽固，坏蛋
分布：兽(95%)，畜牲(5%)
→来自拉丁词bestia, 野兽，同bestial, 狂野的。
n.兽,牲畜;凶残的人,举止粗鲁的人On the eastern Easter feast, at least one beast's breasts were tested with yeast.在东部复活节宴会上,至少有一头牲畜的乳房被用酵母做了试验.
noun countable formal
■an animal, especially a large or wild one （尤指大型或野生的）动物；野兽
• a wild beast 野兽
• The room wasn't fit for man or beast. 这个房间根本就住不了。
■old-fashioned
■an unpleasant, annoying or cruel person 粗暴（或卑劣、凶残）的人
• He was a beast to her throughout their marriage. 结婚后，他一直对她很粗暴。
[bi:st] noun countable
beast of burden literary
■an animal such as a donkey or an ox which is used to carry or pull things 役畜（如驴、牛等）
beast, brute, creature, cattle, animal
这组词都有“动物”的意思，其区别是：
beast: 指有别于爬行动物、昆虫等的较大的四脚兽类或牛、马等牲畜。
brute: 特指野兽。用于人时，突出其野蛮或残忍。
creature: 通常指生物或动物，与非生动相对。指人时，则含怜悯或轻蔑的意味。
cattle: 指大牲畜，尤其指牛。
animal: 普通用词，指区别于植物和矿物而言的动物的总称。
n. 野兽；畜生，人面兽心的人
 - wild animals, subman

Word: interfere
Front: interfere
[ˌɪntəˈfɪə(r)] (研四六托 4424/3769 -2)
Vocabulary: interfere
(once / 145 pages)
v
To interfere is to try to stop something from happening. If you get into a fight on the street, people passing by might try to interfere so no one gets hurt.
Many countries resent it when other countries interfere (get involved) in their internal affairs, just as people often dislike it when others interfere in their personal affairs. In this sense interfere is the opposite of minding one's business. On airplanes you're not allowed to use cellphones because, it's said, they interfere with the plane’s navigational systems.
WORD FAMILY
interfere: interfered, interference, interferes, interfering+/ interference: interferences, noninterference/interfering: interferingest
USAGE EXAMPLES
It was a poor decision, a referee interfering needlessly, and indeed ruinously in the flow of a match.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Mr. Putin condemned the new round of sanctions President Obama imposed against Russia for allegedly using computer hacking to interfere with the U.S. presidential election.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
“This will not deter Putin from interfering in French or German elections in 2017.”
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vi. 干预，干涉; 调停，排解; 妨碍，打扰
时态：interfered, interfering, interferes
分布：干涉(64%)，妨碍(36%)
→inter-,在内，在中间，相互，-fer,击，打，钻孔，词源同bore,perforate.引申词义干扰，干涉。
v.(in)干涉,干预;(with)妨碍,打扰Don't interfere.别妨碍.
US [-tˌɚ'fɪr] verb intransitive
 IMPROVER
■to involve yourself in a situation when your involvement is not wanted or is not helpful 干涉，干预
• It's their problem and I'm not going to interfere. 那是他们的问题，我不想干涉。
• I'd never interfere UKbetween a husband and wife/ USwith a husband and wife. 我从不会干涉两夫妻间的事。
• Interfering in other people's relationships is always a mistake. 干涉他人谈恋爱从来都是不对的。
UK [ˌɪn.tə'fɪər] US [-tˌɚ'fɪr] verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  interfere with sth
■to prevent something from working effectively or from developing successfully 妨碍，干扰
• Even a low level of noise interferes with my concentration. 就连很小的噪音也会分散我的注意力。
■If something interferes with radio or television signals, it stops you from getting good sound or pictures. 干扰（广播或电视讯号）
UK [ˌɪn.tə'fɪər] US [-tˌɚ'fɪr] verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  interfere with sb UK disapproving
■to touch a child in a sexual manner 猥亵（幼童）
• He was sent to prison for interfering with little boys. 他因猥亵男童被送进了监狱。
intervene, disturb, interrupt, interfere
这组词都有“干扰”的意思，其区别是：
intervene: v.干涉，干预，较为正式，常指带有行动的干预；此外，还有"调停"的意思。
 • Would you intervene if you saw a parent hit a child?   要是你看到家长打孩子你会干预吗？
disturb: v.打扰，妨碍。常指失去了正常的状态或导致困难产生。
 • Bad dreams disturbed her sleep.   噩梦妨碍她的睡眠。
interrupt: v.打扰，打断，阻碍。常有"使……停止(中断)"的意思。
 • His speech was constantly interrupted by applause.   他的讲话频频被掌声所打断。
interfere: v.干涉，妨碍。常指干涉或妨碍他人(的事)，着重指有影响，当"干涉"讲时，后多接in，当"妨碍，打扰"时后多接with。
 • It's unwise to interfere between husband and wife.   干涉别人夫妇间的事是不明智的
meddle, intervene, interfere
这组词都有“干涉，干预”的意思，其区别是：
meddle: 指干预与自己毫不相关的事或不属于自己职责范围的事，隐含未经许可或授权。可与interfere换用。
intervene: 书面用词，指介入争端，进行调停，也指干涉他人之事。
interfere: 侧重指无权或未获允许而妨碍、阻扰、干涉他人之事。
vi. 干涉；妨碍；打扰
 - influence in, meddle in
vt. 冲突；介入
 - impact, collide with

Word: oak
Front: oak
[əʊk] (研六宝 4423/3645 -2)
Vocabulary: oak
(once / 211 pages)
n
An oak is a tree that typically sheds its leaves in the winter and grows acorns as fruit. If you get hit on the head with an acorn, you are probably standing under an oak.
There are many species of oaks, a few of which are evergreen, keeping their leaves all year, but most have bright leaves in the fall and are bare for the winter months. An oak table or oak desk is made from the sturdy wood of an oak tree. The strength of oaks has inspired several countries to adopt them as symbols on money and flags, and in 2004 the oak was voted the national tree by the US Congress.
WORD FAMILY
oak: oaks
USAGE EXAMPLES
The oak leaf panels were merely place holders.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Months later, this coastal Georgia city hopes to see wood from the majestic oak preserved as works of art.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Cross Timbers State Park: The hike along the half-mile Post Oak Trail begins at 2 p.m.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 栎树; 橡木色; 栎木，橡木; 橡木家具
adj. 栎树的; 栎木制的
分布：橡木(53%)，橡树(47%)
→来自古英语ac,橡树。
n.橡树,橡木a.橡木的From acorns come oaks.橡树来自橡子.
US [oʊk] noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■a large tree that is common especially in northern countries, or the hard wood of this tree 橡树；栎树；橡木；栎木
• a mighty oak 巨大的橡树
• The timbers of those old sailing ships were mainly oak. 制造那些老帆船的木料主要是橡木。
• an oak table/cupboard 橡木桌／橱
UK [əʊk] US [oʊk] noun countable or uncountable
Tall / Great oaks from little acorns grow. saying
■said about organizations or plans which start off very small or simple and become extremely large or successful 参天巨树萌生于幼籽；合抱之木生于毫末
adj. [植] 栎树的；栎木制的
 - quercine

Word: case
Front: case
[keɪs] (高雅 186/139 -K2)
Vocabulary: case
(once / 15 pages)
1n 2n 3nv 4n 5n 6n 7v
A case is a specific instance or example of something. Your teacher might say, "In your case, I think you should go right into the calculus class."
A case is one particular situation — and it's also a legal term for a court proceeding, and a medical term for the details of one specific patient. Another kind of case is a bag that holds or covers something, like a laptop case or a cellphone case. When case is a verb, it means "to scope out a location for burglarizing it later." These various meanings come from two Latin roots: casus, "chance or occasion," and capsa, "box."
WORD FAMILY
case: cased, caseful, cases, casing, encase, uncase+/casing: casings/ encase: encased, encasement, encases, encasing/encasement: encasements/uncase: uncased, uncases, uncasing
USAGE EXAMPLES
The doctor may prescribe a steroid cream or, in severe cases, an oral immunosuppressant for the itch.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Leukemia is the most common cancer in children and teens, accounting for almost 1 of every 3 such cases.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
“I only tell you in case this is your son and maybe you should speak to him.”
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. （实）例，事例; 情况，状况; 诉讼（事件），案件，判例; 容器（箱，盒）
vt. 把…装入箱（或盒等）内; 加盖于; 包围，围住; [俚语]（尤指盗窃前）探察，侦查，窥测
时态：cased, casing, cases
分布：案例(55%)，情况(28%)，箱(9%)，例子(5%)，装箱(1%)，踩点(1%)，仔细检查(1%)
→1.情况，来自词根cad, 掉落，词源同case, accident.
n.箱,盒,容器;情况,事实;病例;案件In occasional case the phrase emphasizes the importance of the phase to the laser.在偶然情况下该短句强调了相位对于激光的重要性.
noun
SITUATION 情况
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a particular situation or example of something 具体情况；实例
• Over a hundred people were injured, in several cases seriously. 一百多人受了伤，有几个伤势严重。
• Jobs are hard to find but in his case that's not the problem because he has so much experience. 工作很难找，可对他而言不成问题，因为他经验非常丰富。
• I wouldn't normally agree but I'll make an exception in this case. 一般情况下我不会同意，不过这次我要破例一次。
• The number of new cases of the illness appears to be declining. 这种病症的新发病例数量呈下降趋势。
• We have lots of applications from people who want to study here and in each case we consider the candidate very carefully. 我们收到许多想来这里学习的人的申请，对每个申请人的情况我们都予以认真考虑。
• She was suffering from an extreme case of sunburn. 她被严重晒伤了。
in that case ADVANCED
■because of the mentioned situation 既然如此；如果是那样
• There's no coffee left? In that case I'll have tea. 没咖啡了？既然如此，我就喝茶吧。
(not) the case ADVANCED
■(not) true （不）是那样，（不）是那么回事
• If that is the case then I will be very disappointed. 如果是那样的话，我会非常失望。
in any case ADVANCED
■also 而且；再者
• I don't want to go and in any case, I haven't been invited. 我不想去，再说，人家也没邀请我。
(just) in case ADVANCED
■because of a possibility of something happening, being needed, etc. 以防万一
• I don't think I'll need any money but I'll bring some just in case. 我想我不会用到钱的，不过我还是带一些以防万一。
• Bring a map in case you get lost. 带张地图吧，以防迷路。
in the case of sth/sb
■with reference to someone or something, or in the situation of something 关于…；在…情况下
• The law will apply equally to men and women except in the case of maternity leave. 除了产假方面，该法律对男女都同样适用。
a case of sth
■used when a situation is of a particular type …的情况
• She doesn't want to work full-time, it's a case of having to. 她不想全日工作，可是不得不如此。
a case in point
■an example which shows that what you are saying is true or helps to explain why you are saying it 佐证；例证
• Lack of communication causes serious problems and their marriage is a case in point. 缺乏交流会导致严重问题，他们的婚姻就是个明证。
as the case might be (also whatever the case might be)
■one of the stated possibilities which is true 无论是哪种情况
• When the election is called in April, or June, as the case might be, we shall be ready for it. 不管选举是在四月还是六月举行，我们都将做好准备。
[keɪs] noun
PROBLEM 问题
 IMPROVER countable
■a problem, a series of events or a person being dealt with by police, doctors, lawyers, etc. 问题；案例，案子；病例
• Several social workers have looked into the child's case. 几名社工翻阅了这个孩子的案例。
• The detective on the case (= responsible for solving it) has been suspended from duty. 负责调查这个案子的侦探被停职了。
• When he first went for treatment at the hospital he seemed to be a hopeless case (= a person who could not be cured). 他初到医院接受治疗时似乎已经没救了。
 IMPROVER countable legal
■a matter to be decided by a judge in a court of law 诉讼案；案件；官司
• a murder case 谋杀案
• The case will go before the European Court next month. 这个案子将于下月在欧洲法庭审理。
• She accused her employer of unlawful dismissal and won/lost her case. 她起诉雇主非法解雇，结果赢／输了官司。
[keɪs] noun
CONTAINER 容器
 IMPROVER countable
■a container or box for storing things in 盒；箱；套
⇒ See also bookcase;briefcase;pillowcase
a case of wine, etc.
■a box holding twelve bottles of wine or another type of alcoholic drink, or the twelve bottles and their contents 一箱（12瓶）酒等
[keɪs] noun
ARGUMENT 论据
 ADVANCED only singular
■arguments, facts and reasons in support of or against something 论点；事实；论据
• There's a good case for/against bringing in new regulations. 支持／反对推出新章程的理由很充分。
• The case against cigarette advertising is becoming stronger all the time. 一直以来，反对烟草广告的观点越来越强烈。
• She's very busy so don't overstate the case - just give her the essentials. 她很忙，所以不要过多地陈述理由——只要告诉她基本要点就行了。
[keɪs] noun
GRAMMAR 文法
countable or uncountable specialized
■any of the various types to which a noun can belong, according to the work it does in a sentence, usually shown by a special word ending 格
• the accusative/dative case 宾／与格／受词
[keɪs] noun
be on the case informal
■to be doing what needs to be done in a particular situation 正在做需要做的事情，正在处理
• "We need to book a flight before it's too late." "Don't worry, I'm on the case." “我们需要及早预订好航班。”“别担心，我正在办理这件事。”
[keɪs] noun
get off sb's case informal
■to stop continuously criticizing someone for something they have done 停止对某人的持续批评
• I told him the problem had already been dealt with and he could get off my case. 我告诉他问题已经处理好，请他不要再没完没了地批评我／抓住我的把柄。
[keɪs] noun
get on sb's case informal
■to criticize someone in an annoying way for something they have done 说三道四
• I just don't want him getting on my case for being late for work. 我只是不希望他拿我的迟到来说三道四。
[keɪs] noun
make a case for sth (UK also make out a case for sth)
■to argue that something is the best thing to do, giving your reasons 为…提供充分的理由
• We will only publish a new edition if you can make a convincing case for it. 你能给出令人信服的理由我们才会出新版。
[keɪs] verb slang
case the joint
■to look at a place with the intention of stealing from it later （为日后行窃）探察，探路，踩点
• He looked around shiftily, as if he was casing the joint. 他鬼鬼祟祟地东张西望，似乎是在探察下手的地方。
specimen, illustration, case, example, instance, sample
这组词都有“例子、事例”的意思，其区别是：
specimen: 可与sample换用，但常指人或物中选出的有代表性部分，或指供科研、化验或检验用的标本。
illustration: 指用来说明、解释某种理论或看法而引用的例证。
case: 多指需要加以认真研究的实例，如病例，案例等。
example: 普通用词，指能代表同类事物性质或一般规律的典型例子。
instance: 多指用于说明、支持或反证一般事实或理论的事例。
sample: 通常指样品。
event, occasion, indicate, case
event: 重大事件
occasion: 场合，时刻，机关
indicate: 小事件
case: 事实，情况，实例
n. 情况；实例；箱
 - situation, circumstance, instance, thing, condition
vt. 包围；把…装于容器中
 - invest, circumvent

Word: eighth
Front: eighth
[eɪtθ] (中高 4425/4714 -4)
Back: num. 第八，八号; 八分之一
adv. 第八; 八分之一; <音>八分音符
n. 第八个; 八分之一; （每月的）第八日
分布：第八(90%)，八分之一(10%)
ordinal number
 ESSENTIAL
■8th written as a word 第八（的）
• He finished eighth in the race. 他赛跑得了第八名。
• Bob's birthday is on the eighth (of June). 鲍伯的生日是（6月）8号。
[eɪtθ] noun countable
■one of eight equal parts of something 八分之一
• An eighth of 32 is 4. 32的八分之一是4。

Word: notebook
Front: notebook
[ˈnəʊtbʊk] (中高研四六雅 4427/5410 -2)
Vocabulary: notebook
(once / 1706 pages)
1n 2n
A notebook is a blank book that you can write in. Students often carry notebooks, where they can take notes (and doodle).
The pages in a notebook are often lined, so that you can write neatly. You might keep one for writing to-do lists or thoughts (like a journal), or your notebooks might all be large binders full of class notes and math problems. Notebooks can be bound like books, or with a spiral metal or plastic binding, or consist of loose pages in a three-ring binder. Another, newer kind of notebook is a slim, lightweight laptop computer.
WORD FAMILY
notebook: notebooks
USAGE EXAMPLES
A three-ringed notebook contains page after page of tasks that Fischer does each morning to get Arianna ready for the day.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In between begging, Roughol sat in the local park jotting his recollections in notebooks, which he handed over to Debré to edit.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Teachers and students will be eligible to shop at the store, which will carry school supplies like pens and notebooks and other school-related gear.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 笔记簿; 笔记本电脑; 手册; 笔记本
分布：笔记本(81%)，笔记本电脑(19%)
n.笔记本In the hot hotel the devoted voter did not notice the noticeable notebook.在炎热的旅馆里,热心的投票者没有注意到显而易见的笔记本.
US ['noʊt-] noun countable
PAPER 纸
 ADVANCED
■a book of plain paper or paper with lines, for writing on 笔记本
• She was jotting things down in a little notebook. 她在一个小笔记本上匆匆记了些东西。
UK ['nəʊt.bʊk] US ['noʊt-] noun countable
COMPUTER (also notebook computer)
■a very small computer which you can carry easily 笔记本（型）电脑，手提电脑
⇒ See also laptop (computer);palmtop (computer)
n. 笔记本，笔记簿；手册
 - manual, jotter

Word: outline
Front: outline
[ˈaʊtlaɪn] (高研四六托雅宝 4429/2838 -K3)
Vocabulary: outline
(once / 204 pages)
1nv 2nv
The gist, the essence, the major parts of something — that's its outline.
The origins of outline come from the artistic practice of marking a line around the outer edge of a person or shape in a picture before filling it in. Only later, in the 1800s, did it come to be applied to verbal descriptions, too. Technically an outline suggests a condensed form of something, but as any high school or college student knows, course outlines have a habit of being pretty darn long. In 1919 H.G. Wells wrote a book called An Outline of History. Its length? 1,324 pages.
WORD FAMILY
outline: outlined, outlines, outlining
USAGE EXAMPLES
Governors typically use the speech to outline their priorities and introduce new programs and initiatives, sending ripples cascading across the state.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
The Paris Agreement is really an outline; more promise than reality.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Pictorial elements may be soft or hard, recurring or singular, outlined or not.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 梗概，大纲，提纲，草稿，要点，主要原则; 外形，轮廓，轮廓线，轮廓画法，略图（画法）
vt. 概述; 略述; 画轮廓，打草图，描略图
时态：outlined, outlining, outlines
分布：轮廓(44%)，大纲(38%)，概述(17%)，画出轮廓(1%)
→out-,向外，line,线，轮廓。引申词义概述。
大纲;轮廓(out+line线条→划出线条→大纲)[out-①表示"超过,过度"②表示"出去,过时"]
轮廓;大纲(out外面+line→外面的线→轮廓)[line=line,表示"直线,线条"]
n.轮廓,略图;大纲,梗概v.概述,略述I'm inclined to underline these disciplines in the outline written on linen.我倾向于给写在亚麻布上的大纲中的这些学科划下画线.
noun countable
SHAPE 外形
 IMPROVER
■the main shape or edge of something, without any details 轮廓，略图，外形
• She drew the outline of the boat and then coloured it in. 她画了这只船的草图，然后给它着色。
in outline
■as a shape with an edge but without any details 轮廓
• The mountain was visible only in outline as the light faded. 光线暗了下来，只能看见山的轮廓。
['aʊt.laɪn] noun countable
DESCRIPTION 大纲
 IMPROVER
■a description of the main facts about something 大纲；概要；提要
• If you read the minutes of the meeting, they'll give you a broad outline of what was discussed. 如果你看了会议记录，就会知道讨论的大概内容。
• Some novelists start by writing an outline (= plan of the main points of the story). 有些小说家创作时会先写提纲。
['aʊt.laɪn] verb transitive
DRAW SHAPE 勾勒
 IMPROVER
■to draw the main shape or edge of something 勾勒，描画…的轮廓
• The area we're interested in is outlined in red on the map. 我们感兴趣的地区已经用红笔在地图上勾出来了。
['aʊt.laɪn] verb transitive
DESCRIBE 概括
 IMPROVER
■to give the main facts about something 略述，概括
• At the interview she outlined what I would be doing. 面试时，她简要介绍了我将要从事的工作。
abstract, summary, resume, digest, outline
这组词都有“摘要、概要、概括”的意思，其区别是：
abstract: 指论文、书籍等正文前的内容摘要，尤指学术论文或法律文件的研究提要。
summary: 普通用词，指将书籍或文章等的内容，用寥寥数语作简明扼要的说明。
resume: 源于洁语，与summary极相近，通常可互换使用。
digest: 侧重对原文融汇贯通，重新谋篇布局，以简明扼要的语言，简短篇幅成文，展现原作精华。
outline: 指配以释议文字的提纲。
figure, form, shape, outline
这组词都有“形式”的意思，其区别是：
figure: 指轮廓、外形，尤指体态，相貌或身体。
form: 最普通用词，含义广，既可指客观物体的外形，又可用于抽象概念的“形”。
shape: 通常指由线和面所围成的外观上的形，侧重立体形状。
outline: 指任何形状的轮廓线。
sketch, draft, blueprint, diagram, outline, plot
这组词都有“绘制”的意思，其区别是：
sketch: 指用图、模型或语言描述来表示某一事物的整体情况。
draft: 用作动词时指按准确比例设计或打样；作名词时专指精确的草图或草案。
blueprint: 主要指绘制蓝图或制定纲领或规划。这个词引申用来指详细而具体的行动计划。
diagram: 侧重指用图形、图表等来说明。
outline: 主要给出事物要点或轮廓，强调简化了的整体。
plot: 可与draft和diagram换用，但侧重于表示具体的点、面、部分或目标，从而使相互关系以及和整体的关系得以明确。
n. 轮廓；大纲；概要；略图
 - profile, program, brief, contour
vt. 概述；略述；描画…轮廓
 - summarize, sum up

Word: gaze
Front: gaze
[geɪz] (研四六托宝 3327/3258 -2)
Vocabulary: gaze
(once / 64 pages)
nv
When someone lays eyes on you and keeps looking, it is a gaze or a stare. You can gaze back or just say, "Take a picture; it lasts longer."
Gaze is both a verb and a noun. When people daydream, they often gaze off into the distance without focusing on anything. Another type of gaze, though, is to look very intently at something, as when you gaze at the sky making pictures out of clouds. A contest to see who will blink first means taking a long gaze into someone's eyes, and this type of gaze (the noun) will leave your eyes in a bit of a haze when you're done.
WORD FAMILY
gaze: gazed, gazes, gazing
USAGE EXAMPLES
“They just sat there in silence, gazing at the barren canyon walls,” Mr. Lattin wrote in “The Harvard Psychedelic Club.”
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
She held my new baby’s hand and, as little Robbie gazed at this woman 91 years his senior, there was an almost breathtaking connection.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
The mother is a singular star to her baby, whose gaze follows her around the room with the watchfulness of an obsessive fan.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vi. 凝视，注视
n. 凝视，端详
时态：gazed, gazing, gazes
分布：凝视(100%)
→来自古诺斯语ga, 凝视。
v./n.凝视,注视The crazy jazzman gazed at the blaze on the razor with amazement.疯狂的爵士音乐演奏者惊愕地盯着剃刀上的白斑.
【参】gazelle（n 瞪羚）
verb intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
 ADVANCED
■to look at something or someone for a long time, especially in surprise, admiration or because you are thinking about something else （尤指因为惊奇、羡慕或心不在焉而）凝视，注视，盯着看
• Annette gazed admiringly at Warren as he spoke. 沃伦说话时，安妮特一脸崇拜地注视着他。
• He spends hours gazing out of the window when he should be working. 他在本应工作的时候一连几个小时盯着窗外发呆。
[geɪz] noun only singular
 ADVANCED
■a long look, usually of a particular kind
• a steady gaze 目不转睛地凝视
• an innocent/ admiring gaze 天真地／羡慕地盯着看
• literary As I looked out, my gaze fell on a small child by the road. 我看看窗外，目光落到了路边一个小孩身上。
peer, peep, gape, glance, stare, gaze, glare, glimpse
这组词都有“看”的意思，其区别是：
peer: v.指眯起眼睛仔细看，尤指看不清楚的情况下；费力地看，凝视。
 • Being somewhat short-sighted, she has the habit of peering at people.   因为有点近视，她有眯着眼睛看人的习惯。
peep: v.窥视，偷看。
 • The mother peeped into the bedroom to see if her child was asleep.   母亲偷偷向卧室看了一下，看她的孩子是否睡着了。
gape: v. (张着嘴、瞪大眼睛)呆看，强调一种吃惊的状态。
 • The children gaped at the big elephant in the zoo.   在动物园，孩子们张大了嘴巴呆呆地看着大象。
glance: v. (粗略地、随便地)一瞥，看一眼。
 • He glanced over the letter he had just received.   他把刚收到的那封信粗略地看了一遍。
stare: v.凝视，盯着，指由于好奇、惊讶、赞叹等原因而瞪大眼睛长时间地、直接地注视，常常含有粗鲁无礼的意思。
 • I told my son to stop staring at that fat woman; it wasn't nice.   我告诉儿子不要盯着那个胖女人，那样看人不礼貌。
gaze: v.凝视，注视，指由于好奇、感叹、长时间目不转睛地看。
 • She gazed at her beautiful new diamond ring.   她凝视着自己的这颗美丽崭新的钻戒。
glare: v.怒目而视，强调怀有敌意或在气愤的情绪下看；眩目地照射。
 • The woman glared at the man after he shouted rudely at her.   那男人粗暴地冲她大声喊叫，她也怒目而视。
glimpse: v.与glance意思相近，短促地看一眼，一瞥。
vi. 凝视；注视
 - watch, regard
n. 凝视；注视
 - regard, immediate attention

Word: attendance
Front: attendance
[əˈtendəns] (研六托雅 4433/3503 -2)
Vocabulary: attendance
(once / 453 pages)
n
Attendance has to do with being present at something, like work or school. If you never miss a day, you have perfect attendance.
The concept of attendance has to do with showing up: if you show up for school, then your attendance is not in question. When people miss school or work, they usually need a note from a doctor, explaining why they weren't in attendance. We can also say "The attendance was 100" if 100 people showed up to a meeting. If only three people out of 100 showed up though, you'd say, "Wow. Attendance was terrible."
WORD FAMILY
attendance: attendances, nonattendance+/ attend: attendance, attendant, attended, attender, attending, attends, attention, attentive / attendant: attendants/attended: unattended/attender: attenders, nonattender/ attention: attentional, attentions, inattention / attentive: attentively, attentiveness, inattentive / inattention: inattentions/ inattentive: inattentively, inattentiveness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Those in attendance drifted in under a yellow-and-white striped awning, the men dressed in tuxedos, the women in ballgowns, many with their hair swept high.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The U.S. officials in attendance said they were still in “consultations” over the resolution, the diplomat said.
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
Also in attendance were three Pearl Harbor survivors, now in their nineties and cheerfully dressed in bright green, red and white Hawaiian aloha shirts.
The Guardian(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: n. 出席，参加; 出席率; 出席者，出席人数
分布：出席(73%)，出席人数(15%)，出席率(12%)
n.出席;出席人数;护理,照料There was a large attendance at the ceremony.参加典礼的人数很多.
noun
BEING PRESENT 出席
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■when you go somewhere such as a church, school, etc. regularly （有规律地）出席，参加；到场（如去教堂，学校等）
• Attendance at lectures is compulsory. 这些讲座必须去听。
■the number of people who go to an event, meeting, etc. 出席（活动、会议等）的人数
• Attendances at church are falling. 去教堂做礼拜的人越来越少了。
[ə'ten.dənts] noun
PROVIDING HELP 提供帮助
in attendance
■present with someone and helping or taking care of them 帮助或照顾某人
• He never goes out without his security men in attendance. 他出门必有保镖跟随左右。
n. 出席；到场；出席人数
 - presence

Word: speculation
Front: speculation
[ˌspekjuˈleɪʃn] (托 4431/3649)
Vocabulary: speculation
(once / 278 pages)
n
When you guess about how something is going to come out (or how it happened), that's speculation. You're making an educated guess.
When people predict who will win a football game, an Oscar, or an election, it's speculation: people are looking at the facts and making their best guess. Just about anything you say about the future is speculation, because no one knows what will happen. The word is used in the stock market for such financial dealings as "buying on spec," a risky way to make money. Sometimes, this word means something close to meditation — pondering something deeply.
WORD FAMILY
speculation: speculations+/ speculate: speculated, speculates, speculating, speculation, speculative, speculator / speculative: speculatively, speculativeness/ speculator: speculators
USAGE EXAMPLES
There will continue to be speculation about Elway rolling the dice on another seasoned star, the way he did so successfully with Peyton Manning.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Before the game, there was speculation Kubiak will step down after the season.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
But after some time off, he will return to South Korea amid widespread speculation he will be a candidate to replace the country’s impeached president.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 投机买卖; 思考; 投机活动; 推断
分布：投机(69%)，推测(30%)，沉思(1%)
→speculate,推测，猜测，投机，炒股，-ion,名词后缀。
思索;投机(spec+ulate→看准了→思考,投机)[spect,spic=look,see,表示"看"]
【反】conjecture（n /v 猜想）－restrain from the speculation（不思考）
noun countable or uncountable
GUESS 猜测
 ADVANCED
■when you guess possible answers to a question without having enough information to be certain 猜测；推测，推断
• Rumours that they are about to marry have been dismissed as pure speculation. 他们打算结婚的传言已证实只不过是猜测。
• Speculation about his future plans is rife. 对他未来的计划臆测很多，众说纷纭。
• [+ that] The Prime Minister's speech fuelled/prompted speculation that an election will be held later in the year. 首相的谈话引起了人们的猜测，认为在今年稍晚会举行一次选举。
[ˌspek.jʊ'leɪ.ʃən] noun countable or uncountable
TRADING 交易的
■when people speculate in order to make a profit 投机，投机买卖
n. 投机；推测；思索；投机买卖
 - theory, guess, projection

Word: uncover
Front: uncover
[ʌnˈkʌvə(r)] (研四六托 4432/5584 -2)

Word: behalf
Front: behalf
[bɪˈhɑ:f] (高研四六托雅 4434/4681 -K3)
Vocabulary: behalf
(once / 257 pages)
n
Behalf means speaking or acting for someone. A parent can sign forms on behalf of children when they are young, but adult children can sign on behalf of their aging parents.
Some people make a distinction between the meaning of the word behalf when paired with in versus on. In behalf, they argue, is used when the meaning is in the interest of someone else, but on behalf is used when speaking for someone. For example, a medical decision would be made in behalf of the patient, and you would speak on behalf of your family. The reality is that on behalf is typically used for both meanings.
WORD FAMILY
behalf: behalfs
USAGE EXAMPLES
But the lawsuit, filed on behalf of Senegal’s widow, claims deputies misrepresented facts and obstructed the investigation.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
I contacted Amtrak on your behalf, and your travel agent also worked hard for a resolution.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Sen. Elizabeth Warren is flexing her fundraising muscles on behalf of fellow Senate Democrats as she looks ahead to the 2018 elections.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 利益; 维护; 支持
分布：代表(89%)，利益(9%)，方面(2%)
→前缀be-, 强调，在。half, 半，边。在另一边的，代表另一方利益的。
n.利益"My behavior is on behalf of half zebras," the algebra teacher said."我的行为代表了一半斑马的利益,"代数老师说.
US [-'hæf] noun
on behalf of sb (on sb's behalf)
 ADVANCED
■representing; instead of 代表（某人）；作为（某人）的代表；代替（某人）
• On behalf of the entire company, I would like to thank you for all your work. 我代表全公司对你的工作表示感谢。
• Unfortunately, George cannot be with us today so I am pleased to accept this award on his behalf. 可惜乔治今天不能出席，因此我很荣幸能替他代领这个奖。
■for the good of or because of 因为，为了…的利益
• Please don't leave on my behalf. 请不要因为我而离开。
n. 代表；利益
 - representation, deputy, benefit, sake, profit

Word: innovative
Front: innovative
[ˈɪnəveɪtɪv] (托宝 4435/5826 -2)
Vocabulary: innovative
(once / 2262 pages)
adj
Something innovative is new and original. If you love to experiment and find new ways to do things, you are an innovative person.
Innovative, like nova, novel, and novice, comes from the Latin novus, which means new. Something innovative renews or alters the way something has been done. You can use innovative to describe the thing or the person that made it. If your English teacher objects to your experimental writing style, tell him, "I'm an innovative writer making innovative sentences!" Antonyms are unoriginal and hackneyed.
WORD FAMILY
innovative: innovatively, innovativeness+/ innovate: innovated, innovates, innovating, innovation, innovative, innovator / innovation: innovational, innovations/ innovator: innovators
USAGE EXAMPLES
Of those shows, the one that’s been the most innovative is “Atlanta.”
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
During his tenure, Ashe earned national recognition for his innovative rehabilitation programs.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Ray said the historic Northeast and its artists requested something innovative and decided the Dorchester model met that bill for the new ArtsBlock.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 革新的; 创新的; 富有革新精神的; 创新立异
分布：创新的(86%)，革新的(14%)
【反】derivative（adj 引出的；派生的）
US [-veɪ.tˌɪv/ (UK also innovatory)
adjective
■using new methods or ideas 创新的，革新的；新颖的
• innovative ideas/methods 创新的思想／方法
• She was an imaginative and innovative manager. 她是个具有想像力和创新精神的经理。
new, fresh, original, innovative, novel
这组词都有“新的”的意思，其区别是：
new: 普通用词，与old相对，指最近的或创新的。
fresh: 指新鲜的、新做的，侧重创新。
original: 强调独创性。
innovative: 强调富有创新和革新精神。
novel: 侧重新事物的新奇和独特。
adj. 革新的，创新的
 - reformatory

Word: shark
Front: shark
[ʃɑ:k] (高研六 4438/7971 -1)
Back: n. 鲨鱼; 坑蒙拐骗的人，诈骗者; [俚]老手
v. 骗取; 榨取; 用不正当手段攫取; 勒索
vi. 诈骗
时态：sharked, sharking, sharks
分布：鲨鱼(95%)，诈骗(2%)，老手(1%)，放高利贷的人(1%)，诈取(1%)
→词源不详，可能来自加勒比某土著语言 xok,由 16 世纪英国海军将军 Sir John Hawkins 引入 英语，并引申比喻义诈骗者，骗子。也有观点认为该词本来词义就是诈骗者，骗子，后用于 指这种凶猛的鱼。shark （鲨鱼）：美洲土著对鲨鱼的称呼
n.鲨鱼,骗子v.敲诈The shark's remark on the marble mark in the market is remarkable.骗子关于市场上大理石标记的评论值得关注.
US [ʃɑ:rk] (plural shark or sharks)
noun countable
FISH 鱼
 ADVANCED
■a large fish that has sharp teeth and a triangular fin on its back which can sometimes be seen above the water 鲨鱼
• a great white shark 大白鲨
• a basking shark 晒太阳的鲨鱼
• The movie 'Jaws' is about a man-eating shark. 电影《大白鲨》讲的是一条食人鲨。
UK [ʃɑ:k] US [ʃɑ:rk] (plural shark or sharks)
noun countable
PERSON 人
   informal disapproving
■a dishonest person, especially one who persuades other people to pay too much money for something 骗子；（尤指）奸商
• People who need a place to live can often find themselves at the mercy of local property sharks. 需要住房的人常常会发现自己被当地那些奸诈的房地产商人所摆布。
n. 鲨鱼；骗子
 - fraud, swindler
vi. 诈骗
 - con game
vt. 敲诈
 - extort, black mail

Word: reward
Front: reward
[rɪˈwɔ:d] (高研四六托雅宝 3392/2819 -K3)
Vocabulary: reward
(once / 110 pages)
nv
A reward is something you get for a job well done. If you study hard for that vocabulary test, an "A" might be the reward in your future.
You can use reward as a verb, as when the mayor rewards a firefighter who saves a family from a terrible blaze, or as a noun, to talk about the actual payment or item that's given to the firefighter. People often offer a reward for the return of lost or stolen things, like bicycles or jewelry or dogs. Reward meant "a regarding" or "an observation" in the 1300's, but it soon came to mean "repayment for some service."
WORD FAMILY
reward: rewarded, rewardful, rewarding, rewards+/rewarded: unrewarded/ rewarding: rewardingly, unrewarding/unrewarding: unrewardingly/ ward: reward, warded, warder, warding, wards/warder: warders, wardership
USAGE EXAMPLES
After bouncing around in the minors for most of his career, Washington rewarded Chorney with a two-year contract extension.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Their reward is one more game against Alabama and a quarterback, Hurts, who will look awfully familiar.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
The federal government and private insurers are rewarding health care providers that work together to coordinate care and avoid unnecessary expenses.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 报酬; 报答; 赏金; 酬金
vt. 酬谢，奖赏; 报答，惩罚
时态：rewarded, rewarding, rewards
分布：奖赏(41%)，报酬(31%)，报答(19%)，赏金(8%)，给 ... 报酬(1%)
→re-,表强调，-ward,看，注视，词源同 award,guard,regard.字面意思即反复看，注视，留意， 关切，后来词义由抽象的给予引申为具体的奖励，报酬。比较 award.
n.(for)报酬,赏金v.(for)酬劳;酬谢The awfully awkward warship is warned not to be awarded war reward.那艘非常拙劣的军舰受到不给予战争报酬的警告.
【反】relinquish（v 放弃）
US [-'wɔ:rd] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■something given in exchange for good behaviour or good work, etc 报答；报偿；酬谢；奖赏
• There's a reward for whoever finishes first. 无论谁先完成都会得到一份奖赏。
• The rewards of motherhood outweigh the anguish. 做母亲得到的回报大于经受的痛苦。
 IMPROVER
■an amount of money given to someone who helps the police or who helps to return stolen property to its owner 酬金；赏格；悬赏金
• The police offered a reward for any information about the robbery. 警方悬赏征求有关劫案的任何线索。
UK [rɪ'wɔ:d] US [-'wɔ:rd] verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to give someone a reward 报答；报偿；奖赏
• The company rewarded him for his years of service with a grand farewell party and several presents. 公司为了答谢他多年为公司所作的贡献，为他举行了一个隆重的欢送会，还赠送了他几件礼物。
• slightly formal All his hard work was rewarded (= was made worth it) when he saw his book in print. 看到了自己的书付梓出版，他感到一切的艰辛都得到了回报。
• formal He rewarded their kindness with hostility and contempt. 他们好心对他，他却报以敌意和轻蔑。
reward, award
这组词都有“难予奖励”的意思，其区别是：
reward: 指对品德高尚和勤劳的人所给予的奖励。也可指为某事付酬金。
award: 侧重指官方或经正式研究裁决后对有功者或竞赛优胜者所给予的奖励。
n. [劳经] 报酬；报答；酬谢
 - compensation, payment, consideration, return, remuneration
vt. [劳经] 奖励；奖赏
 - put a premium on

Word: mill
Front: mill
[mɪl] (研四六托宝 4439/2128 -3)
Vocabulary: mill
(once / 478 pages)
1nv 2v
A mill is a factory or plant, especially one that's equipped for grinding grain into flour. The facility is a mill, and the machine that does the actual grinding is also called a mill.
When a mill crushes and grinds grain like wheat or corn, you can say it mills flour. Other kinds of mills might mill powder or coffee — and still other mills don't actually grind anything; instead, they manufacture things like steel or paper. If someone "mills around," they wander or move about in a confused way: "The crowd mills around during the concert's intermission." This sense of mill was originally used to describe cattle.
WORD FAMILY
mill: milled, miller, milling+/miller: millers/milling: millings
USAGE EXAMPLES
And sediment from Mad River was milled into the bar countertop.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The new owners plan to sell off certain mill assets and re-market the property for industrial use.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
The most visible enterprise is the paper mill, in continuous operation since the late 19th century.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 磨坊; 磨粉机; 榨汁机; 工厂
vt. 研磨，粉碎; 搅拌; 磨，铣; 轧花边（在纸币上）
vi. 惊跑，乱闯; 经研磨
时态：milled, milling, mills
分布：磨(56%)，工厂(22%)，磨坊(16%)，磨粉机(5%)，碾碎(1%)
→来自希腊语molere,磨，来自mel,软，锤打，磨，词源同mallet,melt.引申词义磨坊，磨石，因磨坊在农业社会是比较有代表性的工业产品，后借用该词来指现代意义上的工厂。
n.磨粉机,磨坊;作坊,工厂The drawer put the strawberries and raw paws into a drawer in the saw-mill.绘图者把草莓和生熊掌放进锯板厂的抽屉里.
【记】m妈妈，ill：妈妈生病了，是因为在磨房里面工作得过渡劳累了。
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a building where grain is crushed into flour 磨坊，碾磨厂，磨粉厂
 ADVANCED
■a small machine for crushing things into powder 碾磨机，磨粉机
• a pepper/coffee mill 胡椒／咖啡研磨机
 ADVANCED
■a factory where a particular substance is produced 制造厂，工厂
• a cotton/paper/steel mill 棉纺／造纸／炼钢厂
[mɪl] noun countable
put sb through the mill informal
■to cause someone to have a difficult and unpleasant experience, especially by asking them a lot of difficult questions 使（某人）饱受折磨；（尤指用大量问题）为难（某人）
• I had the interview this morning - they really put me through the mill. 我今早去面试了——他们真的让我受了几番折磨。
[mɪl] verb transitive
■to crush grain into flour or another substance into powder 磨；碾碎
• The grain is still milled locally. 谷物仍然在当地碾磨。
■specialized
■to shape metal by removing parts from it using a special machine 铣（金属）
[mɪl] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  mill around (UK also mill about)
■If a group of people mill around, they move about with no particular purpose or in no fixed direction, sometimes while waiting for someone （一群人）漫无目的地乱转，闲荡
• In the village square, people were milling about in the sunshine. 在村庄广场上，人们在阳光下徜徉。
plant, mill, factory, works
这组词都有“工厂”的意思，其区别是：
plant: 多指电力或机械制造方面的工厂。
mill: 原义指粮食加工厂。现多指轻工业类的工厂。
factory: 最普通用词，可泛指任何制造产品的地方。
works: 多指钢铁等重工业方面的工厂，也指一些特定的厂。
n. [工经] 工厂；磨坊； [化工] [粮食] [机] 磨粉机；制造厂；压榨机
 - factory, plant, work
vt. 搅拌； [机] 碾磨；磨细；使乱转
 - mix round, churn up

Word: installation
Front: installation
[ˌɪnstəˈleɪʃn] (研四六 4436/3747 -2)
Back: n. 安装; 装置; 永久性军事基地; 就职
分布：安装(92%)，装置(7%)，军事驻地(1%)
→来自install,安装，引申词义安装的各种设施。
n.安装,设置;装置,设备Do you have an installation diagram?你有安装图吗?
noun
EQUIPMENT/FURNTIURE 设施／设备
uncountable
■when equipment or furniture is put into position 安装
• Do you have to pay extra for installation? 你需要额外付安装费吗？
[ˌɪn.stə'leɪ.ʃən] noun
PLACE 地方
countable
■a nearly permanent place with people, buildings and equipment which have a particular, especially military, purpose （尤指用于军事目的的）设施
• a nuclear installation 核设施
• The Americans still have several military bases and installations on the island. 美国人在岛上仍有几处军事基地及设施。
[ˌɪn.stə'leɪ.ʃən] noun
JOB 工作
uncountable
■when someone is put in an official position 正式任命，正式就职
• The installation of the new archbishop will take place in January. 新任大主教的就职仪式将于一月举行。
[ˌɪn.stə'leɪ.ʃən] noun
ART 艺术
countable
■a form of modern sculpture where the artist uses sound, movement or space as well as objects in order to make an often temporary work of art 装置艺术（除物体外还运用声音、动作或空间来创作临时艺术品的现代雕塑形式）
installation, tool, device, apparatus, implement, equipment, instrument, appliance, facilities
这组词都有“仪器、设备、器械、器具”的意思，其区别是：
installation: 一般多指安装完成，可供使用或操作的整套装置或设施。
tool: 一般指进行特种工作的手工工具，也可指人造使用动力的工具，还可作引申用。
device: 多指为某一特殊用途或解决某一特定机械问题而设计或改装的精巧的仪器或装置。
apparatus: 既可指某种具体的由许多不同零件构成的复杂的仪器、装置或器械，又可指它们的总称。
implement: 原指史前人类所用的工具，现在多指农用工具，也可指为实现某个任务所需的工具或器具。
equipment: 多指成套的或重型的设备或装备。通常用作不可数名词。
instrument: 通常指能使人们完成某一精确动作或测量的一种小型仪器，尤指电工仪表、测量装置，航海或航空用的控制装置。
appliance: 侧重指家用机器或设备，尤指家用电器。
facilities: 常用复数形式，指可供使用的设备或设施。
n. [机] 安装，装置；就职
 - device, apparatus, unit, gear, appliance

Word: stimulate
Front: stimulate
[ˈstɪmjuleɪt] (研四六托雅 4440/3560 -3)
Vocabulary: stimulate
(once / 333 pages)
v
If the economy is starting to stall, the president can't just sit there. He has to stimulate—turn it on, bring it to life, perk it up. You can stimulate practically anything: a person, a conversation, a mind, or even the growth of a plant.
Stimulate is often used to describe a physical or sexual sensation, but don't get bogged down in that kind of thinking. Often, a government will try to stimulate economic activity by creating a stimulus package. Or, say, for example, that I'm trying to sell my new song CD. In order to stimulate interest, I need to send out a sample song to all my friends. Unless, of course, my songs are no good.
WORD FAMILY
stimulate: stimulated, stimulates, stimulating, stimulation, stimulative+/stimulating: stimulatingly, unstimulating/ stimulation: self-stimulation, stimulations/ stimulus: stimulate, stimuli
USAGE EXAMPLES
This is partly because it stimulates multiple biochemical pathways, which may account for its wide range of effects.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
“Those numbers definitely indicate automakers are trying to stimulate demand that might be waning a little bit,” Acevedo said.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The electrodes stimulate the remaining retina's remaining cells which send the information to the brain.
BBC(Dec 21, 2016)
Back: vt. 刺激; 激励，鼓舞; 使兴奋
vi. 起兴奋作用; 起促进作用; 起刺激作用
时态：stimulated, stimulating, stimulates
分布：刺激(85%)，激励(10%)，鼓舞(4%)，起刺激作用(1%)
→来自 stimulus,刺激物，-ate,使。
刺激,鼓励(stimul+ate→刺激)[sting,stinct,stimul=priek表示"刺,刺激"]
v.刺激,使兴奋;激励,鼓舞The chocolates on the plate stimulated my son to calculate.盘子里的巧克力鼓励了儿子进行计算.
verb
 IMPROVER transitive
■to encourage something to grow, develop or become active 激发，激励；促进
• The government plans to cut taxes in order to stimulate the economy. 政府计划减税以刺激经济发展。
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to make someone excited and interested about something 刺激，使兴奋；使感兴趣
• The film was intended to stimulate and amuse. 这部电影的主要目的是助兴和娱乐。
• [+ obj + to infinitive] Good teachers should ask questions that stimulate students to think. 好的老师应该问一些能激发学生思考的问题。
• Erotic images are often more sexually stimulating to men than to women. 色情影像在性方面对男性的刺激作用大于女性。
transitive specialized
■to cause part of the body to operate 促进（身体某部位）的功能
• The drugs stimulate the damaged tissue into repairing itself. 药物促使受损组织自行修复。
• Standing on your head is supposed to stimulate hair growth. 据信倒立可以促进头发生长。
stimulate, provoke
stimulate: 刺激，一般指刺激某人对某事感兴趣
provoke: 刺激，指激起某人突然的情感
motivate, encourage, excite, stimulate, inspire
这组词都有“鼓励、刺激”的意思，其区别是：
motivate: v.激发，促动，强调激起动机去做某事。
 • A desire to go to medical school motivates her to study hard everyday.   她希望上医学院，这成了她每天努力学习的动力。
encourage: v.鼓励，促进，含有"使增强勇气或给予希望"的意味。
 • He encouraged his son to go to good college.   他鼓励他的儿子上名牌大学。
excite: v.指使人感到激动、兴奋；煽动，鼓动。
 • The band played louder and excited the audience.   乐队演奏得更响亮了，使观众兴奋起来。
stimulate: v.刺激，激发，促进，强调刺激反应的结果。
 • Cold air stimulates me.   冷空气刺激我振作起来
inspire: v.鼓舞，激发，影响，常常带有"启迪，启发"的意思。
 • My mother inspires us with stories of her difficult childhood.   我的妈妈给我们讲童年时的艰苦生活以激励我们。
vt. 刺激；鼓舞，激励
 - fan, power, motivate, needle, activate

Word: tag
Front: tag
[tæg] (研四六托雅宝 4442/6424 -2)
Back: vt. 加标签于; 附加; 起诉; 紧跟
vi. 跟在…后面; 随从
n. 标签; 附属物; 口头禅; 称呼
时态：tagged, tagging, tags
分布：标签(73%)，名称(10%)，尾随(4%)，附属物(4%)，连接(3%)，紧随(2%)，捉人游戏(2%)，添饰(1%)，指责(1%)
→词源不详，可能来自 tag,接触，固定，安排，词源同 tangent,taxonomy.引申诸相关词义。
n.标签;鞋带;垂饰;vt.加标签于;附加vi.紧随The lagging man tagged the bags among the luggage with small flags.落伍者给行李中的袋子加上小旗标签.
【记】原指：一件衣服上悬吊的一片布－标签
noun
SMALL PART 小部件
countable
■a small piece of paper, cloth or metal, on which there is information, fixed onto something larger 标签，标牌
• a price tag 价格标签
[tæg] noun
GAME 游戏
uncountable
■a game played by two or more children in which one child chases the others and tries to touch one of them. This child then becomes the one who does the chasing. （儿童玩的）捉人游戏
[tæg] noun
GRAMMAR 文法
countable
■a phrase such as 'he is' or 'isn't it?', added on to a sentence for emphasis, or to turn it into a question, usually to get agreement or to check information 附加强调语；附加疑问句
[tæg] verb transitive (-gg-)
SMALL PART 小部件
■to put a tag on something 给…贴上标签，给…挂上标牌
[tæg] verb transitive (-gg-)
COMPUTING 电脑 specialized
■to mark computer information so that you can process it later （电脑中以标识符）标示，标记
[tæg] verb transitive (-gg-)
  Phrasal Verbs  tag along informal
■to go somewhere with a person or group, usually when they have not asked you to go with them （通常指未经邀请）跟随，尾随
• I don't know her, she just tagged along with us. 我不认识她，她只是跟着我们。
[tæg] verb transitive (-gg-)
  Phrasal Verbs  tag sth on (also tag sth onto sth)
■to add something to what you have said or written at a later time 添加，附加
• Tag on a couple of paragraphs about recent events. 添加几段最近发生的事。
tag, label
这组词都有“标签”的意思，其区别是：
tag: 多指临时系上的标签。
label: 指上面标明货主姓名、地址及货物名称、重量、尺寸等内容的标签。
tag, tar, tap, tan
tag: 标签，货签；
tar: 柏油，焦油
tap: 水龙头，轻拍，利用，开发；
tan: 晒黑成棕褐色，鞭打；
n. 标签；名称；结束语；附属物
 - name, ticket, label, belonging
vt. 尾随，紧随；连接；起浑名；添饰
 - dog, shadow, couple
vi. 紧随
 - tread on the heels of

Word: vertical
Front: vertical
[ˈvɜ:tɪkl] (高研四六托雅宝 4448/3857 -K2)
Vocabulary: vertical
(once / 616 pages)
adjn
Vertical describes something that rises straight up from a horizontal line or plane. A telephone pole or a tree can usually be described as vertical in relation to the ground.
The walls of your house — unless there's some terrible problem — are vertical. They rise straight up from the foundation, at a ninety degree angle. When you're standing up, you're vertical, as opposed to when you lie down in a horizontal position on the couch. The terms vertical and horizontal often describe directions: a vertical line goes up and down, and a horizontal line goes across. You can remember which direction is vertical by the letter, "v," which points down.
WORD FAMILY
vertical: verticality, vertically, verticalness, verticals
USAGE EXAMPLES
Then it filled nearly seventy thousand square feet of floor space with what is called a vertical farm.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
In general, aim for horizontal and vertical lines in shots.
Seattle Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Sometimes vertical and horizontal are intricately mixed in scenes of woodland streams, or ocean crags and surf.
Seattle Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: adj. 垂直的，竖立的; [解]头顶的; 顶点的; [植]纵长的，直上的
n. 垂直线，垂直面; [建]竖杆; 垂直位置
分布：垂直的(71%)，纵向的(14%)，顶点的(9%)，垂直物(4%)，垂直的位置(2%)
→来自vertex,顶点，引申义垂直的。
垂直(vert+ical[下垂的东西])[ver,ert=turn,表示"转"]
a.垂直的,竖的n.垂线The wise man used his wisdom in the vertical advertisement device.聪明人把智慧用在垂直的广告装置上.
US ['vɝ:.tˌə-] adjective
■standing or pointing straight up or at an angle of 90° to a horizontal surface or line 竖直的；垂直的；立式的
• vertical lines/stripes 竖线／竖条纹
• She looked over the cliff and found she was standing at the edge of a vertical drop. 她从悬崖上向下看，发现自己正站在陡直悬崖的边缘。
Compare horizontal
UK ['vɜ:.tɪ.kəl] US ['vɝ:.tˌə-] noun countable usually singular
■a vertical line, surface or position 垂直线；垂直面；竖直位置
• In a two-stage operation, the multi-spoked steel structure will be raised to the vertical. 在分成两个步骤的操作中，这个多辐条的钢架将被竖成垂直状态。
upright, vertical, erect, perpendicular, plumb
这组词都有“垂直的、竖式的”的意思，其区别是：
upright: 普通用词，指竖立、笔直而不是倾斜、倒塌的。
vertical: 指与平面、水平线或基线成直角或几乎成直角向上延伸至顶点的物体。也可指呈直线上升或下降的。
erect: 指笔直挺拔，而非倾斜、佝偻、弯曲或倒塌的。
perpendicular: 指与水平线形成90度的线或面，或朝垂直方面延伸的，尤指向下的急剧运动。
plumb: 建筑上用词，凭锤球评判某物是否完全垂直。
adj. [测] 垂直的，直立的； [解剖] [天] 头顶的，顶点的
 - standing, perpendicular
n. [数] 垂直线，垂直面
 - perpendicular plane, perpendicular line

Word: swimming
Front: swimming
[ˈswɪmɪŋ] (中高雅 4441/3814 -K2)
Back: n. 游泳; 眩晕
v. 游泳( swim的现在分词); 漂浮; 浸，泡; 旋转
分布：游泳(92%)，游泳的(7%)，会游泳的(1%)
→swim,游泳，-ing,动名词后缀。
N-UNCOUNT
游泳;游泳运动
Swimming is the activity of swimming, especially as a sport or for pleasure.
例：Swimming is probably the best form of exercise you can get.游泳或许是现有的最佳锻炼方式。
例：...swimming lessons.游泳课
n. 游泳；目眩
 - natation
adj. 游泳的；游泳用的；善于游泳的；晕眩的
 - natatorial
v. 游泳；漂浮；旋转（swim的ing形式）
 - floating, turning

Word: fleet
Front: fleet
[fli:t] (研四六雅宝 4446/3417 -3)
Vocabulary: fleet
(once / 102 pages)
1n 2adjv 3v
A fleet is usually a large group of ships, but it can be any group of vessels like planes or cars that operate as a unit. A naval fleet is the largest formation of warships. A naval fleet at sea is like an army on land.
One meaning of fleet comes from the Old English fleot, meaning “ship,” “raft,” or “floating vessel.” Although a fleet is usually a group of ships or airplanes operating under the same ownership, any group of vessels sailing together can be called a fleet, even you and your friends in a fleet of kayaks. Another meaning of fleet originates in the Old English flēotan, which means “moving swiftly.” When it’s used in that way, it’s usually in the -ing form, fleeting.
WORD FAMILY
fleet: fleeted, fleeter, fleetest, fleeting, fleetly, fleetness, fleets+/ fleeting: fleetingest, fleetingly, fleetingness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Four days later, after being allowed a fleeting meeting with Pan, he was blindfolded and escorted back downstairs into The Residence’s garage.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Paul Newell, a spokesman for the Navy’s 7th Fleet, said when asked about the matter last week.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
About 39 percent of San Francisco’s annual Fleet Week bills are paid by municipal and county grants, according to that group’s federal filings.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 舰队; 船队; 车队; 港湾，小河
adj. 快速的，敏捷的; 转瞬即逝的
vi. 疾驰; 飞逝
vt. 使（时间）飞逝; 消磨
时态：fleeted, fleeting, fleets
分布：舰队(73%)，船队(17%)，机群(3%)，敏捷的(3%)，快速的(2%)，掠过(1%)，短暂的(1%)
→来自pleu,浮动，流，词源同flow, float, pluvial. 用来指船只，舰队。
n.舰队,船队She met me in the Fleet Street and greeted me with a sweet smile.她在舰队街上遇见我,并对我致以甜甜的一笑.
noun countable
SHIPS 船只
 ADVANCED
■a group of ships, or all of the ships in a country's navy 船队；（一国的）全部舰队，海军
• a fleet of 20 sailing ships 一支由20艘帆船组成的船队
• a fishing fleet 捕鱼船队
• The British fleet sailed from Southampton early this morning. 英国海军舰队今天清晨从南安普敦启航。
[fli:t] noun countable
VEHICLES 车辆
■a number of buses, aircraft, etc. under the control of one person or organization （由某人或某机构调度的）车队，机群
• He owns a fleet of taxis. 他拥有一队计程车。
[fli:t] adjective literary
■able to run quickly 跑得快的，快速的
• She was slight and fleet of foot /fleet- footed. 她身材苗条，跑得快。
fleet, navy
这组词都有“船队，舰队”的意思，其区别是：
fleet: 指一个国家包括商船在内所有船只的总数，也可指某一地区由军方或民间拥有船只的总数。
navy: 指国家战舰和全部海上武力部队，包括士兵、补给站和装备在内。
adj. 快速的，敏捷的
 - fast, sudden, sharp, fly, quick
n. [军] 舰队；港湾；小河
 - marine, navarchy
vi. 飞逝；疾驰；掠过
 - brush, fly by
vt. 消磨
 - spend, while away

Word: catalog
Front: catalog
['kætəlɔ:g] (研四六雅宝 4443/49824)
Vocabulary: catalog
(once / 2449 pages)
nv
A catalog is a book that lists many things: the most common type of catalog is for a store.
A catalog is an organized list that appears in book or pamphlet form. The Sears catalog tells you all the things you can buy at Sears, along with pictures of the items and what they cost. But you can also use catalog to mean any kind of listing. In an argument, you might say, "Why don't you just make a catalog of all my faults!" When you're making a catalog of any kind, you're cataloging.
WORD FAMILY
catalog: cataloged, cataloger, cataloging, catalogs+/cataloger: catalogers
USAGE EXAMPLES
The system is a cooperative with centralized cataloging and check-out privileges for residents at any library, among other benefits.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
No one is assigned to guard the site, much less catalog the fragments.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
I didn’t think of it until Prince died and I revisited his catalog.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 目录，目录册，目录簿; [美]大学概况一览; 登记，记载; 产品样本
vt. 登记; 为…编目; 编目录; 记载
v. 把…按目录分类; 把…编目
时态：cataloged, cataloging, catalog
分布：目录(97%)，大学概况手册(1%)，做目录(1%)，分类说明(1%)
目录(cata[cata-表示"向下,相反,离开"]向下＋log说→在下面要说的话→目录)
n.(catalogue)目录(册)v.编目(录)Can you catalogue the VCD sets you sell?你能不能把你们出售的VCD机编成目录?
【记】cata下面，log说－表明下面说什么的东西－目录
n. [图情] [计] 目录；登记
 - registration, directory, entry, content, list
vt. 登记；为…编目录
 - register, book in

Word: outsider
Front: outsider
[ˌaʊtˈsaɪdə(r)] (4445/4705 -2)
Vocabulary: outsider
(once / 1019 pages)
1n 2n
An outsider is a stranger — someone who doesn't fit in, or someone who observes a group from afar. An outsider stands outside the group, looking in.
If you go through high school without belonging to any particular group — you're not a jock, a nerd, or an artist, for example — you might feel like an outsider. Having a brand new job can also put you in the position of being an outsider, especially if you have no experience in the profession. To an outsider, the way a busy restaurant works might seem chaotic and random, for example. To an insider, on the other hand, it might all make perfect sense.
WORD FAMILY
outsider: outsiders+/ outside: outsider, outsides
USAGE EXAMPLES
Civil wars – most fuelled by outsiders – are consuming the Middle East.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Kerry’s speech showed that outsiders look past the screen and see the occupation clearly.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Waterfront dining may one day be as common as steakhouses, those hidebound concepts that outsiders consider the mascots of D.C. dining.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 局外人，圈外人; 无取胜希望者; （比赛中的）冷门选手
分布：局外人(77%)，外行(12%)，旁观者(11%)
→来自outside,外边。引申词义局外人。
US [-dɚ] noun countable
NOT MEMBER 外部的人
■a person who is not involved with a particular group of people or organization or who does not live in a particular place 局外人；外来者；外部的人
• Outsiders have a glamorized idea of what it is like to work for the BBC. 外人把在英国广播公司工作想像得无比美好。
■a person who is not liked or accepted as a member of a particular group, organization or society and who feels different from those people who are accepted as members （不被某一团体、组织或社会接受的）局外人， 不合群的人，外人
• As a child he was very much an outsider, never participating in the games other children played. 小时候他非常不合群，从来不和其他孩子一起玩游戏。
UK [ˌaʊt'saɪ.dər] US [-dɚ] noun countable
UNLIKELY WINNER 非胜者
■a person or animal with only a slight chance of winning 取胜希望渺茫的人或动物
• The race was won by a rank outsider. 在这场比赛中夺冠的是一匹不被看好的马。
n. [劳经] 外人；无取胜希望者
 - gaijin

Word: desperately
Front: desperately
['despərətlɪ] (六托 4450/3523 -K)
Vocabulary: desperately
(once / 476 pages)
adv
When you do something desperately you do it with extreme urgency. If faced with a life-and-death situation, you might fight desperately, using any means possible to overcome the obstacles and survive.
The undercurrent of the adverb desperately is one of despair, which makes sense when you consider that it comes from the Latin desperatus, meaning "given up or despaired of." You can get a good sense of the word from its context in Journalist Sheilah Graham’s statement, "You can have anything you want if you want it desperately enough. You must want it with an inner exuberance that erupts through the skin and joins the energy that created the world."
WORD FAMILY
desperate: desperately, desperates, desperatest, desperation +/ desperation: desperations
USAGE EXAMPLES
Energy-efficiency rules are desperately needed to improve air quality, combat global warming and to enable America to meet its domestic and international goals.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
At the time of his son's death, Mr Scully-Sloan was also desperately ill with liver disease and awaiting a transplant.
BBC(Dec 31, 2016)
With blitzing linebacker Reuben Foster bearing down on him, Browning desperately heaved a pass into the flats for Lavon Coleman.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adv. 绝望地; 不顾一切地; <口>极度地; 猛烈地
分布：绝望地(56%)，拼命地(22%)，极严重地(11%)，孤注一掷地(11%)
US [-pɚ-] adverb
SERIOUSLY 非常
 ADVANCED
■extremely or very much 非常；极其
• He was desperately ill. 他病得很重。
• She always seems to be desperately busy! 她似乎总是特别忙！
• I'm not desperately keen on football. 我对足球并不是特别热衷。
• He was desperately in love with her. 他疯狂地爱上了她。
• They desperately wanted a child. 他们特别想要一个孩子。
UK ['des.pər.ət.li] US [-pɚ-] adverb
RISKILY 冒险地
 ADVANCED
■in a way that shows you are frightened and ready to try anything to change a situation （因绝望而）拚命地；孤注一掷地
• They fought desperately for their lives. 他们为了生存而拼命搏斗。
adv. 拼命地；绝望地；极度地
 - profoundly, overly

Word: stance
Front: stance
[stæns] (宝 4447/3715 -2)
Vocabulary: stance
(once / 1989 pages)
n
Your stance is your posture or the way you stand. Figuratively, if you take a stance against bullying, you are standing against it.
If you take a stance on a contentious issue, it means you believe strongly about it one way or the other. If your stance is unpopular, you'll need some courage to speak your mind. The word comes from the Italian stanza which means stopping place. Your stance is something that's not likely to change. You have stopped there, your decision is made. You're done.
WORD FAMILY
stance: stances
USAGE EXAMPLES
While I meandered through my twenties, locked in my pseudo-bohemian stance, the remnants of that money rumbled along.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
The move by Swiss authorities also indicates a tougher stance, observers say.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
There are two basic opinions on this stance across Sports Nation:
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 态度，立场; 站姿，被放置的姿势; 位置; （运动员的）始发姿势
分布：立场(79%)，态度(19%)，站立姿势(2%)
→来自拉丁语 stare,站立，词源同 stand.-ance,名词后缀。引申诸相关词义。
US [stænts] noun countable
OPINION 观点
 ADVANCED
■a way of thinking about something, especially expressed in a publicly stated opinion （尤指公开表明的）观点，立场
• The doctor's stance on the issue of abortion is well known. 这位医生在堕胎问题上的立场众人皆知。
UK [stɑ:nts] US [stænts] noun countable
POSITION 姿势
■a particular way of standing 站立姿势
• Jenny took up a stance with her feet slightly apart, ready to catch the ball. 珍妮两脚稍稍分开站好了姿势，准备接球。
n. 立场；姿态；位置；准备击球姿势
 - location, situation, site, lie

Word: compel
Front: compel
[kəmˈpel] (研四六托雅宝 4449/4965 -2)
Vocabulary: compel
(once / 97 pages)
v
Compel means to force or drive someone to do something. Even if you don't like toast, when you visit the toast-eating natives of Shrintakook Island, you'll be compelled to eat it, or they will not trust you.
You don't want to be compelled to go to a classical music concert if you'd rather listen to rap. School officials might be upset if a winter storm compels them to cancel classes, but you'd be okay with that. A compelling mystery forces you to pay attention because you want to find out "whodunit."
WORD FAMILY
compel: compelled, compelling, compels, compulsion, compulsive +/ compelling: compellingly/ compulsion: compulsions/ compulsive: compulsively, compulsiveness, compulsives, compulsivity
USAGE EXAMPLES
But as the Islamic State became a dire enough threat to return American troops to Iraq, Mr. Obama felt compelled to change course on Afghanistan.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
East Coast — compelling, nationwide viewing on a Saturday.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
But Mother Nature is nothing if not compelling, and my broodiness sat in my core like an ache.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. 强迫，迫使; 强制发生，使不得不
时态：compelled, compelling, compels
分布：迫使(51%)，强迫(47%)，使不得已(2%)
→com-, 强调。-pel, 驱使，词源同appeal, pulse.
强迫(com共同+pel推→一起推→强迫)[pel,puls=drive,push,表示"驱动,推"]
v.强迫,迫使The competitor is compelled to complete the competition.竞争者被迫完成了比赛.
【记】com共同，pel推－共同推－强迫
【参】repel（v 打退）；re反，pel推 expel（v 开除）；ex出，pel推
[kəm'pel] (-ll-)
verb transitive
■to force someone to do something 强迫；逼迫；迫使
• [+ to infinitive] As a school boy he was compelled to wear shorts even in winter. 在求学时期，即使在冬天他也被迫穿着短裤。
• formal The new circumstances compelled a change in policy. 新情况迫使在政策上作出改变。
⇒ See also compulsion formal
■to produce a strong feeling or reaction, sometimes unwillingly （有时指并非所愿地）激起，引发
• Over the years her work has compelled universal admiration and trust. 这些年来，她的工作获得了大家的一致钦佩和信赖。
constrain, force, compel, oblige
这组词都有“迫使”的意思，其区别是：
constrain: 侧重施加约束力或有约束作用的影响，也指环境对人强加的影响迫使人去做某事，尤指受良心、情感等内在力量驱使去做某事。
force: 指用个人意志、权力、权威或暴力等，迫使他人改变看法或做本不愿做的事。
compel: 指在法律、权力、力量或行动等的驱使下被迫而为。
oblige: 指由于生理上或道德上的需要，促使某人做某事，也指有权威的人或机构迫使某人做某事，还可指在特定情况下被迫作出的反应。
vt. 强迫，迫使；强使发生
 - pressure, force, enforce

Word: sensitivity
Front: sensitivity
[ˌsensəˈtɪvəti] (六托宝 4452/3963)
Vocabulary: sensitivity
(once / 3912 pages)
n
Sensitivity has many shades of meaning but most relate to your response to your environment — either physical or emotional. Sensitivity to cold means you’re quick to notice the slightest chill — in the air or in another person’s actions.
A sensitivity to pollen means you’re sneezing any time it’s in the air — you just always seem to react to it. It’s the same with emotions — sensitivity means you pick up on the feelings of others. If you have great sensitivity to your classmates, then you’re aware of their needs and behave in a way that makes them feel good. If you introduce a new policy with sensitivity, that means you consider how others will react to it.
WORD FAMILY
sensitivity: sensitivities+/desensitise: desensitisation, desensitising/ desensitize: desensitization, desensitized, desensitizes, desensitizing/hypersensitive: hypersensitively, hypersensitivity/insensibility: insensibilities/ insensible: insensibility, insensibly/ insensitive: insensitively, insensitiveness, insensitivity/insensitivity: insensitivities/ nonsense: nonsenses, nonsensical / nonsensical: nonsensicalest, nonsensicality, nonsensically/oversensitive: oversensitively, oversensitiveness/ sensation: aftersensation, sensational, sensations/ sensational: sensationalism, sensationally, unsensational/sensationalism: sensationalisms, sensationalist, sensationalistic/sensationalist: sensationalists/ sense: nonsense, sensation, sensed, senseless, senses, sensible, sensing, sensitive, sensor, sensorial, sensuous /senseless: senselessly, senselessness/ sensibility: sensibilities/ sensible: insensible, sensibilise, sensibility, sensibilize, sensibleness, sensibler, sensiblest, sensibly/sensitise: desensitise, sensitisation, sensitised, sensitiser, sensitising/sensitised: hypersensitised, supersensitised/sensitiser: sensitisers/ sensitive: hypersensitive, insensitive, nonsensitive, oversensitive, sensitise, sensitively, sensitiveness, sensitives, sensitivity, sensitize, supersensitive/sensitiveness: sensitivenesses/sensitize: desensitize, sensitization, sensitized, sensitizer, sensitizes, sensitizing/sensitized: hypersensitized, supersensitized/sensitizer: sensitizers/sensor: sensors/sensorial: sensorially/ sensuous: sensuously, sensuousness/supersensitive: supersensitively/unsensational: unsensationally
USAGE EXAMPLES
At worst, Pickens’ remarks “reflect a non-racial personality conflict and amount to discourtesy, rudeness or lack of sensitivity,” they wrote in recent court filings.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But since then, Mummers and the city offered voluntary sensitivity training and Mummers leaders published an open letter condemning expressions and hate and bigotry.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Patel: I found this masculinity and this sensitivity, both ends of the spectrum.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 敏感，感受性; 仪器等的)灵敏性; [摄]感光度
分布：敏感(59%)，灵敏度(39%)，多愁善感(1%)，感受性(1%)
【反】analgesia（n 痛觉丧失）－sensitivity to pain（对疼痛敏感）
US [-sə'tɪv.ə.tˌi] noun (also sensitiveness)
KINDNESS 和善
countable or uncountable
■an ability to understand what other people need, and be helpful and kind to them 善解人意的；体贴的；体谅的
• The police showed commendable sensitivity in their handling of the case. 警方在处理该案时表现出高度敏锐性，值得赞扬。
UK [ˌsent.sɪ'tɪv.ɪ.ti] US [-sə'tɪv.ə.tˌi] noun (also sensitiveness)
UPSETTING 不快
uncountable
■a situation, subject, etc. which needs to be dealt with carefully in order to avoid upsetting people （话题、形势等）敏感的，须谨慎对待的
• Such is the sensitivity of the information that only two people are allowed to know it. 这份情报极为敏感，所以只允许两个人知道。
uncountable
■the quality of being easily upset by the things people say or do, or causing people to be upset, embarrassed or angry 神经过敏的；易被冒犯的；敏感的
• I should have warned you about her sensitivity to criticism. 我早该警告你，她对别人的批评十分敏感。
UK [ˌsent.sɪ'tɪv.ɪ.ti] US [-sə'tɪv.ə.tˌi] noun (also sensitiveness)
REACTING EASILY 轻易作出反应的
uncountable
■having a strong physical reaction to something 过敏
• One of the side effects of the drug is an increased sensitivity to sunlight. 这种药的副作用之一是会增强对阳光的敏感性。
■the ability to record small changes in weight, temperature, etc. 灵敏度（感应重量、温度等的微小变化的能力）
• The sensitivity of the machine provides us with extremely accurate data. 这台机器的高灵敏度提供我们极为准确的数据。
n. 敏感； [生理] 敏感性；过敏
 - susceptivity, tenderness

Word: someday
Front: someday
['sʌmdeɪ] (4451/21398)
Back: adv. 将来有一天
分布：有朝一日(100%)
adverb
■at some time in the future which is not yet known or not stated （将来）有一天，有朝一日
• Maybe someday you'll both meet again. 也许有一天你们两个还会见面。
• Someday soon you're going to have to make a decision. 不久后的某一天，你就需要作出决定。

Word: instant
Front: instant
[ˈɪnstənt] (高研四六托 4453/4938 -3)
Vocabulary: instant
(once / 49 pages)
nadj
An instant is a very short time. In combinations like instant coffee and instant replay it means available right away without a wait.
Instant and moment mean the same thing if you are talking about a particular time in the past like you remember the instant or moment you realized that you had won the lottery. However, the two words are very different when talking about time in the future. "I'll be there in an instant" means you're coming as quickly as possible, whereas if you say "I'll be there in a moment," someone is going to have to wait a bit for you.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
instant / instance
Around the Vocabulary.com office, we might like an instance of tea, but we vehemently oppose instant tea.
That's because instance means an example or an occurrence:
Police investigated five instances of criminal mischief to motor vehicles on Forest Avenue
A student in the engineering academy, for instance, would have to take three engineering-specific electives.
There was an instance in a game in August where the catwalk came into play.
Instant, on the other hand, mean immediately or urgently:
Easy Reader: Philip Roth's Nemesis an Instant Classic
Starbucks announced last summer it would start retailing flavored instant coffee, and here it is.
Now think about the times when you fell victim to the instant desire to buy that new shinny thing.
Oddly enough, the two are related. Instance dates back to 1380 as meaning the current time, but it comes from the Medieval Latin (through Old French) instantia, which refers to both presence and urgency. Instant dates to about the same time, prior to 1398, as meaning a specific moment. It comes from the Medieval Latin instantem, meaning present and urgent. Instant picked up its modern meaning of immediately around 1443 from its English definition and instance seems to have never meant urgency, creating a distinction between the two.
But instant tea is still disgusting.
WORD FAMILY
instant: instancy, instantaneous, instanter, instantly, instants+/ instantaneous: instantaneously, instantaneousness
USAGE EXAMPLES
At the time, The Economic Consequences of the Peace created an instant controversy.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Under the initiative, transactions are subject to federal screenings through the FBI-run National Instant Criminal Background Check System.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
When these “unthinkables” then happened, markets responded with an instant panic plunge before bouncing back.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 瞬间，顷刻; 此刻; 当月; 速食食品，即溶饮料
adj. 立即的; 迫切的; 正在考虑的，目前的; 即食的
分布：瞬间(53%)，立即(32%)，立即的(8%)，即时的(6%)，速成的(1%)
→in-,进入，使，靠近，-st,站立，词源同stand,state.即站在附近的，紧急待命的，后引申词义立即的。
紧急的(in+stant→站进来的→紧急的)[st,sta,stat,stan,stant,stin=stand表示"站,立"]
a.立即的;紧迫的;(食品)速溶的n.瞬间,时刻For instance, I can instantly know the constant distance.例如,我可以即刻知道该恒定距离.
adjective
 IMPROVER
■happening immediately, without any delay 立即的，立刻的
• This type of account offers you instant access to your money. 这种帐户允许随时支取存款。
• Contrary to expectations, the film was an instant success. 与预期相反，这部电影一上映即获得成功。
■Instant food or drink is dried, usually in the form of a powder, and can be prepared very quickly by adding hot water （食品或饮品）速食的，方便的，即溶的
• instant coffee/soup 即溶咖啡／速食汤
['ɪn.stənt] noun only singular
■an extremely short period of time; a moment 瞬息，顷刻
• In an instant her mood had changed. 顷刻间她的情绪就变了。
• The startled boy froze for an instant, then fled. 那个受惊的男孩愣了片刻，然后就逃跑了。
• "Stop that noise this instant (= now) !" “马上把那噪音停下来！”
• I'll call you the instant (= as soon as) I get home. 我一到家就给你打电话。
minute, moment, instant
这组词都有“瞬间、片刻”的意思，其区别是：
minute: 指极短的时间，但可觉察到时间的持续。
moment: 较minute所表示的时间短，指一刹那或一段很短时间。有时也含持续的意味。
instant: 常与moment换用，指一瞬间，但更侧重时间短促，多用于表示紧迫、瞬变等情况。
hasty, urgent, prompt, instant
hasty: 匆忙的，草率的
urgent: 紧迫的，紧急的
prompt: 快速的，及时的
instant: 立即的，指几乎察觉不到的时间段
hasty, quick, prompt, fast, instant, rapid, speedy, swift
hasty: 多指匆忙、草率或仓促的行动，着重缺乏深思熟虑。
quick: 特指瞬时动作，强调动作敏捷迅速；也指匆忙的行为，而不暗示速度很快。
prompt: 主要指动作迅速，毫不拖延，含“快得令人愉悦”的意味。
fast: 常指人或物持续地高速运动，强调运动的方式。
instant: 指某事很快发生或急待解决，含刻不容缓之意。
rapid: 比fast和quick正式，常指运动本身，侧重速度惊人。所指动作可能是短暂的，也可能是持续的。
speedy: 指人或物或其运动、活动时，着重极度的快捷，多含匆忙意味。
swift: 正式用词，强调非常迅速，往往含动作轻快敏捷之意。
immediate, prompt, momentary, instant
immediate: 目前的，当前的
prompt: （行动）立刻的，迅速的；
momentary: 瞬息间的；
instant: 即刻发生的
adj. 立即的；紧急的；紧迫的
 - immediate, urgent, emergency, hot, pressing
n. 瞬间；立即；片刻
 - moment, breath, second

Word: debut
Front: debut
['deɪbju:] (宝 4455/4249 -3)
Vocabulary: debut
(once / 619 pages)
nv
A debut is a first appearance, a launch, or public introduction. So before you make your big debut at the office, check and make sure you don't have spinach in your teeth.
Perhaps you’ve heard of debutantes making their official debut into society, or actresses and actors making their debut on stage. A fun fact: debut and premiere are often thought to be interchangeable, but they’re not. A debut, as you now know, is a first public appearance. But a premiere, while also a “first,” isn't necessarily live. When a movie opens or an interview is broadcast for the first time, they're called premieres.
WORD FAMILY
debut: debuted, debuting, debuts
USAGE EXAMPLES
Seahawks: Somehow they stunk it up against Rams in Week 2, though it was LA debut for Rams.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In his playoff debut on Saturday, Ferrell never seemed far from the football.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
To coincide with Sakari’s public debut, the Buffalo Zoo also is announcing the return of the special winter admission price of $5 per person.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 初次露面，初次表演，首次出场，处女秀
v. 初次表演，初次登台
adj. 首张的，首场的，首次的
时态：debuted, debuting, debuts
分布：初次登场(61%)，首次露面(26%)，首次推出(13%)
→de-, 向下，离开。-but, 击，打，目标，词源同beat, butt. 即打向目标的，词义引申富家女子首次亮相，登上社交舞台。
【记】de去掉，but。去掉but？导演Z（平静）：你可以上台了。女演员F：but我还没准备好呢？Z（有点儿烦）：哪那么多事儿呀，快点儿！F：but我这可是第一次！Z（强忍）：谁没有第一次呀，快！F：but…，Z（已经怒了）：哪XX那么多but呀，全都给我de掉，再不上去我就X人了！！！
【参】debutante（n 初进社交界的少女）
【反】farewell performance（告别演出）
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■when someone performs or presents something to the public for the first time 首演，首次公演
• She made her professional stage debut in Swan Lake. 她在《天鹅湖》中完成了她的首次职业舞台演出。
• He started as an actor, making his debut as a director in 1990. 他一开始时当演员，1990年首次担任导演。
• her debut (= first) album 她的首张专辑。
['deɪ.bju] verb intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to perform or be introduced to the public for the first time 首演，首次登台；首次亮相
• The programme debuted last year to great acclaim. 这个节目去年首次演出就受到了广泛赞扬。

Word: proclaim
Front: proclaim
[prəˈkleɪm] (研四六托雅宝 4454/4729 -2)
Vocabulary: proclaim
(once / 148 pages)
v
"I proclaim the Olympic Games open." Every two years with words similar to these, the Olympic games officially begin. To proclaim is to exclaim or declare.
When you proclaim something, you are saying it loud and clear and in public. A doctor can proclaim you healthy after you have recovered from a long illness. The panel of judges may have trouble proclaiming the winner in a very tight race. What you are saying out loud can be called a proclamation. Proclamations were once only made by Kings or other ruling leaders which is why the word proclaim has an official feeling to it.
WORD FAMILY
proclaim: proclaimed, proclaiming, proclaims, proclamation +/proclaimed: self-proclaimed/ proclamation: proclamations
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Comrade President, the people request that you continue to lead the country’s destiny,” the signs proclaim.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
In addition to famously proclaiming that he would “drain the swamp,” Trump also attacked many of his rivals for their alleged dependence on wealthy donors.
Salon(Dec 28, 2016)
The California-Pacific Conference of the United Methodist Church also proclaimed support for sanctuary efforts.
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: vt. 宣告，公布; 表明; 赞扬，称颂
时态：proclaimed, proclaiming, proclaims
分布：表明(42%)，声明(37%)，赞扬(13%)，正式宣布(8%)
→pro-,向前，-claim,说，词源同claim,clamor.引申词义声称，声明。
公布;声明(pro在前＋claim→在前面喊→公布)[claim,clam=cyrout,shout,表示"呼喊,叫喊"]
v.宣告,声明The man proclaimed in exclamation that he aimed to reclaim the aimless claim.那个人呼喊着声明说他打算索回无目标的索赔.
US [proʊ-] verb transitive
ANNOUNCE 宣布
 ADVANCED formal
■to announce something publicly or officially, especially something positive 宣布；声明
• All the countries have proclaimed their loyalty to the alliance. 所有的国家都显示了它们对联盟的忠诚。
• Republican party members were confidently proclaiming victory even as the first few votes came in. 才刚得到几张选票，共和党员就信心十足准备宣布胜利了。
• [+ that] It was the famous speech in which he proclaimed that socialism was dead. 就是在那场著名的演讲中他宣称自己不会放弃。
• [+ two objects] She was proclaimed Queen at the age of thirteen after the sudden death of her father. 父亲猝死后，她13岁就被立为女王。
UK [prəʊ'kleɪm] US [proʊ-] verb transitive
SHOW 表示 literary
■to show something or make it clear 表明；显示
• Wearing scarves and hats which proclaimed their allegiance, the football fans flooded into the bar. 足球迷们戴着表示忠诚的头巾和帽子，如潮水般涌入酒吧。
allege, affirm, announce, proclaim, assert, claim
这组词都有“声称”的意思，其区别是：
allege: v.在无真凭实据的情况下宣称、断定。
 • The suspect alleged that he had not been in the neighborhood at the time of the crime.   嫌疑犯声称案发时他不在现场。
affirm: v.坚信不疑地肯定或宣称，是deny的反义词。
 • He affirmed his love for her.   他发誓爱她。
announce: v.宣布，宣告。多指首次当众正式宣布某一主张或态度，常常带有预告的意味。
 • The invention of the printing press announced the diffusion of knowledge.   印刷术的发明宣告了知识普及时代的来临。
proclaim: v.宣布；宣告(成立)。指经过深思熟虑后向大众宣布一个明确的决定或判断，尤其指重大事件的宣布，多用于官方场合。
 • The president proclaimed an emergency when the war came.   当战争来临的时候总统宣布进入紧急状态。
assert: v.指不管事实如何，主观自信地宣称，或者清楚有力地坚持某个情况为事实。
 • She asserted that she was innocent .   她宣称自己是无辜的。
claim: v.要求，声称，断言。多指根据某种规定提出的要求或主张。
 • They claim that if more people rode bicycles to go to work there would be fewer automobiles in the downtown section of the city.   他们生成如果有更多的人骑自行车上班的话，闹市区的汽车就会有所减少。
announce, declare, proclaim, pronounce, advertise, broadcast, publish
这些动词均含“宣布，公开”之意。
announce: 多指首次宣布大家感兴趣或可满足大家好奇心的事情。
declare: 侧重正式就某事清楚明白地宣布。
proclaim: 指官方宣布重大事件或施政方针，语体比announce正式。
pronounce: 词义与announce, declare接近，但较多用于指法律判决方面的宣布。
advertise: 指通过文字和图像资料等的反复宣传而引起公众的注意，有时隐含令人不快或言过其实的意味。
broadcast: 专指利用广播或电视传播消息或发表见解。
publish: 专指通过报刊或其它媒介向公众公布事情。
vt. 宣告，公布；声明；表明；赞扬
 - indicate, sound, post, state, publish

Word: worldwide
Front: worldwide
[ˈwɜ:ldwaɪd] (高研四托 4457/5136 -3)
Back: adj. 全世界的
adv. 遍及全球地
分布：在全世界(60%)，全世界的(40%)
a.全世界的,世界范围的ad.遍及全世界Chinese porcelain enjoys worldwide fame.中国的瓷器闻名世界.
US [ˌwɝ:ld-/ UK ['--] adjective adverb
 IMPROVER
■existing or happening in all parts of the world 世界范围的，全世界的；在全世界的
• a worldwide recession 全世界的经济衰退
• An increase in average temperature by only a few degrees could cause environmental problems worldwide. 平均气温仅仅升高几度便可能导致全球性的环境问题。
adj. 全世界的
 - universal

Word: hike
Front: hike
[haɪk] (研六托雅宝 4456/14785 -2)
Vocabulary: hike
(once / 1104 pages)
1vn 2vn
To hike is to walk a long way at a leisurely pace. You might love to hike in the woods on weekends.
When you hike, you walk for pleasure, often in a wooded or hilly area. The trip itself is also a hike, whether you hike the Appalachian Trail or climb a local hill. Another meaning of hike is "to increase," as when the library decides to hike the fees for late books. Hike has been around since the 1800's, when it was spelled hyke, but its origin is uncertain. The "walk vigorously" meaning is older than the "raise or increase" meaning.
WORD FAMILY
hike: hiked, hiker, hikes, hiking+/hiker: hikers
USAGE EXAMPLES
There was no increase in 2016, so the cumulative increase - including the January hike - is 27 cents per gallon over four years.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
House Minority Leader Scott Pelath, D-Michigan City, still questions if a tax hike is “the best, or the only avenue, for raising revenues.”
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Businesses say mandated pay hikes hurt the economy by cutting jobs and hours.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 徒步旅行; 远足; 提高，涨价; <口>（数量、价格等）增加，上升
vi. 徒步旅行; 上升
vt. 提高（价格等）; 拉起; 使…高涨
时态：hiked, hiking, hikes
分布：徒步旅行(39%)，远足(31%)，提高(20%)，涨价(10%)
→来自英语方言hyke,精神抖擞的走路，可能来自中古英语icchen,猛拉，晃动，词源同hitch.引申词义远足，徒步旅行，特指山路上的徒步。词义增加，上升来自hitch变体。
n.徒步旅行;增加vi.徒步旅行vt.提高The ferry hiked the fare to a pound.船费涨到了一英镑.
【记】读：骇客（帝国），联想最后女主角突然跳起定格的一幕。我like hike徒步旅行。
【反】backset（n 挫折；逆流）
noun countable
WALK 步行
■a long walk, especially in the countryside （尤指乡间的）远足，长途健行
[haɪk] noun countable
INCREASE 增加
■an increase in the cost of something, especially a large or unwanted increase （价格或费用的大幅）提高，增加
• The recent hike in train fares came as a shock to commuters. 最近火车票价的上涨让通勤者十分震惊。
[haɪk] noun countable
Take a hike! US informal
■a rude way of telling someone to leave 滚开！快点滚！
[haɪk] verb
WALK 步行
intransitive
■to go for a long walk in the countryside 健行，长途步行
[haɪk] verb
INCREASE 增加
intransitive or transitive
■to increase the cost of something （价格或费用的大幅）提高，增加
• The Chancellor has hiked (up) interest rates again. 财政大臣再次提高利率。
[haɪk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] hike sth up informal
■to lift or raise something with a quick movement 快速提起，快速拉起
• She hiked up her skirt and climbed onto the bicycle. 她快速撩起裙子，跨上脚踏车。
vi. 远足；徒步旅行；上升
 - trip, arise, raise, go up, climb
vt. 提高；拉起；使…高涨
 - enhance, raise
n. 远足；徒步旅行；涨价
 - walking tour, excursion

Word: required
Front: required
[rɪ'kwaɪəd] (4463/3534)
Vocabulary: required
(once / 76 pages)
adj
Anything required is mandatory or needed. If something is required, it's not optional. You better do your required reading over the summer, or else...
To require something is to demand it, like a restaurant requiring men to wear a jacket. Anything described as required is similarly demanded by some person or organization. A license is required to drive. A credit card is required to get a hotel room. A helmet is required in football. Sometimes this word is used more loosely. For example, a glass of water will be required for most people after a workout. That just means the water is needed.
WORD FAMILY
require: required, requirement, requires, requiring, requisition +/ requirement: requirements/ requisition: derequisition, requisitioned, requisitioning, requisitions
USAGE EXAMPLES
Some manufacturing companies are required to cut production and heavily polluting vehicles are banned from the roads.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
When authorities issue red alerts, some manufacturing companies are required to cut production and heavily polluting vehicles are banned from the roads.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“It’s ludicrous and arbitrary,” according to Devinsky, who says getting government approval for his epilepsy trial required dozens of hours of extra work.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 必须的，<美>（学科）必修的
v. 要求( require的过去式和过去分词 ); 需要; 想要; 命令
分布：必需的(100%)
VERB
需要;有赖于
If you require something or if something is required, you need it or it is necessary.
例：If you require further information, you should consult the registrar...如果需要进一步了解信息，请咨询教务主任。
例：This isn't the kind of crisis that requires us to drop everything else...这样的危机并不需要我们抛弃其他的一切。
VERB
要求;命令;规定
If a law or rule requires you to do something, you have to do it.
例：The rules also require employers to provide safety training...这些规定还要求雇主提供安全培训。
例：At least 35 manufacturers have flouted a law requiring prompt reporting of such malfunctions...至少有35名制造商触犯了要求此类故障出现后立即上报的法律。
PHRASE
必读的
If you say that something is required reading for a particular group of people, you mean that you think it is essential for them to read it because it will give them information which they should have.
例：...an important research study that should be required reading for every member of the cabinet.每一位内阁成员都应阅读的一份重要研究论文
adj. 必需的；（美）必修的
 - necessary, compulsory
v. 需要（require的过去式及过去分词形式）；要求
 - needed

Word: confrontation
Front: confrontation
[ˌkɒnfrʌnˈteɪʃn] (六 4459/5001 -3)
Vocabulary: confrontation
(once / 1787 pages)
n
A confrontation is an angry disagreement. You might become so irritated about your upstairs neighbor's loud, awful music that a confrontation is unavoidable.
Confrontation implies hostility, although like a fight, a confrontation can involve actual violence, or just a clash of words. A confrontation often refers to a military encounter involving opposing armies. This meaning became popular after the Cuban missile crisis in 1963. Before that, confrontation was used to mean "bringing two opposing parties face to face," from the Latin word confrontationem.
WORD FAMILY
confrontation: confrontational, confrontations+/ confront: confrontation, confronted, confronting, confronts/ confrontational: confrontationally
USAGE EXAMPLES
Holden discovers his strange abilities during a confrontation with the aforementioned bad guys, but then he is curiously uninterested in exploring them.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Gun deaths are common in heists, holdups and in confrontations among police, drug gangs and other criminals in Brazil, but targeted mass shootings are rare.
Reuters(Jan 01, 2017)
The confrontation escalated inside when somebody in Williams’s group sprayed champagne in celebration.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 对抗; 面对; 遭遇; 对峙
分布：对抗(70%)，冲突(30%)
US [ˌkɑ:n.frən-] noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■a fight or argument 对抗；冲突；对峙；争论
• She actually enjoys confrontation, whereas I prefer a quiet life. 她实际上喜欢对抗冲突，而我则更喜欢平静的生活。
• There were violent confrontations between police and demonstrators. 员警和示威人士之间发生了激烈的冲突。
n. [军] 对抗；面对；对质
 - war, antagonism

Word: colorful
Front: colorful
['kʌləfəl] (4462/-)
Vocabulary: colorful
(once / 2585 pages)
adj
Things that are colorful are brightly colored or have many different colors. A brilliant red cardinal is a colorful bird, while a brown sparrow isn't quite as colorful.
Some nutrition experts recommend eating a colorful diet, including vegetables and fruits of varied colors for optimum health. A colorful bouquet of flowers would be equally varied, perhaps with white daisies, pink roses, blue violets, and yellow carnations. Brilliantly colored things are colorful too, like a tree with orange leaves in the fall. Figuratively, colorful language is rude or coarse, and a colorful group of friends is interesting and varied.
WORD FAMILY
colorful: colorfully+/ color: bicolor, coloration, colored, colorful, coloring, colorise, colorist, colorize, colorless, colors, decolor, discolor, multi-color, multicolor/coloration: colorations/colored: bicolored, coloreds, multi-colored, multicolored, uncolored/coloring: colorings/colorise: decolorise, discolorise/colorist: colorists/colorize: colorized, colorizing, decolorize, discolorize/colorless: colorlessly, colorlessness/decolor: decolored/decolorise: decolorised, decolorising/decolorize: decolorized, decolorizing/ discolor: discoloration, discolored, discoloring, discolors/ discoloration: discolorations
USAGE EXAMPLES
These tiny and colorfully painted sanctuaries are found throughout Terceira.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
With gangly limbs, big, expressive eyes and an entire vocabulary’s worth of colorful grunts and groans at her disposal, she’s equally good at nonverbal comedy.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
They used colorful metaphors describing death, agony and decay to describe the ties.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 富有色彩的; 鲜艳的; 多姿多彩的; 富有趣味的
分布：有趣的(46%)，华美的(29%)，富有色彩的(25%)
adj. 华美的；有趣的；富有色彩的
 - funny, gayer

Word: ideal
Front: ideal
[aɪˈdi:əl] (研四六托雅 2815/1917 -K4)
Vocabulary: ideal
(once / 109 pages)
nadj
An ideal is a model of something perfect or without equal. As an adjective, ideal describes this ultimate standard for excellence, or something that exists only as an idea.
When we talk about what's ideal, we often refer to a best-case scenario (it would be ideal if you were well-rested before your exam); what we're striving for (it would be ideal for all children to receive an education); or some idea of perfection (the ideal date would be dinner with your favorite movie star). If you have high ideals, you have very strong beliefs about what is good and right, and maybe even how best to save the world.
WORD FAMILY
ideal: idealise, idealism, ideality, idealize, ideally, ideals+/ idea: ideal, ideas, ideate/idealisation: idealisations/idealise: idealisation, idealised, idealises, idealising/ idealism: idealisms, idealist, idealistic / idealist: idealists/ idealistic: idealistically/ideality: idealities/idealization: idealizations/ idealize: idealization, idealized, idealizes, idealizing/ideate: ideated, ideating, ideation / ideation: ideational, ideations/ideational: ideationally
USAGE EXAMPLES
These awkward exchanges usually stem from ignorance rather than anti-Semitism or neo-Nazi ideals, academic experts and others say.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The report mentions the church as an ideal spot for weddings and other gatherings, as well as small to mid-size musical performances.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“Purchase vacations now — do not wait until 2017. This is an ideal time to book an upgraded experience at a better price.”
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 理想的，完美的; 被认为是最好的; 完全或相当令人满意的; 想象的，假设的
n. 理想; 典范，典型; 目标，高尚的、有价值的原则或目标
分布：理想(67%)，理想的(28%)，目标(2%)，完美的(1%)，典范(1%)，观念的(1%)
→来自idea,想象，想法。引申词义想象中的，理想的，完美的。
理想(idea+al)[idea,ideo=idea,表示"思想,观点"]
a.理想的;空想的;理想主义的;唯心的n.理想The zealous dealer has an ideal idea of dealing with the meal.热心的商人有一个处理膳食的理想主意.
adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■without fault; perfect, or the best possible 完美的；理想的
• the ideal employer 无可挑剔的老板
• She's the ideal person (= exactly the right type of person) for the job. 她是这项工作的理想人选。
• The television also comes in a compact 36 cm screen size, ideal for bedroom or kitchen use. 这款电视机也有萤幕大小为36厘米的袖珍型，非常适合在睡房和厨房使用。
• It's the ideal opportunity to meet people. 这是结识朋友的绝好机会。
• In an ideal world no one would go hungry. 理想的世界里没有人忍饥挨饿。
[aɪ'dɪəl] noun
PRINCIPLE 原则
countable
■a principle or a way of behaving that is of a very high standard 理想；标准极高的原则（或行为准则）
• democratic ideals 民主理想
• We are committed to the ideal of equality. 我们奉行平等原则。
• They share the same high ideals. 他们有着同样高标准的行为准则。
[aɪ'dɪəl] noun
PERFECT 完美的
only singular
■a perfect thing or situation 理想的事物（或情形）
• The ideal would be to have a place in the town and one in the country. 理想的情形应该是在城里和乡下都有住处。
ideal, perfect
这组词都有“完美的，极好的”的意思，其区别是：
ideal: 语气较强，指完美到使人称心如意的地步。
perfect: 用于褒义指某人或某物等达到理想中的完美无缺；用于贬义，则相反，指十足的坏。
adj. [数] 理想的；完美的；想象的；不切实际的
 - perfect, full, unreasonable, dream
n. [数] 理想；典范
 - pink, quintessence

Word: constitution
Front: constitution
[ˌkɒnstɪˈtju:ʃn] (高研四六托雅宝 3917/2148 -3)
Vocabulary: constitution
(once / 123 pages)
1n 2n 3n
A constitution is a statement of the basic principles and laws of a nation, state, or group, such as the U.S. Constitution. Another very common meaning of constitution is the physical makeup of a person.
The noun constitution is from Latin, from constitutus "set up, established" plus the suffix -ion- "act, state, or condition." So think of a constitution as how a body (yours, the government's) is set up. If you have a strong constitution, it means you don't get sick very often.
WORD FAMILY
constitution: constitutional, constitutionalize, constitutions+/ constituency: constituencies/ constituent: constituency, constituents/ constitute: constituent, constituted, constitutes, constituting, constitution, constitutive, reconstitute/constituted: self-constituted/ constitutional: constitutionalise, constitutionalist, constitutionally, constitutionals, unconstitutional /constitutionalise: constitutionalising/constitutionalize: constitutionalized, constitutionalizing/ constitutive: constitutively/reconstitute: reconstituted, reconstitutes, reconstituting/ unconstitutional: unconstitutionally
USAGE EXAMPLES
As governor, he created the Alabama Constitutional Revision Commission, which worked on revising the constitution until Wallace put a stop to the effort.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Utah’s constitution requires such action to maintain continuation of executive authority in the state.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
However, the country's constitution says the king is "inviolable" - or too significant to be treated with disrespect.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 建立，组成; 体格; 构成方式; 宪法
分布：宪法(89%)，体质(9%)，组织(2%)
→con-, 强调。-stit, 站，词源同stand, institute. 即站立的，比喻义国家基石，国家根本。
构成：宪法(constitute+ion)[atitut,stit=setup,place,表示"建立,放"]
n.构成,构造,组成(方式),成分;体格;宪法The substantial part of the constitution about the institution of institutes is substituted.宪法中有关设立协会的实质性部分被替换.
【参】constitutional（adj 构成的；（拥护）宪法的）
US [ˌkɑ:nt.stɪ'tu:-] noun countable
LAWS 法律
 IMPROVER
■(a written document which forms) the set of political principles by which a state or organization is governed, especially in relation to the rights of the people it governs 宪法；章程
• Britain has no written constitution. 英国没有成文宪法。
• The Constitution of the United States 《美国宪法》
• Under (= As part of) the union constitution, a new committee must be elected each year. 根据工会章程，委员会必须每年改选一次。
UK [ˌkɒnt.stɪ'tju:.ʃən] US [ˌkɑ:nt.stɪ'tu:-] noun countable
HEALTH 健康
■the general state of someone's health 体质，体格
• He has a very strong constitution. 他体质很强壮。
UK [ˌkɒnt.stɪ'tju:.ʃən] US [ˌkɑ:nt.stɪ'tu:-] noun countable
PARTS 结构
■how something is formed from different constituents (= parts) 组成；构成；结构；构造
• the constitution of a chemical compound 化合物的结构
law, rule, regulation, code, act, constitution
这组词都有“法同，法规”的意思，其区别是：
law: 普通用词，泛指由最高当局所制订、立法机构所通过的任何成文或不成文的法规或条例。
rule: 通常指机关、团体的规章、条例或比赛规则；也指对人行为、方法等所作的规定，还可指习俗所承认的规定。
regulation: 普通用词，指用于管理、指导或控制某系统或组织的规则、规定或原则等。
code: 指某一阶层或社会所遵守的一整套法典、法规或法则；也可指与某一特殊活动或主题有关的规则。
act: 指经立法机构通过并由行政管理签署的法案。
constitution: 指治理国家或国家在处理内外政务时所遵循的基本法律和原则；也指规章规则的汇集。
n. 宪法；体质；章程；构造
 - formation, fabric, structure, build, make

Word: trainer
Front: trainer
[ˈtreɪnə(r)] (高 4458/3854 -1)
Back: n. 运动鞋; 教员; 驯兽师
分布：训练者(89%)，训练设备(11%)
→train,训练，-er,表施动人。
US [-nɚ] noun
PERSON 人
 IMPROVER countable
■a person who teaches skills to people or animals and prepares them for a job, activity or sport 教员，教练；培训师；驯兽师
• They showed pictures of the horse and its trainer (= the person who prepared it for its races). 他们展示这匹马和驯马师的照片。
• A lot of wealthy people have their own personal trainer (= a person they employ to help them exercise). 许多富人都有自己的私人健身教练。
UK ['treɪ.nər] US [-nɚ] noun
SHOE 鞋
 ADVANCED countable usually plural UK (UK also training shoe) (US sneaker)
■a type of light comfortable shoe that is suitable for playing sport 运动鞋
n. 助理教练； [劳经] 训练员；驯马师；飞行练习器
 - assistant coach, drillmaster

Word: Thanksgiving

Word: scent
Front: scent
[sent] (研四六托雅 4460/5433 -2)
Vocabulary: scent
(once / 313 pages)
nv
A scent is a smell. Every house has a particular scent that is recognizable to people as belonging to that house.
Scent comes from the Latin sentire meaning "to feel, perceive, sense." The word was originally used in reference to hunting dogs, who track down animals by their scent. If you "pick up a scent," then you have a clue about something. If you wear a perfume, then you leave your scent in the air as you pass. Use scent instead of smell if you want to talk about a distinctively nice odor, like the scent of fresh-cut grass.
WORD FAMILY
scent: scented, scenting, scentless, scents+/scented: ill-scented
USAGE EXAMPLES
Likewise, it's not clear whether an aromatherapy diffuser needs to be smartphone-controlled, even if its scents really boost memory and clean lungs, as claimed.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
She wanted to throw the wolves off the scent.
The Guardian(Dec 29, 2016)
The scent, it transpires, is white tea and thyme.
BBC(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 香味，气味; 嗅觉; （动物的）臭迹; 痕迹，踪迹
vt. 闻到; 察觉，发觉; 使充满…的气味; 发出气味
vi. 发出…的气味; 有…的迹象; 嗅着气味追赶
时态：scented, scenting, scents
分布：气味(50%)，香味(37%)，线索(6%)，充满(3%)，发觉(2%)，闻出(1%)，得到 ... 的暗示(1%)
→来自古法语 sentir,感觉，感官，闻，来自拉丁语 sentire,感觉，感官，词源同 sense,sentiment. 插入字母 c 可能是受-sc-影响。引申词义闻，嗅，气味，气息等。
n.气味,香味,香水,线索,嗅觉v.嗅,发觉The neutral scent of kerosene is concentrated in the center of the scene.煤油的中性气味在场景中心被浓缩.
noun
countable
■a pleasant natural smell 香味
• the scent of roses 玫瑰的香味
countable
■a smell produced by an animal which acts as a signal to other animals （动物的）臭迹
• The hounds had lost the scent of the fox near the river. 猎狗在河边就闻不到狐狸的臭迹了。
countable or uncountable
■a pleasant-smelling liquid that people put on their skin; perfume 香水
• a bottle of scent 一瓶香水
[sent] noun
on the scent
■close to discovering 快要找到，已获得线索
• "We're on the scent of something big, " said the police chief. “我们快要抓到大鱼了，”警长说。
[sent] noun
throw/put sb off the scent
■to give someone false or confusing information to prevent them from discovering something that you do not want them to know about 使（某人）失去线索，使（某人）找不到
[sent] verb transitive
■If an animal scents something or someone, it knows they are there because it can smell them. （动物）嗅出，闻到
■If a person scents something, they have a feeling that they are about to experience it 觉察出；预感到
• Halfway through the match, the team could already scent victory. 打了半场以后，这个球队已经嗅到胜利了。
[sent] verb transitive
scent blood
■to believe that someone you are competing against is having difficulties and to use this to get an advantage for yourself 嗅到血腥味（相信竞争对手有麻烦，并利用之为自己取得好处）
• The manager has already made some serious errors of judgment and it is clear that other employees scent blood. 经理已经犯了一些严重的判断错误，显然其他员工都想利用经理的过失，为自己谋求利益。
smell, fragrance, incense, perfume, flavour, odour, scent
这组词都有“气味”的意思，其区别是：
smell: 普通用词，与odour很相近，中性词。可指好闻或不好闻或中性气味。
fragrance: 较正式的典雅用词，常指花妆品、花朵和香料等发出的令人感到新鲜、愉快的香味。
incense: 指香燃烧时发出的芳香的烟味。
perfume: 书面用词，指强烈、浓厚天然或人工制造的香气。
flavour: 指影响嗅觉、味觉的香气或香味，多用于指食物等独特的味。
odour: 书面中性词，侧重气味本身的本质，既可指令人愉快的气味，也可指令人作呕难闻气味。
scent: 与smell很接近，但着重某物质或物体所特有的气味，多指好闻的气味。
n. 气味；嗅觉；痕迹；察觉能力
 - smell, nose, mark, wind, trace
vt. 闻到；发觉；使充满…的气味；循着遗臭追踪
 - discover, wake to
vi. 发出…的气味；有…的迹象；嗅着气味追赶
 - show evidence of

Word: stack
Front: stack
[stæk] (研四六托雅 4466/6113 -2)
Back: n. 垛，干草堆; （一排）烟囱; 层积; 整个的藏书架排列
vt. & vi. 堆成堆，垛; 堆起来或覆盖住; 洗牌作弊; 秘密事先运作
时态：stacked, stacking, stacks
分布：堆(92%)，堆积(3%)，一大堆(3%)，堆放(2%)
→来自古诺斯语 stakkr,草堆，来自 Proto-Germanic*stakon,柱子，桩，来自 steg,柱子，桩， 词源同 stake,stick.引申诸相关词义。
n.堆,一堆v.堆积,堆起The attacker cracked the racks and stacked them on the track.攻击者打裂搁板并把它们堆在跑道上.
noun countable
PILE 堆
■a pile of things arranged one on top of another （排放整齐的）堆，叠
• He chose a cartoon from the stack of videos on the shelf. 他从架子上的一堆录影带中挑了盒卡通片。
■informal
■a large amount 大量，许多
• Don't worry, we've got stacks of time. 别担心，我们有的是时间。
the stacks
■a set of shelves in a library which are positioned close together so that a lot of books can be stored on them （图书馆中排列密集的）藏书书架；书库
[stæk] noun countable
ACCIDENT 事故 Australian informal
■a car accident, especially one that causes damage （尤指造成伤害的）车祸
[stæk] verb transitive
■to arrange things in an ordered pile 把…放成整齐的一堆；把…放成堆
• Once the last few people had left the hall, the caretaker began stacking (up) the chairs. 最后几个人一离开大厅，看门人就开始把椅子堆起来。
[stæk] verb transitive
have the odds / cards stacked against you
■to be very unlikely to succeed because you are not in an good position 形势对…不利
[stæk] verb transitive
stack the cards UK (US stack the deck)
■to arrange something in a dishonest way in order to achieve the result you want 暗中做手脚
[stæk] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  stack up mainly US informal
■to compare with another thing of a similar type （和类似事物）相比，比较
• The new model of this car just doesn't stack up against previous models (= is not as good as previous models). 这辆小轿车的新型号不如以前的型号。
[stæk] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  be stacked up
■If aircraft are stacked up over an airport, they circle over the airport at different heights, waiting to be told they can land. 盘旋飞行等待降落
n. 堆；堆叠
 - pile, bing
vi. 堆积，堆叠
 - pile, heap up

Word: eyebrow
Front: eyebrow
[ˈaɪbraʊ] (研 4465/4620 -2)
Vocabulary: eyebrow
(once / 522 pages)
n
Your eyebrows are the curved areas of hair on your face above each of your eyes. The purpose of eyebrows is to keep dust and sweat from getting in your eyes.
Eyebrows help protect your eyes, but they're also an expressive part of your face, often giving away your mood instantly — especially ones like surprise or anger. While just about everyone can raise and lower both eyebrows together, only some of us can move them independently of each other. The size and shape of eyebrows varies widely from person to person, and many people pluck individual hairs from their eyebrows to shape and thin them.
WORD FAMILY
eyebrow: eyebrows
USAGE EXAMPLES
The staring, the double looks, the raised eyebrows.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
“Her advice would be to keep true to yourself and don’t lose yourself. Or your eyebrows,” Lourd told Vanity Fair.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
She plays with her eyebrows a lot, and she never did that before.
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: n. 眉毛
v. 为…描眉
分布：眉毛(100%)
n.眉毛I threw a row of arrows, which narrowly passed the narrow-minded man's eyebrows.我掷了一排箭,箭紧擦心胸狭窄的人的眉毛而过.
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■the line of short hairs above each eye in humans 眉，眉毛
• Do you pluck your eyebrows (= remove some of the hairs to change their shape) ? 你修眉毛吗？
• He's got really bushy (= thick) eyebrows. 他的眉毛很浓。
['aɪ.braʊ] noun countable
raise your eyebrows
■to show surprise by moving your eyebrows upwards 扬起眉毛（表示惊讶）
n. [解剖] 眉毛
 - valla, brovo

Word: sack
Front: sack
[sæk] (研四六托雅宝 4467/4693 -K3)
Vocabulary: sack
(once / 303 pages)
1nv 2n 3n 4nv 5nv 6n
A sack is a bag. In some parts of the country, store clerks put your stuff in a sack, but in other parts the same stuff goes in a bag. Sack is also an exciting verb.
While a sack is often just a bag, as a verb it can do a lot more. A boss might sack, or fire, an employee who’s no longer needed. In American football, if you sack a quarterback, you tackle him. This comes from the other meaning of sack, which is to raid and plunder a town, like when the Visigoths sacked Rome. If someone says they’re going to hit the sack, don’t worry, they’re just going to bed.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
sac / sack
Both are containers, but a sac is for plants and animals, and a sack is for a sandwich. So spiders put their eggs in a sac, and people put their groceries in a sack.
A sac is usually biological — attached to a living thing. At the end of E.B. White's, Charlotte's Web, Charlotte, the dying spider, says, "This is my egg sac, my magnum opus, my great work."
Sacs aren't just for spiders, though. Humans have them, too:
 "The identical twin girls shared an amniotic sac and placenta." (Washington Post)
"It damages air sacs and passages to the lungs, and can make breathing a struggle." (BBC)
Add a "k" to make sack and you've got yourself another name for a bag you can put your groceries in. You might have a sack of flour in your kitchen. Soldiers can also sack entire villages, as in raid them. People also sack quarterbacks and needless employees. Here are some examples:
"Within earshot, Meser, a 32-year-old farmer, sat on three sacks of rice with two cans of oil resting by his feet." (New York Times)
"Attitudes hardened after the sacking of Constantinople, the centre of the Orthodox empire, by Crusaders in 1204." (The Guardian)
"Every team that passed me, I was thinking how I'm going to sack their quarterback." (Salon)
They sound exactly the same, and they both contain something, but sac is more specific and rare than sack. You put your snack in a sack.
WORD FAMILY
sack: sacked, sackful, sacking, sacks+/sackful: sackfuls/sacking: sackings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Donald, a Pro Bowl selection in each of his first three seasons, finished with eight sacks.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He was sacked three times, Rodgers was not.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Manning was limited to 199 yards passing and was sacked three times.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 麻袋; 洗劫; <英俚>解雇
vt. 解雇; 把…装进袋里; 掠夺
时态：sacked, sacking, sacks
分布：解雇(69%)，袋子(24%)，劫掠(6%)，把 ... 装入袋子(1%)
→来自拉丁语 saccus,袋子，来自希腊语 sakkos,袋子，来自某闪族语词，比较希伯来语 saq,袋 子。通常指比较大的袋子，引申词义麻袋，购物袋等，后引申比喻义抢劫及现代词义解雇， 开除，卷包袱走人。
n.袋,包,麻袋v.解雇I packed the jackets and rackets into packets with the sacks.我们用袋子将夹克和球拍打成小包.
noun
BAG 袋子
countable
■a large bag made of strong cloth, paper or plastic, used to store large amounts of something 大布袋；麻袋；大纸袋；大塑胶袋
• The corn was stored in large sacks. 玉米装在大麻袋里。
• a sack of potatoes/coal/flour 一袋马铃薯／煤／面粉
⇒ See also haversack;knapsack;rucksack
countable US
■a paper or plastic bag used to carry things bought in a food shop 食品购物袋
• a sack of groceries 一袋食品杂货
[sæk] noun
DISMISS 解雇
the sack
■when someone is removed from their job 开除，解雇
• They gave him the sack for being late. 因为迟到，他们开除了他。
• Two workers got the sack for fighting in the warehouse. 两名工人因为在仓库打架而被解雇了。
[sæk] noun
STEAL 窃盗
only singular
■the act of stealing all the valuable things from a town and sometimes destroying the town, during a war （通常指在战争中）洗劫，劫掠
• The sack (= destruction) of Rome by the Visigoths occurred in the 5th century. 西哥德人洗劫罗马发生在西元五世纪。
[sæk] noun
BED 床
the sack only singular US informal
■bed 床
• It's late - I'm going to hit the sack (= go to bed). 时间不早了，我要上床睡觉了。
• He came home and found Judy and Brad in the sack (= in bed) together. 回到家，他发现茱蒂和布拉德睡在同一张床上。
in the sack US informal
■If someone is good/bad in the sack, they are sexually skilled/not sexually skilled. 床上功夫（好或差）
[sæk] verb transitive
DISMISS 解雇
 ADVANCED
■to remove someone from a job, usually because they have done something wrong or badly, or sometimes as a way of saving the cost of employing them 解雇，开除
• They sacked her for being late. 因为迟到，他们把她开除了。
• He got sacked from his last job. 他上一份工作是被解雇的。
[sæk] verb transitive
STEAL 窃盗
■to steal all the valuable things from a building, town, etc., and possibly destroy the building or town, usually during a war （通常指在战争中）洗劫，劫掠
• The invaders sacked every village they passed on their route. 侵略者洗劫了他们途经的每个村庄。
[sæk] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  sack out US informal
■to go to bed 上床睡觉
• It's late - I'm going to sack out. 不早了，我要上床睡觉了。
sack, handbag, purse, bag
这组词都有“袋”的意思，其区别是：
sack: 应用较窄，指较大的袋子，如麻袋等。
handbag: 指手提包，尤指女人用的手提包。
purse: 指钱包或小钱袋，在美国相当于bandbag。
bag: 普通用词，指一般的口袋，有时也指手提包。
n. 麻布袋；洗劫
 - gunny bag, burlap bag
vt. 解雇；把……装入袋；劫掠
 - get the boot, dehire

Word: cease
Front: cease
[si:s] (研四六托雅 4470/2679 -K3)
Vocabulary: cease
(once / 64 pages)
vn
To cease is to stop or end. Your gym teacher may have trained the class so well that all chattering will cease every time she blows her whistle.
Cease comes from the Old French cesser, which means "come to an end," "go away," "give up," or "yield." Although cease often appears in the past tense with "-ed," cease is common for talking about things as they come to an end. A dead plant has ceased living, and if you cease watering the rest of the plants, they will cease to exist too.
WORD FAMILY
cease: ceased, ceaseless, ceases, ceasing, cessation +/ ceaseless: ceaselessly, ceaselessness/ceasing: unceasing/ cessation: cessations/unceasing: unceasingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Osborne said it ceased being an active church in the 1950s.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
While barn switches are common, it is remarkable for an owner to cease operations with the most accomplished trainer of his era.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Bombardments ceased before that time - although some clashes continued - but began again late on Sunday.
Reuters(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 停止，终止，结束
vi. 终止，停止; 永不停止的过程; 停止行动
n. 停止
时态：ceased, ceasing, ceases
分布：停止(88%)，终止(12%)
→词源同cede, 走，离开，词源同accede, cession。
v./n.停止,中止It's easy and feasible to control the disease after cease-fire.停火之后控制这种病很容易也可行.
[si:s] slightly formal
verb intransitive or transitive
 ADVANCED
■to stop something 停止，中止
• Whether the protests will cease remains to be seen. 抗议活动是否会停止还说不准。
• The company has decided to cease all UK operations after this year. 公司决定从明年开始停止一切在英国的业务活动。
• [+ to infinitive] Workplace nurseries will cease to be liable for tax. 将停止对工作场所的托儿所征税。
[si:s] slightly formal
noun
without cease
■without stopping 不停止，连续
⇒ See also cessation
pause, stop, break, interval, cease, recess, rest
这组词都有“中止，停止，休息”的意思，其区别是：
pause: 指短暂的中断或停止，含再进行下去的意味。
stop: 普通用词，指迅速或突然中止某行为、活动或状态。
break: 非正式用词，指突然的或短时间的中止，如工作或活动期间接短暂休息。
interval: 指一出戏在幕与幕之间，音乐会上下串场之间或演出中预先安排的休息；也可泛指事件之间的一段时间。
cease: 正式用词，侧重逐渐结呸某活动或状态，含永远结束的意味。
recess: 正式用词，指业务活动或工作中短暂的或长时间的休息。
rest: 指统称的休息。
pause, stop, cease, halt, quit
这组词都有“停止”的意思，其区别是：
pause: 指暂时的、瞬间的停顿，隐含有再进行之意。
stop: 指动作、运行、进展等被停下来，含突然、断然的意味。
cease: 指逐渐、徐徐中止某种状态的存在。书面用词。
halt: 侧重突然地、决定性地终止、停止某一活动。
quit: 指最终彻底停止某事，有时暗示遭到失败或面临挫折。
vi. 停止；终了
 - desist from, come to a stop
vt. 停止；结束
 - conclude, cheese, quit
n. 停止
 - stop, stay, stand, cessation, set-back

Word: inherit
Front: inherit
[ɪnˈherɪt] (研四六托雅宝 4471/3786 -2)
Vocabulary: inherit
(once / 174 pages)
v
When your grandmother dies, you might inherit her tea set. Regardless of her death, you might inherit her sense of humor or rather large nose. To inherit is to receive from a predecessor.
When you are talking about property, inherit is always used to describe something you get after someone else has died. However, there doesn't have to be a death involved to use the word inherit. When you start a new job, you might inherit less than pleasant tasks from the person who had the job before you. You might also quickly inherit their desire to find a new place to work.
WORD FAMILY
inherit: disinherit, inheritable, inheritance, inherited, inheriting, inheritor, inherits+/ disinherit: disinheritance, disinherited, disinheriting, disinherits/disinheritance: disinheritances/inheritable: noninheritable/ inheritance: inheritances/inheritor: inheritors
USAGE EXAMPLES
The new study also shows that more Americans than ever are buying their firearms as opposed to inheriting or receiving them as gifts.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
He will be inheriting an economy that is doing well.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
The women’s wealth gap would be even worse without inherited fortunes.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 继承
vt. 经遗传获得（品质、身体特征等），继任
时态：inherited, inheriting, inherits
分布：继承(93%)，遗传(7%)
→in-,进入，使，-her,继承，词源同heir,heredity.即使继承，引申词义遗传。
vt.继承(金钱等),经遗传而得(性格,特征)On the orbit, the rabbits habitually inherited the merits of the inhabitants.在轨道上,兔子习惯性地继承了居民们的优点.
verb
FROM DEAD PERSON 继承
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to receive money, a house, etc. from someone after they have died 继承
• Who will inherit the house when he dies? 他死后由谁继承房子？
• All her children will inherit equally. 她所有的子女将平分遗产。
[ɪn'her.ɪt] verb
QUALITY 品质
transitive
■to be born with the same physical or mental characteristics as one of your parents or grandparents 经遗传而得
• Rosie inherited her red hair from her mother. 罗茜那头红发遗传自她母亲。
[ɪn'her.ɪt] verb
PROBLEM 问题
transitive
■to begin to have responsibility for a problem or situation that previously existed or belonged to another person 接手，承担（遗留的问题等）
• When I took on the job of manager, I inherited certain financial problems. 我担任经理时接手了一些遗留的财务问题。
vt. 继承；遗传而得
 - succeed to, take sth over

Word: tray
Front: tray
[treɪ] (研四六托 4469/3885 -2)
Back: n. 盘子; 托盘; 浅盘; 满盘
分布：盘(65%)，托盘(35%)
→来自古英语 treg,木板，木盘，来自 Proto-Germanic*trawja,木制容器，来自 deru,树，词 源同 tree,dendrite.tray 背叛
n.盘,碟,托盘The X-rayed prayer preyed a gray tray.照过X光的祈祷者捕获了一个灰色盘子.
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a flat object, usually with raised edges, used for carrying food and drinks 盘；碟；托盘
• She was carrying a tray of drinks. 她端着一托盘饮料。
■mainly UK
■a flat open container with raised edges which you put on your desk for keeping papers in 文件盘
• She put the letter in your in- tray. 她把信放在你的收文盘里。
• I don't know where I put that article - it must be in the bottom of my tray. 我不知道把那篇文章放在哪里了——肯定是在我的档盘底。
⇒ See also ashtray
n. [机] 托盘； [轻] 文件盒；隔底匣；（无线电的）发射箱
 - plateau, salver

Word: pioneer
Front: pioneer
[ˌpaɪəˈnɪə(r)] (中高托 4472/5645 -2)
Vocabulary: pioneer
(once / 371 pages)
nv
A pioneer is one of the first settlers in a new place. If you desperately want to experience life in space, maybe you will be one of the pioneers who live in the first moon settlement.
Pioneer comes from the old French for foot soldier or laborer, and particularly for groups of soldiers that would go out ahead of the rest of the troops to prepare the way. The European settlers who came to America in the 16th century are known as pioneers, as are the later groups who traveled West in the 18th and 19th centuries. We also use pioneer for anyone who takes initiative in a field, such as science or education.
WORD FAMILY
pioneer: pioneered, pioneering, pioneers
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Without places like Pioneer, there’s no help. If there’s no help, there’s no hope,” Mulitauaopele said.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
We enter Studio A, where Prince in the 1980s pioneered the Minneapolis Sound, a synthesizer-based brand of funk.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
People haven't forgotten that the J Sisters were the real pioneers.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 拓荒者; 开发者; 先驱者; 创始者
vt. 开拓，开发; 做（…的）先锋; 提倡
时态：pioneered, pioneering, pioneers
分布：先驱(47%)，先锋(34%)，开拓者(14%)，开辟(4%)，首倡(1%)
→来自法语pionnier,步兵，先头部队，来自古法语peon,步兵，卒，来自ped,脚，词源同foot,pawn,pilot.拼写比较pen,petal.
n.先驱,倡导者,开拓者They were the pioneers of the American West.他们是美国西部的开拓者.
US [-'nɪr] noun countable
■a person who is one of the first people to do something 先驱，先锋，创始人
• one of the pioneers of modern science 现代科学的先驱之一
• a pioneer heart surgeon 心脏外科的先驱
■a person who goes to an area and establishes farms, houses, etc 拓荒者，开拓者，开发者
• The pioneers went west across North America, cutting down forests and planting new crops. 拓荒者横越北美洲向西部进发，砍伐林木，种植新的农作物。
UK [ˌpaɪə'nɪər] US [-'nɪr] verb transitive
■to be one of the first people to do something 做先锋，当开拓者，倡导
• It was universities that pioneered these new industries. 是大学开创了这些新兴产业。
n. 先锋；拓荒者
 - vanguard, avant-courier
vt. 开辟；倡导；提倡
 - advocate, inaugurate

Word: organizational
Front: organizational
[ˌɔ:ɡənaɪ'zeɪʃənl] (4468/6286)
Back: adj. 组织的; 编制的
分布：组织的(100%)
ADJ
组织的；安排的；筹备的
Organizational abilities and methods relate to the way that work, activities, or events are planned and arranged.
例：Evelyn's excellent organisational skills were soon spotted by her employers...伊夫琳出色的组织能力很快就被老板发现。
例：Because we took the whole class for a complete afternoon session, organisational problems were minimal.我们带着全班上了整整一个下午的课，所以课堂安排上基本没什么问题。
ADJ
（组织或机构）结构的
Organizational means relating to the structure of an organization.
例：The police now recognise that big organisational changes are needed.警方现在意识到需要进行大幅度的机构调整。
例：...the organizational structure of British trade unions.英国工会的组织结构
ADJ
有关组织（或机构）的
Organizational means relating to organizations, rather than individuals.
例：This problem needs to be dealt with at an organizational level...这个问题需要在机构层面上解决。
例：There was no strong organizational base on which to build.缺乏一个坚实的组织基础。
adj. 组织的；编制的
 - anatomic, tissular

Word: textbook
Front: textbook
[ˈtekstbʊk] (高研四六雅 4473/6096 -1)
Back: n. 教科书; 课本; 教材
adj. 规范的; 标准的
分布：教科书(66%)，课本(34%)
→text,课文，book,书。
n.课本,教科书He bought a new mathematical textbook.他买了本新的数学教科书.
noun countable
■a book that contains detailed information about a subject for people who are studying that subject 教科书，教材，课本
• a science textbook 自然科学教科书
['tekst.bʊk] adjective [before noun]
■(of an example of something) extremely good, or thought to be usual or typical 典范的；合乎规范的；典型的
• That was a textbook goal from Taylor. 泰勒那个入球堪称典范。
• It was a textbook example of how to deal with the problem. 这是如何处理此问题的一个范例。
n. 教科书，课本
 - coursebook, schoolbook

Word: uh
Front: uh
[ʌh,ʌ] (4478/13184)
Back: abbr. upper half 上半部; utility helicopter 通用直升机
分布：名词(100%)
/ʌ] exclamation
■a written representation of the sound that people sometimes make when they are thinking what to say next 嗯，呃（表示在思考下文的象声词）
• It's not too far - it's about, uh, five miles from here. 不太远——离这儿大约有——嗯——五哩远。

Word: nasty
Front: nasty
[ˈnɑ:sti] (研四六雅 4476/3646 -2)
Vocabulary: nasty
(once / 697 pages)
adj
Something nasty is filthy, foul, dirty, or awful. Nasty isn't a word for anything nice.
The main meaning of nasty is for things that are unpleasant and very gross. If someone throws up in class, at least one student will probably say, "That's nasty!" The smell of a bathroom is nasty. A song full of dirty words is nasty in a different way. Nasty can also mean "extremely." In football, a vicious hit can be called a nasty hit. A mean person is a nasty person too.
WORD FAMILY
nasty: nastier, nastiest, nastily, nastiness +/ nastiness: nastinesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
The bullying remained, but the joy faded, and the comedy was often reduced to nasty zingers and schoolyard-quality taunts.
New York Times(Jan 03, 2017)
This timely novel captures every character in the worst light, and the grudge matches among Brooklyn’s liberal parentocracy are nastier than any playground brawl.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
In the distance, in the Upside Down, is a monument to George Washington, an electric January sky, and tens of thousands of nasty women.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 肮脏的; 下流的，令人讨厌的; 恶劣的，艰险的; 严重的
n. 令人不愉快的事物
级别：nastier, nastiest
分布：严重的(52%)，下流的(34%)，令人不快的(6%)，难懂的(4%)，危害的(4%)
→词源不详，可能来自nose,鼻子，引申义难闻的，厌恶的，下流的。
a.肮脏的,卑劣的,下流的;令人厌恶的Things look nasty for me.事情看来不妙.
US ['næs.ti] adjective
 IMPROVER
■bad or very unpleasant 糟糕的；令人不快的，让人讨厌的
• a nasty shock/surprise 极度震惊／惊奇
• There's a nasty smell in here. 这里有股难闻的气味。
• He had a nasty cut above the eye. 他眼睛上方有一道严重的伤口。
• She has a nasty habit of picking on people in meetings. 她有一个坏习惯，经常在会上故意挑别人的毛病。
 IMPROVER
■unkind 不友善的，恶意的
• Don't be so nasty to your brother - he's four years younger than you! 别对你弟弟这么凶——他可比你小四岁！
 IMPROVER
■dangerous or violent 危险的；狂暴的
• In an emergency you could get out through a window, but it would be a nasty drop. 遇上紧急情况，你可以从窗户跳出去，不过这样会有危险。
• The situation could turn (= become) nasty at any moment. 局势随时可能恶化。
■rude or offensive 粗鲁的；冒犯的
• She said some quite nasty things about him. 她说了一些恶意中伤他的话。
have a nasty feeling
■to think that something bad is likely to happen or to be true 有种不祥的预感
• I've got a nasty feeling that I forgot to tell Joe I couldn't come. 我怀疑自己忘了告诉朱欧我不能来了。
UK ['nɑ:.sti] US ['næs.ti] adjective
a nasty piece of work informal
■a very unpleasant person 令人讨厌的人
nasty, dirty, foul
这组词都有“脏的，污秽的”的意思，其区别是：
nasty: 主要指特别讲究清洁的人感到讨厌的东西。
dirty: 普通用词，泛指被玷污或弄脏。
foul: 指由于腐烂、恶臭等造成的不干净，令人恶心。
adj. 肮脏的；下流的；险恶的；脾气不好的
 - blue, dirty

Word: shrink
Front: shrink
[ʃrɪŋk] (高研四六托雅宝 4474/5528 -2)
Vocabulary: shrink
(once / 189 pages)
1v 2n
Shrink is the informal word you can use to talk about a therapist. Talking about your problems with her can hopefully help you shrink them, or make them smaller.
The word shrink is related to the Swedish skrynka meaning "to wrinkle." Think about what happens to a lone forgotten fruit at the bottom of your fridge drawer. After a while, it begins to wrinkle or shrink. Clothes washed in hot water tend to shrink, so be wary of the setting on your washing machine. The use of shrink as referring to therapists started as late as the 1960s — with the idea of a psychologist being a "head-shrinker."
WORD FAMILY
shrink: shrank, shrinkable, shrinkage, shrinking, shrinks, shrunk+/shrinkable: unshrinkable/shrinkage: shrinkages/shrinking: shrinkings, unshrinking/unshrinking: unshrinkingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Once this technology is commonplace and driverless cars are ubiquitous, those numbers will shrink to a tiny fraction of what they are today.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
It’s interesting that each time we remove a number the solution space shrinks by a factor of about seven.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Unpersuaded by the prospect of sunshine after two days of rain, Baffert yanked Arrogate, thus shrinking an already puny field to a wagering-unfriendly four.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 收缩，皱缩; （使）缩水; 退缩，畏缩
n. 收缩; 畏缩; <俚>精神病学家
时态：shrank, shrunk, shrinking, shrinks
分布：收缩(53%)，萎缩(27%)，退缩(15%)，使收缩(4%)，精神科医生(1%)
→来自古英语 scrincan,收缩，枯萎，凋谢，来自 Proto-Germanic*skrink,收缩，来自 sker, 弯，转，词源同 ring,curve,scrimp.引申词义缩小，缩水等。
v.起皱,收缩;退缩,畏缩While sinking into thinking, the shrinking linkman drank the pink ink sprinkled on the wrinkly paper.陷入沉思时,退缩的联络员喝掉了洒在皱纹纸上的粉红色墨水.
【参】shrivel（v 通过干燥使枯萎和起皱）
verb (shrank, shrunk)
BECOME SMALLER 变小
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to become smaller, or to make something smaller （使）缩小，（使）变小
• Your sweater will shrink if you wash it at too high a temperature. 用温度过高的水洗毛衣，毛衣会缩水。
• The company's profits have shrunk from £5.5 million to £1.25 million. 公司利润从550万英镑减少到了125万英镑。
• The productivity improvements have shrunk our costs by 25%. 生产率的提高使我们的成本下降了25%。
⇒ See also shrunken
[ʃrɪŋk] verb (shrank, shrunk)
BE FRIGHTENED 受惊吓
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition literary
■to move away from someone or something because you are frightened 畏缩，退缩
• The child shrank behind the sofa as his father shouted at him. 孩子在父亲对着他吼叫时退缩到了沙发后面。
• When she was younger she would shrink (away) from me whenever I spoke to her. 她年纪更小一些的时候，我一和她说话她就会退缩。
[ʃrɪŋk] verb (shrank, shrunk)
  Phrasal Verbs  shrink from sth
■to avoid doing something that is unpleasant or difficult 逃避，躲避（令人不快或困难的事）
• We must not shrink from our responsibilities. 我们一定不能逃避责任。
• [+ -ing verb] We will not shrink from using force. 我们不会放弃使用武力。
[ʃrɪŋk] noun countable informal
■a psychiatrist or psychoanalyst
• I was so depressed that I ended up going to see a shrink. 我太郁闷了，最后不得不去找心理医生看看。
compress, contract, shrink, condense
这组词都有“收缩，压缩”的意思，其区别是：
compress: 指把乱而不成形的东西压成一定形状。
contract: 主要指以内、外部力量进行紧缩，也可用作引申。
shrink: 侧重指因收缩而达不到原有的长度、体积或容积。
condense: 指将东西压缩得更紧密、紧凑，但不失去原有的内容。
vi. 收缩；畏缩
 - contract, recoil from
vt. 使缩小，使收缩
 - astrict, constringe
n. 收缩
 - contraction, necking down

Word: model
Front: model
[ˈmɒdl] (中高研四雅 504/551 -K4)
Vocabulary: model
(once / 111 pages)
1nv 2nv 3nadj 4n
To model something is to show it off. To make a model of your favorite car is to create a miniature version of it. To be a model is to be so gorgeous that you’re photographed for a living.
The word model, which can be a noun, verb, or adjective, comes from the Latin word modulus, meaning “measure,” or “standard.” If you are a model student, you do everything as the school and teachers wish: you are the standard. If you model your life on your hero's, you try to do what he or she does. If you are a clothing designer you will need to hire a model to model your creations.
WORD FAMILY
model: modeled, modeler, modeling, modelled, modeller, modelling, models, remodel, supermodel+/modeler: modelers/ modeling: modelings/modeller: modellers/modelling: modellings/remodel: remodeled, remodeling, remodelled, remodelling, remodels/supermodel: supermodels
USAGE EXAMPLES
As employees, they would be eligible to press for a range of benefits that would upend the firms’ labor costs and business models.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
But the country is now facing the limits of that model amid slowing growth, toxic pollution and the shift of manufacturing work to less-developed nations.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
This year, according to the models Mass trusts, looks like a “ La Nada year” — business as usual.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 模型; 模特儿; 模式; 典型
vt. & vi. 做模特儿
vt. 模仿; 制作模型，塑造; 将…做成模型
adj. 典型的，模范的
时态：modelled, modelling, models
分布：模型(88%)，模范(4%)，模特儿(2%)，模仿(2%)，模范的(1%)，塑造(1%)，做模型(1%)，作模型用的(1%)
→来自mode,模式，方式，方法。引申词义模型，模范，模特等。
模型(mod模式+el)[-el表名词"人或物"]
n.样式,型;模范;模型,原型;模特v.模仿The modest man moderately modified the model in this mode.谦虚者适度地用这种方式修改了模型.
US ['mɑ:.dəl] noun countable
COPY 模仿
 ESSENTIAL
■something which a copy can be based on because it is an extremely good example of its type 模范，典型，榜样
• The educational system was a model for those of many other countries. 这种教育体制是许多其他国家学习的榜样。
• The council plans to build a model town on the site. 市政会计划在这个地点建设一个示范镇。
• Some groups want to set up an Islamic state on the Iranian model. 一些团体想按伊朗的模式建立一个伊斯兰国家。
• Even Chris, the very model of calmness (= someone who is usually extremely calm) , was angered by having to work such long hours. 就连一贯极为冷静的克里斯也为必须这么长时间工作而生气。
• She really is a model (= perfect) student. 她真是个模范学生。
UK ['mɒd.əl] US ['mɑ:.dəl] noun countable
PERSON 人
 IMPROVER
■a person who wears clothes so that they can be photographed or shown to possible buyers, or a person who is employed to be photographed or painted 模特儿
• a fashion/nude model 时装／裸体模特儿
• She's going out with a male model. 她在和一个男模特儿谈恋爱。
• I worked as an artist's model when I was a student. 求学时，我曾为一个艺术家当过模特儿。
⇒ See also supermodel
UK ['mɒd.əl] US ['mɑ:.dəl] noun countable
MACHINE 机器
 IMPROVER
■a particular type of machine, especially a car, which is slightly different from machines of the same type （汽车等的）型号；特定型号的汽车
• a luxury/new model 豪华／新型汽车
• the latest model 最新车款
UK ['mɒd.əl] US ['mɑ:.dəl] noun countable
REPRESENTATION 表现
 IMPROVER
■a representation of something, either as a physical object which is usually smaller than the real object, or as a simple description of the object which might be used in calculations 模型
• a plastic model aircraft 塑胶飞机模型
• By looking at this model you can get a better idea of how the bridge will look. 看这个模型，你就可以更清楚了解该桥的样子。
• to construct a statistical/theoretical/mathematical model 建构一个统计／理论／数学模型
• No computer model of the economy can predict when the next recession will be. 任何电脑经济模型都无法预测下次经济萧条会是甚么时候。
UK ['mɒd.əl] US ['mɑ:.dəl] verb (-ll- or US USUALLY -l-)
CLOTHES 衣服
intransitive or transitive
■to wear fashionable clothes, jewellery, etc. in order to advertise them 当模特儿；穿戴…展示
• Tatjana is modelling a Versace design. 塔嘉娜在为范思哲的设计作模特展示。
• I used to model when I was younger. 我年纪较轻时当过模特儿。
UK ['mɒd.əl] US ['mɑ:.dəl] verb (-ll- or US USUALLY -l-)
MAKE A REPRESENTATION 模拟
transitive
■to make a model of something 模拟；用模型展示
• to model animals out of clay 用黏土捏出动物造型
• to model clay into animal shapes 将黏土捏成动物形态
• The whole car can be modelled on a computer before a single component is made. 在一个零件也没制造出来前，整辆汽车可以在电脑上模拟出来。
UK ['mɒd.əl] US ['mɑ:.dəl] verb (-ll- or US USUALLY -l-)
  Phrasal Verbs  model yourself on sb
■to try to make yourself very similar to someone else 仿效（某人）；模仿（某人）
• Lots of young singers modelled themselves on Madonna. 很多年轻歌手都以玛丹娜为仿效对象。
model, facsimile, duplicate, reproduction, copy
这组词都有“复制品”的意思，其区别是：
model: 可指按某物式样制造、按比例缩小的模型，也可指某物未制成之前做出的模型。
facsimile: 含义与copy大体相同，但较文雅。
duplicate: 常指完全一模一样，可代替原件的复制品。
reproduction: 批按原物复制的产品，着重复制品与原物相似。
copy: 普通用词，含义广泛，指精确的或不精确的复制品。
n. 模型；典型；模范；模特儿；样式
 - matrix, former, shape, fashion, type
vt. 模拟；塑造；模仿
 - mold, simulate, pattern, form, imitate

Word: emerging
Front: emerging
[iˈmə:dʒɪŋ] (研托 4477/7831)
Vocabulary: emerging
(once / 615 pages)
adj
Things that are emerging are just being born — or they're reaching an adult state. The important thing is they're growing and developing.
You could say an improved baseball team is an emerging force in the National League, or a new disease is an emerging threat. Emerging things can be brand new but aren't necessarily: they could just be beginning to develop. Emerging means something close to sprouting — when you think of this word, think "growing."
WORD FAMILY
emerge: emerged, emergence, emergent, emerges, emerging, emersion, re-emerge+/ emergence: emergences/ emergency: emergencies/ emergent: emergency / emersion: emersions/re-emerge: re-emerged, re-emerging
USAGE EXAMPLES
Hanman focused on the recent test of a liquid-fueled rocket engine as proof of this emerging capability for the North.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
More details are emerging of the attack at the upmarket Reina nightclub where hundreds of revellers were celebrating the new year early on Sunday.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
McMaster is getting a lot of attention, but a half-dozen other candidates are emerging as potential companions for the primary ballot.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. （用作定语）新兴的
v. 出现( emerge的现在分词 ); 露头; 形成; 事实
分布：新兴的(100%)
US [-'mɝ:-] (formal emergent)
adjective [before noun]
■starting to exist 新兴的，发展初期的
• Western governments should be giving more aid to the emerging democracies of the Third World. 西方政府应给予第三世界新兴的民主政权更多的援助。
• emergent economies/markets 新兴经济／市场
adj. 新兴的；出现的；形成的
 - rising
v. 形成；浮现；显露（emerge的ing形式）；由…中脱出
 - forming

Word: dot
Front: dot
[dɒt] (高研四托雅 4480/4132 -K2)
Vocabulary: dot
(once / 542 pages)
nv
A dot is a round speck or spot. A first grade teacher might remind his students to put dots on their is and js.
A period, a little circle or point, is a dot. Another kind is a polka dot, which might decorate your favorite pair of shorts or the curtains in your room. In Morse code, a dot is a short signal, as opposed to the longer "dash." When you recite your website's URL, you might end with "dot com." As a verb, to dot is to mark something with a dot: "You forgot to dot your is!"
WORD FAMILY
dot: dots, dotted, dotting
USAGE EXAMPLES
While Reykjavik is buzzing with tourism, and construction cranes dot the skyline, it is also feeling the strain of the surge of visitors.
New York Times(Dec 01, 2016)
The company is focusing on silicon quantum dots, often called "artificial atoms."
Science Magazine(Dec 01, 2016)
Connect the dots between Washington’s woes, the Wall-Cousins relationship and Boogie supposedly wanting to dance out of California, and an easy trade projection comes together.
Washington Times(Nov 29, 2016)
Back: n. 点，小圆点
vt. 打点于; 散布于; 点缀; 以小圆点标出
时态：dotted, dotting, dots
分布：点缀(71%)，小圆点(13%)，少量(8%)，作小点记号(4%)，小东西(4%)
→词源不详。
n.点,圆点v.在...上打点I used to abuse the unusual usage, but now I'm not used to doing so.我过去常滥用这个不寻常的用法,但我现在不习惯这样做.
US [dɑ:t] noun
 ADVANCED countable
■a very small round mark 小圆点
• The full stop at the end of this sentence is a dot. 这个句子末尾的句号是一个小圆点。
• Her skirt was blue with white dots. 她的蓝裙子上有一些白色小圆点。
 ADVANCED uncountable
■the spoken form of a full stop in an internet or email address, or some computer files （网际网路、电子邮件位址或某些电脑档所使用的句号的口语形式）点
• "What's the web address?" "www dot cambridge dot org". 那个网址是甚么? “www.cambridge.org。”
countable old-fashioned
■the short sounds or short flashes of light used with dashes when sending messages in Morse (code) 在摩斯密码中，和长划一起使用的短音或短波闪光讯号，即摩斯密码点
UK [dɒt] US [dɑ:t] noun
dot the i's and cross the t's
■to pay a great deal of attention to the details of something, especially when you are trying to complete a task （尤指在完成某项工作时）一丝不苟，注重细节
• The negotiations are nearly finished, but we still have to dot the i's and cross the t's. 谈判即将结束，但是我们还是要做到一丝不苟。
UK [dɒt] US [dɑ:t] noun
on the dot
■exactly at the stated or expected time 准时
• The plane landed at two o'clock on the dot. 飞机两点钟准时降落。
• UK She came promptly on the dot of eleven. 11点正她准时赶了过来。
UK [dɒt] US [dɑ:t] noun
the year dot UK informal
■a very long time ago 很久以前
• I've known Peter since the year dot. 我认识彼得已经很久了。
UK [dɒt] US [dɑ:t] verb (-tt-)
transitive
■to put a dot or dots on something 在…上点点，在…上加点
• Your handwriting is difficult to read because you don't dot your i's. 你的笔迹很难辨认，因为你在字母 i上面不加点。
transitive often passive
■to be spread across an area, or to spread many similar things across an area 分布，分散
• We have offices dotted about/all over the region. 我们的办事处在该地区星罗棋布。
• The countryside is dotted with beautiful churches. 乡间散落着很多漂亮的教堂。
n. [数] 点，圆点；嫁妆
 - dowry, tocher

Word: wheat
Front: wheat
[wi:t] (中高研四六托 4479/5619 -2)
Back: n. 小麦
分布：小麦(98%)，小麦色(2%)
→来自kweit,照耀，白色，词源同white。用来指小麦。
n.小麦We beat (defeated) the cheat who heated the wheat.我们打败了给小麦加热的骗子.
noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■a plant whose yellowish brown grain is used for making flour, or the grain itself 小麦
• wheat fields 小麦田
• Wheat is a staple crop for millions of people across the world. 小麦是一种为全世界亿万人提供主食的农作物。
⇒ See also whole wheat
[wi:t] noun uncountable
separate the wheat from the chaff
■to separate things or people that are of high quality or ability from those that are not 区别好坏；去芜存菁
• The first round of interviews really separates the wheat from the chaff. 第一轮面试确实分出了优劣。
n. [作物] 小麦；小麦色
 - triticum aestivum, trigo

Word: fierce
Front: fierce
[fɪəs] (高研四六托雅 4482/3932 -3)
Vocabulary: fierce
(once / 101 pages)
adj
Fierce is ferocious and forceful, like a lion. When you are fierce, opponents fear you. Despite their loss, the talented JV team put up a fierce fight against the varsity squad.
Fierce comes from the Latin ferus 'wild animal.' It means strong, proud, dangerous and ready to roar. Fierce can also be used to mean intense. The family was known for their fierce pride. If you have a fierce work ethic, you don't rest until you finish the job. And a fierce storm can really devastate a community.
WORD FAMILY
fierce: fiercely, fierceness, fiercer, fiercest+/fierceness: fiercenesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
U.S.-backed Iraqi forces are currently fighting to push Islamic State from the northern city of Mosul, but are facing fierce resistance.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
"Stereotypical Shanghai women are fierce and loud," she says with a grin.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
Over the next two years while she awaited trial in jail, Clark became a fiercer warrior than she was on the day of the robbery.
New York Times(Jan 12, 2012)
Back: adj. 凶猛的，残忍的; 猛烈的; 狂热的
级别：fiercer, fiercest
分布：凶猛的(70%)，强烈的(27%)，酷烈的(3%)
→词源同feral, ferocity.
a.凶猛的,残忍的;狂热的,强烈的The unyielding man fiercely pierced the shield in the field.那个不屈的人凶猛地刺穿田野里的盾牌.
US [fɪrs] adjective
 IMPROVER
■physically violent and frightening 猛烈的；激烈的；骇人的
• a fierce attack/battle 猛烈的进攻／激烈的战斗
• Two men were shot during fierce fighting last weekend. 上周末的激战中两人被枪击。
 IMPROVER
■strong and powerful 狂暴的
• Fierce winds/seas prevented the race from taking place. 狂风／汹涌的海浪致使比赛无法进行。
• Fire fighters had to retreat from the fierce heat. 消防员面对逼人的热浪只好后撤。
 IMPROVER
■showing strong feeling or energetic activity 强烈的；狂热的
• The expansion plans will face fierce opposition/resistance from environmentalists. 扩建计划会遭到环境保护主义者的强烈反对／抵制。
• There is fierce competition to join the Special Branch. 加入政治保安处要面对激烈的竞争。
■US informal
■difficult 难的
• The chemistry exam was fierce! 化学考试太难了！
UK [fɪəs] US [fɪrs] adjective
something fierce US informal
■very much 很，非常
• I need a cold drink something fierce. 我真想来杯冷饮。
stormy, wild, fierce, turbulent, violent
这组词都有“剧烈的，凶猛的，狂暴的”的意思，其区别是：
stormy: 指风雨大作，也指人很激动的感情。
wild: 普通用词，既可指自然界的荒芜，未被驯化状态，又指人的无法无天，不文明的野蛮行为。
fierce: 普通用词，指人或兽的凶猛残酷。
turbulent: 正式用词，多用描写风和水，也可指心神不定或控制不住的感情波动。
violent: 普通用词，指人时侧重极为不安，异常激，暗含有达或暴力行为；也指破坏性的或不可控制的自然力量。
brutal, ruthless, savage, fierce, inhuman, barbarous, cruel
这组词都有“残忍的”的意思，其区别是：
brutal: 指极端的残忍，强调无情或缺乏同情心，含不择手段的意味。
ruthless: 与cruel同义。强调为达到目的，对别人的痛苦毫无怜悯之心。
savage: 指缺乏文明人应有的教养，尤指在动怒或冲动时表现出的粗野蛮横，含野蛮意味。
fierce: 指天性凶恶，令人害怕。
inhuman: 着重缺乏同情心、仁爱等人类特有的良好的品质。
barbarous: 专指只有原始或未开化的人才会有的残忍行为。
cruel: 一般用词，指行动或态度的残忍。
adj. 凶猛的；猛烈的；暴躁的
 - fell, violent, hard

Word: envision
Front: envision
[ɪnˈvɪʒn] (托宝 4483/33804 -1)
Vocabulary: envision
(once / 3404 pages)
v
The verb envision means to imagine or picture. Kids often envision themselves doing exciting things when they grow up, like being movie stars, professional athletes, or astronauts.
The word envision comes from the Latin en-, which means "cause to be," and visionem, meaning "a thing seen." Career paths aren't the only things that can be envisioned. If you envision a cleaner world, you may volunteer to pick up trash on the beach. If you envision a more peaceful world, you might make your brother and sister play in separate rooms to stop them from screaming at each other.
WORD FAMILY
envision: envisioned, envisioning, envisions+/ vision: envision, visionary, visions/ visionary: visionaries
USAGE EXAMPLES
John Pomfret: 45 years ago, Kissinger envisioned a ‘pivot’ to Russia.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
The city’s transportation board first envisioned a Second Avenue subway in 1929.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The city’s transportation board first envisioned a Second Avenue subway in 1929, but the stock market crash and the Great Depression derailed the plan.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. 想像，预见，展望
时态：envisioned, envisioning, envisions
分布：想象(53%)，设想(47%)
VERB
设想;想象;预想
If you envision something, you envisage it.
例：In the future we envision a federation of companies...我们设想将来会成立一个公司联盟。
例：Most people do stop at this point, not envisioning that there is anything beyond.大多数人确实都在这里停下，想象不到在这之外还会有些什么。
vt. 想象；预想
 - vision, image

Word: rational
Front: rational
[ˈræʃnəl] (研四六托雅宝 4481/3243 -2)
Vocabulary: rational
(once / 289 pages)
1adj 2adjn
Use the adjective rational to describe people or ideas that operate according to logic or reason. While your brother has an artistic temperament, you have a rational one.
Rational comes from the Latin word rationalis, meaning reasonable or logical. If you're rational, you do things based on logic, as opposed to impulse or whimsy. The original meaning in English was of something endowed with the ability to reason. Before we knew how smart some animals like dolphins are, writers liked to distinguish rational human minds from the supposedly irrational, instinctual minds of animals.
WORD FAMILY
rational: irrational, nonrational, rationalise, rationalism, rationality, rationalize, rationally, rationalness, rationals+/ irrational: irrationality, irrationally, irrationals/irrationality: irrationalities/rationalisation: rationalisations/rationalise: rationalisation, rationalised, rationalises, rationalising/ rationalism: rationalist, rationalistic/rationalist: rationalists/rationalistic: rationalistically/ rationality: rationalities/ rationalization: rationalizations/ rationalize: rationalization, rationalized, rationalizes, rationalizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
It’s her character’s job to be the rational one, the shrewd warrior who uses logic and calm in the face of nature’s thuggishness.
Time(Dec 28, 2016)
We aren’t creatures of unlimited compassion, or of entirely rational calculation.
The Guardian(Dec 27, 2016)
Fear actually short-circuits rational thought and gets the rally-goer to accept the strongman as the only way to avoid the perceived threat.
Salon(Dec 26, 2016)
Back: adj. 神智清楚的; 理性的; 理智的; 合理的
n. 合理的事物; [数]有理数; 懂道理的人，人类; 〈英〉合理的服装
分布：理性的(51%)，合理的(38%)，有理数(10%)，能推理的(1%)
→来自拉丁语 ratio,思考，计算，部分，词源同 rate,reason.
合理的(通过计算的→合理的)[ral=calculate,表示"计算"]
a.理性的,合理的The rational operator started a new era of opera cooperation in AD 2000.理性的操作者在公元2000年开创了一个歌剧合作的新时代.
adjective
 ADVANCED
■showing clear thought or reason 头脑清醒的；理智的
• He was too upset to be rational. 他心烦意乱得很，无法保持头脑清醒。
• a rational course of action/argument/explanation 理智的行动方针／合乎逻辑的论证／合理的解释
sensible, rational, reasonable
这组词都有“明智的，合情合理的”的意思，其区别是：
sensible: 一般指合乎常情、切合实际的行为与思想，侧重明白事理。
rational: 指有理性的，有思维推理能力，而不是凭感觉冲动从事。
reasonable: 一般不十分着重推理的能力，而往往用来表示合乎情理、公正或务实。
adj. 合理的；理性的
 - reasonable, logical, possible, just, legitimate

Word: kingdom
Front: kingdom
[ˈkɪŋdəm] (高研四六托 4487/2070 -2)
Vocabulary: kingdom
(once / 86 pages)
1n 2n 3n
A kingdom is a territory or group of people ruled by the same monarch. You probably know the story of the prince who searched the kingdom to find the girl who left her glass slipper at the ball.
A kingdom is a place — either literal or imagined — where someone or something reigns. A queen rules over her kingdom, which is land and the people who live on it, while a certain pop singer has a kingdom of young fans. In "the kingdom of the mind," creativity and imagination — not kings or queens — rule. In biology, a kingdom is a grouping of like organisms. For example, a dog is a member of the animal kingdom.
WORD FAMILY
kingdom: kingdoms, subkingdom+/ king: kingdom, kinglike, kingly, kings, kingship/kingly: kinglily/kingship: kingships/subkingdom: subkingdoms
USAGE EXAMPLES
A year ago, a robot called HitchBOT traveled across Canada, the United Kingdom and the Netherlands before it was brought to the United States.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Internationally, the top story is “Brexit” — the decision by voters in the United Kingdom to leave the European Union.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
A happy new year to one and all as the clock ticks relentlessly towards midnight here in the United Kingdom.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 王国; 界; 领域
分布：王国(82%)，界(12%)，领域(6%)
→缩写自古英语cyningdom,王国，对应于king,君王，-dom,抽象名词后缀，来自dhe,放置，建立，词源同do.
国王(king国王)[-dom表名词"状态或领域"]
n.王国,领域The mind is the kingdom of thought.头脑是思想的领域.
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a country ruled by a king or queen 王国
• the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国
■an area which is controlled by a particular person or where a particular quality is important （某人）占统治地位的地方；管辖范围；（某种特质为重的）领域
• the kingdom of God/Heaven 天国
• the kingdom of love 爱的王国
■literary
■an area of activity 活动领域
• the kingdom of the theatre 戏剧王国
• the kingdoms of the mind 思想领域
■one of the groups into which natural things can be divided, depending on their type （动物、植物、矿物）界
• the animal/plant kingdom 动物／植物界
['kɪŋ.dəm] noun countable
blast / blow sb/sth to kingdom come
■to destroy someone or something completely using a gun or bomb 彻底炸毁；（用炮弹）送…上西天
• The bombs are capable of blasting a whole city to kingdom come. 这些炸弹能将整座城市完全摧毁。
['kɪŋ.dəm] noun countable
till/until kingdom come
■forever 无休止地
• I don't want to have to wait till kingdom come for you to make up your mind. 我可不想无休止地等你立定主意。
n. 王国； [生物] [矿物] 界；领域
 - domain, province, territory, world, universe

Word: aisle
Front: aisle
[aɪl] (研雅 4484/7161 -1)
Vocabulary: aisle
(once / 565 pages)
n
An aisle is a passageway, often between seating areas or shelves. Brides walk down aisles in between church pews, while you might head to the cookie aisle in the supermarket.
An aisle is essentially a passageway between something. You have to walk down an aisle to reach your seat at a theater or concert hall, to get to your seat on a crowded airplane, or to reach the produce at your local supermarket. The ai in aisle is pronounced like a long i, so the word sounds like isle rather than ail.
WORD FAMILY
aisle: aisles
USAGE EXAMPLES
In preparation for the session next month, Pinto reached across the aisle to Rep. Ron Kresha, who will serve as co-host.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The bottle’s purple label with floral images was designed to attract female shoppers’ attention in a wine aisle dominated by dull colors.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Its former customers now roam the aisles of Walmart and Target, or fill their carts virtually.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 过道，通道; 侧廊，耳堂; 狭长的通路
分布：侧廊(100%)
→来自词根ala-, 翼，借指走廊，过道等。拼写受单词isle影响，最终拼写俗化为aisle.
n.(教堂,教室,戏院里的)过道,通道Clear the aisles, please.请让路.
noun countable
■a long narrow space between rows of seats in an aircraft, cinema or church （客机、电影院或教堂座席间的）走廊，过道，走道
• Would you like an aisle seat or would you prefer to be by the window? 您想要靠近走道的座位还是靠近窗户的？
■a long narrow space between the rows of shelves in a large shop （商店货架间的）通道
• You'll find the shampoo and the soap in the fourth aisle along from the entrance. 洗发水和肥皂在从入口处数第四个通道的货架上。
[aɪl] noun countable
go/walk down the aisle informal
■to get married 结婚
n. [建] 通道，走道；侧廊
 - door, exit, channel, route, walkway

Word: weaken
Front: weaken
[ˈwi:kən] (四六 4486/4459 -3)
Back: vt. & vi. （使）削弱; （使）变弱; 衰减; 变得优柔寡断
时态：weakened, weakening, weakens
分布：变弱(93%)，弄淡(7%)
verb intransitive or transitive
 ADVANCED
■to (cause to) become less strong, powerful or determined （使）虚弱；削弱；（使）衰弱
• You could see the poor dog weakening daily as the disease spread through its body. 随着这种疾病在这只可怜的狗身上扩散，你能看到它一天一天衰弱下去。
• Another defeat in parliament would seriously weaken the president's ability to govern. 在议会里的再次失败将会严重削弱总统的执政能力。
• We know that prolonged exposure to vibration can weaken aircraft components. 我们知道长时间处在震动状态，会降低飞机零件的强度。
• She's weakening - ask her some more questions and see if she confesses. 她快挺不住了——再问她些问题看她会不会坦白。
vt. 减少；使变弱；使变淡
 - shorten, to cut down
vi. 变弱；畏缩；变软弱
 - moderate, recoil from

Word: protocol
Front: protocol
[ˈprəʊtəkɒl] (雅宝 4485/4615 -1)
Vocabulary: protocol
(once / 1392 pages)
1n 2n
Protocol is most often used when talking about the rules of government or official agencies. It is derived from the French and refers to the correct rules of etiquette for diplomats.
The term protocol is used in many areas besides diplomatic ones. School marching bands or college admissions offices follow protocols, and doctors use them to treat patients with specific conditions. In tech circles, a protocol is a set of standards that programmers follow so that their work can be decoded by other computers. The p in the http of a web address is short for protocol. Without this type of protocol, you would not be able to read this page.
WORD FAMILY
protocol: protocols
USAGE EXAMPLES
He was forced from the game by the NHL-mandated concussion protocol.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Tsarist Russia added “The Protocols of the Elders of Zion” and accused Jews of wanting to conquer the world.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 29, 2016)
Cleveland’s quarterback was cleared from concussion protocol on Thursday and will likely start Sunday at Pittsburgh in the season finale.
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 礼仪; （外交条约的）草案; （数据传递的）协议; 科学实验报告（或计划）
vt. 把…写入议定书，在议定书中拟定（或颁布）
vi. 拟定议定书，拟定草案
分布：协议(95%)，草案(3%)，外交礼仪(1%)，科学实验报告(1%)
→proto-,原始的，最早的，-col,胶，词源同glue,collagen.即最早粘上去的，引申词义协议，草案，后引申词义官方文件，特别用于指政府外交部的官方文件，外交礼仪，后词义通俗化。
【记】pro前面，to头，col＝coll－前面的头要酷一点儿－礼节
【参】prototype（n 原型）
US ['proʊ.tˌə.kɑ:l] noun
RULES 规则
uncountable
■the system of rules and acceptable behaviour used at official ceremonies and occasions 礼仪，礼节
• a breach of Royal protocol 对皇家礼仪的违反
• diplomatic protocol 外交礼仪
UK ['prəʊ.tə.kɒl] US ['proʊ.tˌə.kɑ:l] noun
AGREEMENT 协议
countable
■a formal international agreement （正式的国际性）条约，公约，议定书
• The Geneva Protocol of 1925 prohibits the use of poisonous gases in war. 1925年通过的《日内瓦公约》禁止在战争中使用有毒气体。
UK ['prəʊ.tə.kɒl] US ['proʊ.tˌə.kɑ:l] noun
COMPUTING 电脑
countable specialized
■a computer language allowing computers that are connected to each other to communicate 规程，协定（电脑之间交换资讯的电脑语言）
n. 协议；草案；礼仪
 - agreement, ceremony, understanding, treaty, accord
vt. 拟定
 - study out
vi. 拟定
 - study out

Word: exclusively
Front: exclusively
[ɪk'sklu:sɪvlɪ] (四六托雅 4489/3993 -2)
Vocabulary: exclusively
(once / 471 pages)
adv
Something occuring exclusively is only happening or available in one special circumstance, like a song that’s exclusively for sale on one web page, but not anywhere else.
Something exclusive is only available in one way, like a newspaper with an exclusive interview no one else was able to get. Things happening exclusively are also available in a select way—not for everyone. If a boxing match is shown exclusively on pay-per-view, it’s shown only on pay-per-view. If I work exclusively for one company, I don’t work for any other companies. If a singer sings exclusively at one club, that’s the only place to hear her.
WORD FAMILY
exclusive: exclusively, exclusiveness, exclusives, unexclusive+/ exclude: excluded, excludes, excluding, exclusion, exclusive / exclusion: exclusions
USAGE EXAMPLES
At least geographically, the company so far is exclusively a Newark production.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back then, the sport was played almost exclusively at Ivy League schools.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
And yet now the word’s connotations are exclusively negative.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adv. 唯一地; 专门地，特定地; 专有地; 排外地
分布：专门地(37%)，仅仅(18%)，独占地(18%)，排他地(18%)，只(9%)
adverb
■only 仅仅；专门；单独
• This offer is available exclusively to our established customers. 只有本店的老客户才能享受这个优惠价。
• an exclusively female audience 只限女性观众
adv. 唯一地；专有地；排外地
 - solely

Word: vocal
Front: vocal
[ˈvəʊkl] (研六托 4488/7011 -2)
Back: adj. 声音的，嗓音的; 由嗓音发出或产生的; 有声音的，能发出声音或语言的; 畅所欲言的
n. 元音; [音乐]声乐作品
分布：声音的(39%)，声乐作品(21%)，元音(12%)，声乐的(12%)，直言不讳的(11%)，口头的(5%)
声音的[voc,vok=call,voice表示"叫喊,声音"]
a.声音的;有声的;歌唱的n.元音;声乐作品The vocation advocate found the word "vocal" and "reciprocal" not in the vocabulary.职业倡导者发现"嗓音的"和"交互的"两词不在词汇表中.
【记】voc声音，al：发声的
【参】vocalist（n 声乐家）
US ['voʊ-] adjective
OF THE VOICE 嗓音的
 ADVANCED
■relating to or produced by the voice, either in singing or speaking 嗓音的；发声的
• a piece of vocal music 一部声乐作品
• The six principal roles in this opera have an average vocal range of two octaves. 这出歌剧里六个主要角色的平均音域覆盖两个八度。
UK ['vəʊ.kəl] US ['voʊ-] adjective
OFTEN HEARD 常听到的
■often expressing opinions and complaints in speech 喜欢畅所欲言的；直言不讳的
• He had always been a very vocal critic of the president. 他一直都直言不讳地批评总统。
• During these years, suffrage demands by women became increasingly vocal. 近些年，女性要求获得投票权的呼声越来越高。
UK ['vəʊ.kəl] US ['voʊ-] noun countable usually plural
■the singing in a piece of popular music （流行音乐中的）演唱部分
• The vocals are shared by two members of the band. 演唱部分由乐队中的两名成员共同完成。
• Is that Tamsin Palmer on vocals (= singing) ? 唱歌的人是塔姆辛．帕尔默吗？
adj. 歌唱的；声音的，有声的
 - audio, sonic
n. 声乐作品；元音
 - vowel

Word: marketplace
Front: marketplace
[ˈmɑ:kɪtpleɪs] (4490/10395 -1)
Back: n. 市场，集市; 商业界
分布：市场(99%)，集会场所(1%)
US ['mɑ:r-] noun countable
PLACE 地方
■a small outside area in a town where there is a market 集市，市集
• I'll meet you in the marketplace next to the fountain. 我在喷泉旁的市集和你会面。
UK ['mɑ:.kɪt.pleɪs] US ['mɑ:r-] noun countable
BUSINESS CONDITIONS 市场形势
■a set of trading conditions or the business environment 市场机制；市场形势
• To remain competitive the company has to be able to adapt to the changing marketplace. 为保持竞争力，公司必须能够适应不断变化的市场形势。
• It's essential that we maintain our position in the marketplace (= keep our share of business activity). 我们必须保持自己的市场地位。
n. 市场；商场；市集
 - exchanges, plaza, fair

Word: openly
Front: openly
[ˈəʊpənli] (4491/4961 -K2)
Vocabulary: openly
(once / 308 pages)
adv
If you do something openly, you don't try to hide it. Some countries allow their citizens to openly criticize the government, while other countries harshly punish their critics.
There might be some things you prefer to keep to yourself, or to whisper about with your best friend. Or, maybe you're a person who prefers to live your life openly, being direct and straightforward about everything. Talking openly about your feelings can be hard, but it usually makes you feel better. Openly comes from the Old English openlice, "clearly or unreservedly."
WORD FAMILY
open: opened, opener, openest, opening, openingly, openly, openness, opens, reopen, unopen+/opened: unopened/opener: openers/ opening: nonopening, openings/openness: opennesses/reopen: reopened, reopening, reopens
USAGE EXAMPLES
Conservatives openly touted that bill as a “dress rehearsal” for the future.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The honor of Miss Golden Globe is also an openly nepotistic one.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
One marcher in the crowd held a sign calling Fisher, who spoke openly about her struggles with bipolar disorder, a mental health advocate.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adv. 公开地; 公然地; 直率地; 当众
分布：公开地(51%)，公然地(28%)，直率地(21%)
US ['oʊ-] adverb
 ADVANCED
■without hiding any of your thoughts or feelings 公开地；坦率地，坦诚地；毫不隐讳地
• They were openly contemptuous of my suggestions. 他们公然蔑视我的建议。
• We discussed our reservations about the contract quite openly. 我们相当坦诚地讨论了我们对这份合约的保留意见。
adv. 公开地；公然地；坦率地
 - directly, in public, publicly, straight, barely

Word: unfair
Front: unfair
[ˌʌnˈfeə(r)] (高四六托雅 4493/3625 -K3)
Back: adj. 不公正的，不公平的; 违反规则或准则的
分布：不公平的(100%)
US [-'fer] adjective
 IMPROVER
■not treating people in a equal way, or not morally right 不公平的，不公正的；不正当的
• an unfair system 不公平的制度
• [+ to infinitive] It's unfair to blame Roger. 责备罗杰是不公平的。
adj. 不公平的，不公正的
 - partial, unjust, inequitable, unequitable

Word: terrain
Front: terrain
[təˈreɪn] (六托雅宝 4492/7806 -1)
Vocabulary: terrain
(once / 1209 pages)
n
An ATV, or all-terrain vehicle, is useful for people who drive on lots of different terrain, hence the name. Terrain is a noun used to talk about the ground, when you're specifically interested in how it appears or is shaped.
In times of war, you'll often hear the term "hostile terrain" used to describe a region with lots of mountains, vast stretches of desert, or impenetrable jungles. These are all areas of difficult terrain that are hard to pass. Much of humankind's history can be traced by its effort to alter the terrain. We've made mountains into meadows, rivers into lakes, and prairies into roads, all to make the terrain more livable for us. You could even go so far as to say that a person's psyche is mysterious terrain.
WORD FAMILY
terrain: terrains
USAGE EXAMPLES
To minimize erosion, terrain, soil structure and rainfall are also considered.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The major difficulty in cheetah conservation is that the animals range across large expanses of terrain, crossing the boundaries of refuges and nations.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
To the north and west are fields of corn and soybeans, a classic, flat Midwestern terrain.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 地形，地势; 地面，地带; [地理]岩层; （知识的）领域范围
分布：地形(91%)，地带(9%)
→terra-,土地，陆地，-ain,名词后缀。引申词义地形，地势。
地形;地域(terr+ain)[terr=eartth表示"土地"]
noun uncountable
■an area of land, when considering its natural features 地形，地势；地带
• The car handles particularly well on rough terrain. 这种汽车特别适宜在崎岖不平的地带行驶。
n. 地形，地势；领域； [地理] 地带
 - domain, province, world, kingdom, universe

Word: deploy
Front: deploy
[dɪˈplɔɪ] (六 4495/9843 -2)
Vocabulary: deploy
(once / 832 pages)
v
To deploy is to move into fighting formation, the way a military commander might deploy troops in preparation for a battle. You'll almost always find the word deploy in a military context.
The Latin plicāre means "fold." By adding dis- to it, to get displicāre, we get the idea of an "unfolding," or distributing. This is the basis of the word deploy, and it gives us a good mental image of the sending out, or "unfolding," of troops in a military plan. To deploy means more than just dispersing troops, however — there is usually a specific formation in mind, consistent with military strategies. And you can deploy nonmilitary assets, too, like accounting teams before an IRS audit.
WORD FAMILY
deploy: deployed, deploying, deployment, deploys, redeploy +/ deployment: deployments/ redeploy: redeployed, redeploying, redeployment/redeployment: redeployments
USAGE EXAMPLES
He’d like to see forces deployed in Poland and the Baltic States to ward off Russian hostilities.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Meanwhile, she authorised the transfer to Estonia of high-precision long-range missiles to be deployed alongside drones, tanks and RAF jets.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
The captured sailors are released, but only after Secretary of State John Kerry assures the Iranian government that he will not deploy James Taylor.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vt. &vi. （尤指军事行动）使展开; 施展; 有效地利用
时态：deployed, deploying, deploys
分布：部署(89%)，配置(6%)，展开(4%)，进入战斗位置(1%)
→de-, 不，非，使相反。-ploy, 卷，卷入，词源同employ, implicate. 即展开，引申词义部署。
调度;部署(部队)(de加强+ploy→加强使用[部队]→调度)[ploy=use,invlve,表示"用,参与"]
【记】de加强语义，ploy用一加强使用部队一部署ploy阴谋，策略：对敌人使用需要部署本拉登employ人deploy恐怖活动
【反】concentrate（v 集中；浓缩）
verb transitive
■to use something or someone, especially in an effective way 有效运用；发挥…的作用
• The company is reconsidering the way in which it deploys its resources/staff. 詃公司在重新考虑其资源／员工的使用之道。
• My job doesn't really allow me fully to deploy my skills/talents. 我在工作中并不能真正发挥技能／才能。
■to move soldiers or equipment to a place where they can be used when they are needed 部署；调动
• The decision has been made to deploy extra troops /more powerful weapons. 目前已经决定部署更多的士兵／更具杀伤力的武器。
vt. 配置；展开；使疏开
 - station, configurate
vi. 部署；展开
 - expand, spread out
n. 部署
 - disposition

Word: risky
Front: risky
[ˈrɪski] (托 4494/6867 -2)
Back: adj. 冒险的，危险的; 大胆的; <口>近乎猥亵的
级别：riskier, riskiest
分布：危险的(53%)，冒险的(43%)，大胆的(4%)
adjective
 ADVANCED
■involving the possibility of something bad happening 担…的风险，冒险干
• It's risky to buy a car without some good advice. 不好好听取别人的建议就买车是件冒险的事情。
adj. 危险的；冒险的；（作品等）有伤风化的
 - dangerous, critical, threatening, perilous, hazardous

Word: pasta
Front: pasta
[ˈpæstə] (4497/8118 -2)
Vocabulary: pasta
(once / 5265 pages)
n
Pasta is any Italian style of noodle, including spaghetti, ziti, and macaroni. Your favorite type of pasta might be fettuccine, especially when it's served in a creamy Alfredo sauce.
Pasta refers to the noodle, or to the dish that contains it, like vegetable lasagne or spaghetti carbonara. Most pasta is made from semolina flour and water, and often eggs. The stiff dough is rolled very thin and then cut into shapes or long ribbons. It can be cooked from this soft, fresh state, or (more commonly) dried, packaged, and sold. Pasta is an Italian word (surprise, surprise), from Late Latin, which means "dough or paste."
WORD FAMILY
pasta: pastas
USAGE EXAMPLES
“There was no meat, no sugar, no pasta.”
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
The entrée was a Chinese-style dish of pasta with chopped vegetables.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
When he questioned the price of the unadorned pasta, Rosen was told it was priced the same as the one with seafood.
Washington Post(Dec 15, 2016)
Back: n. 面团（用以制意大利通心粉，细面条等），意大利面食
分布：意大利面(100%)
→来自拉丁语pasta,面团，面食，来自希腊语pasta,撒上盐的食物，大麦粥，来自kwet,摇，撒，词源同discuss,percussion.
US ['pɑ:.stə] noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■a food made from flour, water and sometimes egg which is cooked and usually served with a sauce. It is made in various shapes which have different names （通常拌以调味酱的）义大利面食
• Spaghetti, lasagne, vermicelli, ravioli and canneloni are all types of pasta. 义大利粉、千层面、细面条、方形饺和塞肉粗通心粉都属于义大利面食。

Word: genre
Front: genre
['ʒɒ̃rə] (托宝 4496/6747 -2)
Vocabulary: genre
(once / 1877 pages)
n
A genre is a specific type of music, film, or writing. Your favorite literary genre might be science fiction, and your favorite film genre might be horror flicks about cheerleaders. Go figure.
In music, genre refers to musical style such as jazz, salsa or rock. In film or literature, the genre is determined by the subject, setting or plot of the story. When you are wandering around a book store, books are usually arranged by genre. Many genres, such as "mystery" or "fantasy," overlap in film and literature, while others, such as "romantic comedy" in film or "historical fiction" in books, are specific to one or the other.
WORD FAMILY
genre: genres
USAGE EXAMPLES
Stanley Kubrick’s foray into the horror genre, now a classic, is still unsettling.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
To devotees of British comic opera, “The Mikado” is one of the pinnacles of the genre.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Is there a genre or category that your music fits into?
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 类型，种类; 体裁，样式; 风俗画
分布：类型(60%)，流派(40%)
→来自词根gen, 生育，词源同generate. 用于文学术语。
类型;流派(通常指文学等类型)[gen,gener,genit=birth,produce,表示"出生,产生"]
【记】gen种属－文学体裁；gene基因－种属－流派gen产生，re热（情）：一个文学流派可以让你产生热情
【区】genus（n 生物上的种属）产生gen我们us
noun countable /ˈʒɑÃ²ː.rə/ /ˈʒɒn-] formal
■a style, especially in the arts, that involves a particular set of characteristics （尤指艺术的）风格，类型，体裁
• What genre does the book fall into - comedy or tragedy? 这本书属于甚么体裁——喜剧还是悲剧？
• a literary/musical/film genre 文学体裁／音乐风格／电影类型
adjective]ˈʒɑː.rə/ /ˈʒɒn-/ produced according to a particular model or style 属于某类型的；按某种风格创作的
• a genre movie 类型电影
• genre fiction 类型小说
n. 类型；流派；风俗画
 - description, type, style, breed

Word: distract
Front: distract
[dɪˈstrækt] (研六托雅宝 4498/5958 -1)
Vocabulary: distract
(once / 321 pages)
v
Distract is what you do when you draw someone’s attention — Hey! Look! Over there! Oh. Never mind. What was I saying? That’s right: distract is to draw attention away from what someone is doing.
Distract comes from the Latin word for “draw apart.” It can be annoying when someone or something distracts you. A loud car alarm or a talkative friend might distract you when you’re watching your favorite TV show. But being distracted is not always bad. Playing a round of miniature golf might distract you from feeling sad about the death of your parakeet.
WORD FAMILY
distract: distracted, distracting, distraction, distracts+/ distracted: distractedly/ distraction: distractions
USAGE EXAMPLES
But it’s precisely because governments are distracted or incapacitated that there is a role for non-state actors.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
It was one of many that distracted her from packing up her office.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
I’m not one of those liberals who shrugs off culture-war issues as a sideshow distracting from real politics, to be clear.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 使分心; 使混乱
时态：distracted, distracting, distracts
分布：分散(48%)，转移(29%)，分心(21%)，困扰(2%)
→dis-, 分开，散开。-tract, 拉，伸，词源同attract ,contract. 引申词义分心，精神混乱。
分心(dis+tract拉→把(心)拉开→分心)[dis-①表示"不,消失掉"②表示"分开,分离"]
分散;使混乱(dis分开+tract→[思想]被拉开→分心,分散)[tract=draw,表示"拉,拖"]
v.分散;使分心;打扰;使心情烦乱The distracted reader can't be absorbed in the abstract extract.心神纷乱的读者无法专心于抽象的节录.
verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to make someone stop giving their attention to something 使分心，使转移注意力，干扰
• Don't distract her (from her studies). 不要让她（在学习上）分心。
• He tried to distract attention from his own illegal activities. 他试图转移人们对其非法活动的注意。
puzzle, confound, bewilder, perplex, confuse, distract, embarrass, baffle
这组词都有“使困惑、迷惑、糊涂、伤脑筋”的意思，其区别是：
puzzle: 侧重使人难于理解、困惑、伤脑筋。
confound: 常指人惊慌失措和狼狈不堪。
bewilder: 语气强烈，指因迷不解或惊愕而慌乱，不知所措，无法清醒地思考。
perplex: 除困惑外，还含焦虑或缺乏把握之意，因而难于作出决定，无从下手处理。
confuse: 语气较弱，指由于混淆、混乱而糊涂。
distract: 主要用于注意力分散、思想矛盾或过分激动时产生的昏乱。
embarrass: 常指因处境或困难问题而感到窘迫、局促不安或焦急而不知所措。
baffle: 语气最强，多指遇见奇怪情景或复杂困难情况时所产生的惶恐困惑心理。
deviate, divert, distract
这组词都有“转移”的意思，其区别是：
deviate: v.背离，偏离。多指脱离正轨或正题等。
 • He deviated from society by becoming a drug addict.   他成为一名吸毒者，从而违背了社会道德准则。
divert: v.转移，使转向，着重改变后的结果，后常接介词from。
 • A loud noise diverted everyone's attention from their work.   一声巨响转移了每个人的工作注意力。
distract: v.使分心，分散(注意力、心理等)。常带有不能专心的意思。
 • Noise distracts him, so he can't study for exams.   喧闹声分散了他的注意力，所以他无法进行考试的复习。
vt. 转移；分心
 - shift, divert from

Word: merit
Front: merit
[ˈmerɪt] (研四六托雅宝 4501/3641 -2)
Vocabulary: merit
(once / 123 pages)
nv
Merit is another way of saying "deserve." The National Merit Scholarship program is based on merit––students whose SAT scores are high enough deserve to be in the program. If kids seems to be getting in who hadn't even taken the SATs––that would merit an investigation.
You will often hear the phrases merit-based promotion and merit-based pay, which come up when employees are pushing against a system in which time on the job––and not job performance––determines when workers are promoted and how much they are paid. Using the word merit suggests impartiality and objectivity––such as when you swear off a prejudiced approach to something and vow to "judge it on its merits."
WORD FAMILY
merit: demerit, meritable, merited, meriting, meritless, meritorious, merits+/ demerit: demerits/meritable: meritably/merited: unmerited/meritless: meritlessly/ meritorious: meritoriously, meritoriousness, unmeritorious/unmerited: unmeritedly/unmeritorious: unmeritoriously
USAGE EXAMPLES
The president enjoys considerable influence over prosecutors, tax collectors and state security agents, whose careers are largely determined by political loyalty rather than merit.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Lillian’s signing skills are also helping her earn a “speaking in sign” merit badge from the Girl Scouts of the Chesapeake bay.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
“Statistical differences in outcomes among population groups might suggest potential fair lending concerns that merit further examination.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 价值，优点; [宗教]（行善得到的）功德; 功绩，功勋; 荣誉
vt. 值得，应获得; [宗教]（因行善而）应得（善报）
vi. 值得，应得; [宗教]积德
时态：merited, meriting, merits
分布：优点(36%)，价值(29%)，值得(23%)，功绩(10%)，应得(2%)
→来自古法语merite,工资，奖励，神的赐予，来自拉丁语merere,挣得，赚取，应得，来自smer,分配，划分，部分，词源同polymer,emeritus.字面意思即赚取自己应得的部分，引申词义奖品，精神奖励，神的礼物，并抽象化为功绩，才能，优点等。
n.优点,价值,功绩v.值得,应得On the orbit, the rabbits habitually inherited the merits of the inhabitants.在轨道上,兔子习惯性地继承了居民们的优点.
noun countable or uncountable formal
■the quality of being good and deserving praise 优点；价值；功绩
• an entertaining film with little artistic merit 一部有趣但艺术价值不高的电影
• Her ideas have merit. 她的想法很有价值。
• Brierley's book has the merit of being both informative and readable. 布赖尔利的书兼具内容丰富和可读性强的优点。
the merits of sth
■the advantages something has compared to something else （相比之下…的）优点，好处
• We discussed the merits of herbal tea. 我们讨论了药草茶的好处。
on your (own) merits
■according to the qualities you have or have shown, without considering any other information or comparing you to someone else 根据本身的特点
• The committee say they will consider / judge each applicant on his or her own merits. 委员会表示他们会根据每位申请者自身的条件斟酌考虑／作出判断。
['mer.ɪt] verb transitive formal
■If something merits a particular treatment, it deserves or is considered important enough to be treated in that way （…）值得，应受
• This plan merits careful attention. 这项计划值得仔细考虑。
• The accident merited only a small paragraph in the local paper. 这次意外在当地报纸上只有小篇幅报道。
merit, pefection, virtue
这组词都有“优点，长处”的意思，其区别是：
merit: 指有值得赞扬的优点，但不一定是出类拔萃。
pefection: 指达到了理想或完美的程度。
virtue: 指人或物的优点长处，指人的美德。
n. 优点，价值；功绩；功过
 - asset, importance, virtue, price, value
vt. 值得
 - to be worth, be deserving of

Word: planner
Front: planner
[ˈplænə(r)] (雅 4500/5121 -2)
Back: n. 计划者; 规划者，策划人; 设计者
分布：计划者(74%)，城市规划者(15%)，记事簿(11%)
→来自plan,规则，设计，平面图。
US [-ɚ] noun countable
DECISIONS 策划
■a person who makes decisions about how something will be done in the future 计划者；设计者；策划者
• a systems planner 系统决策者
UK ['plæn.ər] US [-ɚ] noun countable
DESIGNS 设计
■a person whose job is to decide how land in a particular area is to be used, what is to be built on it, etc. and who designs plans for it 规划者
• a town/urban/environmental/local planner 城市／都市／环境／本地规划者
UK ['plæn.ər] US [-ɚ] noun countable
DOCUMENT 文件
■a document or software program that helps you plan something 规划文件，规划软体程式
• a wall planner 墙面计划表
n. [建] [经管] [计划] 计划者，规划师
 - City Planner, schemer

Word: depressed
Front: depressed
[dɪˈprest] (托宝 4499/4268 -K2)
Vocabulary: depressed
(once / 638 pages)
adj
When stocks are depressed they are worth less than they should be. When people are depressed they are sad and lack energy. Depressed means down in spirit or value.
While you'll often hear people say they are depressed, mostly they mean they are sad. If you are clinically depressed, you have a sadness and hopelessness that has physical effects and no logical reason behind it and you can't seem to shake it either. If someone calls their town or region depressed, they mean that the economy in that area is not good — in that place jobs are hard to find, and have been for quite a while. Sad, right?
WORD FAMILY
depressed: depressedly+/ antidepressant: antidepressants/ depress: depressant, depressed, depresses, depressing, depression, depressive, depressor/depressant: antidepressant, depressants/ depressing: depressingly/ depression: depressions/depressive: depressives/depressor: depressors
USAGE EXAMPLES
Suddenly Depressed: I don’t think this is silly at all, and I also believe it’s more common than you may realize.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
“Then I put on their special teams, and I got more depressed.”
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Over the same period, the peso currency is down around 5 percent to the dollar, but other currencies in the region are also depressed.
Reuters(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 情绪低落的，沮丧的; 萧条的; 下陷的，低的; 中间凹下的
v. 压下(depress的过去式和过去分词); 使愁苦; 降低（价格）; 使跌价
分布：沮丧的(56%)，萧条的(21%)，不景气的(17%)，降低的(3%)，动词depress的过去式及过去分词.(3%)
感到压抑的(depress+ed)[press=press表示"挤压"]
【反】protuberant（adj 突起的；隆起的）
adjective
SAD 沮丧
 IMPROVER
■unhappy and without hope for the future 抑郁的，消沉的，沮丧的
• He seemed a bit depressed about his work situation. 他似乎对自己的工作状况有些沮丧。
• She became deeply depressed when her husband died. 丈夫去世后，她变得十分消沉。
[dɪ'prest] adjective
REDUCED 减少
■not having enough money, jobs or business activity 贫穷的；萧条的，不景气的
• In a depressed market, it's difficult to sell goods unless you lower your prices. 市场不景气只能降价，否则很难把货物卖出去。
• an economically depressed area 经济萧条的区域
adj. 沮丧的；萧条的；压低的
 - blue, disappointed
v. 使沮丧；使萧条（depress的过去式和过去分词形式）；压低
 - disheartened

Word: chunk
Front: chunk
[tʃʌŋk] (托雅宝 4502/6981 -2)
Back: n. 厚厚的一块; （某物）相当大的数量或部分; 强壮、结实的马
分布：矮胖的人或物(40%)，发出猛冲的声音(40%)，相当大的量(20%)
→来自chuck的鼻音拼写。
【记】chun拼：蠢－矮胖的人看上去就是蠢。
【参】chunky（adj 人或动物矮胖的）
noun countable
■a roughly cut piece 大块；厚块
• a chunk of cheese/meat 一大块起司／肉
• pineapple/tuna chunks 凤梨／金枪鱼块
■informal
■a part of something, especially a large part 一部分；（尤指）大部分，一大块
• a chunk of text 一大段文字
• a substantial chunk of our profits 我们利润的很大一部分
• Three hours is quite a chunk out of my working day. 三个小时占了我一个工作天中相当长的时间。
n. 大块；矮胖的人或物
 - bulk, blocking

Word: closest
Front: closest
[k'ləʊsɪst] (4503/11084)
Back: adj. 最靠近的
分布：最靠近的(100%)
adj. 最靠近的（close的最高级）
 - hithermost

Word: discount
Front: discount
[ˈdɪskaʊnt] (高研四六托雅宝 4504/3143 -K3)
Vocabulary: discount
(once / 743 pages)
1nv 2v
The noun discount refers to an amount or percentage deducted from the normal selling price of something. If you wait until after the holiday, you can often buy goods at a steep discount — just make sure you need all that stuff.
The noun discount means a reduction in price of a good or service. You can ask the manager for a discount if the item is damaged. As a verb, discount means to reduce the price. The manager can discount the item for you. The verb discount also means to disregard, underestimate, or dismiss. If you are a teenager, people will often discount your opinion — but you should keep expressing it because eventually people will listen!
WORD FAMILY
discount: discounted, discounter, discounting, discounts+/discounter: discounters
USAGE EXAMPLES
Several hundred U.S. ski resorts are participating in Learn to Ski & Snowboard Month in January with discounted deals for beginners.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Before the discount, rooms start at $167 at the beachfront resort, and the offer runs through March 31.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
In retaliation, the Glen Cove City Council withdrew Russian access to free beach parking and discounted tennis permits.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 打折扣，减价出售; 减息贷款; 削价出售，打折; 减价，减量
vi. 折扣; 贴现率; 贴现
n. 贴现; 数目; （任何面值上的）扣除额; （考虑到故事、报告、报道等的夸张或偏见等）不全信
时态：discounted, discounting, discounts
分布：折扣(68%)，贴现(17%)，贴现率(7%)，打折扣(5%)，不全信(1%)，不重视(1%)，减息贷款(1%)
→dis-, 不，非，使相反。count, 数。即没有计算在内的，折扣。
n.折扣;贴现(率)vt.打折扣;不重视The counselor bounced up to denounce discount.顾问上升蹦跳指责折扣.
【反】surcharge（n 附加费）
noun countable /ˈdɪs.kaʊnt/
 IMPROVER
■a reduction in the usual price 减价，打折
• They usually give you a discount if you buy multiple copies. 你如果多买几本他们通常会给你打折。
• They offer a 10 percent discount on rail travel for students. 他们给乘火车旅行的学生提供10%的折扣。
verb[dɪˈskaʊnt/
NOT CONSIDER 不考虑
transitive
■to decide that something or someone is not worth considering or giving attention 忽视，忽略，不理会
• You shouldn't discount the possibility of him coming back. 你不应该排除他回来的可能性。
verb[dɪˈskaʊnt/
REDUCE 降低
transitive often passive
■to reduce the price of something 打折；减价
• discounted goods/rates 打折货物／费率
n. [贸易] 折扣； [金融] 贴现率
 - agio, rabato
vt. [贸易] 打折扣；将…贴现；贬损
 - water sth. down, preach down

Word: no
Front: no
[nəʊ] (中高 93/68 -K5)
Vocabulary: no
(once / 4 pages)
adjadvn
No is the ultimate negative: it means "not any," or "not at all," and it's also used to express a generally negative response. If there's no milk for your cereal in the morning, there's not a drop left.
A sign in a school hallway that says "No running" means that it's absolutely not allowed. And, the response, "No, thanks" when you offer your friend half of your liverwurst sandwich means that she is really not interested. You might vote no on a special ballot question about extending school to Saturdays or exclaim, "Oh no!" to express disappointment when your team loses a big game. No comes from the Old English negative, na.
WORD FAMILY
no: noes
USAGE EXAMPLES
“The biggest issues are traffic jams, no parking, accidents, and oil spills on the road,” he says.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
The border agency said that there was “no indication” of malice involved in the system crash.
Time(Jan 03, 2017)
It’s no panacea, but it would be a valuable contribution because industrial steam-making boilers are hard to run on renewable energy.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: adv. 不; 否; 一点也没有
adj. 没有的; 不许的; 一点儿也没有; 决不是的
n. 不; 否定，否认; 反对票; 否决票
abbr. 数字(number); 元素锘(nobelium)的符号
分布：不(50%)，没有(44%)，不是(4%)，禁止(1%)，否定的回答(1%)
→来自古英语na,没有，绝不，来自ne,没有，词源同not,a,永远，词源同age,eon.即永远没有，不。
ad.不是,不a.没有的;不允许n.不,拒绝I have no more time to waste here.我没有更多的时间浪费在这里了.
US [noʊ] determiner
 ESSENTIAL
■not any; not one; not a 没有，无
• There's no butter left. 没有奶油了。
• There are no pockets in these trousers. 这些裤子没有裤袋。
• That's my kind of holiday - no telephone, no TV and no worries. 那是我的渡假方式——没有电话，没有电视，也没有烦恼。
• There's no chance (= no possibility) of us getting there by eight. 我们不可能在八点之前到达那里。
 ESSENTIAL
■used in signs and on notices to show that something is not allowed （用于标牌和布告）不许，禁止
• No smoking/fishing. 禁止吸烟／垂钓
UK [nəʊ] US [noʊ] determiner
there's no knowing/telling/saying informal
■it is not possible to know what will happen 无法预料
• She's very unpredictable so there's no knowing how she'll react to the news. 她让人捉摸不透，所以说不定她对这消息会有甚么反应。
UK [nəʊ] US [noʊ] adverb
NEGATIVE ANSWER 否定回答
 ESSENTIAL
■used to give negative answers （用于给出否定回答）不，不是
• "Did you go to the shops?" "No, I forgot." “你去了商店了吗？”“没有，我忘了。”
• "Would you like any more cake?" "No thank you." “你想再要点蛋糕吗？”“不用，谢谢。”
• "Have you got any homework tonight?" "No." “你今晚有作业吗？”“没有。”
UK [nəʊ] US [noʊ] adverb
NOT 不
 ESSENTIAL
■not; not any 并不；毫不
• The exam is no more difficult than the tests you've been doing in class. 这次考试并不比你们一直做的课堂测验难。
• The issues are of no great interest (= only a little interest) to me. 我对这些问题兴趣不大。
  Common Learner Errors  no or not? Warning: Choose the correct adverb! You can use no before the -er form of an adjective to make comparisons: Their house is no bigger than ours. Before other forms of adjectives, don't say 'no', say not
✗ Their house is no big. Their house is not big. Remember: before a determiner like 'many', 'much' and 'enough', don't say 'no', say not :
✗ There was no enough legroom on the coach.
UK [nəʊ] US [noʊ] noun countable (plural noes)
■a negative answer or reaction 否定；拒绝
• "Have you had any replies about the camping weekend?" "So far I've had two yeses, a no, and a maybe." “关于周末露营，你得到甚么回覆了吗？” “到目前为止，有两人愿意去，一人不去，还有一人不确定。”
■a voter or a vote against a question which is being discussed 投反对票者；反对票
• 14 ayes to 169 noes - the noes have it. 14票赞成，169票反对——反对派胜出。
Compare aye
no, not
这两个词均可表示否定“不，没有”之意。
no: 与not有两点值得特别注意。1.no用作形容词时一般直接置于名词之前。名词前有a, any, much, enough等限定词时，不可用no，应用否定副词not。no修饰名词时，语气强于not。2.作为否定副词no与not都可与形容词比较级连用，但它们所表示的意思不相同。
adv. 不
 - not, non, n't
adj. 没有；不是
 - nah

Word: ladder
Front: ladder
[ˈlædə(r)] (高研四六 4505/4136 -2)
Vocabulary: ladder
(once / 339 pages)
1n 2nv
If your ball lands on the roof, grab a ladder and climb up and get it. A ladder has steps you use to reach up high. If you climb the corporate ladder, you’re moving up in the business world.
Some ladders are just a few feet tall, and others are taller than a house. Still others are invisible –- any time you move up in your career as a banker or NFL football player, you climb the ladder. In British English, a ladder is a run in stockings, which is funny because it usually looks like one. The superstition that it's bad luck to walk under an open ladder dates from the eighteenth century.
WORD FAMILY
ladder: laddered, laddering, ladders
USAGE EXAMPLES
Sunday showed a “lone individual” climbing the mountain, scaling the sign’s ladders and hanging tarpaulins over the O’s to change them to E’s, said Sgt.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Seattle police are investigating a crash between a fire engine and a ladder truck, which led the ladder truck to plow into a massage business.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
They will not be permitted to walk under ladders.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 梯子，阶梯; 梯状物; 途径; （紧身裤袜或长筒袜的）滑丝
vi. 使（袜子）发生抽丝现象; 像长筒袜一样抽丝
时态：laddered, laddering, ladders
分布：梯子(79%)，阶梯(19%)，梯状物(2%)
→来自klei,倾斜，前倾，词源同lean,incline.后用来指梯子。
n.梯子,阶梯The lady is glad to give the salad to the sad lad on the ladder.女士乐意把色拉送给梯子上的那位悲哀的小伙子.
US [-ɚ] noun
EQUIPMENT 设施
 IMPROVER countable
■a piece of equipment used for climbing up and down, which consists of two vertical bars or pieces of rope joined to each other by a set of horizontal steps 梯子
• She was up a ladder, cleaning the window. 她站在梯子上擦窗子。
UK ['læd.ər] US [-ɚ] noun
SERIES OF STAGES 阶段
only singular
■a series of increasingly important jobs or stages in a particular type of work or process （职位晋升的）阶梯；（发展的）阶段
• Once he started at Paramount in 1967, he moved rapidly up the corporate ladder. 1967年他开始在派拉蒙电影公司工作，此后他在公司里升得很快。
• a first rung/step on the employment ladder 职场的第一个台阶
UK ['læd.ər] US [-ɚ] noun
HOLE 洞
countable UK (US run)
■a long vertical hole in a pair of tights or a stocking （紧身裤袜或长筒袜的）抽丝，滑丝
UK ['læd.ər] US [-ɚ] noun
COMPETITION 比赛
countable (also ladder tournament) mainly UK
■(in particular sports) a system in which all the players who play regularly are given a position in a list and can improve their position by beating other players in that list （某项体育比赛采用的）阶梯晋级赛
• a squash ladder 壁球阶梯晋级赛
UK ['læd.ər] US [-ɚ] verb intransitive or transitive UK
■If a pair of tights or stockings ladder or if you ladder them, a long hole appears in them （紧身衣、袜子）抽丝；被刮破
• Damn! That's the second pair of tights I've laddered today! 真该死！我今天换上的第二条紧身裤也抽丝了。
n. 阶梯；途径；梯状物
 - mechanism, approach, pass
vi. 成名；发迹
 - raise oneself, make his mark

Word: jungle
Front: jungle
[ˈdʒʌŋgl] (高研四六托雅 4507/5317 -2)
Vocabulary: jungle
(once / 419 pages)
n
A jungle is a forest thick with trees, other plants, and animals. Jungles are a little dangerous, which is what people mean when they say, "It's a jungle out there!"
Jungles — thick tropical forests — are full of life: birds, insects, reptiles, monkeys, and often gorillas and other animals. They're dangerous places, even for the animals that live there. This is why jungle also means any place that is risky or wild. If someone does something a dishonest or shady to get their way, some people will say that's "The law of the jungle," meaning you have to do some shifty things to survive.
WORD FAMILY
jungle: jungles, jungly
USAGE EXAMPLES
These guys were not dressed for a New Year’s Eve travellers’ rave in a jungle.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
For Marsalis completists, the Philharmonic will perform all six movements of the “The Jungle” on tour this July in Shanghai.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
I was in this jungle, trapped, and he was on top of a cliff.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. （热带）丛林; 丛林音乐; 乱七八糟的一堆事物; 尔虞我诈的环境
分布：丛林(87%)，丛林的(7%)，密林(5%)，垃圾的(1%)
→来自印度语jangal,森林，荒漠，无人居住的土地。现多用于比喻义指水泥丛林，钢铁丛林。
n.丛林,生死地带Tigers live in the jungle.老虎在丛林里生活.
noun
FOREST 丛林
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■a tropical forest in which trees and plants grow very closely together 热带丛林
• The Yanomami people live in the South American jungle. 亚诺马米人生活在南美丛林中。
• Either side of the river is dense, impenetrable jungle. 河的两岸是茂密得难以穿行的丛林。
['dʒʌŋ.gl] noun
UNTIDY PLACE 不整洁的地方
only singular
■an uncontrolled or confusing mass of things 乱七八糟的一丛，杂乱的一堆
• Our garden is a real jungle. 我们的花园真是乱七八糟。
• a jungle of electronic equipment 林林总总的电子设备
['dʒʌŋ.gl] noun
SITUATION 局面
only singular informal
■a situation in which it is difficult to succeed because a lot of people are competing against each other 弱肉强食的地方，生存竞争激烈残酷之处
• You've got to be determined in this life - it's a jungle out there, kid. 孩子，你必须意志坚定——这个世界就像一个弱肉强食的丛林。
['dʒʌŋ.gl] noun
MUSIC 音乐
uncountable
■a type of popular dance music with an extremely fast rhythm and a low range of musical notes 丛林音乐（一种节奏极快、曲调低的流行舞曲）
jungle, shrub, bush
这一组词均与树木有关。
jungle: n.热带稠密的雨林或丛林。
shrub: n.有木茎的灌木，灌木丛。
bush: n.矮树丛。
bushes, jungle, forest, plantation, woods, grove
这组词都有“林，树林”的意思，其区别是：
bushes: 指灌木丛，矮树林。
jungle: 特指热带的丛林。
forest: 多指树木高大，面积大、人迹罕至的原始森林。
plantation: 指人造林。
woods: 指面积不大的树林或小块的树林。
grove: 通常指面积较小，树木整齐，地面干净的小树林，尤指果林。
n. 丛林， [林] 密林；危险地带
 - mott, chaparral
adj. 丛林的；蛮荒的
 - backwoods

Word: migration
Front: migration
[maɪˈgreɪʃn] (托雅 4509/4640)
Vocabulary: migration
(once / 768 pages)
n
Migration is the movement of either people or animals from one area to another. Look up in the trees, where you might see a Monarch butterfly make a stop on its migration to Mexico.
Migration can be used for the journey from one place to another or for the act of movement. Thousands of mid-western farmers made the migration to California during the dust bowl. Demographers have noted the migration of young people to the big cities presumably for work. With animals, it’s almost always in reference to a seasonal change in location. On boat tours, you can see the whales during their annual migration down the West coast.
WORD FAMILY
migration: migrational, migrations+/ migrate: migrated, migrates, migrating, migration, migrator, migratory, transmigrate /migrator: migrators/ migratory: nonmigratory/ transmigrate: transmigrated, transmigrates, transmigrating, transmigration / transmigration: transmigrations
USAGE EXAMPLES
Michael Clemens, who studies remittances and migration at the Center for Global Development, says that "for countless towns like Ixmiquilpan, remittances are an economic lifeline."
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Still, Kruger added, Colombian officials are preparing for the worst, and would be ready to cope with a collapse in Venezuela or a mass migration.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Experts, nevertheless, say the figures tell a story about people’s movement across state and city lines — what demographers call “domestic migration” — that is worth heeding.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 迁移，移居
分布：移民(90%)，移动(8%)，移往(2%)
→来自migrate,迁徙，转移。
VERB
移居，迁徙(尤指到外地寻找工作或暂住一段时间)
If people migrate, they move from one place to another, especially in order to find work or to live somewhere for a short time.
例：People migrate to cities like Jakarta in search of work...人们为找工作而迁移到雅加达这类城市里。
例：Farmers have learned that they have to migrate if they want to survive.农民们已经认识到，想要生存就必须外出打工。
VERB
(鸟类、鱼类、兽类等随季节变化)迁徙
When birds, fish, or animals migrate, they move at a particular season from one part of the world or from one part of a country to another, usually in order to breed or to find new feeding grounds.
例：Most birds have to fly long distances to migrate.绝大多数鸟类为了迁徙都不得不进行长距离的飞行。
例：...a dam system that kills the fish as they migrate from streams to the ocean.导致鱼类在从溪流向海洋迁徙途中死亡的水坝体系
n. [动] [地质] 迁移；移民；移动
 - removal, move, shift, motion, transplantation

Word: breathing
Front: breathing
[ˈbri:ðɪŋ] (托 4508/5573 -K)
Back: n. 呼吸; （空气、花香等的）飘动; 微风; 短暂休息
adj. 呼吸着的; 活的; 栩栩如生的; 逼真的
v. 呼吸( breathe的现在分词 ); 轻声说话; 低语; 低声说
分布：呼吸(100%)
noun uncountable
■the act or process of taking air into your lungs and releasing it 呼吸
• She lay awake listening to her sister's steady breathing. 她睁眼躺着，听着姐姐均匀的呼吸声。
• I could hear the sound of heavy breathing as he slowly climbed the stairs. 当他慢慢爬楼梯时，我能听见他沉重的呼吸声。
n. [医] [生理] 呼吸；瞬间；微风
 - moment, second, wind, instant, respiration
adj. [医] [生理] 呼吸的；逼真的
 - realistic, respiratory, living

Word: invade
Front: invade
[ɪnˈveɪd] (研四六托雅宝 4510/5557 -2)
Vocabulary: invade
(once / 135 pages)
v
When you Invade, you aggressively take over or occupy a place. If a country's leader wants to gain more land, the military might invade a neighboring country.
Not everything that invades is militaristic. Some things that invade are cultural, such as the phenomena of young, stylish people moving into a neighborhood that had never been thought of as cool before. In an instant, new restaurants and shops catering to the newcomers open and soon the area is overrun with people wearing, say, skinny jeans and complicated eyewear. Natives to the area lament, "This place has been invaded by hipsters."
WORD FAMILY
invade: invaded, invader, invades, invading, invasion, invasive +/invader: invaders/invading: invadingly/ invasion: invasions/ invasive: invasively, noninvasive/noninvasive: noninvasively
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Yes, and you were the invading army,” she insisted.
New York Times(Jan 12, 2012)
We trusted this agreement but learned painfully when Russia invaded Crimea that assurances are not guarantees.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 29, 2016)
A hippopotamus decided to invade the golf course during the final round of the Alfred Dunhill Championship in Malelane, South Africa.
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 侵入，侵略; 进行侵略; 蜂拥而入，挤满; （疾病，声音等）袭来，侵袭
vt. 涌入; 侵袭; 侵犯; 干扰
时态：invaded, invading, invades
分布：侵略(63%)，侵扰(14%)，拥入(12%)，侵害(11%)
→in-,进入，使，-vad,走，词源同evade,wade.引申词义入侵。
侵略(in进+vad+走→走进去→侵略)[vadvas=go,表示"走"]
vt.入侵,侵略,侵袭,侵扰The invader saw the shadow of the lampshade fade away.入侵者看见灯罩的影子渐渐消失.
verb
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to enter a country by force with large numbers of soldiers in order to take possession of it 入侵，侵略
• Concentrations of troops near the border look set to invade within the next few days. 部队在边境附近集结，看来几天内必定会入侵。
intransitive or transitive
■to enter a place in large numbers, usually when unwanted and in order to take possession or do damage （通常为了谋财或搞破坏而不受欢迎地）涌入，蜂拥而至
• Hundreds of squatters have invaded waste land in the hope that they will be allowed to stay. 数百人涌入荒地，希望能获准留在那里。
transitive
■to enter an area of activity in a forceful and noticeable way 强势进入（某领域）
• Maria looks set to invade the music scene with her style and image. 看来玛丽亚准备好了要凭借她自身的风格和形象进军乐坛。
transitive
■to spoil a situation or quality that another person values with very noticeable and selfish behaviour 侵犯，侵扰
• Famous people often find their privacy is invaded by the press. 名人常常发现个人隐私受到新闻界的侵犯。
vt. 侵略；侵袭；侵扰；涌入
 - strike, make inroads into
vi. 侵略；侵入；侵袭；侵犯
 - make inroads into, intrude upon

Word: hurricane
Front: hurricane
[ˈhʌrɪkən] (高研六托雅宝 4512/7263 -2)
Vocabulary: hurricane
(once / 592 pages)
n
A hurricane is a severe tropical storm with high winds and heavy rain. When a hurricane comes through your town, you should board up the windows and stay inside.
Hurricanes have sustained winds that rotate in a circle, which is why they are often referred to as cyclones. The worst hurricane in recent years in America was Hurricane Katrina, which hit New Orleans in 2005 and devastated the city. The word hurricane comes from the Spanish word huracan. Interestingly, the Old English dictionary has 39 spellings for the word based on English-Spanish-Portuguese hybrids.
WORD COUNT
Stormy Weather: A Tempest of Meteorological Terms
Not long ago, Cliff Mass, an atmospheric scientist in Seattle, blogged about a sandstorm that had occurred in Eastern Washington. Extreme weather is not unusual in that area, but the word he used for the storm was new to many of us: haboob. The novelty of the term, along with the spectacular photo on his blog of an oncoming haboob, had people talking about it for days.
Haboob in Eastern Washington, September 2013 [Photo: Robert Ames]
Given how much our day-to-day lives are influenced by weather — and especially by storms — perhaps it's not surprising that we have a rich vocabulary for these natural phenomena.
The biggest of all storms, of course, is a hurricane. This term came into English from Spanish, but originates in Taíno, a native language from the Caribbean. The regional origin of this name might explain why we use hurricane for storms in the Atlantic and in eastern Pacific, close to the Americas. For similar storms in the western Pacific and the Indian Ocean, we use the word typhoon, a term with a curious etymology: it appears to represent a convergence of a Greek word for a whirlwind and a Chinese word for "great wind." (Some speculate an Arabic origin also.) A general term for these types of large-scale storms — cyclone, from Greek for "rotate" or "wheel" — alludes to the fact that they revolve around a central point.
Hurricane Isabel as seen from the International Space Station [source: Wikipedia]
Aside from these well-known terms, there's a nor'easter for a large storm in the north Atlantic. This name follows the convention for naming winds, which identifies the direction from which they come; a nor'easter spins counterclockwise, hence brings winds from the northeast.
Inland, a derecho is a hurricane-scale storm that is primarily associated with the Midwestern areas of the U.S. and Canada. Derecho is the Spanish word for "straight ahead," and came into use to describe the storm's wind pattern, which meteorologists call "straight-line wind." The "straight" nature of a derecho was intended to contrast with the circular nature of a different storm: the tornado, which occurs frequently in the same geographic region. The name tornado is another Spanish term, which might either derive from a word for thunderstorm or from a word for "to turn." An informal term for a tornado is a twister, named for its characteristic motion. The word cyclone is also used informally for tornados, since they're another type of revolving storm, but not by professionals.
If you substitute snow for rain in one of these large-scale storms, you get a blizzard. While I'm sure that the Anglo-Saxons huddled in their longhouses against snowy blasts, they did not bequeath us this word; blizzard is both a surprisingly modern term (the first recorded cite is from 1859) and originally an American one.
Generically, any strong wind is a gale (possibly of Norse origin). For meteorologists, a gale has a more precise definition: it's a wind that's between 34 and 40 knots, as measured on the Beaufort Scale, which has similarly precise values for terms like strong breeze, high wind, violent storm, and hurricane force. Another generic term for a wind-bearing storm is tempest (from Latin via Old French), whose metaphoric sense of tumult goes back almost as far as its weather-related sense. I for one would love to hear a TV weatherperson bring the word tempest back into everyday use.
There are many regional terms for winds and windstorms that occur regularly. People near mountains often experience type of wind called a föhn (or foehn, pronounced fern), which occurs in the Alps. This is a wind that comes down off mountains (that is, the wind is katabatic) and is channeled via valleys or passes. In Southern California, a famous föhn-type wind is the Santa Ana wind that blows out of the high desert to the east and whose extreme dryness can contribute to wildfires. (Some say that the Santa Ana wind makes people in Los Angeles restless and violent.) I grew up along the Front Range in Colorado, and in the spring we often experienced the extremely strong Chinook wind, whose unseasonable warmth has given it the nickname "snow-eater."
Other regional winds are the Diablo wind in Northern California, the Knik and Taku winds in Alaska, and the Squamish in British Columbia, though not all of these are warm winds (quite the contrary). Further afield are winds such as those in the Mediterranean region including the Mistral and Levant in France, the Ostro in Italy, and the hot, dry Sirocco that comes off the Sahara.
The Sirocco brings us back to Arabic, which is where we also get the haboob that we started with. Look out your window, and if it's a blustery day, there's probably a term that precisely names the wind you're experiencing, whether that term comes to us from a Native American language, from Spanish, or from a language of the African deserts.
WORD FAMILY
hurricane: hurricanes
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Hurricanes' quarterback is no longer the Hurricanes' quarterback, after announcing Monday night he is skipping his senior season and entering the NFL draft.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Hurricanes found themselves in a pinch when Lack fell ill before Saturday night’s game at Tampa Bay.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
And typhoons and hurricanes are getting stronger because of climate change.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 飓风，十二级风; 飓风般猛烈的东西; （感情等的）爆发; <英>飓风式战斗驱逐机
分布：飓风(94%)，暴风(6%)
→来自西班牙语huracan,最终来自西印度群岛土著语Juracan,雷神，当他发怒的时候，会兴起狂风暴雨，即飓风。
n.飓风The hurricane flung their boat upon the rocks.飓风把他们的小船抛到岩石上.
【记】hurri＝hurry，cane＝can：hurry一点就可以can逃脱hurricaneharridan（n 老巫婆）不hurry就变成dan了。
US ['hɝ:-] noun countable
■a violent wind which has a circular movement, especially found in the West Atlantic Ocean （尤指西大西洋的）飓风
• The state of Florida was hit by a hurricane that did serious damage. 佛罗里达州遭受了飓风袭击，损失严重。
• Hurricane force (= very strong) winds are expected tonight. 预计今晚会有飓风级的强风。
typhoon, storm, hurricane
这组词都有“大风”的意思，其区别是：
typhoon: 主要指西太平洋海洋上发生的极猛烈的风暴，风力常达十级以上。
storm: 指雷电交加的暴风雨，也多作引申用。
hurricane: 指12级大风，有时指发生在西印度群岛的大气旋。
n. 飓风， [气象] 暴风
 - cyclone, storms

Word: retailer
Front: retailer
[ˈri:teɪlə(r)] (托 4511/4649 -2)
Back: n. 零售商，零售店; 传播的人，处散布闲话的人
分布：名词(100%)
→来自 retail,零售。
US [-lɚ] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a person, shop or business that sells goods to the public 零售商；零售店
• a big electronics retailer 大型电子产品零售店
n. [贸易] 零售商；传播的人
 - bania, tradesman

Word: classify
Front: classify
[ˈklæsɪfaɪ] (高研四六托雅宝 4515/4168 -2)
Vocabulary: classify
(once / 366 pages)
1v 2v
Humans seem to have the need to classify things, arranging them into different classes by such unifying traits as size, color, or shape. It’s fine to do this to inanimate objects, but doing it to people can be very wrong.
The word classify contains the base word class, which means "category" and comes from the Latin classis, which actually referred to an army or group called to arms. It eventually came to mean "a group," and thus classify means "to group." As a security measure, you can also classify information that is not to be shared. Writer Ambrose Bierce once said, “The small part of ignorance that we arrange and classify we give the name of knowledge.”
WORD FAMILY
classify: classifiable, classification, classificatory, classified, classifier, classifies, classifying, declassify, reclassify +/ class: classed, classes, classify, classing, classless, classy, subclass, superclass, underclass/classifiable: classifiably, unclassifiable/ classification: classifications, reclassification/classified: classifieds, unclassified/classifier: classifiers/ classy: classier, classiest, classily/declassify: declassification, declassified, declassifying/reclassification: reclassifications/ reclassify: reclassified, reclassifying/subclass: subclasses/underclass: underclasses
USAGE EXAMPLES
The EpiPen inquiry also revealed potential errors in how the government classifies drugs.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
On Sunday, every thoroughbred — as mandated by the rules of the sport — will be classified a year older.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
The Post reported this week that about 150 times a year, the agency loses track of offenders it classifies as high risk.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 分类，归类; 把…列为密件
时态：classified, classifying, classifies
分布：分类(87%)，归类(13%)
v.分类,分等(级)We shall classify these subjects under three topics.我们将把这些问题分成三个主题.
【记】class（n 级别），ify使…－分类
【参】classification（n 分类，分类法）；
verb transitive
■to divide things into groups according to their type 将…分类，将…归类；把…分级
• The books in the library are classified by/according to subject. 图书馆的书是按照学科分类的。
• Biologists classify animals and plants into different groups. 生物学家把动物和植物归入不同的类别。
arrange, classify, sort, organize
这组词都有“使有条理，安排”的意思，其区别是：
arrange: 指按计划、秩序、需要和可能等进行安排。
classify: 指按照事物类型、质量或是否相似进行分类。
sort: 通常指根据类型或种类分类或整理选择。
organize: 指按计划或需要把人或物安排组织成一个整体。
vt. 分类；分等
 - categorize, sort through

Word: wound
Front: wound
[waʊnd] (中高研四六 3202/3399 -K4)
Vocabulary: wound
(once / 47 pages)
1nv 2adj
A wound is a serious injury, especially a deep cut through the skin. But things like pride and feelings can also get wounded.
Wounds are serious: we're talking a lot worse than just a scrape or booboo. Just about all the meanings of this word have to do with being hurt. If you got stabbed, you got a stab wound. Soldiers in battle get a lot of wounds from enemies. If someone told you to shut up, they might wound your feelings. If you slipped in a puddle in front of your friends, that might wound your pride.
WORD FAMILY
wound: wounded, woundedly, wounding, woundingly, wounds+/wounded: unwounded, woundedest, woundeds/wounding: woundings
USAGE EXAMPLES
“My thoughts,” said the poet and priest George Herbert, “are all a case of knives / Wounding my heart.”
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The five explosions wounded 49 people, they added.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
A booby-trapped drone launched by Islamic State militants killed two Kurdish Peshmerga fighters and wounded two French soldiers in October near Mosul.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 创伤; 伤口; 伤害
v. 伤; 伤害; “wind”的过去式和过去分词
时态：wounded, wounding, wounds
分布：伤(54%)，伤口(38%)，伤害(5%)，创伤(3%)
→来自wen,击，打，伤口，可能来自wel的鼻音形式，撕，扯，词源同vulture,svelte.
n.创伤,伤口v.伤,伤害The wounded founder bought a pound of compound.受伤的奠基人买了一磅化合物.
noun countable
INJURY 受伤
 ADVANCED
■a damaged area of the body, such as a cut or hole in the skin or flesh made by a weapon （身体上的）伤，伤口
• a gunshot wound 枪伤
• a chest/leg wound 胸部／腿部的伤口
• a flesh (= not deep) wound 皮肉伤
• He died from multiple stab wounds to the neck and upper body. 他死于颈部和上半身的多处刺伤。
[wu:nd] noun countable
UPSET 麻烦
■a problem or great unhappiness 问题；痛苦；创伤
• She refuses to talk about the incident, saying it would only reopen old wounds (= make her remember unhappy past experiences). 她拒绝谈起那场事故，说那样只会揭开旧伤疤。
[wu:nd] verb transitive usually passive
HURT 受伤
 ADVANCED
■to damage an area of the body, especially by making a cut or hole in the skin （身体上的）伤，伤口
• Flying glass wounded her in the face and neck. 飞溅的玻璃刮伤她的脸和颈部。
• The police chief was badly wounded in the explosion. 警长在爆炸中受了重伤。
[wu:nd] verb transitive usually passive
UPSET 麻烦
■to make someone feel upset 使受创伤；伤害
• He was deeply wounded by her fierce criticism. 她尖刻的批评深深伤害了他。
[waʊnd] verb past simple and past participle of
■ wind (TURN) and wind (WRAP AROUND) 包扎（伤口）
bruise, scar, cut, wound
这组词都有“伤口，损伤”的意思，其区别是：
bruise: 指表皮下面的组织受损，但没有破裂。但由于血流进组织，因而出现紫块。普通用词。
scar: 主要指伤口愈合而留下的伤疤。
cut: 指因尖利的器械的刺或割而造成的或深或浅的伤口。
wound: 通常指尖锐锋利的工具所致的伤口，多深及到表皮组织以下。可用作引申指打击或伤害。
harm, hurt, damage, disable, injure, wound
这组词都有“损害，伤害”的意思，其区别是：
harm: 主要用于有生命的东西，语气略强于injure，指引起严重的痛苦和损伤；有时也用于抽象事物，指造成任何不良后果。
hurt: 普通用词，较口语化，侧重指给有生命的东西造成机体上或精神、感情上的或轻或重的伤害。
damage: 通常指对无生命物体的损害，并有降低其价值，破坏其功能等的后果。
disable: 强调使伤残。
injure: 较hurt正式，多用于有生命的事物。既可指伤害别人的事物。即可指伤害别人的健康、外貌、自尊心、名誉等，又可指使别人受伤或东西受损，同时含有受伤害部分至少暂时丧失功能的意味。
wound: 专指对身体的重伤，尤指在战斗中受的伤，强调外部创伤；也可指精神方面的伤害。
n. 创伤，伤口
 - trauma, cut, vulnus
vt. 使受伤
 - hurt
vi. 受伤，伤害
 - get hurt, get injured

Word: coup
Front: coup
[ku:] (宝 4514/3894 -3)
Vocabulary: coup
(once / 760 pages)
1n 2n
A coup is a pretty major achievement, whether it involves taking over a government by force, or landing a major business contract.
When the word coup is used on the nightly news, it's usually describing a military government takeover. In the business section of the daily newspaper, coup might refer to a big corporation landing an important contract or deal. However you use the word coup, don't say the "p" at the end. It's not pronounced like chicken coop. It sounds more like a dove's coo.
BLOG EXCERPTS
Upheaval in Egypt: Is It a "Coup"?
Since the overthrow of Egyptian President Mohammed Morsi, U.S. government officials have been wrestling with a question of semantics: should Morsi's removal be called a coup? The answer to the question has serious foreign-policy implications, since U.S. law precludes sending non-humanitarian aid to a country that has experienced a military coup.
Our own Ben Zimmer addressed this delicate question in a video interview for Voice of America's Learning English program. The installment also featured comments from VOA listeners hailing from Egypt, Libya, and Macedonia.
For more background on the coup question, see:
- "A Coup? Or Something Else? $1.5 Billion in U.S. Aid Is on the Line" (New York Times)
- "Do Egyptians Consider Morsi's Ousting A 'Coup?'" (NPR)
- "When a Coup is Not a Coup" (Washington Post)
WORD FAMILY
coup: countercoup, coups+/countercoup: countercoups
USAGE EXAMPLES
Domestically, an attempted army coup last summer almost succeeded in toppling Erdoğan.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Were you involved in the July 15 coup?
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
After the coup, the government launched a crackdown on its perceived enemies, arresting thousands of people.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 机敏的策略; 政变; 棒击
分布：政变(99%)，意外而成功的行动(1%)
→来自coup d’etat.
【记】读：cool或者co共同，up跳：当你一个单词没有背，还考了2400（意外而成功）的时候，就应该大叫着cool，然后跳起来。
noun countable
SUCCESS 成功
 ADVANCED
■an unexpectedly successful achievement 意想不到的成功
• It was a tremendous coup for the local paper to get an exclusive interview with Prince Charles. 当地报纸能独家采访到查尔斯王子是破天荒的成功。
• I got him to come to a party which was something of a coup. 我说服了他来参加聚会，实属意外之得。
[ku:] noun countable
TAKE POWER 掌权 (also coup d'état] ˌku:.deɪ'tɑ:] (plural coups d'état))
■a sudden illegal, often violent, taking of government power, especially by (part of) an army 政变；（尤指）军事政变
• a military coup 军事政变
n. 政变；妙计；出乎意料的行动；砰然的一击
 - inspiration, good idea
vt. 使…颠倒；使…倾斜
 - invert
vi. 推倒；倾斜；溢出
 - pitch, slope, lean

Word: aid
Front: aid
[eɪd] (高研四六 1640/1096 -K5)
Vocabulary: aid
(once / 61 pages)
nv
Aid is what you do when you help someone — you come to their aid. Rich countries provide economic aid to poor countries, and if you cut your hand, you'll be looking in the first aid kit for a Band-Aid.
You can also use aid as a verb: "The librarian will aid you in your search." English has some words with meanings related to aid, but they're spelled with an -e on the end, because they come from the French. A nurse's aide is someone who assists a nurse. An aide-de-camp is a close assistant and confidant to a military officer, a word often shortened to just aide, to refer to an assistant to a political official.
WORD FAMILY
aid: aided, aiding+/aided: unaided
USAGE EXAMPLES
Previous searches aided by a bloodhound and a helicopter didn’t turn up any clues.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Tucson Fire Department also responded and began to administer aid to the victim, but he was pronounced dead at the scene.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Naturally, it’s a down-to-earth widower with a precocious child and they require her aid.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 帮助; 助手; 外援; 辅助设备
vt. 帮助; 资助; 救助; 促进
vi. 帮助
时态：aided, aiding, aids
分布：援助(44%)，帮助(40%)，辅助(7%)，救援(4%)，助手(3%)，辅助物(1%)，接济(1%)
→来自古法语aide,辅助，帮助，缩写自拉丁语adjuta,帮助，过去分词格于adiuvare,帮助，来自 ad-,去，往，-juv,年青人，词源同adjutant,juvenile,young.
n.援助,救护;助手,辅助物vi.援助,救援Without my aid I'm afraid the maiden would have been raided.没有我的帮助我怕少女已遭到袭击.
noun
 IMPROVER uncountable
■help or support 帮助，援助
• He gets about with the aid of a walking stick. 他拄着拐杖到处走动。
• She went to the aid of a man trapped in his car. 她去帮助一个困在车中的男子。
• A woman in the street saw that he was in trouble and came to his aid. 街上的一位女士看到他遇上了麻烦，就过去帮他。
 IMPROVER countable
■a piece of equipment that helps you to do something 辅助物，辅助设施；辅助工具
• teaching aids, such as books and videos 书籍、录像等辅助教材
• A thesaurus is a useful aid to writing. 同义词词典是写作的好帮手。
 IMPROVER uncountable
■help in the form of food, money, medical supplies or weapons that is given by a richer country to a poorer country （向贫弱国家提供的食品、金钱、医疗物资、武器等）援助，救助
• The Vatican has agreed to donate $80 000 in humanitarian/emergency aid to countries affected by the war. 罗马教廷已经同意向饱受战祸的国家捐赠八万美元的人道援助金／紧急援助金。
• About a fifth of the country's income is in the form of foreign/overseas aid. 这个国家约1／5的收入靠国外／海外援助。
in aid of sb/sth UK
■in order to collect money for a group of people who need it 为帮助…，为救援…
• a concert in aid of famine relief 为救助饥民举办的音乐会
[eɪd] noun
What's sth in aid of? UK informal
■said when you want to know the reason for something …有甚么用？…是怎么回事？
• What's all this shouting in aid of? 这大喊大叫的到底怎么回事？
[eɪd] verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to help 帮助，援助
• Huge projects designed to aid poorer countries can sometimes do more harm than good. 旨在援助贫穷国家的庞大计划有时反而会弊大于利。
• His excuse for drinking brandy is that it's said to aid digestion. 他给自己喝白兰地找的借口是：据说它有助消化。
aid and abet sb legal or humorous
■to help someone to do something illegal or wrong 伙同（某人）作案，与（某人）同谋
• Three tax inspectors were accused of aiding and abetting the men charged with fraud. 有人告发三名税务稽查员与那些被控诈骗的人同谋作案。
help, assist, aid
这组词都有“帮助”的意思，其区别是：
help: 最普通用词，含义广泛。指一般性的或迫切需要的帮助，侧重积极地为他人提供物质、精神或其他方面的帮助。
assist: 强调在提供帮助时，以受助者为主，所给的帮助起第二位或从属的作用。
aid: 正式用词，指帮助他人脱离危险或战胜困难，着重强者对急需帮助的弱者的帮助。
help, support, assistance, aid
这组词都有“帮助，支持”的意思，其区别是：
help: 最普通用词，可以与aid和assistance换用。help强调使受助者达到目的或侧重受助者对帮助的需要。
support: 强调在迫切需要时给予支持或鼓励。
assistance: 正式用词，通常指帮助完成不太重要的那一部分工作。
aid: 比help正式，侧重受助者处于困难或危险境地急需救助。
support, aid, assist（assistance）
support: 强调在迫切需要时给予支持或鼓励
aid: 援助一群人（尤指金钱援助）
assist（assistance）: 协助（受助者能完成一部份工作）
n. 援助；帮助；助手；帮助者
 - assistance, friend, hand, help, boost
vt. 援助；帮助；有助于
 - facilitate, bolster up
vi. 帮助
 - lend a hand, to help

Word: ambassador
Front: ambassador
[æmˈbæsədə(r)] (高研六雅 4520/4614 -3)
Vocabulary: ambassador
(once / 164 pages)
n
An ambassador is an official representative for his or her country, stationed in another nation, like Benjamin Franklin, who was an ambassador to France.
Ambassador usually describes the official diplomatic envoy who represents one country to another. These ambassadors work to promote understanding, perhaps by settling differences or clearing up misunderstanding. Used less formally, an ambassador can be anyone who represents something, like a pop singer who is a "brand ambassador" for a cosmetics company.
WORD FAMILY
ambassador: ambassadorial, ambassadors, ambassadorship+/ambassadorial: ambassadorially/ambassadorship: ambassadorships
USAGE EXAMPLES
Branstad is preparing to leave office to become the next ambassador to China in the Trump administration.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In 2009, following Israel’s war with Hamas in Gaza, then-President Hugo Chávez expelled the Israeli ambassador and his staff from Caracas.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Thomas R. Pickering is a former undersecretary of state and served as ambassador to the United Nations and Israel, among other places.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 大使，使节; （派驻联合国等国际组织的）代表; 特使; [比喻]使者
分布：大使(93%)，代表(7%)
→前缀ambi-, 两边，周围。 -ass, 词根ag的过去分词形式。原指古罗马帝国派到各地巡视的官员。
n.大使;特使,(派驻国际组织的)代表The ass bypassed the guard and assassinated the surpassing ambassador in the embassy.驴为警卫设旁路并且在大使馆暗杀胜过的大使.
US [-dɚ] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■an important official who lives in a foreign country to represent his or her own country there, and who is officially accepted in this position by that country 大使
• Britain's ambassador in Moscow has refused to comment. 英国驻莫斯科大使已拒绝发表评论。
• She's a former ambassador to the United States. 她是前任驻美国大使。
• Late last night, the French ambassador was summoned to the Foreign Office to discuss the crisis. 昨晚深夜法国大使被外交部召见，商讨危机事宜。
n. 大使；代表；使节
 - representation, deputy, behalf of

Word: density
Front: density
[ˈdensəti] (研四六托 4513/3745 -1)
Vocabulary: density
(once / 1623 pages)
n
Density describes how compact or concentrated something is. For example, suppose you have two boxes, one large and one small. However, they both weigh the same. That means the small box has a higher density than the large box.
Density also tells how concentrated or crowded something is. You may have heard of population density. In a city, there are many people packed into a small area, giving it a high population density. In a rural area, there are more fields or wooded areas between houses. That means there are fewer people living in a larger area, which is why it has a low population density.
WORD FAMILY
density: densities+/ dense: densely, denseness, denser, densest, densification, density
USAGE EXAMPLES
Forsythe and her colleagues used digital imaging software to calculate how a mathematical feature called fractal density varied in artists’ paintings over their careers.
The Guardian(Dec 29, 2016)
It also protects bones by increasing their density, an important perk for aging women.
Time(Dec 28, 2016)
One intense section was driven by bursts of chords that built in density and volume.
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: n. 密度; 稠密，浓厚; [物]浓度，比重; 愚钝
分布：密度(91%)，浓度(6%)，比重(3%)
比重;浓缩(dens+ity)[dens=make thick表示"变浓厚"]
n.密集,密度,浓度Do you know the density of population in this area?你知道这个地区的人口密度吗?
US [-sə.tˌi] noun countable or uncountable
THICK 密集 (also denseness)
■the number of people or things in a place when compared with the size of the place 密度
• The area has a high/low population density. 该地区人口密度大／小。
• We were unable to move because of the density of the crowd. 人太多，我们根本就动不了。
UK ['dent.sɪ.ti] US [-sə.tˌi] noun countable or uncountable
MATTER 物质 specialized
■the relationship between the mass of a substance and its size 密度
• Lead has a high density. 铅的密度大。
• Aluminium is low in density. 铝的密度小。
n. [物] 密度
 - specific mass

Word: supportive
Front: supportive
[səˈpɔ:tɪv] (4522/6414 -2)
Vocabulary: supportive
(once / 5289 pages)
adj
To be supportive is to give help or assistance, to support. Good bras and good friends are supportive. Whether it's an object or a person, anything or anyone supportive helps things hold up.
Supportive is a snuggly word. Anything that supports you, or embraces you and holds you up is supportive. It can be physically supportive, like a girdle that holds your belly in, or emotionally supportive like a loving family or solid network of friends. A parent paying for a child's college bills is supportive financially. Things can be supportive, too — posts holding up a building are supportive. Being supportive is a good thing.
WORD FAMILY
supportive: supportively, unsupportive+/insupportable: insupportably/ support: supportable, supported, supporter, supporting, supportive, supports/supportable: insupportable, supportably, unsupportable/supported: unsupported/supporter: supporters/supporting: self-supporting, supportingly, supportings/unsupportable: unsupportably/unsupported: unsupportedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
He was so supportive, she said, that she and her team decided to undertake even more changes.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Plan your response to people who may not be supportive.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Most parents were supportive of the change, but teachers were overwhelmingly against it, according to state documents.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 支持的，拥护的，赞助的
分布：支持的(100%)
→support,支持，-ive,形容词后缀。
US [-'pɔ:r.tˌɪv] adjective
■showing agreement and giving encouragement 支持的；鼓励的；拥护的
• Doubts about the government's policies are being expressed even by people who have been supportive of the government in the past. 连过去一直拥护政府的人也对其政策表示质疑。
■approving
■giving help and encouragement 支持的，鼓励的，给予帮助的
• Children with supportive parents often do better at school than those without. 常受到父母鼓励的孩子在学校的表现往往比那些得不到父母鼓励的孩子要好。
adj. 支持的；支援的；赞助的
 - friendly, backup

Word: curiosity
Front: curiosity
[ˌkjʊəriˈɒsəti] (研四六托 4518/5059 -2)
Vocabulary: curiosity
(once / 145 pages)
n
Curiosity is the urge you feel to know more about something. If you find a diary in a coffee shop, curiosity will make you want to look inside — but respect for the writer's privacy may convince you not to.
Curiosity is the state of being curious: inquisitive, wondering, ready to poke around and figure something out. The word used to mean "very, very careful," and only in the last few hundred years turned into a word expressing the desire to know more. Maybe that's because when you're poking around in secret business, you need to be very, very careful. We also call weird things curiosities, like a phone shaped like a duck, or a shark in a jar.
WORD FAMILY
curiosity: curiosities+/ curious: curiosity, curiouser, curiousest, curiously, curiousness, incurious, overcurious/ incurious: incuriously
USAGE EXAMPLES
Electronic toys and games played outside school plus the availability of knockoff German army clothes may stoke curiosity about the Nazis, Liang said.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
This was an exercise in more than just curiosity.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
But that information would need lots of interpretive work to produce anything more than anecdotal curiosities.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 好奇心，爱打听的癖性; 奇人; 奇物，古玩; 奇特性
分布：好奇(60%)，好奇心(39%)，稀奇的人或物(1%)
好奇心(curi关心)[-osity表名词,ose+ity组成,表示"多…的状态"]
n.好奇心;古董,古玩The furious obscure curer is curious to secure the curly-curved mercury curiosity.盛怒的不出名治疗者渴望弄到这种带卷曲曲线的水银珍品.
【记】curi关心，osity状态－什么都关心－好奇心
US [ˌkjʊr.i'ɑ:.sə.tˌi] noun
INTEREST 兴趣
uncountable
■an eager wish to know or learn about something 好奇心；求知欲
• to arouse/excite/satisfy someone's curiosity 引起／激发／满足某人的好奇心
• I'm burning with curiosity - you must tell me who's won! 我心急火燎地想知道——你一定要告诉我是谁赢了！
• She decided to call her ex-boyfriend out of curiosity. 她出于好奇决定给以前的男友打电话。
• "Why do you ask?" "Oh, just idle curiosity (= for no particular reason)." “你为甚么要问？”“哦，不过是好奇而已。”
UK [ˌkjʊə.ri'ɒs.ɪ.ti] US [ˌkjʊr.i'ɑ:.sə.tˌi] noun
STRANGE OBJECT 奇特的物品
countable
■something that is interesting because it is rare and unusual 奇品，珍品；新奇罕有的事物
• Cars like mine are curiosities nowadays. 像我拥有的这种车如今实属罕见了。
• I kept this old pot for its curiosity value (= the interest it has because it is unusual). 我留着这个旧罐子，因为它很特别。
UK [ˌkjʊə.ri'ɒs.ɪ.ti] US [ˌkjʊr.i'ɑ:.sə.tˌi] noun
Curiosity killed the cat. saying
■said to warn someone not to ask too many questions about something 好奇害死猫；过于好奇会惹祸上身
n. 好奇，好奇心；珍品，古董，古玩
 - treasure, pearl

Word: skip
Front: skip
[skɪp] (高研六托雅 4519/6911 -2)
Vocabulary: skip
(once / 254 pages)
vn
When you skip, you do a little hop from foot to foot as you move along. It's pretty common to see little kids skip down the sidewalk or across the playground.
While a happy, running hop is one kind of skip, you can also use this verb to mean "pass up" or "pass over." You might arrive late to the movies and skip the trailers at the beginning, or skip the bread basket at a restaurant so you have room for dessert later. The earliest meaning of skip, from the 1300's, is "to spring lightly," from the Old Norse root word skopa.
WORD FAMILY
skip: skipped, skipper, skipping, skips+/skipper: skippered, skippering, skippers
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Hurricanes' quarterback is no longer the Hurricanes' quarterback, after announcing Monday night he is skipping his senior season and entering the NFL draft.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The wrist injury last year forced Nadal to withdraw from the French Open before the third round and skip Wimbledon.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Many young parents, especially teenagers, skip college entirely.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vi. 跳; 跳绳; 悄悄溜走; 快速转移
vt. 略过; 跳过; 漏过; 不做（应做的事等）
n. 跳，蹦跳; 废料桶（装工地废料，由卡车拖走）; 跳跃
时态：skipped, skipping, skips
分布：跳过(73%)，略过(10%)，跳跃(9%)，遗漏(3%)，跳读(3%)，省略(2%)
vi.略过,跳过n.跳跃vt.故意忽略;略过The kids were skipping in the park.小孩们在公园里蹦蹦跳跳.
verb (-pp-)
MOVE 移动
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to move lightly and quickly, making a small jump after each step 跳，跳跃
• She watched her little granddaughter skip down the path. 她看着自己的小孙女沿着小路蹦蹦跳跳地往前走。
• The lambs were skipping about in the field. 这些小羊在田里蹦来跳去。
[skɪp] verb (-pp-)
JUMP 跳
intransitive (US jump rope) (skip rope)
■to jump lightly over a rope that is held in both your hands, or by two other people, and swung repeatedly under your legs and over your head as exercise or a game 跳绳
• Sports players often train by skipping. 运动员经常透过跳绳进行训练。
[skɪp] verb (-pp-)
LEAVE 离开
intransitive or transitive
■to leave one thing or place, especially quickly, in order to go to another 匆匆离开；跳过
• This part of the book isn't very interesting, so I'm going to skip (over) it. 书的这部分不是很有趣，所以我要把它跳过去。
• The teacher kept skipping from one subject to another so it was difficult to follow what he was saying. 老师不断地从一个话题跳到另一个话题，所以很难跟上他的讲话思路。
• We're skipping over/across/off (= making a quick journey) to France for the day. 为了赶上这一天，我们正匆忙前往法国。
• The police think that the bank robbers must have skipped (= left) the country by now. 警方认为银行劫匪现在肯定已经逃离该国了。
• She skipped off/out (= left quickly and/or secretly) without saying goodbye. 她没有告别就悄然离开了。
[skɪp] verb (-pp-)
AVOID 避免
transitive informal
■to not do or not have something that you usually do or that you should do; to avoid 避免；省略
• I'm trying to lose weight, so I'm skipping (= not eating) lunch today. 我正在努力减肥，因此今天不吃午饭了。
[skɪp] noun countable
CONTAINER 容器 UK (US trademark Dumpster)
■a large metal container into which people put unwanted objects or building or garden waste, and which is brought to and taken away from a place by a special truck when requested 大垃圾桶，废料桶
[skɪp] noun countable
MOVE 移动
■a small light, dancing or jumping step 蹦跳
• She gave a little skip of joy. 她高兴得跳了起来。
skip, hop, spring, bound, leap, jump
这组词都有“跳，跳跃”的意思，其区别是：
skip: 指两脚交替轻地跳或跨的动作。
hop: 指单脚短跳或双足猛力的动作。也指小鸟、青蛙等的跳。
spring: 更强调有力和弹跳的运动。
bound: 多指向前向上或向下跳跃、奔跳。
leap: 常可与jump换用，但侧重身体猛力向上升起并朝前急冲的动作，有时含突然的意味。
jump: 是普通用词，指用双脚向上跳，向下跳，或在同一平面上跳到有一定距离的某一点上，或跳过。
vi. 跳跃；跳绳；遗漏；跳读
 - dance, to leap
vt. 跳过；遗漏
 - jump, clear
n. 跳跃；跳读
 - jump, spring

Word: aggression
Front: aggression
[əˈgreʃn] (高六托宝 4521/4772 -2)
Vocabulary: aggression
(once / 1100 pages)
n
Aggression is hostile, purposely unfriendly behavior that can sometimes be violent. A motorist who shows aggression for another may follow too closely, honk the horn, or otherwise try to intimidate.
When someone deliberately tries to make another person feel intimidated or threatened, it's an act of aggression. Forceful, unfriendly behavior towards others is one example of aggression, and one country's hostile action toward another is also a kind of aggression. It's been used since the 1600s to mean "an unprovoked attack," from the Latin root word aggressionem, "attack," and in 1912 aggression was first used to mean generally "hostile behavior."
WORD FAMILY
aggression: aggressions, nonaggression+/aggress: aggressed, aggresses, aggressing, aggression, aggressive, aggressor/ aggressive: aggressively, aggressiveness, nonaggressive, unaggressive/aggressor: aggressors/unaggressive: unaggressively
USAGE EXAMPLES
“However, terrorists don't share moral values. Our common duty is to combat terrorists' aggression,” Putin said.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
"Our shared duty is to decisively rebuff terrorist aggression," he said.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
“However, terrorists don’t share moral values. Our common duty is to combat terrorists’ aggression,” Putin said.
Time(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 侵略，侵略行为; 攻击，进攻
分布：侵略(75%)，侵犯(13%)，进攻(8%)，侵害(4%)
→前缀ag-同ad-, 向，往。词根gress, 进入，见grade. 进入他国领土。
侵略,进攻(ag+gress走+ion→一再往前走→进攻)[ab-,ac-,ad-,af-,ag-,an-,ap-,ar-,as-,at-等加在同辅音字母的词根前,表示"一再"等加强意]
【记】ag＝ad朝前，gress走，ion名词后缀－超前走－侵略
【参】egress（n 出口）；progress（n /v 进步）；transgress（v 违背）
noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■spoken or physical behaviour which is threatening or involves harm to someone or something 侵略；侵犯；攻击；挑衅
• Some types of dog are bred for aggression. 某些品种的狗是养来起攻击作用的。
• an act of aggression 攻击行为
■forceful playing in sport that is intended to win points （体育比赛中的）进攻
aggression, invasion, assault, attack, offensive
这些名词均有“进攻、侵略”之意。
aggression: 词义宽泛，既可指武装入侵别国领土，又可指文化、经济等方面的侵略。侧重敌意行动和征服的企图。
invasion: 多指具体的侵入或侵犯别国领土，也可用于指抽象事件。
assault: 主要指突然而猛烈的进攻。
attack: 普通用词，含义广，指事先不发警告，主动地向对方发起武力进攻或对言论等进行抨击。
offensive: 多指进攻的态势，常指大规模的协同军事行动。
n. 侵略；进攻； [心理] 侵犯；侵害
 - violence, invasion, infringement

Word: stimulus
Front: stimulus
[ˈstɪmjələs] (六托雅宝 4525/3256 -2)
Vocabulary: stimulus
(once / 204 pages)
n
A stimulus causes an action or response, like the ringing of your alarm clock if you didn't sleep through it.
Stimulus is a word often used in biology — something that causes a reaction in an organ or cell, for example. In financial and economic contexts, a stimulus may be an incentive: the money you spend on your membership is a stimulus for hitting the gym. Though it can be a synonym for stimulant, they are not always used interchangeably. A stimulant is often a chemical or drug that increases activity — think caffeine. For more than one stimulus, use stimuli, not stimuluses.
WORD FAMILY
stimulus: stimulate, stimuli+/ stimulate: stimulated, stimulates, stimulating, stimulation, stimulative/stimulating: stimulatingly, unstimulating/ stimulation: self-stimulation, stimulations
USAGE EXAMPLES
“You need offsetting stimulus policies to keep the economy growing,” he said.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The last time mass protectionism was tried as economic stimulus was the 1930s; the experiment did not end well.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Interest waned when, in lieu of detailed spending plans, Trump allies suggested the stimulus would consist of tax breaks.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 刺激物; 刺激因素; 激法物
分布：刺激(93%)，激励(6%)，刺激品(1%)
→来自拉丁语 stimulus,尖棒，尖刺，来自 sti,刺，插，词源同 sting,stick.引申诸相关词义。
['stɪm.jʊ.ləs] (plural stimuli)
noun countable
■something that causes growth or activity 刺激（物），激励（物）；促进因素
• Foreign investment has been a stimulus to the industry. 外国投资促进工业发展。
• The book will provide a stimulus to research in this very important area. 这本书将会对这重要领域的研究起促进作用。
■specialized
■something which causes part of the body to react （使身体部位产生反应的）刺激
• The tip of the tongue is sensitive to salt and sweet stimuli and the back of the tongue is sensitive to bitter stimuli. 舌尖对糖和盐的刺激很敏感，而舌根则对苦味的刺激很敏感。
n. [医] 刺激； [电子] 激励；刺激物
 - incentive, animation, excitement, needle, irritation

Word: journalism
Front: journalism
[ˈdʒɜ:nəlɪzəm] (托 4524/7754 -2)
Vocabulary: journalism
(once / 205 pages)
n
If your dream job includes writing for a newspaper or interviewing famous people for a magazine, you hope to someday work in the field of journalism.
Working for a radio or TV news show, a magazine, a newspaper, or a news-related website would all be considered journalism. Those jobs might include reporting, writing, editing, photography, or documentary film making. An individual newspaper or magazine is sometimes called a "journal," and the category of these publications is also called journalism. The first newspaper ever published was a German journal printed in Strassburg in 1605, called "Relation aller Fürnemmen und gedenckwürdigen Historien."
WORD FAMILY
journalism: journalisms, journalist, journalistic +/ journalist: journalists/ journalistic: journalistically
USAGE EXAMPLES
“We live in the world of data journalism,” he said.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Herrera, one of seven siblings, says she grew up surrounded by journalism.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
You’ve worked in academia, finance, advertising, tech, activism and journalism.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 新闻业; 新闻学; 新闻工作; 报章杂志
分布：新闻业(64%)，新闻工作(28%)，新闻写作(8%)
→来自journal,新闻，-ism,主义，思想，行为。引申词义新闻业。
US ['dʒɝ:-] noun uncountable
 IMPROVER
■the work of collecting, writing and publishing news stories and articles in newspapers and magazines or broadcasting them on the radio and television 新闻工作；新闻业
n. 新闻业，新闻工作；报章杂志
 - newspapering

Word: robot
Front: robot
[ˈrəʊbɒt] (中高研四六 4523/6669 -1)
Vocabulary: robot
(once / 1841 pages)
n
A robot is a mechanical creation that can move or act on its own. Science fiction is full of robots.
Also called droids, Cylons, and bots, robots are certainly the stuff of science fiction stories. But there are plenty of real robots out there in the world, using their mechanical smarts to make life easier. There are robots that can vacuum the rug, dance, perform surgery, clean oil spills, and even build cars. The field of robotics is growing all the time. Maybe someday you'll even have that robot butler so many of us have dreamed about.
WORD FAMILY
robot: robotlike, robots
USAGE EXAMPLES
Like driverless cars, the delivery robots use cameras, GPS devices and radar to navigate the urban environment.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Each school received a starter kit and handbook to design and build one VEX brand robot.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Harriott and George F. Smith, St. Thomas’s athletic director, learned about the robots through an alumni parent, and asked for a demonstration.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 机器人; 遥控装置; 自动机; 机械呆板的人
分布：机器人(99%)，机械呆板的人(1%)
→杜撰词，来自捷克语 robota,奴隶，被奴役者，做苦工者，来自 orbu,剥夺，失去，特指 失去父母的小孩，词源同 orphan.
n.机器人,自动机械Lots of pilots plot to dot the rotten robot.大批领航员策划给腐烂的机器人打点.
US ['roʊ.bɑ:t] noun countable
MACHINE 机器
■a machine used to perform jobs automatically, which is controlled by a computer 机器人
UK ['rəʊ.bɒt] US ['roʊ.bɑ:t] noun countable
PERSON 人 disapproving
■someone who does things in a very quick and effective way but never shows their emotions 机器一般的人，机械呆板的人
UK ['rəʊ.bɒt] US ['roʊ.bɑ:t] noun countable
TRAFFIC LIGHT 交通信号灯
■a traffic light in South Africa （南非的）自动交通信号灯
n. [自] 机器人；遥控设备，自动机械；机械般工作的人
 - droid, golem

Word: flood
Front: flood
[flʌd] (高研四六托 3582/4100 -K3)
Vocabulary: flood
(once / 136 pages)
1nv 2nv 3n
A flood is an enormous amount of water. If the street is full of water, it's flooded. Too much of anything can also be called a flood.
Whenever it rains and rains and rains, there's the danger of a flood, a type of disaster where water is out of control. Because a flood is so powerful, people use the word when overwhelmed by other things. A top college graduate could be flooded with job offers — that's a good kind of flood. People can also be flooded with emotion. Words with similar meanings are deluge and overflow. Too much — or just a lot — of anything can seem like a flood.
WORD FAMILY
flood: flooded, flooding, floods+/flooding: floodings
USAGE EXAMPLES
He still sometimes implies he might let Syrian migrants flood Europe again to gain diplomatic leverage, as if the threat doesn’t also hurt Turkey’s security.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 03, 2017)
The slowdown, he said, is being driven not by a pullback in demand but rather a flood of new apartments.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Although flood warnings were posted for many areas, Brazzell said it appeared flooding would be “minor,” with few impacts to structures.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 洪水; 泛滥; 溢流; 探照灯
vi. 涌出; 为水淹没
vt. 淹没
时态：flooded, flooding, floods
分布：洪水(82%)，淹没(14%)，充满(4%)
→来自pleu, 流动，词源同flow, float, pluvial. 用来指洪水。
n.洪水,水灾v.淹没,发大水,泛滥I feed the food to the bleeding man in the flood.我把食品喂给洪水中的那个流血的人.
verb
COVER WITH WATER 淹没
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to cause to fill or become covered with water, especially in a way that causes problems （使）充满水；（使）淹没
• Our washing machine broke down yesterday and flooded the kitchen. 我们的洗衣机昨天坏了，把厨房里弄得尽是水。
• The whole town flooded when the river burst its banks. 河水决堤，整个镇子都淹了。
• Several families living by the river were flooded out (= forced to leave their houses because they became covered with water). 住在河边的几户人家因洪水被迫撤离。
[flʌd] verb
ARRIVE OR FILL 到达或充满
 ADVANCED intransitive usually + adverb or preposition transitive
■to fill or enter a place in large numbers or amounts 大量涌入；蜂拥而至；挤满；充斥
• Donations are flooding into the appeal office. 募捐办公室收到大量捐赠。
• She drew back the curtains and the sunlight came flooding in. 她拉起窗帘，阳光倾泻进来。
• Japanese cars have flooded the market (= a lot of them are on sale). 日本汽车已经充斥了市场。
• He was flooded with (= suddenly felt a lot of) joy when his first child was born. 第一个孩子出生时，他满心欢喜。
• For Proust, the taste of a madeleine brought childhood memories flooding back (= made him suddenly remember a lot of things). 对于普鲁斯特来说，玛德琳蛋糕的味道让他回忆起许多童年往事。
[flʌd] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  flood sth with sth
■If you are flooded with letters, telephone calls, messages, etc., you receive so many that you cannot deal with them 用（信件、电话、消息等）使（某人）应接不暇
• We were flooded with calls from worried parents. 我们接到无数焦虑的家长打来的电话。
[flʌd] noun
WATER 水
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■a large amount of water covering an area that is usually dry 洪水
• After the flood it took weeks for the water level to go down. 洪水过去几个星期后，水位才回落。
• The river is in flood (= water has flowed over its banks) again. 河水又泛滥了。
in floods of tears UK
■crying a lot 泪雨滂沱
• I found her in floods of tears in the toilets. 我发现她在洗手间里哭得像个泪人似的。
the Flood
■(in the Bible) a flood sent by God that covered the whole Earth as a punishment （《圣经》中的）灭世洪水
[flʌd] noun
LARGE AMOUNT 大量
countable
■a large amount or number of something 大批；大量
• A flood of cheap imports has come into the country. 大量廉价进口商品进入了这个国家。
[flʌd] noun
before the Flood UK humorous
■a very long time ago 很久很久以前
vt. 淹没；充满；溢出
 - drown out, inundate
vi. 涌出；涌进；为水淹没
 - stream, spill into
n. [水文] 洪水；泛滥；一大批
 - fresh, flow, inundation

Word: dip
Front: dip
[dɪp] (高研四六雅 4532/4987 -2)
Vocabulary: dip
(once / 296 pages)
1vn 2vn 3v 4n
When you dip something, you plunge it quickly into a liquid or soft substance. You might dip your toe into a swimming pool to check the water temperature.
When you finger paint, you dip a fingertip into a puddle of paint, and when you eat a snack you might dip tortilla chips into salsa. You can also say that a boat bobbing on the ocean dips, or that a bird dropping lower in the sky dips down. A dip can be a quick swim, a delicious sauce meant for dunking other foods in, or a downward slope. The Old English root, dyppan, means "immerse" or "baptize."
WORD FAMILY
dip: dipped, dipper, dipping, dips
USAGE EXAMPLES
Maybe they were whispering about Mahrez’s dip in form this season.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
No more playing this season, one that dipped and rolled and rose, only to end with a most resounding thud.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The Lobster Dip at Old Orchard Beach is the biggest of Maine’s polar plunges.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 浸; （把烛芯浸在融蜡里）制造（蜡烛）; 把（汽车前灯）的远光调为近光; 洗药水浴
vt. & vi. （使）微降，（使）下沉; （使）向下再向上
n. 浏览; （通常指暂时的）减少; 洗澡; 倾斜
vi. 浸水; 提取; （轻度或暂时地）减少; 浏览
时态：dipped, dipping, dips
分布：浸(35%)，下降(20%)，蘸(19%)，倾斜(12%)，下沉(5%)，浏览(4%)，浸泡(4%)，掏取(1%)
→词源同deep,dive.
v./n.浸,蘸The cripple dipped the whip tip into the chip solution nearby his hip.跛子将鞭子末端浸入他臀部旁边的芯片溶液中.
verb (-pp-)
PUT INTO LIQUID 放进液体中
 ADVANCED transitive
■to put something into a liquid for a short time 涮，浸，蘸
• Dip the fish in the batter, then drop it into the hot oil. 先把鱼在面糊中浸一下，然后再放进热油中。
• She dipped her toe into the pool to see how cold it was. 她把脚趾伸到水塘里试试水有多凉。
transitive
■to put sheep for a short time into a container of liquid containing chemicals which kill harmful insects on the sheep's bodies 给（羊）洗药浴（以杀死身上的害虫）
[dɪp] verb (-pp-)
DROP 下降
intransitive
■to go down to a lower level 下降，下落
• As you turn the corner, the road dips suddenly. 转过那个街角，路陡然下降。
• House prices dipped in the first three months of the year. 今年前三个月房价下跌了。
• The sun dipped below the horizon. 太阳落到了地平线以下。
transitive UK
■to make the beam from the lights at the front of a vehicle point downwards 使（车辆前灯）向下照，把（前灯）调为近光
• You'll dazzle oncoming drivers if you don't dip your headlights. 如果不使用近光灯就会让迎面而来的司机感到晃眼。
[dɪp] verb (-pp-)
dip a/your toe in (the water)
■to start very carefully to do or become involved in something that you are not experienced at 小心尝试，探索，摸索
[dɪp] verb (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  dip (sth) in/dip (sth) into sth
■to put your hand into a container and take something out 从…掏出，从…取出
• We all dipped into the box of chocolates. 我们都伸手到盒子里去取巧克力。
• He dipped his hand in his pocket and brought out a few coins. 他伸手从口袋里掏出了几枚硬币。
[dɪp] verb (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  dip into sth
BOOK UK to read small parts of a book or magazine 随便翻翻，浏览
• It's the sort of book you can just dip into now and again. 这是一本可以不时拿出来翻翻的书。
MONEY
■to spend part of a supply of money that you have been keeping or saving 动用，花费（部分积蓄）
• I've had to dip into my savings to pay for the repairs. 我不得不动用部分积蓄来支付修理费。
[dɪp] noun
LIQUID 液体
countable or uncountable
■a cold thick creamy sauce which you eat by dipping pieces of uncooked vegetable or biscuits, etc. into it （蘸着吃的）调味酱
• cheese/salsa dip 起司／沙司酱
countable usually singular
■a quick swim （短时间的）游泳
• a dip in the sea/pool 在海水／水池里游一会儿
countable or uncountable
■a special liquid used for cleaning, etc. 洗涤液，清洗液
• a silver dip 银器清洗液
• sheep dip 羊用浴液
[dɪp] noun
DROP 下降
countable usually singular
■a part of something which is at a lower level or a movement to a lower level 凹陷处或斜坡，往下的移动
• a dip in the road 路面凹陷
• a sudden dip in temperature 温度骤降
[dɪp] noun
QUICK LOOK 了解
countable usually singular
■a short time spent considering a subject 涉猎，了解
• We begin our dip into local history by examining the town's origins. 我们开始透过研究这座城镇的起源来了解当地的历史。
dip, duck, submerge, plunge, immerse
这组词都有“沉浸，浸入”的意思，其区别是：
dip: 指部分地、暂时地或轻微地放进液体，多暗示一种谨慎或试探性的动作。
duck: 指把头伸进水中，或指游泳时开玩笑地把一个人的头按入水中。
submerge: 指长时间的完全浸入、潜入，强调浸入液体深层。
plunge: 暗示迅速而有力的动作，但浸入不一定很深。
immerse: 侧重全部被液体所覆盖，也可用于比喻意义。
vt. 浸，泡，蘸；舀取；把伸入
 - steep, dunk
vi. 浸；下降，下沉；倾斜；舀，掏
 - decline, pitch, slope, swim
n. 下沉，下降；倾斜；浸渍，蘸湿
 - reduction, decline, slope, fall, subsidence

Word: likewise
Front: likewise
[ˈlaɪkwaɪz] (研四六托雅 4530/5011 -2)
Vocabulary: likewise
(once / 165 pages)
1adv 2adv
Likewise means "similarly." Your attempt to bypass security with a fake ID was unsuccessful, and your guise as a pizza deliverer was likewise ineffective.
Likewise is an adverb with three different senses. One is "similarly." You were unimpressed with your brother's poetry, and likewise unimpressed with his taste in music. Likewise can also mean "in addition," and "equally." Your new t-shirts sold well at the beach boutique, and likewise they sold well on line. If you want to tell someone you feel the way he does, say, "I feel likewise."
WORD FAMILY
likewise: likewises
USAGE EXAMPLES
Likewise, the roundabout at Range and Griswold roads opened - and worked exactly as intended.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Guardiola, between the new year wishes, admitted he is unsure when City will do likewise.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
When nitrogen compounds run off into rivers, they likewise promote the growth of some organisms more than others.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adv. 同样地; 也，而且
分布：同样地(88%)，此外(12%)
→like,相似，-wise,朝向。
同样地(like相像)[-wise表副词"方向,状态"注:有些单词,wise可以换成ways,意义不变,如:]
ad.同样地,照样地;又,也,而且He is our friend and likewise our leader.他是我们的朋友并且也是我们的领袖.
adverb
■in the same way 同样，照样，也一样
• Just water these plants twice a week, and likewise the ones in the bedroom. 这些植物一周浇两次水，睡房里的那些也一样。
• informal "I haven't got time to spend hours preparing one dish!" "Likewise (= It's the same for me)." “我没有功夫花好几个小时去做一个菜！”“我也一样。”
either, likewise, as well, also, too
这组词都有“也”的意思，其区别是：
either: 用于否定句，放在句末，之前加逗号。
likewise: 是书面语用词。
as well: 一般不用否定句，通常放在句末，强调时可放在句中。
also: 比too正式一些，语气较重，只用于肯定句，一般紧靠动词。
too: 语气较轻，多用于口语，在肯定句中使用，通常位于句末。
adv. 同样地；也
 - equally, too, similarly, also, same

Word: informal
Front: informal
[ɪnˈfɔ:ml] (托 4529/3120 -K2)
Vocabulary: informal
(once / 1080 pages)
adj
If something’s informal, it’s casual and relaxed and doesn’t follow any particular rules or conventions, whether that's a style of writing, or the dress code for your dinner party.
If you have informal plans to see your friend, that means you’ll get together but you’re not sure when — you’ll figure it out later. Informal also means “casual,” like wearing jeans and a t-shirt. Informal writing or speech is the linguistic equivalent of wearing jeans and a t-shirt, with a relaxed tone and simple words. In an informal football club, you don't pay dues to anyone, you just show up at the park and play with whoever is there.
WORD FAMILY
informal: informality, informally+/ formal: formalest, formalise, formalism, formality, formalize, formally, formalness, formals, informal, semi-formal, semiformal/formalise: formalisation, formalised, formalising/formalism: formalisms, formalistic/ formality: formalities/formalize: formalization, formalized, formalizes, formalizing/informality: informalities
USAGE EXAMPLES
The House and Senate passed the bill Wednesday without a public hearing and without debate during informal sessions in both chambers.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
I added photographs and produced an informal booklet.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Informal soccer, cricket and baseball games currently are played at the site.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. （语言） 非正式的; 口语体的; 不拘礼节的; 友好随便的
分布：非正式的(97%)，不拘形式的(3%)
→in-,不，非，formal,正式的。即不正式的，随便的。
US [-'fɔ:r-] adjective
 ADVANCED
■(of situations) not formal or official, or (of clothing, behaviour, speech) suitable when you are with friends and family but not for official occasions 非正式的，非正规的；（服装）日常使用的；（言行）随意的
• The two groups agreed to hold an informal meeting. 两个集团同意举行一次非正式会议。
• He's the ideal sort of teacher - direct, friendly and informal. 他属于那种理想的教师——坦率、友好且不拘礼节。
• 'Hi' is an informal way of greeting people. “喂”是一种随意的问候方式。
casual, informal, irregular
这组词都有“非正式的、非正规的”的意思，其区别是：
casual: 指不太注意场合，仪表等，随意性强。
informal: 指语言、穿着等随便，也指不举行任何形式或仪式的活动。
irregular: 指不按常规、固定模式或计划做事；或指不隶属于任何机构或组织。
adj. 非正式的；不拘礼节的；通俗的；日常使用的
 - popular, casual

Word: Persian
Front: Persian
['pɜː(r)ʃ(ə)n] (4526/6742)
Back: 猫老大
分布：名词(98%)，形容词(2%)
→来自拉丁语Persia,来自希腊语Persis,来自古波斯语Parsa,波斯。
US ['pɝ:-] noun countable adjective
■Persian 波斯人／波斯的

Word: feather
Front: feather
[ˈfeðə(r)] (高研四六 4531/4798 -K2)
Vocabulary: feather
(once / 183 pages)
1nv 2vn 3v
A feather is one of the soft, fringed plumes that cover the bodies of birds. Some feathers are tiny and downy, while others are large and brilliantly colored.
Feathers are the main characteristic that separates birds from all other animals. Scientifically, feathers are described as growths or appendages that form on a bird's skin — but this definition can't capture how lovely feathers are. When feather is a verb, it usually means to turn or rotate an oar, paddle, or propeller so that it's parallel to the surface of the water.
WORD FAMILY
feather: feathered, feathering, featherless, featherlike, feathers, feathery+/feathered: unfeathered/feathering: featherings/feathery: featheriness
USAGE EXAMPLES
On New Year’s Eve, anything with feathers and a pulse was counted by about 200 birders from dawn until almost dusk.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
At first it was pretty standard fare: She posed, framed by feathers, as a glittering pop princess through a pristine, apparently lip-synced “Auld Lang Syne.”
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Reliefs that once displayed gods and mythical creatures are reduced to random chunks showing a hand or a few feathers of a genie’s wing.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 羽毛，翎毛; 状态，心情; 种类; 桨叶的水平运动
v. 给装上羽毛，用羽毛装饰; 使（桨）与水面平行; 长羽毛
时态：feathered, feathering, feathers
分布：羽毛(91%)，用羽毛装饰(4%)，翎毛(2%)，种类(2%)，长出羽毛(1%)
→来自pet,展开，伸展，词源同fathom, compete.
n.羽毛Furthermore, we gathered leather and feather for the future colder weather.而且,我们收集了皮革和羽毛以应付将来更冷的天气.
US [-ɚ] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■one of the many soft light things which cover a bird's body, consisting of a long thin central part with material like hairs along each side 羽毛；翎毛
• peacock/ostrich feathers 孔雀／鸵鸟羽毛
• feather pillows (= those containing feathers) 羽绒枕头
• The bird ruffled its feathers. 这只鸟竖起了羽毛。
UK ['feð.ər] US [-ɚ] noun countable
be (as) light as a feather
■to be very light in weight 轻如鸿毛
UK ['feð.ər] US [-ɚ] noun countable
a feather in your cap
■an achievement to be proud of 可引以为傲的成就
• It's a real feather in our cap to be representing Britain in this contest. 代表英国参加这次比赛是真正让我们引以自豪的事。
UK ['feð.ər] US [-ɚ] verb transitive specialized
■to turn oars (= poles with flat ends used to move a boat) so that the flat parts are horizontal above the water while you prepare for the next pull （桨叶与水面平行地）划（桨）
UK ['feð.ər] US [-ɚ] verb transitive specialized
feather your own nest mainly disapproving
■to make yourself rich, especially in a way that is selfish or dishonest 中饱私囊
n. 羽毛
 - plume
vt. 用羽毛装饰
 - plume
vi. 长羽毛
 - fledge

Word: sphere
Front: sphere
[sfɪə(r)] (研四六托雅 4533/3863 -2)
Vocabulary: sphere
(once / 266 pages)
n
Marbles, oranges, bubbles, and beach balls — all of these objects illustrate the shape of a sphere, or globe (unless the beach balls are under-inflated, in which case they’re sort-of a “squished-sphere” shape).
Sphere is often used metaphorically to refer to a particular aspect or area of something. For example, unless you’re a trained circus performer, tightrope walking and fire swallowing probably lie outside of your sphere of expertise. Sphere frequently occurs in the phrase “sphere of influence,” which designates the geographical area over which a person, organization, or nation has control. In many households, whoever is in charge of the cooking controls the kitchen; so, the kitchen falls within his or her sphere of influence.
WORD FAMILY
sphere: spheres, spheric, spherical +/spheric: sphericity/ spherical: nonspherical, spherically, sphericalness
USAGE EXAMPLES
But in this way, academic publication’s usage in the public sphere is undermined.
The Guardian(Dec 28, 2016)
They toured the Soviet sphere, and even further, and they projected a certain clean-cut morality and proper decorum, patriotism.
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Both proved themselves masters of their respective political spheres.
The Guardian(Dec 26, 2016)
Back: n. 球（体）; （兴趣或活动的）范围; 势力范围; 天体，如行星或恒星
vt. 形成球体; 包围，围绕; 置于球面内部
分布：球(52%)，球体(16%)，领域(14%)，范围(14%)，包围(1%)，天体(1%)，围绕(1%)，形成球体(1%)
→来自古法语 sphere,来自拉丁语 sphaera,球，球体，天体，来自希腊语 sphaira,球，球体。引申 词义大气层。
n.球,球体;范围,领域Therefore, the atmosphere is merely a sphere.因此大气层只不过是一个球体.
US [sfɪr] noun countable
ROUND OBJECT 圆形物体
■an object shaped like a round ball 球，圆球；球状物
• Doctors have replaced the top of his hip bone with a metal sphere. 医生们用一个金属球替换了他的髋骨顶端。
UK [sfɪər] US [sfɪr] noun countable
AREA 范围
■a subject or area of knowledge, work, etc. （知识、工作等的）范围，领域，圈，界
• the political sphere 政界
• exchanges with other countries, particularly in cultural, scientific and economic spheres 与其他国家的交流，特别是文化、科学和经济领域的交流
field, territory, province, domain, sphere
这组词都有“范围，领域”的意思，其区别是：
field: 主要指经选定在一段时间内作专题研究的方面或领域，含夸张意味。
territory: 指科学知识、活动等的领域或范围。
province: 即可指科学、艺术、学问的领域或范围，又可指个人或机关职权的管辖范围。
domain: 指知识艺术、兴趣或人类活动的领域。
sphere: 指有明显分界线的范围或领域，强调彼此不会干扰、跨越，各不相关。
n. 范围； [数] 球体
 - extent, boundary, region, scope, spectrum, territory, range
vt. 包围；放入球内；使…成球形
 - case, invest

Word: tighten
Front: tighten
[ˈtaɪtn] (六雅 4536/4294 -2)
Back: vt. & vi. 收紧; （使）变紧; （使）绷紧; 加紧
时态：tightened, tightening, tightens
分布：勒紧(64%)，变紧(23%)，固定(10%)，使紧(3%)
→tight,拉紧的，-en,使。
verb intransitive or transitive
 ADVANCED
■to become tighter or to make something become tighter, firmer or less easy to move （使）变紧，（使）紧固
• Tighten the straps so they don't rub. 把带子拉紧，这样它们就不会互相磨擦了。
• As he struggled, the ropes tightened even more. 他越挣扎，绳子就勒得越紧。
['taɪ.tən] verb intransitive or transitive
tighten your belt
■to spend less money than you did before because you have less money 勒紧裤带，省吃俭用
• I've had to tighten my belt since I stopped working full-time. 自从我停止全职工作以来，就不得不勒紧裤带过日子。
['taɪ.tən] verb intransitive or transitive
tighten the net
■(especially of the police) to become closer to catching someone, especially a criminal （尤指警方）收拢（抓捕罪犯的）网
• The police are tightening the net around the smugglers. 警方逐渐缩小包围圈，逼近走私犯人。
['taɪ.tən] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] tighten sth up
■to make something become tighter, firmer or less easy to move 使变紧，使紧固
• Now tighten up the screws. 现在旋紧螺丝。
['taɪ.tən] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] tighten (sth) up
■to make a rule, system, or law stronger and more difficult to avoid or ignore 使（规则、制度、法律）更严格
• Are there any plans to tighten up on advertising controls? 有计划加强对广告的监管吗？
tighten, focus, intensify, fasten
tighten: 加紧，收紧
focus: 集中
intensify: 加强，强化
fasten: 系紧，扣紧
vi. 绷紧；变紧
 - straiten

Word: boast
Front: boast
[bəʊst] (研四六托雅宝 4534/4996 -2)
Vocabulary: boast
(once / 191 pages)
vn
When you boast you are bragging about yourself and your accomplishments (or maybe those of your family), often to the boredom and annoyance of your audience.
Used as either a noun or a verb, boast usually suggests exaggeration, vanity, or pride. Along those lines, English poet Sir Thomas Overbury, who died in 1613, once said, "The man who has nothing to boast of but his illustrious ancestry is like the potato — the best part underground." However, the word can also be used in a positive way: a town can boast a new library, or a school can boast a high graduation rate.
WORD FAMILY
boast: boasted, boaster, boastful, boasting, boasts+/boaster: boasters/boastful: boastfully, boastfulness/boasting: boastings
USAGE EXAMPLES
His colleagues say Ryberg is a dedicated family man who never boasts about his many children.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Trump rallied to victory in November with unapologetic boasting of his wealth.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Connolly’s website boasts that he secured billions of dollars in federal grants to undertake the massive Silver Line project.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 自夸，自吹自擂; 夸口说; 以有…而自豪; 自负有
n. 夸口，自负; 自负的事物，引以为傲的东西; 自夸的话; 扬言
时态：boasted, boasting, boasts
分布：自夸(63%)，吹牛(20%)，引以为荣的事物(13%)，以...为荣(4%)
→来自PIE *bheu, 膨胀，鼓起，吹。词源同bucket, 圆木桶。
v.(of,about)自夸,夸耀n.自夸,大话The boastful toaster roasts himself on the coast in the sunshine.好说大话的祝酒者在海岸上晒太阳.
US [boʊst] verb
SPEAK PROUDLY 夸口
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive disapproving
■to speak too proudly or happily about what you have done or what you own 自吹自擂，吹嘘，夸耀
• He didn't talk about his exam results in case people thought he was boasting. 他没有谈论自己的考试成绩，以免让别人以为他在自我吹嘘。
• Parents enjoy boasting about their children's achievements. 父母喜欢夸耀子女所取得的成绩。
• [+ that] They boasted that they had never lost a single game. 他们夸口说从来没有输过一场比赛。
UK [bəʊst] US [boʊst] verb
HAVE 拥有
transitive not continuous
■to have or own something to be proud of 有（值得自豪的东西）
• Ireland boasts beautiful beaches, great restaurants and friendly locals. 爱尔兰拥有美丽的海滩、很棒的餐馆和友好的当地人。
UK [bəʊst] US [boʊst] noun countable disapproving
■something you are proud of and like to tell people about 夸耀
• [+ that] It is her proud boast that she has never missed a single episode of the soap opera. 她骄傲地夸口说这个肥皂剧她从未漏看过一集。
pride, boast, brag, crow
这组词都有“自夸，吹嘘”的意思，其区别是：
pride: 与boast的意义较接近，指炫耀、夸口，自鸣得意，常与反身代词连用。
boast: 普通用词，指对自己所做的事，自己的长处、财富以及家庭等的夸耀，常含言过其实的意味。
brag: 非正式用词，其夸耀和吹嘘意味强于boast，到了过分夸大，有时令人讨厌的地步。
crow: 多指大声吵嚷地吹嘘，夸耀自己做某事比他人做得好。
n. 自夸；值得夸耀的事物，引以为荣的事物
 - braggadocio, self-praise
vi. 自吹自擂
 - blow one's own born, blow one's own trumpet, blow one's own horn

Word: pat
Front: pat
[pæt] (研四六 4539/3881 -2)
Vocabulary: pat
(once / 265 pages)
1vn 2adjadv 3adj
When you pat, you tap lightly with your hand. A sad friend might be comforted by a kind pat on the shoulder. But that sad friend would not be comforted by a pat, insincere, comment.
Your grandfather might pat you on the head just like when you were little, even though you're taller than he is now. Dogs like getting a pat on the head, or maybe a pat of butter from the dinner table. When it's an adjective, pat means "way too simple" or "glib," as in "I asked a serious question — please don't give me a pat answer." To "have something down pat" is to know it by heart.
WORD FAMILY
pat: pated, patly, patness, pats, patted, patting
USAGE EXAMPLES
Pat MacDowell, 70, who travels the country in an RV, stopped by to buy tickets for four of her grandchildren.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
It’s on your watch now,’” recalled GOP Rep. Pat Tiberi, chairman of a pivotal health subcommittee.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
It’s on your watch now,'” recalled GOP Rep. Pat Tiberi, chairman of a pivotal health subcommittee.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 轻拍，爱抚; 拍成，拍至
n. 轻拍; 轻拍某物发出的声音; 小团，小块
adj. 恰好的，适当的; 熟练的; 过于巧合的，人为的; 快活的，活泼的
vt. 表扬，称赞（某人/自己）
时态：patted, patting, pats
分布：轻拍(60%)，轻打(15%)，拍打(11%)，小块(10%)，抚摸(4%)
→可能来自拟声词，模仿轻拍的声音。引申词义鼓励，表扬。
v./n.轻拍,轻打,抚摸On the flat platform the bat will pat whatever hat it likes.在平坦的站台上,蝙蝠会拍打它喜欢的任何帽子.
verb transitive (-tt-)
 ADVANCED
■to touch someone or something gently and usually repeatedly with the hand flat 轻拍，轻打
• He patted my head/patted me on the head affectionately. 他慈爱地拍了拍我的头。
• I bent down to pat the little puppy. 我弯腰拍了拍那只小狗。
[pæt] verb transitive (-tt-)
pat sb on the back
■to praise someone for doing something good 称赞，赞扬（某人）
[pæt] noun countable
TOUCH 触摸
■when you pat a person or animal 轻拍，轻打
• I gave the little boy a pat on the head. 我轻轻地拍了拍小男孩的头。
[pæt] noun countable
PIECE 一块
■a small flat piece, especially of butter （尤指牛油）小块
[pæt] noun countable
a pat on the back
■praise 称赞，赞扬
• I got a pat on the back from (= was praised by) my boss. 我得到了老板的称赞。
[pæt] adjective usually disapproving
■describes an answer or remark that someone has previously prepared, so that they say it quickly and without any real thought （回答或说话）预先准备好的，脱口而出的
• The minister came out with a pat answer/response. 那位部长作出了一个预先准备好的答覆。
[pæt] adjective usually disapproving
have/know sth off pat UK (US have/know sth down pat)
■to know something so well that you can say or do it without having to try or think 对…滚瓜烂熟，对…了若指掌
• I'd given the talk so many times I had it off pat. 这个讲座我讲的次数太多了，都滚瓜烂熟了。
pat, knock, rap, tap
这组词都有“敲、击”的意思，其区别是：
pat: 指用手轻拍以示同情、赞同或爱抚。
knock: 指用拳头或其它器械猛敲或猛打；也指用手轻敲某物。
rap: 指用手指或木棒等快速地轻敲或急拍。
tap: 多指慢慢地连续地轻击或轻拍。
adj. 恰好的；熟练的；合适的
 - experienced, applicable, skilled, becoming, shaped
adv. 恰好；熟记地
 - just, spot
n. 轻拍；小块；轻拍声
 - tablet, nubble
vt. 轻拍
 - chuck
vi. 轻拍
 - tap

Word: perceived
Front: perceived
[pə'siːvd] (4537/7285)
Vocabulary: perceived
(once / 174 pages)
adj
If you sense something is true by instinct, but not necessarily by fact, you can describe that sense as perceived. If you suspect that your neighbor's dog might be dangerous, you can say the dog is a perceived threat to your family's safety.
The adjective perceived has its Latin roots in per, meaning "thoroughly," and capere, meaning "to grasp." Today it retains a sense of grasping something mentally or sensing it. Oddly, the word has two conflicting meanings: first, something you infer or suspect, rather than detecting with your senses. The second meaning, however, is quite the opposite: something sensed through your actual senses, especially those of sight or hearing.
WORD FAMILY
perceived: unperceived+/ imperceptible: imperceptibility, imperceptibly /misperceive: misperceived, misperceives/perceivable: perceivably, unperceivable/ perceive: misperceive, perceivable, perceived, perceiveed, perceiver, perceives, perceiving, perceptible, perception, perceptive, percipient/perceiver: perceivers/perceiving: unperceiving/perceptibility: perceptibilities/ perceptible: imperceptible, perceptibility, perceptibly/ perception: perceptions/ perceptive: perceptively, perceptiveness, perceptivity, unperceptive/percipient: percipients/unperceivable: unperceivably/unperceiving: unperceivingly/unperceptive: unperceptively, unperceptiveness
USAGE EXAMPLES
China will react as China always does to perceived – or real – slights.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Several areas of the brain act in collaboration in order to receive, process, prioritise and implement real-time data perceived during driving.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
When he was younger, he was perceived as rude, at times, toward much older owners.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: v. 感觉( perceive的过去式和过去分词 ); 视为; 认为; 理解为
分布：认为(48%)，理解(30%)，觉察到(17%)，注意到(5%)
VERB
注意到，察觉，意识到（尤指不明显之物）
If you perceive something, you see, notice, or realize it, especially when it is not obvious.
例：A key task is to get pupils to perceive for themselves the relationship between success and effort...关键任务是让学生们自己认识到成功和努力之间的关系。
例：'Precisely what other problems do you perceive?' she asked.“你究竟还发现了什么问题？”她问道。
VERB
看作；视为；认为
If you perceive someone or something as doing or being a particular thing, it is your opinion that they do this thing or that they are that thing.
例：Stress is widely perceived as contributing to coronary heart disease...压力被广泛认为是导致冠心病的一个因素。
例：They strangely perceive television as entertainment.奇怪的是，他们居然将电视看作娱乐。
v. 感知；认为（perceive的过去分词）；领会
 - rated

Word: sole
Front: sole
[səʊl] (研四六托雅 4535/3275 -2)
Vocabulary: sole
(once / 151 pages)
1nv 2adj 3n
Sole means not shared with others. If it's your sole responsibility to make the chocolate cake for a party, it's all on you.
Sole comes from the Latin solus, meaning "alone," and it can describe being the only person involved in something, like being the sole member of the Special People Club. As a noun, your sole is the bottom of your foot. If you order sole in a restaurant, you'll get a flat fish that looks like the bottom of your shoe. Although they sound alike, if you order the soul, the waitperson might send you to a church down the street.
WORD FAMILY
sole: resole, soled, soleless, solely, soling+/resole: resoled, resoles, resoling
USAGE EXAMPLES
Being the sole breadwinner is bad for men's health but good for women's.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
There are no hard-and-fast rules to this process, but Jacomo is the sole arbiter.
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
Kashiba’s Crispy Rex Sole not only includes dainty fried fillets of fish but also the deep-fried skeleton, a crisp, salty, delicious bonus.
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 单独的; 惟一的; 专有的，独占的
n. 鞋底; 有…底的 -soled; 脚底; 鳎（可食用比目鱼）
vt. 给（鞋）换底
时态：soled, soling, soles
分布：唯一的(66%)，鞋底(22%)，脚底(9%)，独占的(2%)，鳎鱼(1%)
→来自拉丁语 solus,单独的，唯一的，词源不详。可能来自 se,自己，来自 swo,自身，词源 同 self,solitary.引申比喻义全权处理的。sole 脚掌，鳎（一种可食用比目鱼）
单个的n.　鞋底[Sol=alone,表示"单独"]
a.单独的,唯一的n.脚垫,鞋底The man who broke the sole solid lid is solemnly condemned.打破这个仅有的实心盖子的人受到庄严谴责.
US [soʊl] adjective [before noun]
 ADVANCED
■being one only; single 唯一的，单一的
• My sole objective is to make the information more widely available. 我唯一的目的就是让更多的人能了解到这些资讯。
• The sole survivor of the accident was found in the water after six hours. 事故唯一的幸存者于六小时后在水里被发现。
 ADVANCED
■not shared with anyone else 专用的，独享的
• She has sole responsibility for the project. 她独立负责该企划案。
• I have sole charge of both children all day. 我一个人要照顾两个孩子一整天。
UK [səʊl] US [soʊl] noun countable
FOOT 脚 (plural soles)
■the bottom part of a foot which touches the ground when you stand or walk, or the bottom part of a shoe which touches the ground, usually not including the heel 脚底；鞋底
• a cut on the sole of her foot 她脚底的伤口
• shoes with rubber soles 胶底的鞋子
UK [səʊl] US [soʊl] noun countable
FISH 鱼 (plural sole)
■one of a number of flat round fish which are eaten as food 比目鱼，鲽鱼
• lemon sole 檬鲽
• Dover sole 多佛鲽鱼
UK [səʊl] US [soʊl] verb transitive
■to put a new sole on a shoe 给（鞋）换新底
unique, single, only, alone, sole
这组词都有“唯一的”的意思，其区别是：
unique: 非正式用词，侧重在一类中唯一无可匹敌、无与伦比的特征。
single: 语气较强，强调仅此一个，再无第二个。
only: 普通用词，常可与sole换用，但侧重仅限于指定的人或物，而不需要更多。
alone: 着重专指某人或某物，而不是别的。
sole: 语气强于only，指仅有一个或一群，只考虑这一个或这一群。
n. [服装] 鞋底；脚底；基础；鳎目鱼
 - elements, basis, foundation, base, bed
adj. 唯一的； [法] 单独的；仅有的
 - alone, unique, independent, one, isolated

Word: publicity
Front: publicity
[pʌbˈlɪsəti] (研六托雅 4540/3003 -K3)
Vocabulary: publicity
(once / 633 pages)
n
Publicity is a public message whose purpose is to let people know about something, like a concert or a new product.
If you go around town putting up posters that advertise a community production of "Annie," you are helping with the play's publicity. In the business world, it's common to hear the terms "publicity campaign" and "publicity stunt." Originally, the word publicity was used to mean "condition of being public," and it wasn't until 1826 that it took on a marketing or advertising meaning.
WORD FAMILY
publicity: publicist, publicities+/ public: nonpublic, publically, publicise, publicity, publicize, publicly, publics, semipublic/publicise: publicised, publiciser, publicising/ publicist: publicists/ publicize: publicized, publicizer, publicizes, publicizing/publicizer: publicizers/semipublic: semipublicly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Mr. Adams, a 56-year-old former police captain, now needs a new publicity photo.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Bad publicity and worried stockholders were enough to bring a company to heel.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
He was so mentally and physically exhausted he barely moved for two weeks after his publicity tour ended.
New York Times(May 02, 2016)
Back: n. 公众信息; 宣传效用; 宣传; 公诸于众的状况
分布：宣传(83%)，广告(13%)，宣扬(2%)，宣传品(1%)，公众的注意(1%)
→来自public,公众的，公开的，-ity,名词后缀。
公开;宣传(public+ity)[Popul,publ=people,表示"人民"]
n.公开,宣传,广告,推销There has not been much publicity about this conference.对这次会议没有作什么宣传.
US [-ə.tˌi] noun uncountable
 IMPROVER
■the activity of making certain that someone or something attracts a lot of interest or attention from many people, or the attention received as a result of this activity 宣传活动；宣传，推广；关注
• He attracted a lot of adverse/bad publicity with his speech about unmarried mothers. 他针对未婚妈妈所作的演讲招致了媒体的不少抨击。
• Her first novel was published last year in a blaze of (= with a lot of) publicity. 她的第一部小说去年在大张旗鼓的宣传下出版。
• We have planned an exciting publicity campaign with our advertisers. 我们和广告人员一起策划了一场十分精彩的宣传活动。
• The publicity generated by the court case has given a welcome boost to our sales. 由这个案子所产生的知名度为我们的业绩带来了可喜的增长。
• The normally publicity -shy director will be making several public appearances for the launch of the movie. 这位通常不愿抛头露面的导演为了这部影片的发行将数度公开亮相。
• The enormous publicity surrounding the case will make it very difficult to hold a fair trial. 人们对于这个案件的极大关注使该案很难有公正的审判。
• The pop group's arrival by hot-air balloon was just a publicity stunt (= an unusual way of attracting the public's attention). 这个流行演唱组合乘热气球抵达现场只是吸引目光的噱头而已。
UK [pʌb'lɪs.ɪ.ti] US [-ə.tˌi] noun uncountable
Any publicity is good publicity. (also There's no such thing as bad publicity.) saying
■said to emphasize that it is better that something receives bad publicity than no publicity at all 任何宣传都是好宣传。
peculiarity, quality, attribute, feature, property, characteristic, publicity, trait, character, popularity
peculiarity: 独具的或奇怪的特点，常带感情色彩；
quality: 既可指有形或无形的特性，又可指个性或共性的特征；
attribute: 通常指人主观赋予某事物的属性，可指典型事物
feature: 指事物突出引人注目的特点。多用来说明人的容貌特征或地理特征；
property: 多指同类事物所共有的特性，一般不用于指人；
characteristic: 指某人或某物天生有别于他人或他物的内部特质或外表特征；
publicity: 公开，宣传；
trait: 多指人的性格、心情的特征，尤指先天秉赋的持久的行为模式或性格特征；
character: 多指一类人或事物所具有的独特的典型的特征；
popularity: 普遍，流行；
n. 宣传，宣扬；公开；广告；注意
 - advertisement, propaganda, bill, regard, dissemination

Word: major
Front: major
[ˈmeɪdʒə(r)] (高研四六托雅 444/392 -K5)
Vocabulary: major
(once / 54 pages)
1adjn 2nvadj 3adj 4adj
Something major is big, big, big! It's major, baby! It's large! Important! Intense! Powerful! Michael Jackson's album "Thriller" was major, eventually becoming the biggest-selling album of all time.
A victory of 98 to 3 might well be called major. If you're a musician, you're probably also familiar with the difference between a minor scale and a major scale. A major scale sounds happy, while a minor one sounds sad. The discovery of life on another planet? Major. Getting into the college of your choice? Major. For everything else, there's "ordinary."
WORD FAMILY
major: majored, majoring, majority, majorly, majors+/ majority: majorities
USAGE EXAMPLES
Security Council and a major obstacle to Middle East peace in the view of the Obama administration.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Traditionally turtles were eaten at major events, like a wedding or a chief’s funeral.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Sadly they are even more popular with Asian mainlanders shopping in the major cities, and the ballot/queue system was in full effect there too.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 主要的; 重要的; 大调的; 主修的（课程）
n. 主修科目; 大调; 陆军少校; 成年的
vi. <美>主修，专攻; [美国英语][教育学]主修(in); 专攻
时态：majored, majoring, majors
分布：主要的(58%)，主修(26%)，较多的(4%)，陆军少校(4%)，严重的(4%)，成年人(3%)，举足轻重者(1%)
→来自拉丁语maior,来自*magjos变体，来自来自meg,伟大的，巨大的，词源同magnate,*yos,比较级后缀。引申词义主要的，主修课程等。
较大的;主要的[maj=great,表示"大,伟大"]
a.主要的n.成年人,专业学生,主修课程v.主修The minority of us are confronted with difficulty in the frontier of the major.我们少数人在该专业尖端领域面临困难.
US [-dʒɚ] adjective
IMPORTANT 重要的
 ESSENTIAL [before noun]
■more important, bigger or more serious than others of the same type 较重要的；主要的；重大的
• All of her major plays have been translated into English. 她的主要剧本都被译成了英文。
• Sugar is a major cause of tooth decay. 糖是造成蛀牙的主要原因。
• There are two problems with this situation, one major, one minor. 这个情况牵涉到两个问题，一个主要的，一个次要的。
• Citrus fruits are a major source of vitamin C. 柑橘类水果是维生素C的重要来源。
• There has been a major change in attitudes recently. 人们的态度近来有重大改变。
• The United States is a major influence in the United Nations. 美国是联合国中具重大影响力的国家。
Compare minor
UK ['meɪ.dʒər] US [-dʒɚ] adjective
MUSIC 音乐
[after noun] specialized
■(of music) based on a scale in which there is a whole tone between the second and third notes and a half tone between the third and fourth notes 大调的，大音阶的
• the key of C major C大调
• a concerto in A major A 大调协奏曲
Compare minor
UK ['meɪ.dʒər] US [-dʒɚ] noun countable
OFFICER 军官
■an officer of middle rank in the British, US and many other armed forces such as the US Air Force （英军、美军及其他军队中的）少校
• Her father was a major in the Scots Guards. 她父亲是苏格兰近卫团的少校。
• I met Major Jones last year. 我去年见过钟斯少校。
• [as form of address] Thank you, Major Jones. 谢谢你，钟斯少校。
■the rank above captain in the armed forces 少校（军队中高于上尉的军衔）
UK ['meɪ.dʒər] US [-dʒɚ] noun countable
SPECIAL SUBJECT 专门的学科 US the most important subject that a college or university student is studying, or the student himself or herself （大学生的）专业，主修课程；（大学专业的）主修学生
• What is your major, English or French? 你主修英语还是法语？
• She was a philosophy major at an Ivy League college. 她曾在一所长春藤大学主修哲学
UK ['meɪ.dʒər] US [-dʒɚ] verb
major in sth US
■to study something as your main subject at university 主修，以…为专业
• She majored in philosophy at Harvard. 她曾在哈佛大学主修哲学。
principal, leading, primary, foremost, capital, major, chief, main
这组词都有“首要的，主要的”的意思，其区别是：
principal: 用于人时，指地位优于其他人；用于物时，指该物在大小、重要性等方面优于他物。
leading: 侧重指具有影响力或凝聚力。从而有主导和引导的作用。
primary: 通常不用于人。用于物时，指在重要性方面占第一位。
foremost: 侧重指在行进或发展过程中居首位。
capital: 着重指因重要性、意义、优越或重大而名列同类之首。
major: 指同其他人或其它物、问题等相比较，显得更加重要和突出。
chief: 拽人时，表同类中职位最高，权力最大；指物时，表同类中最重要，价值最高。
main: 通常只用于物。指在一定范围内，某物的重要性、体积或力量等超过其它物。
adj. 主要的；重要的；主修的；较多的
 - crucial, important, primary, considerable, central
n. [人类] 成年人；主修科目；陆军少校
 - adult

Word: unfold
Front: unfold
[ʌnˈfəʊld] (高研六托雅宝 4541/7574 -2)
Vocabulary: unfold
(once / 476 pages)
v
To unfold is to open or reveal, the way a small square of paper might unfold into a large map, or the way the plot of a mystery novel can unfold into a clear picture of who the killer is.
Anything that's folded or compacted unfolds as it opens up and stretches out. So a yoga teacher might curl into a tight ball and then unfold his limbs, stretching them wide. Or you might unfold a tightly sealed secret note or a gently creased letter from your grandparents. Information can unfold figuratively, too, or become more open and clear: "As the details of the crime began to unfold, the detective got ready to make an arrest."
WORD FAMILY
unfold: unfolded, unfolding, unfolds+/ enfold: enfolded, enfolding, enfolds/enfolding: enfoldings/ fold: enfold, foldable, folded, folder, folding, folds, unfold /folder: folders/folding: foldings, infolding/infolding: infoldings/unfolding: unfoldings
USAGE EXAMPLES
“His actors unfold the drama in their very appearances and, as the chic and malevolent plot thickens, so do their various attitudes.”
New York Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Few South Koreans believe the chaebol are innocent victims in the unfolding case.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It would soon become apparent that he was, and as the campaign unfolded, Priebus began talking to Trump far more frequently than the other contenders.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 展开，打开
vt. 摊开; 展现，披露
vi. 逐渐显露; 开展，发展
时态：unfolded, unfolding, unfolds
分布：展开(73%)，显露(19%)，开放(8%)
vt.打开;显露;展示vi.呈现;显示;展示I would rather withhold than uphold you unfold the gold foil on the threshold.我宁愿扣留而不支持你展开黄金箔在门槛上.
US [-'foʊld] verb
OPEN 打开
transitive
■to open or spread out something that has been folded 打开；展开；摊开
• If we unfold the table we can fit eight people around it. 如果我们把折叠桌打开，就能坐下八个人了。
• He watched her expression as she unfolded the letter. 他注视着她拆信时的表情。
UK [ʌn'fəʊld] US [-'foʊld] verb
DEVELOP 发展
intransitive
■If a situation or story unfolds, it develops or becomes clear to other people （形势或故事）发展，展现，呈现，披露
• Like a lot of people, I've watched the events of the last few days unfold on TV. 和许多人一样，我在电视上看到了最近几天的事件报道。
• As the plot unfolds, you gradually realise that all your initial assumptions were wrong. 随着情节的展开，你会慢慢意识到自己最初的那些猜测都是不对的。
transitive formal
■to tell someone about something, especially a plan, and explain it in detail 详细讲述（尤指计划）
• I've arranged a lunch with him next Thursday at which I intend to unfold my proposal. 我已安排好下周四和他共进午餐，到时我打算向他详细讲述我的提议。
open, unfold
这组词都有“打开”的意思，其区别是：
open: 普通用词，指把原来关起来或盖紧的东西打开。
unfold: 主要指把原来包好、卷好或叠好的东西再打开。
vt. 打开；呈现
 - crack, assume, open up
vi. 展开；显露
 - expand, develop

Word: joke
Front: joke
[dʒəʊk] (中高研四 2246/2533 -K3)
Vocabulary: joke
(once / 145 pages)
nv
A joke is a funny story or line that's meant to make people laugh. When you're good at telling jokes, you're the life of the party (and you're probably not telling knock-knock jokes).
Many jokes have a "punch line," the part that either makes your listeners guffaw or groan, depending on how funny it is. The rest of the joke leads up to this climax. Another kind of joke is the "practical" sort, a prank, gag, or trick you play on someone. In the 1660s the word was spelled joque and was considered slang. It comes from the Latin root iocus, "joke, sport, or pastime."
WORD FAMILY
joke: joked, joker, jokes, jokester, joking +/ joker: jokers/ jokester: jokesters/ joking: jokingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Let’s not joke over such a serious matter.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
There’s a chance she’s just in it for the dolphin jokes, though: “I dolphin-itely want to see you inside.”
Time(Jan 02, 2017)
“He be using them S.A.T. words, talking about Sophocles,” a third joked.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 笑话，玩笑; 笑柄，笑料
vt. & vi. 开玩笑; 戏弄; 闹着玩; 说着玩
时态：joked, joking, jokes
分布：笑话(48%)，玩笑(34%)，开玩笑(16%)，说笑话(2%)
→来自拉丁语iocus,玩乐，玩耍，词源同jeopardy,jocular.来自yek,说。引申词义开玩笑，逗乐。
n.笑话,玩笑v.说笑话,开玩笑The smoke choked the joking stroker at one stroke.烟一下呛住了开玩笑的抚摩者.
US [dʒoʊk] noun
FUNNY 有趣的
 ESSENTIAL countable
■something, such as a funny story or trick, that is said or done in order to make people laugh 笑话；玩笑
• Did I tell you the joke about the chicken crossing the road? 我跟你讲过小鸡过马路的笑话吗？
• She spent the evening cracking (= telling) jokes and telling funny stories. 她整个晚上都在说笑话，讲有趣的故事。
• She tied his shoelaces together for a joke. 她跟他开玩笑，把他的鞋带系在一起。
• I hope Rob doesn't tell any of his dirty jokes (= jokes about sex) when my mother's here. 我希望我母亲在场时罗布不要讲黄色笑话。
• He tried to do a comedy routine, but all his jokes fell flat (= no one laughed at them). 他试着演一个搞笑戏码，但他的笑话都不好笑。
• Don't you get (= understand) the joke? 你听不懂这个笑话吗？
UK [dʒəʊk] US [dʒoʊk] noun
BAD/SILLY 坏／愚蠢
only singular informal
■a person or thing that is so bad or silly that they do not deserve respect 荒唐可笑的人（或事物）
• Our new teacher's a bit of a joke - he can't even control the class. 我们的新老师有点荒唐可笑——他连课堂都控制不了。
• The new software is a complete joke - it keeps going wrong. 这个新软体真让人笑掉大牙——总是不断地出毛病。
• The exam was a joke (= was very easy) - everyone finished in less than an hour. 考试容易极了——大家不用一个小时就做完了。
UK [dʒəʊk] US [dʒoʊk] noun
be no joke informal
■to be serious or difficult 不是闹着玩的；不是轻而易举的事
• It's no joke driving on icy roads. 在结冰的路面上开车不是件轻松的事。
UK [dʒəʊk] US [dʒoʊk] noun
get/go beyond a joke
■to start to become annoying or worrying 超出开玩笑的限度，开始令人恼怒
• I don't mind helping her out occasionally, but this is getting beyond a joke. 我不介意偶尔帮她一下，但现在开始变得有些烦人了。
UK [dʒəʊk] US [dʒoʊk] noun
the joke is on sb informal
■If you say that the joke is on a particular person, you mean that they have tried to make someone else look silly but have made themselves look silly instead. 开玩笑反而开到（某人）自己头上
UK [dʒəʊk] US [dʒoʊk] noun
make a joke of sth
■to laugh at something although it is serious or important 对…付诸一笑：一笑置之
• He tried to make a joke of the fact that he hadn't passed the exam. 他没有通过考试，他试图对此一笑置之。
UK [dʒəʊk] US [dʒoʊk] noun
take a joke
■to laugh when someone says something funny about you and not be offended 经得起玩笑话，开得起玩笑
• What's the matter? Can't you take a joke or something? 怎么了？难道你连个玩笑都开不起？
UK [dʒəʊk] US [dʒoʊk] verb intransitive
 ADVANCED
■to say funny things 说笑话
• They joked and laughed as they looked at the photos. 他们看着照片，边开玩笑边大笑。
• It's more serious than you think, so please don't joke about it. 这比你想像的严重，请不要再对此开玩笑了。
• [+ speech] "I didn't expect to be out so soon", he joked, after spending nine months in hospital. “我没想到能这么快出院，”他九个月后出院时开玩笑地说道。
 ADVANCED
■If you think that someone is joking when they say something, you think that they do not really mean it 开玩笑
• I thought he was joking when he said Helen was pregnant, but she really is. 他说海伦怀孕时我以为他在开玩笑，但她确实怀孕了。
• She wasn't joking (= She was serious) when she said she was going to move out of the house by the end of the week. 她说本周末将搬出这幢房子是认真的。
UK [dʒəʊk] US [dʒoʊk] verb intransitive
joking apart/aside
■said when you want to start speaking seriously about something after making jokes and laughing about it 言归正传，说正经的
• Joking apart, will you be able to manage on your own? 言归正传，你自己应付得了吗？
UK [dʒəʊk] US [dʒoʊk] verb intransitive
Only joking!
■said when you mean that something you said was not intended to be serious 只是在开玩笑！
• Think I'll leave you with the kids while I go for a beer - only joking! 想想我去喝啤酒而留下你和孩子在一起——开个玩笑而已！
UK [dʒəʊk] US [dʒoʊk] verb intransitive
you must be joking (also you've got to be joking)
■said in answer to something that someone has said, meaning that you do not believe they said it seriously, or you think it is a stupid thing to say （表示不相信或觉得荒谬）你一定是在开玩笑吧
• You've got to be joking if you think I'm going to stand in the rain watching you play rugby! 你以为我会站在雨中看你打橄榄球，你一定是在开玩笑吧！
UK [dʒəʊk] US [dʒoʊk] verb intransitive
You're joking!
■something you say to show that you are surprised by what someone has said, or do not believe it is true （表示吃惊或不相信）你是在开玩笑吧！
• "Hey, Maria's leaving." "You're joking!" “嘿，玛丽亚要走了。”“你在开玩笑吧！”
n. 玩笑，笑话；笑柄
 - fun, sport
vt. 开…的玩笑
 - make sport of, play trick on
vi. 开玩笑
 - fool, kid around

Word: well-being
Front: well-being
[wel 'bi:ɪŋ] (托 -2)
Vocabulary: well-being
(once / 1275 pages)
n
Well-being is a state of health, happiness, and contentment. Everyone wants to enjoy well-being.
When things are going well in a person's life, she feels a sense of well-being. Being healthy, happy, and having friends are all signs of well-being, while if you lose your job or becomes seriously ill, others will be concerned about your well-being. People in dangerous jobs like soldiers or police officers often find their well-being in jeopardy. The word well-being is also a philosophical term, especially important in various kinds of moral philosophy.
WORD FAMILY
well-being
USAGE EXAMPLES
Still, it’s another example of how Trump is trying to stoke voters’ belief that he is actively fighting for their well-being.
Seattle Times(Dec 28, 2016)
First, ECD must focus as much on physical well-being as on training the mind.
Economist(Oct 27, 2016)
All of this should be troubling for anyone who cares about the economic well-being of the state.
Washington Times(Dec 26, 2016)
Back: n. 幸福; 生活安宁; 福利; 康
分布：安宁(60%)，康乐(40%)
(also wellbeing)
noun uncountable
■the state of feeling healthy and happy 幸福；安康
• People doing yoga benefit from an increased feeling of well-being. 练瑜伽的人内心的幸福感会不断增强。
n. 幸福；康乐
 - happiness, welfare

Word: validity
Front: validity
[vəˈlɪdəti] (六托雅 4542/4628)
Vocabulary: validity
(once / 1749 pages)
n
When you test something's validity, you see if it holds true. Are these really the best chocolate chip cookies in the world? You might enjoy testing the validity of this statement.
The noun validity means genuine or authentic, but it also has a legal meaning: having legal force. Your family asked the judge to determine the validity of your grandfather's will because they weren't sure he was legally allowed to leave all his worldly goods to "the little green men from Mars." Related words include the adjective "valid" and its antonym "invalid," as well as the verb "validate."
WORD FAMILY
validity: validities+/ invalid: invalided, invaliding, invalidism, invalidity, invalidly, invalidness, invalids/ invalidate: invalidated, invalidates, invalidating, invalidation/invalidation: invalidations/invalidism: invalidisms/invalidity: invalidities/ valid: invalid, validate, valider, validity, validly, validness/ validate: invalidate, validated, validates, validating, validation, validatory/ validation: validations
USAGE EXAMPLES
Mr. Maduro was forced to modify his fiat, extending the currency’s validity to Jan. 2 and reopening the borders.
Washington Post(Dec 26, 2016)
But as Cohen acknowledges, “the community is definitely polarized” over the validity of these ideas.
Washington Post(Dec 23, 2016)
Reuters confirmed the validity of the video with two senior Taliban figures based in Afghanistan.
The Guardian(Dec 20, 2016)
Back: n. 有效，合法性; 效力; 正确，正当; 正确性
分布：有效性(78%)，正确性(18%)，合法性(4%)
N-UNCOUNT
正当(性);正确(性)；可信(性)
The validity of something such as a result or a piece of information is whether it can be trusted or believed.
例：Shocked by the results of the elections, they now want to challenge the validity of the vote...选举结果令他们很震惊，他们现在要对选举的可信性提出质疑。
例：Some people, of course, denied the validity of any such claim.当然，一些人否定了此类说法的合理性。
effect, validity, influence, efficiency
effect: 指某人或某事的影响产生特殊“效果”
validity: 有效性，合法性
influence: 强调“潜移默化”的影响
efficiency: 效率
n. [计] [数] 有效性；正确；正确性
 - availability, right

Word: ecosystem
Front: ecosystem
[ˈi:kəʊsɪstəm] (六托 4528/13316 -1)
Vocabulary: ecosystem
(once / 5621 pages)
n
An ecosystem is all the living things, from plants and animals to microscopic organisms, that share an environment. Everything in an ecosystem has an important role. Well, almost everything.
The term ecosystem was coined in 1935, though ecosystems have been around as long as living things. Eco is a spin-off from the word ecology and describes anything having to do with the environment and our relation to it. You've probably heard of related terms like eco-friendly and eco-warrior. And system comes from the Greek word systema or "organized body, whole."
WORD FAMILY
ecosystem: ecosystems
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Pearl Auto is a great example of the creativity and innovation driving the iPhone ecosystem,” said Josh Rosenstock, an Apple spokesman.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The digital media ecosystem is completely rigged against ethical responsibility in ways that are potentially more destructive than the old media ecosystem.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
It’s always part of a larger ecosystem, what scientists call a complex adaptive system.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. <生>生态系统
分布：生态系统(100%)
→eco-, 家，生态。system, 系统。
US [-koʊ-] noun countable
■all the living things in an area and the way they affect each other and the environment 生态系统
• Pollution can have disastrous effects on the delicately balanced ecosystem. 污染会对脆弱的生态平衡造成灾难性的破坏。
n. [生态] 生态系统
 - ecological constellation, ecological systems

Word: strictly
Front: strictly
[ˈstrɪktli] (四六 4544/3514 -K2)
Back: adv. 严格地; 完全地
分布：严格地(58%)，完全地(42%)
adverb
 IMPROVER
■in a way that would bring severe punishment if not obeyed 严格地，严厉地
• The speed limit is strictly enforced on urban roads. 市区道路严格限速行驶。
• The use of cameras in this museum is strictly forbidden. 本博物馆内严禁使用相机。
 IMPROVER
■in a very limited or limiting way 严格地；务必地
• Should I mark this letter to your accountant 'strictly confidential '? 我是否应该把这封给你会计师的信标注“绝密”字样？
• The proposed change in the law would make abortion illegal except for strictly defined medical reasons. 该法拟议中的修改将把堕胎列为非法行为，只有经过严格医学界定，属需要堕胎者除外。
• This unrepeatable offer is only available for a strictly limited period. 这么好的条件，机会难得稍纵即逝。
 ADVANCED
■exactly or correctly 完全地；确切地
• I have acted strictly in accordance with the regulations at all times. 我自始至终都是严格按照规定行事。
• It is essential that the safety procedures are strictly adhered to. 必须严格遵守安全规程。
• Their salaries are not strictly comparable (= cannot be directly compared) because of the differences in UK and US tax rates. 由于英美两国的税率不同，他们的薪酬严格来讲不能相提并论。
• Are all these questions strictly (= really) necessary ? 所有这些问题真有必要吗？
['strɪkt.li] adverb
strictly speaking
■being completely accurate 严格来说
• Strictly speaking, Great Britain consists of Scotland, Wales and England, and the United Kingdom consists of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. 严格来说，大不列颠包括苏格兰、威尔士和英格兰，而联合王国则包括大不列颠和北爱尔兰。
adv. 严格地；完全地；确实地
 - totally, entirely, completely, absolutely, thoroughly, fully

Word: partial
Front: partial
[ˈpɑ:ʃl] (研四六托雅宝 4546/3804 -2)
Vocabulary: partial
(once / 213 pages)
1adj 2adj 3n 4n
If you describe something as partial, you're usually saying it's just part of the whole, or incomplete. Say someone asks how you started your band and you say, "I bought a guitar." That would be a partial answer, at best.
Partial has another meaning, too. If you say you are partial to something, you are expressing a fondness for it. Or not. If someone asks you whether you still love your husband after 50 years of marriage, for example, and you say, "I'm partial to him," you're either joking or politely saying "Not really." Being partial to something is to love as a warm stove is to a bonfire.
WORD FAMILY
partial: partiality, partially, partialness, partials+/ counterpart: counterparts/forepart: foreparts/ part: counterpart, forepart, parted, partial, parting, partitive, parts, subpart, underpart/ partiality: partialities/parting: partings/partitive: partitively, partitives/subpart: subparts/underpart: underparts
USAGE EXAMPLES
Flynt said Brewer accomplished many goals during his partial term because of his legislative background.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But it was another four weeks before McCrory conceded while dozens of ballot protests were considered and a partial recount was held in Durham County.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
To its partial credit, the show resists this easy sentimentality.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 部分的; 偏爱的; 偏袒的; 钟爱的
n. [数学]偏微商
分布：部分的(48%)，偏袒的(21%)，不完全的(16%)，偏爱的(15%)
→来自part,部分。即部分的，引申词义偏袒的。
部分的;有偏见的(part+ial)[part,port=part,divide,表示"部分,分开"]
a.部分的,不完全的;偏袒的,不公平的,偏爱的Apart from that apartment, the departed department leader was partly partial to this one.除了那套公寓外,已故系领导还有点偏爱这一套.
【记】part部分，只喜欢一部分人－偏袒的
【反】dispassionate（adj 冷静的；不带感情的）
US ['pɑ:r-] adjective
NOT COMPLETE 不完全的
 ADVANCED
■not complete 不完全的，部分的
• The general has ordered a partial withdrawal of troops from the area. 将军已下令部队部分人员撤出该地区。
UK ['pɑ:.ʃəl] US ['pɑ:r-] adjective
UNFAIR 不公平的
■influenced by your personal preference for or approval of something, so that you do not judge fairly 偏向一方的，偏袒的，偏心的
• The reporting in the papers is entirely partial and makes no attempt to be objective. 报纸上的报道毫不客观，而且也没打算保持客观。
Opposite impartial
UK ['pɑ:.ʃəl] US ['pɑ:r-] adjective
LIKING 嗜好
[after verb] old-fashioned or formal
■having a liking for something 偏爱…的，喜欢…的
• I'm rather partial to red wine. 我特别爱喝红葡萄酒。
adj. 局部的；偏爱的；不公平的
 - regional, local, unfair, topical

Word: collar
Front: collar
[ˈkɒlə(r)] (高研四六宝 4548/4205 -2)
Vocabulary: collar
(once / 304 pages)
1nv 2nv 3n 4n
A collar goes around a neck. For a human, it’s the neckband of a shirt or jacket. For an animal, it’s a neckband that attaches to a leash, kills fleas, or makes a poodle feel fancy.
The color of your collar says something about what you do. “Blue collar” refers to people who do manual labor while “white collar” refers to people with desk jobs. Animals generally don’t care what their collars look like. When it's a verb, collar means "apprehend" or "arrest," as when a police detective finally collars an elusive bank robber. This meaning arose from the 17th century use of collar, "grab someone by the neck."
WORD FAMILY
collar: collared, collaring, collarless, collars
USAGE EXAMPLES
Many elk, mule deer and antelope in Wyoming wear electronic data collars as researchers study how animals move across the landscape.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Fortunately, there was a Times lost-and-found tag on its collar at the time.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
They are getting new suits, too: black jackets inspired by 18th-century frock coats with the collars removed, and black trousers.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 衣领; 领子; （狗等的）项圈; （管子或机器部件的）圈
vt. 抓住，逮住; 扭住领口; 拉用，扯用; 给…套上颈圈
时态：collared, collaring, collars
分布：衣领(63%)，抓住(19%)，项圈(17%)，为 ... 戴上项圈(1%)
→来自kwel, 转，词源同cycle, pole.
衣领[oll=neck(脖子)]
n.衣领;环状物The doctor's doctrine undid one dollar and a dozen of collars.博士的学说毁掉了一美元和一打衣领.
【区】cellar（n 地窖）中的cell是小牢房的意思
US ['kɑ:.lɚ] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■the part around the neck of a piece of clothing, usually sewn on and sometimes made of different material 衣领，领口
• a shirt collar 衬衫领口
• a fur collar 毛领
• a dress with a big collar 大领口的长裙
 ADVANCED
■a strap made of leather or other strong material which is put around the neck of an animal, especially a dog or cat （尤指套在狗、猫等动物脖子上的）颈圈，项圈
• I grabbed the dog by the collar and dragged it out of the room. 我揪住狗的颈圈，把它拉出了房间。
■a type of necklace (= a piece of jewellery worn around the neck) 项炼，项饰
• a diamond collar 钻石项炼
■specialized
■an area around the neck of an animal which is coloured differently from the other parts of the body （动物颈部颜色异样的）色圈，颈锁形条纹
• The bird has grey feathers with a lighter collar. 这种鸟长有灰色羽毛，但颈部的颜色要淡一些。
■specialized
■a strip of strong material that is put round a pipe or a piece of machinery to make it stronger or to join two parts together （管子或机器上的）箍，卡圈，套管
UK ['kɒl.ər] US ['kɑ:.lɚ] verb transitive informal
■to catch and hold someone so that they cannot escape 抓住，逮住，逮捕
• She was collared by the police at the airport. 她在机场被警方逮捕了。
■informal
■to find someone and stop them going somewhere, often so that you can talk to them about something 拦住（以便与之谈话）
• I was collared by Pete as I was coming out of the meeting this morning. 今天上午我刚出会议室就被皮特拉住谈了起来。
n. [服装] 衣领；颈圈
 - neck
vt. 抓住；给…上领子；给…套上颈圈
 - grasp, noble

Word: weed
Front: weed
[wi:d] (高研四六托雅宝 4545/6003 -2)
Back: n. 杂草; 大麻; 废物; 烟草
vt. 给…除杂草; 除（草）; 消除
vi. 除草
时态：weeded, weeding, weeds
分布：杂草(56%)，除草(23%)，野草(9%)，清除(5%)，淘汰(5%)，丧服(1%)，衣服(1%)
→词源不详。
n.杂草,野草v.除草,锄草I seem to deem his foreseeing of that the man will seek seeds in the weed.我似乎相信他的预见,他预见那个人将在杂草中寻找种子.
noun
PLANT 植物
countable
■any wild plant which grows in an unwanted place, especially in a garden or field where it prevents the cultivated plants from growing freely 杂草；野草
uncountable old-fashioned slang * cannabis
uncountable UK old-fashioned informal * tobacco
[wi:d] noun
PERSON 人
countable UK informal disapproving
■someone who is thin and physically weak or who is weak in character 瘦弱的人；懦弱的人
• He looks like a real weed in those shorts. 他穿着那条短裤看起来真的很瘦弱。
[wi:d] verb intransitive or transitive
■to remove wild plants from a place where they are not wanted 除草；为…除杂草
• I've been weeding (the vegetable garden). 我一直在（菜园子里）除草。
[wi:d] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] weed sth/sb out
■to get rid of unwanted things or people from a group 清除；剔除；淘汰
• The first round of interviews only really serves to weed out the very weakest of applicants. 第一轮面试实际上只是要淘汰那些实力最弱的申请者。
herb, grass, weed
这组词都有“草”的意思，其区别是：
herb: 指可供药用或生产食物调料用的草。
grass: 指一般的青草或牧草。
weed: 指混在作物中的杂草或园中的野草。
vt. 除草；铲除
 - shovel
n. [植] 杂草，野草；菸草
 - fireweed, ruderal

Word: compliance
Front: compliance
[kəmˈplaɪəns] (研雅宝 4547/4818 -1)
Vocabulary: compliance
(once / 931 pages)
n
Compliance is what you do when you try to fit standards set down by someone else. A restaurant chef's compliance with a new sugar-free menu might inspire even the pastry chefs to follow the recipes.
Plywood helps illustrate the "pli" in compliance, because if you've ever stepped on a piece of plywood stretched across something, you've felt how it gives underneath your feet. It has flexibility. Compliance means being flexible or yielding and giving in to a situation or order. "Pliant" is part of the word compliance, and it means yielding. Agreeing or bending to something like a plan, rule, or direction is compliance.
WORD FAMILY
compliance: compliances+/ compliant: compliantly, noncompliant / comply: compliance, compliancy, compliant, complied, complies, complying/ noncompliant: noncompliance, noncompliants
USAGE EXAMPLES
Jones says that ensuring all counties are in compliance will bring in more state revenues from property taxes.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The United States, in other words, ranks with countries that conspicuously are not in full compliance with their international obligations.
The New Yorker(Dec 31, 2016)
Before drinking my first cup of coffee, I like to get my cell in compliance.
The New Yorker(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 服从，听从; 承诺; 柔软度; 顺度
分布：柔度(34%)，灵活性(25%)，屈服(25%)，顺从；服从；遵守(16%)
noun uncountable formal
■when people obey an order, rule or request 服从；遵守；依从
• It is the job of the inspectors to enforce compliance with the regulations. 强制人们遵守法规是督察的责任。
• The company said that it had always acted in compliance with environmental laws. 该公司称其一向遵守环境法。
■mainly disapproving
■when you are often too willing to do what other people want you to do 顺从，屈从
• It's his compliance that amazes me. 让我吃惊的是他言听计从。
n. 顺从，服从；承诺
 - commitment, obedience

Word: streak
Front: streak
[stri:k] (托宝 4552/7739 -2)
Vocabulary: streak
(once / 364 pages)
nv
A streak is a mark or characteristic. What makes you keep trying to wipe the streak of permanent marker off the white couch — your clean streak or your stubborn streak?
Like a mark or stain, a streak in a person is a characteristic or strain that runs through them — like a mean streak. The noun streak can also refer to an unbroken chain of events — you’ll want a lucky streak to keep going and a losing streak to come to a quick end. As a verb, to streak means to dash, sometimes without clothes. If you talk a blue streak, you’ve got a lot to say, very quickly.
WORD FAMILY
streak: streaked, streaker, streaking, streaks, streaky+/streaked: streakeder/streaker: streakers/streaky: streakily
USAGE EXAMPLES
That includes a three-game losing streak to end the year in which the Lions were outscored by the Giants, Cowboys and Packers 90-51.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The line remained intact Monday at practice with all three carrying streaks.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
That launched a streak in which Baltimore won six of eight, including a 38-6 rout of Miami .
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. （与周围有所不同的）条纹; （通常指不好的）特征（倾向）; （不断经历成功或失败的）一段时期
vi. 快速移动; 加上条纹
vt. 使布满条纹
时态：streaked, streaking, streaks
分布：倾向(41%)，条痕(16%)，痕迹(8%)，一系列(8%)，闪现(6%)，斑纹(6%)，快速移动(6%)，加条纹(3%)，夹杂着(3%)，少许(3%)
→来自古英语 strica,条纹，线痕，笔划，来自 Proto-Germanic*strikon,轻触，轻击，来自 streig, 击，打，刮，词源同 strike,stroke.streak 疾行，疾驰，裸奔
【记】源于：stream（n 小溪流）呈现streak的形状。
noun countable
MARK 痕迹
■a long thin mark which is easily noticed because it is very different from the area surrounding it 条纹；条痕
• The window cleaner has left dirty streaks on the windows. 擦窗工人在窗户上留下了一条条污痕。
• I dye my hair to hide my grey streaks. 我染发是为了遮住花白的头发。
• Meteors produce streaks of light as they burn up in the Earth's atmosphere. 流星在地球大气层中燃烧时会产生一道光痕。
[stri:k] noun countable
CHARACTERISTIC 特点
■an often unpleasant characteristic which is very different from other characteristics （常指不好的）特点，个性特征
• Her stubborn streak makes her very difficult to work with sometimes. 她固执的性格有时候使人很难和她共事。
• You need to have a competitive streak when you're working in marketing. 你做行销工作时需要有竞争意识。
[stri:k] noun countable
SHORT PERIOD 短期
■a short period of good or bad luck 一阵好运；一阵霉运
• I just hope my lucky streak continues until the world championships. 我只是希望我的好运能延续到世界锦标赛。
• Their longest losing streak has been three games. 他们最低迷的时候连输过三场。
• After winning a couple of bets, he thought he was on a winning streak. 下注赢了几回后，他以为自己鸿运当头。
[stri:k] noun countable
like a streak of lightning informal
■extremely quickly 飞快地
• She grabbed the money and ran out of the shop like a streak of lightning. 她一把抓起钱，飞也似的跑出商店。
[stri:k] verb
MOVE FAST 快速移动
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to move somewhere extremely quickly, usually in a straight line （通常指沿直线）飞奔，疾驰
• The motorbike streaked off down the street. 摩托车沿街疾驰而去。
• Did you see that bird streak past the window? 你看见掠过窗外的那只鸟吗？
[stri:k] verb
RUN NAKED 裸奔
intransitive
■to run naked through a public place in order to attract attention or to express strong disapproval of something （在公共场所）裸奔
[stri:k] verb
MARK 痕迹
be streaked
■to have long thin noticeable lines of a different colour 带有条纹；带有条痕
• Doesn't Chris look good with her hair streaked? 克里斯的头发挑染后看起来不错吧？
• Her clothes were streaked with mud. 她的衣服上全是一条条泥痕。
• White marble is frequently streaked with grey, black or green. 白色大理石上经常有灰色、黑色或绿色的条纹。
[stri:k] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  streak ahead
■to be much more successful than your competitors 遥遥领先
• The study revealed that Asian youngsters are streaking ahead in the race to get into university. 研究显示，亚洲年轻人在争取就读大学的竞争中遥遥领先。
n. 条纹，线条；倾向
 - tendency, liability, trend, preference, disposition
vi. 飞跑，疾驶；加上条纹
 - drive
vt. 飞跑，疾驰；加条纹于
 - tear away

Word: supposedly
Front: supposedly
[səˈpəʊzɪdli] (托雅 4551/5933)
Vocabulary: supposedly
(once / 1937 pages)
adv
If you hear that something is supposedly going to happen, it may or may not occur. If a friend is supposedly having a pool party next week, wait until you know for sure before you buy that new swimsuit.
When you add supposedly to a sentence, it means you aren't sure. If a teacher says there is supposedly an early dismissal next week, it means that decision isn't final yet, but it could happen. If a singer is supposedly dating a certain actor, it isn't official — it might just be gossip. Don't confuse supposedly with similar-sounding supposed to be, which can imply a judgment.
WORD FAMILY
supposed: supposedly +/ presuppose: presupposed, presupposes, presupposing, presupposition / presupposition: presuppositions/supposable: supposably/supposal: supposals/ suppose: presuppose, supposable, supposal, supposed, supposes, supposing, supposition / supposition: suppositional, suppositions, suppositious, supposititious /suppositious: suppositiously/ supposititious: supposititiously
USAGE EXAMPLES
To this day the limited case documentation provided to the family doesn’t specify which “terror” organization the pastor supposedly joined.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
In one complicated scene, the mother, played by Shirley MacLaine, steals the show at a party supposedly thrown in her daughter’s honor.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
However, they don’t specify what toxins you will supposedly be removing, or how they will be removed.
Seattle Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: adv. 据认为; 据推测; 据称; 一般相信
分布：大概(75%)，推测地(25%)
US [-'poʊ-] adverb
 ADVANCED
■used to show that you do not believe that something you have been told is true 想像上；大概；恐怕
• Well, the tickets are supposedly in the mail. 嗯，票可能已经寄出了。
adv. 可能；按照推测；恐怕
 - perhaps, maybe, like

Word: added
Front: added
['ædɪd] (4550/4299 -1)
Back: adj. 更多的; 附加的; 额外的
v. 加; 加入; 增加; 添加
分布：附加的(74%)，动词add的过去式及过去分词.(13%)，增添的(13%)
adjective
■extra 额外的，附加的，添加的
• He had the added disadvantage of being the only man present. 他是出席的唯一男性，这就更加使他处于劣势。
• She lost her job last week, and now added to that she's pregnant again. 她上周刚丢了工作，现在她又怀孕了，更是雪上加霜。
adj. 更多的；额外的
 - additional, more, extra, excess

Word: builder
Front: builder
[ˈbɪldə(r)] (4549/3657 -2)
Back: n. 建设者，建筑者; 创建者; 经营建筑业者; 增洁剂，促净剂
分布：建设者(48%)，建筑工人(39%)，增洁剂(11%)，促进剂(2%)
US [-dɚ] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a person whose job it is to make buildings 建筑工人
n. 建筑者；建立者
 - founder, erector

Word: glimpse
Front: glimpse
[glɪmps] (研四六托雅宝 4555/5348 -2)
Vocabulary: glimpse
(once / 234 pages)
nv
If you had a brief or incomplete look at something, you had a glimpse. "He didn't mean to peek, but he got a glimpse of his birthday present when his wife tried to sneak it into the house. Of course, it's pretty hard to hide a ladder."
You can use glimpse as a noun (like when you "catch a glimpse of someone") or as a verb (like when you "glimpse in someone's direction"). Although the word glimpse is usually used to describe the physical act of sneaking a peek at something, you can also use the noun glimpse to indicate a vague idea or suggestion. Perhaps, you can have a glimpse into your future by observing your parents' actions or by consulting a Tarot card reader.
WORD FAMILY
glimpse: glimpsed, glimpses, glimpsing
USAGE EXAMPLES
It wowed the Staples Center crowd and offered a glimpse of Ingram’s potential.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But this is a revealing glimpse into the way security forces are operating in Rakhine.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
From page to page, this beloved woman is glimpsed only partially.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 一瞥，一看; （古语）闪光; 隐约的闪现; 模糊的感觉
vi. 瞥见
时态：glimpsed, glimpsing, glimpses
分布：瞥见(56%)，一瞥(39%)，一闪(2%)，略微(2%)，隐约感觉(1%)
→词源同gleam, glimmer, 微光，闪烁。引申义一瞥，瞥见。
n./v.一瞥,瞥见I caught a glimpse of our new neighbor.我们的新邻居我只看过一眼.
verb transitive
■to see something or someone for a very short time or only partly 看一看；瞥见
• We glimpsed the ruined abbey from the windows of the train. 透过火车车窗，我们瞥见了修道院的废墟。
[glɪmps] noun countable
■when you see something or someone for a very short time 一瞥；一见
• I only caught (= had) a fleeting glimpse of the driver of the getaway car, but I doubt I would recognize her if I saw her again. 我只是在刹那间瞥见了开车逃跑的司机，但不肯定再看见她还能不能认出来。
■a quick idea or understanding of what something is like 短暂的感受（或领会）
• This biography offers a few glimpses of his life before he became famous. 这部传记展示了他成名前的一些生活情况。
peer, peep, gape, glance, stare, gaze, glare, glimpse
这组词都有“看”的意思，其区别是：
peer: v.指眯起眼睛仔细看，尤指看不清楚的情况下；费力地看，凝视。
 • Being somewhat short-sighted, she has the habit of peering at people.   因为有点近视，她有眯着眼睛看人的习惯。
peep: v.窥视，偷看。
 • The mother peeped into the bedroom to see if her child was asleep.   母亲偷偷向卧室看了一下，看她的孩子是否睡着了。
gape: v. (张着嘴、瞪大眼睛)呆看，强调一种吃惊的状态。
 • The children gaped at the big elephant in the zoo.   在动物园，孩子们张大了嘴巴呆呆地看着大象。
glance: v. (粗略地、随便地)一瞥，看一眼。
 • He glanced over the letter he had just received.   他把刚收到的那封信粗略地看了一遍。
stare: v.凝视，盯着，指由于好奇、惊讶、赞叹等原因而瞪大眼睛长时间地、直接地注视，常常含有粗鲁无礼的意思。
 • I told my son to stop staring at that fat woman; it wasn't nice.   我告诉儿子不要盯着那个胖女人，那样看人不礼貌。
gaze: v.凝视，注视，指由于好奇、感叹、长时间目不转睛地看。
 • She gazed at her beautiful new diamond ring.   她凝视着自己的这颗美丽崭新的钻戒。
glare: v.怒目而视，强调怀有敌意或在气愤的情绪下看；眩目地照射。
 • The woman glared at the man after he shouted rudely at her.   那男人粗暴地冲她大声喊叫，她也怒目而视。
glimpse: v.与glance意思相近，短促地看一眼，一瞥。
n. 一瞥，一看
 - glance, dekko
vi. 瞥见
 - catch sight of
vt. 瞥见
 - catch sight of

Word: premise
Front: premise
['premɪs] (研六托雅宝 4556/2136 -2)
Vocabulary: premise
(once / 548 pages)
nv
A premise is what forms the basis of a theory or a plot. When you called 911 on the guy in your back yard, it was on the premise that he was a thief and not the meter-reader.
In logic, the premise is the basic statement upon whose truth an argument is based. Criticize alternative theories by demonstrating their false premises. In a more general sense, it's a basic assertion. On the premise that people are generally good, you keep your doors unlocked. Premise is also used more loosely for the starting point for a plot. A movie's premise could be that two people trapped on a desert island will inevitably fall in love.
WORD FAMILY
premise: premised, premises, premising
USAGE EXAMPLES
Investigators believe the Tunisian cook, 26, confronted Daniel R after he and another Pole stole two bottles of drink from the premises on Saturday.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
That citizens get a say in government is premised on the fact that we’re paying for it - so what happens if we’re not?
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Police sealed off the premises and didn’t allow the media near the club.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 前提; [复数]房屋; [复数][合同、契约用语]上述各点; （逻辑学中的）大[小]前提
vt. 预述（条件等）; 提出…为前提; 假设; 作出前提
时态：premised, premising, premises
分布：前提(93%)，假设(6%)，预述(1%)
→来自古法语premisse,来自拉丁语premissa,前提，假设，在前面的论断，来自pre-,在前，早于，-miss,送出，提出，词源同mission,emit.在法律文件中意为前面陈述之事，描述物，通常指土地或房屋，因而引申该词义。
前提(pre预先＋mise→预先送出→前提)[Miss,mit=send,cast,表示"送,放出"]
n.前提,房屋连地基v.提论,预述,假定Keep off the premises.禁止进入院内.
noun countable /ˈprem.ɪs/
■an idea or theory on which a statement or action is based （作为先决条件的）假定，前提
• [+ that] They had started with the premise that all men are created equal. 他们是从人人生而平等此一前提出发的。
• The research project is based on the premise stated earlier. 这项研究计划是基于早先提出的假设之上的。
verb transitive /prɪˈmaɪz/ /ˈprem.ɪs] formal
■to base a theory, argument, etc. on an idea, thought, or belief 假定…为先决条件，作为…的前提
• He premised his argument on several incorrect assumptions. 他把自己的论证建立在了几个错误的假设之上。
vt. 引出，预先提出；作为…的前提
 - educe, draw forth
n. 前提；上述各项；房屋连地基
 - precondition

Word: specialty
Front: specialty
[ˈspeʃəlti] (托 4553/17206 -1)
Vocabulary: specialty
(once / 1425 pages)
n
A specialty is someone's strong suit or area of expertise. A restaurant’s best dish would be its specialty. If you love baking muffins, make that your specialty.
Magic Johnson was a great overall basketball player, but his specialty was passing the ball to teammates and getting assists. A specialty is a skill, strength, or asset someone has because of hard work. A doctor can have a specialty such as cardiology. A restaurant will usually have a specialty, which is a unique meal they're known for making. Just like special things have something unique or great about them, specialties are something a person or place does well.
WORD FAMILY
specialty: specialties
USAGE EXAMPLES
We feasted: beer, wine, Prosecco and mountains of lobster, shrimp, sardines, and anchovies, a local specialty.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 29, 2016)
Physicians, who pursue residencies for advanced specialty training under supervision, soon after graduation, earn an average first-year salary of $52,200.
Salon(Dec 28, 2016)
Year-round supply would also help these cheeses break into supermarkets; currently, the low volume and high prices limit sales primarily to specialty stores.
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: n. 专业，专长; 特点，特别事项; 特性，特质; <律>盖印的契约
adj. 特色的; 专门的; 独立的
分布：专业(67%)，专长(15%)，特产(13%)，特性(3%)，特别(2%)
→special,特殊的，特别的，-ty,名词后缀。
特长(special特别)[-ty表名词,用在形容词后,把形容词变成名词]
US [-i] noun countable US for speciality or specialism
n. 专业，专长；特产；特性；招牌菜
 - profession, quality, identity, character, tang
adj. 特色的；专门的；独立的
 - technical, independent, express

Word: deem
Front: deem
[di:m] (研六托雅 4554/4164 -2)
Vocabulary: deem
(once / 121 pages)
v
To deem is a verb that means to view as or judge. Your parents or boss may deem something necessary that you don't, like coming home by midnight or working late.
Deem comes from the Old English word, deman — meaning "act as a judge." If you deem something, you essentially become the judge of whether it has a characteristic. For example, if you deem your little sister's jokes to be too ridiculous to listen to, you will probably just walk away.
WORD FAMILY
deem: deemed, deeming, deems, redeem +/ irredeemable: irredeemably/ redeem: redeemable, redeemed, redeemer, redeeming, redeems, redemption, redemptive, redemptory/redeemable: irredeemable, unredeemable/redeemed: unredeemed/redeemer: redeemers/ redeeming: redeemingly/ redemption: redemptional, redemptions/ redemptive: redemptively/unredeemable: unredeemably/unredeemed: unredeemedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The driver wasn’t hurt, but the truck and trailer were deemed a total loss.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
At least one woman was fined by police for not wearing an outfit deemed to respect “good morals and secularism”.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Additionally, a person wearing a Bluetooth headset on the street was deemed more impressive than someone wearing headphones.
Salon(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 认为，视为; 主张，断定
vi. 认为，视为，以为; 作某种评价
时态：deemed, deeming, deems
分布：认为(92%)，视作(8%)
→词源同doom，裁定，判决，后词义弱化为认为，视为。
v.认为,相信I seem to deem his foreseeing of that the man will seek seeds in the weed.我似乎相信他的预见,他预见那个人将在杂草中寻找种子.
[di:m] formal
verb transitive not continuous
 ADVANCED
■to consider or judge something in a particular way 认为，视为；觉得
• [+ obj + noun/adj] The area has now been deemed safe. 该地区现在被认为很安全。
• [+ noun/adj] We will provide help whenever you deem it appropriate. 无论何时只要你认为合适，我们就会提供协助。
• [+ obj + to infinitive] Anyone not paying the registration fee by 31 March will be deemed to have withdrawn from the scheme. 凡未在3月31日前缴交注册费者，将被视为退出该项计划。
discern, deem, regard
discern: 发现，看清，辨认
deem: 以为，相信，较正式，常用于法律、文学作品中，强调判断而非思考；
regard: 以为，认为，侧重凭外表或表面现象作判断，多强调观点
reckon, think, count, consider, deem, regard, believe
这组词都有“认为”的意思，其区别是：
reckon: 指对人或事作全面“权衡”，把各方面意见考虑进去后得出结论。
think: 普通用词，指按照自己的意见提出看法。
count: 指作出判断后而得出的看法等。
consider: 指经过考虑和观察后得出的结论。
deem: 正式用词，常用于法律、文学，强调作判断而不是思考。
regard: 侧重凭外表或表面现象作判断。多强调观点。
believe: 通常指根据一定的证据，经思考后而认为属实。
vt. 认为，视作；相信
 - count, feel, find, guess, rate
vi. 认为，持某种看法；作某种评价
 - consider, take for

Word: artifact
Front: artifact
['ɑ:təˌfækt] (托宝 4559/20576)
Vocabulary: artifact
(once / 5442 pages)
n
An artifact is a man-made object that has some kind of cultural significance. If you find a 12th-century vase, it's an artifact of that time. Don't drop it!
Artifact is a combination of two Latin words, arte, meaning "by skill" and factum which means "to make." Usually when you use the word artifact, you are describing something crafted that was used for a particular purpose during a much earlier time.
WORD FAMILY
artifact: artifacts
USAGE EXAMPLES
But the bulk of the collection consists of dead-tree artifacts, some of them charmingly weird.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Sure enough, we discover that our ancestors crafted one of the hapless bear’s bones into a flute, one of the oldest artifacts of human ingenuity.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Elegant drawings of religious iconography adorned the margins, adding to the artifact’s elegance.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 人工制品，手工艺品，加工品; 石器
分布：人工制品(77%)，典型产物(23%)
→art, 技艺，工艺。词根fact, 制造。
工艺品(arti+fact做出的东西,事实→人造物→工艺品)[art=skill,joint,trick,表示"技巧,关节,诡计"]
【记】art艺术，ifact＝in fact事实上。艺术事实上是人工制品
US ['ɑ:r.tˌɪ-] noun countable
■an artefact
n. 人工制品；手工艺品
 - artefact, handicraft works

Word: sneak
Front: sneak
[sni:k] (研六托 4557/8704 -2)
Vocabulary: sneak
(once / 604 pages)
vnadj
The word sneak has many shades of meaning, but all involve doing something in a secretive or stealthy way. If you sneak home after midnight, that means you’re quietly creeping into the house so no one will hear you.
In addition to moving furtively, sneak can also mean doing something secretly or slipping something in. You might sneak a cookie when no one is looking, or you might sneak your brother into a concert. You could even sneak a glance at that cute guy in your math class — you do it when you think no one will notice. Sneak has a noun form that describes a furtive person — someone who does a lot of sneaking.
WORD FAMILY
sneak: sneaked, sneaker, sneaking, sneaks, sneaky, snuck+/ sneaker: sneakers/sneaking: sneakingest, sneakingly/sneaky: sneakily, sneakiness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Then he sneaked into the back of the theatre for the last twenty minutes.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
“It’s the fees that we rarely encounter that sneak up and bite us,” says Greg McBride, chief financial analyst for Bankrate.com.
Washington Post(Dec 21, 2016)
It’s a simple yet addicting game that manages to sneak into the top 10 of 2016.
Salon(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vi. 潜行; 偷偷溜走; （儿童向成人）打小报告; 告状
vt. 偷窃
n. 鬼鬼祟祟的人; 溜走，偷偷摸摸的举动; 小偷; 告密的人
adj. 鬼鬼祟祟的，诡秘的，偷偷摸摸的
时态：sneaked, sneaking, sneaks
分布：溜(61%)，潜行(10%)，偷偷地做(8%)，偷偷地走(6%)，鬼鬼祟祟的人(5%)，暗中进行的(5%)，出其不意的(4%)，偷偷摸摸做(1%)
→可能来自中古英语 sniken,爬，蜷缩，来自 Proto-Germanic*snikana,爬，来自 sneg,爬，词 源同 snail,snake.引申词义偷偷地走，溜走。
vi.偷偷地走,溜vt.偷偷地做(或拿,吃)I saw him sneak away from us.我看见他悄悄地从我们身边走开.
verb (sneaked or US ALSO snuck, sneaked or US ALSO snuck)
MOVE SECRETLY 偷偷移动
intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep]
■to go somewhere secretly, or to take someone or something somewhere secretly 偷偷地走，潜行；偷带，偷拿
• I managed to sneak in through the back door while she wasn't looking. 我趁她不注意从后门偷偷溜了进来。
• Jan hasn't got a ticket but I thought we might sneak her in. 简没有票，但我想我们或许可以把她偷偷带进去。
• I thought I'd sneak up on him (= move close to him without him seeing) and give him a surprise. 我打算趁他不注意悄悄走到他身边，吓他一跳。
[sni:k] verb (sneaked or US ALSO snuck, sneaked or US ALSO snuck)
TELL SECRETLY 偷偷告诉
intransitive UK slang disapproving
■to secretly tell someone in authority, especially a teacher, that someone else has done something bad, often in order to cause trouble 告密；（尤指向老师）打小报告
• She was one of those dreadful children who was always sneaking on other kids in the class. 几个讨人厌的孩子总是向老师打小报告，说班里其他孩子的坏话，她就是其中一个。
[sni:k] noun countable UK (US snitch) (Australian dobber) slang disapproving
■a person who tells people in authority when someone else does something bad 告密者；打小报告者
• You told Mrs Cooper that it was me who tipped the paint over, didn't you - you nasty little sneak! 是你告诉了库珀夫人我打翻了油漆，对吗——你这卑鄙的告密者！
vt. 偷偷地做；偷偷取得
 - steal
n. 鬼鬼祟祟的人；偷偷摸摸的行为；告密者
 - informer, confidential informant
adj. 暗中进行的
 - under-the-table

Word: monkey
Front: monkey
[ˈmʌŋki] (中高研四 4558/5405 -2)
Vocabulary: monkey
(once / 338 pages)
nv
A monkey is a tropical, long-tailed animal known as a "primate." If you visit India or Sri Lanka, you're almost guaranteed to see monkeys, but don't monkey around with them.
Many monkeys live in trees, although some are ground-dwelling, and increasingly many live in urban areas, scavenging food and interacting with people. Monkeys are famously playful and mischievous, and because of this, monkey is a common diminutive (or fond nickname) for impish kids, and "monkey business" is foolishness or deceitful behavior. When you monkey around, or monkey with something, you fool about or fiddle with it.
WORD FAMILY
monkey: monkeyed, monkeying, monkeys
USAGE EXAMPLES
We’d say “that’s a lot of monkey business” were it not an unforgivable misuse of biological nomenclature.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
At the Brass Monkey, he swaps his Lagunitas for seltzer with a splash of cranberry and lime.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
She expects him to return to the Port Everglades area after realizing there aren’t any other monkeys around.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 猴; 猿; 淘气鬼; 小淘气
vi. 胡闹; 捣蛋
vt. 嘲弄
时态：monkeyed, monkeying, monkeys
分布：猴子(90%)，胡闹(5%)，模仿(2%)，嘲弄(2%)，猴一样的人(1%)
→词源不详。可能来自人名昵称，-key,来自-kin,或-quin变体，monna,女人，缩写自madonna,夫人，女士。该词在古法语对应形式为Monequin,小Monna.如全世界最美女人英文名即为Monica Bellucci.monkey ’s wedding 太阳雨
n.猴子In the chimney the donkey and monkey found the key to the money monitor.猴和驴在烟囱里找到了货币监视器的钥匙.
noun countable
ANIMAL 动物
 ADVANCED
■an animal that lives in hot countries, has a long tail and climbs trees. Monkeys are primates (= the group of animals which are most like humans). 猴子
['mʌŋ.ki] noun countable
CHILD 小孩 informal
■a child who behaves badly 淘气鬼，捣蛋鬼
• They ate all the cakes, the monkeys. 他们吃掉了所有的蛋糕，这些捣蛋鬼。
• [as form of address] Hey, put that down, you little monkey! 嘿，放下它，你这个小淘气！
['mʌŋ.ki] noun countable
MONEY 金钱 UK slang
■£500 500英镑　
['mʌŋ.ki] noun countable
I'll be a monkey's uncle! old-fashioned
■used to show you are very surprised （表示惊讶）天哪！ 哎呀！
['mʌŋ.ki] noun countable
make a monkey out of sb
■to make someone appear stupid 使（某人）出丑；耍弄，愚弄（某人）
['mʌŋ.ki] noun countable
not give a monkey's UK slang
■If you don't/couldn't give a monkey's about something, you are not at all worried by it 一点都不在乎，完全无所谓
• "Chrissie won't like it." "I don't give a monkey's." “克丽茜不会喜欢它的。”“我倒不在乎。”
['mʌŋ.ki] verb transitive US informal
■to copy or mimic someone 模仿，学…的样子
['mʌŋ.ki] verb transitive US informal
  Phrasal Verbs  monkey about/around (with sth) informal disapproving
■to behave, or to use or move things, in a silly and careless way 胡闹，捣蛋
• The children were bored and started monkeying around. 孩子都感到厌烦了，开始胡闹。
n. 猴子；顽童
 - urchin, simian
vi. 胡闹；捣蛋
 - horse around, mess about
vt. 嘲弄
 - guy, make game of

Word: mentor
Front: mentor
[ˈmentɔ:(r)] (托宝 4561/11506 -1)
Vocabulary: mentor
(once / 1796 pages)
nv
A mentor is a person who trains and guides someone, like the second-grade English teacher who saw the spark of creativity in your writing and encouraged you to become a professional author.
The original Mentor was a character in Homer's long poem Odyssey who looked after Odysseus's family, particularly his son Telemachus, while Odysseus was off fighting in the Trojan War. Today the word is used to describe any person who acts as an advisor or teacher. As a noun, mentor describes the coach who taught you to play baseball. As a verb, mentor is what the coach does to help you improve your swing.
WORD FAMILY
mentor: mentored, mentoring, mentors
USAGE EXAMPLES
The mixed-age classrooms allow students at higher levels and ages to mentor younger students.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It also provides anti-poverty, summer youth mentoring and work experience programs.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Early in Fernyhough’s career, his mentors told him that studying inner speech would be fruitless.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. （无经验之人的）有经验可信赖的顾问
vt. 做…的良师；指导
时态：mentored, mentoring, mentors
分布：指导(69%)，指导者(31%)
→来自希腊语Mentor,导师，指导者，来自men,思考，思想，词源同mind,mania.来自荷马史诗《奥德赛》，雅典娜化身Mentor指导奥德赛儿子学习和思考，后词义通用化。
导师(ment精神)[-or表名词"人或物器",在一些词根前写成"-ator"]
【记】ment精神，or－在精神上指导的人－导师
【源】孟托mentor奥德赛的忠实顾问，雅典娜通过装扮成他而成为忒勒马科斯的保护人及老师
【参】mental（adj 精神的）
US [-tɔ:r] noun countable
■a person who gives another person help and advice over a period of time and often also teaches them how to do their job 导师，指导者，顾问 Compare protégé
UK ['men.tɔ:r] US [-tɔ:r] verb transitive
■to help and give advice to someone who has less experience that you, especially in your job 以导师身分协助指导（尤指在工作中为经验较浅者提供帮助和建议）
n. 指导者，良师益友
 - guider, instructor

Word: two-thirds
Front: two-thirds
[ˌtu:'θɜ:dz] (-2)
Back: quant. 三分之二
分布：三分之二(100%)
QUANT
三分之二
Two-thirds of something is an amount that is two out of three equal parts of it.
例：Two-thirds of householders in this country live in a mortgaged home...该国 2/3 的屋主住在抵押贷款买来的房子里。
例：Stir the chopped chocolate, fruit and nuts into two-thirds of the cheese mixture.把切碎的巧克力、水果和坚果按 2 比 1 的比例与奶酪拌成混合物。

Word: listener
Front: listener
[ˈlɪsənə(r)] (四 4560/5351 -2)
Back: n. 听众，倾听者，收听者; 〈俚〉耳朵
分布：听众(51%)，听者(49%)
UK [-nər] US ['lɪs.ən.ɚ] noun countable
■someone who listens 听者，倾听者
• We've received a lot of complaints about the changes from regular listeners to the programme. 我们收到了很多老听众对节目变更的意见。
UK ['lɪs.ən.ər] UK [-nər] US ['lɪs.ən.ɚ] noun countable
a good listener
■someone who gives you a lot of attention when you are talking about your problems or things that worry you, and tries to understand and support you 善于倾听者
n. 听众
 - audience

Word: lightning
Front: lightning
[ˈlaɪtnɪŋ] (高研四六 4562/6393 -2)
Vocabulary: lightning
(once / 257 pages)
n
When you see sudden bright flashes of light in the sky, you're seeing lightning, the release of electricity between clouds or the ground.
Lightning can be scary, and if it strikes a person, it can kill. You can tell how close the lightning is by how long the delay is between the light and the sound of the rolling roar or crack of thunder that accompanies it. If they're close together, get inside, quick! Because lighting strikes so fast, we use its name for other speedy things, like the lightning-fast service at a good coffee shop.
WORD FAMILY
lightning: lightnings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Emerald Coast Utilities Authority issued a notice of a sanitary sewer overflow caused by a 15-minute loss of power from a lightning strike.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Now Netflix is hoping to recreate lightning in a bottle with season two of Stranger Things.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Lightning: At home for the second game of a five-game homestand Thursday night against Toronto, which played at Florida on Wednesday night.
Washington Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: adj. 闪电般的，快速的
n. 闪电，雷电
vi. 打闪
分布：闪电(91%)，闪电般的(5%)，快速的(3%)，意外的幸运(1%)
→来自light,发光，照明，插入鼻音字母n,引申词义闪电。
n.闪电a.闪电般的,快速的I slightly delight in flight in the sunlight and lightning.我有点喜欢在阳光和闪电中飞行.
noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■a flash of bright light in the sky which is produced by electricity moving between clouds or from clouds to the ground 闪电
• thunder and lightning 雷电
• a flash of lightning 一道闪电
• That tree was struck by lightning. 那棵树被闪电击中了。
• She changed her clothes with lightning speed (= extremely quickly). 她飞快地换了衣服。
['laɪt.nɪŋ] noun uncountable
Lightning never strikes twice (in the same place). saying
■said to show that it is unlikely that something bad or unusual will happen to the same person twice 闪电不会两次击中同一个地方；倒楣事不会总落在同一个人身上；一事不过二
['laɪt.nɪŋ] noun uncountable
like lightning
■extremely quickly 闪电般地，极快地
adj. [气象] 闪电的；快速的
 - fast, sudden
n. [气象] 闪电
 - levin, bolt

Word: legally
Front: legally
['li:ɡəlɪ] (4563/4929 -K)
Vocabulary: legally
(once / 804 pages)
adv
When something is done legally, it follows the rules of law. If a couple has gotten a marriage license and a ceremony's been performed by a judge, they are legally married.
When you act legally, you obey the law. If you're driving a car, legally turning right at a red light generally involves using your turn signal and stopping to make sure the road is clear. When an American turns twenty-one, she's legally considered to be an adult — in other words, the law says that's the age of adulthood. The Latin root of legally is legalis, "pertaining to the law," from lex, or "law."
WORD FAMILY
legal: illegal, legaler, legalise, legalism, legality, legalize, legally, nonlegal+/ illegal: illegalise, illegality, illegalize, illegally/ illegality: illegalities/ illegalize: illegalized/legalise: legalisation, legalised, legalises, legalising/legalism: legalisms/ legality: legalities/legalize: legalization, legalized, legalizes, legalizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Rodriguez now lives in the United States legally and owns three restaurants.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Many, including the State of Iowa, are legally required to approve budgets that are balanced.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Many less toothy animals, birds, reptiles, plants, fish and shells are legally protected.
Washington Post(Dec 19, 2016)
Back: adv. 法律上，合法地
分布：合法地(84%)，法律上地(16%)
adverb
 ADVANCED
■as stated by the law 依法，按照法律
• Children under sixteen are not legally allowed to buy cigarettes. 法律规定16岁以下未成年人不得购买香烟。
adv. 合法地；法律上
 - lawfully, licity

Word: sleeve
Front: sleeve
[sli:v] (高研四六 4567/4169 -K2)
Back: n. [机]套筒，套管; 袖子，袖套; 唱片套
vt. 给…装袖子; 给…装套筒
分布：袖子(75%)，套管(25%)
→来自古英语 sliefe,袖子，来自 Proto-Germanic*slaubjon,滑进，来自 sleubh,滑动，滑进， 词源同 slip.字面意思即胳膊滑进去的套子。
n.袖子Step by step, the sleepy creeper crawled into my sleeve to sleep.昏昏欲睡的爬虫一步一步爬进我的袖子里睡觉.
noun countable
CLOTHING PART 衣服
 IMPROVER (also arm)
■the part of a piece of clothing that covers some or all of the arm 袖子
• short/long sleeves 短／长袖
• The sleeves are too long for me. 对我来说，这袖子太长了。
• You'd better roll your sleeves up or you'll get them dirty. 你最好卷起袖子，否则会把它们弄脏的。
[sli:v] noun countable
COVER 封套 UK (US jacket)
■a cover to protect something 封套，防护罩
• Can you put the record back in its sleeve, please? 你能把唱片放回封套里吗?
■a tube-shaped covering to protect a part of a machine （机器的）套筒
[sli:v] noun countable
have sth up your sleeve informal
■to have secret plans or ideas 暗中留有一招；藏有锦囊妙计
• If I know Mark he'll have one or two tricks up his sleeve. 如果说我还算了解马克，我知道他总会留着一两招。
n. 套筒， [机] 套管；袖子， [服装] 袖套
 - arm, connecting

Word: disappointment
Front: disappointment
[ˌdɪsəˈpɔɪntmənt] (高托 4566/3927 -K2)
Vocabulary: disappointment
(once / 219 pages)
n
A disappointment is what happens when things don't go your way. That sad, frustrated feeling of loss that follows? It's also called disappointment.
The noun disappointment comes from the Middle French word disappointer, meaning “undo the appointment,” or “remove from office.” It is true that a friend canceling your plans or losing your job is a disappointment, but today disappointment can describe anything that crushes your hopes, ruins your day, or otherwise lets you down.
WORD FAMILY
disappointment: disappointments+/ disappoint: disappointed, disappointing, disappointment, disappoints/ disappointed: disappointedly/ disappointing: disappointingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
“I’m competitive and every disappointment stays with me forever. It is a scar in your heart and reduces your life expectancy.”
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
The young Roughol’s disappointment was not confined to the lack of elephants in rural France.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
When faced with adversity and disappointment, it is often comforting to look inward to the essence of being.
Salon(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 失望，扫兴; 令人失望的行为（人）
分布：失望(99%)，令人失望的人或事(1%)
noun
 IMPROVER uncountable
■the feeling of being disappointed 失望，沮丧
• Book early to avoid disappointment. 早点预订以免扑空。
• To my (great) disappointment (= sadness) , he decided to leave. 令我（非常）沮丧的是，他决定离开。
 IMPROVER countable usually singular
■something or someone that is not what you were hoping it would be 令人失望的人（或事物）
• The party turned out to be a huge disappointment. 派对办得令人大失所望。
• I'm afraid I've been rather a disappointment to my parents. 恐怕我已经让父母感到非常失望了。
disappointment, despair, desperation, depression
这组词都有“绝望、沮丧”的意思，其区别是：
disappointment: 多指愿望或期望的落空。
despair: 普通用词，指因灾难等因素而丧失希望和信心，陷入沮丧，绝望的境地。
desperation: 语气强烈，指因绝望而使人采取无所顾忌的疯狂行动。
depression: 侧重指因遭受重大失利或挫折而产生的低落情绪。
n. 失望；沮丧
 - depression, sell

Word: disturb
Front: disturb
[dɪˈstɜ:b] (中高研四六托雅 4565/3272 -K2)
Vocabulary: disturb
(once / 85 pages)
v
To disturb is to bother. If you hang a "Do not disturb" sign on the outside of your hotel room door, you want to be left alone.
Disturb comes from the Latin prefix dis-, meaning "completely" and turbare, meaning "to disorder." To disturb is, in a sense, to completely disorder. When you disturb something, you interfere with its normal function. Along those lines, it's also a word used to describe the interruption of sleep or relaxation. Your alarm disturbs you from sleep every morning. When something disturbs you, it can also cause you emotional anxiety. A horror movie might disturb you with its goriness.
WORD FAMILY
disturb: disturbance, disturbed, disturber, disturbing, disturbs+/ disturbance: disturbances/disturbed: disturbedly, undisturbed/disturber: disturbers/ disturbing: disturbingly/undisturbed: undisturbedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
He cited drug dealing and other “disturbing behavior” in or near playgrounds.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
And then there is his disturbing belittling of possible Russian interference in the election.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
That’s not to deny the genuinely disturbing racism manifesting in the US and across Europe.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 打扰，妨碍; 使骚动; 使不安，使烦恼; 妨碍睡眠（休息等）
时态：disturbed, disturbing, disturbs
分布：扰乱(64%)，妨碍(30%)，打乱...的治安(2%)，打破...的平静(2%)，使 ... 不安(2%)
→dis-, 分开。-turb, 转，搅拌，词源同turn, turbid. 即转开，搅拌开，引申词义扰乱。
扰乱,打扰(dis分开+turb→搅开了→搅乱了)[turb=stir"表示"搅动"]
v.扰乱,妨碍,使不安You were considerate not to disturb us.你不打扰我们真是考虑周到.
【参】turbid（adj 混浊的）；perturb（v 使不安；使疑惑）；disturbance（n 骚动；打扰；搅动）
US [-'stɝ:b] verb transitive
INTERRUPT 打断
 IMPROVER
■to interrupt what someone is doing 打断；干扰
• Please don't disturb Georgina - she's trying to do her homework. 请不要打扰乔治娜——她正在用功做功课。
• I'm sorry to disturb you so late, but my car's broken down and I was wondering if I could use your phone. 很抱歉这么晚来打扰你，我的汽车坏了，想借用一下你的电话。
disturb the peace
■to break the law by behaving unpleasantly and noisily in public 扰乱治安
• Several England supporters were arrested and charged with disturbing the peace after the match. 几位英格兰队的支持者被捕，他们被指控在赛后扰乱治安。
UK [dɪ'stɜ:b] US [-'stɝ:b] verb transitive
WORRY 使着急
■to cause someone to be worried or upset 使焦虑；使烦恼
• Some scenes are violent and may disturb younger viewers. 某些场景中有暴力内容，可能会使年幼些的观众产生焦虑情绪。
UK [dɪ'stɜ:b] US [-'stɝ:b] verb transitive
MOVE 移动
■to move or change something from its usual position, arrangement, condition or shape 移动，挪动；改动，使变动
• The thief had disturbed the documents in her filing cabinet, but nothing had been taken. 窃贼翻动了她档案柜中的文件，但甚么都没拿走。
intervene, disturb, interrupt, interfere
这组词都有“干扰”的意思，其区别是：
intervene: v.干涉，干预，较为正式，常指带有行动的干预；此外，还有"调停"的意思。
 • Would you intervene if you saw a parent hit a child?   要是你看到家长打孩子你会干预吗？
disturb: v.打扰，妨碍。常指失去了正常的状态或导致困难产生。
 • Bad dreams disturbed her sleep.   噩梦妨碍她的睡眠。
interrupt: v.打扰，打断，阻碍。常有"使……停止(中断)"的意思。
 • His speech was constantly interrupted by applause.   他的讲话频频被掌声所打断。
interfere: v.干涉，妨碍。常指干涉或妨碍他人(的事)，着重指有影响，当"干涉"讲时，后多接in，当"妨碍，打扰"时后多接with。
 • It's unwise to interfere between husband and wife.   干涉别人夫妇间的事是不明智的
vex, trouble, annoy, disturb, bother, irritate
这组词都有“使人不安或烦恼”的意思，其区别是：
vex: 侧重指因不断的干扰而引起的烦恼，有时含激怒的意味。
trouble: 指给人在行动上带来不便或在身心上造成痛苦。
annoy: 强调因被迫忍受令人不快、讨厌的事而失去平静或耐心，多指一时的打拢或恼怒。
disturb: 较正式用词，多用被动态。指拢乱，使人不能平静或妨碍别人工作、思维或正常秩序，是程度较深的烦恼。
bother: 指使人烦恼而引起的紧张不安或感到不耐烦。
irritate: 语气比annoy强得多，指激怒，使发怒，多指一种短时间的反应。
upset, perturb, agitate, disturb
这组词都有“使不安，使心烦意乱”的意思，其区别是：
upset: 最普通，最通俗用词，侧重失去精神上的平静，心理上完全丧失平衡。
perturb: 书面语用词，指使人焦急烦恼，扰得心情不安。
agitate: 侧重指内心的焦虑，难于控制，表露于外。
disturb: 指因某人的行动、扰乱、妨碍安静等而使人不得安宁。
vt. 打扰；妨碍；使不安；弄乱；使恼怒
 - let, violate
vi. 打扰；妨碍
 - intrude upon, hinder from

Word: rib
Front: rib
[rɪb] (研四六宝 4568/5074 -2)
Back: n. 肋骨; （船或屋顶等的）肋拱; 肋骨状的东西; （织物的）凸条花纹
vt. 嘲笑，逗弄，开（某人的）玩笑; 装肋于，给…装肋材
时态：ribbed, ribbing, ribs
分布：肋骨(91%)，装肋于(5%)，肋状物(3%)，用肋状物支撑(1%)
→来自古英语 ribb,肋骨，来自 Proto-Germanic*rebja,肋骨，来自 rebh,覆盖，屋顶，词源同 reef.引申词义排骨，棱纹等。
n.肋骨,肋状物He poked the child in the ribs.他戏谑地触了触小孩的肋骨.
noun
BONE 骨头
 ADVANCED countable
■a bone that curves round from your back to your chest 肋骨
• My son broke a rib when he fell off a ladder. 我儿子从梯子上摔了下来，摔断了一根肋骨。
countable or uncountable
■a piece of meat taken from this part of an animal 排骨（肉）；肋条（肉）
• He cooked rib of lamb for Sunday lunch. 星期天午饭时他做了羊排。
⇒ See also spare ribs
countable
■one of the curved pieces of metal or wood which support the structure of a boat or roof （船或建筑物的）肋拱，肋材
[rɪb] noun
PATTERN 图案
uncountable
■a method of knitting that makes a pattern of raised parallel lines 凸条花纹织法；罗纹织法
⇒ See also ribbed
[rɪb] noun
poke/dig sb in the ribs
■to push your finger quickly into someone's chest, usually to make them notice something or to stop them from doing or saying something 用手指捅（某人）肋部（以引起某人注意或阻止其做事或说话）
[rɪb] verb transitive (-bb-) informal
■to joke and laugh at someone in a friendly way about something （善意地）取笑，逗弄，开…的玩笑
• His brothers ribbed him about his new girlfriend. 兄弟们拿他新交的女朋友取笑他。
⇒ See also ribbing
n. [解剖] 肋骨；排骨；肋状物
 - costa, sparerib
vt. 戏弄；装肋于
 - fool with, kid

Word: excessive
Front: excessive
[ɪkˈsesɪv] (研四六托 4564/3952 -2)
Vocabulary: excessive
(once / 327 pages)
adj
Excessive means beyond what is typical or normal. When something is excessive, there's way too much.
Excessive refers to something that is extra — usually in a negative way. A 90-second drum solo in a two-minute song is excessive. Getting down on your knees and kissing someone's feet to thank them for a favor is excessive, unless they gave you their firstborn. Often this means something that exceeds the bounds of good taste, or is extravagant and inappropriately expensive. You should dress up for dinner, but wearing a ball gown to a diner is excessive.
WORD FAMILY
excessive: excessively, excessiveness+/ exceed: exceeded, exceeding, exceeds, excessive /exceeded: unexceeded/ exceeding: exceedingly / exceedingly: exceedinglys
USAGE EXAMPLES
His detractors accuse him of excessive charm, but it may be more accurate to say that he edits brutality from his world view.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
He argued in his appeal that his new sentence of 90 years was excessive.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Was a good dude, great dude, the cleanest guy, nothing necessarily excessive.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 过度的，极度的; 过分的; 过多的; 过逾
分布：过多的(60%)，过分的(40%)
过分的;过度的[ced,ceed,cess=go,表示"行走,前进"]
a.过多的;过分的;额外I exceed the excellent student who has excessive excellence.我胜过那个有过多优点的优秀学生.
adjective
 ADVANCED
■too much 过分的；过度的；过多的
• Excessive exercise can sometimes cause health problems. 过度的运动有时也会导致健康问题。
• Any more pudding would simply be excessive. 不能再吃布丁了，再吃就太多了。
gigantic, maximum, excess, excessive, multiple, surplus
gigantic: 巨大的，庞大的
maximum: 最大的，最高的
excess: （作定语） 过度的，额外的，超过了正常限度或标准
excessive: 过度的，过分的
multiple: 多样的，多重的，多倍的
surplus: 过剩的，多余的，剩余的
adj. 过多的，极度的；过分的
 - extreme, ultra, tall

Word: high-tech
Front: high-tech
[haɪ tek] None
Back: n. 高科技
分布：高科技(90%)，高科技的(9%)，=hi-tech.(1%)
adjective
 ADVANCED (also hi-tech)
■using the most advanced and developed machines and methods 高科技的
• This weapons system is an affordable, hi-tech solution. 这武器系统提供了一种价格合理的高科技解决方案。
Compare low-tech very modern looking or made with modern materials 现代风格的；用现代材料制成的
• high-tech architecture 现代建筑
adj. 高科技的，高技术的；仿真技术的
 - hi-tech
n. 高科技
 - high technology, hitech

Word: debris
Front: debris
[ˈdebri:] (托雅宝 4572/6437 -2)
Vocabulary: debris
(once / 1812 pages)
n
Debris is trash scattered around after a disaster, like shattered glass on the road after a car accident.
Debris comes from French for "waste, rubbish." Although debris usually refers to the trash leftover after some kind of explosion or crash, it can also be what's on your floor after hosting a kid's make-your-own pizza party, or what you shouldn't leave at the park after a picnic. Sometimes Mother Nature leaves debris, such as a pile of rocks, or that car on your lawn after the flood recedes. Don't pronounce the "s": debris rhymes with "be free."
WORD FAMILY
debris
USAGE EXAMPLES
The sensors, which were installed in the 1990s, monitor fast-moving gushes of mud and debris, or lahars.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The other debris hadn’t been verified as from the plane.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Debris from the twister was everywhere, she said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 碎片，残骸; 残渣; [地]岩屑; 垃圾，破片
分布：碎片(71%)，残骸(29%)
→de-, 分开，散开。-bris, 破开，词源同break, brittle. 即破成残骸的。
【记】我不想活了，让我变成残骸吧！最近股市山河一片绿！我欠的debt又rise了！！！deb＝debt，ris＝rise
US [də'bri:] noun uncountable
■broken or torn pieces of something larger 碎片，残骇
• Debris from the aircraft was scattered over a large area. 飞机残骇散落在一片很大的区域。
waste, debris, rubbish, litter, garbage, junk
这组词都有“废物，垃圾”的意思，其区别是：
waste: 普通用词，概念广泛，指任何被丢弃的东西。
debris: 着重指分解、分裂或破坏后剩下的碎片，也指零散的普通废品。
rubbish: 普通用词，指任何成堆的、破损的、用过的或无用的东西，尤指弃掉的垃圾堆。也可作引申用。
litter: 是四下乱丢物品的总称，尤指散落于地，有碍观瞻的废物。
garbage: 主要指有机废料，包括厨房的剩菜剩饭或不能再用的食物。也可作引申用。
junk: 指回收的旧汽车或大型机器，也指毫无实用价值，或破烂物体，但不指垃圾。
n. 碎片，残骸
 - remain, chip

Word: pile
Front: pile
[paɪl] (高研四六托 3003/3229 -K3)
Vocabulary: pile
(once / 137 pages)
1nv 2n 3n 4n 5n
A pile is a heap of stuff that keeps accumulating, like the dirty laundry in the back of your closet, or Uncle Scrooge’s money.
Pile can be used as a noun or a verb. If you pile rocks on top of each other, you will eventually have a...pile of rocks. Unlike the word stack, pile implies that your heap of stuff is fairly messy. It can also mean cram. When eight people pile into a car with only five seats, they’re likely to be pretty much squashed.
WORD FAMILY
pile: piled, piles, piling, pilous+/piling: pilings/pilous: depilous
USAGE EXAMPLES
We kick a path through piles of confetti from room to room.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The national referendum result was narrow but Remain votes piled up in big cities, affluent suburbs and Scotland.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Atlanta piled up 323 yards in the first two quarters, and also benefited from a 46-yard pass interference penalty against Roman Harper.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 桩; 一堆; 绒头; 摞
vt. 堆起; 堆叠; 放置; 装入
vi. 蜂拥，拥挤
时态：piled, piling, piles
分布：桩(48%)，堆(43%)，堆积(4%)，大量(2%)，绒面(1%)，积累(1%)，夸张(1%)
→来自拉丁语pila,柱子，桥墩，词源同pole,pillar.引申词义堆，摞。pile 绒毛，毛发
n.堆,大量,大数目v.(up)堆,叠,堆积A pile of dirty clothes lay by the washing machine.一堆脏衣服放在洗衣机旁边.
noun
AMOUNT 数量
 IMPROVER countable
■objects positioned one on top of another 叠；垛；堆
• a large pile of sand 一大堆沙
• a pile of books 一叠书
• a pile of dirty clothes 一大堆脏衣服
• informal I've got piles/a pile (= a lot) of things to do today. 我今天有一大堆事情要做。
[paɪl] noun
COLUMN 支柱
countable
■a strong column or post of wood, steel or concrete which is pushed into the ground to help support a building （建筑物的）柱，桩
[paɪl] noun
SURFACE 表面
only singular
■the soft surface made by the ends of many short threads on a carpet or on cloth such as velvet （地毯或天鹅绒等布料的）绒面
• a luxurious deep -pile carpet 华丽的长毛地毯
[paɪl] noun
BUILDING 建筑物
countable mainly humorous
■a large building 宏伟建筑物，大厦
• They've got a great big Victorian pile somewhere out in the country. 他们在乡下的某个地方有一幢宏伟的维多利亚式房子。
[paɪl] noun
MEDICAL 医学的
piles [plural] informal
■ haemorrhoids 痔，痔疮
[paɪl] noun
make a pile informal
■to earn a large amount of money 赚很多钱，发财
• He made a pile selling computers and retired by the time he was forty. 他卖电脑发了财，40岁的时候就退休了。
[paɪl] verb
AMOUNT 数量
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive [+ adv/prep] (also pile up)
■to arrange objects into a pile 把…堆积（或堆叠）起来
• We piled plenty of logs up next to the fire. 我们在炉火旁堆了很多木柴。
• Please pile your homework books neatly on the table as you leave. 离开时请把你们的作业本整齐地叠放在桌子上。
• Her plate was piled (high) with salad. 她的盘子里盛满了沙拉。
• Snow had piled up against the walls. 雪在墙脚堆积起来。
[paɪl] verb
MOVE 移动
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition informal
■(of a group of people) to move together, especially in an uncontrolled way （人群）拥，挤，蜂拥
• As soon as the train stopped, they all piled in/out. 火车一停下，他们就挤了进去／出来。
[paɪl] verb
pile it high and sell it cheap mainly UK saying
■said when a shop sells large amounts of a product at cheap prices 薄利多销
[paɪl] verb
pile it on informal
■to say too much, especially giving too much emphasis 过多地谈论；（尤指）夸张，言过其实
• You're really piling it on with the compliments tonight, Gareth, aren't you! 你今晚的确恭维过头了，不是吗，加雷思？
[paɪl] verb
pile on the agony UK informal
■to enjoy emphasizing how bad a situation is 大肆渲染不好的情况；过分夸大糟糕的情形
• Okay, I'll give you some money - just stop piling on the agony. 好吧，我给你些钱——用不着说得那么可怜。
[paɪl] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  pile (sth) up
FORM A PILE
[M]
■to form a pile, or to put a lot of things into a pile 成为一堆；把…堆积起来
INCREASE
■(of something bad) to increase 使（不好的事物）增加，使累积
• Unpaid bills began to pile up alarmingly. 未支付的帐单越积越多，数目惊人。
• They piled up such a huge debt that they soon went bankrupt. 他们债台高筑，很快就破产了。
heap, gather, pile, accumulate, amass, collect
这组词都有“积聚，聚集，积累”的意思，其区别是：
heap: 主要指把沙、石、煤、草等堆高，不强调整齐。
gather: 普通用词，指人或物或抽象事物都可用。侧重于围绕一个中心的集合、聚集。
pile: 着重指比较整齐地把东西堆积在一起。
accumulate: 几乎可用于指任何事物量的增加，侧重连续不断地，一点一滴地聚积。
amass: 着重大量地积聚，尤指对如金钱、珠宝等有价值东西的大量积聚。
collect: 普通用词，多用于指物，侧重指有区别地作选择或有安排有计划地把零散物集中起来。
n. 堆；大量；建筑群
 - lots of, wealth, ocean, sea, body
vt. 累积；打桩于
 - cumulate
vi. 挤；堆积；积累
 - crowd, pack

Word: rod
Front: rod
[rɒd] (研四六托 4575/3674 -2)
Vocabulary: rod
(once / 259 pages)
1n 2n 3n 4n 5n
A rod is a bar or a stick, like the curtain rods in your windows or the steel rods inside the structure of a building that help make it sturdy.
A rod can be a staff, like a walking stick, or a metal bar used in construction projects. In tarot card decks, rods are are a suit that's also known as "wands" or "batons." You fish with a rod too, a long flexible pole. Most parents today disagree with the old-fashioned saying, "Spare the rod and spoil the child," which basically means "your kid will be spoiled if you don't hit them with a stick now and then."
WORD FAMILY
rod: rodlike, rods
USAGE EXAMPLES
A motor causes the thin, upright metal rods of Mike Shaffer’s “Ocean Motion” to jiggle and sway.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
In the meantime, a steel rod was drilled through Brubaker’s tibia.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Rod Lucas, a deputy in Fresno County, California, was accidentally shot and killed by a fellow officer in October.
The Guardian(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 杆，拉杆; 惩罚，体罚; （责打人用的）棍棒; 手枪
分布：杆(83%)，竿(15%)，棍棒(2%)
→来自古英语 rodd,杆，竿，棒，词源不详，可能同 rood.
n.杆,棒The soda made the goddess nod by the fishing rod.苏打使女神在钓竿旁打盹.
US [rɑ:d] noun countable
■a long thin pole made of wood or metal 竿，杆，棒
• He was given a fishing rod for his birthday. 别人送给他一根钓鱼竿作为生日礼物。
• The concrete is strengthened with steel rods. 混凝土内加入钢筋变得更加牢固。
UK [rɒd] US [rɑ:d] noun countable
make a rod for your own back UK
■If you make a rod for your own back, you act in a way which creates more problems for yourself in the future 自讨苦吃；自找麻烦；惹火烧身
• By giving in to the terrorists' demands, the government will simply be making a rod for its own back. 政府要是屈从于恐怖分子的要求就只会惹火烧身。
n. 棒；惩罚；枝条；权力
 - punishment, authority, payment, bar, discipline

Word: logical
Front: logical
[ˈlɒdʒɪkl] (研四六托 4569/3188 -K2)
Vocabulary: logical
(once / 381 pages)
adj
Logical describes something that comes from clear reasoning. Using a fire extinguisher to put it out a fire is a logical step. Trying to put it out with gasoline is not.
The adjective logical is rooted in the Greek word logos, which means "reason, idea, or word." So calling something logical means it's based on reason and sound ideas — in other words, thought out with mathematical precision and removed from emotion. Sounds strict and boring, but it's the orderliness and consistency of logic that helps you write a great argument or figure out how to solve a problem.
WORD FAMILY
logical: illogical, logicality, logically, logicalness, unlogical+/illogic: illogics/ illogical: illogicality, illogically, illogicalness/illogicality: illogicalities/ logic: illogic, logical, logician, logicism, logics, logistician/ logician: logicians/logistician: logisticians
USAGE EXAMPLES
Seems logical, and airlines don’t always disagree, as I wrote in April.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
The problem is that what’s a logical name to you might not be to your significant other.
The Guardian(Dec 23, 2016)
But to the players, the suspensions were cause for righteous anger, and a boycott was the logical next step.
Slate(Dec 22, 2016)
Back: adj. 逻辑（上）的; 符合逻辑的; 推理正确的; 合乎常理的
分布：合理的(44%)，符合逻辑的(29%)，逻辑上的(27%)
符合逻辑的(logic+al)[log,logu=speak,表示"说话"]
a.逻辑的,符合逻辑的His argument seems logical.他的论据似乎合逻辑.
US ['lɑ:.dʒɪ-] adjective
■using reason 合乎逻辑的，合理的
• a logical choice/conclusion 合乎逻辑的选择／结论
• Students need the ability to construct a logical argument. 学生要具备逻辑论证的能力。
• It was the logical thing to do (= the decision was a reasonable one when all the facts were considered). 这样做才合乎逻辑。
Opposite illogical
adj. [计] 合逻辑的，合理的；逻辑学的
 - reasonable, rational, possible, just, legitimate

Word: liberal
Front: liberal
[ˈlɪbərəl] (研四六托雅 1993/1737 -4)
Vocabulary: liberal
(once / 111 pages)
1adjn 2adj 3adj
A liberal is someone on the left wing of politics — the opposite of a conservative. Also, a liberal attitude toward anything means more tolerance for change.
There are many meanings for liberal, but they mostly have to do with freedom and openness to change. A teacher with a liberal policy toward attendance is going to be forgiving of missed days. A bank with a liberal attitude toward your money would probably be bad: some things are awful if they're loose and free. But no one will give you a hard time if you use a liberal amount of catsup on your fries.
WORD FAMILY
liberal: illiberal, liberalise, liberalism, liberality, liberalize, liberally, liberalness, liberals, neoliberal+/ illiberal: illiberality, illiberally/illiberality: illiberalities/liberalise: liberalisation, liberalised, liberalising/ liberalism: liberalisms, liberalist, liberalistic, neoliberalism/liberalist: liberalists/liberality: liberalities/ liberalization: liberalizations/ liberalize: liberalization, liberalized, liberalizes, liberalizing/neoliberal: neoliberals
USAGE EXAMPLES
This timely novel captures every character in the worst light, and the grudge matches among Brooklyn’s liberal parentocracy are nastier than any playground brawl.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Maybe he hopes Mr. Putin will see him as a kindred spirit: Big hombre, instinctive nationalist, zero use for liberals and their pieties.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Some rightwing outlets interpreted the row as evidence of liberal overreach.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 自由主义者; 自由党党员
adj. 开明的; 自由的; 慷慨的; 不拘泥的
分布：自由主义者(36%)，自由主义的(27%)，开明的(18%)，慷慨的(11%)，大方的(5%)，开明的人(3%)
→来自leu-dhero,来自*leu,人民，自由人，词源同eleutherian,自由人的，-dhero,工具格后缀，引申词义自由的，开明的，大方的，无私的，高贵的。现主要用于自由的，词义演变比较frank.
自由的;慷慨的(liber+al)[liber=free,表示"自由"]
a.慷慨的,大方的;富足的;自由的,思想开放的The church has become more liberal in this century.本世纪教会变得不那么守旧了.
US [-ɚ-] adjective
SOCIETY 社会
 ADVANCED
■respecting and allowing many different types of beliefs or behaviour 自由开放的，开放的，开明的
• a liberal society/attitude 自由开放的社会／态度
• Her parents were far more liberal than mine. 她父母比我父母开明得多。
Opposite illiberal or intolerant
UK ['lɪb.ər.əl/ UK [-rəl] US [-ɚ-] adjective
POLITICS 政治
 ADVANCED
■(of a political party or a country) believing in or allowing more personal freedom and a development towards a fairer sharing of wealth and power within society （指政党或国家）自由的，开放的
UK ['lɪb.ər.əl/ UK [-rəl] US [-ɚ-] adjective
GENEROUS 慷慨的 formal
■giving or given in a generous way 慷慨的，大方的，毫不吝啬的
• He was very liberal with the wine. 对于酒他毫不吝啬。
UK ['lɪb.ər.əl/ UK [-rəl] US [-ɚ-] adjective
NOT EXACT 不确切的
■not exact; without attention to or interest in detail 不确切的，模糊的，笼统的
• a liberal interpretation of the law 对法律的笼统解释
UK ['lɪb.ər.əl/ UK [-rəl] US [-ɚ-] noun countable UK [ˈlɪb.ər.əl]
    UK [-rəl] US [-ə˞-/
■someone who respects many different types of beliefs or behaviour 自由主义者
• He's a good old-fashioned liberal. 他是个老式的自由主义者。
adj. 自由主义的；慷慨的；不拘泥的；宽大的
 - generous, handsome
n. 自由主义者
 - latitudinarian

Word: ash
Vocabulary: ash
(once / 297 pages)
1nv 2n
Ash is what's left after something has been burned by a fire. You need to clean the ash out of a wood stove or fireplace every once in a while.
After you burn wood in a fire pit or in a bonfire on the beach, there's ash left behind. Cigarette or cigar ash is what smokers tap off the end every so often — the burned part of the cigarette becomes ash. If you use the idiomatic phrase "it turned to ashes in my mouth," you mean that something was a huge disappointment or letdown.
WORD FAMILY
ash: ashed, ashes, ashing, ashy+/ashy: ashier
USAGE EXAMPLES
Traditionally, the ashes are then drunk dissolved in champagne.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
The latest eruption occurred Friday, producing an ash cloud that was believed to rise to about 20,000 feet.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
On Thursday, like seven small mythical phoenixes who rose from the ashes, the new birds arrived in Grant.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)

Word: socially
Front: socially
['səʊʃəlɪ] (4573/4316 -K)
Vocabulary: socially
(once / 1495 pages)
adv
Anything described as happening socially has to do with society and how people interact. Someone who’s socially gifted goes to all the parties. That person would never do something socially unacceptable, like jump to the front of the line.
People live in societies, and social things have to do with people interacting. Therefore, anything described as happening socially involves people’s involvement with each other. A socially active person spends a lot of time with other people. Someone who is socially awkward has trouble communicating. Someone socially conscious is interested in helping other people. Since social media has become popular, this word increasingly applies to online social networks. For example, someone socially invisible might not use the Internet.
WORD FAMILY
social: antisocial, nonsocial, sociable, socialise, socialism, sociality, socialize, socially, socials, unsocial+/sociability: sociabilities/ sociable: sociability, sociableness, sociables, sociably, unsociable/socialise: socialisation, socialised, socialiser, socialising/ socialism: socialisms, socialist, socialistic/ socialist: socialists/socialistic: socialistically/sociality: socialities/ socialization: socializations/ socialize: socialization, socialized, socializer, socializes, socializing/socializer: socializers/unsociable: unsociability, unsociableness, unsociably/unsocial: unsocially
USAGE EXAMPLES
He answered on two different levels, first socially.
Salon(Jan 01, 2017)
The Screwvalas say they hope to raise a generation of socially conscious middle-class Indians, and perhaps the next wave of Indian entrepreneurs.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
“If my dream was to be a lawyer or doctor, something that was socially acceptable, then everybody would be happy,” he said.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: adv. 在社交方面; 善于交际地; 在社会（地位）上; 在全社会中
分布：在社会上(58%)，在社交上(28%)，与礼貌行为相关(14%)
US ['soʊ-] adverb
GOING OUT 出外
■in or relating to a social situation 社交方面的；与社交场合有关的
• I chat to him at work now and then but I've never seen him socially. 我偶尔在工作时间和他闲聊一会儿，但我从未在社交场合见过他。
• Socially, she's a disaster - she's always offending someone or picking a fight. 她极不善于交际——总是得罪别人，招惹事端。
• Socially they're a great company to work for - I've never been to so many parties in my life. 从社交方面说，他们是一群值得为其卖力的人——我一生中从未参加过这么多派对。
UK ['səʊ.ʃəl.i] US ['soʊ-] adverb
SOCIETY 社会
■by or relating to society 社会地；与社会有关的
• Drinking and driving is no longer socially acceptable. 酒后开车已不再为社会所接受。
• Private education is often regarded as socially divisive. 私立教育常常被认为会引起社会分化。

Word: parish
Front: parish
[ˈpærɪʃ] (4571/1963 -2)
Vocabulary: parish
(once / 232 pages)
n
A parish is a local church community that has one main church and one pastor. Parish members do more than just attend church. They organize community activities, social events, and — very important — coffee and donuts on Sunday mornings.
A parish is technically a piece of land. It’s a section of a diocese that has the right number of churchgoers to have its own church. But when you refer to a parish, you’re usually talking about more than the space itself. You're describing the people who attend the church, as well as the church property. So if someone says, "Our parish is thriving," it means there's a full congregation and enough funds to maintain the church in good condition.
WORD FAMILY
parish: parishes
USAGE EXAMPLES
In Louisiana, there was also relatively serious damage in the southwestern parishes of Beauregard and Allen, including the town of Reeves.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
They also include a letter from Mrs Thatcher to Saddam Hussein, asking for clemency for British nurse Daphne Parish, who was accused of spying.
BBC(Dec 29, 2016)
In the Gulf of Mexico town of Cameron Parish, La., Greg Michaels plans to build an export terminal to ship U.S. natural gas to China.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 教区以下的地方行政区; （英国）郡以下的行政区
分布：教区(93%)，教区的全体居民(4%)，地方行政区(3%)
→来自古法语paroisse,来自拉丁语parochia,来自希腊语paroikia,堂区，教区，来自para-,在旁，在周围，oikos,家，屋子，词源同economy,ecology,diocese.引申词义乡村行政小区。拼写通俗化。
US ['per-] noun countable
■(in some Christian groups) an area cared for by one priest and which has its own church, or (in England) the smallest unit of local government （某些基督教会中主教管区下有自己教堂的）教区；行政教区（英格兰的基层行政单位）
• the parish church/magazine/priest/register 教区教堂／杂志／神父／登记簿
⇒ See also parochial

Word: slavery
Front: slavery
[ˈsleɪvəri] (高四六 4574/8927 -1)
Vocabulary: slavery
(once / 165 pages)
n
Slavery is the brutal practice of forcing someone to work hard without paying them a fair wage, sometimes without paying them at all.
For hundreds of years in the United States, wealthy white landowners benefited from the institution of slavery, which forced millions of African slaves to work their entire lives on giant farms. The word slavery comes from the Latin sclava, meaning “Slavonic captive,” referring to the 9th century slavery of Slavonic people, but it came to mean anyone in captivity, not just Slavs. To be held captive and unable to pursue your own life is slavery, and it’s worth fighting against.
WORD FAMILY
slavery: slaveries+/ enslave: enslaved, enslavement, enslaves, enslaving/enslavement: enslavements/ slave: enslave, non-slave, slaved, slaveless, slavelike, slaver, slavery, slaves, slaving, slavish/slaver: slavered, slavering, slavers/slavish: slavishly
USAGE EXAMPLES
What’s a Kanye West song doing in a TV show about slavery?
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
The title of the first, by Ava DuVernay, refers to the 13th amendment to the constitution, which outlaws slavery in the US.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Before slavery was restricted by the Spanish crown, in 1542, slaving parties scoured Honduras, kidnapping Indians to work plantations, mines, and households.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 奴隶身份; 奴隶制度; 苦役，奴隶般的劳动; 奴役，束缚，屈从，耽迷（酒色等）
分布：奴隶制(79%)，奴役(18%)，奴隶身份(3%)
→slave,贩卖奴隶，-ery,名词后缀。
US [-ɚ-] noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■the activity of having slaves or the condition of being a slave 奴隶制，蓄奴；奴隶身份
• Slavery still exists in many parts of the world. 在世界上许多地方奴隶制依然存在。
• Millions of Africans were sold into slavery. 数百万非洲人曾被贩卖为奴。
n. 奴役；奴隶制度；奴隶身分
 - Enslaved, bondage

Word: blank
Front: blank
[blæŋk] (高研四雅 4578/4310 -K2)
Vocabulary: blank
(once / 272 pages)
1adjn 2adj 3nadj 4v
Something that's blank is empty or undecorated. A blank canvas hasn't been drawn or painted on yet — it's clean and unmarked.
A blank computer screen has no information on it, and a blank look on someone's face is completely free of any expression, revealing nothing. If your mind goes blank during a job interview, you are left without any thoughts for a moment. When blank is a noun, it means "a line to be filled in" or "an empty space." In the 1500s, a blank was the empty, white center of a target, from the French word blanc, or "white."
WORD FAMILY
blank: blanked, blanker, blankest, blanking, blankly, blankness, blanks+/blankness: blanknesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
The reality is that he was at work on “Blank Face LP” — and being a father to his 7-year-old daughter.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Falcons owner Arthur Blank said the $1.6 billion Mercedes-Benz Stadium, which opens next year, will be ready to host his MLS team this summer.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
“It’s a plain vanilla blank canvas,” she said.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 空白的; 空的，无信息的，未填写的; 茫然的; 空虚的
n. 空的空间或地点; 填空处，空白表格; 坯; 无用的东西
vt. 消失; 挡住通路; [体育运动] 阻止（对手）得分; 打孔，盖印
vi. 走神; 逐渐消失
时态：blanked, blanking, blanks
分布：空白(80%)，空白的(13%)，空白处(4%)，茫然的(3%)
→来自PIE * bhel, 燃烧，发光。此处指发白光，白色。
空白的(blanc的变体)[blanc=white表示"白"]
a.空白的,空着的;失色的n.空白;表格The frank man put the first-rank blank blanket into the tan tank.直率的男子将一流空白毛毯放进黝黑的大容器
adjective
EMPTY 空的
 ADVANCED
■empty or clear, or containing no information or mark 空白的，无字的；空着的
• a blank sheet of paper 一张白纸
• a blank tape/computer screen 空白磁带／空白的电脑萤幕
• Sign your name in the blank space at the bottom of the form. 在表格底部的空白处签名。
[blæŋk] adjective
NOT REACTING 无反应的
■showing no understanding or no emotion in the expression on your face 茫然的，木然的
• a blank stare/expression 茫然的凝视／木然的表情
[blæŋk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] blank sth out
COVER
■to intentionally cover over something that is written so that it cannot be read 遮住；涂掉；抹去
• Some of the names in the report have been blanked out. 报告中有些名字已经被抹掉了。
FORGET
■to stop yourself thinking about a memory because it is unpleasant and you would prefer not to remember it 刻意忘记，抹去对…的记忆
• There may be traumatic incident in your past that you have blanked out. 过去你可能经历过创伤，而你已经从记忆中抹去了。
[blæŋk] noun countable
■a space in a piece of writing or on a form, left empty for information to be added （档或表格的）空白处，空格
• Fill in the blanks in this form. 将这份表格填好。
■something not yet drawn or finished, such as a key not yet cut into a finished shape 坯件，原坯
■(also blank cartridge)
■a small tube containing explosive but no bullet, used in a gun in order to make a loud noise without causing harm 空弹；空包弹
• The starter's pistol fires blanks. 发令员的枪放的是空包弹。
open, blank, vacant, hollow, empty
这组词都有“空的”的意思，其区别是：
open: 指未被占有，从而可被别人得到的。
blank: 指上面没有写字、印刷或做记号的空白表面，或指上面留着准备被填写的空白处。
vacant: 普通用词，侧重某物或某个位置没有被占用。
hollow: 指物体中间是空的。
empty: 指空无一人或一物，或空洞无意义的。
adj. [电讯] [印刷] [计] 空白的；空虚的；单调的
 - flat, vacant
n. [电讯] [印刷] [计] 空白；空虚；空白表格
 - gap, vacancy
vt. 使…无效；使…模糊；封锁
 - fuzz up, bedim
vi. 消失；成为空白
 - disappear, vanish away

Word: commodity
Front: commodity
[kəˈmɒdəti] (研六托雅宝 4581/4365 -2)
Vocabulary: commodity
(once / 350 pages)
n
A commodity is any useful or valuable thing, especially something that is bought and sold. Grain, vegetables, and precious metals are commodities, but so are personal qualities that can be used to make money: Originality and imagination are rare commodities in the film business.
Farmers closely follow the commodities' markets, where the future value of the crops they grow are traded, and on any given day assigned a different value. Commodity descends from Middle English commodite "benefit, profit," from Old French, from Latin commoditās "fitness," from commodus "convenient, appropriate," from the prefix com- "with" plus modus "measure."
WORD FAMILY
commodity: commodities
USAGE EXAMPLES
“It reduced everything to the equality of objects. Everything became exchangeable because everything became a commodity.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Global commodities producers are hoping that China will order big lumps of iron, coal and copper in the new year to send prices higher.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Trading in several commodities, including crude oil, was closed on Monday.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 商品; 日用品; 有价值的物品; 有利，有益
分布：商品(95%)，日用品(4%)，有价值之物(1%)
→来自commode, 舒适的物品。词义演变比较goods, 商品，来自good, 好的。
商品(com共同+mod+ity→有共同模式的东西→商品)[mod=mode,manner,表示"方式,模式,风度"]
n.(pl.)日用品;商品;农/矿产品;有用之物Air conditioners are one of the many commodities that Japan sells abroad.空调是日本许多出口商品中的一种.
【记】com共同，mod＝mode（n 样式）－把样式共同摆出来－商店－商品
US [-'mɑ:.də.tˌi] noun countable
■a substance or product that can be traded, bought or sold 商品，货物
• The country's most valuable commodities include tin and diamonds. 该国最有价值的商品包括锡和钻石。
• the international commodities market 国际商品市场
■a valuable quality 宝贵素质
• If you're going into teaching, energy is a necessary commodity. 如果你要当教师这一行，就必须有充沛的精力。
commodity, merchandise, ware, freight, goods
这组词都有“商品，货物”的意思，其区别是：
commodity: 作“商品”解时系经济学名词，也可指日用品。
merchandise: 正式用词，指商业上销售或商家拥有货物的总称。
ware: 指上市待卖的商品或货物。多用复数形式。
freight: 指“货物”时，可与goods互换，此系美国英语。在英国，freight志指船装货物。
goods: 一般生活或商业用词，指销售或购入的商品。
n. 商品， [贸易] 货物；日用品
 - cargo, merchandise

Word: cure
Front: cure
[kjʊə(r)] (高研四六托雅 4579/5242 -K3)
Vocabulary: cure
(once / 134 pages)
1nv 2v
A cure is a treatment that ends an illness or makes you feel better. There is no cure for the common cold, or for a broken heart. Waaaaa.
Many researchers focus on finding cures for diseases like cancer and diabetes — while it is possible to recover from incurable illnesses, it's not possible to cure them. You could also say, "This Florida winter is going to cure me of missing Minnesota!" When someone cures meat or fish, they smoke or salt it to preserve it. The Latin root is curare, "take care of."
WORD FAMILY
cure: curable, curative, cured, cures, curing+/ curable: curability, curableness, incurable /curative: curatively, curatives/cured: uncured/ incurable: incurability, incurableness, incurables, incurably
USAGE EXAMPLES
Coleridge believed the clean air on the hill at Highgate was beneficial in his attempts to cure himself of opium addiction.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
This is what creates the red patches and silvery scales of psoriasis, and it also explains why “cures” are elusive.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Every cure is unique and none is reliable.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 治愈; 矫正; 解决; 消除
vi. 受治疗; 被加工处理
n. 治愈; 药物; 疗法; 措施
时态：cured, curing, cures
分布：治疗(56%)，治愈(35%)，疗法(7%)，对策(1%)，纠正(1%)
→来自拉丁语cura,关心，照看，护理，救治，词源同curate,curator.
医治,治疗(关心病人→治疗)[cur=care,表示"关心"]
v.(of)治愈,医治;矫正n.治愈,痊愈;良药The furious obscure curer is curious to secure the curly-curved mercury curiosity.盛怒的不出名治疗者渴望弄到这种带卷曲曲线的水银珍品.
US [kjʊr] verb transitive
MAKE WELL 使好转
 IMPROVER
■to make someone with an illness healthy again 治愈，治好
• At one time the doctors couldn't cure TB/cure people of TB. 曾经有一段时期，医生无法治愈肺结核／肺结核病人。
■to solve a problem 解决（问题）
• Finance Ministers meet this week to discuss how to cure inflation. 财政部长们本周将举行会晤讨论如何解决通货膨胀问题。
UK [kjʊər] US [kjʊr] verb transitive
PRESERVE 保存
■to treat food, tobacco, etc. with smoke or salt, etc. in order to stop it decaying （用烟熏或盐腌等方法）保存（食物、烟草等）
• cured meats 腌肉
UK [kjʊər] US [kjʊr] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  cure sb of sth
■to stop someone doing or wanting something bad 消除（某人）的…；改掉（某人）的…
• I ate so much of it one day I was sick and that cured me of my addiction. 有一天我吃得太多得了病，这使我戒除了吃这种东西的嗜好。
UK [kjʊər] US [kjʊr] noun countable
■something that makes someone with an illness healthy again 药物；治疗方法
• There's still no cure for cancer. 还没有能治愈癌症的方法。
• There is no known cure for this disease (= a cure has not yet been found). 这种病还找不到一种有效的治疗方法。
■a solution to a problem 解决方法；对策
• The best cure for boredom is hard work! 消除无聊最有效的方法是努力工作！
medication, remedy, chemical, medicine, cure, drug
这组词都有“药”的意思，其区别是：
medication: 指医生开给病人用的一切药物，从最简单的阿斯匹林到最复杂的药物。
remedy: 普通用词，侧重指对恢复健康有效的药品或治疗方法。
chemical: 多指工业或化学中的药品，有时也指医药中的药品。
medicine: 普通用词，可指药物的总称，也指一切有利于健康的东西。
cure: 比remedy更强调使身体恢复健康的疗法或良药。
drug: 普通用词，含义广泛，可指任何用于预防或治疗肉体上或精神上疾病的药品。用复数形式，多指毒品。
remedy, heal, cure, treat
这组词都有“治疗、医治”的意思，其区别是：
remedy: 着重用药物对病人进行治疗。
heal: 侧重指治愈伤口、伤痛如灼伤等。
cure: 主要指治愈疾病。
treat: 普通用词，指接受并诊治病人。
vt. [临床] 治疗；治愈； [化学] 使硫化；加工处理
 - help, remedy
vi. 治病；痊愈； [临床] 受治疗； [化学] 被硫化；被加工处理
 - heal up
n. 治疗；治愈； [临床] 疗法
 - therapy, medical treatment

Word: mineral
Front: mineral
[ˈmɪnərəl] (高托 4583/3212 -K2)
Vocabulary: mineral
(once / 446 pages)
nadj
A mineral is a nonliving natural substance of a definite chemical composition. A mineral like manganese may help keep you healthy; a mineral like a diamond may help keep you sparkly.
At one time mineral referred to valuable substances obtained in mines. Although that still can be the case, today the word has several senses (both noun and adjective) and may be found almost anywhere — in the ground, in the air, or on the periodic table. And if you remember mineral when you remember animal and vegetable, you’ve got a better chance of winning Twenty Questions.
WORD FAMILY
mineral: demineralise, mineralize, minerally, minerals+/demineralise: demineralisation/demineralize: demineralization, demineralized, demineralizing/mineralize: demineralize, mineralized, mineralizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Later that year, then-President George Bush signed legislation aimed at settling the dispute over the mineral rights.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The federal government moved a decade ago to condemn the last privately owned mineral rights to protect against geothermal development within the preserve.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Yet the president’s order allows locals who currently use the area to graze their livestock or extract minerals to keep their resource privileges.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 矿物; 矿石; 矿物质; 汽水
adj. 矿物的，似矿物的
分布：矿物质(100%)
→来自mine,矿山，矿物。引申词义矿物质。mineral 矿物质
n.矿物,矿石a.矿物的,矿质的Several severe federal generals drank the mineral water on the miner's funeral.好几个严厉的联邦将军在矿工的葬礼上喝了矿泉水.
【记】源于：mine（n 矿）
noun
SUBSTANCE 物质
countable
■a valuable or useful chemical substance which is formed naturally in the ground 矿物
countable
■a chemical that your body needs to stay healthy （人体所需的）矿物质
• A healthy diet should supply all necessary vitamins and minerals. 健康的饮食应该提供所有必要的维生素和矿物质。
• a mineral supplement 补充的矿物质
['mɪn.ər.əl] noun
DRINK 饮料
minerals
[plural] UK old-fashioned
■cold sweet fizzy (= with bubbles) drinks without alcohol 无酒精而味甜的泡腾冷饮；汽水
['mɪn.ər.əl] adjective
■being or consisting of a mineral or minerals 矿物的；含矿物的，有矿物质的
• a mineral deposit (= substance or layer that is left) 矿层
• The speaker emphasized that much of South Africa's importance lay in its mineral wealth. 发言者强调说南非的重要性很大程度上源于其丰富的矿藏。
n. [矿物] 矿物；（英）矿泉水；无机物；苏打水（常用复数表示）
 - table-water, inorganics

Word: hunger
Front: hunger
[ˈhʌŋgə(r)] (高研四六托 4584/5267 -2)
Vocabulary: hunger
(once / 104 pages)
nv
Hunger is the sensation of needing — or wanting — to eat something. People use the same word to describe a hankering for a snack or for the more dire meaning of starvation, as in "world hunger."
Hunger sometimes refers to an extreme lack of food, the equivalent to starvation: "We need to do something about hunger in poor communities." It can also simply mean your afternoon craving: "My daily hunger for chocolate was distracting me from my work." You can also hunger for things, both food (like when you hunger for French fries) and non-food things (like when you hunger for attention).
WORD FAMILY
hunger: hungered, hungering, hungers, hungry +/ hungry: hungrier, hungriest, hungrily, hungriness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Conference of Mayors Status Report on Hunger and Homelessness” in 38 U.S. cities conducted in December and released Monday.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Mr Sadeghi is one of eight prisoners said to be on hunger strike in Iran.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Her group is testing a drug that, in animals at least, acts like leptin, a hormone that controls hunger.
New York Times(May 02, 2016)
Back: n. 饿，饥饿; 欲望
vt. & vi. （使）饥饿
vi. 渴望
时态：hungered, hungering, hungers
分布：饿(51%)，饥饿(40%)，渴望(8%)，使 ... 饥饿(1%)
→来自古英语hungor,饥饿，饥荒，来自kenk,饥饿，饥渴，燃烧，可能来自skai,照耀，照射，词源同shine,hot,heat.后用于指饥饿，饥渴义不再使用。
n./v.饥饿;渴望A baby's cry may be expressive of hunger or pain.婴儿的啼哭可能表示饥饿或疼痛.
US [-gɚ] noun
NEED FOR FOOD 对食物的需求
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■the feeling you have when you need to eat 饥饿感
• I can't believe that that enormous meal wasn't enough to satisfy your hunger. 我无法相信那么丰富的饭菜也不能填饱你的肚子。
• By about 9 o'clock she started to feel faint from/with hunger. 九点的时候，她开始饿到有点头晕。
• I often suffer from hunger pangs (= strong feelings of needing something to eat) in the middle of the afternoon. 下午三点，我经常会感到阵阵饥饿。
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■when the body does not have enough food 饥饿
• All over the world, people die of hunger every day. 世界上每天都有人饿死。
UK ['hʌŋ.gər] US [-gɚ] noun
DESIRE 渴望
[S or U]
■a strong wish or desire 渴望；盼望
• a hunger for adventure/knowledge/success 对冒险／知识／成功的渴望
UK ['hʌŋ.gər] US [-gɚ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  hunger after/for sth literary
■to want something very much 渴望；渴求
• I hunger for your touch. 我渴望你的抚摸。
• I've never hungered after power. 我从不渴望权力。
hunger, famine, starvation
这组词都有“饥饿”的意思，其区别是：
hunger: 普通用词，指人体对于食物迫切需要的正常生理现象。
famine: 指因天灾人祸而引起大规模饥荒；用作引申，指严重缺乏某种物资或人力。
starvation: 语气比hunger强得多。指因长期缺乏食物所造成的痛苦，甚至死亡，侧重人为的灾难所致。
n. 饿， [生理] 饥饿；渴望
 - aspiration, famine
vi. 渴望；挨饿
 - rare, aspire

Word: dying
Front: dying
[ˈdaɪɪŋ] (四六 4582/5268 -K2)
Vocabulary: dying
(once / 118 pages)
1adjn 2adj
Something that's dying is about to die or is getting ready to stop existing. A shriveled up plant that hasn't been watered in days is probably dying.
Dying is a process that will happen to us all: living things eventually die. But non-living things can be dying, too: a battery that doesn't have much juice left is dying, and so is a TV show that's bombing in the ratings. A craft that's losing popularity can be called a dying art. States of extreme stress or anticipation can also be described as a form of dying, as in "I'm dying to know how this book ends!"
WORD FAMILY
dying: dyingly, dyings, undying+/ death: deathless, deathlike, deathly, deaths/deathless: deathlessly/ die: death, died, dies, dying /undying: undyingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Sidney D. Drell, a Stanford physicist who advised presidents from Nixon to Obama, signed the letter before dying late last month at 90.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In the first Creek episode, a mother and her children mysteriously dying was lazily put-to-bed with a last-minute mention of a rare blood disease.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Included is one about a woman who holds a dying child’s hand in an ambulance.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. <口>渴望，切盼; 垂死的，临终的; 会死的; 快熄灭的
v. “die”的现在分词
分布：死(71%)，死亡(14%)，垂死的(11%)，临终的(3%)，动词die的现在分词形式.(1%)
adjective
■very ill and likely to die soon 将死的，奄奄一息的，病入膏肓的
• She nursed her dying husband for months. 她照料了病入膏肓的丈夫好几个月。
■describes a tradition or industry which is becoming much less common or important （传统或行业）衰落的，衰败的，即将消失的
■happening at the time someone dies, or connected with that time 临死的，临终的
• Beethoven's dying words are said to have been "I shall hear in heaven." 据说贝多芬的临终遗言是“我在天堂会听到声音”。
['daɪ.ɪŋ] plural noun
the dying
■people who are about to die 将死之人，奄奄一息的人
• These nurses specialize in the care of the dying. 这些护士专门从事临终关怀。
dead, dying
这组词都有“死”的意思，其区别是：
dead: 指已停止呼吸和心脏跳动，与alive(活着的，活的)相对。
dying: 指奄奄一息，行将死亡。
adj. 临终的，垂死的
 - fey
n. 死，死亡
 - death, deadness
v. 死，死亡；枯萎；失去活力（die的ing形式）
 - perishing

Word: developmental
Front: developmental
[dɪˌveləpˈmentl] (4588/8246 -1)
Vocabulary: developmental
(once / 8596 pages)
adj
Anything that has to do with a person's growth and development is developmental. A baby's developmental needs include lots of interaction with parents and caregivers.
New parents are often conscious of developmental milestones, or stages, that a child achieves as she grows. By the time a baby is three months old, she's usually reached developmental goals like smiling, bringing her hands to her mouth, and tracking objects and people with her eyes. Each of these milestones shows how the baby is developing, or growing.
WORD FAMILY
developmental: developmentally+/ develop: developed, developer, developing, development, develops, redevelop, underdevelop/ developed: undeveloped/developer: developers/ development: developmental, developments, nondevelopment/redevelop: redeveloped, redeveloping, redevelopment/underdevelop: underdeveloped, underdeveloping, underdevelopment
USAGE EXAMPLES
As an infant, Blake reached developmental milestones, learning to roll over, sit up and crawl at all the right times.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
About 1,650 residents still live in seven developmental centers statewide.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
It would also restrict such housing for inmates with mental illness and developmental disabilities, among other changes.
Washington Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 发展的; 促使成长的; 进化的
分布：发展的(83%)，开发的(10%)，进化的(7%)
ADJ
发展的;成长的;发育的;生长的;形成的;开发的
Developmental means relating to the development of someone or something.
例：...the emotional, educational, and developmental needs of the child.孩子在情感、教育和成长方面的需求
adj. 发展的；启发的
 - growing, changing, evolutionary

Word: faster
Front: faster
['fa:stə] (4580/3917)
Back: adj. 更快的; 快的( fast的比较级 ); 走得快; 感光快的; [摄影术]快动作的（镜头）
adv. 更快地
分布：更快的(60%)，更快地(40%)
ADJ-GRADED
快的;迅速的
Fast means happening, moving, or doing something at great speed. You also use fast in questions or statements about speed.
例：...fast cars with flashing lights and sirens...闪着灯、鸣着笛、飞速行驶的车辆
例：Brindley was known as a very, very fast driver...众所周知，布林德利是个喜欢飞车的人。
ADV-GRADED
迅速地;立即
You use fast to say that something happens without any delay.
例：When you've got a crisis like this you need professional help — fast!...当你遇到这样的危急情况，就需要专业救援了——要快！
例：We'd appreciate your leaving as fast as possible.如果您能尽快离开，我们将不胜感激。
ADJ-GRADED
(钟表)偏快的，走得快的
If a watch or clock is fast, it is showing a time that is later than the real time.
例：That clock's an hour fast.那个钟快了一个小时。
ADV-GRADED
紧紧地;牢牢地;死死地
If you hold something fast, you hold it tightly and firmly. If something is stuck fast, it is stuck very firmly and cannot move.
例：She climbed the staircase cautiously, holding fast to the rail...她紧紧地抓着栏杆，小心翼翼地爬楼梯。
例：The tanker is stuck fast on the rocks.油轮紧卡在礁石中间动弹不得。
ADV-GRADED
坚定地;毫不动摇地
If you hold fast to a principle or idea, or if you stand fast, you do not change your mind about it, even though people are trying to persuade you to.
例：We can only try to hold fast to the age-old values of honesty, decency and concern for others...我们只能努力坚守那些古老的价值观：诚实、正派、关心他人。
例：He told supporters to stand fast over the next few vital days.他叫支持者在接下来的几个重要日子里站稳立场。
ADJ-GRADED
(颜色或染料)不褪色的，不掉色的
If colours or dyes are fast, they do not come out of the fabrics they are used on when they get wet.
例：The fabric was ironed to make the colours fast.为防止掉色，织物已经过熨烫。
ADJ
骄奢淫逸的;刺激而快乐的
A fast way of life is one which involves a lot of enjoyable and expensive or dangerous activities.
例：Life in Detroit no longer satisfied him; he wanted the fast life of California.他不再满意底特律的生活，想要过加利福尼亚那种刺激快乐的生活。
VERB
斋戒;禁食;绝食
If you fast, you eat no food for a period of time, usually for either religious or medical reasons, or as a protest.
例：I fasted for a day and half and asked God to help me.我斋戒了一天半，祈求上帝伸出援手。
PHRASE
熟睡的;沉睡的
Someone who is fast asleep is completely asleep.
例：When he went upstairs five minutes later, she was fast asleep.他5分钟后上楼时，她已睡熟。
PHRASE
玩猫腻;玩弄
If you say that someone is playing fast and loose, you are expressing disapproval of them for behaving in a deceitful, immoral, or irresponsible way.
例：There have been people who have played fast and loose with the rules.有人在玩弄这些规则。
PHRASE
欺骗;哄骗;愚弄
If you say that someone has pulled a fast one on you, you mean that they have cheated or tricked you.
例：No doubt someone had pulled a fast one on her over a procedural matter.无疑有人在程序性问题上骗了她。

Word: spare
Front: spare
[speə(r)] (中高托雅 4585/3617 -K3)
Vocabulary: spare
(once / 101 pages)
1adjnv 2adj 3v 4n
Spare describes something that is extra. If you have a spare tire for your bike you can replace a flat, and if there's enough change in your pocket you can spare some to patch a friend's tire.
As a noun, a verb, and an adjective, the word spare has many meanings. A leftover part is a spare, you can spare a life when you save an animal or person, and you have spare time when you finish a project early. If you "spare no expense" you spend lots of money and when you spare a friend's feelings, you keep upsetting details to yourself. And if you have a moment to spare, you have time to share.
WORD FAMILY
spare: spared, sparely, spareness, sparer, spares, sparest, sparing+/sparer: sparers/sparing: sparingly, unsparing/unsparing: unsparingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
In his spare time, such as it is, Okwara indulges his creative side.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Growing up, Reynolds was a natural mimic, often performing for classmates to compensate for the embarrassment she felt over her spare wardrobe.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
Still, Pugh’s probation was not revoked, sparing him from a year in jail.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: vt. 节省，俭省; 不用，抽出，省掉; 宽恕，饶（命），救命，使某人免遭（麻烦等）; 出让，割爱，分让
adj. 多余的，剩下的（钱等），空闲的（时间等）; 预备的，备用的，替换用的; 多余的，瘦的，少量的; 薄弱的，简陋的，粗陋的
n. 备用零件，备用轮胎; 节省，俭省; 〈美〉（头两个球把十柱打得）全倒; 预备品，替换品
vi. 节约; 节省; 饶恕; 宽容
时态：spared, sparing, spares
分布：多余的(33%)，备用的(16%)，抽出(14%)，节约(10%)，饶恕(8%)，剩余(8%)，赦免(5%)，备用品(4%)，闲置的(2%)
→来自古英语 sparian,匀出，赦免，免于伤害，来自 Proto-Germanic*sparona,保存，节省，留出， 来自 sper,挣取，节省，使多产，来自 spe,繁盛，繁荣，词源同 speed,prosper.引申古 英语形容词 spaer,节省的，节俭的，及诸相关词义。
a.多余的,备用的v.节约,节省;抽出(时间)I daren't declare that the shares are my spare fare and welfare on the farewell party.在告别会上,我不敢宣称这些股票是我的备用车费和福利.
US [sper] adjective
EXTRA 额外的
 IMPROVER
■If something is spare, it is available to use because it is extra 额外的，备用的；多余的
• a spare key/tyre 备用锁匙／轮胎
• spare sheets and blankets 多余的床单和毛毯
• Have you got a spare pen? 你有多余的笔吗？
• We've got a spare room if you want to stay overnight with us. 要是你想在我们这里过夜的话，我们有一个空房间。
• Could I have a word with you when you've got a spare moment/minute ? 如果你有时间，我能否和你谈两句？
• UK informal "Do you want this cake?" "Yes, if it's going spare (= if no one else wants it)." “你要这块蛋糕吗？”“如果没有别人要，就给我吧。”
spare time
 ADVANCED
■time when you are not working 空闲时间
• I like to do a bit of gardening in my spare time. 我业余时间喜欢做点园艺。
UK [speər] US [sper] adjective
THIN 瘦的 literary
■tall and thin 瘦高的，瘦长的
• He had the spare build of a runner. 他有着赛跑运动员的瘦长体型。
UK [speər] US [sper] adjective
NOT DECORATED 未装饰的 literary usually approving
■plain and not decorated 简朴的，未装饰的
• The interior is spare, almost minimalist. 内部是简朴的，几乎是最简单的。
UK [speər] US [sper] adjective
ANNOYED 生气的
go spare UK informal
■to get very upset or angry 很恼火，很生气
• She goes spare if I'm so much as five minutes late. 如果我迟到五分钟，她就会很生气。
UK [speər] US [sper] verb
SAVE 拯救
transitive
■to not hurt or destroy something or someone 饶恕；不伤害；不毁坏
• They asked him to spare the women and children. 他们要他放过妇女和儿童。
UK [speər] US [sper] verb
AVOID 避免
transitive + two objects
■to prevent someone from having to experience something unpleasant 使避免，使免遭
• Luckily, I was spared the embarrassment of having to sing in front of everyone. 幸运的是，我躲过了在大家面前唱歌的尴尬。
• It was a nasty accident - but I'll spare you (= I won't tell you) the gruesome details. 那是一起严重的事故——我就不跟你讲那些令人毛骨悚然的细节了。
UK [speər] US [sper] verb
TRY HARD 努力尝试
spare no effort/expense
■to use a lot of effort, expense (= money) etc. to do something 不遗余力／不惜成本
• [+ to infinitive] We will spare no effort to find out who did this. 我们会全力以赴，一定查出是谁做了这件事。
not spare yourself formal
■to try as hard as you can to achieve something 竭尽全力，全力以赴
• She never spared herself in the pursuit of excellence. 她竭尽全力追求卓越。
UK [speər] US [sper] verb
GIVE 给
transitive
■to give time, money or space to someone especially when it is difficult for you （尤指在自己困难的情况下）抽出，拨出，挤出
• [+ two objects] Could you spare me £10? 你能抽出十英镑给我吗？
• I'd love to come, but I'm afraid I can't spare the time. 我很想来，但恐怕没时间。
spare a thought for sb
■to think about someone who is in a difficult or unpleasant situation 替（某人）着想
• Spare a thought for me tomorrow, when you're lying on a beach, because I'll still be here in the office! 明天你躺在海滩上的时候，替我想想吧，因为我还在办公室里！
to spare
■left over or more than you need 剩下，多余
• If you've got any wool to spare when you've finished the pullover, can you make me some gloves? 如果你织完毛衣还剩下毛线的话，可以给我织副手套吗？
• I caught the plane with only two minutes to spare. 我赶上飞机时距离起飞只剩两分钟了。
• There's no time/We've got no time to spare if we want to get the article written by tomorrow. 如果我们想明天就把这篇文章写完，那么就没剩多少时间了。
UK [speər] US [sper] verb
spare sb's blushes humorous
■to avoid making someone feel embarrassed 不使（某人）脸红，避免让（某人）难为情
UK [speər] US [sper] verb
Spare the rod and spoil the child. old-fashioned saying
■said to mean that if you do not punish a child when it does something wrong, it will not learn what is right 孩子不打不成器。 爱之深，责之切
UK [speər] US [sper] noun
countable
■an extra thing which is not being used and which can be used instead of a part which is broken, lost, etc. 备用品
countable usually plural (also spare part)
■a piece that can be used to replace another similar piece in a car or other device （汽车或其他设备的）备件，配件
vt. 节约，吝惜；饶恕；分出，分让
 - economize on, save on
vi. 饶恕，宽恕；节约
 - excuse from, economize on
adj. 多余的；瘦的；少量的
 - thin, unnecessary, waste, redundant, superfluous
n. 剩余；备用零件
 - surplus, residual

Word: halfway
Front: halfway
[ˌhɑ:fˈweɪ] (4587/6848 -2)
Vocabulary: halfway
(once / 1032 pages)
1advadj 2adj
When you're halfway, you're at the middle point of something. If you pause to catch your breath halfway up a hill, you still have half the hill left to climb.
You can make it halfway along a marathon route, or 13 miles, and you can also make it halfway through your book before you fall asleep. You might only make it halfway through an enormous slice of cake, or halfway through math class before you start to nod off. A halfway house, originally an inn between two cities, but today it's a place where released criminals or recovered addicts can live while they get back on their feet.
WORD FAMILY
halfway: halfways
USAGE EXAMPLES
Halfway through his first season at City, the 45-year-old former Barcelona and Bayern Munich coach said: “It might be one of my last teams.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Halfway through his term, the Indian prime minister’s popularity is still enormous, measured at 81% by a Pew poll in September.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
In 2002, halfway through his second term as prime minister, Guterres abruptly resigned after the Socialists suffered a drubbing in local elections.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adv. 在中途; 到一半; 在中间; 大致上
分布：不彻底的(47%)，中途的(25%)，半路地(14%)，在…中间(7%)，折中地(7%)
US [ˌhæf-] adjective adverb
■in the middle of something, or at a place which is equally far from two other places 在中间（的）；在中途（的）
• York is halfway between Edinburgh and London. 约克位于爱丁堡和伦敦的中间。
• I'd like you to look at the diagram which is halfway down page 27. 请你们往下看27页中间的图表。
• She started feeling sick halfway through dinner. 她饭吃到一半就开始感到恶心。
• The management's proposals don't even go halfway towards meeting our demands. 管理阶层的提案距离我们的要求还差得远呢。
UK [ˌhɑ:f'weɪ] US [ˌhæf-] adverb
■not very, but satisfactorily 还可以，过得去
• Any halfway decent teacher should be able to explain the difference between transitive and intransitive verbs. 任何一个像样的老师都应该能解释及物动词和不及物动词的区别。
adj. 中途的；不彻底的
 - intermediary, inexhaustive

Word: equality
Front: equality
[iˈkwɒləti] (高研四六托 4590/4197)
Vocabulary: equality
(once / 317 pages)
n
Equality is when things are the same (equal) in some particular way. You had to rethink your campaign for equality in the household when you realized this meant doing your own laundry and sharing the remote control.
Equality means "the state of being equal." It's one of the ideals a democratic society, and so the fight to attain different kinds of equality, like racial equality, gender equality, or equality of opportunity between rich and poor, is often associated with progress toward that ideal of everyone being truly equal. Equality doesn't have to be used only for social ideals, though. There can be equality in weight between two barrels of apples, or between two molecules.
WORD FAMILY
equality: equalitarian, equalities, inequality +/coequal: coequally/ equable: equablest, equably/ equal: coequal, equaled, equaling, equalise, equality, equalize, equalled, equalling, equally, equals, equate, unequal/equaled: unequaled/equalisation: equalisations/equalise: equalisation, equalised, equaliser, equalises, equalising/equalised: unequalised/equalitarian: equalitarianism/equalization: equalizations/equalize: equalization, equalized, equalizer, equalizes, equalizing/equalized: unequalized/equalizer: equalizers/equalled: unequalled/ equate: equable, equatability, equated, equates, equating, equation, equator / equation: equations/ equator: equatorial, equators/equatorial: equatorially, equatorials/ inequality: inequalities/unequal: unequally
USAGE EXAMPLES
“It reduced everything to the equality of objects. Everything became exchangeable because everything became a commodity.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Jane Lane, from the Race Equality Foundation, believes the issues are not solely to do with colour.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
Smith, of Equality Texas, said that Texas’s conservative politicians telegraphed their intentions to introduce more anti-equality legislation long before Trump’s victory.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 同等，平等; [数]相等，等式
分布：平等(96%)，同等(4%)
→来自equal, 平等的。
平等(equal+ity)[equ,equi=equal,even,表示"相等,平均"]
平等(equal平等的)[-ity表名词,指具备某种性质]
n.同等;平等;相等;等式;等同性In some countries black people do not have equality with white people.在某些国家黑人没有和白人同等的权利.
US [-'kwɑ:.lə.tˌi] noun uncountable
 IMPROVER
■the right of different groups of people to have a similar social position and receive the same treatment （社会地位、待遇上的）平等；均等
• equality between the sexes 男女平等
• racial equality 种族平等
n. 平等；相等； [数] 等式
 - equivalence, egality

Word: cemetery
Front: cemetery
[ˈsemətri] (研雅宝 4589/5666 -2)
Vocabulary: cemetery
(once / 663 pages)
n
A cemetery is the land used for burials. If you are 11 and you purchase a plot in a cemetery, you are planning too far ahead.
Cemetery comes all the way from the Greek work koimētērion, which means "sleeping place." But the sleep you do in cemeteries is an eternal one. Cemeteries can often be found near churches, or in big parks outside of cities, usually gated off because the ground has been consecrated, or blessed. Sometimes we use cemetery metaphorically. The sea is a cemetery for shipwrecked sailors, just as a junk shop might be a cemetery for old shoes.
WORD FAMILY
cemetery: cemeteries
USAGE EXAMPLES
The 4,000 tickets to the 31 July event at the cemetery will be available through a public ballot online at www.passchendaele100.org until 24 February.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
With all the hallmarks of a village inn, The Flask is very close to Highgate Cemetery - the burial place of Karl Marx.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Lewis and Clark County Deputy Coroner Heather Tupper says authorities responded to the discovery at an intersection about two blocks south of Forestvale Cemetery.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 墓地，公墓
分布：墓地(100%)
→来自kei, 躺，休息，词源同home, city. 委婉语。-et, 小词后缀，-ery, 地点后缀。
坟墓(cemet)[-ery 1.表名词"场所,地点"2.表名词"行为,情况"]
墓地[cem=sleep(睡)]
n.坟墓,墓地,坟场The dog was buried in the cemetery.这只狗被埋在了公墓里.
US [-ter.i] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■an area of ground in which dead bodies are buried, especially one which is not next to a church （尤指不靠近教堂的）公墓，墓地
n. 墓地；公墓
 - graveyard, boneyard

Word: harassment
Front: harassment
['hærəsmənt] (研雅 4591/7628)
Vocabulary: harassment
(once / 3595 pages)
n
If someone is abusing, insulting, or otherwise harming you on a regular basis, it's called harassment. Cruel and usually really annoying, harassment is also illegal in some cases.
Harassment is a word that describes any kind of ongoing torment. At school, harassment is often known as bullying. In the workplace, employees need to be careful about sexual harassment. Harassment involves persistent attacks or abuse, and can range from shouting racial slurs to crank calling your ex-boyfriend every night at 3am. Even teasing your kid sister about her braces could be considered harassment.
WORD FAMILY
harassment: harassments+/ harass: harassed, harasser, harasses, harassing, harassment /harassed: harassedly/harasser: harassers
USAGE EXAMPLES
When I interviewed her, I kept forgetting this, since I’d never subject a human to such harassment.
The New Yorker(Dec 31, 2016)
But two weeks later, the dealing and the harassment resumed.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
He was charged with trespass, menacing, harassment, disorderly conduct and unlawful use of a weapon.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 骚扰，扰乱; 折磨人的东西; 烦恼，忧虑; 袭扰
分布：骚扰(95%)，困扰(5%)
烦恼,骚扰(harass骚扰)[-ment 1.表名词"行为或结果"2.表示具体物]
n.骚扰,扰乱;烦恼,烦乱
noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■behaviour that annoys or upsets someone 骚扰行为
• sexual harassment 性骚扰
n. 骚扰；烦恼
 - worry, trouble

Word: deliberately
Front: deliberately
[dɪˈlɪbərətli] (高四六托 4592/2806 -K)
Vocabulary: deliberately
(once / 354 pages)
adv
Deliberately means on purpose. For example, you may have noticed how the schoolyard bully deliberately chose to pick on the smallest kids at recess.
The adverb deliberately originates from the Latin word deliberatus, meaning "resolved upon, determined." Used to describe an action made intentionally, it can also mean doing something in a careful, thoughtful manner. You probably cringed when the pitcher deliberately hurled the ball into the star batter's leg so he would walk rather than hitting another home run. Or perhaps you witnessed a college professor stroking his beard deliberately in response to a classmate's challenging question.
WORD FAMILY
deliberate: deliberated, deliberately, deliberateness, deliberates, deliberating, deliberatingly, deliberation, deliberative+/ deliberation: deliberations/deliberative: deliberatively
USAGE EXAMPLES
These days, such deliberately crafted products are simply too costly to compete for a mass market.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The effects of small imbalances between calories eaten and calories burned are more pronounced when people deliberately lose weight, Dr. Hall said.
New York Times(May 02, 2016)
Critics say proponents deliberately minimize the dangers, starting with their use of sanitizing nomenclature like “ECT.”
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adv. 故意地; 深思熟虑地; 从容不迫地
分布：故意地(75%)，不慌不忙地(25%)
【反】summarily（adv 概要地；草率地）
US [-ɚ-] adverb
 IMPROVER
■intentionally 故意地
• I'm sure he says these things deliberately to annoy me. 我敢肯定他是故意说这些来气我的。
■slowly and carefully 慢慢地，谨慎地
• Calmly and deliberately, she poured petrol over the car and set it alight. 她平静而沉稳地把汽油浇在车上，然后点着了火。
deliberately, on purpose
上述用作副词的词和词组均有“有意地、故意地”之意。
deliberately: 指经过深思熟虑后而行事。
on purpose: 侧重所作所为具有特殊目的。
adv. 故意地；谨慎地；慎重地
 - intentionally, purposely

Word: fame
Front: fame
[feɪm] (研四六托雅 4593/5040 -K2)
Vocabulary: fame
(once / 56 pages)
n
Fame is what you have if you're a celebrity: a lot of people know who you are. A musician's fame might mean she wears sunglasses and a baseball cap to disguise herself when she's in public.
Movie stars, rock stars, well-known public figures — these are all people who have achieved some amount of fame. You may have a kind of fame in a much smaller sphere: "She won every spelling bee in the state, which gave her some fame at her school." Fame is an Old French word that means "reputation or renown," from the Latin fama, "rumor, reputation, or renown," and also "ill-fame" or "scandal."
WORD FAMILY
fame: defame, fames, famous +/ defamation: defamations/ defame: defamation, defamatory, defamed, defamer, defames, defaming/defamer: defamers/ famous: famouser, famousest, famously
USAGE EXAMPLES
Roger Clemens fails to get votes necessary for Baseball Hall of Fame, hurls bat shard at Mike Piazza’s plaque in Cooperstown.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In 2007, he was inducted into the Hall of Fame.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Conrad, 30, rose to fame in the reality TV show Laguna Beach: The Real Orange County and subsequently got her own spinoff show, The Hills.
Time(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 名声; 名望; 传闻; 传说
vt. 使闻名; 使出名; 使有名望; <古>盛传
分布：名声(67%)，名望(29%)，使出名(4%)
→来自bha, 说，告知，词源同phone, fable.引申为众人皆知的，有名声。
n.名声;名望;传说vt使出名;传扬...的名The writer's fame spread all over the country.这位作家名震全国.
noun uncountable
 IMPROVER
■when you are known or recognized by many people because of your achievements, skills, etc 名声，名气；声誉；名望
• She first rose to fame as a singer at the age of 16. 她16岁时便作为歌手一举成名。
• She moved to London in search of fame and fortune. 她为了追逐名利移居伦敦。
• The town's fame rests on its beautiful 14th-century abbey. 这个镇因其建于14世纪的美丽修道院而闻名。
fame, honor, reputation
这些词都可表名声。
fame: 是常用词，一般指好的名声。如：He was not anxious for fame.(他并不渴望成名。)
honor: 荣誉，尊敬，指受到公众崇敬的荣誉和光荣。如：This is an honor more than I can deserve.(这光荣我受之有愧。)
reputation: 名誉，指公众对某人的看法，可好可坏。如：He has a reputation for laziness.(他的懒惰出了名。)
renown, honour, fame, glory, reputation
这组词都有“名声，名誉”的意思，其区别是：
renown: 指远近闻名的声誉。
honour: 侧重指因高尚的举止，忠心或诚实而受到公众钦佩和崇敬，得到好名声和荣誉。
fame: 普通用词，含义广，一般指好名声，可大可小，可远可近。
glory: 指因功绩卓著而获得的令人称颂的光荣或荣誉地位。
reputation: 通常指熟悉某人或某地的人对该人、该地的看法，可好可坏。
n. 名声，名望；传闻，传说
 - tradition, celebrity, tale

Word: regret
Front: regret
[rɪˈgret] (中高研四六 4595/3773 -K3)
Vocabulary: regret
(once / 111 pages)
vn
To regret something is to wish it had never happened. Wish you hadn't reached for that fourth piece of chocolate cake? You regret it.
Regret is often called a useless emotion, because you can only regret what has already taken place. It's too late to change things, so all that's left to do is regret. Regret can also function as a noun, as in the feeling of regret you have when you realize that you should have been nicer to your kid sister and should have not locked her into the dog crate for the afternoon. You often hear people exclaim "No regrets!" when they talk about their life choices, but we're dubious because who doesn't have at least one horrible outfit in their memory that makes them cringe with a feeling of regret?
WORD FAMILY
regret: regretful, regrets, regrettable, regretted, regretting+/ regretful: regretfully, unregretful/ regrettable: regrettably /regretting: unregretting/unregretful: unregretfully
USAGE EXAMPLES
Such regrets carry added weight when the work is left undone.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“It’s something that Roof will likely regret,” Mr. Greenspun predicted of his choice to represent himself.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Chances are that the universe neither treasures nor regrets us.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. 后悔，悔恨; 遗憾，抱歉; 悼念，哀悼
vi. 感到后悔，感到抱歉
n. 遗憾，惋惜; 后悔，悔恨; 哀悼
时态：regretted, regretting, regrets
分布：遗憾(49%)，后悔(35%)，抱歉(10%)，惋惜(5%)，为 ... 感到遗憾(1%)
→re-,表强调，-gret,哭喊，呼叫，词源同 greet.引申词义遗憾，懊悔。
v./n.遗憾,懊悔,抱歉I didn't regret the choice I had made.我做了这个选择并不后悔.
noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■a feeling of sadness about something sad or wrong or about a mistake that you have made, and a wish that it could have been different and better 懊悔，遗憾；惋惜；痛惜
• I left school at 16, but I've had a great life and I have no regrets. 我16岁就辍学了，但是我的人生很成功，我没有甚么可遗憾的。
• The manager expressed deep regret at/for the number of staff reductions. 被裁减的员工人数众多，对此经理深表遗憾。
• We think, much to our regret (= and we are very sorry about this) , that we will not be able to visit you next year. 我们觉得，明年可能没法到你们家去做客了，真是遗憾。
send (sb) your regrets
■to send a polite message that you cannot go to a party, etc （因为不能赴会等）（向某人）表示歉意，致歉辞谢
• We did have an invitation, but we had to send Graham our regrets. 我们确实收到了请柬，但是我们脱不开身，不得不向格雷厄姆致歉辞谢。
[rɪ'gret] verb transitive (-tt-)
 IMPROVER
■to feel sorry about a situation, especially something sad or wrong or a mistake that you have made 懊悔，遗憾；惋惜；痛惜
• Is there anything you've done in your life that you regret? 你一生中做过甚么令你感到懊悔的事情没有？
• [+ -ing verb] I have always regretted not having studied harder at school. 我总是后悔在学校时没有更加努力学习。
• [+ (that)] formal The council regrets (that) the money to subsidise the youth club is no longer available. 市政会因为无法再向青少年俱乐部提供资助而深表遗憾。
• [+ to infinitive] formal British Airways regret to announce the cancellation of flight BA205 to Madrid. 英国航空公司非常遗憾地通知乘客，飞往马德里的 BA205 次航班取消了。
repent, regret
这组词都有“后悔”的意思，其区别是：
repent: 正式用词，语气较强，指对自己所做的错事或不该做的事感到深切的悔恨。
regret: 指对已发生或未发生的事或行为表示后悔或婉惜。
n. 遗憾；抱歉；悲叹
 - pity, sorriness
vt. 后悔；惋惜；哀悼
 - grieve over, mourn over

Word: striking
Front: striking
[ˈstraɪkɪŋ] (研六托雅宝 4594/3929 -K3)
Vocabulary: striking
(once / 134 pages)
adjn
Something striking grabs your attention because it’s vivid and surprising. Many twins have a striking resemblance. People in red satin evening gowns, the pyramids in Egypt, and platform heels with fish in them are also striking.
Anything striking is hard not to notice; it almost hits, or strikes, you with surprise, like a toddler in a tuxedo. People can be striking, and so can landscapes — one of the most striking sights in the world is the Grand Canyon, which is why so many people visit just to look at it. Non-visual things can be striking too, like a striking thought that makes you shout, “Eureka!”
WORD FAMILY
striking: strikingly, strikingness, strikings+/counterstrike: counterstrikes/ stricken: strickenly/ strike: counterstrike, stricken, striker, strikes, striking /striker: strikers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Its visible geothermal features are nowhere near as striking as Yellowstone’s geysers and consist mainly of above-ground, pungent smelling sulphur springs.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Coventry police say the woman slipped Friday night and the gun she was carrying discharged, striking her.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Compared with forebears such as these, what is striking about Trump is how little he engages, at least explicitly, with questions of culture and identity.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 显著的; 引人注目的; 容貌出众的; 妩媚动人的
v. 打( strike的现在分词); 击; 敲响; 报时
分布：显著的(86%)，吸引人的(11%)，动词strike的现在分词形式.(3%)
a.显著的;惹人注目的,容貌出众的Likewise, my bike gave a striking strike to the two men alike.同样,我的自行车给那两个相象的人惊人的打击.
adjective
 ADVANCED
■very unusual or easily noticed, and therefore attracting a lot of attention 异乎寻常的，惊人的；引人注目的
• She bears a striking resemblance to her mother. 她酷似她母亲。
• There's a striking contrast between what he does and what he says he does. 他的所作所为和他所说的话大相径庭。
• St Peter's Church is a striking example of mission revival architecture. 圣彼得教堂是教会复兴风格建筑的典范之作。
• There are striking similarities between the two cases. 两宗案件之间有惊人的相似之处。
• Their production of Macbeth was the most visually striking performance I've ever seen. 他们制作的这部《马克白》是我见过的版本中最具视觉冲击的。
 ADVANCED
■more attractive than usual 妩媚动人的；很有魅力的
• He's quite good-looking, but he's not as striking as his brother. 他长得很不错，但还不像他弟弟那么有魅力。
striking, remarkable, noticeable, outstanding, conspicuous
这组词都有“显著的，引人注意的”的意思，其区别是：
striking: 侧重能给观察者产生强烈而深刻印象。
remarkable: 通常指因有与众不同的特点或优越性而引起人们注意或称道。
noticeable: 指所描绘的事物引人注意。
outstanding: 通常指与同行或同类的人相比显得优秀或杰出，或具有他人或别的事物所没有的特征。
conspicuous: 通常指因成绩卓著，而引人注意，或指因外观奇特、花哨或言行举止不合常规而令人注意。
striking, remarkable, unusual, prominent, outstanding, extraordinary
striking: 引人注意的，饶有兴趣的；（因相貌好）吸引人的，惹人注目的
remarkable: 值得注意的，不寻常的；独特的
unusual: 罕见的，异乎寻常的；独特的，与众不同的
prominent: 凸出的,显著的，惹人注目的,杰出的，重要的
outstanding: 杰出的，优秀的；地位显著的，为人瞩目的，（报酬、工作、问题等）未偿付的，未完成的，未解决的
extraordinary: 不平常的，不普通的，非常的，格外的，；（安排、会议等）特别的，（官员）特命的，特派的
adj. 显著的，突出的，惊人的；打击的； [劳经] 罢工的
 - prominent, obvious, marked, tremendous, noted
v. 打（strike的ing形式）
 - beating

Word: likelihood
Front: likelihood
[ˈlaɪklihʊd] (研四六雅 4596/4994 -2)
Vocabulary: likelihood
(once / 1348 pages)
n
The likelihood of something means the odds that it will happen, or how likely a particular outcome is. Your likelihood of winning the lottery is pretty slim.
If you figured out the likelihood of winning the lottery before you bought a scratch ticket, you might end up spending your money on something else. Likelihood indicates probability or chance. The likelihood that you'll convince your stubborn dog to get in your car completely depends on how many dog treats you've got in your pocket.
WORD FAMILY
likelihood: likelihoods, unlikelihood+/ dislike: dislikable, disliked, dislikes, disliking/ likable: likably/ like: dislike, likable, likeable, liked, likely, likeness, likes, likest, liking, unlike/likeable: likeably/ likely: likelihood, likeliness, likelys, unlikely/ likeness: likenesses/liking: likings/unlike: unlikable, unlikeable, unlikeness/unlikelihood: unlikelihoods/unlikeliness: unlikelinesses/unlikely: unlikeliness/unlikeness: unlikenesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
"The likelihood is that, because of its location, most of the early landlords were connected with horses, carriages and stabling," writes Dailey.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
That increases the likelihood of inconsistencies and errors.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Court of Appeals for the 6th Circuit increases the likelihood that Ohio will resume executions in February.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 可能，可能性; [数]似然，似真
分布：可能性(100%)
→来自likely,可能的，-hood,名词后缀。
可能性(likely可能的)[-hood表名词"时期,性质等"]
n.可能性There was no likelihood of his winning.他不可能获胜.
noun uncountable
■the chance that something will happen 可能，可能性
• This latest dispute greatly increases the likelihood of a strike. 最近的这场冲突极大地增加了罢工的可能性。
• [+ that] There is every likelihood that more jobs will be lost later this year. 今年晚些时候很可能会有更多的人失业。
• There is little likelihood now that interest rates will come down further. 现在利率进一步下降的可能性几乎为零。
n. 可能性，可能
 - possibility, probability, feasibility, potential, maybe

Word: carrot
Front: carrot
[ˈkærət] (高研四六雅 4597/6034 -K2)
Vocabulary: carrot
(once / 1219 pages)
1n 2n
A carrot is a long, orange root vegetable. Carrots can be planted as tiny seeds and grown in a backyard garden.
Carrots are a popular vegetable to eat raw on their own, or chopped and tossed in a salad. You can also cook carrots, or grate them and make a carrot cake. You might also use the word carrot to mean an implied reward, especially in the phrase "carrot and stick," which comes from the idea of enticing a donkey or mule forward with a carrot, or punishing it for not moving by hitting it with a stick.
WORD FAMILY
carrot: carrots, carroty
USAGE EXAMPLES
In winter that means lots of carrots, baby brussels sprouts and apples.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
A one-day soup cleanse incorporates bottles of cauliflower coconut, carrot turmeric and a shiitake mushroom vegan bone broth. Priced from $55 for five soups.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Add the onion, carrots, celery, garlic and thyme and season with ½ teaspoon salt and several grinds of pepper, or to taste.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 胡萝卜; 〈非正式〉好处，回报; 不能兑现的报酬
分布：胡萝卜(99%)，报酬(1%)
→词源同horn, 角。因形似动物角而得名。
n.胡萝卜I want some more carrot.我还要一些红萝卜.
US ['ker-] noun
VEGETABLE 蔬菜
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■a long pointed orange root eaten as a vegetable 胡萝卜
UK ['kær.ət] US ['ker-] noun
REWARD 奖赏
countable informal
■something that is offered to someone in order to encourage them to do something （为鼓励而给的）好处，甜头，奖赏
UK ['kær.ət] US ['ker-] noun
carrot and stick
■a system in which you are rewarded for some actions and threatened with punishment for others 胡萝卜加大棒（政策）；软硬兼施，威逼利诱，恩威并重
• Sometimes I just have to resort to the carrot and stick approach with my children. 有时候我只能对我的孩子采取软硬兼施的办法。
n. [园艺] 胡萝卜
 - carota

Word: atop
Front: atop
[əˈtɒp] (4600/19832 -1)
Vocabulary: atop
(once / 1928 pages)
adv
Use the adverb atop when something is on the top of something else. You could say, for example, "I'm standing atop of the chicken coop, getting ready to jump in that pile of leaves."
The word atop is somewhat old fashioned, but it's still a good way to describe being at the very top of something. You might live atop of the highest hill in town, or enjoy looking out your window to watch birds land atop of the garage. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the word was spelled with a hyphen: a-top. It took its current form, atop, in the nineteenth century.
WORD FAMILY
atop
USAGE EXAMPLES
Atop the conference, some separation is starting to occur.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Troops and commanders pose atop tanks, Humvees, checkpoints and even on the front lines with bullets flying.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
The grass-fed meat, cooked long and slow with about 16 spices, sits atop a generous mound of rice, each tiny grain perfectly thin and fluffed.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: adv. & prep. 在（…）顶上
分布：在顶上(78%)，在 ... 的顶上(22%)
US [-'tɑ:p] mainly US
preposition
■on or at the top of 在…之上，在…顶上
• She sat atop a two-metre high wall. 她坐在一道两米高的墙上。

Word: toll
Front: toll
[təʊl] (研托雅宝 4599/6043 -2)
Vocabulary: toll
(once / 585 pages)
1nv 2vn
A toll is a payment made for something. To drive on some highways, drivers have to pay a toll when they exit.
Toll comes from the Greek word for "tax," telos. When a fee is charged for the privilege of driving on a road or crossing a bridge, it's called a toll. Another kind of toll is the charge to make a long distance telephone call. Occasionally, toll refers to a different kind of cost — a loss of human life: the human toll of an earthquake or war. Finally, there's the toll, or deep ringing sound, of a bell.
WORD FAMILY
toll: tolled, toller, tolling, tolls+/toller: tollers
USAGE EXAMPLES
They say all potential revenue increases should be on the table, including raising the gas tax and imposing tolls.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Up to 35 other people were wounded in that attack, he said, adding that the death toll was expected to rise.
Time(Jan 02, 2017)
But Assembly Speaker Robin Vos and other Assembly Republicans argue everything, including tolling and tax and fee increases, should be considered.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 通行费; 伤亡人数; 钟声; 长途电话费
v. 鸣钟; 敲钟
时态：tolled, tolling, tolls
分布：代价(34%)，通行费(30%)，钟声(15%)，敲钟(14%)，伤亡人数(7%)
→来自古英语 toll,费用，税费，关税，来自 Proto-Germanic*tullo,计算数，告知，来自 dol, 计算，思考，词源同 tell,tall.引申诸相关词义。
n.(道路,桥等的)通行费;牺牲;死伤人数Automobile accidents take a heavy toll of human lives.车祸使许多人丧生.
US [toʊl] noun
CHARGE 收费
countable
■a small amount of money that you have to pay to use a road, cross a bridge, etc （道路、桥梁等的）通行费
• He's just got a job collecting tolls at the start of the motorway. 他刚刚得到了一份在高速公路入口处收通行费的工作。
countable US
■the money a long-distance telephone call costs 长途电话费
• Is Bayonne a toll call (= a more expensive telephone call) from New York? 从纽约打电话到贝约纳是长途吗？
UK [təʊl] US [toʊl] noun
SUFFERING 痛苦
 ADVANCED uncountable
■suffering, deaths or damage 伤亡；损失；破坏
• Independent sources say that the death toll from the earthquake runs into thousands. 独立消息人士称地震中的伤亡人数达到数千人。
UK [təʊl] US [toʊl] noun
take its/their/a toll
■If something takes its/their/a toll, it causes suffering, deaths or damage 造成损失（或伤亡、破坏）
• The problems of the past few months have taken their toll on her health and there are shadows beneath her eyes. 过去几个月的问题影响了她的健康，她眼睛出现黑眼圈。
• The deepening recession has also taken its toll in the south of the country, where unemployment is rife. 日益加剧的经济衰退也严重影响到该国南部地区，那里的失业率居高不下。
UK [təʊl] US [toʊl] verb intransitive or transitive
■to (cause a large bell to) ring slowly and repeatedly （使）缓慢而反覆地鸣响
• In the distance, a church bell tolled the hour (= showed the time by ringing). 远处传来教堂报时的钟声。
vt. 征收；敲钟
 - ring, levy upon
n. [税收] 通行费；代价；钟声
 - price, expense, cost, ring, bell
vi. 鸣钟；征税
 - ring the bell, levy tax

Word: rim
Front: rim
[rɪm] (研六托雅 4602/6963 -1)
Vocabulary: rim
(once / 640 pages)
nv
A rim is an edge. The rim of a mug is where you put your mouth to drink hot chocolate, and the rim holding a basketball net is where you're aiming when you shoot the ball.
People often use the word rim for the lip of a cup or bowl. You can also use the word rim for the circle at the top of a basketball hoop. There's also the rim of a wheel — the part the tire is attached to — and the rim of your eyeglasses. Rim comes from the Old English rima, "edge," which appears in the Old English word særima, "seashore," or "rim of the sea."
WORD FAMILY
rim: rimless, rimmed, rimming, rims
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Wildcats also attacked the rim, repeatedly drew fouls and cashed in with a 21-for-23 performance at the free throw line.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Violet, green, or pink light darts around the top rim, then settles near the speaker.
The New Yorker(Dec 31, 2016)
He veered to the baseline while Porter ran to the rim, and what happened next sent fans to their feet.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. （圆形器皿的）边，缘，框; 轮缘
vt. 环绕（圆形或环形物的）边缘; 镶边
vt. & vi. 形成…的边沿，给…镶边
时态：rimmed, rimming, rims
分布：边(88%)，框(6%)，镶边(4%)，形成边缘(2%)
→来自古英语 rima,边沿，边界，河岩，海岸，来自 Proto-Germanic*remo,边沿，边界，可能来 自 rei,撕，刮，词源同 rive,rift.后词义通用化。
n.(圆物的)边,边缘;(眼镜)框With a dim triumph, she trims the swimming-suit rim at the swimming-pool brim.她带着暗淡的喜悦在泳池边整理泳装的边缘.
noun countable
■the outer, often curved or circular, edge of something （圆形物的）外缘，边缘
• The rim of the cup was chipped and broken. 杯口上碰出了裂纹，碎了。
• My reading glasses have wire rims. 我阅读用的眼镜是金属丝边的。
[rɪm] verb transitive (-mm-)
■to be round or along the edge of something 环绕（某物的边缘）；形成…的边沿；给…镶边
• The glass was rimmed with sugar. 杯口上沾了一圈糖。
verge, edge, brim, margin, border, fringe, rim
这组词都有“边，边缘”的意思，其区别是：
verge: 指明显地标志一个表在或一广阔空间的边界，或终端线，也指极狭窄的空间。常用作比喻。
edge: 普通用词，指较窄的边沿。
brim: 指深容器的内边或河、湖等水域的最高线。
margin: 指物体的空白边，一般较宽。
border: 侧重刚好在界线内的一部分表面上，指较宽的边缘，也可指边缘本身。
fringe: 指地毯的须边、围巾的花边、烫发的卷边或人群的边缘。
rim: 指圆形或有曲线的物体的边缘。
frontier, verge, border, boundary, rim
这组词都有“边界”的意思，其区别是：
frontier: n.边界，边境，边疆，指靠近边界(boundary)的区域；也可引申为"未开发的领域"，"(学术的)前沿"等。
 • The American West was still a frontier a century ago.   一个世纪以前美国西部还是一片边疆。
 • She is a biochemist who works on the frontiers of biology.   她是从事生物学前沿研究的生化学家。
verge: n. (道路、花坛等长着草的)边缘，引申为"某事即将发生之际"。
 • on the verge of war   战争爆发之际
border: n.较宽的边缘，边界，多指两国或两地之间的分界处附近的边缘地区、边界地带；也可以指物体的边缘等。
 • We crossed the Mexican bordersintosthe USA.   我们穿过墨西哥边界进入美国境内。
boundary: n.边界；界线。多指作为界线的标识物等。
 • The fence marks the boundary between my land and hers.   这道栅栏是我的地和她的地的分界线。
rim: n.边，边缘，尤指圆形或近似圆形的物体的边缘。
n. 边，边缘；轮辋；圆圈
 - margin, suburb

Word: embarrassed
Front: embarrassed
[ɪmˈbærəst] (4601/4732 -K2)
Vocabulary: embarrassed
(once / 501 pages)
adj
If you trip and spill your drink all over yourself in front of that really cute guy and then you say something stupid, you may end up embarrassed, meaning you feel really silly and awkward.
Use the adjective embarrassed to describe people who exhibit a red-faced, self-conscious shame. If you’re embarrassed, it's probably a result of a situation or action that makes you look bad or appear foolish, like that time you had the toilet paper stuck on your shoe, or forgot to zip your fly at a big business meeting. Avoid becoming embarrassed over your spelling ability by remembering that the word embarrassed has two "r"s and two "s"s.
WORD FAMILY
embarrassed: embarrassedly, unembarrassed+/disembarrass: disembarrassed, disembarrasses, disembarrassing, disembarrassment/ embarrass: disembarrass, embarrassed, embarrasses, embarrassing, embarrassment / embarrassing: embarrassingly/ embarrassment: embarrassments/unembarrassed: unembarrassedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
“First time I’ve ever been so embarrassed by you guys.”
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
I was too embarrassed to tell them the truth: Being thin was more important than breathing.
Salon(Jan 01, 2017)
Like so many people around the world, though, the Buckeyes were undeniably embarrassed on New Year’s Eve.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 局促不安的; 为难的; 尴尬的; 窘迫的
v. （使）窘迫，（使）局促不安( embarrass的过去式和过去分词)
分布：尴尬的(72%)，拮据的(16%)，局促不安的(12%)
US [-'ber-] adjective
 IMPROVER
■feeling ashamed or shy 窘迫的，尴尬的；害羞的
• She felt embarrassed about undressing in front of the doctor. 在医生面前脱衣服让她觉得很尴尬。
• [+ to infinitive] I was too embarrassed to admit that I was scared. 我不好意思承认我被吓坏了。
financially embarrassed humorous
■having no money 拮据的
adj. 尴尬的；窘迫的
 - awkward, abashed

Word: fucking
Front: fucking
[ˈfʌkɪŋ] (4629/3915)
Back: adj. 该死的; 非常的; 低劣的
v. 性交( fuck的现在分词); 使受害
分布：非常地(100%)
adjective adverb offensive
■used to emphasize a statement, especially an angry one （用于强调，尤用于生气时）他妈的，该死的
• What a fucking waste of time! 真他妈的浪费时间！
• He's a fucking idiot. 他真他妈的是个白痴。
• He'd fucking well better do it. 他最好他妈的把那件事干了。
adj. 他妈的；难完成的；非常的；低劣的
 - intense, mean, base
v. 欺骗；利用；诅咒（fuck的ing形式）
 - utilizing, improving, deceiving

Word: cling
Front: cling
[klɪŋ] (研六托雅宝 4605/3983 -2)
Vocabulary: cling
(once / 167 pages)
1v 2n
To cling is to tightly grasp something or to stick closely to something, like how wet clothes cling to the wearer.
Clinging has to do with closeness. A scared child will cling to his parent, holding on tight. People in love cling to one another in embraces. When you're on a roller coaster, it's best to cling to whatever restraint you can. Similarly, things cling to each other when they're hard to separate. Clothes fresh out of the dryer often cling to each other. Strands of cooked spaghetti cling to each other. Stretchy clothing like spandex clings to the bodies of the people who wear it.
WORD FAMILY
cling: clinged, clinging, clings, clung
USAGE EXAMPLES
He clung to his Methodism while criticizing some of its dogma.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Rather than examine what’s really wrong with Metro, they cling to the baseless claim that Metro’s problems stem predominately from a lack of taxpayer funding.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
After five seasons spent clinging to the narrative of George R.R.
Salon(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vi. 附着于，紧贴; 抓紧或抱住; 坚持; 沿（岸）前进，贴着（墙）走
vt. 依恋，依附于
时态：clung, clinging, clings
分布：坚持(51%)，紧贴(16%)，紧抓(13%)，附着(13%)，依恋(7%)
→来自glei,黏，粘，词源同clay,glue.
v.(to)粘住;依附;坚持I perceived that the veil clung on the ceiling of the clinic was deceit.我觉察到粘附在诊所天花板上的幔子是个骗局.
(clung, clung)
verb
HOLD 抓握
 ADVANCED intransitive + adverb or preposition
■to stick onto or hold something or someone tightly, or to refuse to stop holding them 依附，附着；抓紧，抱紧
• We got so wet that our clothes clung to us. 我们湿透了，衣服紧紧地贴在身上。
• They clung together in terror as the screams grew louder. 尖叫声越来越大，他们惊慌地紧紧抱在一起。
• One little girl was clinging onto a cuddly toy. 一个小女孩紧紧抱着一件可爱的玩具。
• She clung to the handrail as she walked down the slippery steps. 她沿着滑溜溜的台阶往下走时紧紧抓住扶手。
[klɪŋ] (clung, clung)
verb
STAY CLOSE 紧挨着
   intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to stay close or near 紧挨着；接近；贴近
• The road clings to (= closely follows) the coastline for several miles, then it turns inland. 这条路沿海岸线延伸了几英里，然后转向内陆。
intransitive disapproving
■to stay close to someone who is looking after you, because you need their support 依恋，依附
• Jenny is the kind of child who always clings whenever she's taken to a new place. 珍妮是那种每到一个陌生地方都会很黏人的孩子。
[klɪŋ] (clung, clung)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  cling (on) to sth
■to try very hard to keep something 努力保持；尽力保留；紧抓…不放
• He clung on to power for another ten years. 他把持权力又把持了十年。
[klɪŋ] (clung, clung)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  cling to sth
■to refuse to stop believing or hoping for something 坚持，保持，死死抱住（信念或希望）
• She clings to the hope that her husband will come back to her. 她坚信丈夫一定会回到自己身边。
persevere, insist, persist, cling, adhere
这组词都有“坚持”的意思，其区别是：
persevere: 含褒义，强调坚持不懈的努力。
insist: 通常用于对意见、主张等的坚持。
persist: 用于褒义指坚持继续做某事，但更常用于贬义，指不听劝告，顽固坚持。
cling: 和to连用，指对信仰、意见、习惯等的坚持。
adhere: 与to连用，指坚持意见、计划或承诺等，含坚持不懈之意。
stick, glue, adhere, cling, cohere
这些动词均有“粘着、附着”之意。
stick: 常指用胶水或浆糊粘贴，词义引申指坚持。
glue: 与stick的本义相同，指用胶水把东西粘合在一起，没有“坚持”的含义。
adhere: 正式用词，语气较严肃刻板，既可指物体粘在一起，也可指坚持信仰或忠于事业等。
cling: 着重靠缠绕、紧抱、紧抓等方式而形成密切关系。也可作引申用。
cohere: 指物质微粒粘合在一起，成为不可分离的整体，强调所形成新物体的不可分割性。可引申指逻辑上的前后一致。
vi. 坚持，墨守；紧贴；附着
 - stay, stand on

Word: isolated
Front: isolated
[ˈaɪsəleɪtɪd] (托雅 4604/4105 -2)
Vocabulary: isolated
(once / 456 pages)
adj
Isolated means far away from everyone or everything else. The hermit who lives on a remote island is isolated from the rest of the world, with nothing but coconuts and fish to keep him company.
The word isolated comes from the Latin word insula, which means island. You don't have to be on a remote island to feel isolated, though. Even people who live in big cities can feel a sense of isolation if they don't have many friends and spend a lot of time alone. In addition to remote or set apart, isolated can mean a single event, or incident. The high school students assured their principal that the cafeteria food fight was an isolated incident, promising that it would never, ever happen again.
WORD FAMILY
isolated: isolatedly+/ isolate: isolable, isolated, isolates, isolating, isolation / isolation: isolationism, isolations/ isolationism: isolationist, isolationistic/isolationist: isolationists
USAGE EXAMPLES
His contentious Twitter posts belie his relative calm when he is at Mar-a-Lago compared with when he is isolated inside Trump Tower.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
“What totally got me were these women who were isolated and alone.”
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Isolated, proud Pyongyang uses a variant of the old system.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 隔离的; 孤独的; 单独的; 偏远的
v. 使隔离(isolate的过去式和过去分词); 使孤立; 使绝缘; 脱离
分布：孤立的(58%)，隔离的(23%)，分离的(18%)，动词isolate的过去式和过去分词.(1%)
→来自isolate,隔离，孤立。
US [-tˌɪd] adjective
■not near to other places 偏远的
• an isolated farm/village 偏僻的农场／村庄
■happening or existing only once, separate 个别的（只发生一次的）
• There were only a few isolated cases of violent behaviour. 只有几次个别的暴力事件。
■feeling unhappy because of not seeing or talking to other people 被孤立的，孤独的
• Working at home was making her feel increasingly isolated. 在家工作使她越来越觉得与世隔绝。
adj. 孤立的；分离的；单独的； [电] 绝缘的
 - alone, independent, apart, separate, sole
v. 使孤立； [电] 使绝缘；脱离（isolate的过去分词）
 - disengaged

Word: blink
Front: blink
[blɪŋk] (六托雅 4607/6283 -2)
Vocabulary: blink
(once / 644 pages)
1nv 2v
To blink is to briefly close your eyes. The bright sunlight first thing in the morning might make you blink rapidly, until your eyes adjust.
Your eyes blink reflexively, when you're not even thinking about it, but you can also deliberately blink back tears. Certain lights blink as well, like your car's turn signal, flashing on and off. A figurative way to blink is to hesitate or give up, especially at a confrontation: "The lawyers kept holding out for a settlement, waiting for the other side to blink first." The origin of blink is probably the Middle Dutch blinken, "to glitter."
WORD FAMILY
blink: blinked, blinker, blinking, blinks+/ blinker: blinkered, blinkers/blinking: blinkingly, blinkings, unblinking/blinks: blinkses/unblinking: unblinkingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Otherwise, no one blinked because it was the third similar incident in a week.
The Guardian(Dec 27, 2016)
It is as eclectic and daring a release you’ll hear, pivoting from impish yips to bloodhound-ish yowls to Louis Armstrong impersonations in a blink.
The Guardian(Dec 19, 2016)
People will be able to order the discounted drug through a company called Blink Health, which operates a website and app.
Washington Post(Dec 13, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 眨眼睛
vi. 闪亮，闪烁
n. 眨眼; 一瞬间; 闪亮; 闪烁
时态：blinked, blinking, blinks
分布：眨眼(64%)，闪烁(21%)，一瞬间(7%)，闪光(6%)，拒绝承认或面对(1%)，用闪光灯传送信号(1%)
→来自PIE *bhel, 照耀，闪光。指由于眩目而眨眼。-k, 硬化音。词源同blind.
verb
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■When you blink, you close and then open your eyes quickly once or several times, and when an eye blinks, it does this 眨（眼睛）
• You've got something in your eye - try blinking a few times. 你眼睛里有东西——眨几下眼睛试试。
intransitive literary
■If a light blinks, it flashes on and off. （光）闪烁
[blɪŋk] verb
not blink informal
■to not show any shock or surprise 不惊讶，不吃惊
• When he was told I was expecting twins, Harry didn't even blink. 当哈里得知我要生双胞胎时，他一点也不惊讶。
[blɪŋk] noun countable usually singular
■the act of blinking 眨眼
[blɪŋk] noun countable usually singular
in the blink of an eye
■extremely quickly 一眨眼，瞬间
• In the blink of an eye, he was gone. 一眨眼他就不见了。
[blɪŋk] noun countable usually singular
on the blink informal
■When a machine is on the blink, it is not working correctly. （机器）失灵，出毛病
vt. 眨眼；使…闪烁
 - wink one's eyes
vi. 眨眼；闪烁
 - wink one's eyes, nictate
n. 眨眼；瞬间；闪光
 - moment, breath, second, instant

Word: suspicious
Front: suspicious
[səˈspɪʃəs] (研四六托雅宝 4603/4462 -K2)
Vocabulary: suspicious
(once / 293 pages)
adj
Suspicious behavior inspires distrust. Prancing around your backyard in a trench coat and fake mustache during daylight might elicit weird looks from your neighbors; do it at night, though, so that your silhouette glides past their windows, and what appeared innocent enough hours before will quickly transition to suspicious.
Use this adjective to describe a behavior or event that arouses doubt or mistrust. How to avoid appearing suspicious? Well, for one, stop pausing mid-conversation to take covert notes in that little journal of yours. And two, don’t wear sunglasses indoors, and don’t try to walk without making a sound. That will make people cagey, which is a synonym for suspicious. Other synonyms include apprehensive, doubtful, wary, and watchful.
WORD FAMILY
suspicious: oversuspicious, suspiciousest, suspiciously, suspiciousness, unsuspicious+/ suspect: suspected, suspectedly, suspecting, suspectingly, suspects, suspicion /suspected: unsuspected/suspecting: unsuspecting/ suspicion: suspicions, suspicious /unsuspected: unsuspectedly/unsuspecting: unsuspectingly/unsuspicious: unsuspiciously
USAGE EXAMPLES
The document was intended to help companies mitigate Russian hacking and report any suspicious activity to the government.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Police did not say whether Ms Tierney's death was being treated as suspicious.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
For cash deals above 100,000 francs, a Swiss retailer must now confirm customers’ identities and report suspicious transactions.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 可疑的; 猜疑的，怀疑的; 多疑的，不信任的; 多心
分布：可疑的(82%)，多疑的(18%)
→suspicion,怀疑，-ous,形容词后缀。
多疑的(sus+spic+ious)[spect,spic=look,see,表示"看"]
a.(of)可疑的,多疑的,疑心的Two suspicious aspects are suspected respectively.两个可疑的方面分别受到怀疑.
【记】源于：suspect（n 嫌疑犯；adj 令人怀疑的；v 怀疑）
【参】suspicion（n 猜疑）
adjective
SEEM GUILTY 可疑的
 IMPROVER
■making you feel that something illegal is happening or that something is wrong 可疑的，引起怀疑的
• Her behaviour was very suspicious (Australianinformalsuss). 她的举止相当启人疑窦。
• The fire at the bank is being treated as suspicious. 银行起火这件事被认为相当可疑。
• It 's a bit suspicious that no one knows where he was at the time of the murder. 有点可疑的是，没有人知道谋杀案发当时他在哪里。
• There were some suspicious characters hanging around outside. 有些可疑的人在外面晃荡。
• There's a suspicious- looking van parked at the end of the road. 路的尽头停着一辆看起来很可疑的货车。
• His new book bears a suspicious resemblance to a book written by someone else (= His book is so similar to the other book that it seems as if he has copied it). 他的新书与别人写的另外一本书内容雷同，令人生疑。
[sə'spɪʃ.əs] adjective
DOUBT 怀疑的
 IMPROVER
■feeling doubt or no trust in someone or something 怀疑的，猜疑的；不信任的
• His colleagues became suspicious (= thought that there was something wrong) when he did not appear at work, since he was always punctual. 他一向按时上班，所以当他没有上班时，他的同事们起了疑心。
• They are deeply/highly (= very) suspicious of one another/ of each other's motives. 他们对彼此的动机都很怀疑。
• My mother has a very suspicious nature (= does not trust people). 我妈妈天生喜欢猜疑。
adj. 可疑的；怀疑的；多疑的
 - doubtful, questionable

Word: wheelchair
Front: wheelchair
[ˈwi:ltʃeə(r)] (4598/6598 -2)
Back: n. 轮椅
分布：轮椅(100%)
US [-tʃer] noun countable
■a chair on wheels which people who are unable to walk use for moving around 轮椅
• He spent the last ten years of his life in a wheelchair after a fall which left him paralysed from the waist down. 一次摔倒后，他腰部以下便瘫痪了，从此他在轮椅上渡过了人生的最后十年。
• The building isn't designed very well from the point of view of wheelchair access. 在轮椅通道方面，这幢大楼设计得并不是太好。

Word: squad
Front: squad
[skwɒd] (托 4606/2797 -3)
Vocabulary: squad
(once / 438 pages)
n
A squad is a group, gang, or team, often made up of soldiers or police officers, but any gang will do. Some people call their group of friends a squad, probably so they seem organized and tough.
An army squad might focus on demolition or sharpshooting, while a police squad specializes in one particular type of crime — like a vice squad, battling drugs and illegal gambling, or a riot squad, controlling large groups of protesters. Any team of people is a squad, like a cheerleading squad or a squad of teenage graffiti artists. Squad comes from the Vulgar Latin exquadra, "square," or the shape infantry troops historically assembled in to fight.
WORD FAMILY
squad: squads
USAGE EXAMPLES
He also underwent questioning by a special Marine interrogation squad.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Gilbert spent time on the Raiders practice squad last season and was cut by the team in the offseason.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Just to be part of the Olympics was extra-special, again with my squad.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. （军队中的）班; （暗杀）小组; 体育运动的运动（代表）队; （对付某类犯罪活动的）警察队伍
vt. 把…编成班; 把…编入班
分布：班(80%)，小队(20%)
→来自法语 esquade,班组，方队，来自意大利语 squadra,营，队伍，来自通俗拉丁语*exquadra, 方阵，词源同 square,方阵。引申诸相关词义。
US [skwɑ:d] noun countable [+ sing/pl verb]
■a small group of people trained to work together as a unit 小队；特别行动组
• An army bomb squad arrived and defused the bomb. 一个陆军防爆小组赶到，拆除了炸弹。
■a team in sports from which the players for a match are chosen 运动队
• Eight of their 24-man squad are injured. 队里24人中有8人受伤。
■In the army, a squad is a small group of soldiers, especially one brought together for drill (= marching, etc.). （尤指集合操练时陆军的）班

Word: eligible
Front: eligible
[ˈelɪdʒəbl] (研六托雅宝 4608/4794 -2)
Vocabulary: eligible
(once / 707 pages)
adj
If you get good grades, volunteer at the hospital, play varsity sports, and write for your school paper, you might be eligible for a college scholarship.
If you’re eligible for something, you’re either qualified for it or allowed to do it. You’re eligible for unemployment benefits if you’ve recently been laid off, but not if you've never had a job in the first place. You may not be eligible to enter a sweepstakes if you work for the company giving away the money. Neither your dog nor your friend from Australia is eligible to run for president of the United States, but you might be!
WORD FAMILY
eligible: eligibility, eligibly, ineligible +/ eligibility: eligibilities/ineligibility: ineligibilities/ ineligible: ineligibility
USAGE EXAMPLES
As employees, they would be eligible to press for a range of benefits that would upend the firms’ labor costs and business models.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Any city where schools are struggling would be eligible to volunteer.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Jaschke said he’s hopeful the federal government will agree farm land where buffers are required will be eligible for the Conservation Reserve Program.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 合适的; 在（法律上或道德上）合格的; 有资格当选的; 称心如意的
n. 合格者; 合适者; 称心如意的人; 合乎条件的人（或东西）
分布：合适的(66%)，有资格的(34%)
→e-, 向外。-lig, 选出，词源同college, elect.
合格的,有资格的(e出+lig+ibe→选出来的→合格的)[lect,lig=choose,gather表示"选择,收集"]
合格的(e出+lig选择+ible...挑选出来的...合格的)[-ible形容词"能…的"]
a.符合条件的;(尤指婚姻等)合适(意)的Are you eligible to join this club?你有资格加入这俱乐部吗?
【记】e出，lig，ible能一能够选出来的一合格的
adjective
 ADVANCED
■having the necessary qualities or satisfying the necessary conditions 具备条件的；有资格的；合格的
• Are you eligible for early retirement/maternity leave? 你符合提前退休／休产假的条件吗？
• You might be eligible for a grant. 你或许有资格得到奖学金。
• Only people over 18 are eligible to vote. 只有18岁以上的人才有资格投票。
 ADVANCED
■describes someone who is not married and is thought to be a suitable future marriage partner, especially because they are rich and attractive （作为结婚对象）理想的，合适的
• I can think of several eligible bachelors of my acquaintance. 在认识的人当中我能想到有几位条件不错的单身汉。
illegible, eligible
illegible: a.很难看懂的，难以辨认的。
 • The writing is illegible; I cannot read what it says.   字迹不清楚，我看不清上面写的是什么。
eligible: a.享有权利的，具备资格的。
 • He graduated from high school with good grades, so he is eligible to enroll in the state college.   他以优异的成绩从中学毕业，所以他有资格就读于州立大学。
adj. 合格的，合适的；符合条件的；有资格当选的
 - qualified, applicable, becoming, shaped, likely
n. 合格者；适任者；有资格者
 - acceptee

Word: processor
Front: processor
[ˈprəʊsesə(r)] (4612/3348 -2)
Back: n. 加工; 数据处理机; （计算机的）中央处理器; 加工机（或工人）
分布：处理器(98%)，加工者(2%)
→来自process,加工，处理。
US ['prɑ:.ses.ɚ] noun countable
■the part of a computer that performs operations on the information that is put into it （电脑的）处理器
⇒ See also microprocessor
n. 处理器； [计] 处理程序； [经管] 加工者
 - treater, processing program

Word: plunge
Front: plunge
[plʌndʒ] (研四六托雅宝 4610/4534 -3)
Vocabulary: plunge
(once / 156 pages)
1vn 2vn
Plunge is a noun and a verb related to diving, falling, and sinking. A "polar bear plunge" is when people plunge into freezing cold water for charity or, inexplicably, for fun.
As a noun, plunge means “a brief swim” or “a fall.” As a verb, plunge has a variety of definitions. Plunge can mean “to devote yourself fully," as you might plunge into a job by working day and night. Similarly, if you plunge into a good book, you don't let anything distract you from your reading. Plunge can also mean “fall abruptly.” Someone’s reputation might plunge after a scandal, or the stock market might plunge when investors react to bad news.
WORD FAMILY
plunge: plunged, plunger, plunges, plunging+/plunger: plungers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Dahlin’s first interrogation began about 2am that winter morning, as temperatures outside The Residence plunged to six degrees below zero.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Meanwhile British politics is plunged into chaos, the result being that in ...
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
As the football sailed through the air, Daniel Carter plunged down the field for St. Thomas, weaving around potential blockers.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 用力插入; 使陷入
vi. 跳入; 全心投入; 突降，俯冲
n. 投入，陷入; 游泳，跳水
时态：plunged, plunging, plunges
分布：投入(60%)，跳入(30%)，使投入(5%)，栽进(5%)
→来自古法语plongier,浸入，沉入，跳水，来自拉丁语plumbum,铅，铅球，词源同plumb.其 原义为用铅垂线测水深，引申词义前冲，跳水，比喻义猛倾，暴跌，比较plummet.
v.(into)(使)投入,(使)插进,陷入;猛冲The hungry drunk plunged a trunk of lungs into the tunnel under the channel.饥饿的醉汉把一大箱肺投进了水渠下面的隧道.
【记】源于plumb的铅锤的意义
verb intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep]
 IMPROVER
■to (cause someone or something to) move or fall suddenly and often a long way forward, down or into something （使）投入；（使）插入；（使）刺入
• We ran down to the beach and plunged into the sea. 我们跑向海滩，纵身跳入海中。
• The car went out of control and plunged over the cliff. 轿车失去控制坠下悬崖。
• Cook the peas by plunging them into boiling water. 把豌豆倒入沸水中煮。
• Niagara Falls plunges 55.5 metres. 尼加拉大瀑布落差为55.5米。
• The fall in demand caused share prices to plunge. 需求下降导致股价大幅下跌。
• Our income has plunged dramatically. 我们的收入骤减。
[plʌndʒ] verb intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep]
  Phrasal Verbs  plunge in/plunge into sth
■to suddenly start doing something actively or enthusiastically 突然开始积极地做
• Two months before his exams, he suddenly plunged into his studies. 考试前的两个月，他突然开始埋头苦读。
• He took a deep breath and plunged into his speech. 他深吸了一口气，开始热情洋溢地讲了起来。
[plʌndʒ] verb intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep]
  Phrasal Verbs  [often passive] plunge (sb/sth) into sth
■to suddenly experience a bad situation or unhappiness, or to make someone or something suddenly experience a bad situation or unhappiness （使）陷入；（使）经历
• The country was plunged into recession. 该国突然陷入经济衰退。
• He was plunged into despair when his wife left him. 他妻子离开他时，他一下子陷入绝望之中。
[plʌndʒ] noun countable
■a sudden movement or fall forward, down or into something 跳入；下跌；落下
• I really enjoyed my plunge (= jumping in and swimming) in the pool. 我很喜欢在游泳池里跳水游泳。
■a sudden and large fall in value or level 暴跌，骤降
• We are expecting a plunge in profits this year. 我们预计今年利润将大幅下降。
[plʌndʒ] noun countable
take the plunge
■to make a decision to do something, especially after thinking about it for a long time （尤指经过长时间考虑后）决心行动，打定主意
• They're finally taking the plunge and getting married. 他们终于打定主意要结婚了。
dip, duck, submerge, plunge, immerse
这组词都有“沉浸，浸入”的意思，其区别是：
dip: 指部分地、暂时地或轻微地放进液体，多暗示一种谨慎或试探性的动作。
duck: 指把头伸进水中，或指游泳时开玩笑地把一个人的头按入水中。
submerge: 指长时间的完全浸入、潜入，强调浸入液体深层。
plunge: 暗示迅速而有力的动作，但浸入不一定很深。
immerse: 侧重全部被液体所覆盖，也可用于比喻意义。
n. 投入；跳进
 - investment, input
vi. 投入；陷入；跳进
 - plough into, throw one's self into
vt. 使陷入；使投入；使插入
 - let sb in for, let in for

Word: this
Front: this
[ðɪs] (中高 20/23 -K5)
Back: pron. 这，这个; 这事，这人; 这时; 下面所说的事
adj. 这，这个; 刚过去的，即将到来的; 今…，本…
adv. 这样地; 就是这样; 这么地
分布：这个(42%)，这(32%)，这么(16%)，这样(10%)
→来自古英语 this,这个，来自 North Sea Germanic*tha-si,这个，来自 to,指示代词，词源同 that,they.-s,在 North Sea Germanic 表限定性后缀。
pron.这(个)a.这(个);今ad.这(样)This way, sir.先生, 这边请.
determiner (plural these)
 ESSENTIAL
■used for a person, object, idea, etc. to show which one is referred to 这，这个
• Can you sign this form here for me? 请你在这表上签个名好吗？
• These books are too heavy for me to carry. 这些书太重了，我拿不动。
• informal We met this girl (= the girl I am going to tell you about) in the hotel. 我们在旅馆里遇到这姑娘。
• This is the one I want. 这就是我要的那个。
• What's this? Is this what you're looking for? 这是甚么？这是你要找的吗？
• What's this I hear about your moving to Scotland? 我听说你要移居苏格兰，是怎么回事？
by this time (also before this)
■already 已经
• I thought you'd have finished by this time. 我以为你这之前已经完成了。
[ðɪs] determiner (plural these)
this and that (also this, that and the other) informal
■various things 各种各样的事情
• "What were you talking about?" "Oh, this and that." “你们刚才在谈论甚么？”“啊，闲聊。”
[ðɪs] adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■as much as shown or to a particular degree 这么；这样
• It was only about this high off the ground. 它离地面只有这么高。
• She has never been this late for school before. 她以前上学从没有迟到过这么久。
that, this
that: 指代上文所提到的, I was ill. That's why…
this: 导出下文所要说的
adv. 这样地；这么
 - so much

Word: sponsor
Front: sponsor
[ˈspɒnsə(r)] (高研四六托雅 3453/4150 -3)
Vocabulary: sponsor
(once / 279 pages)
nv
A sponsor provides support for someone or something, typically by supplying cash. Because your company is a sponsor for a homeless organization, they provide funding for the annual 5K run to raise money for the shelter.
The word sponsor stems from the Latin word spondre, meaning "give assurance, promise solemnly." A sponsor might support an important issue such as cancer research or education, or a sponsor might take responsibility for someone. You might be your brother's sponsor so he can join your exclusive chess group. Sponsor has a verb form to describe the action of supporting or leading something. You can sponsor a nonprofit arts organization by donating and participating on the board.
WORD FAMILY
sponsor: sponsored, sponsoring, sponsors, sponsorship+/sponsorship: sponsorships
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Jewish Student Union’s website says it is the largest cultural and social organization recognized and sponsored by the university.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
The Internet Governance Forum, a series of events sponsored by the UN, offers a place for all “stakeholders” to pitch in.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
He told the man he was the bill’s sponsor.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 发起者，主办者; 担保者; 倡议者，提案人; 后援组织
vt. 赞助
时态：sponsored, sponsoring, sponsors
分布：赞助(65%)，发起(16%)，赞助者(6%)，主办者(4%)，发起者(4%)，保证人(4%)，倡议(1%)
→来自拉丁语 sponsor,洗礼人，来自 sponsus,担保的，承诺的，过去分词格于 spondere,担保， 承诺，来自 spend,献祭，履行仪式，承诺，词源同 spouse,correspond.引申诸相关词义。
n.发起人,主力者,保证人v.发起,主办In the pond the sponsor responded to the correspondent's corresponding responsibility.在池塘里主办者对通讯员的相应责任作出了回应.
US ['spɑ:n.sɚ] verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to support a person, organization or activity by giving money, encouragement or other help 资助，赞助；支持
• The team is sponsored by JVC, so the players wear the letters JVC on their shirts. 该队是由JVC公司赞助的，所以队员们的衬衫上都有JVC几个字母。
• Eva said she was doing a ten-mile walk for charity and asked if I'd sponsor her for £1 a mile. 伊娃说她打算步行十哩募集慈善捐款，问我愿不愿意一哩赞助她一英镑。
n. 赞助者；主办者；保证人
 - friend, guarantee, entrepreneur
vt. 赞助；发起
 - launch, support of

Word: color
Front: color
['kʌlə(r)] (研四雅 697/24372)
Vocabulary: color
(once / 53 pages)
1nvadj 2n 3nv 4n 5n 6nv
You may think the word color just means blue, pink, and the like, but the word can also refer to something of interest, especially of culture or behavior. If you want to see some local color in an Irish town, you should head to the pub where all the locals hang out.
As a verb, color can mean to give bias to something. A bad experience on the first day of school will color how you feel about school for the rest of the year. Another meaning of the verb color is to misrepresent or deceive. If someone colors their telling of a story in which they brought a cat down from a tree, they may make it seem like they rescued two little kids, three kittens and a parrot from a burning building.
WORD FAMILY
color: bicolor, coloration, colored, colorful, coloring, colorise, colorist, colorize, colorless, colors, decolor, discolor, multi-color, multicolor+/coloration: colorations/colored: bicolored, coloreds, multi-colored, multicolored, uncolored/ colorful: colorfully/coloring: colorings/colorise: decolorise, discolorise/colorist: colorists/colorize: colorized, colorizing, decolorize, discolorize/colorless: colorlessly, colorlessness/decolor: decolored/decolorise: decolorised, decolorising/decolorize: decolorized, decolorizing/ discolor: discoloration, discolored, discoloring, discolors/ discoloration: discolorations
USAGE EXAMPLES
Color is important too, and Mr. Hancock sometimes likes to use plants as accent points.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 01, 2017)
The bottle’s purple label with floral images was designed to attract female shoppers’ attention in a wine aisle dominated by dull colors.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
During a journaling activity with volunteers from the St. Cloud Times, Sarah colored pictures about herself and her life.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. <美>颜色，色彩; 肤色，脸色，血色; 颜料，染料; 本质
v. <美>给…涂颜色; 改变…的颜色; 粉饰，渲染，使带上色彩; 脸红
时态：colored, coloring, colors
分布：颜色(85%)，彩色(9%)，颜料(2%)，脸红(1%)，渲染(1%)，着色(1%)，把 ... 涂颜色(1%)
→来自kel, 隐藏，遮盖，词源同cell, hole.后词义由遮盖引申为颜色，色彩。
n.(=colour)颜色;颜料;肤色v.给...着色The columnist holds the colorful column of the colonial newspaper.那位专栏作家主持殖民地报纸的多彩专栏.
US [-ɚ] noun US for colour
n. 颜色；肤色；颜料；脸色
 - paint, farbe
vt. 粉饰；给...涂颜色；歪曲
 - sugar, prettify
vi. 变色；获得颜色
 - discolor

Word: demographic
Front: demographic
[ˌdemə'ɡræfɪk] (4615/7407)
Vocabulary: demographic
(once / 4112 pages)
nadj
Advertising agencies like to schedule their commercials in television shows that appeal to the 18-49 demographic, because this segment of the population has a lot of spending power.
Demographic is a word companies use when they're trying to sell their products to a particular group of consumers. A movie studio that wants to promote its new film, "Revenge of the Senior Kitties," might aim for the 65-to-85-year-old cat-lover . A demographic can consist of people who are in the same age group, such as 18-to-29-year-olds, or ethnic group, such as African-Americans.
WORD FAMILY
demographic: demographically, demographics
USAGE EXAMPLES
Latinos spend the most time of any demographic group on smartphones — an average of 14 hours and 31 minutes per week, according to Nielsen.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
BBC Scotland originally asked Sport Scotland for demographic information about the athletes it supports - a total of more than 500.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
People are trying to analyze how demographics shaped the election results.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 人口统计学的; 人口统计的
分布：形容词(94%)，名词(6%)
[见上,-ic...的]人口统计的[popul-人民;dem(o)人民]
ADJ
人口（学）的;人口统计（学）的
Demographic means relating to or concerning demography.
N-PLURAL
(某个地方或社会的)人口特征，人口统计数据
The demographics of a place or society are the statistics relating to the people who live there.
例：...the changing demographics of the United States.美国不断变化的人口特征
N-SING
(尤指特定年龄段的)人群
In business, a demographic is a group of people in a society, especially people in a particular age group.
例：Most of our listeners are in the 25-39 demographic.我们的大多数听众都属于 25至39 岁这个年龄段。
adj. 人口统计学的；人口学的
 - larithmic

Word: rain
Front: rain
[reɪn] (中高 1550/1491 -K4)
Vocabulary: rain
(once / 65 pages)
nv
Rain is what makes you go running for your umbrella. It's that water that comes down from sky when the dark clouds roll in.
You can also use rain as a verb — as in the expression "Don't rain on my parade," which means don't ruin my good time by giving me bad news. You can also describe anything that comes down quickly and in quantity as something that rains down. On New Year's Eve, confetti rains down in Times Square. If you're unfortunate enough to find yourself in a war zone, you might hear bombs raining down around you.
WORD FAMILY
rain: rained, raining, rainless, rains, rainy +/ rainy: rainier, rainiest, rainily, raininess
USAGE EXAMPLES
More rain fell in October than in three decades, raising the state’s major reservoirs in Northern California and hopes that the drought will soon end.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Parts of the South are bracing for more rain Tuesday, a day after severe storms killed four people in Alabama.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
In Georgia, some of the heaviest rains were expected late Monday night and into the overnight hours of early Tuesday morning, forecasters said.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 雨; （热带地区的）雨季，雨天; 雨点般降落的东西; <俚>电子流
vt. & vi. （雨）降下，（使）降落; 大量地给，（使）大量落下
时态：rained, raining, rains
分布：雨(70%)，下雨(26%)，雨水(4%)
→来自古英语 regn,雨，来自 Proto-Germanic*regna,雨，来自 reg,水气，湿的，词源同 irrigate. 拼写比较 main,might.
n.雨;雨天;下雨vi.下雨vt.使大量落下The gained grain drained away with the rain, all the pains were in vain again.收获的谷物随雨水流失了,所有辛劳又白费.
noun uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■drops of water from clouds 雨；雨水
• Rain is forecast for tomorrow. 预报明天会下雨。
• Come inside out of the rain. 进屋来，别在雨里淋着。
• We had heavy/light rain all day. 我们这里倾盆大雨／毛毛细雨整整下了一天。
• We got caught in pouring/torrential (= a lot of) rain without either raincoats or umbrellas. 我们既没带雨衣也没带伞，正赶上大雨滂沱，淋成了落汤鸡。
• There will be showers of rain/rain showers (= short periods of rain) in the east. 东部地区将有阵雨。
• It looks like rain (= as if rain is going to fall). 天看起来好像要下雨。
the rains [plural]
■the season of the year in tropical countries when there is a lot of rain （热带地区的）雨季
• Villagers are now waiting for the rains to come so that the rice will grow. 村民们正在等待雨季的到来，那时稻子才能生长。
• This is the third year in a row that the rains have failed. 这是连续第三个年头雨季没有下雨了。
[reɪn] noun uncountable
come rain or shine
■whatever happens 风雨无阻；无论如何；不管发生甚么
• Come rain or shine, I'll see you on Thursday. 无论如何我都要在星期四见到你。
[reɪn] verb intransitive
 ESSENTIAL
■If it rains, water falls from the sky in small drops 下雨；降雨
• I think it 's starting to rain. 我觉得要下雨了。
• It 's raining hard/heavily (= a large amount of rain is falling). 正下着倾盆大雨。
[reɪn] verb intransitive
It never rains but it pours. UK (US When it rains, it pours.) saying
■said when one bad thing happens, followed by a lot of other bad things, which make a bad situation worse 不雨则已，一雨倾盆；祸不单行
[reɪn] verb intransitive
It's raining cats and dogs ! old-fashioned
■something that you say when it is raining heavily 滂沱大雨，倾盆大雨
[reɪn] verb intransitive
rain on sb's parade
■to do something that spoils someone's plans 泼冷水，煞风景
• I'm sorry to rain on your parade but you're not allowed to have alcohol on the premises. 很抱歉要给你们泼冷水，但这个场所是严禁喝酒的。
[reɪn] verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  rain (sth) down
■to fall in large amounts, or to direct something in large amounts, usually forcefully or violently （通常指猛烈地）使大量降下，雨点般落下；（把…）密集地投下
• Bombs rained down on the besieged city. 炸弹雨点般投放到被围困的城市里。
• Her attacker rained down blows on her. 袭击她的人对她一通狂殴。
[reɪn] verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  rain sth off UK (US rain sth out)
■If an event is rained off, it cannot start or continue because it is raining 因下雨而停止；因雨取消（或中断）
• His hockey match was rained off. 他参加的曲棍球比赛因雨取消。
n. [气象] 雨；下雨；雨天；雨季
 - wet, monsoon
vi. 下雨；降雨
 - Make it Rain

Word: chill
Front: chill
[tʃɪl] (研四六托雅 4618/6652 -2)
Vocabulary: chill
(once / 199 pages)
1nv 2v 3n
A sharp burst of cold air or icy temperatures is a chill. The chill of a January day in New England might make you dream of moving to New Mexico.
You'll feel a chill when someone opens a window in the winter, or notice a chill in the air on a cool day in September. Another kind of chill makes you shiver, but it's caused by illness and fever rather than a cold breeze: "Symptoms of the flu include chills and headache." A cold attitude is also a chill, as when a chill in the room makes you realize your friends are angry at each other.
WORD FAMILY
chill: chilled, chiller, chilling, chills, chilly +/chiller: chillers/chilling: chillingly/ chilly: chillier, chilliest, chillily, chilliness, chillys
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Speaking as a mom, I felt a chill down my spine,” she said referring to recent political broadcast.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
I shuddered at the same photos that chilled the victims’ families.
New York Times(Jan 12, 2012)
The most common symptoms are fever, cough, sore throat, headache, chills and body aches.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. （使）变冷; 使很冷; 使冰冷; 使恐惧
n. 寒冷，发冷; 冷漠; 扫兴; [冶金学]激冷
adj. 冷的; 冷漠的; 令人失望的
vt. 令失望; 使沮丧; 使扫兴; 使消沉
时态：chilled, chilling, chills
分布：寒冷(42%)，寒冷的(16%)，扫兴(13%)，寒心(12%)，着凉(9%)，冷淡的(8%)
→来自gel, 冷，词源同cold,glacier.
n.寒冷,寒气,寒战v.使寒冷There is quite a chill in the air today.今天空气颇有寒意.
【记】chill后就会导致ill
verb intransitive or transitive
■to (cause to) become cold but not freeze （使）变冷；（使）冷却
• I've put the beer in the fridge to chill. 我把啤酒放到了冰箱里冰镇一下。
• Chill the wine before serving. 上酒前先冰镇一下。
[tʃɪl] verb intransitive or transitive
chill sb to the bone/marrow
■to frighten someone very much 使（某人）不寒而栗，使（某人）毛骨悚然
• This is a film that will chill you to the marrow. 这是部令人毛骨悚然的影片。
[tʃɪl] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  chill out (also chill) informal
■to relax completely, or not allow things to upset you 彻底放松；冷静；镇静
• I'm just chilling out in front of the TV. 我只是看电视放松一下。
• Chill out, Dad. The train doesn't leave for another hour! 别紧张，爸爸，火车还有一小时才开呢！
[tʃɪl] noun
COLD 寒冷
only singular
■a feeling of cold 寒冷；寒意，凉意
• There was a chill in the air this morning. 今天早上有点冷飕飕的。
[tʃɪl] noun
ILLNESS 疾病
countable
■a slight fever 风寒，受寒，着凉
• Don't go out with wet hair, you might catch a chill. 头发湿的时候别出去，会着凉的。
[tʃɪl] noun
BAD FEELING 害怕的感觉
only singular
■a sudden unpleasant feeling, especially of fear 害怕的感觉；（尤指恐惧引起的）寒气，寒意
• I suddenly realized, with a chill of apprehension, the danger ahead. 我突然一阵恐惧，意识到前面有危险。
[tʃɪl] noun
send chills down/up sb's spine
■to make someone feel very frightened 令（某人）脊背发凉，令（某人）毛骨悚然
• His words sent a chill down her spine. 他的话让她脊背发凉。
[tʃɪl] noun
take the chill off sth
■to make something slightly less cold 把…暖一暖；给…驱寒
• We lit the fire to take the chill off the room. 我们在屋里生火驱寒。
[tʃɪl] adjective literary
■ chilly (= cold) 寒冷的
[tʃɪl] adjective literary
the chill wind of sth literary
■the problems caused by something …的寒风；…引起的问题
• Many more businesses are feeling the chill wind of the recession. 更多企业受到了经济衰退的冲击。
n. 寒冷；寒意；寒心
 - cold, algor
adj. 寒冷的；冷漠的；扫兴的
 - cold, distant
vt. 冷冻，冷藏；使寒心；使感到冷
 - refrigerate

Word: refuge
Front: refuge
[ˈrefju:dʒ] (研四六托 4616/5308 -2)
Vocabulary: refuge
(once / 253 pages)
n
To take refuge is to find a safe place. You might take refuge under a bridge in a hail storm, or in a basement during a tornado.
Refuge comes from a French word meaning "to flee," and, in most cases, a refuge is a place to flee to in order to get away from people or places that are unsafe. A refuge is a safe place, such as a building or even another country, as in "they sought refuge from the war by leaving their homeland," or it is a simple, personal place of comfort — like a friend's couch.
WORD FAMILY
refuge: refuges
USAGE EXAMPLES
Most of the park was and still is a green refuge from the bustle just outside its gates.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
How Britain became a refuge for exiled leaders during World War II.
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
A band of armed ranchers trapped themselves in an Oregon wildlife refuge, in the name of freedom.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 避难; 避难所; 庇护者; [医]救急疗法
vt. 给予…庇护; 接纳…避难
vi. 躲避; 避难
分布：避难(54%)，避难所(28%)，庇护(18%)
→re-,向后，往回，-fug,逃避，逃跑，词源同 fugitive,centrifuge.
n.避难处,藏身处He took refuge from the storm in a hut.他在一个棚屋里避风暴.
noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■(a place which gives) protection or shelter from danger, trouble, unhappiness, etc 避难（所）；庇护（所）；慰藉
• These people are seeking/taking refuge from persecution. 这些受到迫害的人正在寻求庇护。
• The climbers slept in a mountain refuge. 这些登山者在山上一个可以避风挡雨的地方睡下了。
• She had fled from her violent husband to a women's refuge in Chelmsford. 她从她残暴的丈夫身边逃离，躲进了切姆斯福德的一间妇女庇护所。
refuge, protection, shelter
这组词都有“保护、掩蔽(部)、庇护(所)”的意思，其区别是：
refuge: 指避免危险或灾难的安全场所。
protection: 普通用词，指任何保护物。
shelter: 多指暂时性的防护，侧重场所。
n. 避难；避难所；庇护
 - haven, shadow, home, harbor, umbrella
vi. 避难；逃避
 - get out of, run from

Word: steer
Front: steer
[stɪə(r)] (研四六托雅宝 4623/4927 -K2)
Vocabulary: steer
(once / 252 pages)
1vn 2n
In defining steer, I would steer clear of complicated examples and just say: to steer is to control which direction one is going.
Everyone who owns a car has learned to point his car in the right direction using the steering wheel. It's a bad idea to let your five year-old steer; you might end up in a sandbox. But the use of steer doesn't need to be limited to wheels and handle bars. If you have a friend torn between whether or not to go to college, you can help steer her towards the right decision. The President's job is "to steer the Ship of State."
WORD FAMILY
steer: steerable, steerage, steered, steerer, steering, steers+/steerage: steerages/steerer: steerers/steering: steerings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Asked about the role cybersecurity policy will play in his administration, he steered Americans toward bike messengers.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
They transmit data wirelessly to an adapter that plugs into the car’s diagnostic port near the steering wheel.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The fish followed right along, swimming in the direction the researchers steered them.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 驾驶; 操纵，控制; 引导
vt. 掌（舵）
vi. 行进
n. 阉公牛，肉用公牛; 〈美俚〉建议; 关于行路（或驾驶）的指示
时态：steered, steering, steers
分布：引导(48%)，驾驶(25%)，操纵(16%)，掌舵(11%)
→来自古英语 steran,驾驶，操纵，引领，指导，来自 Proto-Germanic*steurjan,驾驶，操纵，来 自*steuro,舵，来自 sta,站立，建立，词源同 stand.steer 阉公牛，肉用公牛
vt.驾驶,为...操舵;引导vi.驾驶The feeble man feels an ache on his heels and knees when he kneels on the steel steering wheel.当虚弱男子跪在钢舵轮上时他的脚跟和双膝感到疼痛.
【记】一头steer，steer着汽车冲下steep的悬崖就steep了
US [stɪr] verb
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to control the direction of a vehicle 驾驶（交通工具）；掌方向盘
• She carefully steered the car around the potholes. 她小心开车绕过那些坑洞。
• This car is very easy to steer. 这辆车很容易开。
intransitive or transitive
■If a vehicle steers, it follows a particular route or direction （交通工具）行驶，沿（特定路线或方向）行进
• The ship passed Land's End, then steered towards southern Ireland. 船绕过兰兹角，接着向爱尔兰南部驶去。
transitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to take someone or something, or cause them to go, in the direction in which you want them to go 引导，带领
• She steered her guests into the dining room. 她把客人们引到餐厅。
• I'd like to steer our discussion back to our original topic. 我想请大家重新回到我们原来讨论的话题。
• The main task of the new government will be to steer the country towards democracy. 新政府的主要任务是将国家引向民主。
UK [stɪər] US [stɪr] verb
steer a course/path
■to take a series of actions, usually of a particular type, carefully and intentionally 采取一系列行动；遵循路线
• It will be difficult to steer a middle course between the competing claims of the two sides in the conflict. 在冲突双方互相对立的主张之间很难保持中立。
UK [stɪər] US [stɪr] verb
steer clear of sb/sth
■to avoid someone or something which seems unpleasant, risky or dangerous 绕开，避开（令人不快或危险的人或事物）
• Her speech steered clear of controversial issues. 她的讲话避开了有争议的问题。
• They warned their children to steer clear of drugs. 他们告诫孩子要远离毒品。
UK [stɪər] US [stɪr] noun countable
■a young male of the cattle family that has had its sex organs removed, and which is usually kept for meat 阉公牛；食用公牛
vt. 控制，引导；驾驶
 - possess, contain, regulate, bit, bottle
vi. 驾驶，掌舵；行驶
 - to navigate

Word: legislator
Front: legislator
[ˈledʒɪsleɪtə(r)] (4620/12369 -1)
Vocabulary: legislator
(once / 863 pages)
n
A legislator makes laws. Congress is full of legislators. You have several who represent you at both the state and national level.
Don't confuse a legislator with the legislature. Whereas the latter refers to the group such as the Congress, a legislator is a member of the group. At the national level, senators and representatives are given the task of writing our laws. States sometimes have different names for their two legislative houses, but the set-up is similar. The United States may be the world's oldest democracy, but legislators have been around nearly forever — the Romans had them.
WORD FAMILY
legislator: legislators, legislatorship+/ legislate: legislated, legislates, legislating, legislation, legislative, legislator, legislature / legislation: legislations/ legislative: legislatively/ legislature: legislatures
USAGE EXAMPLES
It also offers a list of all legislators, their phone numbers and their email addresses.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
The chief minister on Sunday called a meeting of senior leaders and legislators at his house where he was unanimously elected the party's new president.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Legislators will already face a $348 million budget shortfall when they return to Topeka on Jan. 9.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 立法委员; 立法者
分布：立法者(100%)
US [-tˌɚ] formal
noun countable
■a member of a group of people who together have the power to make laws 立法者
n. [法] 立法者
 - Moses, lawmaker

Word: rally
Front: rally
[ˈræli] (研六托雅宝 4619/4229 -3)
Vocabulary: rally
(once / 279 pages)
1vn 2vn 3v 4n
Use the verb rally to describe that last push to finish a difficult something. When you hit that last mile in the race and are so tired you want to quit, that's when you rally, finding the strength to pick up the pace.
The verb rally is often used to describe a physical effort that has been renewed, but it can describe anything that involves bouncing back from a setback. For example, if something makes you feel disappointed, you rally to get your positive attitude back. Rally can also describe bringing people together, often to support a cause. The event itself is also called a rally, like pep rally in which students boost the confidence of their team as it heads into the championship game.
WORD FAMILY
rally: rallied, rallies, rallying+/rallying: rallyingly, rallyings
USAGE EXAMPLES
In spite of his poor shooting night, Harden pulled up for a late three to squash a Wizards rally.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
As USC’s high-powered offense rallied in the fourth quarter, Penn State tried to run down the clock.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He first appeared with Trump during the spring’s Indiana primary and reappeared at rallies in the Midwest during the general-election stretch run.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 召集，集合; 重整; 重振，恢复
vi. 聚集; 集合; 反弹，反败为胜; 恢复（元气等）
n. 集合; 重新集合; 重整的信号; 反败为胜
时态：rallied, rallying, rallies
分布：集会(82%)，激励(5%)，回合(4%)，重整旗鼓(4%)，重新召集(2%)，嘲弄(2%)，恢复精神(1%)
→来自 re-,再次，ally,集合，联盟。
v.重整,恢复,振作n.聚集,集会,拉力赛He rallied from his coma.他从昏迷中醒过来.
【记】源于：ally（v 结盟）
noun countable
MEETING 集会
 ADVANCED
■a public meeting of a large group of people, especially supporters of a particular opinion （尤指为表明支援某种主张的）集会，群众大会
• 5000 people held an anti-nuclear rally. 有5000人举行了反核集会。
• an election/campaign rally 选举／运动集会
['ræl.i] noun countable
RACE 速度比赛
■a car or motorcycle race, especially over long distances on public roads （尤指长距离的）公路汽车赛；（汽车或摩托车）拉力赛
• The French driver has taken the lead in the Paris-Dakar rally. 在巴黎─达喀尔汽车拉力赛中，法国车手一路领先。
['ræl.i] noun countable
SPORT 体育
■a continuous exchange of hits between players in tennis, squash or badminton （网球等比赛中）持续对打，相持，拉锯戏
['ræl.i] noun countable
IMPROVEMENT 改善
■an improvement 恢复；复原；好转
• Share prices fell again today after yesterday's rally. 股票价格在昨天回升后再次下跌。
['ræl.i] verb
SUPPORT 支援
intransitive or transitive
■to (cause to) come together in order to provide support or make a shared effort 集合；召集；（使）团结
• Supporters/Opponents of the new shopping development are trying to rally local people in favour of/against it. 新购物中心开发项目的支持者／反对者们试图召集当地居民支援／反对该项目。
• The prime minister has called on the public to rally to/behind the government. 首相已发出号召，呼吁公众和政府团结在一起。
• [+ obj + to infinitive] The general rallied his forces to defend the town. 将军召集他的部队守卫这座城市。
• 'Workers of the world unite' was their rallying cry/call (= a phrase said to encourage support). “全世界工人团结起来”是他们号召人们团结战斗的口号。
['ræl.i] verb
IMPROVE 改善
intransitive
■to return to a better condition 恢复；复原；重新振作
• The nurse said my mother had rallied after a poor night. 护士说我母亲有一天晚上病情严重，但接着就好转了。
• The team played badly in the first half of the match but rallied in the second. 球队在上半场比赛中表现很糟糕，但在下半场重整旗鼓，表现很好。
• The pound rallied against the dollar in trading today. 今天的交易中英镑对美元的比价回升。
['ræl.i] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  rally round (sb) UK (US rally around (sb))
■to help or support someone 帮助，扶持；支援
• When I'm ill, my friends always rally round. 我生病时，朋友们总在我身边帮忙。
rally, congress, session, assembly, meeting, gathering, convention, conference, council
这组词都有“会，会议”的意思，其区别是：
rally: 指大规模的群众性政治集会。
congress: 指国会、议会、代表大会等机构，尤指经选举产生的国家立法机构的大会或由这些机构召开的大会，也可指专业人员代表大会。
session: 一般指议会等召开的正式会议。
assembly: 多指一个通常有许多人参加、计划好的，为某一特殊目的而召集的会议。
meeting: 普通用词，词义广泛。指一般性的会议，可用于任何场合。
gathering: 指两人以上的聚会或集会，强调非正式性。
convention: 侧重指某一政党或团体为某一特殊目的而召开的会议；也可指学术团体的年会。
conference: 正式用词，一般指大型会议，如政府工作会议、国际学术交流会议、各国之间的协商、会谈等。
council: 在国际上多指由各国代表参加的政治会议，或常设的政治机构。在国内、地方上，此词多指常设的政务领导机构，如市政委员会等。
vi. 团结；重整；恢复；（网球等）连续对打
 - league, restore
vt. 团结；集合；恢复健康、力量等
 - assemble, fall in
n. 集会；回复；公路赛车会
 - assembly, feedback, meet, gathering, congregation

Word: programming
Front: programming
[ˈprəʊgræmɪŋ] (4622/5481)
Back: n. 规划，设计; 编程
v. 训练( programme的现在分词 ); 培养; 预调
分布：程序设计(90%)，节目编排(5%)，动词program的现在分词.(5%)
US ['proʊ-] noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■when someone writes computer programs （电脑的）程式
n. 设计，规划；编制程序， [计] 程序编制
 - planning, design, formulation, projection

Word: cheer
Front: cheer
[tʃɪə(r)] (中高研四六雅 4621/5070 -3)
Vocabulary: cheer
(once / 63 pages)
1nv 2vn
A cheer is what you shout at a sporting event when you cheer your team on, showing your enthusiasm and support. Often there's a lot of cheer or good spirits at these games, unless of course your favorite team loses.
The word cheer comes from the Old French chiere, meaning "face." When you cheer someone on, you show approval, whether on your face through a smile, or by shouting encouragement. Cheer is also a quality of being sunny or happy. You can cheer someone up by being silly or entertaining. Or, you could raise a glass to them and toast, "Cheers!"
WORD FAMILY
cheer: cheered, cheerer, cheerful, cheering, cheerless, cheers, cheery +/cheerer: cheerers/ cheerful: cheerfuler, cheerfulest, cheerfulness, uncheerful/cheerfulness: cheerfulnesses/cheering: cheeringly, cheerings/cheerless: cheerlessly, cheerlessness/ cheery: cheerier, cheeriest, cheerily/uncheerful: uncheerfully, uncheerfulness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Activists cheered the government’s pledge for swift action, and the state-run news media called it a “monumental win for elephants.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Joe’s Pub, the glimmering nightclub at the Public Theater, bursts with laughter and cheers.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The crowd rose to its feet and cheered as Rossello announced that he would fly to Washington, D.C.,
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 欢呼; 使高兴; 为…喝彩; 为…加油
n. 欢呼，喝彩; 兴致勃勃，愉快; 心情; 令人愉快的事
vi. 欢呼; 感到高兴
时态：cheered, cheering, cheers
分布：欢呼(56%)，加油(23%)，愉快(7%)，鼓舞(7%)，激励(3%)，使振奋(3%)，快活起来(1%)
→词源不确定，可能来自拟声词，模仿欢呼声。
v.(使)振奋,(使)高兴v./n.喝彩,欢呼The bee paid the fee of coffee, beef and beer for the cheerful deer.蜜蜂为欢快的鹿付了咖啡,牛肉和啤酒的费用.
US [tʃɪr] verb intransitive
 ADVANCED
■to give a loud shout of approval or encouragement 欢呼；喝彩；鼓舞，振奋
• Everyone cheered as the winners received their medals. 当优胜者接受奖牌时，大家都欢呼起来。
• He was cheering for the other side. 他正为另一方喝彩。
UK [tʃɪər] US [tʃɪr] verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] cheer sb on
■to shout loudly in order to encourage someone in a competition （在比赛中大喊）给（某人）打气，给（某人）加油
• As the runners went by, we cheered them on. 赛跑者经过时，我们为他们呐喊加油。
UK [tʃɪər] US [tʃɪr] verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] cheer (sb) up ADVANCED
■If someone cheers up, or something cheers them up, they start to feel happier （使）振作；（使）高兴起来
• She was ill so I sent her some flowers to cheer her up. 她病了，所以我送花给她让她开心起来。
• He cheered up at the prospect of a meal. 想到要吃饭他精神一振。
• Cheer up! It's not that bad! 振作起来！并没有那么糟！
• [R] She went shopping to cheer herself up. 她去购物好让自己开心起来。
UK [tʃɪər] US [tʃɪr] verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] cheer sth up
■to make a place look brighter or more attractive 使…亮丽起来；使…令人耳目一新
• A coat of paint and new curtains would really cheer the kitchen up. 厨房粉刷一遍再换上新窗帘确实会让人耳目一新。
UK [tʃɪər] US [tʃɪr] noun
SHOUT 欢呼
countable
■a loud shout of approval or encouragement 欢呼声；喝彩声
• Her speech was received with cheers and a standing ovation. 她的演讲受到了热烈欢呼和起立鼓掌。
• His victory in the 400m earned him the biggest cheer of the afternoon. 他在400米赛跑中获胜，赢得了下午最热烈的欢呼。
• Three cheers for the winning team (= Let's give them three shouts of approval) ! 让我们为获胜队欢呼三声！
UK [tʃɪər] US [tʃɪr] noun
HAPPINESS 欢乐
uncountable formal or old-fashioned
■a feeling of happiness 欢乐，高兴；兴奋，振奋
• The victory in the by-election has brought great cheer to the Liberal Democrats. 补选的胜利令自由民主党人大为振奋。
be of good cheer old use
■to be happy 非常高兴，兴致勃勃
vt. 欢呼；使高兴；为…加油
 - please, glad, satisfy
n. 欢呼；愉快；心情；令人愉快的事
 - sunshine, breast, applause, brightness
vi. 欢呼；感到高兴
 - hurray

Word: outlet
Front: outlet
[ˈaʊtlet] (研四六托雅宝 4624/4508 -2)
Vocabulary: outlet
(once / 684 pages)
1n 2n
Any hole or opening that allows water or gas to get out is an outlet. The place where water runs out of a lake and into a river is one example of an outlet.
When you need to charge your laptop, you plug it into an electrical outlet, which gets its name from the idea that electricity comes out of it, just as water flows out of a river outlet. Outlet is also used to mean "store that sells discounted goods" and "a way to express yourself emotionally creatively." Dancing might be your outlet, for example — the way you let your feelings and creativity out.
WORD FAMILY
outlet: outlets
USAGE EXAMPLES
Local media outlets reported that emergency officials advised residents to stay in their homes and assess damage in the morning.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Several Israeli media outlets reported that Netanyahu is the subject of two police investigations.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Martin Fire Chief Jamie Summers tells media outlets that the fire occurred Sunday night and was extinguished after four hours.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 出口，出路; 批发商店; 排水口，通风口; 发泄（情感）的方法
分布：出口(79%)，出路(18%)，通风口(3%)
→out-,向外，let,让，准许。引申词义出口。
n.出路,出口;销路,市场;发泄方法;电源插座It's better to put letters at the inlet and outlet.最好在进口和出口处标上字母.
noun countable
WAY OUT 出路
■a way, especially a pipe or hole, for liquid or gas to go out （尤指管道或洞口的）出口，排放孔
• a waste water outlet 污水排放口
• an outlet pipe 排放管
■a way in which emotion or energy can be expressed or made use of （情绪或精力的）发泄方式，发泄途径，施展的机会
• Her work provided no outlet for her energies and talents. 她的工作没有给她提供发泄精力及施展才华的机会。
• Writing poetry was his only form of emotional outlet. 写诗是他宣泄感情的唯一方式。
['aʊt.let] noun countable
SHOP 商店
■a shop that is one of many owned by a particular company and that sells the goods which the company has produced 零售网点；经销点；专卖店
• a fast-food outlet 速食店
• a retail outlet 零售店
['aʊt.let] noun countable
ELECTRICITY 电 US for power point
n. 出口，排放孔； [电] 电源插座； [贸易] 销路；发泄的方法；批发商店
 - exit, market, way out

Word: intact
Front: intact
[ɪnˈtækt] (研六托雅宝 4626/4953 -2)
Vocabulary: intact
(once / 1134 pages)
1adj 2adj
If something is intact it's still in one piece. If you'd like your sand castle to remain intact, I suggest you build it away from the water.
The Latin word intactus means “untouched,” but today something is intact if it's whole, if it hasn't fallen apart. After a long day at work, you might feel lucky to be intact. Your letter to the post office states that you would prefer your packages to arrive intact from now on.
WORD FAMILY
intact: intactness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Television news footage shows the plane intact on a runway with its front end touching the tarmac.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The line remained intact Monday at practice with all three carrying streaks.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Many Chinese believe the body is sacred and should be buried intact in a show of respect to their ancestors.
BBC(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 完整无缺的，未经触动的，未受损伤的; 原封不动的; 完好无缺; 完好无损
分布：原封不动的(57%)，完好无缺的(29%)，未经触碰的(14%)
→in-,不，非，-tact,接触，词源同tact,contact.即没有接触的，引申词义完整的。
未触动的;完整的(in没有+tact)[tact,tag,tig,ting=touch表示"接触"]
a.完整无缺的,未经触动的,未受损伤的The transactor thinks activating the atomic interaction in the intact reactor is practicable.办理人认为激活未受影响的反应堆内原子的相互作用是种可行的.
【记】in不，tact接触－未接触过的
【参】contact（n /v 联系；接触）；tactile（adj 触觉的；接触的）
【反】riven（adj 被撕裂的）
adjective
■complete and in the original state 完整无缺的；未经触动的
• The church was destroyed in the bombing but the altar survived intact. 教堂在轰炸中被毁，但神坛却完好无损。
■not damaged 未受损伤的
• It's difficult to emerge from such a scandal with your reputation still intact. 经历这样的丑闻难保你的名声不受损害。
adj. 完整的；原封不动的；未受损伤的
 - whole, complete, integrated, full

Word: vendor
Front: vendor
[ˈvendə(r)] (宝 4625/3171 -1)
Vocabulary: vendor
(once / 1970 pages)
n
If you are a vendor, it means you’re a person selling something, whether it’s hot dogs from a food cart or computer software for a tech company.
The word vendor comes from the Latin word vendere, meaning “to sell.” Vendor is a name for people who sell things on the street, such as a hot dog vendor, but it can describe those who sell any kind of goods or services, especially a specialized product. A store at the mall isn't usually called a vendor, but you could use the word to describe the person or group that supplies the store with special products or services.
WORD FAMILY
vendor: vendors+/ vend: vendable, vended, vender, vendible, vending, vendition, vendor, vends/vender: venders/vendible: unvendible, vendiblest
USAGE EXAMPLES
Gaskin is an employee of G2 Secure Staff, a United vendor based in Texas, airline officials said.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The statement says once at the gate, an employee of the airline’s ground handling vendor was found in the cargo area.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Shortly after 5 a.m., a vendor selling chicken and cheese tamales wheeled her cart up to the group.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 摊贩，小贩; 卖主; [贸易]自动售货机; <正式>供应商
分布：小贩(60%)，卖方(23%)，自动售货机(7%)，供货商(6%)，=vender(4%)
→来自vend,出售。
小贩(vend出售)[-or表名词"人或物器",在一些词根前写成"-ator"]
【记】v表示胜利，end结束，or人：总是以胜利结束的人－小贩
US [-dɚ] noun countable
■someone who is selling something 小贩；摊主；卖主
• For the past few months she's been working as a street vendor, selling fruit and veg. 几个月以来，她一直在街头卖水果和蔬菜。
• legal The vendor of the house wants to exchange contracts this week. 这栋房子的卖主想在本周办理房产过户手续。
n. 卖主； [贸易] 小贩；自动售货机
 - peddler, packman

Word: thrive
Front: thrive
[θraɪv] (研四六托雅宝 4628/6403 -2)
Vocabulary: thrive
(once / 531 pages)
v
To thrive is to do well or flourish. If your new cookie delivery business thrives, you'll be rolling in dough — not literally, of course.
The verb thrive means to flourish or grow vigorously, and it can be applied to something like a business or to something or someone's actual health. Plants can thrive in a greenhouse, and children can thrive if they eat well and exercise. Thriving can also be used more figuratively — "The women thrived on gossip; they loved knowing who was dating or divorcing whom."
WORD FAMILY
thrive: thrived, thriven, thrives, thriving, throve+/ thriving: thrivingest, thrivingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Between these two extremes exists the little-known but thriving world of interscholastic floor hockey at yeshiva high schools in New York City and surrounding towns.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“ISIL thrived in a vacuum in Iraq and it pointed to a similar vacuum in Afghanistan,” Mr. Rhodes said.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
One way that antique stores continue to thrive is by diversifying their products, Stewart said.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vi. 兴盛，兴隆; 长得健壮; 茁壮成长
时态：thrived, thriving, thrives
分布：繁荣(42%)，兴旺(31%)，茁壮成长(27%)
→来自中古英语 thriven,繁荣，兴旺，来自 Proto-Germanic*thribana,抓住，使繁盛，来自 trep, 使满意，使享受，词源同 Terpsichore,古希腊神话中的歌舞女神，字面意思为享受舞蹈者。
v.兴旺,繁荣From the fact, the shivering driver derives that the diver may thrive on river.发抖的司机从这个事实得出结论说跳水员可以靠河流繁荣.
【区】thrift（n 节俭；节约）
【反】languish（v 憔悴；凋萎）；wizen（v 枯萎；消瘦）；fail（v 失败）
[θraɪv] (thrived or US ALSO throve, thrived or US ALSO thriven)
verb intransitive
■to grow, develop or be successful 茁壮成长；兴旺，繁荣
• His business thrived in the years before the war. 战前那些年，他的生意很兴隆。
• She seems to thrive on stress. 她似乎很擅长在压力下工作。
succeed, prosper, thrive, flourish
这组词都有“兴旺，成功”的意思，其区别是：
succeed: 表示成功，强调完成某件想往或企图去做的事，与fail相对。
prosper: 指持续不断地成功，也指越来越成功。
thrive: 指蓬勃发展，常指显而易见的成功。
flourish: 指处于成功、繁荣、进步的顶盛阶段。
vi. 繁荣，兴旺；茁壮成长
 - succeed, flower

Word: peanut
Front: peanut
[ˈpi:nʌt] (研 4627/9789 -1)
Vocabulary: peanut
(once / 1595 pages)
1n 2n 3adj
A peanut is a plant that grows pods containing seeds that are also known as peanuts. You may think of peanuts as nuts, but they're actually legumes.
Despite the deceptive name peanut, this plant is more closely related to peas than it is to almonds and hazelnuts. Peanuts are an important food crop around the world, in the form of oil, flour, peanut butter, and roasted, whole peanuts. Peanuts were originally called "ground nuts," and despite their popularity, they're also known for being inexpensive — thus peanuts also informally means "a very small amount of money."
WORD FAMILY
peanut: peanuts
USAGE EXAMPLES
In addition to the peanut drop, organizers say there will be several other events downtown to celebrate the new year, beginning at 6 p.m.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Bright lights, bowls of peanuts and small talk with the neighbours?
The Guardian(Dec 29, 2016)
He believes there are around 300 people in the tribe, who farm bananas, sweet potato, manioc and peanuts, as well as hunting and fishing.
The Guardian(Dec 22, 2016)
Back: n. 花生; 微不足道的人，小人物; 很少的钱
adj. 微不足道的
分布：花生(100%)
→pea,豌豆，nut,坚果。
n.花生The button utters in mutter, "The butterfly likes the buttered earthnut/peanut."按钮咕哝着发出声音说:"蝴蝶喜欢涂了奶油的花生."
noun
NUT 果仁
 ADVANCED countable (UK specialized also groundnut)
■an oval-shaped nut that grows underground in pairs inside a thin brown shell 花生，花生米
• peanut/groundnut oil 花生油
• salted/dry-roast(ed) peanuts 咸花生／干炒花生
['pi:.nʌt] noun
LITTLE MONEY 钱少
peanuts [plural] informal
■something so small it is not worth considering, especially a sum of money 无甚价值之物；（尤指）一小笔钱
• They pay people peanuts in that organization. 那家机构给的酬金微不足道。
n. [食品] [作物] 花生
 - arachi, earthpea

Word: chew
Front: chew
[tʃu:] (高研四六雅 4631/5661 -K2)
Vocabulary: chew
(once / 657 pages)
vn
When you chew, you use your teeth to grind up food before you swallow it. It can be pretty unpleasant to watch your brother chew his pizza with his mouth open.
Usually when people chew, they chew up a bite of food or chew on a candy bar. You can also chew your nails or chew your lower lip — you're not actually eating something, but just using your teeth to gnaw or bite. You can also use the word chew figuratively, to mean "think or mull over." It comes from an Old English root, ceowan, "to gnaw or chew."
WORD FAMILY
chew: chewable, chewed, chewer, chewing, chews, chewy+/chewable: unchewable/chewer: chewers/chewing: chewings/chewy: chewier, chewiest
USAGE EXAMPLES
The thick slices of overnight-smoked brisket in the Stacked sandwich are tender enough to chew through without dragging the whole pile off the bun.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
Instead, it’s both virtuosic and ambiguous, yielding more to chew on than most videos of its era or ours.
Time(Dec 28, 2016)
A red squirrel sat in the feeder, chewing with gusto.
Seattle Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 咀嚼，咬; 深思，考虑
n. 咀嚼; 咀嚼物
时态：chewed, chewing, chews
分布：咀嚼(76%)，深思(10%)，嚼碎(9%)，咀嚼物(5%)
→来自gyeu, 咀嚼，词源同cheek.
v.咀嚼;思量The crew unscrewed the screws from the sewing-machine and chewed them.船员们从缝纫机上旋下螺钉并咀嚼它们.
verb intransitive or transitive
 ADVANCED
■to crush food into smaller, softer pieces with the teeth so that it can be swallowed 咀嚼；嚼碎
• This meat is difficult to chew. 这肉很难嚼。
• You don't chew your food enough - that's why you get indigestion. 你没把食物嚼碎——这就是你患上消化不良的原因。
 ADVANCED
■to bite something with your teeth, usually in order to taste its flavour （为品尝味道而）嚼，咬
• Would you like some gum to chew? 你想吃口香糖吗？
• She gave the children some sweets to chew (on) during the long car journey. 在漫长的汽车旅程途中，她给了孩子糖果嚼着吃。
• She sat in the dentist's waiting room, nervously chewing (at) (= biting) her nails. 她坐在牙医的候诊室里，紧张地咬着指甲。
[tʃu:] verb intransitive or transitive
chew the fat informal
■to talk with someone in an informal and friendly way 闲聊，闲谈
• We sat in a bar most of the evening just chewing the fat. 那天晚上大部分时间我们坐在酒吧里聊天。
[tʃu:] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] chew sb out US informal
■to tell someone angrily that they have done something wrong 怒斥，严厉责备（某人）
• The coach chewed his team out for playing so badly. 教练责备球队表现太差。
[tʃu:] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] chew sth over informal
■to think about or discuss something carefully for a long time 深思，细想；仔细讨论
• I've been chewing the problem over since last week. 从上个星期我就一直在仔细考虑这个问题。
[tʃu:] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] chew sth up
■If a machine chews up something that you have put inside it, it damages or destroys it （机器）绞坏，咬坏，损坏
• Your tape deck has chewed up my cassette! 你的录音机把我的磁带绞坏了！
[tʃu:] noun countable
■an act of chewing something 嚼，咀嚼
■a hard sweet that gets softer the more you chew it （越嚼越软的）硬糖；口香糖
bite, snap, gnaw, chew
这组词都有“咬、啃”的意思，其区别是：
bite: 指用牙齿钳住或切断，或咬一口。
snap: 指突然猛咬。
gnaw: 指连续不断用齿咬。
chew: 指用牙磨碎。
n. 咀嚼；咀嚼物
 - mastication, quid
vt. 嚼碎，咀嚼
 - masticate
vi. 细想，深思
 - consider, pore, reflect

Word: elaborate
Front: elaborate
[ɪˈlæbərət] (研四六托雅宝 4630/4707 -2)
Vocabulary: elaborate
(once / 246 pages)
1adjv 2v
Use the adjective elaborate when you want to describe how something is very detailed or especially complicated, like a devilish prank planned out weeks in advance.
The adjective elaborate is used to describe when something is planned with a lot of attention to detail or when something is intricate or detailed itself. The word comes from the Latin elaborare, which means "to produce by labor" but it has come to mean a lot of labor, especially work that is very complicated and precise. To imagine this word, think of a painting with lots of flourishes or a story with many sub-plots and characters that all fit together in extensive ways.
WORD FAMILY
elaborate: elaborated, elaborately, elaborateness, elaborates, elaborating, elaboration, inelaborate, unelaborate+/elaborated: unelaborated/ elaboration: elaborations/unelaborate: unelaborately
USAGE EXAMPLES
Wealthy businessmen and officials were purchasing elaborate carvings as luxurious gifts or, in some cases, bribes.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Fernyhough writes that his most elaborate inner conversations occur when he is dealing with an ethical dilemma.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
He said he would disclose some information on the issue on Tuesday or Wednesday, without elaborating.
Reuters(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vi. 详尽说明; 变得复杂
vt. 详细制定; 详尽阐述; [生理学]加工; 尽心竭力地做
时态：elaborated, elaborating, elaborates
分布：复杂的(42%)，详尽的(17%)，精美的(15%)，精心的(11%)，变得复杂(6%)，推敲(5%)，详细地说明(3%)，用心制作(1%)
→e-, 向外。-labor, 劳动，辛苦，词源同laboratory.
精工细做的(e+labor劳动＋ate→劳动出来→精做的)[e-,ef-表示"出,出来"]
精工细做(e出+labor+ate→做出来的→精工细做)[labor=labor,表示"劳动"]
v./a.精心制作(的);详细阐述(的)The corporate bodies collaborate elaborately on producing vibrating evaporator.法人团体在生产振动蒸发器之后精心制作协作.
【记】e出，labor（n 劳动）一劳动出来的一精致复杂的
【参】elaboration（n 苦心经营（的结果）；详尽的细节）
【反】abstract（adj 抽象的；摘要的）；simplify（vt 单一化；简化）
US [-ə˞-]
 ADVANCED
■containing a lot of careful detail or many detailed parts 精心计划（或制作）的；详尽的；复杂的
• You want a plain blouse to go with that skirt - nothing too elaborate. 你应该用一件样式简单的衬衫来配那条裙子，不要样式太复杂的。
• They're making the most elaborate preparations for the wedding. 他们正为婚礼做极为精心周到的准备。
• He came out with such an elaborate excuse that I didn't quite believe him. 他突然说了那么一大套理由，搞得我不敢相信他。
verb intransitive /ɪˈlæb.ə.reɪt/ slightly formal
■to add more information to or explain something that you have said 详尽说明；阐述
• The minister said he was resigning, but refused to elaborate on his reasons for doing so. 部长说他将辞职，但拒绝详细说明原因。
adj. 精心制作的；详尽的；煞费苦心的
 - detailed, full
vt. 精心制作；详细阐述；从简单成分合成（复杂有机物）
 - tailor-make
vi. 详细描述；变复杂
 - thicken

Word: intellectual
Front: intellectual
[ˌɪntəˈlektʃuəl] (研四六托雅宝 2857/3040 -3)
Vocabulary: intellectual
(once / 139 pages)
adjn
The adjective intellectual describes something related to or using the mind or intellect. Your creative pursuit of singing in a rock band is different from your intellectual interest in 16th-century drama.
Intellectual is often used to describe intensive reasoning and deep thinking, particularly in relation to subjects that tend to spark deep discussion, such as literature or philosophy. An intellectual is also a noun for a cerebral or brainy person who engages in deep thinking, like Plato, Albert Einstein, or your classmate who can speak at length about the relationship between French existentialism and ice hockey.
WORD FAMILY
intellectual: anti-intellectual, intellectualisation, intellectualization, intellectually, intellectuals, nonintellectual+/ intellect: intellects, intellectual /intellectualization: intellectualizations
USAGE EXAMPLES
Ten years later, Capucci led a delegation of clerics and intellectuals to Iraq in a show of solidarity against UN sanctions.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
They’d be well advised to fire their Growth Hackers and start prioritizing intellectual integrity over content farming.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
In somewhat of a statistical and intellectual improbability, Couch Slouch agrees with both sides.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 智力的; 有才智的; 需用智力的; 智力发达的
n. 知识分子; 脑力劳动者; 有极高智力的人; 凭理智（而非感情）办事的人
分布：知识分子(64%)，智力的(24%)，聪明的(8%)，凭理智做事者(4%)
→来自intellect,智力。
聪明的n.知识分子(intellect+ual)[lect,lig=choose,gather表示"选择,收集"]
n.知识分子a.智力的,理智的,有理解力的We need some highly qualified intellectuals.我们需要高级知识分子.
US [-tˌəl'ek.tʃu-] adjective
 ADVANCED
■relating to your ability to think and understand things, especially complicated ideas 智力的，脑力的
• Looking after a baby at home all day is nice but it doesn't provide much intellectual stimulation. 整天在家照顾婴儿虽然不错，但让人不怎么动脑筋。
• I like detective stories and romances - nothing too intellectual. 我喜欢侦探小说和爱情故事——不怎么费脑筋。
UK [ˌɪn.təl'ek.tju.əl] US [-tˌəl'ek.tʃu-] noun countable
■a very educated person whose interests are studying and other activities that involve careful thinking and mental effort 知识分子，脑力劳动者
• She was too much of an intellectual to find popular films interesting. 她太书卷气了，认为流行电影没甚么意思。
adj. [心理] 智力的；聪明的；理智的
 - wise, bright, clever, smart, understanding
n. [劳经] 知识分子；凭理智做事者
 - clerisy

Word: conception
Front: conception
[kənˈsepʃn] (六托雅宝 4636/3245 -2)
Vocabulary: conception
(once / 179 pages)
1n 2n
Conception means any idea or concept, or a sum of ideas and concepts. Your conception for designing the little girl's room with a princess theme was a hit. Her evil stepsisters are jealous.
The noun conception can also mean a beginning — of anything in general, or of a pregnancy, specifically. August 15 marked the anniversary of the conception of your design business. Your parents told me their youngest child has been a holy terror since conception. So, do you get along with your older siblings?
WORD FAMILY
conception: conceptional, conceptions+/ conceivable: conceivability, conceivableness, conceivably, inconceivable / conceive: conceivable, conceived, conceiver, conceives, conceiving, conceptive, misconceive, preconceive/conceived: ill-conceived /conceiver: conceivers/ concept: conceive, conception, concepts, conceptual, conceptualize / conceptual: conceptualise, conceptualism, conceptuality, conceptually/conceptualise: conceptualisation/conceptualism: conceptualistic/conceptualization: conceptualizations/ conceptualize: conceptualization, conceptualized, conceptualizes, conceptualizing/inconceivability: inconceivabilities/ inconceivable: inconceivability, inconceivableness, inconceivably/misconceive: misconceived, misconceives, misconceiving, misconception / misconception: misconceptions/preconceive: preconceived, preconceives, preconception/preconception: preconceptions
USAGE EXAMPLES
The more we learn about the miracle of conception, the more it seems just that: miraculous.
Time(Nov 30, 2016)
The University of Aberdeen team found conceptions within six months were less likely to result in another miscarriage or preterm birth.
BBC(Nov 29, 2016)
The shelter, the world’s largest land-based moving structure, is a feat of engineering decades in conception and years in the making.
New York Times(Nov 29, 2016)
Back: n. 受精，怀孕; 胚胎; 概念; 设想，构想
分布：概念(57%)，观念(20%)，构想(14%)，怀孕(9%)
概念,观念[cap,capt,cept,ceive,cip,cup=take,hold,seize,表示"拿,抓,握住"]
noun
IDEA 想法
countable or uncountable
■an idea of what something or someone is like, or a basic understanding of a situation or a principle 观念；概念；见解；构想
• People from different cultures have different conceptions of the world. 不同文化背景的人对世界持有不同的看法。
• She has a conception of people as being basically good. 她认为人性本善。
• I thought the book's writing was dreadful, and its conception (= the ideas on which it was based) even worse. 我认为这本书写得很差，其构思更是糟糕。
• He has absolutely no conception of how a successful business should run. 他根本就不知道成功的企业应当如何经营。
[kən'sep.ʃən] noun
BABY 婴儿
uncountable
■the process of a sperm and an egg joining and causing a baby to start to form 受孕，怀孕
• at/from the moment of conception 在／从受孕的那一刻
conception, concept, idea, notion, impression, thought
这组词都有“思想、观点、观念”的意思，其区别是：
conception: 通常指个人或一些人所持有的具体概念或念头，也可指概念的形成过程，含一定的想象和感情色彩意味。
concept: 指从众多实例中通过概括、归纳而形成的对事物本质、全貌及其内部联系的概念或看法。
idea: 最普通常用词，几乎适用于任何方面的思维活动。
notion: 指的是一种模糊的，变化的莫测的想法，无可靠的基础，未经深思熟虑的观点。
impression: 指外部刺激在思想中所产生的印象。
thought: 指以推理、思考等智力活动为基础的心理思维活动及其结果。
n. [妇产] 怀孕；概念；设想；开始
 - idea, threshold, pregnancy, beginning, opening

Word: auction
Front: auction
[ˈɔ:kʃn] (研雅宝 4632/4370 -3)
Vocabulary: auction
(once / 522 pages)
1nv 2n
In an auction, items are sold without price tags––whoever bids the highest gets to buy it, whether it’s a painting, a car, or a set of old dishes.
You can hold an auction, or auction something. You might have seen auction scenes in classy old movies where the characters bid on paintings by politely raising their hands as the auctioneer calls out a price. Auctions aren’t always high-fallutin’, though. Many cities auction off cars they’ve confiscated from drug dealers or thieves.
WORD FAMILY
auction: auctioned, auctioneer, auctioning, auctions+/ auctioneer: auctioneered, auctioneering, auctioneers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Proceeds from the auction will benefit the project’s capital campaign.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Almost nothing was heard about the document for more than 80 years — until it showed up 13 months ago at a London auction house.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Instead, he sold everything to David Weisz to be auctioned off piece by piece.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 拍卖; 竞卖; 标售; （桥牌）拍卖玩法
vt. 拍卖; 竞卖
时态：auctioned, auctioning, auctions
分布：拍卖(100%)
→来自词根auct, 增加, 词根aug过去分词格。
拍卖(auct[=aug]+ion[价钱]扩大→拍卖)[aug=increase,表示"增加"]
n.／vt.拍卖The department store is auctioning off the remaining inventory.百货公司在拍卖剩余库存品.
【记】auct＝aug增加－增加价格－拍卖
【参】augment（v 增加，增大）；august（n 八月）
US ['ɑ:k-] noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■a usually public sale of goods or property, where people make higher and higher bids (= offers of money) for each thing, until the thing is sold to the person who will pay most 拍卖
• a furniture auction 家俱拍卖会　
• They're holding an auction of jewellery on Thursday. 他们将在周四举行一场珠宝拍卖会。
• The painting will be sold at / UK also by auction next week. 这幅画将在下周拍卖。
• The house and its contents are being put up for auction. 这座房子及里面的家俱已被交付拍卖。
UK ['ɔ:k.ʃən] US ['ɑ:k-] verb transitive
■to sell something in a public auction 拍卖
• The stamps will be auctioned tomorrow. 这些邮票将在明天拍卖。
• The family is auctioning (off) its art collection. 这家人将要拍卖他们的艺术收藏品。
vt. [贸易] 拍卖；竞卖
 - be on sale
n. [贸易] 拍卖
 - public sale, vendue

Word: steak
Front: steak
[steɪk] (高研六托雅 4634/7171 -2)
Vocabulary: steak
(once / 1262 pages)
n
If you order steak at a restaurant, you'll probably be served a thick piece of cooked meat.
Although most people use the noun steak to mean a slice of grilled or broiled beef, it can be used to talk about any kind of meat or fish. Many people like to cook tuna steaks on the grill or order a medium-rare T-bone steak at a restaurant. Since the fifteenth century, steak has meant "thick slice of meat," from the Old Norse root word steik, "roast meat."
WORD FAMILY
steak: steaks
USAGE EXAMPLES
He said he became an expert at preparing Japanese-style sizzling steaks at patrons’ tables.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
“It used to be just, ‘Red or white?’ and ‘Steak or lobster?’ ” he says.
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
If your father and any other guest would like to get steaks afterward, they are free to do so.
Slate(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 牛排; 肉排; 鱼排; 碎牛肉
分布：牛排(100%)
→来自古诺斯语 steik,烤肉，在烤肉棍上烤的肉，来自 Proto-Germanic*staiko,插，穿刺，来自 steig,刺，插，词源同 sting,stick,stake.
n.牛排;大块肉(或鱼)片At the breakfast, the steak leaked from the break.早餐时,肉片从缺口处漏出来.
noun countable or uncountable
■a thick, flat piece of meat or fish, especially meat from a cow 肉排；肉块；鱼排；鱼块；（尤指）牛排
• T-bone/sirloin steaks T骨／沙朗牛排
• salmon/turkey steaks 鲑鱼排／火鸡肉排
• Shall we have steak for dinner? 我们晚餐吃牛排好吗？
n. 牛排；肉排；鱼排
 - beefsteak

Word: comply
Front: comply
[kəmˈplaɪ] (研六托雅宝 4637/3441 -2)
Vocabulary: comply
(once / 300 pages)
v
Comply is to act according to someone's wishes or rules. Although you might like to stay out with your friends, you'll have to comply with your parents' rules and be home by midnight.
Comply shares a root with the word, complete. In a way, when you comply with a rule or agreement, you are completing it, or completing your part in it. When someone is in compliance with an agreement or a legal ruling, that means that they have done everything they needed to satisfy the ruling. Comply with the rules of grammar or your English teacher will turn your paper red with ink!
WORD FAMILY
comply: compliance, compliancy, compliant, complied, complies, complying+/ compliance: compliances/ compliant: compliantly, noncompliant / noncompliant: noncompliance, noncompliants
USAGE EXAMPLES
“So the announcement will just help Nebraskans to comply with the existing law.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In late August, on the day before classes resumed, Harriott instructed his team to comply with St. Thomas’s grooming standards.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Officers found the man in the park and tried to talk to him but he did not comply.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vi. 遵从; 依从，顺从; 应允，同意
时态：complied, complying, complies
分布：顺从(50%)，答应(25%)，遵照(25%)
→com-, 强调。-ple, 装满，满的，词源同full, fulfill. 即补足，顺从。拼写受ply影响。
同意,答应(com共同+ply→[观点]共同叠在一起→同意)[plic,pli,ply=fold,表示"重叠,折叠"]
v.(with)遵照,照做,应允;顺从,服从He gladly complied with my request.他欣然同意我的要求.
【记】com一起，ply＝play玩，要comply规则
formal
verb intransitive
 ADVANCED
■to act according to an order, set of rules or request 服从；遵守；依从
• He's been ordered to have the dog destroyed because it's dangerous, but he refuses to comply. 那只狗很危险，因此他接到了把它人道毁灭的命令，但他拒绝服从。
• There are serious penalties for failure to comply with the regulations. 不遵守规定者将受到严惩。
conform, comply, abide, adhere
这组词都有“遵守”的意思，其区别是：
conform: v.后接to表示“遵守，符合”。
 • All individuals are required to conform to the laws made by their governments.   每个人都应该遵守政府制订的法律。
comply: v.后接with表示“遵守，服从”，用于正式的场合。
 • Our company complies with governmental regulations on paying taxes.   我们公司遵守政府有关纳税的规定。
abide: v.后接by表示“遵守，同意”。
 • I will abide by the director' decision.   我将遵从主任的决定。
adhere: v.后接to表示“遵守”。(当然adhere一词的其它意思如“坚持；粘附”也经常被考到。)
 • Car drivers must adhere to the rules of driving.   汽车司机必须遵守驾驶规则。
obey, submit, comply
这组词都有“服从、听从”的意思，其区别是：
obey: 一般用词，指服从或接受某种权威，或遵循某种原则而行事。
submit: 指顺从或屈服于自己不能进一步抵制或抵抗的人或事物。
comply: 指同意依从他人的愿望或请求，或遵守某种规则或顺应某种环境条件。
approve, consent, subscribe, comply, agree
这组词都有“同意、赞同”的意思，其区别是：
approve: 侧重对认为正确或满意的事表示赞同或批准。作不及物动词用时，常与of连用。
consent: 指同意别人的请求、建议或满足他人的愿望，着重意愿或感情，常和to连用。
subscribe: 指完全地赞成已阐明的立场。多用于比较愿意支持一种立场或为一种立场所辨护的情况。
comply: 指答应某人已经提出或可能要求做的某事，与with连用。
agree: 普通用词，侧重指对某事同其他人有相同的意见或想法。
vi. 遵守；顺从，遵从；答应
 - engage, abide by/obey/observe

Word: triumph
Front: triumph
[ˈtraɪʌmf] (研四六托雅宝 4638/3546 -3)
Vocabulary: triumph
(once / 81 pages)
nv
A triumph is a well-earned victory. It'll make you pump your fist and yell "Hurrah!"
Triumph can be a noun or a verb, so you can have a triumph after the big game when you triumph over your opponents. Either way, it's a way to rejoice and a reason to whoop it up. The word comes from the Latin triumphus which is an "achievement, success, procession for a victorious general or admiral." The jury's still out on whether it comes from the Greek thriambos, as a "hymn to Dionysus," but it's fun to imagine that a triumph is a song to the Greek god of party animals. Fittingly, a Triumph is also the name of a motorcycle, a cool car, and a hard rockin' band from Canada.
WORD FAMILY
triumph: triumphal, triumphant, triumphed, triumphing, triumphs+/triumphal: triumphally/ triumphant: triumphantest, triumphantly
USAGE EXAMPLES
They agreed that claims of the “absolute character” of scientific truth, and the supposed triumph of Enlightenment reason, needed to be challenged.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The films explored Hull's history, from the Blitz to sporting triumphs.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
The summer brought triumph after triumph for the U.S.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 胜利; 巨大的成就; （成功的）典范; （巨大成功或胜利的）心满意足
vi. 获胜; 克服; 打败; 战胜
时态：triumphed, triumphing, triumphs
分布：胜利(73%)，战胜(12%)，凯旋(7%)，成就(4%)，欢欣(3%)，庆祝胜利(1%)
→来自拉丁语 triumphus,胜利，成功，古罗马班师回朝的军队，来自希腊语 thriambos,赞歌， 特指献给酒神 Dionysus 的赞歌，词源同 thriambus.
n.胜利,成功v.得胜,战胜With a dim triumph, she trims the swimming-suit rim at the swimming-pool brim.她带着暗淡的喜悦在泳池边整理泳装的边缘.
noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■a very great success, achievement or victory (= when you win a war, fight or competition) , or a feeling of great satisfaction or pleasure caused by this 巨大成功；胜利；狂喜
• The book celebrates the hostages' remarkable triumph over appalling adversity. 这本书颂扬人质脱离可怕险境的壮举。
• The signing of the agreement was a personal triumph for the Prime Minister. 签订该协议对首相而言是一项伟大的个人成就。
• It was the Republican Party's third election triumph in a row. 这是共和党连续第三次赢得选举胜利。
• The eradication of smallpox by vaccination was one of medicine's greatest triumphs. 透过接种疫苗根除天花是医学上最伟大的成就之一。
• The constitutional changes have been hailed as a triumph for democracy. 宪法改革被誉为民主政治所取得的一项重大成就。
• The match ended in triumph for the French team. 比赛以法国队获胜而告终。
• He returned in triumph from the sales with a half-price stereo system. 他从拍卖会回来的时候，兴高采烈地抱着半价买来的立体声音响。
['traɪ.əmpf] verb intransitive
■to have a very great success or victory 巨大成功；胜利
• I believe that sooner or later good must triumph over evil. 我相信正义终究要战胜邪恶。
• The Democrats once again triumphed in recent elections. 民主党人在最近的选举中再次获胜。
conquest, victory, triumph
这组词都有“胜利”的意思，其区别是：
conquest: 指获取胜利或征服，把败者置于控制之下。
victory: 普通用词，主要指在战争、斗争或竞赛中获得的胜利，侧重艰辛与成功。
triumph: 着重胜利或成功的辉煌与彻底。
n. 胜利，凯旋；欢欣
 - victory, success, win
vi. 获得胜利，成功
 - arrive, win, make good

Word: shareholder
Front: shareholder
[ˈʃeəhəʊldə(r)] (4635/2276 -3)
Vocabulary: shareholder
(once / 600 pages)
n
A shareholder is someone who holds stock in a company. Shareholders partially own a company and can make more money when it does well.
When you share, you're using or enjoying something with others. Similarly, shareholders own shares — also known as stocks — in a company, so the shareholders all own a little piece of the company. Therefore, shareholders want the company to succeed, so their shares will be worth more money. If one shareholder owns more than 50% of the shares, that person can control the company. Otherwise, the shareholders will have to work together to make decisions.
WORD FAMILY
shareholder: shareholders
USAGE EXAMPLES
Prosecutors say he rented the penthouse flat in China cheaply from a shareholder of broadcast company Wave Media.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Prosecutors say Jansen spent the funds on personal expenses without disclosing transactions to shareholders.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
She supports eliminating “say on pay” rules that allow shareholders to vote on executive compensation, and eliminating shareholder advisory groups.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 股东; 股票持有者
分布：股东(100%)
US ['ʃerˌhoʊl.dɚ] (mainly US stockholder)
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a person who owns some of the equal parts into which the ownership of a company is divided 股票持有人，股东
• Shareholders will be voting on the proposed merger of the companies next week. 股东们下星期将投票表决拟议中的公司合并问题。
n. [金融] 股东；股票持有人
 - stockholder, holder of stock

Word: comparable
Front: comparable
[ˈkɒmpərəbl] (研四六托雅 4639/3741 -2)
Vocabulary: comparable
(once / 621 pages)
adj
Use comparable to describe two things that are alike. If you are offered two jobs with comparable salaries, you might take the one where the weather is nicer.
Comparable can also mean exactly what it looks like: things you are “able” to “compare” are comparable. When you say that comparing two things is “like comparing apples and oranges,” you're saying the two things in question are not comparable. When you pronounce this word, remember that, unlike with “compare,” you emphasize the first syllable and swallow the first “a”: COM-pra-ble. The sounds of the two words aren't really comparable.
WORD FAMILY
comparable: comparability, comparably, incomparable, uncomparable+/comparably: uncomparably/ comparative: comparatively, comparatives/ compare: comparable, comparative, compared, compares, comparing/ incomparable: incomparablest, incomparably
USAGE EXAMPLES
The odds on getting anybody nearly as good, or with a comparable ceiling, are lousy.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
The price of the drug would be comparable to some other drugs that treat rare diseases.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
There may not be a comparable championship in sports history to this football fairy-tale.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 可比较的; 比得上的
分布：可比较的(68%)，比得上的(32%)
a.(with,to)可比较的,比得上的I prepare to compare the two comparable parallel companies.我准备比较那两个可比较的类似的公司.
【记】compare（v 比较），able能…－能比较的
【参】comparability（n 可比性，相似性）；comparison（n 比较，对照）
US ['kɑ:m.pɚ-] adjective
■similar in size, amount or quality to something else （大小、数量或品质上）类似的，相当的，可比的
• The girls are of comparable ages. 这群女孩年龄相仿。
• Our prices are comparable to/with those in other shops. 我们的价格和其他商店的差不多。
• The two experiences aren't comparable. 这两段经历不能相比。
parallel, uniform, identical, comparable, like, alike, similar
这组词都有“相似的，类似的”的意思，其区别是：
parallel: 主要指在外表或在性质上相似到有可以相提并论的程度。
uniform: 指在性质、数量、形态或程度等方面相似到很难看出差异的地步。
identical: 语气最强，可指同一个人或物，也可指数个人或物之间完全没有差别。
comparable: 指在某一点或几点上有相似之处，可作有限或粗略的对比，尤指在价值或能力等方面可相提并论。
like: 普通用词，含义广泛，指多个或全部特性都相似，但并非同一个，也可指在某个特殊的偶然相似。
alike: 指事物在性质、特征或外貌上固有的而不是偶然的相似。普通用词，只作表语。
similar: 强调不同的人或事物之间完全或部分相似，暗示可暂不考虑或无视其差异之处。

Word: transport
Front: transport
[ˈtrænspɔ:t] (高研四六雅宝 4640/1202 -K4)
Vocabulary: transport
(once / 154 pages)
1vn 2vn 3n 4n
Transport means to move something, often large quantities of commercial products, over great distances. Container ships transport goods made in China to the U.S., where they will be sold.
A pipeline can transport oil. A school bus transports children. Soldiers get their postings but then must wait for news of their transport. If you are in a hurry to get something to market, you might consider using air transport, though that's expensive. Transport is from Latin words meaning "carry across."
WORD FAMILY
transport: transportable, transportation, transported, transporter, transporting, transports+/ transportation: transportations/transporter: transporters
USAGE EXAMPLES
Sparks police say 43-year-old Tom Anderson complained of possible hypothermia due to exposure after he was transported to police headquarters following Monday’s arrest.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
About 80 firefighters are dealing with the fire in Transport Avenue in Brentford.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Martin said the militants were regularly using municipal facilities for military means, including transporting weapons in ambulances.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 运送，运输; 流放; 使欣喜若狂
n. 运输; 运输船（机），运输系统; 狂喜; 流放犯
时态：transported, transporting, transports
分布：运输(95%)，流放(3%)，传播(1%)，激动(1%)
→trans-,转移，-port,携带，词源同 port,report.
运输(trans转移+port→移动着拿→运输)[Port=carry,表示"拿,运"]
v.运输,运送,搬运n.运输;运输系统,运载工具With the reporter's support, the sportsmen are transported to the airport.在记者的支持下,运动员们被运送到了机场.
US [-spɔːrt]
GOODS/PEOPLE 货物／人
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■when people or goods are moved from one place to another 运输，运送，输送
• the transport of live animals 活体动物的运输
• The company will arrange transport from the airport. 公司将安排从机场起的运输。
 ESSENTIAL uncountable UK (US transportation)
■a system of vehicles, such as buses, trains, aircraft, etc. for getting from one place to another 交通工具
• the Department of Transport 交通部
• investment in public transport (= buses, trains, etc. available for everyone to use) 对公共交通的投资
• Do you have your own transport (= vehicle) ? 你自己有车吗？
• Bicycles are a cheap and efficient form of transport. 脚踏车是一种便宜而高效的交通工具。
  Common Learner Errors  transportTransport does not have a plural form and cannot be used with a or an. To talk about transport in general, do not say 'transports', say transport
✗ Public transports were not frequent in the evenings. Public transport was not frequent in the evenings. To talk about transport in the singular, do not say 'a transport', say a form/means/mode of transport :
✗ The bicycle is a convenient transport. The bicycle is a convenient means of transport.
noun UK [ˈtræn.spɔːt] US [-spɔːrt]
FEELING 感觉
in transports (of delight) literary
■extremely pleased or happy 欣喜若狂
verb transitive UK [trænˈspɔːt] US [-spɔːrt]
GOODS/PEOPLE 货物／人
 ADVANCED
■to take goods or people from one place to another 运输，运送，输送
• The pipeline was constructed to transport oil across Alaska to ports on the coast. 建设这条输油管道是为了使石油能够穿越阿拉斯加输送到各沿海港口。
• Such heavy items are expensive to transport (by plane). 这样重的物品（用飞机）运输很贵。
■(in the past) to send a criminal to a country far away, to live, as a punishment （旧时）流放，放逐
• 162 000 convicts were transported to Australia from 1788 to 1868. 从1788年到1868年，有16.2万名犯人被流放到澳大利亚。
verb transitive UK [trænˈspɔːt] US [-spɔːrt]
FEELING 感觉 literary
■If something transports you to a different time or place, it makes you feel as if you are in it 使产生身临其境的感觉
• The film transported us back to the New York of the 1950s. 这部电影将我们带回到20世纪50年代的纽约。
transmit, transfer, transcend, transport, translate
transmit: 发射，播送；传播，传染；留传，遗传；
transfer: 转移，迁移；
transcend: 超过，翻越；
transport: 运输，运送，输送；
translate: 翻译；说明，使变成
convey, fetch, get, transport, take, bring, carry
这组词都有“带、拿、取”的意思，其区别是：
convey: 指通过中间人传递信息，或以某种方式把人或物送到目的地。
fetch: 指一往一返，相当于go and bring，去取了东西或带人再返回到出发处。
get: 口语用词，与fetch基本同义，语气随便。
transport: 指使用车辆或机械设备把人或货物从一处运载到另一处。
take: 指从说话人或说话人心目中所在处把某人或某物带离开，带到离说话者有一定距离的地方，与bring的方向正相反，侧重方向，不着重方式。
bring: 指从某处把人或物带到或拿到说话者所在的地点，强调方向，不着重方式。
carry: 指把物品从一个地方带到另一个地方，不涉及方向，只强调方式。
n. [植] 运输； [航] 运输机；狂喜；流放犯
 - carriage, traffic, conveyance
vt. [植] 运输；流放；使狂喜
 - convey, to freight

Word: conscience
Front: conscience
[ˈkɒnʃəns] (高研四六托雅宝 4641/4273 -2)
Vocabulary: conscience
(once / 103 pages)
n
A conscience is a built-in sense of what's right and what's wrong. That sick feeling in your stomach after you meanly told your younger brother the truth about Santa Claus? That might be your conscience bothering you.
The word conscience contains the word science, which comes from the Latin word scientia, meaning "to know" or "knowledge." You can think of your conscience as your knowledge of yourself, especially when it comes to your own morals, or your feelings about right and wrong. Pangs of conscience, which feel like an uncomfortable inner voice, are helpful when you're trying to decide the right thing to do in a particular situation.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
conscious / conscience
Both words have to do with the mind, but it's more important to be conscious, or awake, than conscience, or aware of right and wrong. Remain conscious while listening to your friend's moral dilemma so you can use your conscience to give good advice.
Conscious, pronounced "KAHN-shuhs," means being aware of yourself or the world around you. It also means being sensitive to something or being awake, not asleep or insensible:
Witnesses say he was bleeding profusely but conscious and talking. (Washington Post)
He was even horribly conscious of a slow pallor creeping over his face. (Bertram Mitford)
Conscience, pronounced "KAHN-shuhns," is a moral understanding, an inner feeling, of right and wrong. If you were a cartoon, your conscience would be that little angel on your shoulder, telling you the right thing to do (and to ignore the little devil on the other side). See the word in action:
They went out guiltily, as men whose consciences troubled them. (Richard Marsh)
Passports are not required, but a social conscience probably is. (New York Times)
To help keep conscious and conscience straight, try emphasizing the second n in conscience, remembering that the conscience deals with your inner thoughts.
WORD FAMILY
conscience: conscienceless, consciences, conscientious, conscionable+/conscienceless: consciencelessly/ conscientious: conscientiously, conscientiousness, unconscientious/conscionable: conscionably, unconscionable /unconscientious: unconscientiously, unconscientiousness/ unconscionable: unconscionably
USAGE EXAMPLES
“My heart is shattered and broken…………. but my conscience is clear. And THAT, really is all that matters.”
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
She ended by noting, “My heart is shattered and broken…………. but my conscience is clear. And THAT, really is all that matters.”
Time(Dec 30, 2016)
Read my blog, The Conscience of a Liberal, and follow me on Twitter, @PaulKrugman.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 良心; 道德心
分布：良心(99%)，是非之心(1%)
→con-, 强调。-sci, 知道，词源同science.
良心,道德心(con全部+sci+ence→全部知道→有良知→良心)[sci=know,表示"知道"]
n.良心,良知The efficient ancient scientist had conscience in science.那个能干的古代科学家在科学上有良知.
【记】con全部，sci知道－全部知道自己的错误，还算是个有良心的。Con共同，science（n 科学）：科学家共同的特点是：比较有良心
US ['kɑ:n-] noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■the part of you that judges how moral your own actions are and makes you feel guilty about bad things that you have done or things you feel responsible for 良心；良知
• a guilty conscience 问心有愧
• a question/matter of conscience 事关良心
• You didn't do anything wrong - you should have a clear conscience (= not feel guilty). 你没做错甚么——你应该觉得问心无愧。
• My conscience would really trouble me if I wore a fur coat. 要是我穿件皮草大衣，确实会良心不安。
• He's got no conscience at all (= does not feel guilty) about leaving me to do the housework. 他对于把家务丢给我一点都不觉得内疚。
UK ['kɒn.tʃənts] US ['kɑ:n-] noun countable or uncountable
be/weigh on your conscience
■to make you feel guilty 使（某人）良心不安，使（某人）觉得内疚
• I ignored an old woman who asked me for money in the street yesterday, and it's been on my conscience ever since. 昨天我没理会在街上向我讨钱的那个老妇人，但随后一直觉得良心不安。
UK ['kɒn.tʃənts] US ['kɑ:n-] noun countable or uncountable
in all conscience UK (US in good conscience) formal
■without feeling guilty 凭良心；公道地
• You couldn't, in all conscience, ask her to pay the whole bill! 凭良心说，你不能叫她一个人付所有的帐！

Word: calculation
Front: calculation
[ˌkælkjuˈleɪʃn] (四托 4642/3209 -K)
Vocabulary: calculation
(once / 459 pages)
n
Calculation is the act of calculating, which is using math or logic to figure out a problem. If your calculation is correct, then you can wear you sister’s favorite dress and put it back before she gets home.
A calculation is a careful, thought-out activity. The first kind of calculation involves figuring out the answer to a problem in math — the kind you might use a calculator for. Calculation also refers to using logic to figure out a non-numerical problem. If you have a difficult decision to make — like deciding what college to attend — calculation is your friend. That kind of calculation is to thoroughly think something through and make plans.
WORD FAMILY
calculation: calculations+/calculable: calculably, incalculable / calculate: calculable, calculated, calculates, calculating, calculation, calculative, calculator, miscalculate, recalculate / calculated: calculatedly/calculating: calculatingly/calculative: calculatively/calculator: calculators/ incalculable: incalculably/ miscalculate: miscalculated, miscalculates, miscalculating, miscalculation/miscalculation: miscalculations/ recalculate: recalculated, recalculates, recalculating, recalculation/recalculation: recalculations
USAGE EXAMPLES
Additionally, this somewhat unscientific calculation is assuming white parents solely buy white dolls for their children.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
This is because sitting alongside the agency’s official line on the carbon emissions was a new calculation, hiding in plain sight in their report.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
It's ultimate cynicism, but it's probably in their calculations.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 计算，盘算; 估计; 计算的结果; 深思熟虑，慎重的计划
分布：计算(96%)，估计(3%)，深思熟虑(1%)
noun
NUMBERS 数字
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■the process of using information you already have and adding, multiplying, subtracting or dividing numbers to judge the number or amount of something 算，计算
• The calculations that you did/made contained a few inaccuracies. 你的计算有几处不准确。
[ˌkæl.kjʊ'leɪ.ʃən] noun
PERSON 人
uncountable
■careful planning to control a situation for your own advantage in a way that is slightly unpleasant and causes people not to trust you 算计
• There's an element of calculation in his behaviour that makes me distrust him. 他的行为透着些许算计，让我不信任他。
n. [数] 计算；估计；计算的结果；深思熟虑
 - computation, estimation, appraisal, valuation, count

Word: considerably
Front: considerably
[kənˈsɪdərəbli] (托 4645/2741 -K)
Vocabulary: considerably
(once / 318 pages)
adv
Anything described with the word considerably happens substantially or in a major way. A considerably better job is a much better job.
A considerable amount of rain is a significant amount of rain: not just a little rain. So if something occurs considerably, it occurs to a great degree. A considerably bad day is a very bad day. A considerably wealthy person is an extremely wealthy person. A considerably dark sky is a dreary sky indeed. If you feel considerably worse than yesterday, you feel much worse. This word intensifies things. When you see considerably, you know something is being heightened.
WORD FAMILY
considerable: considerabler, considerablest, considerably, inconsiderable+/ consider: considerable, consideration, considered, considering, considers, reconsider / consideration: considerations, inconsideration/ considered: ill-considered, unconsidered/inconsiderable: inconsiderably/inconsideration: inconsiderations/ reconsider: reconsideration, reconsidered, reconsidering, reconsiders/reconsideration: reconsiderations
USAGE EXAMPLES
Most conjure the show’s themes with techniques that considerably predate Thomas Edison.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
In Washington, the year 2016 was warm, considerably warmer than normal.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
The data show that the primary drivers of health-care spending vary considerably.
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: adv. 相当，非常，颇
分布：非常地(38%)，相当地(37%)，颇(25%)
ADJ-GRADED
相当多的;相当大的
Considerable means great in amount or degree.
例：To be without Pearce would be a considerable blow...失去皮尔斯将是一个巨大的打击。
例：Doing it properly makes considerable demands on our time...把这事做好要耗费我们相当多的时间。
adv. 相当地；非常地
 - relatively, fairly, comparatively, reasonably, pretty

Word: interval
Front: interval
[ˈɪntəvl] (高研四六托雅 4646/2689 -K2)
Vocabulary: interval
(once / 158 pages)
n
A clock breaks time down into intervals of seconds, minutes, and hours. An interval is a distinct measure of time or the physical or temporal distance between two things.
When you are driving down the highway at 60 mph, you'll see distance markers at intervals of .1 miles. That means that every 1/10th of a mile, you will see one of these markers. Do the math and you'll see that these signs flash by you at intervals of 6 seconds. If your coach tells you to try interval training, he is telling you to do something like run for three minutes, lift weights for two, then run again for three. If he tells you do this again and again, you might want to end this interval of your life.
WORD FAMILY
interval: intervals, sub-interval
USAGE EXAMPLES
A subject wears an earpiece and a beeper sounds at random intervals.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
The lead was slim at the interval, but the momentum appeared to be firmly with the league leaders.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
“The public domain” began ritualistically, with murmuring, some vocal drones and intoned intervals.
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: n. 间隔; 幕间休息; （数学）区间
分布：间隔(98%)，休息时间(2%)
→inter-,在内，在中间，相互，-val,墙，词源同wall.原指两堵墙之间的空间，后引申词义间隔，间歇。
n.间隔,间歇;(幕间或工间)休息The external and internal interference interrupts my interpretation at short intervals.内部和外部干涉以很短的间隔打扰我翻译.
US [-tˌɚ-] noun countable
SPACE 空间
■a period between two events or times, or the space between two points 间隔；间距
• We see each other at regular intervals - usually about once a month. 我们定期见面——通常大约是每月一次。
• There's often a long interval between an author completing a book and it appearing in the shops. 从作者完成一本书到它出现在书店里常常有一段较长的间隔。
■UK (US intermission)
■a short period between the parts of a performance or a sports event （演出的）幕间休息；（体育比赛的）中间休息，中场休息
• There will be two twenty-minute intervals during the opera. 歌剧演出中有两次20分钟的幕间休息。
• He scored his first goal of the match three minutes after the interval. 下半场刚开始三分钟，他就射入了他本场比赛的第一个进球。
at intervals
■repeated after a particular period of time or a particular distance 每隔（一定时间或距离）
• In the event of fire, the alarm will sound at 15-second intervals/at intervals of 15 seconds. 发生火灾时，警报器每隔15秒鸣响一次。
UK ['ɪn.tə.vəl] US [-tˌɚ-] noun countable
MUSIC 音乐 specialized
■the amount by which one note is higher or lower than another 音程
• an interval of a 5th (= the top note four notes higher than the bottom one) 五度音程
pause, stop, break, interval, cease, recess, rest
这组词都有“中止，停止，休息”的意思，其区别是：
pause: 指短暂的中断或停止，含再进行下去的意味。
stop: 普通用词，指迅速或突然中止某行为、活动或状态。
break: 非正式用词，指突然的或短时间的中止，如工作或活动期间接短暂休息。
interval: 指一出戏在幕与幕之间，音乐会上下串场之间或演出中预先安排的休息；也可泛指事件之间的一段时间。
cease: 正式用词，侧重逐渐结呸某活动或状态，含永远结束的意味。
recess: 正式用词，指业务活动或工作中短暂的或长时间的休息。
rest: 指统称的休息。
n. 间隔；间距；幕间休息
 - separation, distance

Word: scratch
Front: scratch
[skrætʃ] (高研四六托雅 4644/5023 -K2)
Vocabulary: scratch
(once / 387 pages)
1vn 2v 3vn 4vn 5n 6n 7n
I didn’t remember to bring my puppy, Fido, in from the snow until he began to frantically scratch at the door. A scratch is marking or marring a surface with something sharp, such as a nail against metal or fingernails across skin.
If someone has scratch marks on their skin, you might wonder if they have been in a fight where there was scratching. Scratch can also mean to eliminate something, as in, “You can scratch our idea, the boss is going with the new guy’s plan.” And Scratch, often referred to as Old Scratch, is a longstanding nickname of the Devil.
WORD FAMILY
scratch: scratched, scratcher, scratches, scratchy+/scratcher: scratchers/scratchy: scratchily, scratchiness
USAGE EXAMPLES
I poured lots of time and money into getting a PhD, in hopes that academia might scratch that itch.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
The Texans scratched four starters before kickoff, but Murray didn’t find much room to run.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
“You start from scratch and say, ‘All right, it’s 2017, let’s see what happens.’
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 擦，刮; 擦痛，擦伤; 在…处搔痒; 抓破
vi. 发出刮擦声; 擦红，擦伤; 搔痒; 抓，扒
n. 擦，刮; 刮擦声; 搔痕; 乱写乱画
adj. 打草稿用的，随便写用的; 碰巧的，侥幸的; 东拼西凑的; 平等比赛的
时态：scratched, scratching, scratches
分布：抓(67%)，抓痕(10%)，划掉(7%)，无让步的(6%)，起跑线(3%)，乱写(3%)，划破(3%)，抓的声音(1%)
→可能来自中古英语 scratten,抓，挠，最终来自 sker,砍，切，削，刮，词源同 scar,scrape.
v.抓,搔,扒n.抓,搔,抓痕;起跑线I scratched a match and saw my watch catching a patch.我划了一根火柴发现我的手表钩着了一块补丁.
verb
CUT 切
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to cut or damage a surface or your skin slightly with or on something sharp or rough 抓；搔；擦；划
• We scratched the paintwork trying to get the bed into Martha's room. 我们把床搬进玛莎的房间里时，把漆面给划坏了。
• [R] Be careful not to scratch yourself on the roses. 当心不要被玫瑰刺扎伤。
• A few chickens were scratching about/around (= searching with their beaks) in the yard for grain. 几只鸡在院子里到处扒寻谷粒吃。
 ADVANCED transitive
■If you scratch something on or off a surface, you add it or remove it by scratching 刻；刮
• People have been scratching their names on this rock for years. 许多年来人们都在这块岩石上刻写名字。
• I'm afraid I scratched some paint off the door as I was getting out of the car. 恐怕我下车时磨掉了车门上的一些漆。
 ADVANCED intransitive
■If an animal scratches, it rubs something with its claws (= sharp nails) （动物）用爪子抓，搔
• The dog's scratching at the door - he wants to be let in. 狗用爪子抓门——它想进来。
 ADVANCED transitive
■to rub your skin with your nails （用指甲）搔，抓
• He was scratching (at)his mosquito bites. 他在抓蚊子咬过的地方。
• Hannah scratched her head thoughtfully. 汉娜一边思索一边搔头。
[skrætʃ] verb
REMOVE 去除
intransitive or transitive
■to remove yourself or another person or an animal from a competition before the start （使）退出比赛
• The world champion scratched from the 800m after falling ill three hours earlier. 这位世界冠军在比赛前三个小时生病了，只好退出800公尺赛跑。
• They scratched the horse from the race because she had become lame. 由于马跛了腿，所以他们让它退出了比赛。
[skrætʃ] verb
scratch your head
■to think hard about something 埋头苦思
• A lot of people must be scratching their heads about which way to vote. 一定有很多人在埋头苦思该选哪一位。
[skrætʃ] verb
scratch beneath the surface
■to look further than what is obvious 透过表面观察事物
• If you scratch beneath the surface you'll find she's really a very nice person. 如果你深入了解，会发现她其实是个好人。
[skrætʃ] verb
you scratch my back and I'll scratch yours informal
■used to tell someone that if they help you, you will help them 你帮我，我也帮你；我们互谋其利
[skrætʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  scratch around for sth informal
■to look for something that is very difficult to find because it is rare 搜寻
• The editor of the local paper says he's really scratching around for stories this week. 当地报纸的编辑说，他这个星期一直在很努力地到处找新闻。
[skrætʃ] noun
countable
■a mark made by scratching 抓痕；擦痕；划痕； 刮痕
• Her legs were covered in scratches and bruises after her walk through the forest. 她徒步穿过森林，腿上满是擦伤和瘀青。
• There was a scratch on the CD. CD上有道刮痕。
• Amazingly, he survived the accident without a scratch (= without suffering any injuries at all). 奇怪的是，他在这场事故中幸存了下来，而且毫发未伤。
only singular
■when people or animals scratch themselves （人或动物的）搔，抓
• That dog is having a good scratch. It must have fleas. 狗在使劲地抓痒，它身上一定有跳蚤。
[skrætʃ] noun
from scratch
■from the beginning, without using anything that already exists 从头开始，从零开始
• Ben built the shed from scratch. 班从零开始把棚屋搭了起来。
[skrætʃ] noun
up to scratch
■reaching an acceptable standard 达到标准
• Your last essay wasn't up to scratch/didn't come up to scratch. 你上一篇文章没有达到水准。
[skrætʃ] adjective UK
scratch team/side/orchestra
■a group of people brought together in a hurry in order to play together on a particular occasion 临时拼凑起来的队伍／派别／管弦乐队
scratch, bruise, bump/lump, cut, burn
scratch: 抓伤；
bruise: 擦伤
bump/lump: 碰伤肿块；
cut: 割伤；
burn: 灼伤；
n. 擦伤；抓痕；刮擦声；乱写
 - abrasion, brush-burn
adj. 打草稿用的；凑合的；碰巧的
 - hit-and-miss
vt. 抓；刮；挖出；乱涂
 - paw, hent
vi. 抓；搔；发刮擦声；勉强糊口；退出比赛
 - grasp, strike

Word: awake
Front: awake
[əˈweɪk] (中高研四六 4647/4786 -K2)
Vocabulary: awake
(once / 74 pages)
adjv
When you're awake, you're conscious and aware of your surroundings. When you're not awake, you're asleep. If you are reading this, you are indeed awake.
Most people are awake during the day and asleep at night, but if you work the night shift or suffer from insomnia, you might also be awake at night. When awake is used as a verb, it means "wake up:" "I watched my kitten awake from a deep sleep and yawn." Awake comes from two Old English roots, āwæcnan, "to arise," and āwacian, "to revive."
WORD FAMILY
awake: awaked, awaken, awakes, awaking, awoke, awoken+/ awaken: awakened, awakening, awakens, reawaken /awakened: unawakened/ awakening: awakenings/ reawaken: reawakened, reawakening, reawakens
USAGE EXAMPLES
Los Angeles residents awoke Sunday morning to see that one thing, at least, looked different in the New Year: the Hollywood sign.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The Whetstone High School junior awoke to the sounds of her 11-year-old brother, Tyler, screaming.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
“He was awake and talking but clearly critically injured,” Scalea said.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 醒着的; 警惕的
vt. & vi. 唤醒; 唤起; 觉悟
时态：awoke, awoken, awaking, awakes
分布：醒着的(40%)，醒来(30%)，唤醒(16%)，唤起(11%)，警觉的(3%)
a.醒着的vt.唤醒,使觉醒vi.醒来,醒悟到The wakened cake baker awakes to that he has to brake by the lake.被唤醒的蛋糕师傅醒悟到他必须在湖边刹车.
adjective [after verb]
 ESSENTIAL
■not sleeping 醒着的
• "Is Oliver awake yet?" "Yes, he's wide (= completely) awake and running around his bedroom." “奥利弗醒了吗？”“是的，他完全醒了，正在睡房里乱跑呢。”
• I find it so difficult to stay awake during history lessons. 我觉得上历史课不打瞌睡太难了。
• I drink a lot of coffee to keep me awake. 我喝了很多咖啡以保持头脑清醒。
• She used to lie awake at night worrying about how to pay the bills. 她过去常常夜里躺在床上合不上眼，发愁怎样付帐单。
be awake to sth mainly UK
■If you are awake to something, you know about it 意识到；认识到
• Businesses need to be awake to the advantages of European integration. 企业界应意识到欧洲一体化的好处。
[ə'weɪk] verb intransitive or transitive (awoke or US ALSO awaked, awoken) US ALSO literary
■to stop sleeping or to make someone stop sleeping （使）醒来；唤醒
• I awoke at seven o'clock. 我在七点钟醒了。
• She awoke me at seven. 她七点时叫醒了我。
■to become familiar with something or to make someone familiar with something （使）领悟；（使）醒悟；（使）意识到；（被）唤起
• The chance meeting awoke the old passion between them. 这次邂逅使他们爱火重燃。
• Young people need to awake to the risks involved in casual sex. 年轻人应该意识到，随意的性关系会带来很多危险。
waken, evoke, wake, arouse, awake
这组词都有“唤醒,唤起”的意思，其区别是：
waken: vi.醒来,睡醒(up);觉醒,振奋 vt.唤醒,弄醒;使觉醒;使振奋,激发;激起
evoke: vt.唤起,引起,使人想到
wake: vi.醒来 vt.唤醒,唤起,激起,使认识到 wake (up) to 认识到,意识到
arouse: vt.引起,唤起,激起;唤醒=awaken
awake: adj.[用作表语]醒着的 vt.唤醒,觉醒 vi.醒,觉醒,意识到
waken, rouse, wake, arouse, awake
这组词都有“唤醒、醒来”的意思，其区别是：
waken: 书面用词，常用于被动态和引申意义。
rouse: 较正式用词，用主动语态时，强调弄醒别人的努力，用被动语态时，指轻而易举地醒过来。可用于引申意义。
wake: 普通常用词，指真正的醒来。即可作及物动词也可作不及物动词。
arouse: 除表示一般的唤醒外，多作引申用。
awake: 正式用词，常指觉醒、警惕的状态，也多用于比喻。
vi. 觉醒，意识到；醒来；被唤起
 - be aware that, be on to
vt. 唤醒；使觉醒；激起，唤起
 - arouse, wake sb. up
adj. 醒着的
 - waking, wakeful

Word: jurisdiction
Front: jurisdiction
[ˌdʒʊərɪsˈdɪkʃn] (托宝 4651/3477 -1)
Vocabulary: jurisdiction
(once / 458 pages)
n
Jurisdiction means having a legal right over something. A court can have jurisdiction over a legal question, a government can have jurisdiction over another country or territory. Even your parents could be said to have jurisdiction over you while you're under 18.
This noun jurisdiction descends from Latin jūrisdictiō, formed from jūris (from jūs "law") plus dictio "act of saying." Think of it as who has the right to "say" what's "the law." In the US, certain crimes are tried in state courts, but when a crime involves more than one state, jurisdiction moves to the federal court system, just as the local police step down and the investigation is handled by the FBI.
WORD FAMILY
jurisdiction: jurisdictional, jurisdictions
USAGE EXAMPLES
This creates a difficult patchwork of laws for businesses that operate in multiple jurisdictions, a problem that will likely worsen over the next four years.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Whether he's sentenced to death or not, it's unlikely Roof would be executed any time soon, in either jurisdiction.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
A complication is the conflict over jurisdiction, whereby laws in one country are irreconcilable with those in another.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
Back: n. 司法权; 管辖权; 管辖范围; 权限
分布：管辖权(80%)，司法权(11%)，审判权(8%)，控制权(1%)
→来自juridical的名词形式，即司法权，审判权。
司法权(juris司法+dict+ion→说法律的→司法权)[dict,dic=say,assert,表示"说话,断言"]
司法权;权限(juris+dict说,命令+ion→法律上命令→司法权)[jur,juris=swear,law,表示"发誓,法律"]
US [ˌdʒʊr.ɪs-] noun uncountable
■the authority of an official organization to make and deal with especially legal decisions 司法权；管辖权；审判权
• The court has no jurisdiction in/over cases of this kind. 该法庭无权审判此类案件。
• School admissions are not under/within our jurisdiction. 我们无权批准入学。
n. 司法权， [法] 审判权，管辖权；权限，权力
 - rights, competence, rod

Word: inevitably
Front: inevitably
[ɪnˈevɪtəbli] (六托 4649/2664 -K)
Vocabulary: inevitably
(once / 536 pages)
adv
If something is totally unavoidable, it is inevitably going to happen. Inevitably, the sun will come up tomorrow.
The adverb inevitably comes from the negative of the French word for "avoid" or "shun." There are things you can put off for a while, but inevitably you're going to have to deal with them at some point, like telling your family that you crashed the car. No matter how free-spirited you imagine yourself, unless you are independently wealthy, you will inevitably have to settle down and get some sort of job, like writing and editing word definitions.
WORD FAMILY
inevitable: inevitability, inevitableness, inevitables, inevitably +/evitable: evitably, inevitable / inevitability: inevitabilities
USAGE EXAMPLES
But his Presidency, especially if it is successful, will inevitably change the shape of conservatism in the United States.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
The ensuing anger will inevitably be met with matching levels of violence.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
The broad assumption in the “current year” argument is that time inevitably ticks toward moral betterment.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adv. 不可避免地，自然而然地; 必然地，无疑的; 难免; 终于只好
分布：不可避免地(100%)
US [-tˌə-] adverb
 IMPROVER
■in a way that cannot be avoided 不可避免地
• Their arguments inevitably end in tears. 他们的争论不可避免地以眼泪告终。
adv. 不可避免地；必然地
 - necessarily, ineluctably

Word: feminist
Front: feminist
[ˈfemənɪst] (托宝 4648/4648)
Vocabulary: feminist
(once / 3009 pages)
nadj
A feminist is someone who supports equal rights for women. If your brother objects strongly to women being paid less than men for doing the same job, he's probably a feminist.
If you believe that women should have the same political, social, and economic rights as men, you are a feminist. It has absolutely nothing to do with putting down men or boys in order to elevate the status of women. The word feminist comes from feminism, which originally meant simply "being feminine," or "being a woman," but gained the meaning "advocacy of women's rights" in the late 1800s.
WORD FAMILY
feminist: antifeminist, feminists+/antifeminist: antifeminists/ feminism: antifeminism, feminisms, feminist
USAGE EXAMPLES
Her models wore T-shirts declaring: “We should all be feminists.”
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
This year, the country also saw growth of vocal feminist movements protesting against misogynist views reflected in government policies and pop culture.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
DeVoto’s view of gender equality is delightfully retro to his fans but no doubt offensive to some feminists.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 男女平等主义者，女权扩张论者
分布：女权主义者(70%)，女权主义的(19%)，主张男女平等的(11%)
女权主义者(femine女性的)[-ist表名词"表示信仰,专家或从事某活动的人"以-ist结尾的单词,不少同时可作形容词用]
【记】femin（女人），ist－女权运动者
【参】feminine（adj 娇柔的；女性的）
noun countable
■a person who believes in feminism, often being involved in activities that are intended to achieve change 女权主义者；女权运动者
• All her life she was an ardent feminist. 她一生都是一个充满激情的女权运动者。
• a radical feminist 激进的女权主义者
['fem.ɪ.nɪst] adjective
■relating to feminism 和女权主义有关的
• the feminist movement 女权运动
• feminist issues/literature 女权问题／女权主义文学

Word: constraint
Front: constraint
[kənˈstreɪnt] (六托宝 4643/2988 -2)
Vocabulary: constraint
(once / 1458 pages)
n
A constraint is a limit or restriction. Hopefully your school won't cut the sports or music programs due to budget constraints!
You might notice that constraint is similar to the verb constrict, as in boa constrictor. A constraint tightens around you like a snake and prevents you from doing what you want. Financial constraints prevent you from buying the latest electronic device. Are you tired of living under the constraint of your parents' rules? Sometimes your worries or feelings act as a constraint. You know that someone has become a close friend when you can talk to them without constraint.
WORD FAMILY
constraint: constraints, unconstraint
USAGE EXAMPLES
Because of budget constraints, Wal-Mart no longer creates those special positions.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Police officers were not on duty because of budget constraints.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
With a higher risk of unemployment, rising inflation and "affordability constraints", housing demand was likely to be curbed, Mr Ellis said.
BBC(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 强制; 限制; 约束
分布：约束(89%)，强制(5%)，约束条件(5%)，虚情假意(1%)
约束;强迫[stirain,striet,string=tighten,表示"拉紧"]
noun
countable
■something which controls what you do by keeping you within particular limits 限制；束缚；约束
• The constraints of politeness wouldn't allow her to say what she really thought about his cooking. 出于礼貌，她不会说出自己对他的厨艺的真实看法。
• Financial constraints on the company are preventing them from employing new staff. 公司财务紧张使得他们不能再聘请新员工。
uncountable formal
■unnatural behaviour which is sometimes the result of forcing yourself to act in a particular way 拘束；局促
• She tried to appear friendly, but her constraint was obvious. 她尽力显得友好，可是显然很拘束。
under constraint formal
■If you do something under constraint, you do it only because you have been forced to 被强迫地；迫于压力；在强制下
• They confessed, but only under severe constraint. 他们迫于巨大的压力才说出了真相。
n. [数] 约束；局促，态度不自然；强制
 - enforcement, restriction

Word: emotionally
Front: emotionally
[ɪ'məʊʃənəlɪ] (4650/6932 -K)
Back: adv. 感情上，情绪上，冲动地
分布：感情上地(50%)，冲动地(50%)
ADJ
情感上的;情绪上的
Emotional means concerned with emotions and feelings.
例：I needed this man's love, and the emotional support he was giving me...我需要这个男人的爱，以及他在情感上给我的支持。
例：Victims are left with emotional problems that can last for life.受害者心中留下了可能会持续一生的情感创伤。
ADJ-GRADED
激起强烈感情的;激动人心的
An emotional situation or issue is one that causes people to have strong feelings.
例：It's a very emotional issue. How can you advocate selling the ivory from elephants?这是个很容易激起公愤的话题。你怎么能够鼓吹贩卖象牙？
ADJ-GRADED
情绪激动的;（尤指）愤怒的
If someone is or becomes emotional, they show their feelings very openly, especially because they are upset.
例：He is a very emotional man...他是个很情绪化的人。
例：I don't get as emotional as I once did.我不像以前那么冲动了。
adv. 感情上；情绪上；令人激动地；情绪冲动地
 - thrillingly, breathtakingly

Word: expedition
Front: expedition
[ˌekspəˈdɪʃn] (研六托雅 4654/4361 -2)
Vocabulary: expedition
(once / 126 pages)
1n 2n 3n
An expedition is an organized journey that is undertaken for a particular purpose, like a group of scientists launching an expedition to South America to seek out a new medicinal herb.
An expedition is no walk in the park. It's a serious journey, often with a very specific purpose undertaken by several people and lots of equipment. Sometimes, it can even be dangerous, like when the arctic adventurer was attacked by polar bears during an expedition to the Arctic. Needless to say, he hung up his explorer's hat after that expedition.
WORD FAMILY
expedition: expeditionary, expeditions, expeditious +/ expeditious: expeditiously, expeditiousness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Government investment in the region and a smattering of eco-lodges and expedition companies are changing that.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
It was his first discovery on a two-hour scavenging expedition.
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Travelers swarm around: Himalayan trekkers load up expedition backpacks.
Seattle Times(Dec 20, 2016)
Back: n. 考察，远航; 考察队，远征军; （短途的）旅行; 迅速（办理）
分布：探险队(52%)，远征(43%)，迅速(5%)
→来自expedite, 加速。后用来指重大的军事行动，军事远征。
远征,探险(ex出+ped+ition→走出[去]冒险)[ped=foot,表示"脚"]
n.远征(队),探险(队)He was on an expedition to explore the Antarctic.他参加探险队考察南极.
【参】expeditious（adj 迅速敏捷的）＝prompt＝quick
【反】foot dragging（脚步拖沓的）
noun
JOURNEY 旅程
countable
■an organized journey for a particular purpose 远征；探险，考察
• We're going on a shopping expedition on Saturday. 星期六我们要去购物。
• Scott died while he was on an expedition to the Antarctic in 1912. 史考特1912年死于南极探险途中。
countable
■the people, vehicles, animals, etc. taking part in an expedition 踏上征途的一批人（或车、动物等）；考察队；探险队
• The British expedition to Mount Everest is leaving next month. 英国珠穆朗玛峰探险队将于下个月启程。
[ˌek.spə'dɪʃ.ən] noun
SPEED 速度
uncountable formal
■speed in doing something 迅速；快速；动作敏捷
• We will deal with your order with the greatest possible expedition. 我们将尽快处理您的订单。
expedition, voyage, journey, trip, travel, excursion, tour, cruise
这组词都有“旅行”的意思，其区别是：
expedition: 指有特定目的远征或探险。
voyage: 指在水上旅行，尤指海上旅行，也可指空中旅行。
journey: 最普通用词，侧重指时间较长、距离较远的单程陆上旅行，也指水上或空中的旅行。
trip: 普通用词，口语多用，常指为公务或游玩作的较短暂的旅行。
travel: 泛指旅行的行为而不指某次具体的旅行，多指到远方作长期旅行，不强调直接目的地，单、复数均可用。
excursion: 较正式用词，常指不超过一天的短时期娱乐性游玩，也可指乘火车或轮船往返特定景点的远足旅游。
tour: 指最后反回出发地，旅途中有停留游览点，距离可长可短，目的各异的周游或巡行。
cruise: 主要指乘船的游览并在多处停靠。
n. 远征；探险队；迅速
 - velocity, speed

Word: allegedly
Front: allegedly
[ə'ledʒɪdlɪ] (4656/5801)
Vocabulary: allegedly
(once / 1690 pages)
adv
If someone is said to be allegedly guilty of something, it means that proof has yet to be produced or they have yet to be found formally guilty by law.
Allegedly is used almost entirely in a legal sense, referring to a potentially criminal action that is being or will shortly be decided in court. (It's from the medieval English word allege, meaning "quoted" or "brought forth in court.") For less serious matters, such as whether or not your boyfriend called you a liar, the word supposedly is generally used. Though watch out, because if you take him to court, you will become "allegedly a liar."
WORD FAMILY
alleged: allegedly +/ allegation: allegations/ allege: allegation, alleged, alleges, alleging
USAGE EXAMPLES
Lampley then allegedly pointed a handgun at the man’s face.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Malaysia recently arrested seven men allegedly plotting to attack an international school, an entertainment district and an unspecified target in nearby Burma.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 01, 2017)
The violence was allegedly committed in front of an 8-year-old child.
BBC(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adv. 依其申述; 据说
分布：依其申述(80%)，据传(20%)
ADJ
声称的；被断言的；涉嫌的
An alleged fact has been stated but has not been proved to be true.
例：They have begun a hunger strike in protest at the alleged beating.他们开始绝食以抗议有人所宣称的殴打行为。
例：...a list of alleged war criminals.战争嫌犯名单

Word: compromise
Front: compromise
[ˈkɒmprəmaɪz] (高研四六托雅宝 3751/3685 -3)
Vocabulary: compromise
(once / 235 pages)
1nv 2v
A compromise is a way of settling differences by everybody making concessions. If you want to stay out until 10 and your friend wants to stay out until midnight, 11 is a good compromise.
Compromise comes from the Latin compromissum, which means "mutual promise." It can be a noun or a verb. If you compromise with your lab partner over how to analyze the experimental data, you find the middle ground between your two ideas. Compromise can also mean to erode or diminish. If you never repair your brakes, you will compromise the safety of the car. If you cheat, you compromise your integrity.
WORD FAMILY
compromise: compromised, compromiser, compromises, compromising +/compromiser: compromisers/ compromising: compromisingly, uncompromising/uncompromising: uncompromisingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Trump may become our president, but this doesn’t mean we need to compromise our health, especially that of our children.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The results are seen in partisan votes and an unwillingness to compromise.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Or maybe there’s a way to find compromise.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 妥协; （名誉等的）损害; 妥协（或折中）方案; 折中物
vi. 折中解决; 妥协，退让
vt. 违背（原则）; 连累; （尤指因行为不很明智）使陷入危险
时态：compromised, compromising, compromises
分布：妥协(69%)，折衷(12%)，让步(8%)，和解(8%)，危害(1%)，妥协处理(1%)，折衷案(1%)
→com-, 强调。-promise, 承诺。即相互承诺的，互退一步相互有所妥协的。
n.妥协,折衷vi.妥协vt.危及,放弃(原则等)"The enterprise will be supervised by a group comprising prominent men," the despising chairman said concisely with no compromise."企业将由杰出人员构成的小组来监
【记】com共同，promise发誓：停战妥协就是两个国家共同发誓不打仗的产物。
【反】intransigent（adj 不妥协的）－open to compromise（可以和解的）；polemical（adj 辩论法的；好辩的）－compromising（adj 妥协的）
US ['kɑ:m-] noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■an agreement in an argument in which the people involved reduce their demands or change their opinion in order to agree 妥协；折衷；让步；和解
• It is hoped that a compromise will be reached in today's talks. 希望今天的会谈能达成妥协。
• In a compromise between management and unions, a 4% pay rise was agreed in return for an increase in productivity. 资方与工会达成和解，同意以加薪4%来作为提高生产力的回报。
• The government has said that there will be no compromise with terrorists. 政府声称不会对恐怖分子让步。
UK ['kɒm.prə.maɪz] US ['kɑ:m-] verb
AGREEMENT 协定
 ADVANCED intransitive
■to accept that you will reduce your demands or change your opinion in order to reach an agreement with someone 妥协；折衷；让步
• Party unity is threatened when members will not compromise. 成员不愿妥协，党内团结受到了威胁。
• Well, you want $400 and I say $300, so let's compromise at/on $350. 好吧，你要价400美元，我说300美元，那我们就来个折衷价350美元。
UK ['kɒm.prə.maɪz] US ['kɑ:m-] verb
LOWER STANDARDS 降低标准
transitive disapproving
■to allow your principles to be less strong or your standards or morals to be lower 放弃；背离，违背；降低
• Don't compromise your beliefs/principles for the sake of being accepted. 不要为了得到别人的认同而放弃了你自己的信仰／原则。
• If we back down on this issue, our reputation will be compromised. 如果我们在这个问题上打退堂鼓的话，会有损我们的声誉。
• [R] His political career ended when he compromised himself by accepting bribes. 他的政治生涯因他收受贿赂而宣告结束。
vt. 妥协；危害
 - harm, meet someone halfway
vi. 妥协；让步
 - meet someone halfway, come to terms with
n. 妥协，和解；折衷
 - accommodation, reconciliation

Word: strain
Front: strain
[streɪn] (研四六托雅 3659/2749 -K3)
Vocabulary: strain
(once / 91 pages)
1vn 2vn 3v 4n 5n 6n
The noun strain is a stretch, effort, or exertion. You can strain your ankle, or your little brother can strain your patience.
This word has many, many meanings. Athletes strain their knees, which strains the emotions of their fans. Usually, you have to strain a little to accomplish anything, like getting an A in math. A strain may also be a line, like a line of ancestry, of thought, or a melodic line in music. Maybe you have to strain to hear the quiet flute in an orchestra. Another meaning is to pass something through a filter, like tea leaves.
WORD FAMILY
strain: distrain, overstrain, strained, strainer, straining, strains, strenuous, unstrain+/distrain: distrained, distraining, distrains/overstrain: overstrained, overstraining, overstrains/strained: strainedest, strainedly/strainer: strainers/straining: strainingly, strainings/strenuosity: strenuosities/ strenuous: strenuosity, strenuously, strenuousness/unstrain: unstrained, unstraining/unstrained: unstrainedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Bucks: Starting G Matthew Dellavedova missed his third consecutive game with a strained right hamstring.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Green said will not play in the Pro Bowl because of a right hamstring strain suffered in November.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Green severely strained the hamstring on Nov. 20 and didn’t play the rest of the season.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 拉紧，拉伤; 用力拉
n. 血统，家族; 性格，脾气; 语气; 一段音乐
vt. 拉紧，拽紧或扯紧; 尽量使力; 扭伤; 歪曲
vi. 不懈; 受到强大的压力; 拉紧，紧绷
时态：strained, straining, strains
分布：紧张(53%)，拉紧(23%)，劳累(10%)，笔调(7%)，血统(6%)，过分使用(1%)
→来自古法语 estreindre,绑紧，拽紧，来自拉丁语 stringere,绑紧，拉紧，压紧，来自 strenk, 紧的，窄的，词源同 strict,stress,stringent.拼写比较 rain 来自古英语 regnian.引申词义扭伤， 过滤，及相关词义压力，拉力，张力等。strain 动植物的品种，品系，病菌的类型
v.拉紧;紧张;扭伤;竭尽全力n.拉紧;负担The heavy box strained the rope to a breaking point.那只沉重的箱子几乎把绳子拉断.
noun
PRESSURE 压力
 IMPROVER [C usually singular or U]
■a force or influence that stretches, pulls or puts pressure on something, sometimes causing damage 压力；拉力，张力；作用力
• The hurricane put such a strain on the bridge that it collapsed. 在飓风强大的威力之下，桥塌了。
• As you get older, excess weight puts a lot of strain on the heart. 随着年龄的增长，体重过重会给心脏造成很大负担。
• Their constant arguments were putting a strain on their marriage. 他们持续不断的争吵使他们的婚姻关系非常紧张。
• The recent decline in the dollar has put a bigger strain on the economic system. 最近美元的贬值为经济体系带来更大压力。
• Migration into the cities is putting a strain on already stretched resources. 城市新移民为原本就已吃紧的资源造成更大压力。
 ADVANCED countable
■an injury to a muscle or similar soft part of the body caused by using that part too much （肌肉等软组织的）损伤，拉伤，扭伤
• a groin/hamstring strain 腹股沟／腘腱拉伤
⇒ See also eyestrain
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■when you feel nervous and worried about something 压力；紧张
• She's a lot better than she was but she's still not ready to face the stresses and strains of a job. 她比以前好多了，但仍然没有准备好面对工作的紧张和压力。
• He's been under a lot of strain recently. 他最近压力很大。
[streɪn] noun
TYPE 类型
countable
■a particular type or quality 类型；品质；个性特点，禀性
• A strain of puritanism runs through all her work. 她所有作品都带有一种清教主义色彩。
countable
■an animal or plant from a particular group whose characteristics are different in some way from others of the same group （动植物的）品系，株系，品种
• Scientists have discovered a new strain of the virus which is much more dangerous. 科学家已经发现了一种更危险得多的新病毒。
[streɪn] noun
MUSIC 音乐
strains [plural]
■the sound of music being played or performed 旋律；曲调
• I could hear the strains of Mozart in the background. 我听见背景音乐中有莫札特的旋律。
[streɪn] verb
SEPARATE 分开
transitive
■to separate liquid food from solid food, especially by pouring it through a utensil with small holes in it 滤，过滤（食物）
• Could you strain the vegetables, please. 你能把蔬菜筛一筛吗？
• I usually strain the juice off the pineapple and use it in another recipe. 我通常会把凤梨的汁滤出来，用在别的菜里。
[streɪn] verb
PRESSURE 压力
intransitive or transitive
■to become stretched or to experience pressure, or to make something do or experience this （使）紧张，（使）承受压力；拉紧，绷紧；损伤
• I've put on such a lot of weight recently - this dress is straining at the seams. 我最近胖了很多——这条裙子穿上后紧绷绷的。
• I strained a muscle in my back playing squash. 我打壁球拉伤了背肌。
• Don't watch TV in the dark - you'll strain your eyes ! 不要在黑暗中看电视——会伤害你的眼睛！
• [+ to infinitive] figurative I really had to strain (= try very hard) to reach those top notes. 我确实得拼尽全力才能唱出那些最高的音。
• figurative I was straining (my ears) (= listening hard) to hear what they were saying. 我竖起耳朵，拼命想听清他们在说甚么。
Compare restrain
[streɪn] verb
be straining at the leash
■to be very eager to do something that you are being prevented from doing at the present time 热切期望（非常渴望做你现在被禁止要做的某事）
• Meanwhile we hear that our soldiers have reached a peak of fitness and are straining at the leash. 同时，我们听说我们的士兵已经到达一个有利的据点，热切期盼战斗。
[streɪn] verb
strain after/for effect
■to try so hard to entertain that it seems false 尽力追求；拼命争取
• I find his style of writing so artificial - he always seems to be straining for effect. 我发现他的文风非常不自然-他看起来总是想拼命追求效果。
[streɪn] verb
strain every nerve
■to make the greatest possible effort 竭尽全力
• She's straining every nerve to get the work finished on time. 她拼尽全力把工作按时做完。
pressure, strain, stress, tension
这组词都有“压力，重压，紧张”的意思，其区别是：
pressure: 在科学上，指单位面积上所受到的压力。用于引申时，指某事物所产生的压力或影响力等。
strain: 指某人为克服外力界压力而造成的身心和情绪等方面的压抑。用于物时，指任何力或合力作用于一个物体上面造成的应变。
stress: 侧重指承受外来的压力，也指由于某种原因而引起的心理、生理或情绪上的紧张。
tension: 多指因关系不好或其它原因而出现的紧张状态，也指某物被过度伸展的程度或状态。
n. 张力； [力] 拉紧；负担； [外科] 扭伤；血缘
 - tension, burden, weight
vi. [力] 拉紧；尽力
 - tauten, take pains
vt. [力] 拉紧；滥用；滤去；竭力
 - abuse, tighten up

Word: similarity
Front: similarity
[ˌsɪməˈlærəti] (六 4655/3998 -2)
Vocabulary: similarity
(once / 1043 pages)
n
You might get annoyed if people keep saying there is a similarity between you and your older sister, particularly if you're tired of being compared to her. A similarity is a sameness or alikeness.
When you are comparing two things — physical objects, ideas, or experiences — you often look at their similarities and their differences. Difference is the opposite of similarity. Both squares and rectangles have four sides, that is a similarity between them. Just because two things share similarities doesn't mean they are the same.
WORD FAMILY
similarity: similarities, unsimilarity+/ similar: similarity, similarly
USAGE EXAMPLES
We spoke to the 33-year-old by phone recently about the differences — and some surprising similarities — between the films.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
That’s where the similarities between their card and other cards end.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 30, 2016)
But it is impossible to miss the similarities now.
Salon(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 类似; 相像性; 相仿性; 类似性，相似物
分布：相似(92%)，类似(8%)
→similar,相似的，-ity,名词后缀。
类似(similar相似的+ity)[simil,simul,sembl=alike,same表示"相类似,一样"]
【记】similar（adj 相似的）；根：simi相似
【参】simian（n 猿）simi像，mian＝man；simile（n 明喻）
US [-ə'ler.ə.tˌi] noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■when people or things look or are the same 类似；相似
• I can see the similarity between you and your mother. 我能看出你和你母亲的相似之处。
• The book bears several striking similarities to last year's bestseller. 这本书和去年的畅销书有几个方面惊人地相似。
likeness, similarity, resemblance, analogy
这组词都有“相似，类似”的意思，其区别是：
likeness: 普通用词，指人或物从外观看去，有很明显的相似之处，或完全相似。
similarity: 指不同的人或事物在外表、特征、程度或性质等方面有某些相似之处。
resemblance: 指外观或性质有相似之处。
analogy: 指外表或实质均不相同的事物对比之下的类似之处。
n. 类似； [数] 相似点
 - analogy, kinsmanship

Word: butt
Front: butt
[bʌt] (六托宝 4657/8702 -1)
Vocabulary: butt
(once / 136 pages)
1n 2nv 3nv 4n 5n
Your butt is your buttocks, your tush, your rear end. Saying butt is more childish than offensive.
Butt is a four-letter word, though using it won't get you in much trouble — It's much less offensive than ass. It also has plenty of other meanings, like butting into a conversation (interrupting it) or the butt of a gun (the thick end). If you make fun of someone, they are the butt of your jokes. The used end of a cigarette is called a butt, too. But you'll hear it more often in phrases like "Get your butt in here!"
WORD FAMILY
butt: butted, butter, butting, butts+/ butter: buttered, buttering, butters, buttery, butyraceous/ buttery: butteries
USAGE EXAMPLES
Experts say a solid pro-peace coalition could crumble if implementation drags on and butts against the political manoeuvring for the 2018 presidential election.
The Guardian(Dec 01, 2016)
Butt rush, alas, is hardly the challenge confronting the artists responsible for the gemlike miniature dioramas installed in the windows at Tiffany & Company.
New York Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Experts say a solid pro-peace coalition could crumble if implementation drags on and butts against the political maneuvering for the 2018 presidential election.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: n. 烟蒂，屁股; 笑柄; （武器或工具的）粗大的一端; 大酒桶
vt. & vi. 用头撞或顶; 碰撞
时态：butted, butting, butts
分布：屁股(40%)，枪托(12%)，笑柄(12%)，烟蒂(11%)，顶撞(10%)，插嘴(9%)，靶垛(2%)，抵撞(2%)，大酒桶(2%)
→词源同beat, 击，打。引申义用头顶，用头撞。
【记】巴特是曼彻斯特联队和本届世界杯英国国家队的防守型前卫，他的绝招就是铁头功，防守只用头撞，不用脚踢。
noun
CIGARETTE 香烟
countable
■the part of a finished cigarette that has not been smoked 烟蒂，烟头
[bʌt] noun
BOTTOM 屁股
countable US slang for
■bottom
• She told him to get off his butt and do something useful. 她叫他行动起来，干点有用的事。
[bʌt] noun
GUN 枪
countable
■the thick end of a rifle (= gun) handle （步枪的）枪托
• They struck him with their rifle butts. 他们用来褔枪的枪托打他。
[bʌt] noun
PERSON
be the butt of sb's jokes
■to be a person who is joked about or laughed at 受到（某人）嘲笑；成为（某人的）笑柄
• He was fed up with being the butt of their jokes. 他已经受够了被他们当作笑柄。
[bʌt] noun
CONTAINER 容器
countable
■a large container used to store liquids （盛液体的）大桶
• a rain/water butt 集雨桶，大水桶
[bʌt] verb intransitive or transitive
■to hit something or someone hard with the head or the horns 用头（或角）顶
[bʌt] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  butt in informal
■to interrupt a conversation or discussion or someone who is talking 打断谈话（或讨论）；插话，插嘴
• He kept on butting in with silly comments. 他不断插嘴，发表些愚蠢的评论。
n. 屁股；烟头；笑柄；靶垛；粗大的一端
 - behind, joke, ass, rear
vt. 以头抵撞；碰撞
 - hit, impact on

Word: lid
Front: lid
[lɪd] (高研四六 4658/4537 -K2)
Vocabulary: lid
(once / 531 pages)
n
A lid is a top, or a cap — some kind of removable or hinged cover for a container. If you forget to put the lid on your tin of cat food, you may discover that your cat and dog have eaten it all by the end of the day.
The lid on your trash can keeps raccoons out of it, and the lid on your travel mug keeps your tea hot for hours. Another lid is your eyelid, the skin that moves over your eyeball like a lid: "Her heavy lids told me she didn't sleep at all." A lid is also slang for a hat or a helmet, and if someone says, "Put a lid on it," they're telling you (somewhat rudely) to quiet down.
WORD FAMILY
lid: lidless, lids
USAGE EXAMPLES
When I’m lying in my coffin and they pull back the lid, the smile on my face will be from that day in Korea.”
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
One of his other legacies was helping to create a coffee cup lid that may now be as prevalent as the Solo cup.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
An obituary on the funeral home’s website credits Hulseman with developing the Red Solo Cup and the Traveler coffee cup lid.
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 盖子; 限制; [口]果盖; [口]遮盖
vt. 给…盖盖子
分布：盖子(86%)，眼睑(13%)，给 ... 装盖子(1%)
→来自古英语hlid,盖子，覆盖，开口，来自klei,倾斜，词源同lean.
n.盖The man who broke the sole solid lid is solemnly condemned.打破这个仅有的实心盖子的人受到庄严谴责.
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a cover on a container, which can be lifted up or removed 盖，盖子
• Can you get the lid off this jar? 你能把罐子的盖打开吗？
• Put a lid on the saucepan. 给平底深锅盖上盖子。
■an eyelid (= either of the two pieces of skin which can close over each eye) 眼睑，眼皮
• She looked at him from under half-closed lids. 她眯着眼睛看着他。
[lɪd] noun countable
blow/take the lid off sth (also lift the lid on sth) informal
■to cause something bad that was previously kept secret to be known by the public 揭露…的真相
• In 1989 they started an investigation that was to blow the lid off corruption in the police force. 1989年他们开始调查，意图揭露员警队伍中的腐败现象。
[lɪd] noun countable
keep the lid on sth informal
■to control the level of something in order to stop it increasing 防止…失控；限制，压制
• The government have intervened to keep a lid on inflation. 政府已对通货膨胀进行了干预限制。
[lɪd] noun countable
put the lid on sth UK old-fashioned
■If something that happens puts the lid on a plan, it causes the plan to fail 使…失败，使（计划）落空
• Well, James' resignation just about puts the lid on it /the project. 詹姆斯的辞职几乎使它／该专案流产。
lid, cover
这组词都有“盖子，遮盖物”的意思，其区别是：
lid: 通常指可以揭开的如箱盖、坛盖、壶盖等盖子。
cover: 泛指所有的遮盖物。包括盖子或书籍、杂志的封面等。
n. 盖子；眼睑；限制
 - limitation, qualification, restriction, cover

Word: dumb
Front: dumb
[dʌm] (研四六托雅 4659/6703 -1)
Vocabulary: dumb
(once / 351 pages)
1adj 2adj
Today, most of the time someone or something is described as dumb when it shows a lack of thought, like your dumb idea of wearing flip-flops in a snowstorm.
Dumb is the Old English word that means "mute, speechless," and itself came from an even older word dheubh meaning "confusion, stupefaction, dizziness." Today, dumb still means "unable to speak," but it doesn't have anything to do with intelligence. Its other meaning, however, does. If you make a dumb mistake, it's something you could have avoided if you thought it through first.
WORD FAMILY
dumb: dumber, dumbest, dumbly, dumbness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Mills said, “That’s where Miranda’s a savior. I felt dumb that I was falling for the competition.”
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Mr. Obama was a state senator from Illinois in October 2002 when he famously condemned Iraq as a “dumb war.”
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
In other words, country folks should stay bought and the working class is too dumb to understand what’s good for them.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: adj. 哑的，无说话能力的; 不说话的，无声的; 沉默的，无言的; 口齿不清的，（在政府中）无代言人的，政治上无发言权的
级别：dumber, dumbest
分布：愚蠢的(63%)，哑的(22%)，不能说话的(10%)，使沉默(5%)
→来自dheu, 烟尘，烟雾，词源同dust, deaf, dull. 引申词义笨拙的，哑的。
a.哑的,无言的Thus the enthusiastic dumb man thumbed the humble man's umbrella.于是热情的哑巴用拇指拨弄谦卑男子的伞.
adjective
SILENT 沉默的
■permanently or temporarily unable to speak 哑的；说不出话的
• He's been deaf and dumb since birth. 他生下来就又聋又哑。
• She was struck dumb by what she had seen. 她被自己看到的一切吓得说不出话来。
[dʌm] adjective
STUPID 愚蠢的 mainly US informal
■stupid and annoying 愚蠢的，恼人的
• Are they brave or just dumb? 他们是真的勇敢还是只是匹夫之勇？
• What a dumb idea! 这想法太蠢了！
[dʌm] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] dumb sth down informal disapproving
■to make something simpler and easier for people to understand, especially in order to make it more popular （尤指为了更加普及而）使…简化，将…通俗化
• The General Synod accused broadcasters of dumbing down religious programmes. 总教会会议指责播音员将宗教节目通俗化了。
dumbing down /ˌdʌm.ɪŋˈdaʊn] noun uncountable informal disapproving 2. the dumbing down of British television 英国电视的通俗化
dumb, mute
这组词都有“哑的，不能说话的”的意思，其区别是：
dumb: 可与mute换用，但dumb指根本没有说话能力或失去了说话能力。
mute: 多指因后天疾病而引起的聋哑，有时也指因故不说话。
adj. 哑的，无说话能力的；不说话的，无声音的
 - tongueless, speechless

Word: bulk
Front: bulk
[bʌlk] (研四六托雅宝 4660/3369 -2)
Vocabulary: bulk
(once / 316 pages)
nv
Don’t be intimidated by the bulk of the dictionary on your desk. If you look in it, you’ll see that bulk is a small word used to talk about large things.
Bulk has a variety of meanings that all involve something large, like the bulk of a ship in the harbor, or the excess bulk of your overweight cat. Bulk can also mean “majority,” as when the bulk of your diet is tater tots and guacamole. You can expect to put on a lot of bulk if you eat like that.
WORD FAMILY
bulk: bulked, bulking, bulks, bulky +/ bulky: bulkier, bulkiest, bulkily, bulkiness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Rookie Derrick Henry, the 2015 Heisman Trophy winner, got the bulk of the workload late with 15 carries for 65 yards and a touchdown.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
But the bulk of the collection consists of dead-tree artifacts, some of them charmingly weird.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
In 1959, Raymond Williams described the seemingly insurmountable gulf between the progressive intellectuals of his day and the great bulk of the population.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. （大）体积; 大块，大量; 大多数，大部分; 主体
vt. & vi. 变得越来越大（或重要）
vi. 显得庞大; 形成大块; 堆积起来
vt. 使凝聚成一团或形成一堆
adj. 大批的，大量的; 散装的
时态：bulked, bulking, bulks
分布：大部分(35%)，体积(19%)，大量的(11%)，大块(9%)，散装的(5%)，容积(5%)，大批(4%)，显得重要(4%)，膨胀(3%)，使膨胀(3%)，使成堆(2%)
→词源同ball, 膨胀，鼓起，球。
n.体积,容积;主体,大批,大量,大块The bulk of the ruby rubbish on the pebble bubbles when stirred by bulbed rubber club.小卵石上的大部分红宝石废料在用有球状突起的橡胶短棍搅动是会起泡.
【记】读：宝库。既有体积，又有数量。
noun
countable usually singular
■something or someone that is very large 巨大的东西；大块，大团
• She eased her large bulk out of the chair. 她缓缓地将她那庞大的身躯从椅子上挪开。
uncountable
■large size or mass 大规模；大量
• It was a document of surprising bulk. 这是一份篇幅惊人的文件。
in bulk
■in large amounts 大量，批量
• The office buys paper in bulk to keep down costs. 办公室大量买进纸张以减少成本。
the bulk of sth
■most of something 大部分
• In fact, the bulk of the book is taken up with criticizing other works. 事实上，这本书大部分篇幅都是在批评其他作品。
bulk buy
■to buy in large amounts 大批购买
• Because we're such a large family we find it cheaper to bulk buy foods we eat a lot of. 因为我们是一大家人，我们发现大批量购买消耗量大的食物更便宜。
[bʌlk] verb
bulk large literary
■to be present and important 显得重要
• Fears of his death bulked large in her thoughts. 对他可能会去世的恐惧和担忧一直笼罩在她心头。
[bʌlk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] bulk sth out
■to make something bigger or thicker by adding something 使增大；使增厚
• I added some potatoes to the stew to bulk it out. 我往炖菜里加了些马铃薯，使它量更足。
n. 体积，容量；大多数，大部分；大块
 - most of, volume, content
vt. 使扩大，使形成大量；使显得重要
 - exaggerate, broaden

Word: sprinkle
Front: sprinkle
[ˈsprɪŋkl] (研四六 4663/7937 -2)
Vocabulary: sprinkle
(once / 485 pages)
vn
A sprinkle is a light shower of something, often water. It’s also a verb that means to gently scatter something. A sprinkle of snow won’t cause school to close, but a sprinkle of fairy dust could transport you to a magical land.
When there’s a sprinkle of rain, you should bring an umbrella just in case it turns into a downpour. A sprinkler causes a sprinkle of water to fall on the flowerbeds, and if it’s really hot, it can be fun to play under. At the Memorial Day parade, the firefighters might sprinkle confetti over the crowd — and if you’re lucky, they’ll sprinkle candy, too. Speaking of candy, a sprinkle is also a tiny treat often sprinkled on your ice cream.
WORD FAMILY
sprinkle: sprinkled, sprinkler, sprinkles, sprinkling+/ sprinkler: sprinklers/sprinkling: sprinklings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Secret Service agents are now sprinkled throughout the property, at night blending into the shrubbery along the grounds.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Sprinkle over half of the thyme, parsley and tarragon leaves, as well as half of the oregano.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Sprinkle was charged by Charlotte Mecklenburg Police with shoplifting by concealment Tuesday at the Belk department store and was released.
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: v. 洒，撒; 用…点缀; 下小雨
n. 小雨; 少量
时态：sprinkled, sprinkling, sprinkles
分布：洒(54%)，撒(42%)，下稀疏小雨(3%)，少量散布的屑状物(1%)
→来自 spreg,播，洒，溅，词源同 spark,spread,sperm.-le,表反复。
n.洒,喷,淋While sinking into thinking, the shrinking linkman drank the pink ink sprinkled on the wrinkly paper.陷入沉思时,退缩的联络员喝掉了洒在皱纹纸上的粉红色墨水.
verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to drop a few pieces or drops of something over a surface 洒；撒
• Sprinkle a few herbs on the pizza./Sprinkle the pizza with a few herbs. 在比萨上撒些香料调味。
• figurative The speech was liberally sprinkled with (= contained many) jokes about the incident. 这场演讲多次拿那件事开玩笑。
['sprɪŋ.kl] noun countable usually singular (US also sprinkling)
■a very light fall of rain or snow which lasts only a short time 小雨；小雪
n. 撒，洒；少量
 - bit, ounce
vt. 洒；微雨；散置
 - besprinkle, light rain

Word: mortality
Front: mortality
[mɔ:ˈtæləti] (研宝 4662/3259)
Vocabulary: mortality
(once / 713 pages)
n
One of the most difficult things for a child is experiencing the death of a beloved pet; it's a hard lesson in mortality. Mortality is the quality of being mortal, or the reality of death.
It's not easy for most people to come to terms with their own mortality, or the fact that they really will die someday. Mortality can refer to an individual or to a larger group of people, particularly when you're talking about the total number of deaths within a population, using the phrase mortality rate. The words mortality and mortal come from the Latin root mortis, or "death."
WORD FAMILY
mortality: mortalities+/ immortal: immortalise, immortality, immortalize, immortally, immortals/immortalise: immortalised, immortalises, immortalising/ immortality: immortalities/ immortalize: immortalized, immortalizes, immortalizing/ mortal: immortal, mortality, mortally, mortals, postmortal
USAGE EXAMPLES
Sharfstein said statewide efforts also lowered Maryland’s relatively high infant mortality rate.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
If the mortality rates were similar to the rest of Honduras, ninety per cent of the inhabitants died of disease.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
They also suffer higher mortality rates and increased risk of depression, cognitive decline and illnesses like coronary artery disease.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 死亡数，死亡率; 必死性，必死的命运
分布：死亡率(96%)，必死性(3%)，死亡数目(1%)
→来自mortal,死亡的，致命的。引申词义死亡率，死亡数量。
死亡(率)(mort+ality性质→死亡)[mort=death,表示"死"]
US [mɔ:r'tæl.ə.tˌi] noun uncountable formal
■the way that people do not live forever 必死性，生命的有限
• Her death made him more aware of his own mortality. 她的去世让他更加意识到自己终有一死。
Compare immortality the number of deaths within a particular society and within a particular period of time 死亡数字，死亡率
• the mortality rate 死亡率
• Infant mortality is much higher in the poorest areas of the city. 在这个城市最贫困的地区，婴儿的死亡率要高得多。
n. [医] 死亡数，死亡率；必死性，必死的命运
 - Deaths, death rate

Word: philosophical
Front: philosophical
[ˌfɪləˈsɒfɪkl] (4661/4779 -2)
Vocabulary: philosophical
(once / 422 pages)
adj
To be philosophical is to stay detached and thoughtful in the face of a setback, or to approach a tough situation in a level-headed way. When his girlfriend left him, Bernard was philosophical: "If she loves me, she'll return."
In ancient Greece, philosophy literally meant a love of knowledge and wisdom. In modern times, the field of philosophy is more specifically the study of how we think through problems. Great philosophers have all sorts of theories about how and why we think and act the way we do, but the word philosophical often just means that you choose to be more thoughtful and look at the 'big picture' when dealing with challenges.
WORD FAMILY
philosophical: philosophically+/ philosopher: philosophers/philosophise: philosophised, philosophiser, philosophises, philosophising/philosophiser: philosophisers/ philosophize: philosophized, philosophizer, philosophizes, philosophizing/philosophizer: philosophizers/philosophizing: philosophizings/ philosophy: philosopher, philosophic, philosophical, philosophies, philosophise, philosophize
USAGE EXAMPLES
Crosscultural variables, in fact, are at the heart of this seriocomic philosophical inquiry into peace and discord.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Talk philosophical nonsense about the nature of violence?
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Many great football coaches are distinguished by specific philosophical bents.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 哲学上的，哲学（家）的; 冷静的，沉着的; 明达的; 达观的
分布：哲学的(86%)，达观的(14%)
US [-'sɑ:.fɪ-] adjective
■relating to the study or writing of philosophy 哲学的；研究哲学的
• philosophical writings/essays 哲学著作／论文
■If you are philosophical in your reaction to something which is not satisfactory, you accept it calmly and without anger, understanding that failure and disappointment are a part of life. 豁达的，达观的；泰然自若的
adj. 哲学的（等于philosophic）；冷静的
 - cool, imperturbable

Word: conversion
Front: conversion
[kənˈvɜ:ʃn] (研四六托雅 4664/3129 -2)
Vocabulary: conversion
(once / 491 pages)
1n 2n 3n 4n 5n
Something that is transformed from one state or form to another has had a conversion. The twentieth century saw the conversion from outhouses to indoor plumbing. You may oversee the conversion of your attic into an extra bedroom.
The noun conversion can be used to describe some very specific transformations. If you exchange euros for dollars, you have made a monetary conversion. If your Canadian friend tells you, "It was warm today! It got up to 28!" and you figure out that 28 degrees in Celsius is the same as 82 degrees in Fahrenheit, then you have made a mathematical conversion. If you change your religion, you've had a religious conversion.
WORD FAMILY
conversion: conversions+/ convert: conversion, converted, converter, convertible, converting, convertor, converts, reconvert/converted: unconverted/converter: converters/ convertible: convertibility, convertibles, convertibly, inconvertible, unconvertible/convertor: convertors/inconvertible: inconvertibility/reconvert: reconverted, reconverting, reconverts/unconvertible: unconvertibly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The team added to its total in the second half—a touchdown and a two-point conversion.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
At this year’s Republican National Convention, Perkins pushed to include language supporting conversion therapy in the official party platform.
Salon(Dec 31, 2016)
Louisville was 0 for 13 on third-down conversions well into the fourth quarter before converting its first.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 变换，转变; 改装物; 财产转换，兑换; [逻] 换位（法）
分布：转变(58%)，换算(42%)
→con-, 强调。-verse, 转，词源同introvert, versus.指转换的，转变的。
转化;(宗教的)改变[ver,ert=turn,表示"转"]
n.转变,转换;信仰的改变;In this version, some conversions are made to the verbs and adverbs in the conversation.该版本中,会话中的动词和副词作了一些转换.
US [-'vɝ:-] noun
CHANGE 转变
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■when someone or something is converted from one thing to another 改变，转变；转化
• Her conversion to Buddhism/Islam was a very gradual process. 她对佛教／伊斯兰教的皈依是一个渐进的过程。
• He used to be very right-wing, but he's undergone something of a conversion recently. 他过去是个极右翼分子，但最近有些转变。
• Solar power is the conversion of the sun's energy into heat and electricity. 太阳能动力是将太阳能转化为热和电。
countable
■a place for living in that has been changed from its previous use 改建的房屋
• a barn/factory conversion 谷仓／厂房改建的房屋
UK [kən'vɜ:.ʃən/ UK [-ʒən] US [-'vɝ:-] noun
RUGBY 橄榄球
countable
■in rugby, an attempt to score more points after a try by kicking the ball over the bar and between the two posts （橄榄球中触地得分后的）附加得分
n. 转换；变换； [金融] 兑换；改变信仰
 - transformation, reforming, switching, exchange, changing

Word: patron
Front: patron
[ˈpeɪtrən] (研六托雅 4665/5058 -2)
Vocabulary: patron
(once / 262 pages)
1n 2n
A patron supports someone or something. A patron of a business supports the business by being a loyal customer. A patron of the arts helps support starving artists — financially, not with food rations.
The word patron comes from the Latin pater or patr- meaning "father." Think of how a father is supposed to financially support his kids. A patron of the arts is someone who shows his appreciation or support for the arts by donating money to arts organizations. And a patron of the Red Lobster is a frequent customer who can be seen in the same corner booth every Sunday night, noshing on cheddar biscuits.
WORD FAMILY
patron: patroness, patronise, patronize, patronless, patrons+/patroness: patronesses/patronise: patronised, patronises, patronising/patronised: unpatronised/ patronize: patronized, patronizes, patronizing /patronized: unpatronized/ patronizing: patronizingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Cost, comprehension and the comfort factor keep would-be patrons, especially younger ones, at home.
Seattle Times(Jan 03, 2017)
The patrons ranged widely in nationality and religion.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The palace announced on Dec. 20 she would step down as patron of several charities and other organizations to reduce her workload.
Reuters(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 赞助人，资助人; 顾客，老主顾; 保护人; [宗]守护神
分布：守护神(53%)，赞助人(36%)，老主顾(11%)
→来自古法语patron,赞助，主顾，来自拉丁语patronus,守护圣人，保护者，来自pater,父亲，词源同father.后引申词义顾客，主顾，赞助商。
帮助人;恩人(像父亲一样的人)[patr(i)=father,表示"父亲"]
赞助人(patr父亲...像父亲一样的人)[-on表名词,指人,物和一些物理学上的名词]
n.赞助人;资助人;老顾客,老主顾St. George is the Patron Saint of England.圣乔治是英格兰的守护神.
【记】源于：patri爸爸，象爸爸一样给你零用钱－赞助人
noun countable
SUPPORTER 支持者
■a person or group that supports an activity or organization, especially by giving money 赞助者，资助人
• The Princess Royal is a well-known patron of several charities. 众所周知，长公主是好几家慈善机构的赞助人。
['peɪ.trən] noun countable
CUSTOMER 客户 formal
■a person who uses a particular shop, restaurant, hotel, etc., especially regularly; a customer 老顾客，老主顾
• Will patrons kindly note that this shop will be closed on 17th July. 各位顾客请注意，本店7月17日将暂停营业。
n. 赞助人；保护人；主顾
 - guardian, backer

Word: municipal
Front: municipal
[mju:ˈnɪsɪpl] (研六托雅 4666/6167 -2)
Vocabulary: municipal
(once / 429 pages)
adj
A municipality refers to a village, town, or city that's usually governed by a mayor and council. From this noun, we get the adjective municipal, which you can use to describe something that relates to a town or its government.
Your town's city council may have offices in the municipal building downtown. If you want to fight city hall, that would be the place to go. Municipal also more generally describes anything related to the town or city itself. If you live within the city limits, for example, your house may be hooked into the municipal water supply, but if you live outside the city limits you may have to have your own well.
WORD FAMILY
municipal: municipality, municipally+/ municipality: municipalities
USAGE EXAMPLES
Martin said the militants were regularly using municipal facilities for military means, including transporting weapons in ambulances.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
The Beijing Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau extended an “orange alert” for heavy air pollution for three more days.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Beijing Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau on Monday extended an “orange alert” for heavy air pollution for three more days.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 市的，市政的; 地方自治的; 都市的，市营的，市制的; 内政的
n. 市政债券
分布：市的(51%)，市政的(39%)，政府证券(10%)
→来自拉丁语municeps,市民，自治镇公民，来自munus,共同职责，共同责任，相互给予，礼 物，来自mei,交换，改变，词源同common,mutual.-cep,承担，词源同capable,accept.该 词原指古罗马时期享有罗马公民的特权但是按照自己的法律进行管理的特别自治镇。后词义 通用化，引申词义市政的，市政当局的。
参加;共享[cap,capt,cept,ceive,cip,cup=take,hold,seize,表示"拿,抓,握住"]
都市的,市政的(muni+cip头+al→公共之头→市政的)[muni,mun=public,表示"公共的"]
a.市的,市政的;市立的;地方性的,地方自治的The communist communicated communism to this municipal community.那个共产党员把共产主义传入该市立社区.
adjective
 ADVANCED
■of or belonging to a town or city 市政的；市办的
• municipal authorities 市政当局
• municipal tennis courts 市立网球场
• municipal elections 市政选举
adj. [建] [经] 市政的，市的；地方自治的
 - civic, communalistic

Word: any
Front: any
[ˈeni] (中高 109/78 -K5)
Vocabulary: any
(once / 5 pages)
adjadv
Use the word any when you're talking about every possible quantity of something — whether it's one, a few, or many. You might ask an ice cream truck driver, "Do you have any ice cream sandwiches?"
Any refers to non-specific amounts of something, as when you ask your friend, "Do you have any advice about what movie I should see?" or you ask a bakery worker, "Do you have any chocolate croissants left?" It also means "at all," like when you complain, "That pep talk didn't make me feel any better." In Old English, the word was ænig, which meant both "any" and "anyone," or literally, "one-y."
WORD FAMILY
any: anyer, anys
USAGE EXAMPLES
For the first time I am not optimistic any more.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Officials didn’t release any identifying information, including the children’s ages or whether they were related.
Time(Jan 02, 2017)
The Times reserves the right to edit and publish any submissions online and/or in print.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 任何的; 一点，一些; 普通的; 任何，随便哪一个
pron. 任何; 无论哪个; 若干
adv. 稍微，少许; 什么，一些，一点
分布：任何(90%)，丝毫(4%)，任何的(3%)，稍微(3%)
→an, 一。-y, 形容词后缀。
a.(用于否定句,疑问句等)什么,一些;任何的At any rate, the separation ratio is accurate.无论如何,这个分离比是精确的.
determiner pronoun
SOME 一些
 ESSENTIAL
■some, or even the smallest amount or number of 一些；一点；若干
• Is there any of that lemon cake left? 柠檬蛋糕有没有剩下一点啊？
• There was hardly any food left by the time we got there. 我们到那里的时候，几乎一点吃的都没了。
• "Is there some butter I could use?" "No, there's some margarine but there isn't any butter." “还有奶油吗？我要用点。”“没了，人造奶油还有些，但是奶油一点都没有了。”
• "Is there any more soup?" "No, I'm afraid there isn't any left." “还有汤吗？”“抱歉，一点都没有了。”
• I haven't seen any of his films. 他的电影我一部都没看过。
• I don't expect we'll have any more trouble from him. 我希望他再也不要给我们添任何麻烦了。
• I go to church for weddings but not for any other reason. 我只有参加婚礼才会去教堂。
• Are you sure there isn't any way of solving this problem? 你肯定这问题没有任何解决办法了？
['en.i] determiner pronoun
NOT IMPORTANT WHICH 无论哪个
 ESSENTIAL
■one of or each of a particular type of person or thing when it is not important which 任何一个，无论哪个
• Any food would be better than nothing at all. 有一点吃的总比甚么都没有好。
• "Which of these cakes may I eat?" "Any." “我可以吃哪块蛋糕？”“随便。”
• The offer was that you could have any three items of clothing you liked for £30. 商家提供的优惠是，花30英镑可任选三件你喜欢的服装。
• informal On Sundays I just wear any old thing (= anything) that I happen to find lying around. 星期天我是抓着哪件衣服就穿哪件。
• Any of you should be able to answer this question. 你们随便哪个都应该能回答这个问题。
• Any idiot with a basic knowledge of French should be able to book a hotel room in Paris. 任何人只要懂点起码的法语，都能在巴黎预订一个旅馆房间。
• Any advice (= Whatever advice) that you can give me would be greatly appreciated. 你给我甚么建议我都会感激不尽。
• Any minute/day/time now (= Very soon) there's going to be a massive quarrel between those two. 他们两个随时都会大吵一场。
• There were a lot of computers at the exhibition, any (one) of which would have suited me perfectly. 展览会上有很多电脑，无论哪一台都会非常适合我用。
['en.i] adverb
 IMPROVER
■at all or in the least 根本；丝毫，略，稍
• Can't you run any faster? 你不能再跑快一点吗？
• Those trousers don't look any different from the others. 那条裤子看起来和其他裤子没甚么两样。
• Are you feeling any better after your illness? 你病愈后感觉身体好些了吗？
• Houses in this area used to be a real bargain, but they're not cheap any more (= now). 以前这一地区的房价非常低廉，但是现在可不便宜了。
• This radio is n't any good (= it's useless) - I'll have to buy another. 这台收音机根本不好用，我还得再买一台。
• I used to walk to work every day, but not any longer (= not now). 我以前每天都步行去上班，但是现在不了。
• US informal I tried talking him out of it, but that didn't help any - he still left home. 我极力想劝阻他，但根本无济于事，他还是离家而去。
adj. 任何的；所有的；丝毫
 - having, possessory
adv. 稍微；少许
 - somewhat, in some sort

Word: liver
Front: liver
[ˈlɪvə(r)] (研四六托 4667/4007 -2)
Back: n. 肝脏; （食用）肝; 深赤褐色; 生活者
adj. 肝味的; 深赤褐色的
分布：肝脏(100%)
→来自leip,脂肪，词源同lipid,adipose.引申词义肝。
n.肝,肝脏The living olive keeps the deliverer's liver alive.活橄榄使发货人的肝脏继续存活.
US [-ɚ] noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■a large organ in the body which cleans the blood and produces bile , or this organ from an animal used as meat 肝，肝脏
n. 肝脏；生活者，居民
 - resident, dweller

Word: harmony
Front: harmony
[ˈhɑ:məni] (高研四六托雅宝 4669/4697 -2)
Vocabulary: harmony
(once / 155 pages)
1n 2n
Harmony is the sound of things that go together well — people singing in harmony are in tune with each other. Best friends should be in harmony most of the time if they want to stay best buds!
Harmony is a noun that describes an agreement, such as in feeling, sound, look, feel, or smell. It’s necessary for roommates to be able to live in harmony in a small space, or they’re in for a wake-up call. In music, harmony is a pleasing combination and progression of chords. If it makes you wince, it’s lacking harmony. Synonyms for harmony include accord, concord, cooperation, like-mindedness, and unanimity. Antonyms, on the other hand, range from clash and disagreement to discord.
WORD FAMILY
harmony: harmonic, harmonical, harmonies, harmonious, harmonise, harmonize +/disharmonious: disharmoniously/disharmonize: disharmonizing/harmonic: harmonically, harmonics, inharmonic, nonharmonic/ harmonious: disharmonious, harmoniously, harmoniousness, inharmonious, unharmonious/harmonise: harmonisation, harmonised, harmoniser, harmonises, harmonising, reharmonise/harmonization: harmonizations/ harmonize: disharmonize, harmonizable, harmonization, harmonized, harmonizer, harmonizes, harmonizing, reharmonize/harmonizer: harmonizers/inharmonious: inharmoniously, inharmoniousness/inharmoniousness: inharmoniousnesses/reharmonise: reharmonisation/reharmonize: reharmonization, reharmonized/unharmonious: unharmoniously
USAGE EXAMPLES
But the European Central Bank’s ability to create economic harmony in the eurozone is limited.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
The harmony that was created when they laughed simultaneously was close to divine.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
“There was one of his songs, ‘Two Sleepy People,’ and I sang harmony — it was very fun.”
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 协调; 融洽，一致; 和谐; [音]和声
分布：和谐(78%)，协调(13%)，和声(6%)，调和(3%)
→来自希腊语harmonia,和谐，一致，和音，来自ar,连接，匹配，词源同art,articulate,-mony,名词后缀，词源同alimony.
和谐[harm=fitting(适合)]
n.协调,和谐;融洽The alarm harmed the charming harmony of the ceremony.警报声损害了典礼迷人的和谐.
【反】imbroglio（n 杂乱的一团；纠葛；纷扰）；discord（n 不一致）
US ['hɑ:r-] noun
MUSIC 音乐
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■a pleasant musical sound made by different notes being played or sung at the same time （音乐中的）和声
• singing in harmony 唱和声
• It is a simple melody with complex harmonies. 这是一首和声复杂的简单旋律。
UK ['hɑ:.mə.ni] US ['hɑ:r-] noun
MATCH 相一致
uncountable
■when people are peaceful and agree with each other, or when things seem right or suitable together 协调；和谐，一致
• racial harmony (= good feelings between different races) 种族和谐
• domestic harmony (= good feelings in the family or home) 家庭和睦
• Imagine a society in which everyone lived together in (perfect) harmony. 设想一下有这样一个社会，所有人都和睦地生活在一起。
• We must ensure that tourism develops in harmony with the environment. 我们必须确保旅游业与环境和谐发展。
unity, concord, agreement, harmony, accord
这组词都有“和谐、一致”的意思，其区别是：
unity: 指各个成员、各群体之间相互协调一致的关系。
concord: 多指人际、国家间或民族之间协调一致的关系。
agreement: 侧重态度与观点上的一致。
harmony: 指人与人之间或不同部分与整体之间完全协调、和谐、愉快，没有摩擦。
accord: 指思想一致，彼此不矛盾，也指行动上的一致。
n. 协调；和睦；融洽；调和
 - peace, keeping

Word: solely
Front: solely
[ˈsəʊlli] (四六托 4671/3992)
Vocabulary: solely
(once / 456 pages)
adv
Solely is another word for "only" or "entirely": Your new puppy is solely your responsibility — you have to feed it, walk it, and take care of it all by yourself.
Solely comes from the Latin sola, the feminine form of "alone," and if you know other Romance languages, you'll recognize it in, for instance, Italian solo, or Spanish solamente and French seulement. In English, a solo is a song you sing alone.
WORD FAMILY
sole: resole, soled, soleless, solely, soling+/resole: resoled, resoles, resoling
USAGE EXAMPLES
Additionally, this somewhat unscientific calculation is assuming white parents solely buy white dolls for their children.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
Perhaps you read that and nodded, “Done! Next!” solely based on a general disdain for reality television.
Salon(Jan 01, 2017)
Local example: The image of urban areas and crime promoted during 2016, mostly but not solely by Donald Trump, was that cities are hellholes.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adv. 唯一地; 仅仅; 独一无二地; 纯粹
分布：单独地(50%)，独自地(25%)，完全(25%)
US ['soʊl-] adverb
 ADVANCED
■only and not involving anyone or anything else 唯一地，单独地，仅有地
• I bought it solely for that purpose. 我仅仅是为那个目的才买的。
• It seems he's not solely to blame for the accident. 发生这起事故似乎不能只责怪他。
• The product's success cannot be attributable solely to the ads. 该产品的成功不能只归因于广告宣传。
adv. 单独地，唯一地
 - alone, exclusively, individually

Word: tolerance
Front: tolerance
[ˈtɒlərəns] (研四六托雅宝 4670/6381 -2)
Vocabulary: tolerance
(once / 1468 pages)
n
When you practice tolerance, you accept another's ideas and beliefs. If you respect someone's opinions — even if you disagree or find them nonsensical — you display tolerance.
The noun tolerance, which stems from the Latin for "endurance," also refers to an organism's ability to stand or handle a difficult environmental condition. If you build up a tolerance, you can handle large amounts of something (from medicine to psychological abuse) without being too strongly affected. We usually use the word to refer to our need to accept others, as suggested by John F. Kennedy when he said, “Tolerance implies no lack of commitment to one's own beliefs. Rather it condemns the oppression or persecution of others.”
WORD FAMILY
tolerance: overtolerance, tolerances+/ intolerable: intolerablest/ tolerable: intolerable, intolerably, tolerablest, tolerably/ tolerate: tolerable, tolerance, tolerated, tolerates, tolerating, toleration/toleration: tolerations
USAGE EXAMPLES
As he developed tolerance, the pain medications became increasingly ineffective.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
“In this area, let us adhere, clearly and faithfully, to ‘zero tolerance.'”
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Most people consume pop music one song at a time — three minutes or so, or maybe less, depending on how tolerance and quality intersect.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 宽容，容忍; 限度; 公差; 耐药量，耐药性
分布：宽容(39%)，容忍(30%)，公差(27%)，忍耐力(4%)
→tolerate,容忍，-ance,名词后缀。引申诸相关词义。
n.宽容;容忍,忍受;耐药力;公差I have low alcohol tolerance.我的耐酒精性低.
US ['tɑ:.lɚ-] noun
ACCEPTANCE 接受
 ADVANCED uncountable (formal toleration)
■willingness to accept behaviour and beliefs which are different from your own, although you might not agree with or approve of them 宽容；忍受；容忍
• This period in history is not noted for its religious tolerance. 历史上的这个时期在宗教上并不宽容。
• Some members of the party would like to see it develop a greater tolerance of/towards contrary points of view. 党内的一些成员希望看到党对反面意见能更加宽容。
UK ['tɒl.ər.ənts] US ['tɑ:.lɚ-] noun
ABILITY TO DEAL WITH 有能力解决
uncountable
■the ability to deal with something unpleasant or annoying, or to continue existing despite bad or difficult conditions 忍耐力；忍受力
• My tolerance of heat is considerably greater after having lived in the Far East for a couple of years. 在远东生活了几年后，我的耐热能力大为增强。
uncountable specialized
■an animal's or plant's ability not to be harmed by a drug or poison over a long period of time （动植物对药物或毒药的）耐受性
• a greater tolerance of/to the drug 对药物更强的耐受性
UK ['tɒl.ər.ənts] US ['tɑ:.lɚ-] noun
VARIATION 变化
countable or uncountable specialized
■the amount by which a measurement or calculation might change and still be acceptable 公差；容许偏差
• parts that are made to tolerances of a thousandth of an inch 按千分之一英寸的公差加工的零件
n. [机] 公差；宽容；容忍；公差
 - patience, charity, mercy

Word: goat
Front: goat
[gəʊt] (中高研四六 4674/5117 -2)
Back: n. 山羊; 色鬼; 替罪羊
分布：山羊(91%)，色鬼(5%)，替罪羊(4%)
→来自gheid, 山羊。因山羊在西方文化里通常为不好的形象，引申义老色鬼。
n.山羊When the boat floats through the throat, the goat in overcoat goes to the goal.当船漂过狭口时,穿大衣的山羊朝目标走去.
US [goʊt] noun countable
ANIMAL 动物
 ADVANCED
■an animal which is related to sheep, which usually has horns, and which lives wild on mountains or is kept on farms to provide milk, meat, wool, etc 山羊
• goat's milk/cheese 山羊奶／羊起司
UK [gəʊt] US [goʊt] noun countable
MAN 男人 informal disapproving
■a man who is very active sexually, or would like to be and makes it obvious 色狼，色鬼；淫荡的人
• an old goat 老色鬼
UK [gəʊt] US [goʊt] noun countable
act/play the goat UK informal
■to behave in a silly way 做傻瓜；做蠢事
• Stop acting the goat! 别再做蠢事了！
UK [gəʊt] US [goʊt] noun countable
get sb's goat (Australian also get on sb's goat) informal
■to very much annoy someone 使（某人）大为恼怒
• That sort of attitude really gets my goat. 那种态度实在是让我发火。
n. [脊椎] [畜牧] 山羊；替罪羊（美俚）；色鬼（美俚）
 - chevres, Getcolor

Word: arm
Front: arm
[ɑ:m] (中高 491/491 -K5)
Vocabulary: arm
(once / 16 pages)
1n 2nv
An arm is a limb on the upper part of a person's body. You can call the front limb of any animal an arm, though they're more often called "legs."
Starfish have five arms, while humans have two. The sleeves of your shirt are arms too, and an excellent baseball pitcher is said to have "an arm," meaning a powerful throw. When arm is a verb, it means "supply with weapons." These meanings have two different roots: an arm with a hand on the end comes from the Old English earm, while the weapon arm is rooted in the Latin arma, or "weapons."
WORD FAMILY
arm: armament, armed, armful, arming, armless, armlet, armlike, armor, arms, disarm, forearm, overarm, re-arm, rearm, unarm, underarm+/ armament: armaments/ armful: armfuls/arming: armings/armlet: armlets/ armor: armored, armorer, armoring, armors/armored: unarmored/armorer: armorers/ disarm: disarmament, disarmed, disarmer, disarming, disarms/disarmament: disarmaments/disarmer: disarmers/ disarming: disarmingly, disarmings/forearm: forearmed, forearming, forearms/rearm: rearmament, rearmed, rearming, rearms/rearmament: rearmaments/unarm: unarmed, unarming, unarms/underarm: underarms
USAGE EXAMPLES
The arms race is fed in part by the slow pace of government regulation for drones.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Officials say Morales may be armed and is considered extremely dangerous.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
An armed forces medical examiner categorized the death as a homicide.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 臂; 武器; [复数]战事; 权力
vi. 准备（斗争），准备行动（against）
vt. 装备（防御工事）; 准备（攻击或迎击）; 配备; 防护
时态：armed, arming, arms
分布：臂(77%)，武装(5%)，扶手(5%)，武器(4%)，装备(4%)，袖子(2%)，军种(1%)，纹章(1%)，兵役.(1%)
→词根ar, 连结，同art. -m, 插入鼻音字母。武器即手臂所持。
n.手臂,扶手,臂状物v.武装;配备n.武器On the far farm the army's arms are kept warm by a swarm of bees.在远方的农场上,陆军的武器被一群蜜蜂保暖.
US [ɑ:rm] noun
BODY PART 身体部位
 ESSENTIAL countable
■either of the two long parts of the upper body which are fixed to the shoulders and have the hands at the end 臂，手臂；上肢
• My arms ache from carrying this bag. 提这个袋子累得我胳膊疼。
• She put/threw her arms round me, and gave me a hug. 她伸出双臂拥抱我。
• He took/held her in his arms (= held her closely). 他把她搂进怀中。
• Bill arrived at the party with his new girlfriend on his arm (= her hand resting on his arm). 比尔挽着新女友一起来到聚会上。
countable
■The arm of a piece of clothing or furniture is a part of it that you put your arm in or on （衣服）袖子；（椅子等家俱的）扶手，靠手
• the arm of a jacket 夹克袖子
• the arm of a chair 椅子扶手
arm in arm
■When two people are arm in arm, they both have one arm bent at the elbow and passing around and supporting, or being supported by, the arm of the other person 臂挽着臂
• We walked arm in arm along the river bank. 我们臂挽着臂沿着河岸漫步。
UK [ɑ:m] US [ɑ:rm] noun
WEAPONS 武器
arms [plural]
 ADVANCED
■weapons and equipment used to kill and injure people 武器；军火；军备
• They have been charged with supplying arms to the guerillas. 他们被指控向游击队提供军火。
• An arms cache was discovered in South Wales. 在南威尔士发现了一个秘密军火库。
• The minister has called on the terrorists to lay down their arms (= stop fighting). 部长要求恐怖分子放下武器。
• They are willing to take up arms (= prepare to fight) (against the government) if they have to. 在必要时，他们会随时拿起武器（对抗政府）。
UK [ɑ:m] US [ɑ:rm] noun
PART OF AREA 部分地带
countable
■An arm of land or water is a long, thin part of it that is joined to a larger area. 狭长地带；狭长港湾
UK [ɑ:m] US [ɑ:rm] noun
PART OF GROUP 部分部门
countable
■An arm of an organization is a part of it that is responsible for a particular activity or place 职能部门；分支机构，分部
• The British company is one arm of a large multinational. 这家英国公司是一家庞大的跨国公司的分部。
UK [ɑ:m] US [ɑ:rm] noun
an arm and a leg informal
■a lot of money 一大笔钱
• These shoes cost me an arm and a leg. 这双鞋花了我一大笔钱。
UK [ɑ:m] US [ɑ:rm] noun
keep sb at arm 's length
■to not allow someone to become too friendly with you 与（某人）保持距离；疏远（某人）；不与（某人）过于亲近
• I always had the feeling she was keeping me at arm's length. 我总觉得她有意疏远我。
UK [ɑ:m] US [ɑ:rm] noun
under arms
■provided with weapons and willing to fight 处于备战状态；严阵以待
• The rebels now have thousands of people under arms. 叛乱分子已经征召了几千人，荷枪实弹，严阵以待。
UK [ɑ:m] US [ɑ:rm] noun
be up in arms informal
■to be very angry 愤怒；发火
• They're up in arms about/over the new management scheme. 对于新的管理体制他们感到非常愤怒。
UK [ɑ:m] US [ɑ:rm] verb
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to provide yourself or others with a weapon or weapons 为…提供武器装备；武装
• Nobody knows who is arming the terrorists. 没有人知道谁在给这些恐怖分子提供武器装备。
• [R] I armed myself with a baseball bat and went to investigate the noise. 我抄起了一根棒球棒，走过去看看是甚么发出的声响。
• They are currently arming for war. 他们正在武装起来，为战争做准备。
Opposite disarm
transitive
■to provide yourself or others with equipment or knowledge in order to complete a particular task 提供；配备；装备
• [R] She armed herself for the interview by finding out all she could about the company in advance. 为准备面试，她事先尽其所能地了解了那家公司的情况。
• I went to the meeting armed with the relevant facts and figures. 去开会时，我准备好了有关的资料数据。
n. 手臂；武器；袖子； [军] 装备
 - weapon, equipment, setup
vt. 武装；备战
 - war preparation

Word: blessing
Front: blessing
[ˈblesɪŋ] (托 4673/5552 -2)
Vocabulary: blessing
(once / 163 pages)
n
A blessing is a prayer asking for God's protection, or a little gift from the heavens. It's also any act of approving, like when your roommate wants to move out and you give her your blessings.
Blessings have to do with approval. The first meaning is asking God for protection or favor. Priests and ministers say blessings in church, and some families say a blessing before dinner. Outside a religious context, blessings are less formal. "I give you my blessing" simply means "It's OK with me." People give their blessings to ideas and actions when they agree with them. Giving a blessing is often the same as giving permission.
WORD FAMILY
blessing: blessings+/Blessed: Blessedest/ bless: Blessed, blessed, blesses, blessing / blessed: blessedest, blessedly, blessedness, unblessed/blessedness: blessednesses/unblessed: unblessedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
In 1985 he and his wife, Barbara, wrote a book, “Mixed Blessings,” about the challenges they faced as the parents of an autistic child.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
She called the program a “blessing” for her family.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
He said there were similar refugee success stories all over the country and "they are a blessing to our way of life".
BBC(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. （上帝的）祝福; 好事; 福分; 因祸得福
v. 祝圣( bless的现在分词); 称颂上帝; 求神赐福于; （表示惊奇）
分布：祝福(85%)，幸事(8%)，祷告(7%)
【反】bane（n 毒药，祸害）
noun
RELIGIOUS WORDS 宗教言辞
countable or uncountable
■when a priest asks God to take care of a particular person or a group of people 祈神赐福；祝福
• The mass always ends with a blessing. 弥撒总是以祈神赐福结束。
• We ask God's blessing on Joan at this difficult time. 在这个困难时刻我们祈求上帝保佑。
['bles.ɪŋ] noun
LUCKY SITUATION 喜事
countable
■something which is extremely lucky or makes you happy 幸事；喜事
• It was a blessing that no one was killed in the accident. 事故中没有人死真是万幸。
['bles.ɪŋ] noun
APPROVAL 允许
sb's blessing
■approval that someone gives to a plan or action 同意；允许
• The government has given its blessing to a plan to improve the rights of children. 政府批准了一项增进儿童权利的计划。
• Eventually they got married with her father's blessing. 最终他们征得她父亲的同意结了婚。
['bles.ɪŋ] noun
a blessing in disguise
■something that seems bad or unlucky at first, but results in something good happening later 祸中之福
• Losing that job was a blessing in disguise really. 失去那份工作真是因祸得福。
n. 祝福；赐福；祷告
 - wish, prayer

Word: banana
Front: banana
[bəˈnɑ:nə] (中高 4677/5663 -2)
Vocabulary: banana
(once / 946 pages)
n
A banana is a curved, yellow fruit with a thick skin and soft sweet flesh. If you eat a banana every day for breakfast, your roommate might nickname you "the monkey."
A banana is a tropical fruit that's quite popular all over the world. It grows in bunches on a banana tree. To "go bananas" is a slangy way of saying "go crazy" or act ridiculous, and if someone refers to the "top banana," they mean the most important person in a particular group. The origin of banana isn't certain, but it's thought that it was borrowed by the Spanish or Portuguese from an African word, probably the Wolof word banana.
WORD FAMILY
banana: bananas
USAGE EXAMPLES
I put a banana peel in the bag to get the roaches’ attention.
The New Yorker(Dec 28, 2016)
Those may include strawberries, bananas, blueberries, Greek yogurt, apples, kiwi or kale.
Washington Post(Dec 25, 2016)
At the Greenbelt Chapel — tucked in amid a Starbucks, a Banana Republic and an Urban Athletics outlet — Friday morning Mass began at 5 a.m.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 24, 2016)
Back: n. 香蕉; 芭蕉属植物; 喜剧演员
→可能来自某非洲语。
n.香蕉In the canal, the Canadian analyzed the bananas.在运河里,那个加拿大人化验了香蕉.
US [-'næn.ə] noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■a long curved fruit with a yellow skin and soft, sweet white flesh inside 香蕉
• a bunch of bananas 一串香蕉
• banana milkshake 香蕉奶昔
n. [园艺] 香蕉；喜剧演员；大鹰钩鼻
 - pisang, comedian

Word: running
Front: running
[ˈrʌnɪŋ] (高 3252/3269 -K4)
Back: n. 跑步; 运转; 流出
adj. 跑着的; 流动的; 连续的; 操作中的，运转着的
v. 跑; 运转(run的ing形式)
分布：运转(41%)，跑步(21%)，管理(19%)，连续地(19%)
adjective [after noun]
 IMPROVER
■happening on a particular number of regular occasions 连续的；持续的
• You've been late three days running. 你已经连续三天迟到了。
• They won the trophy for the third year running. 他们连续三年赢得此奖杯。
['rʌn.ɪŋ] adjective [after noun]
running battle
■an argument that lasts over several different occasions 争执不下；持续的争吵；不断的吵架
• I've had a running battle with the neighbours over whose responsibility that fence is. 就谁该负责那围栏的事，我和邻取们争执不下。
['rʌn.ɪŋ] adjective [after noun]
(go and) take a running jump UK informal
■said to someone when you want them to go away and stop annoying you 走开，一边歇着去
• He kept following me around, so I just told him to go and take a running jump. 他老是跟在我屁股后面转，所以我毫不客气地让他一边歇着去。
['rʌn.ɪŋ] noun uncountable
GOING QUICKLY 奔跑
■the activity of going somewhere quickly on foot, as a sport or for fun 跑步
• running shoes/shorts 跑鞋／跑步穿的短裤
['rʌn.ɪŋ] noun uncountable
OPERATION 经营
■the activity of controlling or looking after something 管理；经营；照管
• She has control of the day-to-day running of the business. 她主管公司的日常经营。
['rʌn.ɪŋ] noun uncountable
in/out of the running
■having/not having a reasonable chance of winning 有／没有希望获胜；有／没有成功的机会
['rʌn.ɪŋ] noun uncountable
make (all) the running UK
■to do the best and most work 率先；带头；做榜样
• British companies have often made all the running in developing new ideas, but have then failed to market them. 在发展新的理念上，英国公司常常是领头羊，但是却不能将它们率先推向市场。
n. 运转；赛跑；流出
 - movement, issue, flux
adj. 连续的；流动的；跑着的；运转着的
 - continuing, floating, fluid, straight, endless
v. 跑；运转（run的ing形式）；行驶
 - going

Word: palace
Front: palace
[ˈpæləs] (中高雅 4678/1935 -K3)
Vocabulary: palace
(once / 80 pages)
n
A palace is a beautiful, large house where someone important, like a king, lives.
Have you ever seen Buckingham Palace? That's where the Queen of England lives, and it's an enormous, ornate, heavily guarded building, which is typical of palaces. Palaces are lavish and over-the-top, because they are usually the home of a ruler such as a king, queen, or dictator. If you don’t live like a king, take comfort in this quote from the English poet John Donne: “Be thine own palace, or the world’s thy jail.”
WORD FAMILY
palace: palaces, palatial +/ palatial: palatially
USAGE EXAMPLES
Outside Caesars Palace, a group of people preaching Christianity yelled judgments at the pedestrians with bullhorns.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Crystal Palace goalkeeper Wayne Hennessey: There seem to be a lot of wonder goals recently.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
The palace announced on Dec. 20 she would step down as patron of several charities and other organizations to reduce her workload.
Reuters(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 宫，宫殿; （主教）邸宅，宏伟大厦; 华丽的娱乐场所
分布：宫殿(94%)，王室(4%)，豪华住宅(2%)
→来自拉丁语palatium,王宫，宫殿，来自Mons Palatinus,即the Palatine Mountain,古罗马七座山丘之一，凯撒大帝原住所，后罗马皇帝尼禄在此大兴土木，建立宫殿。该词字面意思可能是围栏，围场，来自palus,木桩，词源同pole,palisade.
n.宫,宫殿The lace placed in the palace is replaced first, and displaced later.放在皇宫的带子先被替换,后来被转移.
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a large house that is the official home of a king, queen or other person of high social rank 宫殿
• a royal/presidential palace 王宫／总统官邸
• The Queen has agreed to open Buckingham Palace to the public. 女王同意对外开放白金汉宫。
■old-fashioned
■used in the names of large buildings, such as cinemas or places where people go dancing （用于电影院、舞厅等大型建筑物的名称中）
• An old movie palace is being restored. 一家豪华的老电影院正在修复中。
n. 宫殿；宅邸；豪华住宅
 - mansion, puri

Word: formerly
Front: formerly
[ˈfɔ:məli] (六托 4684/3584 -K2)
Vocabulary: formerly
(once / 165 pages)
adv
Use the adverb formerly to describe something that happened earlier. A history teacher might explain that the city of Istanbul was formerly known as Constantinople.
Something that existed previously, or that has changed in some way over time, can be talked about using the word formerly. Your graceful math teacher might have formerly been a professional dancer, and the building where you take fencing lessons could have formerly been a textile mill. If something happened once upon a time, it happened formerly. The origin of the word traces all the way back to the Proto-Germanic formo, or "first."
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
formerly / formally
Formerly is something that happened before, like when a pop star changed his name to a squiggle, he became known as The Artist Formerly Known as Prince. But formally comes from formal, or fancy, like the prom.
Former is at the root of formerly, referring to something that occurred earlier. If you changed your name, you'd be referred to as formerly known as whatever-your-name-used-to-be. It's not just for pop stars. If you want a word that means in the past or before, formerly fits the bill:
Movies, books, television shows, the journalistic outlets formerly known as newspapers, podcasts, YouTube videos, actual museums, tweets—they all comprise the noise. (Slate)
Erskine Bowles, formerly President Bill Clinton's chief of staff, said, "I'm worried you're going to fail." (Business Week)
At the root of formally is formal, an adjective that describes something as following custom, regulations, or ceremonies. You might speak formally during your speech, but chat casually with everyone after. Formally describes something official:
Delaware spent years piloting and fine-tuning their system before putting it in place formally state-wide. (Washington Post)
The current council will formally disband within the next few days. (Time)
Remember where these two words came from and you'll keep them straight: formerly former, and formally formal.
WORD FAMILY
former: formerly, formers
USAGE EXAMPLES
The mammoth technology industry confab, formerly the International Consumer Electronics Show, used to be centered on big-screen televisions, appliances and speakers.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Alun Cairns, formerly Wales minister, was promoted to secretary of state in the mini reshuffle triggered by Work and Pensions Secretary Iain Duncan Smith's resignation.
BBC(Mar 19, 2016)
Bathroom sinks sit on South Dakota granite reclaimed from the façade of a steakhouse that formerly occupied the site.
Slate(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adv. 原来，原先; 以前，从前; 刚才; 先头
分布：以前(56%)，从前(44%)
US ['fɔ:r.mɚ-] adverb formal
 IMPROVER
■in the past 以前，从前，在过去
• The European Union was formerly called the European Community. 欧盟旧称欧洲共同体。
formally, formerly
formally: 正式地。如：We were required to dress formally for the party.
formerly: 从前。如：Formerly he worked in a factory, but now he is a teacher.
adv. 以前；原来
 - previously, ago, back

Word: peasant
Front: peasant
[ˈpeznt] (高研四六 4680/2564 -2)
Vocabulary: peasant
(once / 185 pages)
n
If you enjoy reading tales set in the Middle Ages, you’ve probably encountered your fair share of knights, dragons, and peasants, or residents of the countryside.
During the Middle Ages in Europe, most members of the population were peasants who lived a meager existence, working farmland that was owned by wealthy noblemen. Peasant is still used sometimes today to describe a relatively poor person who works as a farm laborer. Peasant can also be used to mean “an unsophisticated and ill-mannered person,” so when using this word, be sure your intended meaning is clear.
WORD FAMILY
peasant: peasanthood, peasants
USAGE EXAMPLES
Grigory Rasputin, a mystic peasant who captivated the Russian imperial court, met his death at the hands of aristocratic enemies 100 years ago.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
Born to peasants in a small village in Western Siberia, the young Rasputin turned to religion early in his life.
Time(Dec 29, 2016)
The decline that began then was not caused by manufactured imports from today’s designated villain, China, which was a peasant society.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 农民; 农夫; 佃农; 粗俗的人
分布：农民(100%)
→来自古法语pais,乡村，农村，缩写自拉丁语pagensis,乡村居民，来自pagus,乡村，来自pag,固定，标记，界限，词源同page,pagan.-ant,人。
n.(不用于英国或美国)小农;佃农;农民Please release that pleasant peasant teaser who brings us plenty of pleasure.请释放那个带给我们巨大快乐的友好的农民逗趣者.
noun countable
■a person who owns or rents a small piece of land and grows crops, keeps animals, etc. on it, especially one who has a low income, very little education and a low social position. This is usually used of someone who lived in the past or of someone in a poor country （通常指旧时或贫穷国家的）农民，农夫
• Tons of internationally donated food was distributed to the starving peasants. 数吨国际社会所捐赠的食品被分给了这些饥饿的农民。
• Most of the produce sold in the market is grown by peasant farmers. 市场上出售的大部分产品是由自耕农民种植的。
• Peasant women with scarves around their heads were working in the fields. 农妇头上都包着围巾，正在田地里工作。
■informal disapproving
■a person who is not well educated or is rude and does not behave well 没教养的人，粗人
• Joe's a real peasant. 乔很没教养。
farmer, peasant
这组词都有“农民”的意思，其区别是：
farmer: 主要指经营大片土地的农场主。
peasant: 一般指无地、少地或经营小块土地的农民。
n. 农民；乡下人
 - farmer, provincial

Word: neat
Front: neat
[ni:t] (高研四六托雅 4683/3823 -K3)
Vocabulary: neat
(once / 200 pages)
1adj 2adj
If you're neat, you're clean and tidy. A neat roommate is usually easier to live with than a sloppy one. And a neat mustache is probably better than a big bushy one.
Your neat handwriting might have made you the pride of your third-grade teacher, and your neat hairstyle will pass muster with your ballet instructor (who insists on a very tidy bun on every dancer's head). You can also use the word neat to mean "great," "cool," or "super." Neat comes from the Old French net, "clear or pure," from the Latin nitidus, "gleaming." Since the 1930s, it's also meant "very good."
WORD FAMILY
neat: neaten, neater, neatest, neatly, neatness +/ neatness: neatnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
“That’s kind of cool and neat in itself,” he said.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Cue a UN summit about cyberwarfare, and the development of some code of conduct, or an anti-cyberwarfare treaty that provides historians with a neat endpoint.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
The restaurant owner says if a guest orders an angel shot neat, a bartender will escort them to their car.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 整洁的，干净的; 灵巧的; 匀整的; 未搀水的
级别：neater, neatest
分布：整洁的(69%)，简洁的(15%)，利索地(6%)，整洁地(5%)，利索的(5%)
→来自拉丁语nitere,照耀，光照，来自nei,照耀，词源同拉丁语eniteo,发光，杰出的。引申词义整洁的，干净的。比较clean.
a.整洁的,干净的,优美的,精致的The man in neat sweaty sweater seated himself in the rear.穿整洁的汗湿毛衣的男子在后面就坐.
adjective
TIDY 整洁的
 IMPROVER
■tidy, with everything in its place 整洁的，整齐的；有序的
• Your house is always so neat - how do you manage it with three children? 你的房子总是这么整洁——你有三个孩子，是怎么做到的？
• She likes everything neat and tidy. 她喜欢一切都井井有条。
• You've got such neat handwriting. 你的字写得真工整。
• They did a very neat job stitching up your knee - there's hardly a scar there. 他们非常巧妙地缝合了你的膝盖——几乎没有留下伤疤。
 ADVANCED
■A neat person likes to keep themselves, their house and their possessions tidy and in good order （人）爱整洁的，有条理的
• Hassan is the neatest child I've ever met - even his shoes are clean! 哈桑是我见过的最爱整洁的孩子——就连他的鞋子都很干净！
• I try to be neat, but my husband is a slob. 我努力保持整洁，但我丈夫是个邋遢鬼。
[ni:t] adjective
GOOD 好的
 ADVANCED mainly US informal
■good 好的，妙的
• That video game is really neat! 那个电子游戏实在太棒了！
• Kyle has the neatest mom - she lets him stay up late on the weekends. 凯尔的妈妈最开通——允许他周末晚睡。
[ni:t] adjective
CLEVER 聪明的
■clever and simple 简单而聪明的
• It would be a neat solution to the problem. 这会是一个巧妙的解决方法。
[ni:t] adjective
NOTHING ADDED 不添加任何东西
■(of a strong alcoholic drink) without anything, such as water or ice or another drink, added to it （烈性酒）纯的，不掺水的
• I'll have a neat gin, please. 请给我来一杯不掺水的杜松子酒。
• She likes her whisky neat. 她喜欢喝纯威士卡。
orderly, tidy, neat, trim
这组词都有“整齐的，整洁的”的意思，其区别是：
orderly: 语义比上述几个词强，最常用。指把复杂细微的东西按其内在联系安排整齐，侧重井井有条。
tidy: 侧重整齐，井然有序。
neat: 指人或物外表既清洁又整齐。
trim: 着重因线条清晰、比例匀称而使外观呈现出紧凑和精确、美观。
adj. 灵巧的；整洁的；优雅的；齐整的；未搀水的；平滑的
 - elegant, flowing, graceful

Word: grandparent
Front: grandparent
[ˈgrænpeərənt] (中 4679/7634 -K1)
Vocabulary: grandparent
(once / 3261 pages)
n
A grandparent is your parent's parent. Your dad's mother is your grandparent, and so is your mom's father. If you're lucky enough to have living grandparents, then that's pretty grand.
Most people have a special name for each of their grandparents, whether it's "Grandma," "Grandpa Bob," or "Nana." Others never have the chance to meet their grandparents, but everyone has them. The word grandparent, first used at the start of the nineteenth century, uses grand in its sense of "a generation older than." Your grandparents are a generation older than your parents.
WORD FAMILY
grandparent: grandparents
USAGE EXAMPLES
His grandparents brought the book home after a vacation.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
It is not uncommon for each parent and grandparent to contribute at least one name.
BBC(Dec 29, 2016)
The children were killed after being abducted from their custodial grandparents’ home.
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 祖父或祖母; 外祖父或外祖母
分布：名词(98%)，动词(2%)
US [-per.ənt] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■the father or mother of a person's father or mother （外）祖父；（外）祖母

Word: lawmaker
Front: lawmaker
[ˈlɔ:meɪkə(r)] (4685/34834 -2)
Back: n. 立法者
分布：立法者(100%)
→即制定法律的人。
US ['lɑ:ˌmeɪ.kɚ] noun countable
■someone, such as a politician, who is responsible for making and changing laws 立法者
n. 立法者
 - Moses, legislator

Word: supermarket
Front: supermarket
[ˈsu:pəmɑ:kɪt] (中高雅 4682/4087 -K2)
Back: n. 超级市场; 自动售货商店
分布：超级市场(100%)
→super-,超级，market,市场。
n.超级市场During this serious period, the superior asked the inferior a series of questions about the supermarket.在这段严肃时间内,上级问了下级一连串有关超级市场的问题.
US [-pɚˌmɑ:r-] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a large shop which sells most types of food and other goods needed in the home, in which people take from shelves the things they want to buy and pay for them as they leave 超级市场，超市

Word: cruise
Front: cruise
[kru:z] (研六雅 4681/6098 -3)
Vocabulary: cruise
(once / 269 pages)
1vn 2v
If your mom announces “We’re taking a cruise!” then pack your bags. A cruise is a vacation spent on a ship that sails the ocean, periodically stopping in ports for sightseeing.
Cruise can also be a verb that describes sailing around aimlessly for fun. You might cruise the canals of Venice in a small boat. If you don’t live in Venice, you can still cruise — but you might do it in your car. Cruise can be used to describe a leisurely drive taken just for fun. You might cruise around the neighborhood on a Saturday with no real destination in mind. Cruise can also describe traveling easily at a moderate speed.
WORD FAMILY
cruise: cruised, cruiser, cruises, cruising+/cruiser: cruisers
USAGE EXAMPLES
A word of warning: This is not exactly a pleasure cruise.
Seattle Times(Dec 01, 2016)
If this is successful, deployment on cruise missiles and drones will follow.
Economist(Dec 01, 2016)
The fine is the largest criminal penalty ever paid involving a deliberate dumping by a cruise ship, according to the U.S.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: vi. 巡游; 漫游; 巡航
n. （军舰等）巡逻，巡航; 〈口〉游览，旅行，周游
vt. 巡航; 巡游; 漫游
时态：cruised, cruising, cruises
分布：巡航(65%)，巡游(13%)，漫游(7%)，游艇(6%)，乘船游览(5%)，游弋(3%)，慢速行驶(1%)
→来自cross, 穿起，穿过。
巡航;徘徊(cru+ise→做十字架航行→巡航)[cruc,crus,crux=cross,表示"十字形,交叉"]
v.巡航;以节省燃料的速度前进n.乘船巡游I'll cruise over to your place about three.我大约三点钟去你那里.
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a journey on a large ship for pleasure, during which you visit several places 航游，乘船游览；巡游，巡航
[kru:z] verb
intransitive
■to travel on ships for pleasure 航游；旅游航行
intransitive
■If a ship or aircraft cruises, it travels at a continuous speed. （船只或飞机）巡航，以平稳的速度航行
intransitive or transitive slang
■to go around public places looking for someone to have sex with （在公共场所）寻觅性伴侣，寻花问柳，猎艳
• He spends the weekends cruising the bars. 周末他泡在酒吧里寻花问柳。
expedition, voyage, journey, trip, travel, excursion, tour, cruise
这组词都有“旅行”的意思，其区别是：
expedition: 指有特定目的远征或探险。
voyage: 指在水上旅行，尤指海上旅行，也可指空中旅行。
journey: 最普通用词，侧重指时间较长、距离较远的单程陆上旅行，也指水上或空中的旅行。
trip: 普通用词，口语多用，常指为公务或游玩作的较短暂的旅行。
travel: 泛指旅行的行为而不指某次具体的旅行，多指到远方作长期旅行，不强调直接目的地，单、复数均可用。
excursion: 较正式用词，常指不超过一天的短时期娱乐性游玩，也可指乘火车或轮船往返特定景点的远足旅游。
tour: 指最后反回出发地，旅途中有停留游览点，距离可长可短，目的各异的周游或巡行。
cruise: 主要指乘船的游览并在多处停靠。
vi. 巡航，巡游；漫游
 - range, expatiate
vt. 巡航，巡游；漫游
 - range, roam about

Word: mobile
Front: mobile
[ˈməʊbaɪl] (高研四六托雅宝 4686/4468 -K3)
Vocabulary: mobile
(once / 297 pages)
adjn
When something is mobile it can move or be moved easily. If you walk to the end of the block talking on your cell phone, you are a mobile being using a mobile device.
A mobile is something you hang over a crib to entertain the baby, or a scale model of the universe. In 1940, the word mobile was first used to refer to a house that could be easily moved — a mobile home. If someone says to you jokingly that they "are not mobile," it means that their car is not working. It will be hard for them to be upwardly mobile, or to improve their social status, if they don't get mobile and get to work soon!
WORD FAMILY
mobile: immobile, mobiles, mobilise, mobility, mobilize +/demobilise: demobilised, demobilising/demobilization: demobilizations/demobilize: demobilization, demobilized, demobilizes, demobilizing/ immobile: immobilely, immobilise, immobility, immobilize /immobilise: immobilisation, immobilised, immobilising/ immobility: immobilities/ immobilize: immobilization, immobilized, immobilizes, immobilizing/mobilisation: demobilisation, mobilisations/mobilise: demobilise, mobilisation, mobilised, mobilises, mobilising/mobilization: mobilizations/ mobilize: demobilize, mobilization, mobilized, mobilizes, mobilizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Starship’s robots work this way: Customers use a mobile app to order an item.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
It is linked to a mobile phone app which records the audio of the patient's chest.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
The satellites will be used to provide mobile communications on land, sea and air.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 可移动的; 行动自如的; 易变的; 流动性的
n. 风铃; 手机
分布：移动的(35%)，易变的(24%)，活动的(20%)，悬挂饰物(11%)，活动物体(7%)，可动雕塑(3%)
→来自拉丁语mobilis,移动的，缩写自*movibilis,移动的，来自movere,移动，词源同move.
活动的,可动的(mob+ile)[mob=move,表示"动"]
a.可动的,活动的,运动的In the autumn the authorities automatically authorize me to buy highly mobile automobiles.秋天,当权者自动授权我买高机动性的汽车.
US ['moʊ.bəl] adjective
 IMPROVER
■able to move freely or be easily moved 流动的；（可）移动的；活动的
• You've broken your ankle but you'll be fully mobile (= able to walk as usual) within a couple of months. 你摔断了脚踝，但用不了几个月你就可以行动自如了。
UK ['məʊ.baɪl] US ['moʊ.bəl] noun countable
PHONE 电话
 IMPROVER mainly UK (US usually cellphone)
■a mobile phone 行动电话
■a mobile number 手机号码
• My mobile's 07796 10253. 我的手机号码是07796 10253。
UK ['məʊ.baɪl] US ['moʊ.bəl] noun countable
DECORATION 装饰
■a decoration or work of art which has many parts that move freely in the air, for example hanging from threads 风铃；（可随风摆动的）悬挂饰物
moving, movable, mobile
moving: （正在）移动的；动人的；
movable: 可（被）移动的，能移动的
mobile: （自由）移动、变动（位置或地点）的；
diverse, vivid, alive, mobile
diverse: 多种多样的，不同的
vivid: （记忆，描述）清晰的， 逼真的，（光，颜色）鲜艳的，耀眼的
alive: 活着的，有活力的，继续存在的
mobile: 易于快速移动的，易变的，流动的
adj. [生物] 机动的；易变的，；非固定的
 - variable, liquid, motor, unstable

Word: plain
Front: plain
[pleɪn] (中高研四六托宝 3549/2762 -K3)
Vocabulary: plain
(once / 37 pages)
1adjadv 2n 3n 4v
Plain things are simple, unadorned, and even a little boring. Being a plain talker means you don't use pretentious, fancy words. But having a plain face means you're not much to look at.
Plain comes from the Latin word planum, meaning "level ground." That's one meaning of the word, as in a flat prairie or low lying coastal flood plain. If something is in plain view, it's out in the open with no obstructions. But usually we use plain as an adjective to describe unembellished, bare, or unimpressive things. A white room with just an old bed and a chair is pretty plain.
WORD FAMILY
plain: plained, plainer, plainest, plaining, plainly, plainness, plains
USAGE EXAMPLES
Yes, this is still a nation of purple mountain majesties and fruited plains.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The food, stingy during wartime, remains surprisingly plain.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
This is important if you’re trying to break a chemical addiction — to tobacco or alcohol, for instance — but also if you’re just plain struggling.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 平原; 平地; [纺织业]平针; 朴实无华的东西
adj. 平的; 素的; 清晰的; 相貌平平的
adv. 清楚地，明白地; 平易地; [用以加强语气]显然; 完全地
vi. 发牢骚; 诉苦
时态：plained, plaining, plains
分布：平原(70%)，朴素的(11%)，简单的(10%)，完全地(3%)，平常的(3%)，纯的(1%)，清楚的(1%)，坦白的(1%)
→来自拉丁语planus,平的，来自pele,展开，放平，词源同plan,place.引申诸相关词义。
a.明白的;朴素的;坦率;平凡n.平原,旷野The plain woman explained to me why she complained about the chain.长相平平的女人向我解释她为什么抱怨那条链子.
adjective
WITH NOTHING ADDED 未添加任何东西
 ADVANCED
■not decorated in any way; with nothing added 朴素的；不加修饰的；简单的
• She wore a plain black dress. 她穿着一件朴素的黑色连身裙。
• We've chosen a plain carpet (= one without a pattern) and patterned curtains. 我们挑了一张没有图案的地毯和带图案的窗帘。
• He prefers plain food - nothing too fancy. 他喜欢清淡简单的食物——不喜欢太花巧讲究的。
• We're having plain blue walls in the dining room. 我们现在客厅里的墙壁是纯蓝色的。
• a catalogue sent in a plain brown envelope 用纯褐色信封寄出的目录
• a plain style of architecture 简朴的建筑风格
• plain (= with no added fruit or sugar) yoghurt 原味酸乳酪
plain paper
■paper which has no lines on it 白纸
• a letter written on plain paper 用白纸写的一封信
[pleɪn] adjective
CLEAR 清楚的
■obvious and clear to understand 清楚的，明显的
• It 's quite plain that they don't want to speak to us. 很明显，他们不想和我们说话。
• The reason is perfectly plain. 原因很清楚。
• I made it quite plain (that) (= explained clearly that) I wasn't interested. 我直截了当地表示我不感兴趣。
[pleɪn] adjective
COMPLETE 完全的
[before noun]
■(used for emphasis) complete （表示强调）完全的
• It was plain stupidity on Richard's part. 理查愚蠢至极。
[pleɪn] adjective
NOT BEAUTIFUL 不漂亮的
■(especially of a woman or girl) not beautiful （尤指女性）相貌平平的，不好看的
• She had been a very plain child. 她小时候并不是个漂亮的孩子。
a plain Jane
■a woman or girl who is not attractive 平凡的珍妮（不漂亮的女人或女孩）
• If she'd been a plain Jane, she wouldn't have had all the attention. 假使她像平凡的珍妮，她就不会成为大众的焦点。
[pleɪn] adjective
be (as) plain as the nose on your face (also be (as) plain as a pikestaff)
■to be very obvious 非常明显
• He's not happy here - that's as plain as the nose on your face. 他在这里并不愉快——这是显而易见的。
[pleɪn] adjective
be plain sailing (US also be smooth sailing) UK
■to be easy and without problems 一帆风顺
• The roads were busy as we drove out of town, but after that it was plain sailing. 我们开车离开市区时路上很拥挤，但往后就一路顺畅。
[pleɪn] noun
LAND 土地
countable (also plains [plural])
■a large area of flat land 平原
• the coastal plain 海边的平原
• High mountains rise above the plain. 高山从平原拔地而起。
[pleɪn] noun
STITCH 针脚
uncountable
■a type of simple stitch in knitting 平针
• a row of plain and two rows of purl 一排平针两排反针
[pleɪn] adverb informal
■completely 完全地，简直
• I mean, taking the wrong equipment with you - that's just plain stupid. 我的意思是，你拿错仪器简直是愚蠢透顶。
open, frank, sincere, blunt, honest, plain, straightforward
这组词都有“坦率，诚实”的意思，其区别是：
open: 指不隐瞒自己的秘密，愿意向他人表露自己或公开暴露自己的缺点。
frank: 强调毫无保留地畅所欲言，不受任何约束。
sincere: 侧重指一个人出自内心地对某人某事表示一种诚意。
blunt: 指讲话坦白直率、不客气，但隐含不得体、不顾及他人感情等意味。
honest: 指遵守正直等道德准则。
plain: 指直言不讳，毫不做作或故弄玄虚。
straightforward: 多用于答复、叙述等场合。指直截了当，不回避，或故弄玄虚。
clear, obvious, evident, apparent, manifest, definite, plain, distinct
这组词都有“清楚的，明白的，明显的”的意思，其区别是：
clear: 普通用词，侧重清楚明白。
obvious: 语气较强，指极为明显，有目共睹，无需说明和论证。
evident: 指根据事实成为显然的。
apparent: 强调显而易见或一想便知。这个词从动词appear派生而来，故有时含有表面如此而事实上未必的意味。
manifest: 语义较强，书面用词，强调一目了然，暗示不要任何推论就一清二楚。
definite: 语气肯定，着重明白无误，无可怀疑。
plain: 普通用词，含义与clear很接近，可通用，但plain着重简单明了，不复杂。
distinct: 较正式用词，指轮廓的清楚或定义、含义的明确，不会弄错。
adj. 平的；简单的；朴素的；清晰的
 - simple, defined, plane
n. [地理] 平原；无格式；朴实无华的东西
 - flatland, puszta
adv. 清楚地；平易地
 - definitely, fair, expressly

Word: part
Front: part
[pɑ:t] (中高研四雅 178/140 -K3)
Vocabulary: part
(once / 9 pages)
1nvadv 2n 3n 4n 5v
A part is a section or portion of something larger. When you injure a body part, you only hurt one arm or foot, rather than your entire body.
Part can be used to mean a section of a whole, like a bicycle part, or Part Six of your book. To an actor, a part is a role in a movie or play, and to a hair stylist, it's the line on your scalp where your hair is combed in opposite directions. As a verb, it means "to divide or separate," and the Latin root is partem, "a part or portion."
WORD FAMILY
part: counterpart, forepart, parted, partial, parting, partitive, parts, subpart, underpart+/ counterpart: counterparts/forepart: foreparts/ partial: partiality, partially, partialness, partials/ partiality: partialities/parting: partings/partitive: partitively, partitives/subpart: subparts/underpart: underparts
USAGE EXAMPLES
They are part of a package of proposals following last month’s attack on a Berlin Christmas market.
Seattle Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Bharambe, for his part, argues that Mumbai’s collision statistics look worse than other Indian cities because the Mumbai police are better at recording accidents.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
As part of its advice, National Debtline recommends that consumers:
BBC(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: n. 部分; 零件; 参加; 地区
vt. 使分裂; 拆移; 使分开
vi. 分开; 分离; 分岔
adv. 不完全地，部分地
adj. 不完全的，部分的
时态：parted, parting, parts
分布：部分(83%)，分开(4%)，零件(3%)，角色(3%)，分离(2%)，部位(2%)，部分地(1%)，离开(1%)，断裂(1%)
→来自拉丁语partem,分开，部分，部件，来自pere,分配，切割，词源同pair,portion.引申诸相关词义。
n.部分,角色,一方,零件,地区,部,篇v.使分开The substantial part of the constitution about the institution of institutes is substituted.宪法中有关设立协会的实质性部分被替换.
US [pɑ:rt] noun
SOME 一些
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■some but not all of a thing 部分，局部
• Part of my steak isn't cooked properly. 我这块牛排有些部分没煮好。
• Part of this form seems to be missing. 这份表格有一部分似乎缺失了。
• I think part of her problem is that she doesn't listen carefully enough to what other people say. 我认为她的部分问题在于她不去认真听取别人所说的话。
in part
■partly, or to some degree 部分地；在一定程度上
• The deadline for applications is being extended, in part because of the postal strike. 申请的最后期限延长了，部分原因是邮局发生了罢工。
in (a) large part
■to an important degree 在很大程度上，多半
• How quickly we can finish the project depends in (a) large part on when we get the payments through. 我们能多快完成这个专案计划很大程度上取决于应付的款项甚么时候办妥。
for the most part
■mostly or usually 一般地，通常
• He was, for the most part, quite helpful. 他通常都很乐于助人。
UK [pɑ:t] US [pɑ:rt] noun
SEPARATE PIECE 分开的部分
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a separate piece of something, or a piece which combines with other pieces to form the whole of something 构成部分，组成部分
• We learned about all the different parts of the digestive system. 我们了解到消化系统中所有不同的组成部分。
• The lower part of her spine was crushed in the accident. 她的下脊柱在意外中被压碎了。
• I think there's always a part of you that doubts what you're doing. 我想你一直多少有点怀疑你在做的事情吧。
• Fresh fruit and vegetables form an essential/important part of a healthy diet. 新鲜的水果和蔬菜是健康饮食的基本／重要组成部分。
• There'll be snow in parts (= particular areas) of the Midlands tonight. 今晚英格兰中部部分地区将会下雪。
 ADVANCED countable
■one of the pieces that together form a machine or some type of equipment 零件，部件
• He works for a company that makes aircraft parts. 他在一家制造飞机零件的公司工作。
countable
■a single broadcast of a series of television or radio programmes or a division of a story （电视连续剧或连播剧的）集，节，段；（小说的）部，篇
• Next week we publish part three of 'The Diana Diaries'. 下周我们将出版《戴安娜日记》的第三部分。
• The programme will be shown in two parts. 该节目将分两集播出。
countable
■one of two or more equal, or almost equal, measures of something 一等份
• Mix one part of the medicine with three parts water. 将一份药与三份水混合。
countable
■one of the characters in a film, play or dance, or the words, actions or movements that are said or done by that character 角色；台词，表演
• He's got a small part in the school play. 他在学校的演出中得到一个小角色。
• She plays the part of the sexy blonde waitress. 她扮演那位金发性感女侍者。
countable
■the music that a particular musician plays in a group 部；声部
these parts informal
■used to refer to an area of the country 地区，区域
• We don't see many foreigners in these parts. 在这些地区我们看不到多少外国人。
UK [pɑ:t] US [pɑ:rt] noun
INVOLVEMENT 参与
take part
 IMPROVER
■to be involved in an activity with other people 参加，参与
• She doesn't usually take part in any of the class activities. 她通常不参加任何班级活动。
uncountable
■involvement in or responsibility for an activity or action 份，职责，作用
• He admitted his part in the robbery. 他承认抢劫也有他的份。
• I want no part in/of your crazy schemes! 我一点也不想参与你那些疯狂的计划！
UK [pɑ:t] US [pɑ:rt] noun
HAIR 头发
countable US (UK parting)
■a line on someone's head made by brushing the hair in two different directions （头发的）分缝，发缝，分线
UK [pɑ:t] US [pɑ:rt] noun
be part and parcel of sth
■to be a necessary feature of a particular experience, which cannot be avoided 是…必要（或不可缺少）的部分
• Being recognized in the street is part and parcel of being a celebrity. 走在街上被人认出是身为名人在所难免的。
UK [pɑ:t] US [pɑ:rt] noun
the best/better part of
■most of 大部分，大半
• I spent the better part of a day cleaning that kitchen! 我一天的大部分时间都花在清理那个厨房上了！
UK [pɑ:t] US [pɑ:rt] noun
dress/look/act the part
■to look suitable or behave in a suitable way for a particular situation 穿得／看起来／做得很得体
• If you're going to be a high-powered businesswoman, you've got to look the part. 如果你打算做个商界女强人，你就必须看起来得体才行。
UK [pɑ:t] US [pɑ:rt] noun
part of the furniture
■something or someone so familiar that you no longer notice them 习以为常之事，司空见惯的事（或人）
UK [pɑ:t] US [pɑ:rt] noun
take sb's part
■to support someone 支持（某人），站在（某人）一边
• For once, my brother took my part in the argument. 只有一次我哥哥在争论中站在我这边。
UK [pɑ:t] US [pɑ:rt] verb
intransitive or transitive
■to separate or cause to separate （使）分开
• The curtains parted, revealing a darkened stage. 幕布拉开，露出灯光转暗的舞台。
• To be parted from him even for two days made her sad. 就连跟他分开两天都会让她难过。
transitive
■If you part your hair, you arrange it so that it falls on either side of your head by separating it with a line down the middle or on one side. 梳分（头发）
intransitive formal
■If two people part, they leave each other, often at the end of a relationship 分别；分手
• I'm afraid we parted on rather bad terms. 很遗憾我们最后不欢而散。
UK [pɑ:t] US [pɑ:rt] verb
part company
■If two people part company, they end their relationship 分道扬镳，拆伙
• The world's number one tennis player and his coach parted company earlier this month. 世界头号网球选手和他的教练本月初分道扬镳了。
UK [pɑ:t] US [pɑ:rt] verb
parting of the ways
■the point at which two people or organizations separate 分手（或拆伙）的时刻
• The parting of the ways came after a series of disagreements between the singer and his song-writer. 经过一连串争执后，歌手和他的词曲作者最终各奔东西。
UK [pɑ:t] US [pɑ:rt] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  part with sth
■to give something to someone else, especially when you do not want to （尤指不情愿地）放弃，舍弃
• I was going to give away her old baby clothes, but I couldn't bring myself to part with them. 我原来打算把她旧的婴儿衣服送人，但就是舍不得。
UK [pɑ:t] US [pɑ:rt] adverb
■partly 部分地
• He's part African - his father was born in Somalia. 他有部分非洲血统——他父亲出生在索马利亚。
• The exam is part spoken and part written. 考试一部分是口试，一部分是笔试。
separate, divorce, divide, part
这组词都有“分开”的意思，其区别是：
separate: 指把两个人或物分开，着重从原属一个整体中移居一部分或把两者隔开。
divorce: 特指两个或更多的互为依赖的事物的分离，尤指婚姻的合法解体。
divide: 指把一个整体按要求分成几个部分，暗示分配之意；也可指分开两个对立的事物。
part: 多指使紧密相连的人或物分开，往往暗示最后分离的意味。
share, fraction, division, segment, part, fragment, section, piece, portion
这组词都有“整体的一部分”的意思，其区别是：
share: 指共有的东西中应占有的一部分。
fraction: 指包含在全体中的一部分，暗示微不足道的一部分。
division: 通常指按类划分或分割成而的部分。常含抽象意义。
segment: 指某物的特定部分或自然形成的部分，也指线形物品的一段。
part: 含义广，最普通用词。常指整体中可大可小的一部分，也可指整体中可分开的独立部分。
fragment: 指因破裂、分割等产生的支离破碎、不规则的一部分。
section: 指整体中的分区，部分与部分之间有显著界限。
piece: 指整体中的一些个体，尤指从某个整体上分出来的一部分。
portion: 侧重从整体中所分配到的那一部分，含一定的独立意义。
n. 部分；角色；零件
 - role, workers, portion, proportion, character
vt. 分离；分配；分开
 - portion, separate from
vi. 断裂；分手
 - break it down
adv. 部分地
 - half
adj. 部分的
 - fractional, segmental

Word: calendar
Front: calendar
[ˈkælɪndə(r)] (研四六托雅 4689/4695 -2)
Vocabulary: calendar
(once / 580 pages)
nv
A calendar is a chart that organizes the year into days, weeks or months. It's also a list of appointments or activities, like the calendar for the club that lists when the bands are playing.
A calendar might hang on your refrigerator, where you can scribble your appointments on the squares. If you have something scheduled every day of the week, your calendar is full. In that case you might keep track of your dates with a calendar on your computer (or phone). Don't misspell it with an er ending, or you're referring to a machine that presses cloth. If you remember that "DAys" are in calenDArs, then you'll know to end it with a DAr.
WORD FAMILY
calendar: calendared, calendaring, calendars, calendric
USAGE EXAMPLES
Congress adjusted its calendar to work more, with several five-day work weeks in the House as it races to deliver on election promises.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The first scenario presented a hypothetical man called Jeff who “works long hours and his calendar is always full.”
Salon(Jan 01, 2017)
According to the calendar, the Ducks will kick off 2017 by playing host to the Philadelphia Flyers on Sunday.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 日历; 历法; 日程表; （一年之中的）重大事件（或重要日期）一览表
vt. 把…记入日程表中; 把…列入表中; 为（文件等）作分类索引; 将…排入日程表
时态：calendared, calendaring, calendars
分布：日历(76%)，历法(12%)，日程表(10%)，一览表(1%)，把 ... 列入日程表(1%)
→来自词根cal, 叫喊，词源同claim.源自古罗马时期在月初第一天进行收帐，后代指日历。
日历(calend一天+ar)[-ar 1.表形容词"…的"2.表名词"人,物"]
日历[calend=first day(每月第一天)]
n.日历,月历I send him the blend calendar and the splendid bent lens he lent to me.我把他借给我的混合日历和绝妙的弯曲透镜送给他.
US [-dɚ] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a printed table showing all the days, weeks and months of the year 日历
■the system used to measure and arrange the days, weeks, months and special events of the year according to a belief system or tradition 历法
• the Christian/Jewish/Chinese calendar 基督教／犹太教／中国历法
■a list of events and dates within a particular year that are important for an organization or for the people involved in a particular activity 大事记；年历；重大事件一览表
• the political/school/sporting calendar 政治／学校／赛事日程表
n. 日历； [天] 历法； [管理] 日程表
 - daily schedule, ephemeris

Word: widow
Front: widow
[ˈwɪdəʊ] (研四六托 4691/3500 -2)
Vocabulary: widow
(once / 134 pages)
nv
A widow is a woman whose husband has died. If your uncle dies, your aunt will become a widow.
If a person's spouse dies, that person is referred to as either a widow or — in the case of a man whose wife dies — a widower. In most cases, people stop using the word widow if the woman marries again. Back in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, it was common to use widow as a prefix to a woman's name, instead of "Mrs." The Indo-European root word of widow means "be empty."
WORD FAMILY
widow: widowed, widower, widowhood, widowing, widows+/ widower: widowers/widowhood: widowhoods
USAGE EXAMPLES
But the lawsuit, filed on behalf of Senegal’s widow, claims deputies misrepresented facts and obstructed the investigation.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It’s a brutal scene, and one that leaves John a widow, just like in the Conan Doyle stories.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
About widows left to battle the VA for benefits after their husbands died of brain cancer.
Salon(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 寡妇; 遗孀; [牌]放在一边的几张牌; [印]未排足的行
vt. 使成寡妇; 从…夺走; 杀死…的丈夫
时态：widowed, widowing, widows
分布：寡妇(77%)，遗孀(22%)，使丧偶(1%)
→来自weidh,分开，词源同wide,with,divide。用于指寡妇。
n.寡妇At the windy window, the widow finds a blind snake winding.在当风的窗口,寡妇发现有条瞎眼蛇在游动.
US [-oʊ] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a woman whose husband has died and who has not married again 寡妇，孀妇，遗孀
fishing/football/golf widow informal humorous
■a woman whose husband is often not at home because he is fishing or playing football or golf （丈夫因钓鱼、踢足球或打高尔夫而经常不在家的）钓鱼／足球／高尔夫活寡妇
n. 寡妇；孀妇
 - relict

Word: deposit
Front: deposit
[dɪˈpɒzɪt] (高研四六托雅宝 4692/2384 -K3)
Vocabulary: deposit
(once / 188 pages)
1nv 2n 3n
You are making a deposit when you put money into your bank account. In that sentence, deposit is a noun, but you could express the same action using deposit as a verb. You deposit money into your bank account.
The verb deposit can be used to refer to anything that you put down or in place. If you're carrying your keys and groceries from the car, you may deposit those items on the counter. Just be careful you don't end up playing "where are my keys" in the morning, if the counter is not your usual place for depositing them. You can also use deposit when nature does the placing. You find a deposit of gold in the mountain rock or there is sediment deposited at the bottom of a river.
WORD FAMILY
deposit: deposited, depositing, depositor, deposits, redeposit+/depositor: depositors/redeposit: redeposited, redepositing, redeposition, redeposits
USAGE EXAMPLES
In Los Angeles, some landlords are offering six months of free parking, and some in Houston are waiving security deposits.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
The lines provide a record of the tooth’s history: Each line represents the daily deposit of bony tissue called dentine within the tooth’s enamel shell.
Science Magazine(Jan 02, 2017)
Those requirements may include setting up a direct deposit, opening a second account or completing a certain number of transactions each month, McBride says.
Washington Post(Dec 21, 2016)
Back: n. 储蓄，存款; 保证金; 沉淀物; 寄存，寄存品
vt. &vi. 储蓄; 寄存; 放置，安置; 付保证金
vi. 沉淀
时态：deposited, depositing, deposits
分布：存款(55%)，矿床(24%)，定金(11%)，寄存(4%)，放置(3%)，存储(2%)，堆积物(1%)
→de-, 向下，离开。-posit, 放置，词源同composite,position. 即放下，引申词义存放，沉积。
储存n.矿藏(de下面+posit→放下不用→储存)[pos,posit=put表示"放"]
v.存放;使沉淀;付(保证金)n.存款;沉积物She deposited the money in the bank.她把钱存在银行里.
US [-'pɑ:.zɪt] verb
LEAVE 留下
transitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to leave something somewhere 留下；存放
• The flood waters fell, depositing mud over the whole area. 洪水退去后，留下的淤泥覆盖了整个地区。
• The bus deposited me miles from anywhere. 公车把我扔在一个前不着村后不着店的地方。
• The cuckoo deposits (= puts) her eggs in other birds' nests. 布谷鸟把自己的蛋下在其他鸟类的窝里。
• I deposited my luggage in a locker at the station. 我把行李存放在车站的储物柜里了。
UK [dɪ'pɒz.ɪt] US [-'pɑ:.zɪt] verb
MONEY 钱
transitive
■to put something valuable, especially money, in a bank or safe (= strong box or cupboard with locks) （在银行或保险箱中）存放，储存（尤指金钱）
• There's a night safe outside the bank, so you can deposit money whenever you wish. 银行外面有夜间保险箱，你可以随时把钱存进去。
• I deposited £500 in my account this morning. 今天早上我在自己的帐户中存了500英镑。
transitive
■to pay someone a sum of money when you make an agreement with them to pay for or buy something, which either will be returned to you later, if the agreed arrangement is kept, or which forms part of the total payment 支付（押金、订金或预缴费用）
• When we moved in, we had to deposit $1000 with the landlord in case we broke any of his things. 我们搬进去时必须向房东交1000美元的押金，以防我们损坏其房内物件。
• You deposit 20% now and pay the rest when the car is delivered. 你可以先付20%的订金，余款在交车时支付。
UK [dɪ'pɒz.ɪt] US [-'pɑ:.zɪt] noun
LAYER 层
countable or uncountable
■a substance or layer that is left, usually after a liquid is removed 沉淀物，沉积物
• Decant the wine carefully, so that you leave the deposit in the bottom of the bottle. 将酒小心倒出来，以免把瓶底的沉淀物也倒出来。
• In hard-water areas, a chalky deposit often forms in pipes and kettles. 在水质较硬的地区，水管和水壶内常会形成白色沉积物。
• The flood left a thick deposit of mud over the entire ground floor of the house. 洪水在整个房子的底层留下了一层厚厚的淤泥。
countable specialized
■a layer which has formed under the ground, especially over a long period 沉积层
• mineral/oil/coal deposits 矿／油／煤层
UK [dɪ'pɒz.ɪt] US [-'pɑ:.zɪt] noun
MONEY 钱
countable
■a payment, especially into a bank account 支出，支付
• To open an account, you need to make a minimum deposit of $500. 开设帐户至少需要存入500美元。
countable
■a sum of money which you pay as the first part of the total payment for something 预缴费用，订金
• The shop assistant says if I leave £10 as a deposit, they'll keep the dress for me. 店员说如果我交十英镑订金，他们就会为我留着那条裙子留起。
• We paid/put a deposit of £10 000 on the house, and paid the balance four weeks later. 我们交了一万英镑的购屋预付款，并在四周后付清余额。
countable
■a sum of money which you pay when you rent something, and which is returned to you when you return the thing you have rented 押金
• It costs £1000 a week to hire the yacht, plus a £120 refundable/returnable deposit. 租一周游艇要花上1000英镑，外加120英镑的可退还押金。
• You pay a 10p deposit/deposit of 10p on the bottle, which you get back when you return the empty bottle. 瓶子收取十便士押金，空瓶送回后可退还押金。
UK [dɪ'pɒz.ɪt] US [-'pɑ:.zɪt] noun
on deposit
■describes money which is saved in a bank or something similar （钱）储蓄的
• I've got £5000 on deposit in the building society. 我在这家房屋互助协会里存了5000英镑。
n. 存款； [金融] 保证金； [地质] [电] 沉淀物
 - fund, saving, covers, sludge, precipitation
vt. [地质] 使沉积；存放
 - trust in, trust with
vi. [电] 沉淀
 - settle, to precipitate

Word: beard
Front: beard
[bɪəd] (高研四托雅 4690/5605 -K2)
Vocabulary: beard
(once / 183 pages)
1n 2v 3n
A beard is the facial hair on a person's chin and cheeks. Santa Claus is famous in part for his long, white beard.
You're most likely to see a beard on an adult man, although some women grow enough facial hair to sport a beard too. Some animals, like goats, have beards as well. Someone whose presence helps another person disguise his identity — maybe because he's a spy — is often informally called a beard as well.
WORD FAMILY
beard: bearded, bearding, beardless, beards
USAGE EXAMPLES
“I’ve got a lot of confidence and belief in our players. We’ve got a good team,” Beard said after the loss to the Cyclones.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He is a cheerful, demonstrative man, seventy-six years old, with a short gray beard and a mobile face.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
“Finally to be able to wear the turban and keep the beard is a proud moment for me,” he said.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 胡须; [虫]口鬃，[动]颌毛; （牡蛎等的）鳃; [植]芒
vt. 使有胡须（颌毛，芒刺）; 抓（捋）住…的胡子，拔…的胡子; 公然反对，勇敢地对抗
时态：bearded, bearding, beards
分布：胡须(97%)，公开反对(2%)，抓住胡须(1%)
→来自拉丁词barba，胡子，词源同barber.
n.胡须Next year the bearded bear will bear a dear baby in the rear.明年,长胡子的熊将在后方产一头可爱的小崽.
US [bɪrd] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■the hair that some men allow to grow on the lower part of their face （下巴上的）胡须
• a flowing white beard 飘逸的白胡须
• He's growing a beard. 他在留胡子。
• He shaved off his beard but kept his moustache. 他剃了下巴上的胡须，但保留了嘴唇上面的胡子。
■the long hair that grows under a goat 's mouth 山羊胡
UK [bɪəd] US [bɪrd] verb transitive literary
■to face, meet or deal with an unpleasant or frightening person in a brave or determined way 勇敢面对（某人），公然反抗（某人）
• With a nervous swallow he bearded the formidable-looking librarian behind the desk. 他紧张地咽了咽口水，鼓起了勇气，看着桌子后面那个凶神恶煞般的图书管理员。
UK [bɪəd] US [bɪrd] verb transitive literary
beard the lion (in his/her den)
■to visit an important person in the place where they work, in order to tell or ask them something unpleasant 太岁头上动土；老虎嘴里拔牙
vt. 公然反对；抓…的胡须
 - speak out against
n. [解剖] 胡须；颌毛
 - hige, barba

Word: brake
Front: brake
[breɪk] (高研四雅宝 4693/5290 -2)
Vocabulary: brake
(once / 713 pages)
1nv 2n 3n
To brake is to stop. The noun brake is the pedal in the car that stops the vehicle when pressed. When you want to brake, step on the brake)!
In Middle English breken meant things that stopped others, such as a bridle for a horse. If your bicycle screeches at the bottom of every hill, maybe you should have the brakes checked. French Poet Paul Valery saw a brake as a stopping agent for more than just a vehicle: “Man's great misfortune is that he has no organ, no kind of eyelid or brake, to mask or block a thought, or all thought, when he wants to.”
WORD FAMILY
brake: braked, brakes, braking, braky
USAGE EXAMPLES
That reality fueled several successful efforts in 2016 to put the brakes on government red tape.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Ground was broken in 1972, but a fiscal crisis in the city slammed the brakes on the project again.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
And a top national security official who values dialogue over diatribes is what we need to put the brakes on Trump’s most frightening counterterrorism proposals.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 制动器，闸; 刹车; 阻碍
vt. & vi. 刹（车）
时态：braked, braking, brakes
分布：刹车(67%)，制动器(20%)，闸(13%)
→词源同break.
v./n.制动(器),闸,刹车The wakened cake baker awakes to that he has to brake by the lake.被唤醒的蛋糕师傅醒悟到他必须在湖边刹车.
【源】brake首次出现于16世纪，意指“马缰或勒马带”。远早于汽车的出现。
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a device which makes a vehicle go slower or stop, or a pedal , bar or handle which makes this device work 刹车；闸，制动器
• She had no brakes on her bicycle. 她的脚踏车没有煞车器。
• The taxi driver suddenly UK applied / US put on his brakes. 计程车司机突然踩了刹车。
• informal I slammed on (= quickly used) the brake, but it was too late. 我赶忙踩刹车，可已经来不及了。
• All our new models have anti-lock brakes. 我们所有的新车型号都有防锁死刹车。
screech/squeal of brakes
■the loud, unpleasant noise of a car suddenly stopping 尖锐震耳的煞车声
• Suddenly we heard a screech of brakes and saw the car swerve to miss the cyclist. 突然间，我们听到一声尖锐的煞车声，看到一辆车猛然转向去闪避一个骑脚踏车的人。
[breɪk] noun countable
put a brake on (also put the brakes on)
■to slow down or stop an activity 抑制，控制；制止
• The government has put a brake on further spending. 政府已经控制进一步的开支了。
[breɪk] verb intransitive
■to make a vehicle go slower or stop, using its brake 刹住；刹车
• When it's icy, brake gently. 路面有冰时要慢慢刹车。
• He would zoom up to junctions and brake hard/sharply at the last minute. 他总是飞快地冲到交叉路口，然后在最后一刻再猛地刹车。
n. 闸， [机] [车辆] 刹车；阻碍
 - spoke, lock

Word: downtown
Front: downtown
[ˌdaʊnˈtaʊn] (高研托雅 3116/18944 -2)
Back: n. 市中心区; （市中）商业区
adj. 商业区的，闹市区的
adv. 在商业（闹市）区; 到闹市区
分布：市中心(72%)，市中心的(22%)，市中心区(6%)
→通常认为该词来自早期纽约市的规划，在1830年的时候，纽约城区集中在曼哈顿岛南端，后来，随着经济的发展北扩，而up and down对应于地图上北和南。后来，downtown就作为市中心的代称，而uptown则作为居住区的代称。
ad.在城市的商业区n./a.城市商业区(的)Mr Brown owns the brown towels in the downtown tower.布朗先生拥有闹市区塔里的棕色毛巾.
[ˌdaʊn'taʊn] US
adjective [before noun] adverb
 ADVANCED
■in or to the central part of a city 在市中心（的）；朝市中心（的）
• downtown Los Angeles 洛杉矶市中心
• a downtown address 市内地址
• I work downtown, but I live in the suburbs. 我在城里上班，但住在郊区。
adj. 市中心的
 - intown, inner-city
n. 市中心区
 - urban center, inner city

Word: screening
Front: screening
[ˈskri:nɪŋ] (4694/5804)
Back: n. 放映，播放; 筛查
v. 筛（煤、矿石等）( screen的现在分词 ); 审查; 放映（电影）; 庇护
分布：放映(27%)，筛选(26%)，上映(13%)，屏蔽(13%)，遮蔽(13%)，防波(8%)
noun
CINEMA 戏院
countable
■a showing of a film 电影放映；播出
• There will be three screenings of the film - at 3, 5 and 7 p.m. 电影将在下午三点、五点和七点各放映三场。
['skri:.nɪŋ] noun
EXAMINATION 检查
countable or uncountable
■a test or examination to discover if there is anything wrong with someone 测试；检查
• regular screening(s) for cervical cancer 定期子宫颈癌筛检
n. [矿业] 筛选；放映； [物] 屏蔽；审查；防波
 - showing, filtration
v. [矿业] 筛选；拍摄（screen的ing形式）；遮蔽；隔挡
 - filming

Word: impulse
Front: impulse
[ˈɪmpʌls] (研六托雅宝 4695/5362 -2)
Vocabulary: impulse
(once / 169 pages)
1n 2n 3n
An impulse is a sudden force or desire — this could be an electrical impulse, or an impulse to get some pizza.
If you act on a sudden feeling or thought, you’re following an impulse. That's like a whim: an impulse isn't something you've given a lot of thought. Another meaning of impulse is an electrical charge or pulse. Electrical impulses are coursing through wires all through your house every day. Both kinds of impulses make things happen. The electrical impulse keeps the refrigerator going, and then you have an impulse to eat all the ice cream in the fridge.
WORD FAMILY
impulse: impulses
USAGE EXAMPLES
Carter, punk, and the expansive cultural impulse that brought this random family together are about to be supplanted by the Reagan era.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Parenting is about providing children with opportunities while protecting them from harm, and few recreational activities put those impulses in opposition the way football does.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
“Christa,” among the pieces in the current show, is still a radical gesture, and the other artworks here mostly align with that impulse.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 凭冲动行事; 突如其来的念头; [电子]脉冲; [医]冲动，搏动
adj. 冲动的
v. 推动
分布：冲动(86%)，推动(7%)，神经冲动(4%)，心血来潮(3%)
→im-,进入，使，pulse,冲击，震动。
冲动(im+pulse跳动→冲动)[im-,in-①表示"不,无,非"②表示"向内,进入"]
冲动,刺激(im内+pulse→内在推动→冲动)[pel,puls=drive,push,表示"驱动,推"]
v.推动n.推动;冲动,刺激She often buys clothes on impulse.她常常凭冲动购买衣服.
【记】im进入，pulse推－在内心推－冲动
【参】impulsive（adj 冲动的）；repulse（n /v 拒绝；排斥；憎恶）
noun
WISH 欲望
[C + to infinitive]
■a sudden strong wish to do something 冲动，突然的强烈欲望
• I had this sudden impulse to shout out "Rubbish!" in the middle of her speech. 在她发言时我突然想大喊“一派胡言！”
on (an) impulse
■because you suddenly want to, although you haven't planned to 一时兴起，心血来潮：
• "I didn't know you were looking for some new shoes." "Oh, I wasn't - I just bought them on impulse." “我不知道你想要买双新鞋。”“噢，不是的——我只是一时冲动才买的。”
['ɪm.pʌls] noun
SIGNAL 讯号
countable
■a short electrical, radio or light signal which carries information or instructions between the parts of a system 冲动；脉冲
• an electrical/nerve impulse 电脉冲／神经冲动
['ɪm.pʌls] noun
REASON 原因
countable usually singular formal
■something that is the force behind or reason for something else 动机；动力；刺激
• a creative/commercial impulse 创作／商业动机
n. [心理] 冲动； [电子] 脉冲；刺激；神经冲动；推动力
 - stimulus, pulse, incentive, excitement, needle
vt. 推动
 - drive, force, impel

Word: forbid
Front: forbid
[fəˈbɪd] (高研四六托宝 4698/4670 -2)
Vocabulary: forbid
(once / 138 pages)
v
When you forbid something, you refuse to allow it. You might have heard your parents say things like, "I forbid you to play ball in the house!" or "I forbid you to have any more parties when we're not home!"
Forbid comes from the Old English word forbeodan, meaning "forbid, prohibit." Forbid can also mean "prevent" or "keep from happening." The spare tire on your car will forbid you from driving any faster than 40 miles an hour — any faster and the car will shake. You may have heard forbid used in the expression "God forbid . . ." This refers to something you hope will not happen, so much so that you're asking God for a little help.
WORD FAMILY
forbid: forbad, forbade, forbiddance, forbidden, forbidding, forbiding, forbids+/ forbidden: forbiddenly/forbidding: forbiddingly, forbiddings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Physical contact was forbidden, and she wasn’t allowed to touch the baby, who was just learning to walk.
New York Times(Jan 12, 2012)
The basis for this is the 1949 Fourth Geneva Convention which forbids the transfer by an occupying power of its people into occupied territory.
BBC(Dec 29, 2016)
At the local barbershop, a line of long-haired customers waited on wobbly plastic chairs for haircuts that were forbidden under Islamic State rule.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: vt. 禁止; 阻止; 阻碍; 妨碍
时态：forbade, forbidden, forbidding, forbids
分布：禁止(78%)，不许(13%)，阻止(9%)
→for-, 否定，相反。bid, 命令。即命令不许做某事的，禁止做某事的。
v.禁止,不许The enforced law reinforced that forced divorce is forbidden.实施的法律强化了禁止强迫离婚.
【参】forbidding（adj 可怕的：企图威胁阻止进展的；令人难亲近的）
【反】countenance（v 赞助；支持n 面容）
US [fɚ-] (forbidding, forbade or old use forbad, forbidden) old use
verb transitive
 ESSENTIAL
■to refuse to allow something, especially officially, or to prevent a particular plan of action by making it impossible （尤指官方）禁止，不许，阻止，妨碍
• The law forbids the sale of cigarettes to people under the age of 16. 法律禁止向16岁以下的未成年人出售香烟。
• [+ to infinitive] He's obviously quite embarrassed about it because he forbade me to tell anyone. 他显然对此非常不好意思，因为他不许我告诉任何人。
• He is forbidden from leaving the country. 他被限制出境。
UK [fə'bɪd] US [fɚ-] (forbidding, forbade or old use forbad, forbidden) old use
verb transitive
heaven forbid (also God forbid)
■a way of saying that you hope something does not happen 但愿不会发生这事
• Heaven forbid (that) his parents should ever find out. 但愿他的父母永远都不会发现。
ban, forbid, prohibit
这组词都有“禁止”的意思，其区别是：
ban: 语气最强，指权威机关明文取消或禁止严重危害公众利益的事或行为，隐含道义上的谴责意味。
forbid: 通俗用语，指直接地、面对面吩咐不许他人采取某种行动。
prohibit: 正式用词，多指通过法律手段或制订规则加以禁止。
vt. 禁止；妨碍，阻止
 - bar, dispute, let, stem, block

Word: fur
Front: fur
[fɜ:(r)] (高研四六托雅 4700/5029 -K2)
Vocabulary: fur
(once / 217 pages)
n
Fur is the fuzzy hair on an animal like a rabbit or a raccoon. One downside of having a cat or dog is that you often end up finding their fur all over your house.
Most mammals have fur, dense soft coats that protect them from becoming too cold or hot. Northern dog breeds, for example, have a double coat of fur, with the dense bottom coat keeping them warm even in the snow. Sometimes fur is used to mean "an animal's pelt" or "clothing made from the fur of an animal." The phrase "to make the fur fly" means "to cause serious trouble."
WORD FAMILY
fur: furlike, furry, furs, underfur+/ furry: furriest, furrily
USAGE EXAMPLES
Everyone, men included, seems to be in “Where the Wild Things Are” furs; coat check looks like the Bronx Zoo.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It’s nice and warm, and I would never buy any fur, but this was a gift.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
She also acknowledged vandalizing a San Diego fur store and the homes of the business owner and the owner’s parents.
Washington Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 毛皮; 软毛; 毛皮衣服; 人造毛
adj. 含羊毛的
vt. 用毛皮覆盖; 除去（锅上的）水垢
分布：毛皮(73%)，皮衣(11%)，软毛(10%)，使生苔(3%)，使生垢(2%)，毛皮制品(1%)
→来自Proto-Germanic*fodram,鞘，衬里，进一步来自pa, 保护，喂养，词源同food, fodder.
n.毛,毛皮The current occurrence of torrent spurs him to buy fur and sulfur.现行的倾泻事件驱使他买毛皮衣服和硫磺.
US [fɝ:] noun
HAIR 毛发
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■the thick hair that covers the bodies of some animals, or the hair-covered skin(s) of animals, removed from their bodies （动物的）毛，毛皮
• She stroked the rabbit's soft fur. 她轻抚着兔子身上软软的毛。
• "Is that real fur on your collar?" "Certainly not - I only wear fake fur." “你领子上用的毛皮是真的吗？”“当然不是——我只穿人造毛。”
• a fur coat 毛皮大衣
• Native Americans traded furs with early European settlers. 美洲印第安人与早期的欧洲定居者进行毛皮交易。
UK [fɜ:r] US [fɝ:] noun
GREY SUBSTANCE 灰色物质
uncountable
■a hard pale grey substance which can form on the inside of water pipes, kettles etc. 水垢
UK [fɜ:r] US [fɝ:] noun
TONGUE 舌头
uncountable
■a greyish covering on the tongue, caused by illness or by smoking cigarettes 舌苔
UK [fɜ:r] US [fɝ:] noun
the fur flies
■If the fur flies, people have a bad argument 发生激烈争吵
• The fur was really flying during that meeting. 那次会议上吵得很厉害。
UK [fɜ:r] US [fɝ:] noun
make the fur fly (also set the fur flying)
■to cause a bad argument 引起激烈争吵
• He set the fur flying by demanding to see proof. 他要求看证据，就这样引起了激烈的争吵。
UK [fɜ:r] US [fɝ:] verb intransitive (-rr-)
■If water pipes, kettles , etc. fur, a hard grey substance forms on the inside （水管、水壶等）生水锈，结水垢
• Over the years, the pipes in our house have slowly furred (up). 多年以来，我们房子的水管慢慢地结上了水垢。
■(also fur up)
■If someone's arteries (= tubes that carry blood from your heart) fur, or something furs them, they become slightly blocked （动脉）阻塞
• Eating too much fat furs up your arteries which slows down the flow of blood. 摄入过多脂肪会阻塞你的动脉，减缓血液流动。
hide, fur, peel, leather, skin
这组词都有“皮，皮肤”的意思，其区别是：
hide: 多指大型动物的厚皮，也指没有鞣的牛、马等皮革。
fur: 现多指猫、兔等动物软毛皮，也指其它动物的毛皮。
peel: 指剩下的或可以剥去的果皮或蔬菜皮。
leather: 通常指经过加工的熟皮，可用于制作各种皮革制品。
skin: 最常用词，指人的皮肤或动物的皮，也可指水果、植物和种子等的外皮。
n. 皮，皮子； [皮革] 毛皮；软毛
 - down, tegument

Word: brutal
Front: brutal
[ˈbru:tl] (研六托雅宝 4697/6402 -2)
Vocabulary: brutal
(once / 288 pages)
adj
Use brutal to describe something beastly and harsh, like training for a triathlon, a really cold winter in the Arctic, or a mean bouncer at a club who throws people out for no reason.
First used in the mid 15th century to refer to the brutish nature of animals, brutal is now also used to describe other things like human behavior, weather, or even music. “Rock ‘n Roll,” said Frank Sinatra, “is the most brutal, ugly, desperate, vicious form of expression it has been my misfortune to hear.” If someone is brutal, watch out — she's violent and mean. The truth can be brutal, too, if it's something you don't want to hear.
WORD FAMILY
brutal: brutaler, brutalest, brutalise, brutality, brutalize, brutally+/brutalise: brutalisation, brutalised, brutalises, brutalising/ brutality: brutalities/brutalization: brutalizations/brutalize: brutalization, brutalized, brutalizes, brutalizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
It’s a brutal scene, and one that leaves John a widow, just like in the Conan Doyle stories.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Hens recalls ruefully that she did not try to shield her sons from their brutal father.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
In 1884, Harvard tried to ban it for being “brutal, demoralizing to teams and spectators, and extremely dangerous.”
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 野蛮的; 残忍的; 不讲理的; 无情的
分布：野蛮的(63%)，残暴的(37%)
a.残忍的;严峻的;严酷的I acutely and resolutely refuted the brutal persecution of mute commuter.我尖锐而坚决反驳默默的通勤者的野蛮的迫害.
【记】brut野兽－野蛮残忍的。参：brutality（n 残酷，兽行）
US [-tˌəl] adjective
 ADVANCED
■cruel, violent and completely without feelings 野蛮的，残忍的；兽性的
• a brutal dictator 残暴的独裁者
• He had presided over a brutal regime in which thousands of people had 'disappeared'. 在他残暴的统治下，成千上万的人“失踪”了。
• He was imprisoned in 1945 for the brutal murder of a 12-year old girl. 1945年，他因残忍杀害了一名12岁女孩而入狱。
■not considering someone's feelings 直截了当的；不顾及他人感受的
• She spoke with brutal honesty - I was too old for the job. 她毫不留情地直接告诉我，我年纪太大，不适合这份工作。
brutal, ruthless, savage, fierce, inhuman, barbarous, cruel
这组词都有“残忍的”的意思，其区别是：
brutal: 指极端的残忍，强调无情或缺乏同情心，含不择手段的意味。
ruthless: 与cruel同义。强调为达到目的，对别人的痛苦毫无怜悯之心。
savage: 指缺乏文明人应有的教养，尤指在动怒或冲动时表现出的粗野蛮横，含野蛮意味。
fierce: 指天性凶恶，令人害怕。
inhuman: 着重缺乏同情心、仁爱等人类特有的良好的品质。
barbarous: 专指只有原始或未开化的人才会有的残忍行为。
cruel: 一般用词，指行动或态度的残忍。
adj. 残忍的；野蛮的，不讲理的
 - wild, cruel, inhuman

Word: predator
Front: predator
[ˈpredətə(r)] (托宝 4699/4858 -1)
Vocabulary: predator
(once / 1743 pages)
n
A predator is an animal that eats other animals — or people or companies who act like they do. Lions are predators, but so are pickpockets and some giant corporations.
The word predator started out referring to insects that ate other insects, but has grown to include any animal that eats another animal. We humans like to think of ourselves as the top of the food chain, but scary movies love to disagree, like in the 1987 movie Predator, where creepy aliens try to kill and eat us. Predators don't have to kill and eat you, though; they can also just take your stuff. It's from the Latin word praedator which means "plunderer," which is more like something a pirate would do.
WORD FAMILY
predator: predators, predatory +/ predatory: predatorily
USAGE EXAMPLES
Entering Monday’s action, the Predators are fifth in the Central Division and 10th in the Western Conference.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
This move means he will miss Tuesday night’s game with Montreal, the team that traded him to the Predators last summer.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The Predators ended a five-game losing streak on the road against St. Louis.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 以掠夺为生的人; 捕食其他动物的动物，食肉动物
分布：食肉动物(72%)，掠夺者(28%)
→来自拉丁语praeda,猎物，劫掠，来自prehendere,抓住，抢劫，词源同comprehend,prey.即劫掠者，引申词义捕食者。
【记】pre前，dat打他，or人－在前面打他的人－食肉动物
US [-tˌɚ] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■an animal that hunts, kills and eats other animals 捕食性动物，食肉动物
• lions, wolves and other predators 狮子、狼及其他食肉动物
■disapproving
■someone who follows people in order to harm them or commit a crime against them 尾随伤害他人者，尾随作案者
• a sexual predator 尾随作案的色魔
• In court, he was accused of being a merciless predator who had tricked his grandmother out of her savings. 在法庭上，他被指控是一个无情的掠夺者，骗取了祖母的积蓄。
n. [动] 捕食者；食肉动物；掠夺者
 - carnivore, reiver

Word: poke
Front: poke
[pəʊk] (研四六雅宝 4702/6486 -1)
Vocabulary: poke
(once / 419 pages)
1vn 2v 3n 4n 5n
A poke is a jab or a sharp push, usually with something thin or pointed, like a finger, a stick, or even an elbow.
The main idea behind a poke is a prodding action that creates a depression or hole, as when you poke someone in the ribs with your finger. It can also mean a quick, sharp movement, like when a turtle pokes its head out of its shell. Still, the word often has a less-than-pleasant feeling to it, like something not really dangerous but still annoying. We often say a tolerable experience is "better than a poke in the eye with a sharp stick." It can also take on a more figurative meaning — when you "poke your nose into someone else's business," it means that you are intruding in another's private matters.
WORD FAMILY
poke: poked, poker, pokes, pokey, poking, poky +/ poker: pokers/pokey: pokeys/poking: pokings/ poky: pokier, pokies, pokiest, pokily
USAGE EXAMPLES
On the first Wham! album, “Fantastic,” from 1983, they poked around in styles from disco to rap.
The New Yorker(Dec 26, 2016)
He was unashamed, unapologetic and ready to poke fun at himself even as he produced a steady stream of hits.
Seattle Times(Dec 25, 2016)
Kane poked in a rebound in front of the crease with 3:05 left in the second to tie the game at 2.
Washington Times(Dec 20, 2016)
Back: vt. 戳，捅; 推; 拨火; 〈美俚〉打，殴
vi. 刺，戳; 刺探，干涉; 伸出; 闲逛
n. 刺，戳; 殴打; 袋子; 懒汉
时态：poked, poking, pokes
分布：戳(39%)，刺(23%)，捅(13%)，伸出(13%)，拨开(5%)，拨(5%)，钱袋(2%)
→词源不确定，可能来自中古德语poken,捅，来自Proto-Germanic*puk,捅，可能为拟声词。
n.刺,戳,懒汉,袋子v.戳,刺,伸出,刺探,闲荡He poked at the frog with a stick.他用棍子戳青蛙.
【记】po破，ke课：如果有老师上破课，大家就用手戳他。
US [poʊk] verb
PUSH 推
transitive
■to push a finger or other pointed object quickly into someone or something 戳，刺，捅
• You'll poke someone in the eye with that umbrella if you're not careful! 你不小心的话伞尖会戳到别人眼睛的！
• Two kids were poking a stick into the drain. 两个孩子正在把一根棍子插到排水管里面去。
UK [pəʊk] US [poʊk] verb
APPEAR 出现
intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep]
■to (cause something to) appear or stretch out from behind or through something else （使）伸出来，（使）探出来
• Cathy poked her head round the door to say hello. 凯茜从门后探出头来打招呼。
• The first green shoots are poking up/through the soil. 第一批绿芽破土而出。
UK [pəʊk] US [poʊk] verb
poke fun at sb
■to make someone seem stupid by making jokes about them or laughing unkindly at them 取笑（某人），奚落（某人）
UK [pəʊk] US [poʊk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  poke around (UK also poke about) informal
■to search for something by moving things about, usually not in a very careful or organized way 搜索；翻找
• I was poking about in the drawer, looking for the key, when I found this! 我在抽屉里翻来翻去找锁匙，就在这时找到了这个！
UK [pəʊk] US [poʊk] noun countable
■when you poke someone or something 戳，刺，捅
• She gave me a poke in the stomach. 她戳了戳我的肚子。
vi. 刺，捅；戳；伸出；刺探；闲荡
 - moon, run through
vt. 刺，捅；戳；拨开
 - stick, pink
n. 戳；刺；袋子；懒汉
 - soldier, spine

Word: opt
Front: opt
[ɒpt] (研雅 4704/3825 -3)
Vocabulary: opt
(once / 233 pages)
v
To opt is to choose. Given the alternative, most kids will opt for a cupcake over a ham sandwich.
When you're signing up for next semester's classes, you might opt for another history class, or instead opt for advanced biology. Whenever you have more than one alternative, you have the chance to opt for something. You can also opt out of something, or choose not to do it at all. Opt comes from the French verb opter, "to choose," from the Latin root optare, "desire," and it's related to option.
WORD FAMILY
opt: optative, opted, opting, option, opts+/optative: optatively/ option: optional, options/ optional: optionally
USAGE EXAMPLES
She opted for secluded beaches despite her concerns about swimming in places with no flags or lifeguards.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Better to opt for the petite pool, where an inflatable gold swan bobs next to the chic lounge.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Even if Trump opts to pull back Obama’s sanctions and overlook hacking allegations, he may find rapprochement with Russia isn’t that simple.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vi. 选择，挑选
时态：opted, opting, opts
分布：选择(95%)，决定(5%)
→来自拉丁语optare,选择，词源同option.
vi.抉择,选择He opted to go alone.他决定独自一人去.
US [ɑ:pt] verb intransitive
 ADVANCED
■to make a choice, especially for one thing or possibility in preference to any others 选择，挑选；（尤指）优先选择
• Mike opted for early retirement. 麦克选择了提前退休。
• [+ to infinitive] Most people opt to have the operation. 大多数人选择动手术。
UK [ɒpt] US [ɑ:pt] verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  opt out
■to choose not to be part of an activity or to stop being involved in it 选择不参与；选择退出
• Within any society, there will usually be people who decide to opt out (= choose not to live the way most people do). 通常，任何社会都会有人决定不按常规方式生活。
• The government has been encouraging individuals to opt out of the state pension scheme. 政府一直在鼓励个人不参加国家养老金制度。
opt-out
    UK [ˈɒpt.aʊt] US [ˈɑːpt-] noun countable
• Since the opt-out, the hospital has been responsible for its own budgeting. 自从脱离地方政府的管辖后，这家医院独立负责自己的预算。
UK [ɒpt] US [ɑ:pt] verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  opt in
apt, opt
这是一对形近易混词。
apt: a.易于……的，(后接to)；恰当的，贴切的。
 • She is apt to make mistakes if you pressure her too much.   如果你给她施加的压力过大，她就很容易出错。
opt: v.选择，抉择，后接for。
 • She opted for a winter vacation, instead of one in summer.   她选择了在冬天休假而不是夏天。
elect, select, pick, prefer, choose, opt
这组词都有“选择”的意思，其区别是：
elect: 指按照一定的规章或法律，用投票等方式进行的认真慎重的选择。
select: 书面用词，具有庄严、正式的感情色彩。强调精选。
pick: 口语用词，多指从个人角度仔细挑选，也含任意挑选之意。
prefer: 强调个人偏爱，不一定有选择的行动。
choose: 普通用词，侧重根据个人意愿和判断从众多的对象中进行选择，着重被选者的优点。
opt: 多指在几种可能性之间进行选择。
vi. 选择
 - to choose, to make a choice

Word: voluntary
Front: voluntary
[ˈvɒləntri] (高研四六托雅 4701/2263 -3)
Vocabulary: voluntary
(once / 188 pages)
adjn
Voluntary is an adjective that describes something you do because you want to, without being influenced or forced into it. Usually a voluntary act is something you consciously choose to do, like going into work even on a snow day.
Voluntary comes from the Latin word voluntarius, which means "of one's free will." Voluntary can also describe a service given without any payment expected in return. For example, if your work for the community theater is voluntary, that means that you don't get paid for your time. If you're offering your voluntary help in this way, you might also be called a volunteer, someone who offers free help to assist others.
WORD FAMILY
voluntary: involuntary, nonvoluntary, unvoluntary, voluntaries, voluntarily, voluntaryly+/ involuntary: involuntarily, involuntariness/nonvoluntary: nonvoluntarily/ volunteer: voluntary, volunteered, volunteering, volunteers
USAGE EXAMPLES
A voluntary 24/7 sobriety program passed the Senate last year but stalled in the House, with MADD, civil libertarians and others raising opposition.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But they appeared to acknowledge that the payments were not entirely voluntary.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But since then, Mummers and the city offered voluntary sensitivity training and Mummers leaders published an open letter condemning expressions and hate and bigotry.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 自愿的，自发的; 志愿的; 故意的，有意的; [法]无偿的
n. 自愿者; 自愿行动; 即兴演奏，自选节目; 自愿地做的工作
分布：自愿的(85%)，志愿的(15%)
→来自wel,希望，意愿，词源同will，volition。引申义意愿的，志愿的。
志愿的,自愿的(volunt+ary)[vod,otunt=wish,will,表示"意志,意愿"]
a.自愿的,志愿的The voluntary revolutionaries revolted like the outbreak of volcano.志愿革命者们象火山爆发一样起义了.
US ['vɑ:.lən.ter.i] adjective
 IMPROVER
■done, made or given willingly , without being forced or paid to do it 自愿的；志愿的
• They chose to take voluntary redundancy. 他们选择自愿离职。
• She does voluntary work for the Red Cross two days a week. 她每周志愿为红十字会服务两天。
 IMPROVER
■describes an organization that is controlled and supported by people who give their time and money to it without being paid, and that exists to help other people （社会组织）志愿的，公益性的
• The hospital has asked various voluntary organizations to help raise money for the new operating theatre. 医院已经请求各种志愿组织为筹建新手术室募集资金。
willing, voluntary
这组词都有“自愿的”的意思，其区别是：
willing: 着重自愿、令人愉快或急切地去行动。
voluntary: 使用广泛，侧重不受约束，行动不为其他影响所左右。
adj. 自愿的；志愿的；自发的；故意的
 - autonomous, willing, studied, designed, intended

Word: trouble
Front: trouble
[ˈtrʌbl] (中高托雅 981/1005 -K4)
Vocabulary: trouble
(once / 29 pages)
1nv 2nv 3n
Trouble is anything that causes difficulty, worry, and inconvenience, or that prevents you from doing something. If you have trouble getting along with a classmate, it is hard to be friendly with him or her.
Whether you have trouble finding your shoes, you're in trouble with your teacher, or you go to a lot of trouble buying the kind of tea your sister likes, you face an annoying — and possibly distressing — difficulty. When you use trouble as a verb, it tells who or what is making life hard for you, like a headache that troubles you or childhood memories of encounters with scary clowns that probably trouble you even more deeply.
WORD FAMILY
trouble: troubled, troubler, troubles, troublesome, troubling, troublous+/troubled: troubleder, troubledly, untroubled/troubler: troublers/ troublesome: troublesomely, troublesomeness, troublesomest/ troubling: troublingly/troublous: troublously/untroubled: untroubledly
USAGE EXAMPLES
She scrolled through hundreds of aggressive messages, searching for the one that troubled her the most.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Sanders wins the New Hampshire Democratic primary, followed — in what some observers see as a troubling sign — by Vladimir Putin.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
He was limited to 12 minutes after the break with foul trouble, however.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 麻烦; 烦恼; 故障; 动乱
vi. 费心; 烦恼
vt. 麻烦; 使烦恼; 折磨
时态：troubled, troubling, troubles
分布：麻烦(68%)，困难(16%)，烦恼(9%)，苦恼(3%)，使烦恼(2%)，费神(2%)
→置换自古法语 truble,麻烦，混乱，来自拉丁语 turbidus,混乱的，骚乱的，来自 turbare,混乱， 骚乱，词源同 turbid.引申诸相关词义。
n.烦恼;动乱;疾病;故障;辛苦v.(使)烦恼I debated that the debtor was doubtless in double troubles.我争论说债务人很可能处在双重困境中.
noun
DIFFICULTIES 困难
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■problems or difficulties 问题，困难，麻烦
• The form was terribly complicated and I had a lot of trouble with it. 这张表格十分复杂，我填起来很费劲。
• Their problems seem to be over for the moment, but there could be more trouble ahead. 他们的问题眼下看起来是完结了，但以后可能会有更多麻烦。
• The trouble started/began when my father came to live with us. 父亲来和我们一起住之后，麻烦就开始了。
• [+ -ing verb] Parents often have trouble finding restaurants that welcome young children. 做父母的常常难以找到愿意招待小孩子的餐馆。
• You'll only be storing up trouble for the future if you don't go to the dentist now. 如果你现在不去看牙医，就是在给将来找麻烦。
• I should get it finished over the weekend without too much trouble. 我周末应该可以不费太大力气就能完成它。
• She thought her troubles would be over once she'd got divorced. 她原以为一旦离了婚，她的麻烦就会结束。
• My Christmas shopping is the least of my troubles at the moment - I haven't even got enough money to pay the rent. 眼下我根本顾不上圣诞购物——我连付租金的钱都不够。
• Most of the current troubles stem (= are caused by) from our new computer system. 目前大部分的问题归根于我们的新电脑系统。
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■a characteristic of someone or something that is considered a disadvantage or problem 缺陷；缺点
• The trouble with this carpet is that it gets dirty very easily. 这种地毯的缺点是易脏。
• It's a brilliant idea. The only trouble is that we don't know how much it will cost. 这个想法非常好。唯一的问题是我们不知道这样要花多少钱。
• Ron 's trouble is that he's too impatient. 罗恩的缺点是太没有耐心。
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■a situation in which you experience problems, usually because of something you have done wrong or badly 窘境，困境；险境
• He's never been in trouble with his teachers before. 他以前从来没有受过老师的批评。
• She'll be in big trouble if she crashes Sam's car. 如果撞坏了萨姆的汽车，她就会倒大霉。
• He got into financial trouble after his divorce. 离婚后，他在经济上陷入了困境。
• I hope you won't get into trouble because of what I said to your dad. 我希望你不会因我对你爸爸说了那些话而受罚。
• The camp is a great way of getting kids off the street and keeping them out of trouble. 让小孩子去渡假营是个很好的办法，这样可以让他们远离街头，不会惹是生非。
• I hope I haven't landed you in trouble with your boss. 我希望你没有因为我而受到老板的训斥。
• The marriage ran into trouble because of her husband's heavy drinking. 由于丈夫酗酒，她的婚姻陷入了危机。
• The company will be in serious/real trouble if we lose this contract. 如果我们失去这份合约，公司将陷入严重困境。
• He's stayed out of trouble since he was released from jail last year. 他自去年出狱以来，一直没有再惹麻烦。
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■problems or difficulties caused by something failing to operate as it should 故障，毛病
• The plane developed engine trouble shortly after takeoff. 飞机起飞不久，引擎就出现了故障。
• They have a good reputation for building reliable trouble -free cars. 他们制造的汽车耐用、无故障，口碑很好。
• Her knee trouble is expected to keep her out of the game for the rest of the season. 由于膝伤，她可能无法参加本赛季余下的比赛。
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■problems in the form of arguments, fighting or violence 争吵；骚乱；打斗
• Listen, I don't want any trouble in here, so please just finish your drink and leave. 听着，我可不想这里出甚么乱子，请你赶快喝完离开。
• You can only go to the match if you promise to leave at the first sign of trouble. 你要答应一看见出了乱子就马上离开，才可以去看比赛。
• My little brother's always trying to stir up (= create) trouble between me and my boyfriend. 我的小弟总是想挑起我和男朋友之间的争吵。
  Common Learner Errors  trouble or problem? Problem means 'a situation that causes difficulties and that needs to be dealt with'. You can talk about a problem or problems. Tell me what the problem is. There's a problem with the engine. He's having a few problems at work. Trouble means 'problems, difficulties, or worries' and is used to talk about problems in a more general way. Trouble is almost always uncountable so do not use the determiner 'a' before it. We had some trouble while we were on holiday. He helped me when I was in trouble. I had trouble with the car last night.
✗ I had a trouble with the car last night. Troubles is used in a small number of particular phrases to talk about all of the problems that someone has or that a country/organization has. You should not use troubles unless you are sure that it is correct.
✗ The report outlines the troubles caused by unemployment. The report outlines the problems caused by unemployment.
['trʌb.l] noun
INCONVENIENCE 不便
 IMPROVER uncountable
■slight problems or effort 不便，麻烦；工夫，力气
• I didn't mean to cause you any trouble. 我并不想给你添任何麻烦。
• "I'd love some more tea, if it isn't too much trouble." "Oh, it's no trouble at all." “如果不太麻烦的话，我还想要些茶。”“噢，一点也不麻烦。”
• I don't want to put you to any trouble (= create any work for you). 我不想给你添任何麻烦。
• [+ to infinitive] If you took the trouble to listen to what I was saying, you'd know what I was talking about. 如果你用心听我讲，你就会明白我讲的是甚么。
• They went to a lot of trouble (= made a lot of effort) for their dinner party, but half the guests didn't bother to turn up. 他们费了很大的劲准备晚宴，可是竟有半数客人没来。
• It's annoying, but I don't think I'll go to the trouble of making an official complaint. 这太令人心烦了，可我觉得我不会特意去提出正式投诉。
['trʌb.l] noun
be asking for trouble ADVANCED
■to be likely to cause problems or difficulties for yourself 自找麻烦，自讨苦吃
• Giving him such a powerful car when he's only just learned to drive is asking for trouble. 他刚学会开车就给他开这么大马力的车，简直就是在自找麻烦。
['trʌb.l] noun
get sb into trouble old-fashioned
■If a man gets a woman or girl who is not married into trouble, he makes her pregnant 使（某人）未婚先孕
• When he got his girlfriend into trouble, they had to choose between marriage and an abortion. 他使女友未婚先孕，他们要么结婚，要么只能堕胎。
['trʌb.l] noun
more trouble than it's worth (also not worth the trouble) informal
■If something is more trouble than it's worth or is not worth the trouble, it is not important or useful enough to make an effort doing it 不值得费力去做；不值得这么麻烦
• It's more trouble than it's worth to take it back to the shop and ask for a replacement. 把它拿回商店重换不值，太麻烦了。
• It's not worth the trouble (of) applying for that job. You've no chance of getting it. 不值得费力去申请那份工作，根本就没有可能得到。
['trʌb.l] noun
spell trouble
■to suggest that there may be problems in the future 预示着麻烦
• The latest opinion polls spell trouble for the government. 最新的民意调查预示政府将有麻烦。
['trʌb.l] verb
WORRY 担心
transitive
■to cause someone to be worried or nervous 使烦恼，使苦恼；使忧虑
• What's troubling you, dear? You look ever so worried. 亲爱的，你是不是有甚么烦心事？你看上去很不安。
• formal Many of us are deeply troubled by the chairman's decision. 我们许多人对主席的决定深感不安。
• [+ (that)] It troubles me (that) you didn't discuss your problems with me earlier. 你没有早点与我讨论你的问题，这使我感到不安。
['trʌb.l] verb
CAUSE DIFFICULTIES 使有麻烦
transitive often passive
■to cause someone to have a problem or difficulties 折磨，使有麻烦
• He has been troubled by a knee injury for most of the season. 本赛季的大部分时间，他都受到膝伤困扰。
['trʌb.l] verb
CAUSE EFFORT 使费神
transitive slightly formal
■to cause someone a small amount of effort 麻烦；使费神
• May I trouble you for (= Please could you give me) some more wine, please? 麻烦您再给我些葡萄酒好吗？
• [+ obj + to infinitive] Could I trouble you to open that window? I'm afraid I can't reach it. 麻烦你把那扇窗户打开好吗？恐怕我不够高。
• [R] Let's not trouble ourselves (= make the effort to think) about the precise details at the moment. 我们目前不要费神去考虑细节问题。
vex, trouble, annoy, disturb, bother, irritate
这组词都有“使人不安或烦恼”的意思，其区别是：
vex: 侧重指因不断的干扰而引起的烦恼，有时含激怒的意味。
trouble: 指给人在行动上带来不便或在身心上造成痛苦。
annoy: 强调因被迫忍受令人不快、讨厌的事而失去平静或耐心，多指一时的打拢或恼怒。
disturb: 较正式用词，多用被动态。指拢乱，使人不能平静或妨碍别人工作、思维或正常秩序，是程度较深的烦恼。
bother: 指使人烦恼而引起的紧张不安或感到不耐烦。
irritate: 语气比annoy强得多，指激怒，使发怒，多指一种短时间的反应。
trouble, struggle, pains, effort, endeavour
这组词都有“努力”的意思，其区别是：
trouble: 和pains均侧重在面临困难或阻力时所作的努力，但强调在努力时的细心和谨慎，相比之下，pains更适合表示尽力的努力。
struggle: 指为克服困难或阻力所作的努力，也指因决心、意志或干劲而产生的极大努力。
effort: 通常指完成某特定任务所需付出的或大或小的努力，可指一次的努力，也可指坚持不懈的努力。
endeavour: 指持久的，坚持不懈的，甚至是终身的努力，强调努力的认真与决心。
n. 麻烦；烦恼；故障；动乱
 - worry, fault, headache
vt. 麻烦；使烦恼；折磨
 - harry, worry, tear
vi. 费心，烦恼
 - worry, bother about

Word: valid
Front: valid
[ˈvælɪd] (高研四六托 4703/3211 -K2)
Vocabulary: valid
(once / 261 pages)
adj
A valid argument is one that is well-grounded in fact, law or logic. "Their argument for annulment was valid because they had never even met and their marriage was the result of a clerical error at town hall."
Something is valid when it can be supported or backed-up, or if it is functional: “She figured her password was valid because she had just set it.” In a legal context, valid means that something is binding or actionable: “At the time of the accident his license was no longer valid, so they impounded his car.” The logical grounding of an argument can be valid: “That’s a valid point about Santa being too large to fit down a chimney.”
WORD FAMILY
valid: invalid, validate, valider, validity, validly, validness+/ invalid: invalided, invaliding, invalidism, invalidity, invalidly, invalidness, invalids/ invalidate: invalidated, invalidates, invalidating, invalidation/invalidation: invalidations/invalidism: invalidisms/invalidity: invalidities/ validate: invalidate, validated, validates, validating, validation, validatory/ validation: validations/ validity: validities
USAGE EXAMPLES
The arguments against combining medical and dental benefits, whether valid or otherwise, are primarily financial.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
We should allow exemptions from vaccines only for valid medical reasons.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
When the song ended, she declared, “That was” — she paused to choose a valid but positive adjective — “amazing.”
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 有效的; 有法律效力的; 正当的; 健全的
分布：有效的(85%)，有根据的(6%)，正当的(5%)，合法的(4%)
→来自拉丁语valere, 强健的，勇敢的，词源同value，引申词义有效的。
a.有效的;有根据的;正当的This license is no longer valid.这张执照不再有效.
【参】validate（v 使有效；使生效）
【反】fallacious（adj 谬误的）；specious（adj 似是而非的）；fallacy（n 谬误）－valid argument（正确的论证）
adjective
 ADVANCED
■based on truth or reason; able to be accepted 确凿的；合理的；有根据的；让人信服的
• a valid argument/criticism/reason 令人信服的论据／批评／理由
• My way of thinking might be different from yours, but it's equally valid. 我的想法也许和你的不同，但同样站得住脚。
Compare invalid
 ADVANCED
■A ticket or other document is valid if it is based on or used according to a set of official conditions which often include a time limit （票或其他档）有效的，正式认可的
• My passport is valid for another two years. 我的护照还有两年才到期。
 ADVANCED
■having legal force 有法律效力的，有法律约束力的
• Is this contract/ticket/agreement still valid? 这份合同／这张票据／这份协定还有法律效力吗？
adj. 有效的，有根据的；正当的
 - available, effective, virtual, telling, significant

Word: forum
Front: forum
[ˈfɔ:rəm] (研六雅宝 4705/3756 -2)
Vocabulary: forum
(once / 789 pages)
n
A forum is a public discussion. It can refer to a meeting, a meeting house or any conversation that is available publicly.
There were forums — large public gathering places — in Ancient Rome; they can still be found across the globe. Traditionally, newspapers were thought of as forums for public discussions but more and more forums are virtual — discussion boards found online. Communities, however, still hold their own forums, or meetings, usually to discuss local issues. When you see the word forum, think public conversation.
WORD FAMILY
forum: fora, forums
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Internet Governance Forum, a series of events sponsored by the UN, offers a place for all “stakeholders” to pitch in.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
Earlier this month, 425 officers from 160 police agencies convened in New Orleans for the debut of training developed by the Police Executive Research Forum.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Threshold Editions was founded in 2006 “to provide a forum for … innovative ideas of contemporary conservativism”.
The Guardian(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 论坛，讨论会，专题讨论节目; 集会的公共场所; 提供公开讨论的媒体; 法庭
分布：论坛(95%)，讨论会(5%)
→来自dhwer, 门，词源同door, foreign. 原指古罗马时期的门外广场，用于市场，集会，审判，公共演讲等多种用途。
n.论坛,讨论会The letters page of this newspaper is a forum for public argument.这份报纸的读者来信栏是公众意见的论坛.
【参】forensic（adj 辩论的，法庭的）：佛和人中死了一个
US ['fɔ:r.əm] noun countable
MEETING 会议
■a situation or meeting in which people can talk about a problem or matter especially of public interest （尤指讨论与公共利益相关的问题的）论坛，讨论会
• a forum for debate/discussion 进行辩论／讨论的论坛
UK ['fɔ:.rəm] US ['fɔ:r.əm] noun countable
INTERNET 网际网路
■a place on the Internet where people can leave messages or discuss particular subjects with other people at the same time （网际网路上的）论坛
• Discussion forums are a way of contacting people with similar interests from all over the world. 各种交流讨论的论坛可以把世界各地兴趣相同的人联系起来。
UK ['fɔ:.rəm] US ['fɔ:r.əm] noun countable
ANCIENT ROME 古罗马
■in ancient Rome, the area in the middle of the town used for public business （古罗马）公共集会广场，市场
n. 论坛，讨论会；法庭；公开讨论的广场
 - consultation, seminar

Word: dancing
Front: dancing
[ˈdɑ:nsɪŋ] (4709/5024 -K)
Back: vt. 跳舞; 雀跃; 闪亮，闪动; dance的现在分词
vi. 参加或表演（舞蹈）; 使跳舞; 因跳舞而…
n. 舞蹈，舞步; 舞蹈艺术; 舞会; 舞曲
分布：跳舞(99%)，动词dance的现在分词形式.(1%)
舞蹈(dance跳舞)[-ing 1.表名词"状态"2.表名词"行业"3.表形容词"正…的","令人…的"]
N-UNCOUNT
跳舞;舞蹈
When people dance for enjoyment or to entertain others, you can refer to this activity as dancing .
例：All the schools have music and dancing as part of the curriculum...所有学校都设有音乐和舞蹈课。
例：Let's go dancing tonight.我们今晚去跳舞吧。
n. 跳舞；舞蹈
 - nautch, Hip-Pop
v. 跳舞；摇晃（dance的ing形式）
 - dangling

Word: happily
Front: happily
[ˈhæpɪli] (高 4708/3821 -K1)
Back: adv. 快乐地; 幸运地，幸福地; 巧合地，适当地; 〈古〉偶然
分布：快乐地(59%)，幸福地(29%)，恰当地(7%)，幸好(4%)，形容词happy的副词形式.(1%)
adverb
PLEASED 高兴地
 ADVANCED
■in a happy way 高兴地，幸福地
• He was happily married with two young children. 他婚姻美满，并育有两个小孩。
• She munched happily on her chocolate bar. 她高兴地嚼着巧克力。
 ADVANCED
■willingly 愿意地，乐意地
• I'd happily offer to help him if I thought it would make any difference. 如果我觉得自己能发挥一些作用，我会很愿意帮助他。
['hæp.ɪ.li] adverb
LUCKY 幸运地
■having a good or lucky result 幸运地
• Happily, the weather remained fine throughout the afternoon. 幸运的是，整个下午天气一直都很好。
adv. 快乐地；幸福地；幸运地；恰当地
 - properly, fortunately, right

Word: soar
Front: soar
[sɔ:(r)] (研六雅宝 4707/5684 -2)
Vocabulary: soar
(once / 431 pages)
vn
To soar means more than just to fly; it means to rise swiftly, to feel the wind slipping below you as you ride it higher, higher, higher. Flying is just moving through the air. Soaring, though, suggests exhilaration, even joy.
Think about the anticipation you feel when you buy a lottery ticket — your hopes soar as you contemplate the possibilities. It's the same wonderful feeling you get when someone you have a crush on notices you, when you land that perfect job, when you hold your child. The word soar comes from the Latin, ex-, which means "out," and aura, meaning "breeze, air," together meaning "out of the air," which is precisely how it feels to soar.
WORD FAMILY
soar: soared, soaring, soars+/soaring: soaringly, soarings
USAGE EXAMPLES
But growth did slow slightly more than expected, in a sign that government measures to rein in soaring asset prices are affecting the broader economy.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Continually over the last few years we’ve seen capital improvement projects soar past their projected budgets and taxpayers are left footing the bill.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Crows soared above sandstone walls as we ran our hands along petrified sand dunes and felt cool mystery.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vi. 高飞; 飞腾; 猛增，剧增; 高耸，屹立
n. 高飞; 高涨; 高飞范围; 上升高度
vt. 高飞越过; 飞升到
时态：soared, soaring, soars
分布：翱翔(38%)，高飞(21%)，高涨(16%)，猛增(13%)，高耸(12%)
→缩写自古法语 essorer,高飞，飞升，来自通俗拉丁语*exaurare,升空，来自 ex-,向外，aura,空 气，呼吸，词源同 air.引申诸相关词义。
vi.(指鸟等)高飞,翱翔;飞涨;高耸Prices have soared.物价暴涨.
US [sɔ:r] verb
RISE QUICKLY 快速上升
 ADVANCED intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to rise very quickly to a high level 猛增，骤升
• All night long fireworks soared into the sky. 整个晚上烟火不断地窜上高空。
• Temperatures will soar into the eighties over the weekend say the weather forecasters. 天气预报员说，周末气温会骤升至华氏80多度。
• House prices had soared a further twenty per cent. 房价又窜升了20％。
 ADVANCED transitive
■to reach a great height 升至（很高的高度），高达
• The highest peak in the range soars 15 771 feet into the sky. 这一山脉的最高峰高耸入云，海拔达15771呎。
UK [sɔ:r] US [sɔ:r] verb
FLY 飞翔
intransitive
■(of a bird or aircraft) to rise high in the air while flying without moving the wings or using power （鸟或飞行器）翱翔，飞翔
• She watched the gliders soaring effortlessly above her. 她看着滑翔机在她头顶上方轻松自如地翱翔。
vi. 高飞；高耸；往上飞舞
 - rise, tower, rear
n. 高飞；高涨
 - flying high, upsurge

Word: removal
Front: removal
[rɪˈmu:vl] (研四六雅 4711/3305 -K2)
Vocabulary: removal
(once / 447 pages)
n
The word removal is the noun version of the verb to remove. When you "re-move" a sofa, you move it again by getting rid of it. You've seen to its removal.
Carpet removal is the specialty of companies that come and take your old rugs away. When someone is asked to step down from a job or position, it's referred to as their removal. And why not? Why is a city council member's removal from office any different from a drunken idiot's removal from a nightclub? Congratulations! You've overseen the removal of the hated chairman of the board. Now we can install a new, truly lovable one in his place.
WORD FAMILY
removal: removals+/irremovable: irremovably/ removable: irremovable/ remove: remotion, removable, removal, removed, remover, removes, removing/remover: removers
USAGE EXAMPLES
The episode sparked anger in the Philippines and calls for the removal of all U.S. military personnel.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The president of the FBI Agents Association asked for its removal.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Administration officials said Friday that the latest “removal” figures reflect a concerted policy shift to target convicted criminals over others.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 免职; 除去; 移走; 搬迁
分布：除去(43%)，搬迁(23%)，移动(21%)，开除(13%)
n.移动,迁居;除去That company does removals.那家公司承办搬运业务.
noun uncountable
TAKING AWAY 去除
 ADVANCED
■when you take something or someone away from somewhere, or off something 移开；拿开；去掉；除去；调动
• stain removal 去污
• furniture removal 搬运家俱
removals [plural]
■the business of transporting furniture and other possessions when people move to a new home 搬家；搬迁；迁移
• Does your firm do removals? 你们公司承接搬家业务吗？
[rɪ'mu:.vəl] noun uncountable
ENDING JOB 开除 formal
■when someone is forced to leave an important position or job 免职；开除；解职
• There have been calls for the president's removal. 一直有要求总统下台的呼声。
n. 免职；移动；排除；搬迁
 - move, shift, migration, motion

Word: autonomy
Front: autonomy
[ɔ:ˈtɒnəmi] (研托雅宝 4712/3908)
Vocabulary: autonomy
(once / 1471 pages)
n
When a group wants to govern itself or a person wants to make independent decisions, they are looking for autonomy.
Autonomy comes from the Greek roots auto meaning "self" and nomos meaning "custom" or "law." This reflects the political sense of the word — a group's right to self-government or self-rule. When a person seeks autonomy, he or she would like to be able to make decisions independently from an authority figure. Can you relate?
WORD FAMILY
autonomy: autonomies, autonomous +/ autonomous: autonomously, nonautonomous
USAGE EXAMPLES
Universities and regulators sacrifice full autonomy by signing confidentiality agreements.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
“We will try to ensure autonomy and diversity,” Education Minister Lee Joon-sik said at a televised news conference.
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
They are presences at odds with the world, which partly accounts for their proud, deliberate autonomy.
New York Times(Dec 22, 2016)
Back: n. 自治，自治权; 自主权; 自治国，社区，或集团等; 人身自由
分布：自治(51%)，自主(37%)，自治权(12%)
→前缀auto-, 自己的。词根nomy, 管理。
自治,独立(auto自己+nomy系统,统治→自己统治)[nom(y)=a field of knowledge表示"某一领域的知识"]
n.自治,自治权;The diplomatic diplomas are made in automation in the autonomy.外交证书在自治区是自动化生产的.
【记】auto自己，nomy统治－自治。参：autonomous（adj 自治的）只有autonomy才能振兴economy
【反】dependence（n 依靠，依赖）
US [ɑ:'tɑ:.nə-] noun uncountable
■the right of a group of people to govern itself, or to organize its own activities 自治，自治权；自主，自主权
• Demonstrators demanded immediate autonomy for their region. 游行示威者要求立即实现该地区的自治。
• The universities are anxious to preserve their autonomy from central government. 大学都迫切希望维护其自主办学权，不受中央政府的控制。
n. 自治，自治权
 - self-rule, swaraj

Word: enact
Front: enact
[ɪˈnækt] (托宝 4710/6524 -2)
Vocabulary: enact
(once / 408 pages)
v
You often hear that Congress is going to enact a new statute, which means that they will make it into a law. But enact also means to perform, like in a play. (Makes you wonder if the lawmakers are actors!)
Inside the word enact is that little word act, meaning “to do.” That makes sense, because when you enact something, you make it happen. And of course, we know that to act also means to perform, and so enact means “to act out,” like on stage. Now that the new rules have been enacted, you'll have to stop wearing your gorilla suit to work. Even after Labor Day.
WORD FAMILY
enact: enacted, enacting, enactment, enacts, reenact+/ act: actable, acted, acting, action, active, actor, actress, acts, actuate, counteract, enact, interact, overact, underact/actable: unactable/acting: actings, self-acting/ action: actionable, actioned, actions, inaction/ activate: activated, activates, activating, activation, activator, deactivate, reactivate /activating: self-activating/ activation: activations/activator: activators/ active: activate, actively, activeness, activer, actives, activest, activity, hyperactive, inactive, overactive, underactive/ activity: activities/ actor: actors/actress: actresses/ actuate: actuated, actuates, actuating, actuation, actuator/actuator: actuators/counteract: counteracted, counteracting, counteraction, counteractive, counteracts/counteraction: counteractions/deactivate: deactivated, deactivates, deactivating, deactivation/enactment: enactments/ hyperactive: hyperactively, hyperactivity/inaction: inactions/inactivate: inactivated, inactivates, inactivating, inactivation/ inactive: inactivate, inactively, inactiveness, inactivity / inactivity: inactivities/ interact: interacted, interacting, interaction, interactive, interacts/ interaction: interactional, interactions/ interactive: interactively/overact: overacted, overacting, overacts/overacting: overactings/overactive: overactivity/ reactivate: reactivated, reactivates, reactivating/reenact: reenacted, reenacting, reenactment, reenacts/ reenactment: reenactments/underact: underacted, underacting, underacts
USAGE EXAMPLES
Philadelphia, alarmed over its high obesity numbers, this year enacted a soda tax.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
News-Miner opinion: Each year, many of us use the occasion of the new year to enact changes in our own lives.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Farah’s arrest was the result of a new policy enacted a few years prior.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 制定法律; 规定; 颁布，颁布; 担任…角色
时态：enacted, enacting, enacts
分布：扮演(59%)，制定法律(41%)
→en-, 进入，使。act, 做，实施。
制定;颁布(en+act行动→进入行动→颁布(法令))[em-,en-①表示"进入…之中,包围"②表示"使…进入状态"]
实施,颁布(en+act→使(法律)动→实施法律)[act=to do,to drive表示"行动,做"]
【记】en进入，act行动－使（法律，角色）行动－颁布
【反】rescind（v 废除）
verb
MAKE LAW 立法
transitive often passive specialized
■to put something into action, especially to change something into a law 实行，实施；（尤指）制定（法律）
• A package of economic sanctions is to be enacted against the country. 将对这个国家施予一系列的经济制裁。
[ɪ'nækt] verb
PERFORM 表演
transitive formal
■to perform a story or play 上演；表演
• The stories are enacted using music, dance and mime. 这些故事利用音乐、舞蹈和默剧的形式在舞台上被再现出来。
vt. 颁布；制定法律；扮演
 - play, portray

Word: round
Front: round
[raʊnd] (中高 2372/730 -K2)
Back: adj. 圆形的; 弧形的; 丰满的，肥胖的; 整数的
adv. 到处; 在周围; 迂回地; 朝反方向
prep. 大约; 绕过，环绕; （表示位置）在…四周; 附近
n. 圆，圆形; 循环; 圆形物，球状物; （会议的）一回合
vt. & vi. 使成圆形; 绕行; 拐过，绕过; 把…四舍五入
时态：rounded, rounding, rounds
分布：圆的(48%)，围绕(11%)，圆形物(6%)，绕行(6%)，丰满的(6%)，球形的(5%)，巡视(5%)，四处(5%)，完整的(4%)，弄圆(2%)，大量的(2%)
→来自拉丁语 rotundus,圆的，词源同 rotund,rotate.引申诸相关词义。
a.圆的prep.围绕ad.在周围v.绕行n.(一)回合The boundary around the round ground separates us from the surroundings.围绕着圆形场地的边界将我们同四周隔开.
preposition adverb mainly UK (US usually around)
AROUND 围绕
 ESSENTIAL
■in a circular direction or position; around 围绕；环绕；绕过
• The Moon goes round the Earth. 月球围绕地球转。
• We ran round (the outside of the house) to the back, looking for the dog. 我们跑到房子后面去找狗。
• The idea has been going round and round in my head all day (= I can't stop thinking about it). 这个想法一整天都萦绕在我心头。
• When one engine stopped, we had to turn round (= turn to face the opposite direction) and fly home. 飞机的一台引擎熄火了，我们不得不掉头飞回。
⇒ See also theatre in the round
[raʊnd] preposition adverb mainly UK (US usually around)
IN ALL PARTS 到处
 ESSENTIAL
■in every part of a place, or in various parts of a place 在…各处；处处；到处
• The landlord showed me round (the house). 房主带我（在房子里）四处看了看。
• I had to go all round town to find a hotel that was open. 我不得不在城中四处寻找还在营业的宾馆。
• This virus has been going round (the school) (= many people have had it). 这种病毒（在学校）四处传播。
[raʊnd] preposition adverb mainly UK (US usually around)
SURROUNDING 围绕
 IMPROVER
■on all or some sides of something 在…周围；在…附近；方圆
• We sat round the fire. 我们围着火炉坐着。
• The house has trees all round. 这座房子四周都是树。
• The pyramid is 50 metres high and 100 metres round (the base). 这座金字塔高50米，底部周长100米。
• Everyone for a mile round (= in the area) heard the explosion. 方圆一英里之内的人都听到了爆炸声。
[raʊnd] preposition adverb mainly UK (US usually around)
DIRECTION 方向
 IMPROVER
■in a particular direction 在（某处）；在（某个方位）
• The garden is round the back (of the house). 花园在（房子）后面。
• I used to live round (= near) here when I was a child. 我童年时就住在这一带。
• You must come round (to my house) sometime soon. 你找个时间一定（到我家）来坐坐。
• UK not standard We're going round (= to) the pub for a quick drink. 我们要去酒馆抓紧喝上一杯。
[raʊnd] preposition adverb mainly UK (US usually around)
right/wrong way round
■facing the right/wrong way 方向正／相反地；朝向正面／反面
• He put the wheel on the right/wrong way round. 他把车轮子上好／反了。
[raʊnd] preposition adverb mainly UK (US usually around)
round about
■approximately 大约，大概，左右
• "We'll be at your house at round about 9 o'clock, okay?" “我们将在九点左右到你家，好不好？”
[raʊnd] preposition adverb mainly UK (US usually around)
round the corner
■very near here 在附近；在近处
• There's a great restaurant just round the corner. 在不远的地方就有一家特别好的饭店。
[raʊnd] preposition adverb mainly UK (US usually around)
way round
■a way of dealing with or avoiding a problem （解决或避免问题的）出路，解决办法，余地
• There's no way round this problem. 这个问题没法解决。
[raʊnd] adjective
CIRCULAR 圆形的
 ESSENTIAL
■shaped like a ball or circle, or curved 球形的；圆形的；弧形的
• Tennis balls and oranges are round. 网球和橘子是圆的。
• a round hole/stone/table/window 圆孔／石／桌／窗
• a round face 圆脸
• round eyes 圆眼睛
[raʊnd] adjective
COMPLETE 完整的
■(of a number) whole or complete; given to the nearest 1, 10, 100, etc. and not as exact amounts 整数的；用整数表示的；用约整数表示的
• 2.8 to the nearest round number is 3. 与2.8最接近的整数是三。
• "I've got 95 bottles here for you." "Could you make it a round hundred, please?" “我这里有95瓶给你。”“能不能凑个整数，给100瓶怎么样？”
[raʊnd] noun countable
GROUP 组
 IMPROVER
■a number of things or group of events 一连串的事情；一系列的事件；一系列活动
• Russia and America will hold another round of talks next month. 俄罗斯和美国将在下个月举行另一轮会谈。
• When we were young life was just one long round of parties/pleasure. 我们年轻时，生活的内容好像就是一个又一个聚会／一件又一件令人开心的事情。
■drinks that you buy for a group of people （一人给大家买的）每人一份（饮料），一巡（饮料）
• It's your turn to buy a round. 该你请大家都喝上一杯了。
■UK
■a single slice of toast, or a sandwich （面包的）一片；整片三明治
■UK (US route)
■a set of regular visits that you make to a number of places or people, especially in order to take products as part of your job （尤指作为送货工作的）例行拜访
• He has a milk/paper round. 他挨家送奶／报纸。
■specialized
■a song for several singers, who begin singing one after the other at various points in the song 轮唱曲，轮唱歌
[raʊnd] noun countable
COMPETITION PART 比赛部分
■a part of a competition （比赛的）一轮，一场，一局
• She was knocked out of the championship in the third round. 她在锦标赛的第三轮被淘汰。
■one of the periods of time during a boxing or wrestling match when the competitors are fighting （拳击、摔跤等比赛的）回合
■a complete game in golf （高尔夫球比赛打完场中所有洞的）一场
[raʊnd] noun countable
BULLET 子弹
■a bullet or other single piece of ammunition （子弹的）一发
• The soldiers had only twenty rounds left. 士兵们只剩下20发子弹了。
[raʊnd] noun countable
the daily round UK old-fashioned
■the tasks you have to do every day 日常工作；每天的例行工作
• I get exhausted just by the daily round. 每天的例行工作就已经让我筋疲力尽了。
[raʊnd] noun countable
go the rounds UK
■to go from person to person or place to place 到各处去；到处转；到处传播
• That story has gone the rounds in our office. 那件事已在我们办公室传遍了。
[raʊnd] noun countable
make/do the rounds
■to talk to a lot of people 交谈一圈；四处访问
• I've made/done the rounds of all the agents, but nobody has any tickets left. 我已经问过所有的代理点了，但是都没有票了。
[raʊnd] noun countable
on your rounds
■to be out on a regular visit 巡行；巡视；巡诊
• The doctor's out on his rounds. 大夫出去巡诊了。
[raʊnd] noun countable
round of applause
■when people clap 一阵掌声
• The singer got a big round of applause. 歌手的演唱赢得了一阵热烈的掌声。
[raʊnd] verb transitive
■to go around something 绕过；绕行；拐（弯）
• Colin rounded the corner at high speed. 科林急速拐弯。
[raʊnd] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] round sth down
■to reduce a number to the nearest whole or simple number 把（数）下舍入，舍弃尾数把（数字）调低为整数
[raʊnd] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] round sth off
SHAPE
■to make something that is pointed or sharp into a smooth, curved shape by rubbing it 把…磨光修圆，打磨掉…的锋利边角
• He used a special machine to round off the corners of the old table. 他用了一台特制的机器将这张旧桌子的角打磨成圆形。
COMPLETE
■to complete an event or activity in a pleasant or satisfactory way 圆满完成，圆满结束
• To round off her education, her father sent her to a Swiss finishing school. 为了让她圆满完成学业，父亲把她送进了瑞士的一所女子精修学校。
• We rounded the meal off with a chocolate and rum cake. 最后我们又品尝了巧克力和糖蜜酒蛋糕，美美地吃完了这顿饭。
[raʊnd] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  round on sb/sth
■If you round on someone or something, you suddenly turn and attack them 突然回击；突然转身攻击；猛然反扑
• The fox rounded on its pursuers. 那只狐狸突然转身向追猎它的人扑来。
• figurative The Prime Minister rounded on his critics with a very forceful speech. 首相突然发表了措词强硬的讲话，回击批评他的人。
[raʊnd] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] round sth/sb up
■to find and bring together a group of animals or people 使…聚拢；驱拢；使…聚集
• The cowboys rounded the cattle up. 牛仔们将牛赶到一起。
• I'll just go and round up Andrew and Patrick for the meeting. 我去把安德鲁和派翠克找来一起开会。
[raʊnd] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] round sth up
■to increase a number to the nearest whole or simple number 把（数字）调高为整数
about, round, around
这组词都有“在周围、在附近”的意思，其区别是：
about: 既可表静态，也可表动态。
round: 主要用于英国，多半指动态。
around: 主要用于美国，静态或动态均可。
n. 圆；循环；一回合； [数] 圆形物
 - circulation, revolution, rotation, cycle
adj. 圆的；完全的；大概的；肥胖的
 - complete, absolute, full, total, broad
adv. 在周围；迂回地；朝反方向；挨个
 - indirectly, circuitously
vt. 完成；围捕； [水运] 绕行；弄圆
 - accomplish, carry out, achieve, perform, complete
vi. 进展；变圆； [公路] 环行；发胖
 - circuit, advance
prep. 附近；绕过；大约；在…周围
 - about, around

Word: thread
Front: thread
[θred] (中高研四六托宝 4714/5022 -K2)
Vocabulary: thread
(once / 213 pages)
1nv 2n
Thread is a length of twisted fibers (usually three strands together), made from cotton, silk, or other material, that can be used in sewing, quilting, embroidery, and other handicrafts.
The noun thread can also be used figuratively to refer to different parts of something, like thoughts or a conversation, that are connected as if joined by thread. If you were distracted by a crash in the kitchen, you might lose the thread of your conversation. Thread can also refer to the raised ridge on the outside of a screw or bolt, and you can use thread as a verb when you mean to string or to pass a thread through a needle.
WORD FAMILY
thread: threaded, threader, threading, threadlike, threads, thready+/threader: threaders
USAGE EXAMPLES
It may be impossible to draw a single thread through every performance to neatly cinch together a great actress’s legacy.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Fashion tech startup Thread is trying to solve the problem of styling at scale.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
To view a live game thread, visit here.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 线; 线索; 线状物; 螺纹
vt. 穿成串; 将（针、线等）穿过…; 用…线缝; 给…装入（胶片、狭带、绳子）
时态：threaded, threading, threads
分布：线(80%)，螺纹(9%)，穿过(5%)，线索(3%)，思路(1%)，细丝(1%)，穿线于(1%)
→来自古英语 thraed,线，绳索，来自 Proto-Germanic*threduz,纺线，编线，来自 tere,弯， 转，编织，词源同 turn,throw.引申词义线索，脉络等。
n.线,细丝;线索,思路;螺纹v.穿线,穿过The reader already readily spread the thread on the ready-made bread.那位读者已经欣然将丝线铺散在现成的面包上.
noun
FIBRE 纤维
countable or uncountable
■(a length of) a very thin fibre 线
• needle and thread 针线
• loose threads 松的线
countable
■a long thin line of something such as light or smoke （光、烟等）线状物，线状体
• A thin thread of light made its way through the curtains. 一缕光线透过帘子射进来。
[θred] noun
CONNECTION 关连
countable
■The thread of a book, discussion, speech, etc. is its story or the way that it develops, one part connecting with another 思路；贯穿的主线
• One of the main threads of the film is the development of the relationship between the boy and his uncle. 电影的其中一条主线是男孩和他叔叔之间的关系发展。
• Unfortunately my attention wandered for a moment and I lost the thread of (= forgot) what I was saying. 遗憾的是我一时失神，忘了刚才在说甚么。
countable
■a connected group of pieces of writing on the Internet, where people are talking about a particular subject 帖子（网际网路上一组相关的文章，全都围绕人们谈论的一个特定主题）
• I was so pleased to find this thread, and to know that lots of people have the same problem as me! 我很高兴看到这个帖子，发现很多人和我一样都有这个问题！
[θred] noun
SCREW 螺钉
countable
■a continuous raised line, such as the one which goes around the outside of a screw or bolt or the inside of a hole 螺纹
[θred] verb transitive
■to put something long and thin such as string or thread through a narrow hole or into a small space 穿线于；使穿过
• to thread a needle 穿针
• The sari had gold strands threaded through the material. 这件莎丽的布料间穿上了金线。
[θred] verb transitive
thread your way through/between, etc.
■to move carefully through a crowded space, changing direction in order to avoid people or things （避开障碍）穿过，通过（拥挤地带）
• She threaded her way through the crowded market place. 她穿过人群拥挤的市场。
rope, wire, thread, string, line, cord
这组词都有“线”的意思，其区别是：
rope: 指用于捆绑大物件的粗壮而坚固的绳子，一般用绵、毛、麻、金属或其它材料制成。
wire: 专指用金属制成的线。
thread: 普通用词，指用棉、毛、丝或纤维等纹成的很细的线，通常用于缝纫、纺织等。
string: 普通用词，指捆绑小件物品的细绳或细带子。
line: 普通用词，含义广泛，指任何一种线，常作引申用。
cord: 指比string粗，比rope细，较牢固，通常用于捆扎较小物品的线或绳。用作引申当约束讲。
n. [纺] 线； [机] 螺纹；思路；衣服；线状物；玻璃纤维；路线
 - string, clothes, array, line, route
vt. 穿过；穿线于；使交织
 - move through, go across
vi. 通过；穿透过
 - get through sth, get across

Word: light

Word: landmark
Front: landmark
[ˈlændmɑ:k] (托宝 4715/7019 -2)
Vocabulary: landmark
(once / 1032 pages)
1n 2n 3n
A landmark is anything that helps you know where you are — in space, in time, in history.
If you’re sailing from Europe to New York, the Statue of Liberty will be the landmark that lets you know you’re in the right port. If you’re walking to your cousin’s house, the pizza shop on the corner is the landmark that lets you know you just have two blocks to go. Getting your driver’s license is a landmark event, as was the Revolutionary War — though which battle was harder is yours to determine.
WORD FAMILY
landmark: landmarks
USAGE EXAMPLES
A landmark research study identifies distinct stages in the process of changing one’s life.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It started operating in the 1930s and became a National Historic Landmark in 1987.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Just days later, China and Canada agreed to discuss a landmark free trade deal and an extradition treaty.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. [航]陆标; 界标; 里程碑; 纪念碑
adj. 有重大意义或影响的
分布：里程碑(84%)，陆标(9%)，地界标(5%)，划时代的事(2%)
→land,陆地，mark,记号。
里程碑,界标(land地+mark→地上的标志→里程碑)[mark=sign,表示"记号,符号"]
US [-mɑ:rk] noun countable
OBJECT 物体
■a building or place that is easily recognized, especially one which you can use to judge where you are 地标；标志性建筑
• The Rock of Gibraltar is one of Europe's most famous landmarks. 直布罗陀岩山是欧洲最著名的地标之一。
UK ['lænd.mɑ:k] US [-mɑ:rk] noun countable
STAGE 阶段
■an important stage in something's development （发展过程中的）里程碑
• The invention of the silicon chip was a landmark in the history of the computer. 硅片的发明是电脑发展史上的一个里程碑。
• In a landmark case/decision , the Governor pardoned a woman convicted of killing her husband, who had physically abused her. 在一宗具有标志性意义的案例／判决中，州长赦免了一位因遭受虐待而杀夫的妇女。
n. [航] 陆标，地标； [建] 里程碑； [地理] [测] 地界标；划时代的事
 - Placemark, checkpost

Word: unhappy
Front: unhappy
[ʌnˈhæpi] (高四六 4717/3622 -K3)
Back: adj. 不幸的，悲惨的; 不快乐的; 不恰当的; 不凑巧的
级别：unhappier, unhappiest
分布：不快乐的(47%)，不幸福的(22%)，不高兴的(21%)，不满的(10%)
adjective
 IMPROVER
■sad or not satisfied 哀伤的，不高兴的；不满意的
• That's enough to make anyone unhappy. 所有人都会为此忧伤。
• an unhappy marriage 不美满的婚姻
• I was very unhappy with the service. 我对服务很不满意。
unhappy, miserable, wretched, sorry
这组词都有“不幸的”的意思，其区别是：
unhappy: 侧重指精神上的不快或失望。
miserable: 指因贫穷、不幸或屈辱等外部因素给人造成精神痛苦、烦恼或肉体折磨，令人同情和可怜。
wretched: 多指由于疾病、担忧、忧伤等造成的不幸和痛苦，在外表上显得沮丧、可怜、失望，语气比miserable强。
sorry: 常作礼貌用词，表遗憾、婉惜。也指说话人表示同情、悲哀等，感情色彩较强。
melancholy, unhappy, blue, sad, sorrowful, gloomy
这组词都有“忧伤的，悲哀的，伤感的”的意思，其区别是：
melancholy: 指经常性的忧郁或悲哀，多用于文学描写中。
unhappy: 多指日常生活中遇到不如意的事而感到不愉快、不幸，侧重指心理状态。
blue: 非正式用词，语气较随便，指较强烈的忧郁或沮丧。
sad: 最常用词，泛指一切形式的悲伤，着重暂时的不幸或感觉的忧伤。
sorrowful: 多指因丧失亲人等原因所引起的悲哀，也指由于错误而产生的悔恨交加的心情。
gloomy: 指愁眉苦脸，令他人也感到扫兴。
unhappy, unfortunate, disastrous, unlucky
这组词都有“不幸的”的意思，其区别是：
unhappy: 多用于表示心理状态，指由于不满意或遇到一般性倒霉事而感到不愉快。
unfortunate: 语气较强，多指因命运不佳，意外不幸或事业失败、生活处于困境等而感到不幸。
disastrous: 着重不可避免和后果严重。
unlucky: 指因缺少或一时无机遇，虽作了努力，但事不从心，感到失意。
adj. 不快乐的；不幸福的；不适当的
 - inadequate, wrong, improper

Word: offender
Front: offender
[əˈfendə(r)] (4722/3754 -2)
Vocabulary: offender
(once / 741 pages)
n
An offender is a criminal, someone who breaks the law. A first-time offender, depending on the crime, might only have to pay a fine or perform community service.
Offender is the way prison inmates and lawbreakers are often referred to in news reports or by police officers and prison staff. You might hear terms like "drug offenders," people arrested for crimes involving illegal drugs, or "juvenile offenders," young people who have broken the law. Offender comes from the verb offend, "to sin against" in the fourteenth century, from the Latin offendere, "to hit or strike against."
WORD FAMILY
offender: offenders+/counteroffensive: counteroffensives/ inoffensive: inoffensively/ offend: offended, offender, offending, offends, offensive / offended: offendedly/offending: unoffending/ offensive: counteroffensive, inoffensive, offensively, offensiveness, offensives/unoffending: unoffendingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Johnson said he would lobby the Illinois legislature to reform sentencing guidelines for repeat gun offenders.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Implementing the Place of Last Drink program.The program requires that offenders disclose where they were served their last drink.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“Any time a guy stealing a loaf of bread spends more time pre-trial in jail than a gun offender, something is wrong.”
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 罪犯; 得罪人的人; 犯规者; 妨害…的人（或事物）
分布：罪犯(75%)，冒犯者(25%)
US [-dɚ] legal
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a person who is guilty of a crime 罪犯；有罪者，犯法的人
• first-time offenders 初犯
• sex offenders 性犯罪者
• young offenders 少年犯
n. 罪犯；冒犯者；违法者
 - criminal, culprit

Word: coming
Front: coming
[ˈkʌmɪŋ] (4720/5247 -5)
Back: adj. 即将到来的; 下一个的; 将要遭到报应; 自食恶果
n. （尤指新事物的）到来; 到达
v. 来( come的现在分词); 到达; 达到（认识、理解或相信的程度）; 出生
分布：来临(68%)，将来的(13%)，就要来的(13%)，动词come的现在分词.(6%)
adjective [before noun]
■happening soon 即将来临的，就要发生的
• We look forward to greater success in the coming year. 我们期望来年取得更大的成功。
• I'll be back this coming Friday. 我这个星期五就回来。
adj. 即将到来的；接着的；前途有望的
 - following, oncoming
n. 来到；到达
 - arrival, arrived at

Word: privately
Front: privately
['praɪvətlɪ] (4718/4920 -K1)
Back: adv. 私下地，不公开地; 私自; 背地里
分布：私下地(67%)，秘密地(33%)
adverb
PERSONAL 私下
 ADVANCED
■in secret, or with only one or two other people present 私下地，秘密地
• She spoke privately with the manager. 她私下与经理面谈。
• Despite his public support, privately (= secretly) he was worried. 尽管他公开支持，但私底下还是焦虑不安。
['praɪ.vət.li] adverb
NOT OFFICIAL 非官方
■by a person or company and not by the government 私立地；私营地；民间地
• a privately-owned business 民营企业
adv. 私下地；秘密地
 - quietly, underground, secretly

Word: fraction
Front: fraction
[ˈfrækʃn] (研四六托雅宝 4719/3509 -2)
Vocabulary: fraction
(once / 785 pages)
nv
A fraction is a part of a whole. If two of you split the take from a bank heist, you would each get half. If you had a getaway driver, then the money would be split three ways, into fractions of one-third each.
The quotient of two numbers is called a fraction, as is the action of performing division. Most of us, however, think of a fraction as a small part of an item — as in: "You only use a fraction of your actual brain power in the course of your life." Just think of a whole as a pie, and a fraction as a slice of that pie.
WORD FAMILY
fraction: fractional, fractionate, fractioned, fractioning, fractions+/fractional: fractionally/fractionate: fractionated, fractionating, fractionation/fractionation: fractionations
USAGE EXAMPLES
Once this technology is commonplace and driverless cars are ubiquitous, those numbers will shrink to a tiny fraction of what they are today.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
That is a fraction of the roughly 3,700 megawatts produced at this gargantuan plant, the largest in the Lone Star State.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Salmon and steelhead runs are a fraction of what they were before modern settlement.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. [数]分数; 一小部分，些微; 不相连的一块，片段; [化]分馏
时态：fractioned, fractioning, fractions
分布：小部分(49%)，分数(46%)，片段(4%)，少许(1%)
→来自bhreg, 分开，破开，词源同break, fragment. 即破开的部分，少量。
部分;小片,分数(fract+ion)[fract,frang=break,表示"打碎"]
n.碎片,小部分,一点儿;分数In the reaction, the fraction acts as an agent.在反应中,这些碎片起一种媒剂的作用.
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a number that results from dividing one whole number by another, or a small part of something 分数；小部分
• ¼ and 0.25 are different ways of representing the same fraction. 1/4和0.25是同一分数的不同表达方式。
• Although sexual and violent crimes have increased by 10%, they remain only a tiny/small fraction of the total number of crimes committed each year. 尽管性犯罪和暴力犯罪案件增长了10%，但它们在每年的罪案总数中所占比例仍然很小。
• They can produce it at a fraction of the cost of (= much more cheaply than) traditional methods. 他们能够以大大低于传统方法的成本生产它。
share, fraction, division, segment, part, fragment, section, piece, portion
这组词都有“整体的一部分”的意思，其区别是：
share: 指共有的东西中应占有的一部分。
fraction: 指包含在全体中的一部分，暗示微不足道的一部分。
division: 通常指按类划分或分割成而的部分。常含抽象意义。
segment: 指某物的特定部分或自然形成的部分，也指线形物品的一段。
part: 含义广，最普通用词。常指整体中可大可小的一部分，也可指整体中可分开的独立部分。
fragment: 指因破裂、分割等产生的支离破碎、不规则的一部分。
section: 指整体中的分区，部分与部分之间有显著界限。
piece: 指整体中的一些个体，尤指从某个整体上分出来的一部分。
portion: 侧重从整体中所分配到的那一部分，含一定的独立意义。
n. [数] 分数；部分；小部分；稍微
 - score, marks, proportion, part, portion

Word: distinctive
Front: distinctive
[dɪˈstɪŋktɪv] (六托宝 4723/3287 -2)
Vocabulary: distinctive
(once / 799 pages)
adj
Her big eyes and plump lips are distinctive features that make her a great model. These are just some of the special features that distinguish her.
You might recognize the Latin prefix dis in the adjective distinctive. Dis often means "apart" or "away." Think of this when trying to remember the word distinctive. Someone with distinctive features has features that set them "apart" from others. Yes, its stepped-back architecture and distinctive spire are among the Empire State Building's distinctive features, but its most distinctive feature has to be its height: for decades there wasn't another building in New York that came close!
WORD FAMILY
distinctive: distinctively, distinctiveness+/ distinct: distincter, distinctest, distinctive, distinctly, distinctness, indistinct / indistinct: indistinctest, indistinctly, indistinctness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Zandi’s talents are perhaps most distinctive in subtle portraits like “Transparencies”:
New York Times(Dec 22, 2016)
Their attractive and distinctive playing style – “The Swansea Way” – was deeply ingrained and integral to their success.
The Guardian(Dec 28, 2016)
Demand is high, and the shed is full of photos of children from around the world wearing their distinctive design.
BBC(Dec 26, 2016)
Back: adj. 有特色的，与众不同的; 区别的，鉴别性的; 独特; 特异
分布：形容词(99%)，名词(1%)
有区别的(distinct+ive)[sting,stinct,stimul=priek表示"刺,刺激"]
adjective
 ADVANCED
■Something that is distinctive is easy to recognize because it is different from other things 与众不同的，独特的，特别的
• a distinctive smell/taste 特别的气味／味道
• She's got a very distinctive voice. 她的嗓音很独特。
distinctive, peculiar, individual, characteristic
这组词都有“特有的，显示特征的”的意思，其区别是：
distinctive: 突出与众不同的或令人称赞的个性或特征。
peculiar: 侧重指某人或某物本身与众不同；也可指种族、民族或性别，着重有其无可争议的特点。
individual: 指特指的人或物，着重其与众不同，强调可将其区别出的品质与特性。
characteristic: 侧重指具有区别能力，典型的或本质的事物。
especial, peculiar, distinctive, unique, particular, special
especial: 特别的，含有优越或偏好的意义，多用于书面语。
peculiar: 独特的，独有的，强调某一个体或某一集团所独有的、与众不同的，常与介词about, in, to等搭配。
distinctive: 特别的，有特色的
unique: 独特的，强调独一无二的
particular: 特殊的，过于讲究的，强调同类中某一个体所具有的独特性质，常与介词about, as to, over, to搭配。
special: 特设的，专门的，着重指某事物具有自己特有的性质、性格或个性，与同类明显相异的，常与介词about, to搭配。
adj. 有特色的，与众不同的
 - unusual, different, apart

Word: tourism
Front: tourism
[ˈtʊərɪzəm] (高雅 4721/4425 -2)
Vocabulary: tourism
(once / 326 pages)
n
Tourism is the travel business — it caters to people who are visiting a place. Tourism turns a destination into a vacation spot. Tourism is also a word for the act of traveling, especially abroad. Fanny packs are not required.
If you’re visiting a new place, stop by the office of tourism and they’ll give you the lowdown on the local hotspots. If you’ve visited somewhere because it has beautiful sights, great museums, or interesting history, you were a tourist. Tourism is the business that makes money from tourists. As the word implies, tourism often involves actual tours, which could be on foot, in a bus, or even on the back of a llama.
WORD FAMILY
tourism: tourist +/ tour: toured, tourer, touring, tourism /tourer: tourers/ tourist: tourists, touristy
USAGE EXAMPLES
Marc Collins, a Tahitian businessman and former minister of tourism, said that the negative reaction to the project was to be expected.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Nearly every business in town — from the beauty salon to the local tourism agency — decorates its storefront with big bags of rice and sugar.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
“I’m encouraged because people realize it brings tourism dollars in,” he said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 旅游，观光; 旅游业
分布：旅游业(91%)，观光(9%)
→tour,旅游，观光，-ism,行为，思想。
旅游(tour旅游)[-ism名词1.表示"主义,宗教"2.表示"学术,流派"3.表示"行为,现象,状态"4.表示"疾病"5.表示"具备某种牲质"]
US ['tʊr.ɪ-] noun uncountable
 IMPROVER
■the business of providing services such as transport, places to stay or entertainment for people who are on holiday 旅游业
• Tourism is Venice's main industry. 旅游业是威尼斯的主要产业。
• These beautiful old towns have remained relatively untouched by tourism. 相对而言，这些美丽的古城还没有怎么受到旅游业的影响。
n. 旅游业；游览
 - pleasure trip, sightseeing

Word: threshold
Front: threshold
[ˈθreʃhəʊld] (研六托雅 4724/4990 -2)
Vocabulary: threshold
(once / 390 pages)
1n 2n
A threshold is what you step across when you enter a room. A threshold takes you from one place into another, and when you're about to start something new, you're also on a threshold.
A threshold is a point of departure or transition. Graduation can mark a threshold — when you graduate from circus school, you're standing at the threshold of your new career as a trapeze artist. Another kind of threshold is a limit or boundary. If you have a high threshold for pain, you can tolerate a lot of it, and your dentist can drill away without worrying about your squirming and howling.
WORD FAMILY
threshold: thresholds
USAGE EXAMPLES
Threshold Editions, the imprint publishing “Dangerous,” was founded, in 2006, with a politically conservative mission.
The New Yorker(Dec 30, 2016)
The CDC adjusts its threshold periodically as nationwide average levels drop.
Reuters(Dec 30, 2016)
The book is due to be published by the Threshold Editions imprint of Simon & Schuster and would be autobiographical, reported the Hollywood Reporter on Thursday.
The Guardian(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 门槛，入口，开始; [物理学]临界值; <英>级限协定; [航空学]跑道入口
adj. 阈值的，临界值的; <英>按物价指数变动工资的，工资极限的，级限的
分布：门槛(78%)，开端(9%)，界限(7%)，入口(6%)
→来自古英语 threscold,门槛，来自 threscan,踩踏，词源同 thresh.后拼写可能受 hold 影响俗化， 引申诸相关词义。
n.门槛;入门,开端I would rather withhold than uphold you unfold the gold foil on the threshold.我宁愿扣留而不支持你展开黄金箔在门槛上.
US [-hoʊld] noun
ENTRANCE 入口
countable
■the floor of an entrance to a building or room 门槛
UK ['θreʃ.həʊld] US [-hoʊld] noun
LEVEL 水准
countable usually singular
■the level or point at which you start to experience something, or at which something starts to happen 阈，界限；起点
• I have a low/high boredom threshold (= I do/don't feel bored easily). 我很容易／不容易感到厌倦。
• His secretary earns £268 a month, well below the threshold for paying tax. 他的秘书每月赚268英镑，远远不够纳税的标准。
UK ['θreʃ.həʊld] US [-hoʊld] noun
on the threshold of sth
■at the start of a new and important time or development 在…的开始，在…的起点
• We are on the threshold of a new era in European relations. 我们欧洲国家间的关系即将进入一个新时代。
n. 入口； [建] 门槛；开始；极限；临界值
 - entry, conception, limitation, beginning, opening

Word: routinely
Front: routinely
[ru:'ti:nlɪ] (托 4727/10097)
Vocabulary: routinely
(once / 2859 pages)
adv
When you do something routinely, you do it often and regularly. Many people routinely brush their teeth before they go to bed and again when they wake up in the morning.
Something that's become a habit or an often repeated series of actions is done routinely. Your actual daily routine is one example of this — you might routinely eat cereal for breakfast, or routinely feed your cat at 5:00, for example. You can also say that a movie critic who always seems to find some fault with a film routinely trashes all your favorite movies. The French root is routine, "usual course of action," from route, "way or path."
WORD FAMILY
routine: routinely, routines, subroutine+/subroutine: subroutines
USAGE EXAMPLES
Once opposed to women in the organization, White routinely called Rousey the sport’s biggest and most important star.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 31, 2016)
As the year draws to a close, Harambe is routinely mentioned alongside people who died this year.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Many experts think that by 2020, Americans will begin to routinely spot commercial drones operating in the wild.
Salon(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adv. 例行公事地; 常规地，惯常地; 老一套地
分布：例行公事地(60%)，通常地(30%)，日常地(10%)
adverb
■used for describing what often or usually happens 日常地，常规地
• Health and safety rules are routinely flouted/ ignored. 卫生和安全法规经常被忽视。

Word: suite
Front: suite
[swi:t] (高研托雅 4726/4292 -2)
Vocabulary: suite
(once / 569 pages)
n
A suite (sounds like "sweet") is a collection of matching things. It usually refers to rooms together, like when you get a suite at a fancy hotel. It can also be a set of furniture or a musical composition.
In housing terms, a suite is an apartment made up of connected rooms. If you ever stay at a hostel in France, make sure you get a room with the bathroom en suite, so you don’t have to share the one in the hallway. When the word first came into use, it meant "train of followers of attendants," but don't call your friends your suite or they'll think you're a snob.
WORD FAMILY
suite: suites
USAGE EXAMPLES
Investigators said Schnorenberg was called to a Country Inn & Suites in Mankato about 4 a.m.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Authorities say the officer responded to a disturbance at a Country Inn & Suites about 4 a.m.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The care station is closely located next to two surgical suites, one for scopic procedures, such as colonoscopies, and another for general surgery.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. [计]（软件的）套件; （房间，器具等）一套，一副; [乐]组曲; 随从
分布：套房(94%)，随员(5%)，一套物件(1%)
→来自 suit 对词形式，用于指套间，成套等。
n.套间;一套家具;套,组,系列The chairman entered the room followed by his suite.主席由随从跟着进入屋内.
【记】suit（n 一套衣服）e：一套房间
noun countable
SET OF ROOMS 套房
■a set of connected rooms, especially in a hotel （尤指饭店的）套房
• The singer was interviewed in his £1500 a night hotel suite. 这位歌手在每晚1500英镑的饭店套房里接受采访。
• They've got a whole suite of offices on the 34th floor. 他们在34层有一整套的办公室。
[swi:t] noun countable
SET OF FURNITURE 一套家俱
■a set of furniture for one room, of matching design and colour 一套家俱
• We're having a new bathroom/bedroom suite fitted at the weekend. 周末我们要请人在浴室／卧室安装一套新家俱。
• I've ordered a new three-piece suite for the living-room. 我为客厅订购了一套三件的新家俱。
[swi:t] noun countable
MUSIC 音乐
■a piece of music with several parts, usually all in the same key 组曲
quarters, accommodation, flat, apartment, suite, lodging
这组词都有“住处”的意思，其区别是：
quarters: 指某一部分人集中的居住区。
accommodation: 泛指各种居住住所，一般指暂时下榻之地。
flat: 多用于英国、澳大利亚和新西兰。指同一层建筑物上组成一个居住单元的几个房间。
apartment: 通常指占用或居住时间较长的成套房间，在美国比较常用。
suite: 可泛指任何设备完善的一套房间，但多指包括起居室、卧室和浴室的陈设较豪华的套间。
lodging: 常用lodgins,指临时租借的房间或宿舍。
lodging, accommodation, apartment, flae, quarters, suite
这些名词均有“住处”之意。
lodging: 常用lodgins, 指临时租借的房间或宿舍。
accommodation: 泛指各种居住住所，一般指暂时下榻之地。
apartment: 通常指占用或居住时间较长的成套房间，在美国比较常用。
flat: 多用于英国、澳大利亚和新西兰。指同一层建筑物上组成一个居住单元的几个房间。
quarters: 指某一部分人集中的居住区。
suite: 可泛指任何设备完善的一套房间，但多指包括起居室、卧室和浴室的陈设较豪华的套间。
n. （一套）家具；套房；组曲；（一批） [劳经] 随员，随从
 - furniture, satellite

Word: remark
Front: remark
[rɪˈmɑ:k] (高研四六托雅 3389/2581 -K3)
Vocabulary: remark
(once / 30 pages)
vn
"If you see something, say something" might translate into, "If you remark something, make a remark." Remark means to notice, and it also means to comment, as in, "Keep your obnoxious remarks to yourself."
While walking in the woods, you might remark the contrast between the quiet of the woods and the noises of the city. You might make a remark about how loud it is in the city. "It's loud here too," your walking companion might remark. "Listen to all the birds and squirrels."
WORD FAMILY
remark: remarkable, remarked, remarking, remarks+/ remarkable: remarkablest, remarkably, unremarkable/remarked: unremarked/unremarkable: unremarkably
USAGE EXAMPLES
There was no immediate comment from either North or South Korea on Mr. Trump’s latest remarks.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Mr. Obama said in the email that he was “just beginning to write my remarks.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
At worst, Pickens’ remarks “reflect a non-racial personality conflict and amount to discourtesy, rudeness or lack of sensitivity,” they wrote in recent court filings.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 注意，观察; 话语; 评论，谈论，
vt. & vi. 评论; 觉察
时态：remarked, remarking, remarks
分布：评论(57%)，注意(28%)，注意到(8%)，备注(7%)
→re-,表强调，mark,作标记。引申词义评论，谈论。
评论;意见(re再+mark→再做记号→评点,评论)[mark=sign,表示"记号,符号"]
n.(about,on)评语,意见v.(on)评论;注意到The shark's remark on the marble mark in the market is remarkable.骗子关于市场上大理石标记的评论值得关注.
US [-'mɑ:rk] verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to give a spoken statement of an opinion or thought 说起；评论说；谈论
• [+ (that)] Dr Johnson once remarked (that) "When a man is tired of London, he is tired of life." 约翰逊博士曾说道，“当一个人厌倦了伦敦时，他也就厌倦了人生。”
• [+ that] He remarked that she was looking thin. 他说她看上去很瘦。
UK [rɪ'mɑ:k] US [-'mɑ:rk] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  remark on sth
■to notice something and make a remark about it 谈论，评论（觉察到的事）
• All his friends remarked on the change in him since his marriage. 他所有的朋友都说起他结婚后的变化。
UK [rɪ'mɑ:k] US [-'mɑ:rk] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■something that you say, giving your opinion about something or stating a fact 言辞；话语；谈论；评论
• Her remarks on the employment question led to a heated discussion. 她对就业问题的评论引发了热烈的讨论。
• The children made rude remarks about the old man. 孩子们粗言恶语地谈论那个老人。
attend, remark, mind, notice, note
这组词都有“注意”的意思，其区别是：
attend: 一般用词，侧重专心于某事。
remark: 一般指经过思维活动而注意到。
mind: 指用心地去观察，了解某人或某物以达到某一目的。常用于命令句中。
notice: 指对所见所闻所感的人或事作出的反应，侧重结果。
note: 语气比notice强，指不仅注意到，而且记录下来，侧重注意的认真与仔细。
n. 注意；言辞
 - regard, notice, publicity
vt. 评论；觉察
 - observe on, to comment on
vi. 谈论
 - talk of, discourse

Word: regulator
Front: regulator
[ˈregjuleɪtə(r)] (4729/8167 -3)
Back: n. 校准者，[机]调整器，校准器，调节器，[化]调节剂，[无线]稳定器，调节基因，（钟表的）整时器，标准钟; 管理者，调整者，整理者; 原则，标准; [英史]选举调查[监视]委员，监管者
分布：监管机构(78%)，调整器(15%)，调整者(7%)
→来自 regulate,管理，控制。 regurgitate 回流，回涌，反胃，反刍
US [-tˌɚ] noun countable
■a device used to control things such as the speed of a clock, the temperature in a room, etc. 调节器；校准器；调整器
■an official who makes certain that the companies who operate a system, such as the national electricity supply, work effectively and fairly 管理者；调控者；监管者
n. [铁路] [矿业] 调整者；校准器
 - calibrator, etalon

Word: straw
Front: straw
[strɔ:] (高研四六 4730/4301 -2)
Back: n. 稻草; 麦秆; 吸管; 毫无价值的东西
adj. 稻草的，麦秆的; 稻草[麦秆]做的; 假的，假想的; 无价值的
时态：strawed, strawing, straws
分布：稻草(75%)，吸管(17%)，无价值的(3%)，麦杆(2%)，用稻草做的(1%)，不值钱的东西(1%)，像稻草人的(1%)
→来自古英语 streaw,草，来自 Proto-Germanic*strawa,草，来自 strew,展开，铺开，扩大形 式自*ster,展开，铺开，词源同 strew,structure.引申词义吸管。
n.稻草,麦杆;吸管It is the last straw that breaks the camel's back.最后添加的一根稻草压断骆驼背.
US [strɑ:] noun
DRIED STEMS 干秆
 ADVANCED uncountable
■the dried yellow stems of crops such as wheat , used as food for animals or as a layer on the ground for animals to lie on, and for making traditional objects 禾秆；麦秆；稻草
• a bale of straw 一捆稻草
• a straw basket/hat 草编篮／草帽
• straw -coloured hair 浅黄色的头发
UK [strɔ:] US [strɑ:] noun
TUBE 管
countable
■a thin tube made of plastic or waterproof paper that is used to suck liquid into the mouth 吸管
• Why don't you drink your milkshake through a straw? 你为甚么不用吸管喝奶昔？
UK [strɔ:] US [strɑ:] noun
clutch/grasp at straws
■to be willing to try anything to improve a difficult or unsatisfactory situation, even if it has little chance of success （为摆脱困境）抓救命稻草，不放过任何微小的机会
• She offered to take a pay cut to keep her job, but she was just clutching at straws. 她提出减薪以保住工作，但这只不过是在乱抓救命稻草。
UK [strɔ:] US [strɑ:] noun
the final/last straw (also the straw that breaks the camel's back)
■the last in a series of unpleasant events which finally makes you feel that you cannot continue to accept a bad situation （压垮骆驼的）最后一根稻草；（一系列不快事件中）最终使人无法忍受的事，使人最终崩溃的一击
• Losing my job was bad enough, but being evicted from my house was the final straw. 失去工作已经够糟，但被房东赶出门后我彻底崩溃了。
• She's always been rude to me, but it was the last straw when she started insulting my mother. 她一直对我很无礼，但让我终于无法忍受的是她竟然开始辱骂我的母亲。
UK [strɔ:] US [strɑ:] noun
straw in the wind UK
■something that suggests what might happen （预示某事的）迹象，征兆，风向标
• She described the theatre's closure as "a straw in the wind" as companies faced up to the realities of life after the lottery. 她认为该剧院的关闭是一个信号，显示各家剧团终于放弃侥幸想法，开始面对现实了。
n. [作物] 稻草；吸管；一文不值的东西
 - halm, haulm
adj. [作物] 稻草的；无价值的
 - worthless, fourth-rate

Word: theological
Front: theological
[ˌθi:ə'lɒdʒɪkl] (研 4732/7353)
Vocabulary: theological
(once / 606 pages)
adj
Use the adjective theological to describe things related to religious studies. If you major in religion in college, you can call yourself a theological scholar.
A theological university is often called a seminary, a school where all the students learn about some aspect of religion. Scholars use the word theology to describe a thoughtful and rational study of religious beliefs, ideas of God, the history of religion, and more. Some theological students become ministers or priests. The root word is Greek, theologia, "an account of the gods."
WORD FAMILY
theological: theologically+/theologise: theologised, theologiser, theologising/theologist: theologists/theologize: theologized, theologizer, theologizing/ theology: theological, theologies, theologise, theologist, theologize
USAGE EXAMPLES
But this low marriage rate poses more than just theological issues - it also presents certain logistical constraints.
BBC(Dec 26, 2016)
What is harder to pin down is how he positioned himself among the theological trends of the time.
The New Yorker(Dec 25, 2016)
Afterward, Mr. Bryant intends to lead a discussion connecting the plot to a theological message.
New York Times(Dec 24, 2016)
Back: adj. 神学的，神学上的; 研究神学的
分布：神学的(94%)，=theologic.(6%)
US [-'lɑ:.dʒɪ-] adjective
■relating to the study of religion and religious belief 神学的，神学上的
• They met at theological college. 他们在一所神学大学相遇。

Word: apart
Front: apart
[əˈpɑ:t] (高研四 1971/2419 -K3)
Vocabulary: apart
(once / 119 pages)
advadj
When things are apart, they are separated, often because they're far away from each other. If you are in Hawaii for the summer and your best friend is in Maine, you are apart.
You can say that San Diego and San Francisco are about 500 miles apart, or that you hate spending time apart from your cat when you travel. Sometimes people are figuratively apart, when they've ended their relationship. You can also use apart to mean "in pieces," as when a firecracker blows apart an apple. The word comes from the Old French à part, "to the side," from the Latin roots ad "to," and partem, "a side."
WORD FAMILY
apart: aparts
USAGE EXAMPLES
Here’s true genius, though: Being owed money from two teams that fired you 367 days apart.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Fisher and Reynolds died one day apart last week.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Schippers did not reveal any new marketing plans to emphasize racing, but did stress what they think sets their casino apart from other area casinos.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adv. 相隔，相距; 分散地，分开地; 成部分，成碎片; 分辨
adj. 分离的，隔离的
分布：相距(33%)，分离的(31%)，分开地(18%)，分别地(12%)，分开的(6%)
→a-,向，往，part,分开，部分。
ad.分离,离开,隔开a.分离的,分隔的My jacket is coming apart at the seams.我的夹克的接缝处裂开了.
US [-'pɑ:rt] adverb
SEPARATE 分开
 ESSENTIAL
■separated by a distance or, less commonly, by time （指空间或时间）相隔，相距
• Stand with your feet wide apart. 两腿叉开站立，双脚间距要大。
• How far apart should the speakers be? 两个喇叭应相距多远？
• We were asked to stand in two lines three metres apart. 要求我们站成间距为三米的两排。
• The two lines of children moved slowly apart. 那两队孩子慢慢分开了。
• The garage, large enough for two cars, is set apart from (= not joined to) the house. 足够停放两辆车的车库与房子分开搭建。
• I forget the exact age difference between Mark and his brother - they're two or three years apart. 我记不太清楚马克和他弟弟差几岁了——不是两岁就是三岁。
 ESSENTIAL
■into smaller pieces 成碎片；成零碎；破裂
• My jacket is so old it's falling apart. 我的夹克太旧了，都穿烂了。
• I took the motor apart (= separated it into pieces) to see how it worked. 我把引擎拆开了，想看看它是怎样运转的。
UK [ə'pɑ:t] US [-'pɑ:rt] adverb
EXCEPT 除了
apart from
 IMPROVER
■except for or not considering 除了；不考虑，不算；此外
• He works until nine o'clock every evening, and that's quite apart from the work he does over the weekend. 他每晚工作到九点，且不说周末还要加班。
• Apart from the salary/Salary apart, it's not a bad job. 不考虑薪水的话，这工作还不错。
• Apart from you and me/You and me apart, I don't think there was anyone there under thirty. 除了你我二人，我想当时那里没有谁年龄在30以下了。
UK [ə'pɑ:t] US [-'pɑ:rt] adjective [after verb]
 ADVANCED
■living or staying in a different place from the person that you are married to or have a close relationship with （夫妻或亲人）分离的，不住一起的
• When you're apart you rely so heavily on the phone. 你们要是分居两地，那就真的离不开电话了。
adj. 分离的；与众不同的
 - unusual, different, distinctive, isolated, separating

Word: exhaust
Front: exhaust
[ɪgˈzɔ:st] (研四六托雅宝 4734/4940 -3)
Vocabulary: exhaust
(once / 132 pages)
1v 2v 3nv
The noun exhaust refers to what comes out of your car's tailpipe. It consists of the burned gases and particulate matter that are created by the engine. As a verb, the word exhaust means to use something up, such as a food supply or your energy.
The exhaust system in your car is the part that takes the waste created by the car in the form of gas or smoke and expels it through the tailpipe. The noun exhaust appeared in the 19th century, after the invention of the engine. Before that, the word, as a verb, referred only to depleting something, such as a natural resource. Miners deplete a mineral deposit and exhaust the resource.
WORD FAMILY
exhaust: exhausted, exhausting, exhaustion, exhaustive, exhausts+/ exhausted: exhaustedly, unexhausted/ exhausting: exhaustingly/ exhaustion: exhaustions/ exhaustive: exhaustively
USAGE EXAMPLES
“It was exhausting because I walked,” recalled the mother, from Lesotho, where almost 23% of the population live with the virus.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Wartford, hamstrung by injuries, looked exhausted and contributed to its own downfall with poor defending.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“It’s exhausting, but it’s the best kind of exhausting,” Belue said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 用尽，耗尽; 使精疲力尽; 排出; 彻底探讨
vi. 排气
n. （排出的）废气; 排出; 排气装置
时态：exhausted, exhausting, exhausts
分布：废气(62%)，耗尽(22%)，排气装置(10%)，使筋疲力尽(4%)，详尽论述(2%)
→ex-, 向外。-haust, 排出。
用尽;抽干(ex出+haust→抽干→抽出)[haust=drawwater,表示"抽水"]
v.使筋疲力尽,耗尽;抽完n.排气装置;废气The exhausted man and the trustful guy thrust a knife into the rusty crust.精疲力竭的男子和深信不疑的家伙将一把刀子刺向生锈的外壳.
【记】ex出，haust拉－拉出－耗尽
【参】exhaustion（n 耗尽；筋疲力尽；详尽无遗的论述）
US [-'zɑ:st] verb transitive
TIRE 疲倦
 ADVANCED
■to make someone extremely tired 使筋疲力竭；使疲惫不堪
• The long journey exhausted the children. 长途旅行后，孩子们疲惫不堪。
• I've exhausted myself with all that cleaning. 打扫完，我累得筋疲力尽。
UK [ɪg'zɔ:st] US [-'zɑ:st] verb transitive
USE 用
■to use something completely 用完；花光；耗尽
• How long will it be before the world's fuel supplies are exhausted? 再过多长时间地球上的燃料就耗尽了？
• I'm afraid he's exhausted my patience. 恐怕我对他已经失去耐性了。
• We seem to have exhausted this topic of conversation (= we have nothing new to say about it). 这个话题我们好像已经没有甚么好谈的了。
UK [ɪg'zɔ:st] US [-'zɑ:st] noun uncountable
■the waste gas from an engine, especially a car's, or the pipe the gas flows through （引擎排出的）废气；（尤指汽车的）尾气；排气管
• Car exhaust is the main reason for the city's pollution. 汽车排出的废气是造成城市污染的主要原因。
vt. 排出；耗尽；使精疲力尽；彻底探讨
 - issue, drain out
vi. 排气
 - air out
n. 排气；废气；排气装置
 - air discharge, flue gas

Word: globe
Front: globe
[gləʊb] (高研四六 4735/6872 -2)
Vocabulary: globe
(once / 119 pages)
n
A globe doesn't have to be a spherical representation of our planet; it can be anything shaped like one — like a soccer ball or a gumball.
Referring to a round shape, globe is often used interchangeably with sphere, though sphere has another meaning of an area of particular interest or a segment of a particular population. Globe is also another name for planet Earth itself, our lovely third rock from the sun — as in "viewers are tuning in from around the globe."
WORD FAMILY
globe: conglobate, global, globes, globular+/conglobate: conglobated, conglobation/ global: globaler, globalise, globalize, globally/globalise: globalisation/globalize: globalization, globalized, globalizes, globalizing/globular: globularly, globularness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Day previously worked with the U.S. men’s ski team, coaching Ted Ligety to four world titles and two World Cup giant slalom globes.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Boston Globe called “Beginners” “the passive work of a man nervous to touch the third rail of his parents’ discontent.”
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Thank you again to everyone supporting here, in Atlanta, and all over the globe.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 球，球状物; 地球，世界; 天体; 地球仪
v. （使）成球状
分布：世界(45%)，地球(35%)，地球仪(13%)，球体(7%)
→来自glebh, 球体，成球状，词源同cling, glue. 用来指地球仪。
n.球体,地球仪;地球,世界The plowman slowly blows at the glowing globe.犁地者对着发红的球体慢慢吹气.
US [gloʊb] noun
WORLD 世界
the globe
 ADVANCED only singular
■the world 地球；世界
• His greatest ambition is to sail round the globe. 他最远大的志向就是驾船环球航行。
• She is a superstar all around the globe. 她是一位国际超级巨星。
■ countable
■a map of the world in the shape of a ball, which is fixed to a support and can be turned round at the same angle as the Earth turns in space 地球仪
• She spun the globe, and pointed to the Solomon Islands. 她转动地球仪，然后指向所罗门群岛。
UK [gləʊb] US [gloʊb] noun
ROUND OBJECT 圆形物体
countable
■any ball-shaped object 球状物，球体
countable Australian * a light globe
earth, globe, world
这组词都有“地球”的意思，其区别是：
earth: 指表面有陆地和水，人类所居住行星的名字。有时与“天”相对，泛指“地”。
globe: 指我们生活的地球，但强调其实体和圆形。
world: 通常相当于earth与globe，现多用指地球，地球上的世界，社会和人。
n. [天] 地球；地球仪；球体
 - this earthly round, terra
vt. 使…成球形
 - sphere
vi. 成球状
 - conglobate

Word: fragile
Front: fragile
[ˈfrædʒaɪl] (高研六托雅宝 4733/5941 -2)
Vocabulary: fragile
(once / 899 pages)
adj
If it's delicate and easily broken, like a rare glass vase or the feelings of an overly emotional friend, it's certainly fragile.
Back in the 1500s, fragile implied moral weakness. Then around 1600, its definition broadened to mean “liable to break.” It wasn’t until the 19th century that the word started to mean “frail” and was used to describe people. Today we use it to describe things like spider webs, unstable political systems, and insecure egos. Synonyms include flimsy, vulnerable, and brittle.
WORD FAMILY
fragile: fragilely, fragiler, fragilest, fragility +/ fragility: fragilities
USAGE EXAMPLES
Wrap fragile ornaments in leftover tissue paper or newspaper, or invest in storage containers like archival ornament boxes from the Container Store.
New York Times(Dec 23, 2016)
Their chemistry was on display against fragile Watford on New Year’s Day.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But underlying Hamilton’s aggressive campaign for Jefferson was a fear that America’s democracy was too fragile to survive Burr’s ambition.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 易碎的，脆的; 虚弱的
分布：易碎的(56%)，虚弱的(20%)，精细的(12%)，脆的(12%)
→来自fragment, 碎片。
易碎的(frang+ile能...的→能碎的)[fract,frang=break,表示"打碎"]
a.易碎的,脆的,易损坏的;虚弱的,脆弱的The reconciled reptiles rest on a fragile tile.和解的爬行动物歇在易碎的瓷砖上.
【记】flag＝fract 断裂，ile易…的－易碎的
【参】fragility（n 脆弱；虚弱）；agile（adj 敏捷的；灵活的）做到我乐
US ['frædʒ.əl] adjective
■easily damaged, broken or harmed 易损坏的；易碎的；脆弱的
• Be careful with that vase - it's very fragile. 拿那个花瓶要小心——它很容易碎。
• The assassination could do serious damage to the fragile peace agreement that was signed last month. 这宗行刺事件可能会对上月签署的脆弱的和平协定造成严重损害。
• I felt rather fragile (= weak) for a few days after the operation. 手术后几天内我感觉自己非常虚弱。
• humorous No breakfast for me, thanks - I'm feeling rather fragile (= ill, upset or tired) after last night's party. 我不吃早餐了，谢谢——昨晚派对后到现在我还觉得很不舒服。
fragile, weak, frail, feeble
这组词都有“虚弱的，乏力的”的意思，其区别是：
fragile: 可与frail换用，但语气强，侧重脆弱，指人容易生病，指物容易破碎。
weak: 普通用词，指缺乏应有的力量，可用于身体、意志或精神。
frail: 多指因经常生病而身体纤弱。
feeble: 指身体衰弱无力，精力几乎耗尽，含令人怜悯的意味。
invalid, crisp, fragile, brittle, frail
这组词都有“弱”的意思，其区别是：
invalid: a.不正确的，缺乏证据的；无效的，作废的。作名词时，表示病弱者，伤残者，久病者。
 • Your ideas about the first humans are interesting but invalid.   你关于最早的人类的观点很有意思，但是缺乏证据。
 • A bad car accident made him an invalid.   一次严重的车祸使他变成了残疾。
crisp: a.指食品的松脆；清新的，爽快的；活跃的，有生气的，干净利落的。
 • crisp biscuit   松脆的饼干
 • The student gave a clear, crisp answer to the teacher's question.   学生干净利落地回答了老师的问题。
fragile: a.常常修饰使用时必须小心才不会破碎的东西，也引申为体弱的，虚弱的。
 • He 's feeling a bit fragile after last night's party.   他参加了昨晚的聚会以后，现在感觉有些虚弱。
brittle: a.易碎的，易损坏的，通常是指坚硬的东西。
 • The bones of elderly people become brittle and easily broken.   老年人的骨头变得脆弱，很容易骨折。
frail: a. (指人)体弱的，虚弱的，也可以指东西易碎的。
 • His mother has grown old and frail.   他母亲已经年老体弱。
faint, fragile, weak, feeble
faint: a.虚弱的，眩晕的，指人在特定场合感觉到的虚弱，通常不是天生体质上的虚弱而是由于某种原因造成的暂时的情况。
 • The summer sun was so strong that she felt faint.   夏天的阳光太强烈了，她感觉到眩晕。
fragile: a.脆弱的，易碎的，指物体容易打碎，或人体质虚弱、容易受伤害。
 • That dish is fragile, so be careful.   那个盘子容易碎，所以千万小心。
weak: a.这组词中应用范围最广的一个，既可以指身体虚弱的，无力的，也可引申为在力量、权力、技能、影响等方面有欠缺或软弱。
 • The patient is losing blood and becoming weak.   病人在失血，身体开始虚弱下去。
feeble: a.虚弱的，无力的，常用来形容人的声音或行为。
 • The elderly lady has become feeble and unable to care herself.   这个老太太已经很虚弱了，无法照顾她自己。
adj. 脆的；易碎的
 - delicate, crumbly

Word: objection
Front: objection
[əbˈdʒekʃn] (研四六托雅宝 4737/2931 -2)
Vocabulary: objection
(once / 158 pages)
n
An objection is a way of saying "No!" to something. People offer objections to things they oppose.
An objection is a statement of protest. During weddings, you often hear the question "Does anyone object to this union?" If someone did, that would be an objection: they think the wedding is a bad idea. In court, a lawyer says "Objection!" if they think the other lawyer said something unfair or wrong. A little kid who says "I don't want eggs!" is making an objection. Any kind of disapproval is an objection. When there are no objections, people agree.
WORD FAMILY
objection: objectionable, objections+/ object: objected, objectify, objecting, objection, objector, objects/ objectification: objectifications/ objectify: objectification, objectified, objectifies, objectifying/ objectionable: objectionableness, objectionably, unobjectionable/objector: objectors/unobjectionable: unobjectionably
USAGE EXAMPLES
And now, a year later, the Islamic center is still tied up in traffic-pattern objections and subdivision squabbles.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Does that mean your primary objection is no longer to the “chaos, poor behavior and pretty rough playing that the other kids are accustomed to?”
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
Gergel will consider the objections from Bender and others 30 minutes before the hearing.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 反对; 反对的话，异议; 反对的理由
分布：反对(74%)，异议(26%)
→来自object,反对，异议。
反对(object反对+ion)[ject=throw,cast,表示"投掷,扔"]
n.(to)反对,异议,不喜欢,反对的理由He has a strong objection to getting up early.他强烈反对早起.
noun countable
■when someone expresses or feels opposition to or dislike of something or someone 反对，不赞成；有异议
• Her objection to/against the plan is based on incorrect facts. 她对这项计划的反对基于错误的数据。
• A couple of people raised/voiced objections to the proposed scheme. 有几个人提出了异议。
• [+ that] I have no objection except that it may cost more than expected. 我唯一的异议是它的成本可能比预期的要高。
n. 异议，反对；缺陷，缺点；妨碍；拒绝的理由
 - opposition, exception, intervention, prevention, deficiency

Word: chemistry
Front: chemistry
[ˈkemɪstri] (中高研四六雅 4736/3555 -K2)
Vocabulary: chemistry
(once / 409 pages)
1n 2n
Chemistry is the science that tells us what things and people are made of; for example, that water is really H2O, two atoms of hydrogen and one of oxygen.
Chemistry deals with chemicals and elements, the building blocks of our world. The periodic table, that table of all of earth's basic elements — iron, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, etc. — comes from chemistry. Chemistry explains how atoms attract each other to become molecules. We also use the term to refer to people who are attracted to each other, either as colleagues, friends or romantic partners. Movie reviewers often say that that romantic leads have "great chemistry" — or not.
WORD FAMILY
chemistry: chemist, chemistries+/chemist: chemists
USAGE EXAMPLES
Fassel said that building “chemistry” throughout the organization would be his top goal, along with establishing an identity.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Their chemistry was on display against fragile Watford on New Year’s Day.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“We use the farm to teach chemistry, math, biology,” she explained to me one morning between classes.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 化学; 物质的化学组成（或性质），化学作用（现象）; （常指有强烈性吸引力的）两人间的关系; 〈比喻〉神秘的变化（过程）
分布：化学(100%)
→来自chemist.
化学(chemist化学家)[-ry表名词,通常放在一个完整的单词后面1.表示"状态,性质"2.表示"行业,学科"3.表示集合名词4.表示"场地"]
n.化学The professor took the students to the chemistry lab.教授把学生们带到化学实验室去.
noun uncountable
SCIENCE 化学
 IMPROVER
■(the part of science which studies) the basic characteristics of substances and the different ways in which they react or combine with other substances 化学；化学性质，化学特性
• She studied chemistry and physics at college. 她在大学学的是化学和物理。
• A team of scientists has been studying the chemistry of the ozone layer. 一组科学家在研究臭氧层的化学性质。
• a chemistry department/laboratory 化学系／实验室
['kem.ɪ.stri] noun uncountable
RELATIONSHIP 关系 informal
■when two people understand and are attracted to each other （两人间的）理解和吸引；相互吸引
• There was an immediate sexual chemistry between us the first time we met. 我们两性相吸，初次见面就擦出了火花。
n. [化学] 化学；化学过程
 - chymist, chemical process

Word: old-fashioned
Front: old-fashioned
[ˈəuldˈfæʃənd] None
Vocabulary: old-fashioned
(once / 438 pages)
adj
Something that's old-fashioned is out of style or from the past. You could call an antique telephone old-fashioned, and you could also describe your elderly grandfather this way.
Out-of-date clothes, like your aunt's wardrobe of 1980's dresses with shoulder pads, are old-fashioned. Soda fountains, carriages pulled by horses, and typewriters are all old-fashioned as well. These things are either not currently popular, or they're just plain old. There is also a whisky-based mixed drink called an old-fashioned which is still served in many stylish bars and restaurants.
WORD FAMILY
old-fashioned
USAGE EXAMPLES
My point isn’t that we spend hours or a fortune in the kitchen, just that we adopt an old-fashioned approach where we avoid processed food.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Barnips Lozenges, Coltsfoot Rock, and Teddy Gray's Herbal Tablets are among the old-fashioned restoratives still occupying a place in our medicine cabinets.
BBC(Dec 26, 2016)
In an interview with the Los Angeles Times, he attributed his win to “old-fashioned, handshaking, razzle-dazzle campaigning.”
Los Angeles Times(Dec 25, 2016)
Back: adj. 老式的，过时的; 老派的，守旧的; 村女蛾眉; 陈旧
分布：老式的(88%)，守旧的(8%)，老派的(3%)，古典鸡尾酒(1%)
US [ˌoʊld-] mainly disapproving
adjective
 IMPROVER
■not modern, belonging to or typical of a time in the past 旧式的；老式的；过时的；老派的
• old-fashioned clothes/ideas/furniture 过时的衣服／观点／家俱
• She's a bit old-fashioned in her outlook. 她的观点有点守旧。
adj. 老式的；过时的；守旧的
 - ancient, oldfangled

Word: crowded
Front: crowded
[ˈkraʊdɪd] (高 4738/5946 -K2)
Vocabulary: crowded
(once / 180 pages)
adj
Places that are crowded are packed with people. During rush hour, you might decide not to get onto a crowded subway car, but wait for the next one, hoping it will be less crowded.
Rock concerts are often crowded, and sometimes classrooms are so crowded with students that it makes the teacher's job harder. Tokyo is a crowded city, especially compared to Dubuque, Iowa, and shopping malls generally become crowded on the weekend before Christmas. These places are all crowded with people, but you could also say that a field is crowded with cows or your friend's house is crowded with cats. The Old English root is crudan, "to press."
WORD FAMILY
crowded: crowdedly, uncrowded+/ crowd: crowded, crowding, crowds, overcrowd/crowding: crowdings/overcrowd: overcrowded, overcrowding, overcrowds
USAGE EXAMPLES
The new line is expected to offer long-needed relief to subways on the East Side of Manhattan, the most crowded lines in the nation.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“Happy New Year!” is a less-profane version of what a young man in one of the many crowded stairwells shouts at us.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The statement urged caution about being in crowded places and public gatherings during the holidays.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 水泄不通的; 拥挤的; 肩摩踵接
分布：拥挤的(100%)
adjective
 IMPROVER
■If a place is crowded, it is full of people 拥挤的；挤满人的
• By ten o'clock the bar was crowded. 到十点钟酒吧里已挤满了人。
adj. 拥挤的；塞满的
 - jammed, congesting
v. 拥挤（crowd的过去分词）
 - overcrowded

Word: circle
Front: circle
[ˈsɜ:kl] (中高研四六托雅 1506/1832 -K4)
Vocabulary: circle
(once / 50 pages)
1nv 2n 3nv 4n
A circle is the round shape formed by all the points equidistant from a center point. This shape can be found everywhere, from the ring on your finger to the performance space in a circus (which sounds suspiciously similar, doesn’t it?).
The Greek word kirkos meant circle, but the word goes back even further to the Proto-Indo-European word kirk, which meant "to bend." The noun refers to that round shape, while the verb form means to move around or surround something. Are you going to knock on the door or just circle around the house all day? If you feel like you haven't been getting anywhere with something, you might say you're "going in circles."
WORD FAMILY
circle: circled, circles, circlet, circling, circular, encircle, semicircle+/ circlet: circlets/circular: circularise, circularity, circularize, circularly, circulars, circulate /circularise: circularisation, circularised, circularises, circularising/circularity: circularities/circularize: circularization, circularized, circularizing/ circulate: circulated, circulates, circulating, circulation, circulative, circulatory/circulation: circulations, recirculation/ encircle: encircled, encirclement, encircles, encircling/encirclement: encirclements/encircling: encirclingly/semicircle: semicircles, semicircular/semicircular: semicircularly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The engraver didn’t tutor her directly but after some trial and error, she cut her preliminary lines and circles at his bench.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
He lost the turtle momentarily, then circled back.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
When I was in Europe I saw lots of friends circles with normal-weight healthy looking people, walking around and eating sensible meals.
New York Times(Oct 18, 2016)
Back: n. 圆; 圆状物; 一圈; 圈子
vt. 圈出，包围; 绕…运转
vi. 环绕，盘旋
时态：circled, circling, circles
分布：圆圈(33%)，圈子(29%)，盘旋(18%)，环绕(12%)，包围(4%)，包厢(2%)，划圈(2%)
→来自sker,转，圈，环，词源同ring,curve.
n.圆,圆周;集团;周期,循环v.环绕,旋转In no circumstances can the bicycle in the circle of the circus be a focus.马戏表演圈子中的自行车决不会成为焦点.
US ['sɝ:-] noun
SHAPE 形状
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a continuous curved line, the points of which are always the same distance away from a fixed central point, or the area inside such a line 圆；圆圈；圆形
• Coloured paper was cut into circles, squares and triangles. 彩纸被剪成了圆形、正方形和三角形。
• We sat in a circle. 我们围坐成一圈。
UK ['sɜ:.kl] US ['sɝ:-] noun
GROUP 团体
 ADVANCED countable
■a group of people with family, work or social connections 圈子；集团；界；阶层
• The subject was never discussed outside the family circle. 这个话题只在家庭成员间讨论。
• She's not one of my close circle of friends. 她不是我密友圈中的一员。
• We never meet these days - we move in different circles (= do not have the same group of friends). 这些日子我们从未碰面——我们彼此的圈子不同。
UK ['sɜ:.kl] US ['sɝ:-] noun
UPPER FLOOR 上面的楼层
the circle only singular UK
■an upper floor in a theatre or cinema where people sit to watch the performance （剧院或影院的）弧形楼座
• Shall I get seats in the circle or in the stalls? 我们买楼座座位还是正厅座位？
Compare gallery ; the stalls at stall
UK ['sɜ:.kl] US ['sɝ:-] noun
go/run round in circles
■to keep doing or talking about the same thing without achieving anything 原地兜圈；毫无进展；白忙，瞎忙活
• The discussion kept going round in circles. 讨论一直在原地兜圈子。
• I've been running round in circles trying to get all the reports finished before the meeting. 我一直在瞎忙，想在会前写完所有的报告，可是却毫无头绪。
UK ['sɜ:.kl] US ['sɝ:-] verb
intransitive or transitive
■to move in a circle, often around something 盘旋；环行；绕…转圈
• The plane circled for an hour before receiving permission to land. 飞机盘旋一小时后才接到允许着陆的讯息。
• Security staff circled the grounds of the house with guard dogs every hour. 保安人员每小时都带着警犬在那幢房子周围巡逻。
transitive
■to draw a circle around something 圈出；在…上画圈
• Circle the answer you think is correct. 把你认为正确的答案圈出来。
⇒ See also encircle
whirl, turn, roll, rotate, revolve, spin, circle
这组词都有“转动、旋转”的意思，其区别是：
whirl: 指旋转或作圆周运动，侧重急速或力量。
turn: 普通用词，中性，含义不确切，可指作一个圆周运动或连续地作圆周运动，也可指仅是沿圆的弧形转动。
roll: 指某物在平面上滚动或翻滚。
rotate: 侧重指物体围绕自己的轴或中心旋转，即自转。
revolve: 强调指物体围绕本身以外的中心旋转，即公转。
spin: 指沿内轴迅速而连续旋转，或沿外部一个点作快速圆周运转。
circle: 指作圆周运动。
n. 循环，周期；圆；圈子；圆形物
 - cycle, revolution, rotation, round, recurrence
vi. 盘旋，旋转；环行
 - wheel, orbit, spin

Word: blast
Front: blast
[blɑ:st] (研四六托雅宝 4739/5574 -3)
Vocabulary: blast
(once / 231 pages)
1nv 2nv 3nv 4n 5n 6v
A blast is an explosion, or a sudden sharp noise. When you blast someone, you either shoot them, or hit them with a verbal explosion––a tirade of criticism.
Your teacher might blast your class for being rowdy; she’ll go on and on about how you are acting like first graders. On the Fourth of July, you might hear a different kind of blast — first your neighbors' bottle rockets, then the explosion of fireworks sponsored by your town. It's very exciting to watch a rocket launch into space––little kids love to play at the game, chanting, "5...4...3...2...1...blast off!
WORD FAMILY
blast: blasted, blaster, blasting, blasts, counterblast+/blasted: blastedest, blastedly/blaster: blasters/blasting: blastingly/counterblast: counterblasts
USAGE EXAMPLES
DJs blast deafening music in each room, the beat so loud it rattles your sternum and lungs.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Monday's blast in Sadr City hit a square where day laborers typically gather.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
There are no immediate details on the midday blasts.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 爆炸; 一阵（疾风等）; （吹奏乐器、哨子、汽车喇叭等突然发出的）响声; 突如其来的强劲气流
vt. 击毁，摧毁; 尖响; 裁判高声吹哨; 枯萎：使枯萎
vi. 爆炸; 吼叫; 枯萎：枯萎; 攻击：严厉批评或猛烈攻击
时态：blasted, blasting, blasts
分布：爆炸(77%)，爆破(17%)，摧毁(3%)，批评(1%)，严厉的批评(1%)，巨响(1%)
→词源同blow.
n.一阵(风);爆炸冲击波;管乐器声v.爆炸After the blast the plastics show everlasting elasticity.爆炸过后,塑胶显示出永久的弹性.
US [blæst] verb
EXPLODE 爆炸
intransitive or transitive
■to explode or destroy something or someone with explosives, or to break through or hit something with a similar, very strong force 炸毁，爆破
• A tunnel was to be blasted through the mountains. 要在群山中开凿一条隧道。
• They heard the guns blasting away all night. 他们听到枪炮声响了一整夜。
• figurative Their latest record blasted (its way) up the charts (= moved very quickly because of its popularity). 他们最新的唱片在排行榜上名次直线上升。
⇒ See also sandblast
UK [blɑ:st] US [blæst] verb
NOISE 噪声
intransitive
■to make a very loud and unpleasant noise 产生巨大噪声；发出刺耳声
• guns/music blasting (away/out) 炮声隆隆／音乐震天响
UK [blɑ:st] US [blæst] verb
CRITICIZE 批判
transitive informal
■to criticize someone or something severely 抨击，严厉批评
• The government was blasted by the opposition for failing to reduce inflation. 政府因未能缓解通货膨胀而遭到反对派的抨击。
UK [blɑ:st] US [blæst] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  blast off
■If a rocket blasts off, it leaves the ground to go into space. （火箭）发射
UK [blɑ:st] US [blæst] noun
EXPLOSION 爆炸
 ADVANCED countable
■an explosion 爆炸，爆破
• Three people were injured in the blast. 爆炸中有三人受伤。
UK [blɑ:st] US [blæst] noun
AIR 风
countable
■a sudden strong blow of air 一阵（疾风或强劲的气流）；狂风，暴风
• A blast of cold air hit him as he opened the window. 他打开窗，一阵冷风向他袭来。
UK [blɑ:st] US [blæst] noun
NOISE 噪声
countable
■a sudden loud noise 突然的巨响
• a blast of music 突然响起的音乐
• The headteacher blew three blasts on a whistle. 小学校长吹了三声哨子。
UK [blɑ:st] US [blæst] noun
EVENT 事件
countable usually singular US informal
■an exciting or enjoyable experience or event, often a party 喧嚣的派对，狂欢
• You should have come with us last night, we had a real blast! 昨天晚上你真该跟我们一起来，我们痛快地狂欢了一场！
UK [blɑ:st] US [blæst] noun
a blast from the past humorous
■something that you experience which surprises you because it is a very long time since you last experienced it and you had almost forgotten about it 令人触动很大的往事
UK [blɑ:st] US [blæst] exclamation (also blast it) old-fashioned informal
■an expression of anger 该死，讨厌
• Oh blast! I've left my keys at home! 哎，该死！我把锁匙留在家里了！
n. [力] 爆炸；冲击波；一阵
 - detonation, burst
vi. 猛攻
 - tear into, charge at
vt. [力] 爆炸；损害；使枯萎
 - hurt, blow apart

Word: prevail
Front: prevail
[prɪˈveɪl] (研四六托雅宝 4741/5010 -2)
Vocabulary: prevail
(once / 116 pages)
v
Prevail means to successfully persuade someone of something. If you were a Presidential advisor and you convinced him to make a National Day of Pet Appreciation, then you prevailed upon him to recognize pets.
Prevail can be used for different kinds of success. If you prevail upon someone, you have influence on them. If you prevail over someone, you win. Say you’re a big fan of a losing team. You might cheer, “Despite all odds, we will prevail!” To use prevail there has be some kind of contest. That could be internal, like when you’re on a diet and your desire to eat chocolate cake prevails over your discipline.
WORD FAMILY
prevail: prevailed, prevailing, prevails, prevalence, prevalent +/ prevailing: prevailingly/ prevalent: prevalently
USAGE EXAMPLES
At least the one the following season was closer, Dallas prevailing 30-13.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Democratic centralism still prevails—exemplified by the party’s monopoly on power, Xi Jinping’s autocratic rule and the suppression of dissent.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
We grew up hoping that good prevails over evil.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vi. 流行，盛行; 获胜，占优势; 说服，劝说
时态：prevailed, prevailing, prevails
分布：盛行(49%)，获胜(43%)，劝说(8%)
→pre-,在前，领先，-vail,价值，.力量，词源同avail,value.即在力量上超过，胜利，引申词义盛行，流行等。
克服;流行(pre优先+vail→比...强大→克服,流行)[vail,val=strong,表示"强壮"]
v.(over,against)取胜,占优势;流行,盛行Details about the tailor's tail are available from the prevailing dailies.有关我缝在尾巴的细节可从流行的日报上得到.
【记】pre前，vail＝val力量－力量在别人前面－战胜
【反】yield（v 屈服）
[prɪ'veɪl] formal
verb intransitive
 ADVANCED
■to get control or influence 占优势，占上风
• I am sure that common sense will prevail in the end. 我相信常识最终会获胜。
• And did reason prevail over (= become a more powerful influence than) emotion? 理智战胜了情感吗？
 ADVANCED
■to be common among a group of people or area at a particular time 流行，盛行
• This attitude still prevails among the middle classes. 这种观点在中产阶级里仍然很普遍。
[prɪ'veɪl] formal
verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [+ to infinitive] prevail on/upon sb
■to persuade someone to do something that they do not want to do 说服（某人）
• He was eventually prevailed upon to accept the appointment. 他最后被说服，接受了这项任命。
vi. 盛行，流行；战胜，获胜
 - obtain, win

Word: overnight
Front: overnight
[ˌəʊvəˈnaɪt] (研四六 4742/4937 -3)
Vocabulary: overnight
(once / 1006 pages)
advadj
When something happens overnight, it occurs during the hours of one night. An overnight party can also be called a sleepover or a slumber party. (Pack your sleeping bag, but you probably won't use it.)
You can use overnight as an adverb or adjective literally meaning "during the night" — like an overnight airplane flight or a guest who stays overnight on your couch. You can also use it figuratively, to mean "quickly" or "instant." After you publish your first book, you may be an overnight success; and after an important election, the world may seem to change overnight.
WORD FAMILY
overnight: overnighter, overnights+/ midnight: midnights/ night: midnight, nightly, nights, overnight /overnighter: overnighters
USAGE EXAMPLES
In Georgia, some of the heaviest rains were expected late Monday night and into the overnight hours of early Tuesday morning, forecasters said.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
State police shot and killed the suspect in Weaver’s death after an overnight manhunt.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
More than eight million people tuned in to see the return of Sherlock on BBC One on Sunday, overnight ratings show.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adv. 在晚上; 在夜里; 突然; 很快
adj. 一整夜的; 晚上的; 突然的; 很快的
n. 前一天的晚上; 一夜的逗留
vi. 过一夜
分布：过夜(72%)，突然(16%)，在夜里(5%)，很快的(4%)，整晚的(3%)
a.通宵的,晚上的ad.在昨夜,一夜工夫,突然Money will be tight overnight after tonight's midnight.银根将在今晚午夜之后一下紧缩.
US [ˌoʊ.vɚ-] adjective adverb
TIME OF DAY 时间
 IMPROVER
■for or during the night 一夜间（的）；在夜间（的），在晚上（的）
• an overnight stop in Paris 在巴黎停留过夜
• You can stay overnight if you want to. 要是你愿意，可以住一晚。
• Don't forget to pack an overnight bag (= a bag for things that you need when you stay away from home for a night). 别忘了收拾在外过夜的用品旅行袋。
UK [ˌəʊ.və'naɪt] US [ˌoʊ.vɚ-] adjective adverb
SUDDENLY 突然（的）
■suddenly and unexpectedly 突然（的）；一夜之间（的）
• She became a star overnight. 她一夜之间成了明星。
• The book was an overnight success. 这本书一举获得成功。
adv. 通宵；突然；昨晚
 - short, pop
adj. 晚上的；通宵的；前夜的
 - all-night

Word: denial
Front: denial
[dɪˈnaɪəl] (研六雅 4743/6046 -2)
Vocabulary: denial
(once / 520 pages)
n
A denial is a refusal, and often means a refusal to believe or accept something as the truth. "When asked if he ate the powdered doughnut, he gave a flat denial. Since his face was covered with powdered sugar, the denial was ludicrous."
To be "in denial" is to be fooling yourself about the reality of your situation. If you stay up late watching TV on the eve of your AP Biology final, you are probably in denial about your lack of preparation for the test. Now, "self-denial is a whole other thing; that is when someone puts others first: "During the drought, Mary made sure all her neighbors had enough water and she lived in a state of self-denial — relying on Mountain Dew as her only source of hydration."
WORD FAMILY
denial: denials, self-denial+/ deniable: undeniable /denier: deniers/ deny: deniable, denial, denied, denier, denies, denying, denys/denying: self-denying/ undeniable: undeniablest, undeniably
USAGE EXAMPLES
But Mr. Haldeman’s notes appear to confirm longstanding suspicions that Nixon himself was directly involved, despite his later denials.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Food should not be about denial, guilt or killing ourselves.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Customs officials' claims that the rice seized in Lagos last week was "plastic" sparked confusion and official denials.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 否认，否定; 克制; 拒绝，拒绝接受
分布：否认(53%)，拒绝(47%)
n.否认;拒绝;否认某事或某事实的声明Denial is useless.否认是没有用处的.
noun
NOT TRUE 不对
 IMPROVER countable
■a statement that something is not true or does not exist 否认，否定
• The prime minister issued a denial of the report that she is about to resign. 首相发表声明，对她将辞职的报道予以否认。
• [+ that] Officials did not believe the runner's denial that he had taken drugs. 那位赛跑选手声称自己没有服药，但官员们并不相信。
• His denial of responsibility for the accident was unconvincing. 他声称自己毋须为这次事故负上责任，但他的说法并不令人信服。
countable
■a statement that someone has not done something （某人）否认（做过某事）
[dɪ'naɪ.əl] noun
NOT ALLOW 拒绝
uncountable
■when someone is not allowed to do or have something 拒绝；剥夺
• a gross denial of justice 对正义的粗暴践踏
⇒ See also self-denial
[dɪ'naɪ.əl] noun
NOT ACCEPT 不接受
■when someone does not accept that something unpleasant is true （某人）拒绝相信；难以接受
• He's still in denial about the break-up of his relationship. 他仍然无法接受他们分手的事实。
[dɪ'naɪ.əl] noun
AGAINST BELIEFS 反对信念
■when someone acts in a way that goes against their beliefs and what they think is right 违反，背叛（原则，信念）
• If I did what you ask, it would be a denial of everything I stand for (= believe in). 如果我照你说的做了，那就等于背叛了我的信念。
n. 否认；拒绝；节制；背弃
 - contradiction, rejection, repudiation

Word: rental
Front: rental
[ˈrentl] (托雅 4746/7700 -2)
Back: n. 租费，租金额
分布：租费(40%)，租借(33%)，地租的(15%)，租借的(12%)
US [-tˌəl] noun countable or uncountable
■an arrangement to rent something, or the amount of money that you pay to rent something 出租，租赁，租借；租金，租费
• Property rental is quite expensive here. 这里房租很贵。
• Video and television rentals have decreased this year. 今年录影带和电视的租金下降了。
• a car rental company 汽车租赁公司
n. 租金收入，租金；租赁
 - letting, leasing
adj. 租赁的；收取租金的
 - leasehold

Word: fantastic
Front: fantastic
[fænˈtæstɪk] (中高研六托雅 4747/4942 -2)
Vocabulary: fantastic
(once / 442 pages)
1adj 2adj
The adjective fantastic has two meanings — extraordinarily brilliant or ludicrously far-fetched. So when your boss calls your suggestion of work-at-home-in-your-bathrobe-Fridays for the whole office fantastic, be sure you know which one he means.
We get fantastic from the Latin phantasticus, meaning “imaginary.” Sometimes it’s still used that way: If you call a unicorn a fantastic beast, you’re not paying it a compliment; you’re saying it exists only in fairy tales. Most often, though, fantastic means strikingly out-of-the-ordinary. It can be complimentary ("You got an A? Fantastic!") or disparaging ("He was always foolishly unrealistic, but trying to reach the moon using a balloon tied to his bicycle was his most fantastic idea yet.").
WORD FAMILY
fantastic: fantasticly+/fantasist: fantasists/ fantasize: fantasized, fantasizes, fantasizing/fantastical: fantastically/ fantasy: fantasied, fantasies, fantasise, fantasist, fantasize, fantastic, fantastical, fantasying
USAGE EXAMPLES
But there are also many stories of fantastic economic failure.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
His his all-round display against Watford was fantastic, not to mention his two goals.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
I haven't seen it again but it was a fantastic strike for him.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 极好的; 很大的; 怪诞的; 不切实际的
分布：奇异的(43%)，极好的(31%)，幻想的(13%)，难以置信的(9%)，巨大的(4%)
→来自fantasy, 幻想。即幻想中的，极美妙的。
a.(fantastical)奇异的,幻想的,异想天开的We had a fantastic trip to Europe.我们进行了一次美好的欧洲之旅.
adjective
GOOD 好的
 IMPROVER informal
■extremely good 极好的
• You look fantastic in that dress. 你穿着那条连身裙看起来棒极了。
• We had a fantastic time. 我们玩得很痛快。
• They've won a holiday? How fantastic! 他们赢得了一个假期？太棒了！
[fæn'tæs.tɪk] adjective
NOT REAL 不真实的 (also fantastical)
■strange and imaginary, or not reasonable 怪诞的；幻想的；荒诞不经的
• He drew fantastic animals with two heads and large wings. 他画了一些长着两个头和巨大翅膀的怪兽。
• fantastical tales (= about imaginary things) 幻想故事
■very unusual, strange or unexpected 非同寻常的；奇怪的；难以置信的
• It seemed fantastic that they still remembered her 50 years later. 50年过去了，他们依然记得她，这似乎令人难以置信。
[fæn'tæs.tɪk] adjective
LARGE 大的
■A fantastic amount is very large （数量）极大的
• She must be earning a fantastic amount of money. 她一定是在赚大钱。
adj. 奇异的；空想的；极好的；不可思议的
 - wonderful, excellent, famous, super, great
n. 古怪的人
 - weirdo, geezer

Word: fragment
Front: fragment
[ˈfrægmənt] (研四六托雅宝 4744/3352 -2)
Vocabulary: fragment
(once / 202 pages)
nv
A fragment is a small piece that’s come off a larger whole, and to fragment is to break. If your teacher writes "frag" on your paper, you've got an incomplete sentence.
Fragment, meaning "a tiny, brittle shard," first appeared as a noun and later as a verb. That afternoon you hacked away at the fireplace in your parents’ living room in search of secret treasure as a child? Those dusty chunks of brick you scattered all over their shag carpet were fragments of a once-intact wall, and a happier time before you were grounded. Not only did you cause physical damage that day, but you also fragmented their trust in you.
WORD FAMILY
fragment: fragmental, fragmentary, fragmentation, fragmented, fragmenting, fragmentise, fragmentize, fragments+/fragmentary: fragmentarily/ fragmentation: fragmentations/fragmentize: fragmentized, fragmentizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
“It’s a transitional, fragmented episode built around narrative red herrings,” Mike Hale wrote in The New York Times.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
“It was pretty bad,” he says, in his fragmented English.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
No one is assigned to guard the site, much less catalog the fragments.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 碎片; 片段，未完成的部分; （将文件内容）分段
vt. （使）碎裂，破裂，分裂
vi. 破碎，碎裂
时态：fragmented, fragmenting, fragments
分布：片段(67%)，碎片(28%)，分裂(4%)，使破碎(1%)
→来自bhreg, 分开，破开，词源同break, fraction. 即破开的部分，碎片。
碎片;片断(frag+ment表名词)[fract,frang=break,表示"打碎"]
碎片(frag破碎)[-ment 1.表名词"行为或结果"2.表示具体物]
n.碎片,小部分,片断The ragged man drags a waggon of rag fragments.那个衣衫褴褛的人拉着一货车破布碎片.
【记】frag碎
【反】coalesce（v 接合；联合）
noun countable /ˈfræg.mənt/
■a small piece or a part, especially when broken from something whole 小片，小块；（尤指）碎片，碎块
• The road was covered with fragments of glass from the shattered window. 马路上到处是车窗的碎玻璃片。
• Literary scholars are piecing together her last unpublished novel from fragments of a recently discovered manuscript. 文学研究者们正在把最近发现的她最后一部未发表小说的手稿残片一点点拼凑起来。
verb intransitive or transitive /frægˈment/
■to break something into small parts or to be broken up in this way （使）支离破碎；打碎；（使）分裂
• The satellite will fragment and burn up as it falls through the Earth's atmosphere. 卫星坠经地球大气层时会碎裂起火，化为灰烬。
• The government is planning to fragment the industry before privatizing it. 政府正计划将该产业拆分后再进行私有化。
bit, scrap, slice, fragment, sheet, piece
这组词都有“片、块、段”的意思，其区别是：
bit: 侧重指微小，一点点，小碎片。
scrap: 侧重指废弃的零碎之物。
slice: 多指切得很薄的一片食物。
fragment: 指破裂的，不完整的，不可完整的碎片。
sheet: 侧重指平整很薄的一张或一片。
piece: 最普通用词，多指从整体上分割下来的东西，可大可小。
share, fraction, division, segment, part, fragment, section, piece, portion
这组词都有“整体的一部分”的意思，其区别是：
share: 指共有的东西中应占有的一部分。
fraction: 指包含在全体中的一部分，暗示微不足道的一部分。
division: 通常指按类划分或分割成而的部分。常含抽象意义。
segment: 指某物的特定部分或自然形成的部分，也指线形物品的一段。
part: 含义广，最普通用词。常指整体中可大可小的一部分，也可指整体中可分开的独立部分。
fragment: 指因破裂、分割等产生的支离破碎、不规则的一部分。
section: 指整体中的分区，部分与部分之间有显著界限。
piece: 指整体中的一些个体，尤指从某个整体上分出来的一部分。
portion: 侧重从整体中所分配到的那一部分，含一定的独立意义。
n. 碎片；片断或不完整部分
 - debris, chip

Word: level
Front: level
[ˈlevl] (中高研四六雅 338/241 -K5)
Vocabulary: level
(once / 65 pages)
1nadj 2n 3nadjv 4v 5v
A level is a position in a scale. Attaining a high level of unemployment is depressing, but getting to a high level on a video game is exciting.
The verb level also means to flatten or destroy. For example, a mighty wind will level a grove of trees or a wrecking ball can level a building. As a noun, level notes the position of something on a scale of intensity. You feel a rising level of temperature as the sun gets higher in the sky. As an adjective, level describes something that is even and flat. A level path is easy to walk on.
WORD FAMILY
level: leveled, leveler, leveling, levelled, levelling, levelly, levels, multilevel+/leveler: levelers/leveling: levelings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Just before Christmas, the governor of the Bank of England, Mark Carney, warned about the high level of debt among UK households.
BBC(Jan 03, 2017)
Dayton asked of a pivot to the federal level.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
A total of 24 cities are under a pollution “red alert,” the highest warning level in China’s four-tiered system.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: n. 水平，水准; 水平线，水平面; 水平仪; [物]电平
adj. 水平的; 同高度的; 平均的; 平稳的
vt. 使同等; 对准; 弄平
vi. 拉平; （用枪等）瞄准（与 at 连用）; 变得平坦; 将（话、批评等）对准目标
vi. 瞄准; 拉平; 变得平坦
时态：levelled, levelling, levels
分布：水平(74%)，平的(13%)，等级(5%)，弄平(2%)，对准(2%)，水平线(2%)，夷平(1%)，数量(1%)
→来自拉丁语libella,平衡，秤，词源同Libra,deliberate.引申词义水平，层级。
n.水平,水准,等级v.弄平,铺平a.水平的Elevate the eleventh level to relevant height.提高第11步到相关的高度.
noun countable
HEIGHT 高度
 ESSENTIAL
■the height of something 高度
• The water level in the lake is much higher after heavy rain. 暴雨过后这个湖的水位上升了很多。
 ESSENTIAL
■the amount or number of something 数目，数量
• Inflation is going to rise 2% from its present level. 通货膨胀率将比目前上涨2%。
• Chess requires a very high level of concentration. 下棋需要注意力高度集中。
• There is some danger of low level (= a continuing small amount of) radiation. 存在低剂量辐射的危险。
['lev.əl] noun countable
ABILITY 能力
 ESSENTIAL
■someone's ability compared to other people （与他人相比的）能力，水准，级别
• a course for advanced level students 面向高级别学生的课程
• Students at this level require a lot of help. 处于这种程度的学生需要大量的帮助。
• The exam can be taken at three levels. 这种考试分为三个级别。
['lev.əl] noun countable
FLOOR 楼层
 ADVANCED
■a floor in a large building 层，楼层
• The library has three levels, with a conference centre at ground level. 这个图书馆分三层，在一层有一个会议中心。
• The exhibition is on level three of the building. 该展览在大厦的四层。
['lev.əl] noun countable
RANK 等级
 ADVANCED
■a position within a system in which people are arranged according to their importance 层次，级别
• These are subjects for discussion at management level. 这些是管理层需要讨论的问题。
at local/national level
■relating to a particular area of the country/the whole of the country 在当地／全国
• These sorts of policies are made at local level. 这些政策由当地部门制定。
['lev.əl] noun countable
be on the level
■to be acting or speaking honestly 言行诚实；真心
• It seems too good to be true. Are you sure this guy's on the level? 这似乎好得有些让人不敢相信。你确定这家伙是真心的吗？
['lev.əl] noun countable
find your own level
■to find out how much ability you have and find a position which is therefore suitable 找到自己的位置，确定自己的水准
['lev.əl] noun countable
on one level...on another level
■something that you say when you are speaking about two opposite ways of thinking about or responding to a situation 一方面…另一方面
• On one level I quite like the attention but on another level, I suppose I find it a bit disturbing. 一方面我很喜欢这种关注，但另一方面我又觉得这种关注对我有些干扰。
['lev.əl] adjective
AT SAME HEIGHT 在同等高度
 ADVANCED [after verb]
■at the same height 高度相等的，等高的
• The top of the tree is level with his bedroom window. 那棵树的树顶和他睡房的窗户处于同一高度。
['lev.əl] adjective
FLAT 平的
 ADVANCED
■flat or horizontal 平的，水准的
• Make sure the camera is level before you take the picture. 拍照前要保证相机处于水准位置。
• Before I bang the nails in, would you say this picture was level? 在我把钉子敲进去之前，请帮我看看这幅画歪了没有？
level spoonful/cupful
■an amount of a liquid or substance which fills a spoon/cup but does not go above the edges, used as a measure in cooking （烹饪时用于计量的）一平勺／杯的量
['lev.əl] adjective
EQUAL 相等的
■having the same value, amount, number of points, etc 相等的；等量的
• The unions are fighting to keep wages level (US usuallyeven)with inflation. 工会正在争取工资与通货膨胀率保持同步增长。
• Chiappucci would have to win the next three stages in order to draw level with (= reach the same position as) Indurain in the Tour de France. 基亚普齐必须在此次环法自行车赛后面的三个赛段中取胜才能赶上因杜拉因。
['lev.əl] adjective
CONTROLLED 受控制的
[before noun]
■If you speak in a level voice or give someone a level look, you do it in a calm and controlled way （说话声或目光）平静的，平稳的
• In a level voice, he ordered the soldiers to aim and fire. 他语调平静地命令士兵们瞄准射击。
['lev.əl] adjective
do your level best
■to try as hard as you can 竭尽全力，全力以赴
• Tickets are hard to come by but I'll do my level best to get you one. 票很难弄到，但我会尽全力给你弄一张的。
['lev.əl] adjective
level pegging UK
■in an equal position in a competition or game （在竞赛或比赛中）难分伯仲，不分胜负
• Both teams are level pegging. 目前两队并驾齐驱。
['lev.əl] adjective
a level playing field
■a situation in which everyone has the same chance of succeeding 公平竞争的环境
• If the tax systems are different in each European country, how can industries start on a level playing field? 如果欧洲各国的税制不同，那么不同国家的各个行业怎能在均等机会下展开竞争呢？
['lev.əl] verb transitive (-ll- or US USUALLY -l-)
MAKE FLAT 弄平
■to make a surface flat 弄平，使平整
• Level the wet cement before it sets. 在水泥凝固前把它抹平。
['lev.əl] verb transitive (-ll- or US USUALLY -l-)
DESTROY 破坏
■to completely destroy a building or area 将…夷为平地，彻底摧毁
• The bombing levelled the village. 那次轰炸已将村庄夷为平地。
['lev.əl] verb transitive (-ll- or US USUALLY -l-)
  Phrasal Verbs  level sth against/at sb
■to accuse someone in public of doing something wrong 公开谴责（某人），公开指责（某人）
• Criticism has been levelled at senior figures in the industry. 该行业的高层人物受到了公开谴责。
• Charges of corruption have been levelled against him. 有关腐败的指控纷纷指向了他。
['lev.əl] verb transitive (-ll- or US USUALLY -l-)
  Phrasal Verbs  level sth at sb
■to aim something such as a weapon at someone 用…瞄准（某人）
• She picked up the gun and levelled it at me. 她拿起枪用枪口指着我。
['lev.əl] verb transitive (-ll- or US USUALLY -l-)
  Phrasal Verbs  level off
■If a rate or amount levels off, it stops rising or falling and stays at the same level 保持稳定（不再波动）
• House prices now seem to be levelling off after the steep rises of the last few years. 房价经过这几年的窜升后目前似乎已趋于稳定。
• Unemployment rose to 10% and then levelled off. 失业率在上升至10%后一直处于稳定状态。
['lev.əl] verb transitive (-ll- or US USUALLY -l-)
  Phrasal Verbs  level off/out
■If an aircraft levels off/out, it starts to travel horizontally rather than going up or down 水准飞行
• The jet levelled off at 10, 000 feet. 飞机在一万英尺的高度水准飞行。
['lev.əl] verb transitive (-ll- or US USUALLY -l-)
  Phrasal Verbs  level with sb informal
■to tell someone the truth about something 告知（某人）真相，对（某人）说真话
• I'll level with you - the salary's not particularly good, and there's little chance of promotion. 我实话跟你说——工资并不太高，也没有多少晋升的机会。
smooth, level, flat, even
这组词都有“平的，平坦的”的意思，其区别是：
smooth: 侧重指表面十分平滑，无任何粗糙的感觉。引申作圆滑解。
level: 强调没有高低之处，且在同一水平面，可引申指才能相等或与相邻某物平行。
flat: 指光滑平整的表面，但不一定是水平的。
even: 通常指平面上的各点或一条直线的各点处在同一平面或直线上。
n. 水平；标准；水平面
 - criterion, standard, norms, prototype
adj. 水平的；平坦的；同高的
 - horizontal, flat, even
vi. 瞄准；拉平；变得平坦
 - aim for, take aim at
vt. 使同等；对准；弄平
 - platten

Word: screw
Front: screw
[skru:] (研四六托雅宝 4750/5393 -K2)
Back: n. 螺丝钉; 螺旋桨，螺旋状物; （螺丝的）转，扭; 吝啬鬼
vt. 用螺丝拧紧; 扭曲（某人的面孔）; 〈俚〉占便宜，诈骗
vi. 扭转，扭歪; 旋紧; （和某人）性交
时态：screwed, screwing, screws
分布：螺丝(38%)，螺钉(20%)，螺旋(16%)，拧(12%)，拧紧(7%)，螺旋桨(2%)，压榨(2%)，监狱看守人(1%)，吝啬鬼(1%)，薪水(1%)
→来自中古英语 screw,螺旋，螺丝，可能来自 sker,弯，转，词源同 ring,curve,shrimp.引申 动词词义旋，拧等。
n.螺旋,螺丝(钉)v.拧,拧紧The crew unscrewed the screws from the sewing-machine and chewed them.船员们从缝纫机上旋下螺钉并咀嚼它们.
【参】screwdriver（n 螺丝起子）
noun
METAL OBJECT 金属物体
countable
■a thin pointed piece of metal with a raised edge twisting round along its length and a flat top with a cut in it, which is used to join things together, especially pieces of wood 螺丝（钉）
countable
■a twist or turn made to fasten or tighten something 扭紧，旋紧，拧紧
• Give it another screw to make sure the lid doesn't come off while we're travelling. 把盖子再拧紧一点，那么我们在路上的时候盖子就不会掉落。
[skru:] noun
PRISON GUARD 监狱看守
countable slang
■(a word used especially by prisoners) a prison guard 监狱看守（尤为犯人用语）
[skru:] noun
HAVE SEX 发生性关系
countable offensive
■the act of sex, or a sexual partner 性行为；性伴侣
• I never feel like a screw when I wake up in the morning. 我早晨醒来时从不想性交。
• He's a really good screw. 他真是个很棒的性伴侣。
[skru:] noun
INSTRUMENT 器具
screws [plural]
■ thumbscrew
[skru:] noun
have a screw loose informal
■If you say that someone has a screw loose, you mean that they behave in a strange way and seem slightly mentally ill. 行为乖戾；神经有点不正常
[skru:] noun
put/tighten the screws on sb informal
■to use force or threats to make someone do what you want 给（某人）施加压力
• They put the screws on him until he paid up. 他们给他施加压力，直到他把钱全部付清为止。
[skru:] verb
TIGHT SHAPE 绷紧的形状
transitive + adverb or preposition
■to tighten the muscles of your face or part of your face into a particular expression, especially one of disapproval or pain （尤指出于不赞同或疼痛）扭曲（面部）
• He screwed his eyes tight shut against the bright light. 在强光的照射下，他眯紧了眼睛。
• The woman at the breakfast table screwed her mouth into a grimace. 正在吃早饭的那位女子咧着嘴，一副苦相。
transitive + adverb or preposition
■to twist and crush something, especially paper or cloth, roughly with your hands 将（尤指纸或布）揉成团
• She screwed the bag up and threw it in the bin. 她把袋子揉成一团，丢进垃圾筒。
• He screwed the letter into a ball and flung it away. 他把信揉成一团丢了。
[skru:] verb
METAL OBJECT 金属物体
transitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to fasten something using a screw 用螺丝固定（或旋紧）
• Screw this piece of wood to the wall. 用螺丝把这块木头固定在墙上。
• Screw these two pieces together. 把这两块用螺丝锁在一起。
transitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to fasten something using an object similar to a screw （用类似螺丝的东西）固定，旋紧
• We'll have to screw a hook into the wall. 我们得把一个钩子锁到墙里去。
transitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to fasten something by turning it or twisting it 牢牢锁紧，旋紧
• Screw the lid firmly on to the jar and shake well. 把瓶盖旋紧，然后摇匀。
screw in/together
■If something screws in/together, it fits or fastens together by being turned 旋上，锁合
• This light bulb screws in. 这个灯泡是用转的。
• The steel rods screw together. 这些钢条是锁在一起的。
[skru:] verb
CHEAT 欺骗
transitive slang
■to cheat or deceive someone 骗，欺骗
• It was only after we'd had the car for a few days that we realised we'd been screwed by the dealer. 车子到手几天后，我们才明白自己被经销商骗了。
[skru:] verb
HAVE SEX 发生性关系
intransitive or transitive offensive
■to have sex with someone （与…）发生性关系
• They say he's screwing the boss's wife. 他们说他和老板的妻子有不正当关系。
[skru:] verb
Screw it/you/them! offensive
■used when expressing extreme anger 他妈的！
• "Screw it!" he said. "If they won't give us the money, we'll just take it." “他妈的！”他说，“如果他们不给钱，我们就自己拿。”
• You don't like it? Well, screw you! “你不喜欢？那见你的鬼去吧！”
[skru:] verb
screw up your courage
■to force yourself to be brave 鼓起勇气
• I screwed up my courage and went in to see the director. 我鼓起勇气进去见主管。
[skru:] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  screw around offensive
■to have sex with a lot of people or with people other than your husband or wife 滥交；偷情
[skru:] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  screw sth out of sb UK informal
■to get something from someone by using force or threats 逼（某人）交出；向（某人）勒索
• We'll screw every last penny out of him. 我们要逼他交出所有钱。
[skru:] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] screw (sth) up informal
■to make a mistake, or to spoil something 犯错；搞糟；弄坏
• I reckon I screwed the chemistry exam up totally. 我想我化学彻底考砸了。
[skru:] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] screw sb up informal
■When bad experiences or people screw you up, they make you worried and unhappy or they damage your personality 使（某人）焦虑不安；令（某人）很难过；使（某人）精神崩溃
• It really screwed him up when he saw his friend get killed. 看到自己的朋友遇难，他非常难过。
screwed up
adjective informal
■unhappy and worried because of bad experiences 不高兴的；心烦意乱的
• He's been really screwed up since his wife died. 他妻子死后，他完全崩溃了。
vt. 旋，拧；压榨；强迫
 - force, enforce
n. 螺旋； [机] 螺丝钉；吝啬鬼
 - spiral, helix
vi. 转动，拧
 - turn, roll

Word: warmth
Front: warmth
[wɔ:mθ] (高研四六 4749/3527 -K2)
Back: n. 温暖，暖和; 热情，热心; 激动; 诚恳
分布：温暖(74%)，热情(19%)，热烈(6%)，热心(1%)
温暖(warm温暖的)[-th表名词,通常指抽象名词]
n.暖和,温暖;热心,热情He is moved by the warmth of their words.他被他们亲切的话语感动了.
N-UNCOUNT
温度;温暖;热度
The warmth of something is the heat that it has or produces.
例：She went further into the room, drawn by the warmth of the fire...暖暖的炉火吸引着她继续向前走进那间屋子。
例：June had brought with it the first of the summer warmth.六月带来了夏日的第一缕热气。
N-UNCOUNT
保暖
The warmth of something such as a garment or blanket is the protection that it gives you against the cold.
例：The blanket will provide additional warmth and comfort in bed.毛毯能让你睡得更温暖、更舒适。
N-UNCOUNT
热情;亲切；友好
Someone who has warmth is friendly and enthusiastic in their behaviour towards other people.
例：He greeted us both with warmth and affection.他热情且友好地迎接了我们俩。
n. 温暖；热情；激动
 - passion, flame, fire

Word: undergraduate
Front: undergraduate
[ˌʌndəˈgrædʒuət] (研四六托雅 4751/6208 -1)
Vocabulary: undergraduate
(once / 1460 pages)
n
An undergraduate is a college or university student who's not a graduate student. After high school, you can become an undergraduate.
Undergraduates are students of universities and colleges: they've graduated from high school and have been accepted to college, but they haven't graduated yet. If the under in undergraduate seems confusing, that's because there are also graduate students, students who have a college degree but are no longer undergraduates and are pursuing an advanced degree, like a Master's or Ph.D. Lots of people say being an undergraduate was one of the best times of their lives: it's an exciting thing to be.
WORD FAMILY
undergraduate: undergraduates+/ graduate: graduated, graduates, graduating, graduation, postgraduate, undergraduate / graduation: graduations/postgraduate: postgraduates
USAGE EXAMPLES
After attending public schools in Decatur, he earned undergraduate and law degrees from the University of Alabama.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
News & World Report’s top 76 universities, only 23 undergraduate history programs require any American history.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
His salary would jump with an undergraduate degree.
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: n. （未获学士学位的）大学生，大学肄业生
adj. 大学生的，大学的
分布：大学生(71%)，大学的(20%)，大学生的(9%)
→under-, 未达到，graduate,毕业生。
n.大学生,大学肆业生The degraded undergraduate upgraded the underlying virus program.被降职的大学生升级基础的病毒计划.
US [-dɚ-] noun countable
■a student who is studying for their first degree at college or university 大学本科生 Compare graduate ; postgraduate
graduate, undergraduate, post graduate
graduate: 大学毕业生
undergraduate: 大学本科生
post graduate: 研究生
n. 大学生；大学肄业生
 - academic, college student, university student
adj. 大学生的
 - collegiate

Word: headache
Front: headache
[ˈhedeɪk] (中高研四六雅 4745/5005 -K2)
Vocabulary: headache
(once / 642 pages)
n
A headache is a pain or ache in your head, especially one that lasts longer than a few minutes. You might get a headache after a day of staring at a computer screen.
There are many reasons for getting a headache, from staying up too late to a stressful day to skipping your morning cup of coffee. A more serious type of headache, like a migraine, might keep you home from work for a day, but most headaches are just a nuisance. You can also describe a problem or struggle as a figurative headache: "Learning Danish is turning out to be a real headache." In Old English, the word was heafodece.
WORD FAMILY
headache: headaches
USAGE EXAMPLES
Kubiak was back in the hospital, this time diagnosed with a complex migraine headache.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“It’s better to do as they say and avoid the headache in the long run,” he said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“Every week after a game, I got some sort of headache.”
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 头痛; 令人头痛的事
分布：头痛(100%)
→head,头，ache,痛苦。
n.头痛He has got a bad headache.他头痛得厉害.
noun countable
PAIN 疼痛
 ADVANCED
■a pain you feel inside your head 头痛
• I've got a splitting (= severe) headache. 我头痛得很厉害。
['hed.eɪk] noun countable
DIFFICULTY 困难
■something that causes you great difficulty and worry 令人头痛的事
• Finding a babysitter for Saturday evening will be a major headache. 要在星期六晚上找个照顾小孩的人真是件让人头痛的事。
n. [内科] 头痛；麻烦；令人头痛之事
 - trouble, cephalalgia

Word: policeman
Front: policeman
[pəˈli:smən] (中高 4754/2490 -3)
Back: n. （男）警察，警员; 看守矿井的人; [化] 淀帚
分布：名词(100%)
n.警察A policeman is at the corner of the street.一个警察在街道的拐角处.
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a male member of a police force 男员警
policeman, police
policeman: 指某个具体的警察
police: 警察的总称,后接复数谓语动词, The police are questioning everyone in the house.
n. 警察，警员； [分化] 淀帚（橡皮头玻璃搅棒）
 - pig, copper, bobby, finest

Word: yield
Front: yield
[ji:ld] (研四六托雅 2652/3333 -3)
Vocabulary: yield
(once / 85 pages)
1vn 2v 3v
Yield has two meanings that seem quite different: "an amount" or "to give way." The yield of the recipe was twelve brownies. To avoid being tripped, Mary was forced to yield to the children on her way to the brownie plate.
While these meanings seem quite different, they both essentially mean "to give." The recipe gives twelve brownies to those who follow it, and Mary is giving up her right to go first. Yield can also mean the rate of return on an investment. A bond yields an interest rate of 2%, or gives an investor $2.00 for every $100 invested.
WORD FAMILY
yield: yielded, yielder, yielding, yields+/ unyielding: unyieldingly, unyieldingness/yielder: yielders/yielding: unyielding, yieldingly, yieldings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Two nights after yielding a season-worst 69 points in the first half to James Harden and Houston, the Knicks surrendered 67 to the Magic.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But, as is often the case, this sort of “discovery” science is yielding extraordinary benefits.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
As European stocks climbed, a rally in risk appetite also pushed down the yields on lower-rated government bonds in the euro zone to multi-week lows.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 屈服，投降; 生产; 获利; 不再反对
vi. 放弃，屈服; 生利; 退让，退位
n. 产量，产额; 投资的收益; 屈服，击穿; 产品
时态：yielded, yielding, yields
分布：屈服(58%)，生产(30%)，生产量(4%)，获利(4%)，投资收益(3%)，弯下去(1%)
→来自gheldh,支付，付款，引申词义屈服，词源同guild.其原义为加入行业公会，获取行业保护，引申词义出产，收获。
v.出产,生长;(to)屈服,服从n.产量,收获The land yields well.这块地收成好.
【反】outmaneuver（v 以策略制胜）；prevail（v 流行；成功）
verb
PRODUCE 产生
transitive
■to supply or produce something positive such as a profit, an amount of food or information 产生；出产；得出
• an attempt to yield increased profits 提高利润的努力
• The investigation yielded some unexpected results. 调查得出了一些出乎意料的结果。
• Favourable weather yielded a good crop. 好天气带来了好收成。
[ji:ld] verb
GIVE UP 放弃
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to give up the control of or responsibility for something, often because you have been forced to （常指被迫）放弃，让出
• They were forced to yield (up) their land to the occupying forces. 他们被迫将领土割让给占领军。
• Despite renewed pressure to give up the occupied territory, they will not yield. 尽管有新的压力要求放弃被占领的土地，他们就是不愿屈服。
[ji:ld] verb
BEND/BREAK 弯曲／断裂
intransitive slightly formal
■to bend or break under pressure （受压）弯曲，折断，垮掉
• His legs began to yield under the sheer weight of his body. 他的双腿连自己的体重也承受不住，开始弯曲。
[ji:ld] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  yield to sth
AGREE
■to agree to do something that you do not want to do or should not do 服从，顺从，屈服于
• It's very easy to yield to temptation and spend too much money. 很容易会抵制不住诱惑而挥金如土。
• "We will not yield to pressure," said the president. “我们不会向压力屈服，”总统说道。
STOP US (UK give way)
■to stop in order to allow other vehicles to go past before you drive onto a bigger road 给（其他车辆）让道
[ji:ld] noun countable usually plural
 ADVANCED
■an amount of something positive, such as food or profit, that is produced or supplied 产生；出产；得出
• Crop yields have risen steadily. 农作物产量稳步增长。
• Yields on gas and electricity shares are consistently high. 天然气与电力股票的收益一直很高
submit, yield, surrender
这组词都有“让步，屈服”的意思，其区别是：
submit: 表示“甘心忍受”，作及物动词时，宾语为反身代词，但一般为不及物动词，后接介词to 。
yield: “投降”，与surrender 大致同义，但是指“温和的让步”。
surrender: “投降”，强调“被迫投降，压力很大”，是不及物动词，后接介词to；用作及物动词时，表因战败或被迫“交出”，“放弃”某些事物。
manufacture, yield, contribute, create, produce
manufacture: （强调机器成批）生产
yield: 生出、产生或提供（自然产物、结果或利润等）
contribute: 贡献出
create: 引起，造成（感觉或印象）
produce: 制造，引起，导致，带来
yield, harvest, crop
这组词都有“收成”的意思，其区别是：
yield: 指生产物，农作物的总产量。
harvest: 主要指农作物或水果的收获量，有时也指收割的行为。
crop: 普通用词，侧重指农作物一次收割或一季的收成。
vt. [力] 屈服；出产；放弃
 - desert, quit
vi. [力] 屈服，投降
 - succumb, to surrender
n. [经] 产量；收益
 - crop, output, harvest, proceeds

Word: projection
Front: projection
[prəˈdʒekʃn] (托宝 4755/5368 -2)
Vocabulary: projection
(once / 1050 pages)
1n 2n 3n 4n 5n 6n
When you push something away from a central structure, that's called projection. If you predict that the Jets will win tomorrow's game, that's a projection, too — you're pushing your mind away from the present and into the future.
The Jets and projection actually have a common linguistic ancestor. Both the ject in projection and the word jet come from the Latin root jactus, which means "throw." A jet plane throws itself — or projects itself — away from a central structure (the Earth) and into the air.
WORD FAMILY
projection: projections+/ project: projected, projecting, projection, projector, projects/projectionist: projectionists/ projector: projectionist, projectors
USAGE EXAMPLES
If those projections prove true, 2016 would mark the seventh consecutive year of rising automotive sales.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
It was not just a lie, it was a masterpiece of projection.
Salon(Jan 01, 2017)
Historic buildings across the city will become backdrops for projections illustrating the history of Hull.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 预测; 规划，设计; [心]投射; 突起物
分布：投影(65%)，投射(15%)，预测(8%)，放映(5%)，发射(3%)，规划(3%)，凸出物(1%)
→来自project,投掷，投射，-ion,名词后缀。
投射;放映(project+ion)[ject=throw,cast,表示"投掷,扔"]
noun
CALCULATION 计算
countable
■a calculation or guess about the future based on information that you have 预测，推测
• The company has failed to achieve last year's sales projections by thirty percent. 这家公司未能达到去年的预期销售目标，还差30%。
[prə'dʒek.ʃən] noun
IMAGE 影像
uncountable
■when a film or an image is projected onto a screen or wall 放映；投射
[prə'dʒek.ʃən] noun
STICKING OUT 凸出物
countable
■something that projects from a surface or above the edge of something 凸出物；隆起物
[prə'dʒek.ʃən] noun
DRAWING 图像
countable specialized
■a drawn representation of a solid shape or a line as seen from a particular direction 投影
n. [心理] [数] 投射；规划；突出；发射；推测
 - emission, theory, speculation, planning, sending

Word: battle
Front: battle
[ˈbætl] (高研四六托 1199/1330 -K4)
Vocabulary: battle
(once / 42 pages)
nv
A battle is an open struggle, usually between two groups — like a baseball championship game or a food fight.
The word battle is often used in opposition to war, a series of battles. Perhaps you have heard someone tell you, after winning the first of many dance competitions, "You may have won the battle, but you haven’t won the war!" A battle doesn’t have to occur between two individuals or groups. You may endure an inner battle to cut down on junk food. If you skip those fries for lunch today, then you have won a small battle.
WORD FAMILY
battle: battled, battleful, battler, battles, battling+/battler: battlers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Which he is ready to do at Kapalua, despite battling a sinus infection the last 10 days.
Golf Digest(Jan 02, 2017)
Descendants of British soldiers who fought in the battle will be offered free tickets to the commemorations.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
The headline-grabbing arch conservative from Spartanburg County faced a trio of opponents in his primary battle to win a third term in the Senate.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 与…作战; 争斗
n. 战争，战役; 比赛，较量; 长期论战或长期作战; 激烈的竞争
时态：battled, battling, battles
分布：战斗(93%)，争斗(6%)，与 ... 竞争(1%)
→词源同beat, 击，打。-le, 表反复。
战斗(batt+le)[bat=beat,表示"打,击"]
n.战役,战斗;斗争v.战斗,斗争,搏斗The pattern of the battery doesn't matter to the battle against the little brittle cattle.电池的式样对与脆小牛作战无关要紧.
US ['bætˌ-] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a fight between armed forces 战斗，战役，战争
• the Battle of the Somme 索姆河战役
• Her only brother was killed in battle (= while fighting). 她唯一的哥哥在战斗中牺牲了。
 IMPROVER
■an argument between two groups or against a situation that a group wants to change 争论；斗争
• The aid agency continues the battle against ignorance and superstition. 该援助机构持续对抗愚昧和迷信。
• The battle for women's rights still goes on. 争取妇女权利的斗争还在继续进行。
UK ['bæt.l] US ['bætˌ-] noun countable
battle of wits
■when two people or two groups use their intelligence and ability to think quickly to try to defeat each other 斗智，智慧的较量
UK ['bæt.l] US ['bætˌ-] noun countable
do battle
■to fight or argue in a serious way 开战，交战；斗争；辩论
• No agreement was reached and both sides prepared to do battle. 双方没有达成协议，准备开战。
UK ['bæt.l] US ['bætˌ-] verb intransitive
 ADVANCED
■to fight 作战，战斗
• Twenty years ago this summer, police battled with residents in this inner city area for three days. 20年前的这个夏天，员警与该内城区的居民发生了持续三天的冲突。
• For years the two nations battled over territory. 多年来，两国一直为领土问题发生冲突。
 ADVANCED
■to try hard to achieve something in a difficult situation 斗争，奋斗
• He had to battle against prejudice to get a job. 他为求找到一份工作，不得不与偏见斗争。
• The parents battled for the right to be involved in the decision-making. 家长们为取得参与决策的权利而抗争。
• We battled with the elements to get the roof fixed. 我们顶着恶劣的天气修葺屋顶。
battle, fight, struggle, combat, campaign, warfare, war, engagement
这组词都有“战斗，战争”的意思，其区别是：
battle: 侧重指战争中的一次较全面、时间较长的战斗，也指陆军或海军在某一特定地区进行的战斗，或个人之间的争斗。
fight: 最普通用词，含义广，指战斗、斗争或打斗。
struggle: 指激烈或时间持续长的战斗或奋力斗争。
combat: 泛指军事行动，尤指小规模的战斗，甚至是格斗。
campaign: 通常指在一场大的战争中在某一地区进行的一连串有既定目的的军事行动。也可作引申用。
warfare: 侧重指战争状态或具体的作战方法。
war: 是战争的总称，一般指包括多个战役的大规模战争。
engagement: 指交战，交火。
n. 战役；斗争
 - war, conflict, campaign
vi. 斗争；作战
 - campaign, fight, war

Word: suitable
Front: suitable
[ˈsu:təbl] (高研四六托雅 4756/1541 -K3)
Vocabulary: suitable
(once / 207 pages)
adj
As suitable means appropriate for the purpose, you can imagine that sneakers are more suitable than high heels at a track meet.
While suitable always means appropriate for a certain person or situation, sometimes it is not based on fact but merely a matter of opinion. A bicycle is not a suitable mode of transportation during a winter storm because the rider is exposed to the elements. However, the clothing that you think is just fine for school might seem unsuitable to the principal. Unfortunately, he has the final say in that one!
WORD FAMILY
suitable: suitability, suitableness, suitabler, suitablest, suitably, unsuitable +/countersuit: countersuits/ suit: countersuit, suitable, suited, suiting, suits/suitableness: suitablenesses/suited: suiteder, unsuited/suiting: suitings/unsuitability: unsuitabilities/ unsuitable: unsuitability, unsuitableness, unsuitably
USAGE EXAMPLES
Nearly half of fish caught are thrown back into the sea because they are not suitable to be sold, and many don’t survive.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Which led Ken Charney to ask me if the Columbia Heights eatery, awarded 3½ stars in my fall dining guide, is suitable for a vegetarian.
Washington Post(Dec 15, 2016)
Transgender rights advocates called that a far-fetched hypothetical, saying a person would not approach a doctor who lacked suitable experience and expertise.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 合适的，适当的，适宜的，恰当的
分布：合适的(83%)，适宜的(17%)
→suit,匹配，适宜，-able,形容词后缀。
a.(for)合适的,适宜的The waterproof material is suitable for the aerial used near the waterfall.这种耐水材料适合用在瀑布附近的天线.
US ['su:.tˌə-] adjective
 IMPROVER
■acceptable or right for someone or something 适宜的，合适的
• The film is suitable for children. 这部电影适宜儿童观看。
• My mother doesn't like me wearing short skirts to church - she doesn't think they're suitable. 我妈妈不喜欢我穿着短裙去教堂——她认为这不太合适。
Opposite unsuitable
fit, appropriate, suitable, apt, proper, fitting
这组词都有“适当的”的意思，其区别是：
fit: 指具有适合于某个目的，某种工作或某种用途等必需的品质或条件。
appropriate: 指专门适合于某人或某事，语气较重，强调“恰如其分”。
suitable: 指具有适合于某种特定场合、地位或情况等的品质。
apt: 专指性质或构造适合达到某一目的或得到某种结果的要求。
proper: 往往侧重于符合某个标准或习惯。
fitting: 指与当时的目标、情绪状态、气氛、场合等相适应。
reliable, suitable, available, identifiable
reliable: 可依靠的
suitable: 适合的
available: 可用的，可看见的
identifiable: 可识别的
adj. 适当的；相配的
 - appropriate, proper, adequate, becoming, matching

Word: mention
Front: mention
[ˈmenʃn] (中高托 971/902 -K4)
Vocabulary: mention
(once / 44 pages)
vn
To mention something is to bring it up. If your mother embarrasses you by constantly mentioning your stuffed animal that you've been sleeping with for the past 15 years, you might mention it to her.
In the context of awards, an "honorable mention" is an official recognition but not a prize. If you enter a writing competition, the judges might not think your piece is the best, but they might mention, or briefly say, that it came very close to winning.
WORD FAMILY
mention: mentioned, mentioner, mentioning, mentions, unmentionable+/mentioned: undermentioned/unmentionable: unmentionables, unmentionably
USAGE EXAMPLES
The club’s bar will need government approvals to serve alcohol, not to mention other regulatory issues.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“We think it should be large. He’s mentioned a trillion dollars. I told him that sounded good to me,” Schumer told ABC News.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
“I honestly don’t care about that place. And mentioning the racist legacy of a place is legal, right?”
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 提到，说起; 提名表扬
n. 提及
时态：mentioned, mentioning, mentions
分布：提到(61%)，提及(27%)，说起(12%)
→来自拉丁文mens,思考，思想，记忆，词源同mind,mania.引申词义想起，提到，提及。
提到,论及(ment+ion→有思考→想到,提到)[ment=mind,表示"思考,神智"]
v./n.提及,说起Not for a moment has the comment on commercial phenomenon been mentioned.那个关于商业现象的评论从未被提及过.
verb transitive
 ESSENTIAL
■to speak about something quickly, giving little detail or using few words 提及，说起，谈到
• I'll mention your ideas to Jacinta. 我会跟哈辛塔说一下你的想法。
• [+ (that)] He casually mentioned (that) he was leaving his job. 他不经意地提到他要离职了。
• [+ -ing verb] My wife mentioned seeing you the other day. 我妻子提到前几天见到你了。
• [+ question word] Did she happen to mention wh ether she would be coming? 她有没有碰巧提到她是否会来？
 ESSENTIAL
■to refer to something or someone 谈及，提到
• I promised never to mention the incident again. 我当时保证不再提那件事。
• Did she mention me in her letter? 她在信中提到我了吗？
['men.tʃən] verb transitive
Don't mention it.
■said to be polite after someone has thanked you 不客气，不用谢
• "Thanks for your help." "Don't mention it." “谢谢你的帮助。”“不用谢。”
['men.tʃən] verb transitive
not to mention
■used when you want to emphasize something that you are adding to a list 除…之外（还），更不必说
• He's one of the kindest and most intelligent, not to mention handsome, men I know. 他是我所认识的人当中其中一个最友善、最聪明的人，此外他还很英俊。
['men.tʃən] verb transitive
  Common Learner Errors  mention Remember that mention is not followed by 'about'. Don't say 'mention about something', say mention something :
✗ The advert didn't mention about the price. The advert didn't mention the price.
['men.tʃən] noun
 ADVANCED countable
■a short remark or written statement 提及；简短的陈述
• The story didn't even get a mention in the newspaper. 报纸对此事竟然只字不提。
• When I ordered the catalogue, there was no mention of any payment. 我在订阅这份目录时，根本没有提到要付款。
 ADVANCED only singular
■when something or someone is mentioned 提及，说起
• Even the mention of her name makes him blush. 别人提到她的名字竟也会使他脸红。
countable
■when a person is publicly praised for having done something, such as their job, extremely well 公开表扬，当众表扬
• At the awards ceremony, Chrissie Scott got/received a special mention for her reporting of the conflict. 在颁奖典礼上，克丽茜‧斯科特因其对这次冲突的报道而获得特别嘉许。
vt. 提到，谈到；提及，论及；说起
 - indicate to, make reference to
n. 提及，说起
 - reference, allusion

Word: graduation
Front: graduation
[ˌgrædʒuˈeɪʃn] (高 4759/15296 -1)
Vocabulary: graduation
(once / 2188 pages)
1n 2n
Graduation happens when you successfully complete an academic program, like high school or college. Then you go to a graduation ceremony.
Scientists might talk about the graduation lines on beakers and rulers that mark out units of measurement. But when most people hear this word, they think about finishing school. Students and their families celebrate graduation from high school, college, training programs, and even kindergarten. At graduation ceremonies, people often wear funny tasseled hats and long robes, then walk up one by one to get an official diploma or certificate.
WORD FAMILY
graduation: graduations+/ graduate: graduated, graduates, graduating, graduation, postgraduate, undergraduate /postgraduate: postgraduates/ undergraduate: undergraduates
USAGE EXAMPLES
Walker says he wants to tie funding to performance, such as enrollment, students in high-demand areas, graduation rates and graduates gaining employment.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
This morning I received a message from a friend from middle and high school, Chad, whom I haven’t seen since graduation two decades ago.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
There was a photo of him at his graduation, another at a pool.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 毕业; 毕业典礼; 刻度，分度; 分等级
分布：毕业(83%)，毕业典礼(15%)，分度(1%)，刻度线(1%)
毕业(graduate+ion)[grad=step,grade,表示"步,级"]
noun countable or uncountable
■when you receive your degree for finishing your education or a course of study 毕业；接受学位；获得毕业文凭
• a graduation ceremony 毕业典礼
n. 毕业；毕业典礼； [仪] 刻度， [机] 分度；分等级
 - scale, calibration

Word: drill
Front: drill
[drɪl] (高研四六托雅宝 4760/5299 -2)
Vocabulary: drill
(once / 278 pages)
1nv 2n
A drill is a power tool that's used for making narrow holes or sometimes for pushing screws into wood or other hard material. The word is also a verb to describe the action a drill performs. For example, a dentist might drill into your tooth if you have a cavity.
A carpenter's drill can be held in one hand, while an oil drill is a large rig that hollows out holes in rock through which oil can flow. To drill is to bore holes in a hard surface, and it's also to teach something by repeating facts over and over: "I hate math, because my teacher just drills multiplication tables." Drill has a Dutch root, drillen, "to bore a hole, turn around, or whirl."
WORD FAMILY
drill: drill-like, drilled, drilling, drills+/drilling: drillings
USAGE EXAMPLES
The junior confidently drilled the Rose Bowl winner, sprinting away to celebrate amid pandemonium in the packed stadium.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
First there’s stretching, warm-up drills to fast-paced music.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In one drill, a robot simulated a running back breaking into the open field.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 操练; 钻头; 军事训练; （应对紧急情况的）演习
vt. & vi. 钻（孔）; 打（眼）; 操练; 训练
vt. 作…演习，操练
时态：drilled, drilling, drills
分布：钻孔(51%)，练习(22%)，钻孔机(11%)，钻子(8%)，播种机(6%)，反复操练(2%)
→来自tere, 转，磨，词源同turn. 训练义可能来自军事操练，向前转，向后转等。
v.练习;操练;钻孔n.操练;练习;钻孔(机)The driller filled the grill with brilliant film.钻孔者在烤架上填满辉煌的胶片.
noun countable
TOOL 工具
■a tool or machine which makes holes 钻；钻床；钻机
• an electric/pneumatic drill 电／风钻
• a dentist's drill 牙钻
• a drill bit (= the sharp part of the drill which cuts the hole) 钻头
[drɪl] noun countable
REGULAR ACTIVITY 定期活动
■an activity which practises a particular skill and often involves repeating the same thing several times, especially a military exercise intended to train soldiers （尤指军事）训练，练习
• In some of these schools, army-style drills are used to instil a sense of discipline. 这些学校中有一些利用军训来培养纪律观念。
• a spelling/pronunciation drill 拼写／发音练习
[drɪl] noun countable
what's the drill for sth ? informal
■used to ask what the usual, correct way of doing or getting something is 通常都怎么办？正确的步骤是甚么？
• What's the drill for getting money after four o'clock? 四点钟以后怎么取钱？
[drɪl] verb
TOOL 工具
intransitive or transitive
■to make a hole in something using a special tool （用特殊工具）钻孔；打眼
• Drill three holes in the wall for the screws. 在墙上打三个拧螺丝钉用的小孔。
• They are going to drill for oil nearby. 他们准备在附近钻探石油。
[drɪl] verb
REGULAR ACTIVITY 经常的活动
intransitive or transitive
■to practise something, especially military exercises, or to make someone do this （尤指进行军事）训练，练习
• We watched the soldiers drilling on the parade ground. 我们观看士兵们在阅兵场上的训练。
transitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to tell someone something repeatedly to make them remember it （为记忆而）反覆训练，重复灌输
• It was drilled into us at an early age that we should always say 'please' and 'thank you'. 我们从小就被反覆告知总要记着说“请”和“谢谢”。
• He drilled the children in what they should say. 他一遍又一遍地告诉孩子们应该说甚么话。
[drɪl] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  drill down
■to look for something on a computer or website by moving from general information to more detailed information 深层探究（透过电脑或网路，将搜索从物件的概要资讯向具体资讯扩展）
• Many websites have some form of hyperlink navigation as you drill down. 浏览层层网页时，你会发现很多网页都有超连结导航。
drilldown
noun uncountable
■a system of moving from general information to more detailed information 概要资讯向具体资讯扩展的系统或方法
• There are several ways to view the data, including drilldown. 查看这些资料有好几种方法，包括层层剖析。
training, practice, exercise, drill, discipline
这组词都有“练习、训练、锻炼”的意思，其区别是：
training: 普通用词，泛指为从事某种职业而进行的身体或智力方面的训练。
practice: 指把所学的理论或知识用于实践以获得技艺与技巧。
exercise: 主要指为强壮体魄而进行的锻炼，也可指进行练习以保持已经获得的技巧。
drill: 侧重进行有系统的，严格和重复的练习。
discipline: 既可指训练又可指为达到某种熟练程度而进行的约束。
n. 训练； [矿业] 钻孔机；钻子； [农机] 播种机
 - training, discipline
vi. 钻孔；训练
 - bore a hole, counter sunk
vt. 钻孔；训练； [农机] 条播
 - discipline, coach

Word: cruel
Front: cruel
[kru:əl] (中高研四六托 4762/4471 -K2)
Vocabulary: cruel
(once / 117 pages)
adj
Someone or something that inflicts pain or causes suffering can be described as cruel. It would be cruel of you to offer chocolate to someone on a diet.
High school can be cruel sometimes: cruel teachers, who seem to organize to all pile on the papers and tests for the same day; cruel students, who are mean to each other; and even cruel cafeteria workers, who create disgusting concoctions out of mystery meat. Through its Latin ancestors — crudelis "rude and unfeeling" and crudus "raw or rude" — cruel is related to the English word crude, meaning rude or not fully formed.
WORD FAMILY
cruel: crueler, cruelest, cruelly, cruelness
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Torture and cruel, inhuman, and degrading treatment is never a morally permissible option, even if lives depend on gaining information,” the manual said.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The team’s infamous “tuck rule” playoff loss to the Patriots 15 years ago seems so less cruel and unusual when comparing season-impaling events.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
When his top-flight debut finally arrived, at home to Atalanta on 18 September, one more cruel twist lay in store.
The Guardian(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 残酷的，残忍的; 使人痛苦的，让人受难的; 无情的，严酷的
级别：crueller, cruellest
分布：残酷的(57%)，残忍的(41%)，引起痛苦的(2%)
→来自crude，粗糙的。
a.残忍的,残酷的It was true that the rescued cruel man let fuel oil issue from the tissue.获救的无情男子真的任凭燃油从薄纱中流出.
['kru:.əl] [krʊəl] (crueller, cruellest or crueler, cruelest)
adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■extremely unkind and unpleasant and causing pain to people or animals intentionally 残忍的；残酷的；刻毒伤人的
• Don't tease him about his weight - it's cruel. 别拿他的体重开玩笑——这样太刻薄了。
• Children can be very cruel to each other. 小孩相互之间会很残忍。
■causing suffering 令人痛苦的
• His death was a cruel blow. 他的死是个无情的打击。
['kru:.əl] [krʊəl] (crueller, cruellest or crueler, cruelest)
adjective
be cruel to be kind
■to do or say something that causes someone pain because you believe that it will help them 虽让人痛苦却有所助益；忠言逆耳；苦口良药
brutal, ruthless, savage, fierce, inhuman, barbarous, cruel
这组词都有“残忍的”的意思，其区别是：
brutal: 指极端的残忍，强调无情或缺乏同情心，含不择手段的意味。
ruthless: 与cruel同义。强调为达到目的，对别人的痛苦毫无怜悯之心。
savage: 指缺乏文明人应有的教养，尤指在动怒或冲动时表现出的粗野蛮横，含野蛮意味。
fierce: 指天性凶恶，令人害怕。
inhuman: 着重缺乏同情心、仁爱等人类特有的良好的品质。
barbarous: 专指只有原始或未开化的人才会有的残忍行为。
cruel: 一般用词，指行动或态度的残忍。
adj. 残酷的，残忍的；使人痛苦的
 - iron, brutal

Word: mansion
Front: mansion
[ˈmænʃn] (六托雅宝 4761/6435 -2)
Vocabulary: mansion
(once / 297 pages)
1n 2n
A mansion is a huge, fancy house. Some mansions are eventually turned into museums where you can get a look at an old wealthy family's art and furniture collections.
It takes a lot of money and a staff of workers to live in and take care of a mansion. Historically, post-fifteenth century European noblemen lived in mansions that became the typical style of home for aristocrats who no longer required the safety of fortified castles. The word mansion comes from the Latin root mansionem, "a staying or a remaining," from the stem manere, "to stay."
WORD FAMILY
mansion: mansions
USAGE EXAMPLES
I was at a party in a Victorian mansion in Moseley.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
The mansion includes a cinema, spa, hair salon and sports room.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
The three-storey Georgian mansion is 90 minutes’ drive from downtown Washington DC.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 大厦; 宅第，公馆
分布：大厦(65%)，公寓(18%)，宅邸(17%)
→来自拉丁语manere,停留，来自men,停留，等待，固定，词源同remain,permanent,manor.-se,过去分词后缀，-ion,名词后缀。引申词义家园，住所，后特别用于指大型庄园，公馆，宅第等。
大厦(manse住宅+ion)[-ion 1.表名词"动作或状态“2.表示"某种物,用品"]
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a very large expensive house 大厦；大楼；豪宅
• The street is lined with enormous mansions where the rich and famous live. 街道两旁是富人及名人的大豪宅。
n. 大厦；宅邸
 - palace, edifice

Word: grape
Front: grape
[greɪp] (中高研四六 4764/6533 -2)
Back: n. 葡萄; 深紫色，葡萄紫
分布：葡萄(98%)，葡萄树(1%)，深紫色(1%)
→可能来自grep, 弯钩，词源同crook, croquet. 原指剪葡萄的钩子，后指葡萄。
n.葡萄The scraped escapee taped the grapes into various shapes.擦伤的逃犯用带子把葡萄扎成各种形状.
noun
 ADVANCED countable
■a small round purple or pale green fruit that you can eat or make into wine 葡萄
• black/white/red/green grapes 紫／白／红／绿葡萄
• a bunch of grapes 一串葡萄
• seedless grapes 无籽葡萄
• grape juice 葡萄汁
the grape humorous only singular
■wine 葡萄酒
n. [园艺] 葡萄；葡萄酒；葡萄树；葡萄色
 - wine, Vitis vinifera

Word: authorize
Front: authorize
[ˈɔ:θəraɪz] (托雅 4767/8119 -2)
Vocabulary: authorize
(once / 1081 pages)
v
To authorize is to give official approval or clearance for something. Authorizing can also delegate power to someone.
Authorities are people with power, and to authorize is to use or grant some of that power to another. A visa authorizes you to visit a specific country. A search warrant authorizes the police to search a house. A doctor's note authorizes someone to miss work or school. Also, authorizing can be a form of delegating powers or responsibilities. The president of a company could authorize a worker to make a particular decision. Authorizing officially allows something to happen.
WORD FAMILY
authorize: authorization, authorizer, authorizes, authorizing+/authorisation: authorisations/authorise: authorisation, authorised, authoriser, authorises, authorising/authorised: unauthorised/ authoritarian: antiauthoritarian, authoritarianism, authoritarians/ authoritative: authoritatively/ authority: authorise, authoritarian, authoritative, authorities, authorize / authorization: authorizations/authorizer: authorizers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Legislation in a defense policy bill authorizes adding more than 7,000 acres to the park.
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
The legislation authorizes the state’s Puget Sound Nearshore Ecosystem Restoration Project, which was approved in September by the U.S.
Seattle Times(Dec 27, 2016)
The Allegany County Commissioners voted Dec. 15 to authorize an agreement with the state agency for design and construction of the overlook.
Washington Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: vt. 授权，批准，委托
时态：authorized, authorizing, authorizes
分布：授权(69%)，批准(19%)，委托(12%)
US ['ɑ:.θɚ-] verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to give official permission for something to happen, or to give someone official permission to do something 批准，准许；授权，委托
• Who authorized this expenditure? 这项支出是谁批准的？
• [+ to infinitive] I authorized my bank to pay her £3000. 我授权我的开户银行支付她3000英镑。
authorize, leave, allow, let, permit
这组词都有“让、允许”的意思，其区别是：
authorize: 语气最强，指权威性的允许与认可。
leave: 侧重不加干涉。
allow: 普通用词，侧重听任、默许或不加阻止。在正式场合可用来表客气的请求。
let: 常用词，用于各种非正式场合，语气最弱，指允许或无力阻止某事，暗示漠不关心或听之任之。
permit: 正式用词，在多数场合可与allow换用，语义最强，指准许某人做某事，含权威或正式的意味。
vt. 批准，认可；授权给；委托代替
 - confirm, allow

Word: cottage
Front: cottage
[ˈkɒtɪdʒ] (高研四六雅 4765/2224 -K3)
Vocabulary: cottage
(once / 164 pages)
n
A cottage is a small house, particularly a traditional or old-fashioned house, or one that is used seasonally. Your family might rent a cottage near the beach every summer.
In the US, a cottage typically has only one story, while in Canada a house can be much larger and still be called a cottage. In the Middle Ages, a cottage was housing for farm workers — sometimes known as cottagers — and the word implied not just a home, but also a barn and land. The first US holiday cottages were built in the 1880s in Bar Harbor, Maine and are credited with introducing the word cottage to North America.
WORD FAMILY
cottage: cottages
USAGE EXAMPLES
A few houses, a set of tourist cottages and a section of Seminole Road that led to the back entrance of the Navy base.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Two others live in an old teachers’ cottage.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Norovirus in a Welsh cottage at Christmas with the mother-in-law.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 小屋，村舍; （农舍式的）小别墅; （郊外的）新式住宅，（大院内的）单幢住宅; 乡下房子，小房子
→来自古英语cote，村舍，小屋。
n.村舍,小屋,别墅The bottle is hidden in the bottom of a ton of cotton the cottage.瓶子被藏在农舍里一吨棉花的底部.
US ['kɑ:.tˌɪdʒ] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a small house, usually in the countryside （通常指乡村中的）小屋，村舍
• They live in an idyllic country/thatched cottage, with roses round the door. 他们住在田园诗般的乡村小屋／茅舍，门前玫瑰环绕。
shed, cabin, but, cottage
这组词都有“小屋”的意思，其区别是：
shed: 一般指四壁没有完全封闭，供牲畜用或储藏东西、停放车辆等的简易棚屋。
cabin: 多指建造粗糙的简陋小木屋，也指旅客或船员住的船舱。现在也指节假日游游者的简便住房。
but: 多指供居住或遮避风雨的简易小屋。
cottage: 指穷苦人住的乡间小茅屋。现在也指雅致的小住宅，在美国可指别墅。
n. 小屋；村舍；（农舍式的）小别墅
 - shed, cabin

Word: driveway
Front: driveway
[ˈdraɪvweɪ] (4769/14706 -1)
Vocabulary: driveway
(once / 3643 pages)
n
A driveway is a small private road in front of a house or garage. If there's no parking allowed on your street, you can tell visiting friends to park their cars in your driveway.
Some driveways are only a few feet long, while others stretch for many yards to houses set far back from the public road. Homeowners are responsible for their driveways, including plowing or shoveling the snow that falls in the driveway during the winter months. You can also call your driveway a drive, and both words emerged in the late 19th century.
WORD FAMILY
driveway: driveways
USAGE EXAMPLES
Driveway and garage owners say enforcement ultimately falls to them.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Hackney was hit while walking in a driveway on the south side of the city.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Huge neon arrows and signs hang from trees in the driveway.
The Guardian(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 马路，汽车道; 马车道
分布：名词(100%)
noun countable
■a drive (ROAD)
n. 车道
 - carriage drive, driftway

Word: charm
Front: charm
[tʃɑ:m] (研六雅宝 4768/4348 -2)
Vocabulary: charm
(once / 63 pages)
1nv 2nv 3n
A charm is a magical spell or an object that brings luck: it's also a quality of being attractive and pleasing. To charm someone is to attract them.
There are several types of charms, but they mostly relate to attraction and good luck. A lucky coin is a charm. The spell of a witch that entrances you is a charm. People with magnetic personalities, who make you want to hang out with them, have charm and are therefore considered charming. Also, to charm someone is to attract them and win them over. Popular politicians charm the masses, and teachers' pets charm their teachers.
WORD FAMILY
charm: charmed, charmer, charming, charms+/charmed: charmedly/charmer: charmers/ charming: charmingest, charmingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
His detractors accuse him of excessive charm, but it may be more accurate to say that he edits brutality from his world view.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
The appeal of the outdoor game lies in the sport's roots, anchored by romantic nostalgia and wintery charm.
Reuters(Jan 01, 2017)
The charming canine stories and photographs guided me through those dark years, to a happier job and happier days.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 魔力; 魅力; 咒文; （表链等的）小装饰品
vt. 使陶醉; 诱惑; 对…行魔法; 令人陶醉
时态：charmed, charming, charms
分布：魅力(85%)，迷人(8%)，吸引力(5%)，施魔法(1%)，美貌(1%)
→来自拉丁词carmen, 唱歌，念咒，来自词根can, 吟唱，词源同chant, cantata. 字母n在m前r化，比较germ, germane, 来自词根gen, 生育。
魅力吸引力(harm的变体)[harm=fitting(适合)]
n.吸引力,魅力v.迷人,(使)陶醉;施魔法于The alarm harmed the charming harmony of the ceremony.警报声损害了典礼迷人的和谐.
US [tʃɑ:rm] noun
ATTRACTION 吸引力
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■a quality which makes you like or feel attracted to someone or something 魅力；吸引力
• a woman of great charm 魅力十足的女人
• It's a town with a lot of old-world charm. 这是座极具古朴魅力的城镇。
• Even as a young boy he knew how to turn on the charm (= be pleasant intentionally) when he wanted something. 即使在小时候，他也知道在想要东西时怎样施展魅力。
• I had to use all my charms to get them to lend us the hall. 我不得不施展出所有魅力让他们把礼堂借给我们。
UK [tʃɑ:m] US [tʃɑ:rm] noun
LUCKY OBJECT 幸运物
countable
■an object or saying which is thought to have magical powers, such as the ability to bring good luck 护身符；符咒，咒语
• He keeps a rabbit's paw as a lucky/good luck charm. 他保留着一只兔爪作为能带来好运的护身符。
UK [tʃɑ:m] US [tʃɑ:rm] noun
JEWELLERY 首饰
countable
■a small, especially gold or silver, object worn on a chain as jewellery （首饰链上的）小饰物（尤指金制或银制）
UK [tʃɑ:m] US [tʃɑ:rm] verb transitive often passive
■to attract someone or persuade someone to do something because of your charm 吸引；迷住；使着迷
• We were charmed by his boyish manner. 我们被他天真烂漫的男孩气质迷住了。
UK [tʃɑ:m] US [tʃɑ:rm] verb transitive often passive
charm the pants off sb slang
■to make someone like you very much, especially when they meet you for the first time （尤指初次见面）使（某人）着迷，极讨（某人）喜欢
• "How did your sister's boyfriend get on with your mum?" "Oh, he charmed the pants off her." “你姐姐的男友跟你妈妈相处得怎么样？”“噢，他很讨她的欢心。”
attract, charm, enchant, fascinate, tempt
这些动词均含有“吸引，引诱”之意。
attract: 普通用词，指客观上吸引人的注意力。
charm: 侧重迷住某人或使之高兴。
enchant: 着重指有能力引起被迷住者的欢乐或赞美。
fascinate: 通常含使人无法拒绝、无法摆脱的意味。
tempt: 指吸引力很强，强调欲望被唤醒。
n. 魅力，吸引力；魔力
 - grace, appeal, fascination
vt. 使陶醉；行魔法
 - intoxicate

Word: sexuality
Front: sexuality
[ˌsekʃuˈæləti] (4763/4619 -2)
Vocabulary: sexuality
(once / 4442 pages)
n
The noun sexuality can refer to sexual matters of all kinds. It often describes having sexual feelings. A novel about a teenager growing up may examine the awakening sexuality of its main character.
Sexuality also describes a person's sexual preferences and orientation — meaning whether you're gay or straight. Sexuality can refer to erotic experiences, but it can also be used broadly to refer to how organisms — whether human or animal — reproduce. There are scientists who exclusively study sexuality, from the mating habits of animals to the peculiarities of how humans pair up.
WORD FAMILY
sexual: bisexual, intersexual, nonsexual, sexualise, sexuality, sexualize, sexually, transsexual+/bisexual: bisexuality, bisexually, bisexuals/desexualize: desexualized/intersex: intersexes/nonsexual: nonsexually/ sex: intersex, oversexed, sexed, sexes, sexing, sexism, sexless, sexual, sexy, undersexed, unsex/ sexism: sexist / sexist: sexists/sexless: sexlessly, sexlessness/sexualise: desexualise/sexualize: desexualize, sexualized, sexualizes, sexualizing/ sexy: sexier, sexiest, sexily, sexiness, unsexy/transsexual: transsexualism, transsexuals/unsex: unsexed, unsexes, unsexing
USAGE EXAMPLES
His job lost, his family struggling to accept his sexuality, Ma set out to turn his passion for connecting gay people into an empire.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Michael skirted around his sexuality for nearly two decades.
Salon(Dec 27, 2016)
Of all the music, all the forms of sexuality that might have been on offer to the youth in 1984, “Darling Nikki” was first-rate.
The New Yorker(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: n. 性别，有性状态; 性欲; 性生活; 性兴趣
分布：性欲(49%)，性别(45%)，性方面的事情(6%)
→sexual,性的，-ity,表性质。
US [-ə.tˌi] noun uncountable
■someone's ability to experience or express sexual feelings 性能力；性欲
• She was uncomfortably aware of her son's developing sexuality. 她意识到儿子的性冲动日渐增强，非常不安。
n. [胚] 性别； [心理] 性欲； [生物] 性征；性方面的事情（比如性行为或性能力）
 - gender, sexual desire

Word: loyal
Front: loyal
[ˈlɔɪəl] (研四六托雅宝 4770/4461 -K2)
Vocabulary: loyal
(once / 227 pages)
adj
If you are faithful and devoted to someone or something, you're loyal. If you refuse to buy milk from anyone other than Farmer Jones, then you're a very loyal customer.
Someone who is loyal is reliable and always true, like your trusty dog. Loyal comes from the Old French word loial which means something like "legal," but if someone is only loyal to you because the law requires him to be, that's not true loyalty, which should come from the heart, not a contract. A loyal friend supports you all the time, no matter what. You can also be loyal to an idea, like the People's Revolution, or girl-power.
WORD FAMILY
loyal: disloyal, loyaler, loyalest, loyalist, loyally+/disloyal: disloyally/loyalist: loyalists
USAGE EXAMPLES
They control northwest Yemen, while Hadi and forces nominally loyal to him oversee portions of the south and east.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Will Congress play its role in checking raw executive power, or will Republican majorities be loyal to party first?
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Perhaps more impressive was the proximity she kept to the line honours winner Loyal.
The Guardian(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 忠诚的，忠心的; 忠贞的
n. 效忠的臣民; 忠实信徒
分布：忠诚的(80%)，忠心的(20%)
→来自拉丁语legis,法律，法规，词源同legal.引申词义合法的，守法的，履行法定义务的，后在16世纪引申词义臣民对君主的效忠。
a.(to)忠诚的,忠贞的The royal destroyer employs lots of loyal employees.皇家驱逐舰雇佣了很多忠心的雇员.
adjective
 IMPROVER
■firm and not changing in your friendship with or support for a person or an organization, or in your belief in your principles 忠实的，忠诚的
• Jack has been a loyal worker in this company for almost 50 years. 杰克是这间公司忠诚的员工，已经工作了快50年了。
• When all her other friends deserted her, Steve remained loyal. 当其他朋友都离她而去的时候，史蒂芬依然对她不离不弃。
• She's very loyal to her friends. 她对朋友非常忠诚。
Opposite disloyal
loyal, constant, faithful, true
这组词都有“忠实的”的意思，其区别是：
loyal: 一般指对祖国、领袖的忠诚或对事业、原则、誓言的忠实，不动摇。
constant: 侧重指思想状态的稳定或信念的坚定，也指爱情或感情等的忠贞不渝。
faithful: 多指对人对事或对诺言、誓言的始终不渝，侧重在任何情况下都绝不改变。
true: 侧重个人感情上的忠实和不动摇。
adj. 忠诚的，忠心的；忠贞的
 - loving, devoted, faithful

Word: clay
Front: clay
[kleɪ] (高研四六托宝 4771/3961 -2)
Vocabulary: clay
(once / 574 pages)
1n 2n
Clay is a type of soil or dirt that's made of very small particles. You can mold clay into different shapes when it's wet.
Clay is terrible for planting a vegetable garden, but it's perfect for making pottery, tiles, or bricks. You can shape damp clay into a bowl or a cup, and when it's dried and fired in a very hot oven, it becomes extremely hard and sturdy. The Old English root of clay is clæg, "stiff, sticky earth."
WORD FAMILY
clay: clays
USAGE EXAMPLES
There is a sumptuous mosaic ceiling, with marble columns and copper clay friezes.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
She wouldn’t respond, however, and her color changed to that of clay, he said.
Washington Times(Dec 28, 2016)
She played with a piece of clay, molding it into a flower between her stump and hand.
Washington Times(Dec 23, 2016)
Back: n. 黏土，泥土; （相对于灵魂而言的）人体，肉体; 似黏土的东西; 克莱（男子名， Clayton 的昵称）
vt. 用黏土处理
分布：黏土(73%)，泥土(27%)
→来自glei,黏，粘，词源同cling,glue.
n.粘土,泥土Lay a layer of clay on the displayed layout before the relay race.接力赛之前在展示的陈设上铺一层黏土.
noun uncountable
■thick, heavy soil that is soft when wet, and hard when dry or baked, used for making bricks and containers 黏土，陶土
clay, mud, dust, ground, land, earth, dirt, soil
这组词都有“土地，土，泥”的意思，其区别是：
clay: 特指潮湿时发粘，而火烤后变坚硬的泥土。
mud: 指湿土，尤指雨后稀泥、污泥。
dust: 特指土壤干燥后，飞扬于空中的细微泥土。
ground: 通常指大地的表面，也可指土壤、泥土或场地。
land: 含义笼统。指与河流、海洋相对的陆地，也指可耕种的土地。
earth: 多指地表带有水分的泥土，较具体。
dirt: 指地表的干松泥土。
soil: 特指适宜栽种农作物或生长各种植物的泥土。
n. [土壤] 粘土；泥土；肉体；似黏土的东西
 - earth, flesh, dirt

Word: pound
Front: pound
[paʊnd] (中高研四六托 1306/546 -K5)
Back: n. 英镑; 磅; 兽栏; 重击声
vt. & vi. 连续重击; 咚咚地走
vi. （持续地）苦干; （驾舟时）拍打（水面）; （心脏）狂跳; 脚步沉重地走（或跑）
vt. 连续重击; 捣碎，碾碎; 强迫吸收; 猛烈袭击
时态：pounded, pounding, pounds
分布：英镑(53%)，磅(38%)，敲打(4%)，捣碎(3%)，咚咚地走(1%)，连续猛击(1%)
→来自古英语pund,磅，英磅，来自Proto-Germanic*punda,磅，借自拉丁语pondo,重量，来自pendere,悬挂，称量，词源同pendulum,ponder.pound 砰，捣碎，狂轰滥炸
n.磅;英镑v.(连续)猛击,(猛烈)敲打,捣碎The wounded founder bought a pound of compound.受伤的奠基人买了一磅化合物.
noun countable
MONEY 金钱
 ESSENTIAL (symbol £)
■the standard unit of money in the UK and some other countries 镑（英国等国家的货币单位）
• a one-pound/two-pound coin 一英镑／两英镑的硬币
• There are one hundred pence in a pound. 1英镑等于100便士。
• They stole jewellery valued at £50 000 (= 50 000 pounds). 他们偷了价值五万英镑的珠宝。
• "Have you got any change?" "Sorry, I've only got a five-pound note. “你有零钱吗？”“抱歉，我只有一张五英镑的纸钞。”
the pound
 ADVANCED (symbol £)
■the type of money used in Britain 英镑（英国货币单位）
• The devaluation of the pound will make British goods more competitive abroad. 英镑贬值会使英国商品在海外更具竞争力。
• On the foreign exchanges the pound rose two cents against the dollar to $1.52. 外汇市场上英镑对美元比价上涨了两美分，达到1.52美元。
[paʊnd] noun countable
WEIGHT 重量
 ESSENTIAL (written abbreviation lb)
■a unit for measuring weight 磅（重量单位）
• One pound is approximately equal to 454 grams. 1磅约等于454克。
• One kilogram is roughly the same as 2.2 lbs. 1千克大约相当于2.2磅。
• There are 16 ounces in one pound. 1磅等于16盎司。
• Ann's baby weighed eight and a half pounds at birth. 安的小孩出生时重8.5磅。
[paʊnd] noun countable
match sth pound for pound
■to give one pound for every pound given by someone else 付出的金钱与另一人所付的一一对应
• The government has promised to match the money raised by the charity pound for pound. 政府承诺过，无论慈善机构筹集到多少金钱，都会额外投入同等金额。
[paʊnd] noun countable
pound of flesh disapproving
■something which you have the right to receive but which is unreasonable to demand from someone 合法但不合理的要求
[paʊnd] verb intransitive or transitive
 ADVANCED
■to hit or beat repeatedly with a lot of force, or to crush something by hitting it repeatedly 连续重击；捣碎；猛烈袭击
• I could feel my heart pounding as I went on stage to collect the prize. 上台领奖时我感到心怦怦直跳。
• Nearly 50 people are still missing after the storm pounded the coast. 风暴袭击海岸之后，目前仍有约50人失踪。
• The city was pounded to rubble during the war. 战争中这座城市被炸成一片废墟。
• He pounded on the door demanding to be let in. 他不停地大力敲门要进去。
• She was pounding away on her typewriter until four in the morning. 她在打字机上敲字直到凌晨四点。
[paʊnd] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  pound away at sth/sb
■to criticize something or try to get someone to do something 指责，批评；劝说；对…施加压力
• The campaigners have promised to keep pounding away at the council until the decision to build the road is reversed. 运动发起人保证将不断向市议会施加压力，直到他们取消筑路的决定。
n. 英镑；重击，重击声；兽栏；拘留所
 - prison, devel
vt. 捣烂；敲打；监禁，拘留
 - hold, prison
vi. 连续重击，猛击
 - drive, belt

Word: balloon
Front: balloon
[bəˈlu:n] (中高研四托雅宝 4774/5623 -2)
Vocabulary: balloon
(once / 593 pages)
nv
A balloon is a colorful bit of rubber that can be blown up or filled with helium. Many children's parties are decorated with balloons.
While most balloons are round, they come in many sizes and shapes. Balloon artists twist long, thin balloons together to form animals, hats, and other items, and Mylar balloons are made from a kind of thin, metallic paper. Much larger balloons include hot air balloons and weather balloons. In the 1500s, balloon was a game played with a leather ball, from the Italian pallone, "large ball."
WORD FAMILY
balloon: ballooned, ballooning, balloonist, balloons+/balloonist: balloonists
USAGE EXAMPLES
Helium balloons declaring “Congratulations” floated above the long table.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
The USS Dwight D. Eisenhower arrived Friday in Norfolk to cheers from hundreds of spouses and children clutching balloons and flowers and waving signs.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
She organized a surprise party last year, complete with cake and balloons, that drew about 50 people.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 气球; 热气球; [建]球饰
vt. 膨胀，涨大; 乘热气球飞行; 使激增
adj. 气球状的; （货物等）分量轻而体积大的; （分期付款）最后一笔大数目的
vi. 乘气球飞行; 膨胀; 激增
时态：ballooned, ballooning, balloons
分布：气球(94%)，激增(2%)，乘气球飞行(1%)，气球状的(1%)，如气球般膨胀(1%)，使膨胀(1%)
→ball, 球。-oon, 大词后缀，同million, 大的千，百万。
气球(ball球＋oon表名词)[ball,bol=throw,dance,ball,表示"抛,舞,球"]
气球(ball球)[-oon表名词"人或物"]
n.气球,飞船;a.气球状的v.乘坐气球;膨胀The inflated balloon indicates a latent inflation on the plateau.膨胀的气球对高原指示潜在的通货膨胀.
【反】decrease slowly（慢慢减少）
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a small, very thin rubber bag that you blow air into or fill with a light gas until it is round in shape, used for decoration at parties or as a children's toy 气球
• We tied balloons and streamers to the ceiling ready for the party. 我们把气球和彩带系在天花板上，晚会的布置已准备妥当。
■(also hot-air balloon)
■a very large balloon that is filled with hot air or gas and can carry people in a basket (= container made of straw) hanging under it 热气球
• People first flew in a balloon in 1783. 人类于1783年首次乘热气球飞行。
■* a speech bubble
[bə'lu:n] noun countable
the balloon goes up
■If the balloon goes up, a situation suddenly becomes very serious or unpleasant 形势变严峻；情况变糟
• The balloon went up last Friday when the scandal became public. 自上周五丑闻公开以后，局面就变得一片混乱。
[bə'lu:n] verb intransitive
■to get bigger and rounder 像气球般膨胀
• I ballooned when I became pregnant with my second baby. 怀第二个孩子时，我胖得像个气球。
■to quickly increase in size, weight or importance （在大小、重量或重要性上）激增
• The rumours soon ballooned into a full-grown scandal. 这些传闻不久就完全演变成了一件丑闻。
vi. 激增；膨胀如气球
 - surge, sharp rise
vt. 使像气球般鼓起；使激增
 - proliferate

Word: invention
Front: invention
[ɪnˈvenʃn] (中高研四六 4773/4752 -K2)
Vocabulary: invention
(once / 249 pages)
n
If you create a new device or process, it's called an invention. Many futuristic inventions from science fiction have come true, though no one has successfully invented a time machine.
The act of inventing something is also referred to as invention. Your invention of an amazing new cookie might make you the hit of the bake sale. Something imagined or created in your mind can also be called an invention. The story of what happened to your homework may have been a complete invention, but it was probably entertaining for your teacher — especially the part about the alien abduction.
WORD FAMILY
invention: inventions+/ invent: invented, inventing, invention, inventive, inventor, invents, reinvent / inventive: inventively, inventiveness, inventivest, uninventive/ inventor: inventors/ reinvent: reinvented, reinventing, reinvents/uninventive: uninventively
USAGE EXAMPLES
Mencken’s timeless wisdom: A martini is “the only American invention as perfect as the sonnet.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Being a businessman in addition to a researcher helped Stella propel his inventions from patents to products.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Official portraiture is about advertising, and therefore about invention.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 发明; 发明物; 捏造：内心捏造的东西，特指谎言; 发明才能
分布：发明(97%)，发明物(2%)，虚构(1%)
→来自invent,发明，创造。
n.发明,创造,发明物The invention of the wheel was a milestone in the history of the world.发明轮子是世界历史上的重大事件.
noun countable or uncountable
NEW DESIGN 创造
 IMPROVER
■something which has never been made before, or the process of creating something which has never been made before 发明，创造
• The world changed rapidly after the invention of the telephone. 电话发明后世界的变化日新月异。
• a most amazing invention 非常了不起的发明
[ɪn'vent.ʃən] noun countable or uncountable
NOT TRUE 虚构
■a story or excuse that is not true, or the act of creating a story or excuse that is not true 捏造，编造，虚构的故事
• All that gossip about Linda was just pure invention. 有关琳达的所有流言都纯属虚构。
• Be careful what you believe - her powers of invention (= ability to think of excuses, etc.) are well known. 注意你该信甚么——她编瞎话的本领是出了名的。
n. [专利] 发明；发明物；虚构；发明才能
 - fiction, contrivance

Word: ego
Front: ego
[ˈi:gəʊ] (研六雅 4775/5737 -2)
Vocabulary: ego
(once / 503 pages)
1n 2n
Your ego is your conscious mind, the part of your identity that you consider your "self." If you say someone has "a big ego," then you are saying he is too full of himself.
Poor ego, it gets such a bad rap, being so often confused with "megalomania" and "vanity" and all kinds of other nasty things, but strictly speaking it is only a psychological term popularized by Freud meaning the conscious (as opposed to the unconscious) mind, or the awareness of one's own identity and existence. Nothing wrong in that, is there?
WORD FAMILY
ego: egoism, egos, egotism, superego +/ egoism: egoisms, egoist, egoistic /egoist: egoists/ egoistic: egoistical, egoistically/ egotism: egotisms, egotist, egotistic / egotist: egotistical, egotists/ egotistic: egotistically/ superego: superegos
USAGE EXAMPLES
The ego was there a long time ago.”
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
“He did an extraordinary job in managing egos.”
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
In one drawing, Vavoom — a Pettibon alter ego — quotes Henry James: “Remember that among the disinherited there’s a mystic language.”
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 自我; 自负; 自尊心; 自我意识
分布：自我(82%)，自负(10%)，自尊心(8%)
→来自拉丁文，英语I的原型。
n.自我,自负,利已主义;(心理学)自我意识I'm baffled why the affiliated man initiated the negotiator into ego.被附属于的人为什么正式介绍谈判者进自我,我被困惑.
US ['i:.goʊ] (plural egos)
noun countable mainly disapproving
■your idea or opinion of yourself, or a great feeling of your own importance and ability 自我评价；自我中心；自负；自尊心
• That man has such an enormous ego - I've never known anyone so full of themselves! 那个人自负得要命——我从来没有见过这么目中无人的人。
• I'm glad she got the job - she needed something to boost/bolster her ego (= give her confidence). 我很高兴她得到了这份工作——她太需要点甚么来增强她的信心了。
⇒ See also alter ego;superego specialized
■in psychoanalysis , the part of a person's mind which tries to match the hidden desires (= wishes) of the id (= part of the unconscious mind) with the demands of reality （心理分析上的）自我
n. [心理] 自我；自负；自我意识
 - me, self

Word: fare
Front: fare
[feə(r)] (高研四六雅 4776/4481 -3)
Vocabulary: fare
(once / 235 pages)
1n 2nv 3n 4v
It's not fair that fare means three unrelated things. As a verb, it means to proceed or get along, as in "Fare thee well." As a noun, it can refer to the cost of travel ("Train fare is ten dollars") or to food ("Tatertots are typical cafeteria fare").
To remember fare's different meanings, think of how, for people living close to the bone, the question "How are you eating/faring?" is not so different from "How are you getting along/faring?" And when you pay plane fare and fly to France, you will most assuredly be eating French fare once you get there.
WORD FAMILY
fare: fared, fareed, fares, faring
USAGE EXAMPLES
The last time vinyl fared so well in the UK, in 1991, Simply Red's Stars was the year's biggest-selling record.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
“I expected the fare and change fees to end up around the cost of a whole new booking,” Ryan said.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“I expected the fare and change fees to end up around the cost of a whole new booking,” Mr. Ryan said.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 费; 票价; 乘客; 食物
vi. 吃; 进食; 进展; 遭遇
时态：fared, faring, fares
分布：车费(50%)，乘客(15%)，食物(9%)，进展(8%)，路费(5%)，进食(4%)，旅行(4%)，过活(3%)，行走(2%)
→来自per,穿过，跨过，向前，词源同ford, forth.引申词义远行，后也用来指旅费。
n.车费,船费;伙食;乘客v.过活;进展;经营I daren't declare that the shares are my spare fare and welfare on the farewell party.在告别会上,我不敢宣称这些股票是我的备用车费和福利.
【记】回忆：fanfare（n 夸耀）
US [fer] noun
PAYMENT 付款
 IMPROVER countable
■the money that you pay for a journey on a vehicle such as a bus or train 车费；车票价
• Train fares are going up again. 火车票又涨价了。
 IMPROVER countable
■someone who pays to be driven somewhere in a taxi 计程车乘客
UK [feər] US [fer] noun
FOOD 食物
uncountable slightly old-fashioned
■the type of food that is served in a restaurant （餐馆的）饭菜
• a pub serving traditional British fare 供应传统英国菜肴的酒馆
UK [feər] US [fer] verb intransitive usually + adverb or preposition slightly old-fashioned
■to succeed or be treated in the stated way 成功；遭遇
• How did you fare in your exams? 你考得怎么样？
• Low-paid workers will fare badly/well under this government. 在这届政府执政期间，低收入工人的境况会很糟／很好。
fee, bill, fare
fee: (进入一个地方，如场馆、学校等)费用
bill: （用餐、电话等）账单
fare: (特指交通等)费用
fee, expense, price, charge, fare, cost
这组词都有“价格，费用”的意思，其区别是：
fee: 指上学、求医以及找律师等付的费用，还可指会费、借书费等。
expense: 常指实际支付的费用总数额，有时也指钱的花费。
price: 指商品在市场出售的价格，尤指卖方对商品所提出的单价。比喻意义指付出的代价。
charge: 指提供服务时索取的费用，也指货物的价格、价钱。
fare: 侧重指旅行时所付的车、船费等费用。
cost: 指生产某东西的成本，也泛指商品的价格，可与price换用。
vi. 经营；进展；遭遇；过活
 - round, advance
n. 票价；费用；旅客；食物
 - passenger, food, fee, charge, diet

Word: homework
Front: homework
[ˈhəʊmwɜ:k] (中高雅 4778/6447 -K1)
Vocabulary: homework
(once / 5228 pages)
n
Any assignment you're expected to complete after school and bring back to class the next day is called homework. Many students make up excuses for not having their homework done. The "My dog ate my homework" excuse doesn't work so well in the digital age.
High school students typically have a lot of homework most days, and often that's true for younger students as well. In college, an increasing amount of school work is done outside of class, as homework (even if you do it in the library, a cafe, or a dorm). Homework originally referred to any work done at home, including cooking and cleaning. The first example of the "school work" meaning dates from the late 1880s.
WORD FAMILY
homework: homeworks
USAGE EXAMPLES
At first, the parents thought he was doing homework, and then realized, as he brought home D’s and F’s, that he was obsessed with gaming.
Seattle Times(Dec 28, 2016)
He stopped doing homework, then stopped attending most classes.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
“We are doing our homework — we are investing into our defense,” she said.
Seattle Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: n. 家庭作业; 功课
分布：家庭作业(100%)
n.(学生的)家庭作业,课外人员They've finished their homework.他们已经完成了作业.
US ['hoʊm.wɝ:k] noun uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■work which teachers give their students to do at home 功课
• You can't watch TV until you've done your homework. 做完功课之后你才能看电视。
• history/geography homework 历史／地理功课
UK ['həʊm.wɜ:k] US ['hoʊm.wɝ:k] noun uncountable
do your homework
■to study a subject or situation carefully so that you know a lot about it and can deal with it successfully 认真研究；仔细准备
• It was obvious that she had done her homework and thoroughly prepared for her interview. 很明显她为面试做足了功课，准备很充分。
n. 家庭作业，课外作业
 - schoolwork, home study

Word: disc
Front: disc
[dɪsk] (研雅 4779/3136 -K2)
Back: n. 圆盘; 唱片; 磁盘
分布：圆盘(60%)，唱片(25%)，盘状物(9%)，花盘(4%)，表示“盘(1%)，唱片”(1%)
→来自disk的拼写变体。
n.(disk)圆盘,圆面,盘状物
(US also disk) [dɪsk] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a circular flat object 圆盘，盘状物
• The dog's name was engraved on a little metal disc attached to its collar. 那条狗的名字刻在一块吊在项圈上的金属小圆盘上。
■a small piece of cartilage (= strong body tissue that stretches) between the bones in your back 椎间盘
■a musical record or a compact disc 唱碟；光碟
⇒ See also CD
n. 圆盘， [电子] 唱片（等于disk）
 - circular disk, phonograph record

Word: sofa
Front: sofa
[ˈsəʊfə] (中高研六 4782/5140 -2)
Back: n. 沙发
分布：沙发(100%)
→来自土耳其语 sofa,来自阿拉伯语 suffah,铺着垫子或毯子的石凳或木凳。后用于指现代意义 上的沙发。
n.长沙发,沙发He reclined on the sofa reading a magazine.他躺在沙发上看杂志.
US ['soʊ-] (UK also settee)
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a long soft seat with a back and usually arms, on which more than one person can sit at the same time 沙发
sofa, couch
这组词都有“沙发”的意思，其区别是：
sofa: 指有扶手和靠背，可供多人坐或一个人睡的长沙发，也泛指沙发。
couch: 指供昼夜坐卧，似床一样的长沙发或睡椅。
n. [家具] 沙发；长椅
 - lounges

Word: guarantee
Front: guarantee
[ˌgærənˈti:] (高研四六托雅宝 2774/2525 -K4)
Vocabulary: guarantee
(once / 277 pages)
nv
To guarantee is to promise or to a make binding agreement. If a baseball player guarantees his team will win the World Series, he better not lead the league in strikeouts.
Guarantee is a word that is both a noun and a verb: the noun means "a binding agreement" and the verb is the act of making that agreement. This word seems to have come from garante, the Spanish word for "protect" and it's related to the Old French word warrant, which means "to authorize." Today, we often come across guarantee in advertisements, and you might wonder how they might guarantee to make your social life better if your teeth are whiter!
WORD FAMILY
guarantee: guaranteed, guaranteeing, guarantees
USAGE EXAMPLES
Some proponents see guaranteed incomes as a way to prepare for an economy that produces fewer jobs.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Here’s what we guarantee will happen in 2017, unless something else happens instead:
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Next season’s portion of the contract is guaranteed if Taylor is unable to pass his physical.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 保证，担保; 保证人，保证书; 抵押品
vt. 保证，担保
时态：guaranteed, guaranteeing, guarantees
→词源同warranty.
n.保证,保证书v.保证,担保The guard guards the guarantee in the garden regardless of the hazard.卫兵不顾危险看守着花园里的抵押品.
【反】vouch（vt 担保）
noun
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■a promise that something will be done or will happen, especially a written promise by a company to repair or change a product that develops a fault within a particular period of time 保证，担保；（尤指公司保证对产品保修或包退的）保修单，包换单
• The system costs £99.95 including postage, packing and a 12-month guarantee. 包括邮资、包装费用，该系统价格共计99.95英镑，保用12个月。
• The video recorder comes with/has a two-year guarantee. 这台录像机保修期为两年。
• a money-back guarantee 退款保证
• [+ that] The United Nations has demanded a guarantee from the army that food convoys will not be attacked. 联合国要求这支军队保证不攻击护送粮食的车队。
• [+ (that)] There is no guarantee (that) the discussions will lead to a deal. 商谈不一定能达成任何协议。
• A product as good as that is a guarantee of commercial success (= It is certain to be successful). 那样好的产品质量就是成功获利的保证。
• The shop said they would replace the television as it was still under guarantee. 商店说会给我们退换那台电视机，因为它还没有过包退期。
countable
■a formal agreement to take responsibility for something, such as the payment of someone else's debt 担保
countable specialized
■something valuable which you give to someone temporarily while you do what you promised to do for them, and which they will keep if you fail to do it 担保物；抵押品
[ˌgær.ən'ti:] verb transitive
PROMISE 保证
 IMPROVER
■If a product is guaranteed, the company that made it promises to repair or change it if a fault develops within a particular period of time 保修；包换
• The fridge is guaranteed for three years. 这个冰箱保修期是三年。
 IMPROVER
■to promise that something will happen or exist 保证；担保；保障
• [+ two objects] European Airlines guarantees its customers top-quality service. 欧洲航空公司保证为乘客提供最好的服务。
• The label on this bread says it is guaranteed free of/from preservatives (= it contains no preservatives). 这种面包的标签上写着保证不含防腐剂。
■If you guarantee someone's debt, you formally promise to accept the responsibility for that debt if the person fails to pay it. 为…作保；担保；承诺对…负法律责任
[ˌgær.ən'ti:] verb transitive
MAKE CERTAIN 确保
■If something guarantees something else, it makes certain that it will happen 确保，使必然发生
• [+ (that)] The £50 deposit guarantees (that) people return the boats after their hour has finished. 50英镑的押金会确保人们在划完船后将船归还。
■If something is guaranteed to happen or have a particular result, it is certain that it will happen or have that result 肯定…必然发生；肯定会有某种结果
• [+ to infinitive] Just looking at a picture of the sea is guaranteed to make me feel sick. 哪怕是看一眼大海的图片，我都会有晕船的感觉。
insure, promise, pledge, guarantee, assure, ensure
这组词都有“保证”的意思，其区别是：
insure: 常与ensure换用，但前者多指经济方面的保证、保险。
promise: 侧重表自己的主观意向，设法用语言使人感到稳当可靠。
pledge: 正式用词，指通过郑重许诺、协议或立誓等保证承担某一义务或遵守某一原则。
guarantee: 指对事物的品质或人的行为及履行义务、义务等承担责任的保证。
assure: 侧重指消除某人思想上的怀疑或担心，从而有达到目的的保证感，但不如ensure普通。
ensure: 侧重使人相信某个行为或力量产生的结果。
assurance, guarantee, pledge
这组词都有“保证，担保”的意思，其区别是：
assurance: 指用语言保证以消除人们思想上的怀疑与担心。
guarantee: 一般指以口头的、协定或合同的形式作为保证、担保，强调口头承诺，含违背许诺，则予以补偿之意。
pledge: 普通用词，指严肃地承诺、信守原则，常以个人名誉作为承诺的保证。
n. [金融] 保证； [法] 担保；保证人；保证书； [经] 抵押品
 - assurance, certification, commitment, warranty, pledge
vt. [金融] 保证； [法] 担保
 - assure, undertake, swear for

Word: availability
Front: availability
[əˌveɪlə'bɪlətɪ] (六 4777/3746)
Vocabulary: availability
(once / 2087 pages)
n
Something with availability is easy to get or to access. If you work at an ice cream shop, the availability of ice cream might make it hard to stick to a diet.
The noun availability indicates that something is easily obtainable and ready for use. If you are thinking about renting a certain apartment, you might want to ask about the availability of parking spaces in the neighborhood before you sign a lease. You can use availability and accessibility almost interchangeably, as with this sentence: "The accessibility of the Internet has increased the availability of information."
WORD FAMILY
availability: availabilities+/ avail: available, availed, availing, avails/ available: availability, availableness, availably, unavailable /availing: unavailing/ unavailable: unavailability/unavailing: unavailingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Electronic toys and games played outside school plus the availability of knockoff German army clothes may stoke curiosity about the Nazis, Liang said.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Experts attribute the increase to greater availability of video evidence and political pressure.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
NOTES: Seattle CB Richard Sherman did not hold his normal weekly availability in the team’s auditorium, rather speaking briefly to reporters at his locker.
Washington Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 有效; 有益; 可利用性; 可得到的东西（或人）
分布：可用性(76%)，有效(22%)，有益(1%)，有用(1%)
US [-ə.tˌi] noun uncountable
■the fact that something can be bought, used or reached, or whether or how much it can 可得性
• The ready availability of guns has contributed to the escalating violence. 人们太容易得到枪械，这也成了暴力事件激增的一个诱因。
• Abortion rates are high because the availability of contraceptives is limited. 由于避孕药物的获得途径有限，堕胎率居高不下。
■the fact that someone is free to work, be contacted, go to meetings, etc., or whether or how much they can 有空与否，出席／参加与否，可联络上与否等
• I shall check the availability of my staff for that date. 我会去看看那天我的员工的值勤情况。
n. 可用性；有效性；实用性
 - validity, practicality

Word: radar
Front: radar
[ˈreɪdɑ:(r)] (研四六托雅 4780/7112 -2)
Vocabulary: radar
(once / 1430 pages)
n
Radar is a system for locating objects by bouncing radio waves off of them. Air traffic controllers use radar to keep track of exactly where airplanes are.
Radar is a scientific method of figuring out where objects are — it's used today by the Coast Guard, astronomers, and the military, among others. Researchers in the late 1800's and early 1900's realized that radio waves could be reflected off solid objects, and by World War II radar was frequently used to detect ships and planes. The name radar is a shortened form of the phrase "radio detecting and ranging."
WORD FAMILY
radar: radars
USAGE EXAMPLES
Like driverless cars, the delivery robots use cameras, GPS devices and radar to navigate the urban environment.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
The search began Friday evening when the Coast Guard received a call that the Cessna disappeared from radar while en route to Molokai from Honolulu.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Coercive control is, thankfully, now on the radar.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 雷达; 雷达装置; 无线电探测器
分布：雷达(100%)
→来自 radio detecting and ranging 的首字母合成词。
n.雷达The patriot's radar made the radical patient impatient.爱国者的雷达使激进病人不耐烦.
US [-dɑ:r] noun uncountable
■a system which uses radio waves to find the position of objects which cannot be seen 雷达
• Other vessels in the area show up on the ship's radar (screen). 该船的雷达（萤幕）显示这一海域有其他船只。
UK ['reɪ.dɑ:r] US [-dɑ:r] noun uncountable
fall off/ drop off the radar (drop beneath the/ sb's radar)
■to be forgotten or ignored, often because someone's attention is on something more important 被忘记，被忽视（通常因为某人的焦点放在其他更重要的事情上）
• I was so busy at work, organising a summer holiday just dropped off the radar. 我的工作太忙，把安排暑假的事都给忘了。

Word: frown
Front: frown
[fraʊn] (研四六托雅 4784/3759 -2)
Vocabulary: frown
(once / 250 pages)
nv
If you frown at someone, you look at them with disapproval, and if you frown on something they do, you don't approve of that either. Because you frown on smoking, you probably frown at smokers too!
The distant ancestors of frown, the ones that came long before Old French, meant "nose." Think about the expression, to look down one's nose at someone or something, which means "to disapprove of." If you have a frown on your face, you definitely don't like what you see! Sometimes when you're thinking hard about something, you might frown, but that is probably more of an expression of concentration than disapproval.
WORD FAMILY
frown: frowned, frowning, frowns+/frowning: frowningly
USAGE EXAMPLES
In fact, the grownup world is usually frowning at the whole idea of being in something as disreputable as a pop group.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
There were too many frowns for the coach along the way.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Such overindulgence is frowned upon in this era of increased focus on nutrition.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 皱眉; 不同意; 蹙额
n. 皱眉，蹙额
时态：frowned, frowning, frowns
分布：皱眉(70%)，皱眉头(15%)，不悦(9%)，不同意(6%)
→来自古法语frognier, 皱眉，哼鼻子。可能来自拟声词，模仿哼鼻子的声音，表达不满。引申词义皱眉。
v.皱眉At the dawn on the lawn the yawning drowned man began to frown.拂晓时在草坪上,打呵欠的溺水者开始皱眉头.
verb intransitive
 ADVANCED
■to bring your eyebrows together so that there are lines on your face above your eyes to show that you are annoyed or worried 皱眉；蹙额
• She frowned at me, clearly annoyed. 她皱着眉头看着我，显然是生气了。
• He frowned as he read the instructions, as if puzzled. 他看说明书时皱着眉头，一副迷惑不解的样子。
[fraʊn] verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [often passive] frown on/upon sth
■to disapprove of something 不赞成；不许
• Smoking is frowned upon in many restaurants. 很多餐馆里都禁止吸烟。
vi. 皱眉；不同意
 - disagree with, to disapprove of
n. 皱眉，蹙额
 - mowe

Word: regain
Front: regain
[rɪˈgeɪn] (4783/4776 -2)
Vocabulary: regain
(once / 347 pages)
v
After you get off of a crazy carnival ride, you'll probably have to regain your balance, or get it back.
Any time you've lost something and want to recover it, you hope to regain it. If your friend is furious with you because you didn't keep a secret she told you, you'll probably try to regain her trust and as a result, regain her friendship.
WORD FAMILY
regain: regained, regaining, regains+/ gain: gained, gainer, gainful, gaining, gains, regain /gainer: gainers/ gainful: gainfully, gainfulness
USAGE EXAMPLES
"Simultaneously it needs to retain people who backed Remain, and regain those who voted Leave," it said.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
The screen that follows offers several ways for you to prove your identity to regain control of the Hotmail account.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
How about an article on how to regain healthy habits formed in one's 20s?
New York Times(Oct 18, 2016)
Back: vt. 复得，重回; 回收; 恢复（失物、失地、健康等）
n. 收复，取回
时态：regained, regaining, regains
分布：恢复(91%)，复得(5%)，重回(4%)
→re-,再，重新，gain,得到，获得。
verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to take or get possession of something again 重新获得；恢复；收回
• The government has regained control of the capital from rebel forces. 政府已从叛军手中收复了首都。
• She made an effort to regain her self-control. 她竭力控制住自己。
■literary
■to reach or return to a place, especially after difficulty or danger （尤指经历困难或危险后）回到，重返，返回（某地）
• The swimmers struggled to regain the shore. 游泳者们挣扎着游回岸上。
regain, restore, reclaim, recover
这组词都有“重新获得，重新找到，恢复”的意思，其区别是：
regain: 着重指通过努力使失去的东西复得。
restore: 指建筑物、工艺品恢复原状，也指健康、能力等的恢复。
reclaim: 主要指回收或利用废物。
recover: 普通用词，含义广，可泛指收回去的物质的或精神的东西，也指无意中找到失物。
vt. 恢复；重新获得；收回
 - restore, repair, resume
vi. 上涨
 - advance, to go up
n. 收复；取回
 - retrieval, resumption